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List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders
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Roger Clemens (left) and Randy Johnson (right) are the only pitchers to strike out 18 or more batters in a nine-inning game on three separate occasions.
In baseball, a strikeout occurs when a pitcher throws three strikes to a batter during his time at bat.[1] Twenty different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in a single nine-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game as of 2016,[a] the most recent being Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals on May 11, 2016.[4] Four players have accomplished the feat more than once in their career; no player has ever struck out more than 20 batters in a nine-inning game. (Tom Cheney struckout 21 in a 16-inning game.) Charlie Sweeney was the first player to strike out 18 batters in a single game, doing so for the Providence Grays against the Boston Beaneaters on June 7, 1884.[5] In spite of this, Bob Feller is viewed as the first pitcher to accomplish the feat,[6][7] since his then-record 18 strikeouts was the first to occur during the 20th century and the live-ball era.[8]
Out of the twenty pitchers who have accomplished the feat, fifteen were right-handed and five pitched left-handed. Five of these players have played for only one major league team. Five pitchers—Steve Carlton, Roger Clemens, Randy Johnson, Nolan Ryan and Tom Seaver—are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club. Sweeney has the fewest career strikeouts in the group with 505, while Nolan Ryan, with 5,714, struck out more batters than any other pitcher in major league history.[9] Bill Gullickson and Kerry Wood are the only rookies to have achieved the feat.[10][11] Tom Seaver concluded his milestone game by striking out the final ten batters he faced, setting a new major league record for most consecutive strikeouts.[12][13]
Of the eleven players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have struck out 18 batters in a game, six have been elected; all six were elected on the first ballot.[14] Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons, and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months.[15] These requirements leave two players ineligible who are active, two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons, and five who did not play in 10 major league seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Players
1.1 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Players[edit]
Kerry Wood tied Roger Clemens' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine-inning game on May 6, 1998.
Sandy Koufax is one of six pitchers who have 18 strikeouts in a game to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bob Feller was the first player to achieve 18 strikeouts in a game during the live-ball era.
Max Scherzer tied Kerry Wood and Roger Clemens' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine-inning game on May 11, 2016.
Nolan Ryan amassed 18 or more strikeouts in a nine-inning game twice, as well as 19 strikeouts in extra-inning games three times.
Key
Pitcher
Name of the pitcher
Date
Date of the game
Team
The player's team at the time of the game
Opposing team
The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players
Score
Final score of the game, with the player's team score listed first
Strikeouts
Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded
Career Ks
Career strikeouts
Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
*
Player is active
Indicates the player's team lost the game
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine-inning game
Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
Career Ks
Refs
Scherzer, MaxMax Scherzer*
000000002016-05-11-0000May 11, 2016 Washington Nationals Detroit Tigers 3–2 20 2,149 [16][17]
Wood, KerryKerry Wood
000000001998-05-06-0000May 6, 1998 Chicago Cubs Houston Astros 2–0 20 1,582 [11][18]
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001996-09-18-0000September 18, 1996 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 4–0 20 4,672 [19][20]
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001986-04-29-0000April 29, 1986 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 3–1 20 4,672 [20][21]
Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001997-08-08-0000August 8, 1997 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 5–0 19 4,875 [22][23]
Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001997-06-24-0000June 24, 1997 Seattle Mariners Oakland Athletics 1–4 19 4,875 [23][24]
Cone, DavidDavid Cone
000000001991-10-06-0000October 6, 1991 New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies 7–0 19 2,668 [25][26]
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-08-12-0000August 12, 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4–2 19 5,714 [27][28]
Seaver, TomTom Seaver
000000001970-04-22-0000April 22, 1970 New York Mets San Diego Padres 2–1 19 3,640 [29][30]
Carlton, SteveSteve Carlton
000000001969-09-15-0000September 15, 1969 St. Louis Cardinals New York Mets 3–4 19 4,136 [31][32]
Daily, HughHugh Daily
000000001884-07-07-0000July 7, 1884 Chicago Browns Boston Reds 10–4 19 846 [33][34]
Sweeney, CharlieCharlie Sweeney
000000001884-06-07-0000June 7, 1884 Providence Grays Boston Beaneaters 2–1 19 505 [35][36]
Kluber, CoreyCorey Kluber*
000000002015-05-13-0000May 13, 2015 Cleveland Indians St. Louis Cardinals 2–0 18 1,201 [37][38]
Sheets, BenBen Sheets
000000002004-05-16-0000May 16, 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Atlanta Braves 4–1 18 1,325 [39][40]
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001998-08-25-0000August 25, 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Kansas City Royals 3–0 18 4,672 [20][41]
Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001992-09-27-0000September 27, 1992 Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers 2–3 18 4,875 [23][42]
Martínez, RamónRamón Martínez
000000001990-06-04-0000June 4, 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves 6–0 18 1,427 [43][44]
Gullickson, BillBill Gullickson
000000001980-09-10-0000September 10, 1980 Montreal Expos Chicago Cubs 4–2 18 1,279 [10][45]
Guidry, RonRon Guidry
000000001978-06-17-0000June 17, 1978 New York Yankees California Angels 4–0 18 1,778 [46][47]
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001976-09-10-0000September 10, 1976 California Angels Chicago White Sox 3–2 18 5,714 [28][48]
Wilson, DonDon Wilson
000000001968-07-14-0000July 14, 1968 Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 6–1 18 1,283 [49][50]
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
000000001962-04-24-0000April 24, 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 10–2 18 2,396 [51][52]
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
000000001959-08-31-0000August 31, 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 5–2 18 2,396 [52][53]
Feller, BobBob Feller
000000001938-10-02-0000October 2, 1938 Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 1–4 18 2,581 [54][55]
Porter, HenryHenry Porter
000000001884-10-03-0000October 3, 1884 Milwaukee Brewers Boston Reds 4–5 18 659 [56][57]
Shaw, DupeeDupee Shaw
000000001884-07-19-0000July 19, 1884 Boston Reds St. Louis Maroons 0–1 18 950 [58][59]
18 strikeouts in extra-inning games[edit]
Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game to date. Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game.
The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine-inning game. This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game, the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made, and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings.
Key
IP
Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game
Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
IP
Career Ks
Refs
Cheney, TomTom Cheney
000000001962-09-12-0000September 12, 1962 Washington Senators Baltimore Orioles 2–1 21 16 345 [60][61]
Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000002001-05-08-0000May 8, 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Cincinnati Reds 4–3 20 9[b] 4,875 [23][62]
Tiant, LuisLuis Tiant
000000001968-07-03-0000July 3, 1968 Cleveland Indians Minnesota Twins 1–0 19 10 2,416 [63][64]
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-06-14-0000June 14, 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4–3 19 13 5,714 [28][65]
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-08-20-0000August 20, 1974 California Angels Detroit Tigers 0–1 19 11 5,714 [28][66]
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001977-06-08-0000June 8, 1977 California Angels Toronto Blue Jays 2–1 19 10 5,714 [28][67]
Spahn, WarrenWarren Spahn
000000001952-06-14-0000June 14, 1952 Boston Braves Chicago Cubs 1–3 18 15 2,583 [68][69]
Short, ChrisChris Short
000000001965-10-02-0000October 2, 1965 Philadelphia Phillies New York Mets 0–0 18 15 1,629 [70][71]
Maloney, JimJim Maloney
000000001965-06-14-0000June 14, 1965 Cincinnati Reds New York Mets 0–1 18 11 1,605 [72][73]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
3,000 strikeout club
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 18 strikeouts is utilized as the benchmark because it signifies approximately 2⁄3 of a nine-inning game's 27 outs were made by a single pitcher via a strikeout ("approximately" due to the fact that a pitcher can record more than three strikeouts in an inning with the uncaught third strike rule).[2][3]
Jump up ^ Although the game went into extra innings (11 total), Johnson was relieved by Byung-hyun Kim after nine innings.[62]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Guide to baseball". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules: 6.00 – The Batter". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collier, Jamal (May 12, 2016). "Roaring 20! Max Ties K Mark, Mauls Tigers". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Caruso, Gary (October 25, 1995). The Braves Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781566393843. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (December 15, 2010). "Bob Feller, Whose Fastball Dazzled, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Blevins, Dave (December 23, 2011). The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer. Scarecrow Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781461673705. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Allen, Maury (May 8, 1961). "The 18 Strikeouts Of Bob Feller". Sports Illustrated. CNN. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bill Gullickson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kerry Wood Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bock, Hal (April 23, 1970). "Seaver Fans 19". Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. p. 2B. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Costello, Brian (June 22, 2008). "Terr-whiff-ic! Seaver Ties Record With 19 Strikeouts". New York Post. p. 87. Retrieved March 5, 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rules for Election". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "May 11, 2016 Detroit Tigers at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 11, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Max Scherzer Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "May 6, 1998 Houston Astros at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 6, 1998. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 18, 1996 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 18, 1996. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Roger Clemens Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April 29, 1986 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. April 29, 1986. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "August 8, 1997 Chicago White Sox at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 8, 1997. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Randy Johnson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "June 24, 1997 Oakland Athletics at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 24, 1997. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "October 6, 1991 New York Mets at Philadelphia Phillies Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. October 6, 1991. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "David Cone Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August 12, 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 12, 1974. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nolan Ryan Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April 22, 1970 San Diego Padres at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. April 22, 1970. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tom Seaver Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 15, 1969 New York Mets at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 15, 1969. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Steve Carlton Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vaccaro, Frank. "Hugh Daily". The Baseball Biography Project. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hugh Daily Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Ballplayers – Charlie Sweeney". BaseballLibrary.com. Baseball Library. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Sweeney Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "May 13, 2015 St. Louis Cardinals at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Corey Kluber Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "May 16, 2004 Atlanta Braves at Milwaukee Brewers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 16, 2004. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ben Sheets Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August 25, 1998 Kansas City Royals at Toronto Blue Jays Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 25, 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "September 27, 1992 Seattle Mariners at Texas Rangers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 27, 1992. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "June 4, 1990 Atlanta Braves at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 4, 1990. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ramon Martinez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 10, 1980 Chicago Cubs at Montreal Expos Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 10, 1980. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "June 17, 1978 California Angels at New York Yankees Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 17, 1978. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ron Guidry Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 10, 1976 California Angels at Chicago White Sox Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 10, 1976. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "July 14, 1968 Houston Astros at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. July 14, 1968. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Don Wilson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April 24, 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. April 24, 1962. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sandy Koufax Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August 31, 1959 San Francisco Giants at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 31, 1959. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "October 2, 1938 Detroit Tigers at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. October 2, 1938. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bob Feller Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bevis, Charlie. "George Bignell". The Baseball Biography Project. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Henry Porter Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Early Records Of Lou Gehrig While At College Minus". The Lewiston Daily Sun. April 16, 1929. p. 11. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dupee Shaw Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 12, 1962 Washington Senators at Baltimore Orioles Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 12, 1962. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cheney Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "May 8, 2001 Cincinnati Reds at Arizona Diamondbacks Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 8, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "July 3, 1968 Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. July 3, 1968. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Luis Tiant Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 14, 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 14, 1974. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "August 20, 1974 Detroit Tigers at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 20, 1974. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 8, 1977 Toronto Blue Jays at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 8, 1977. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 14, 1952 Chicago Cubs at Boston Braves Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 14, 1952. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Warren Spahn Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "October 2, 1965 Philadelphia Phillies at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. October 2, 1965. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chris Short Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 14, 1965 New York Mets at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 14, 1965. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jim Maloney Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
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Villa of the Mysteries
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Villa dei Misteri" redirects here. For the Pompeiian wine, see Villa dei Misteri (wine).
Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii seen from above
Location (top left) within Pompeii
A wall of the triclinium, traditionally interpreted to represent the stages of initiation to the cult
Fresco depicting a Bacchian rite
Fresco depicting the reading of the rituals of the bridal mysteries
The Villa of the Mysteries (Italian: Villa dei Misteri) is a well-preserved suburban Roman villa on the outskirts of Pompeii, southern Italy, famous for the series of frescos in one room, which are usually thought to show the initiation of a young woman into a Greco-Roman mystery cult. These are now probably the best known of the relatively rare survivals of Ancient Roman painting. Like the rest of the Roman city of Pompeii, the villa was buried in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 and excavated from 1909 onwards (long after much of the main city). It is now a popular part of tourist visits to Pompeii, and forms part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Pompeii.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Interpretation of the Frescoes
3 See also
4 Videos
5 References
6 External links
Overview[edit]
Although covered with metres of ash and other volcanic material, the villa sustained only minor damage in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, and the majority of its walls, ceilings, and most particularly its frescoes survived largely undamaged. Since its excavation the roofing and other parts of the house have been maintained as necessary.
The Villa is named for the paintings in one room of the residence. This space may have been a triclinium, and is decorated with very fine frescoes, believed to be painted in the early-middle 1st century.[1] Although the actual subject of the frescoes is hotly debated, the most common interpretation of the images is scenes of the initiation of a woman into a special cult of Dionysus, a mystery cult[2] that required specific rites and rituals to become a member. One of the defining features that help identify this as a Dionysian-related mural is the depiction of maenads. These devotees are often depicted dancing with swirling drapery and were found first on Greek pottery, many of which were made before the cult spread to Italy.[3] Of all other interpretations, the most notable is that of Paul Veyne, who believes that it depicts a young woman undergoing the rites of marriage.
Though often believed to be a triclinium, the room with the frescoes could have also been a cubiculum of the matriarch, which would indicate that the matriarch was a member of the cult.[4]
The Villa had both very fine rooms for dining and entertaining and more functional spaces. A wine-press was discovered when the Villa was excavated and has been restored in its original location. It was not uncommon for the homes of the very wealthy to include areas for the production of wine, olive oil, or other agricultural products, especially since many elite Romans owned farmland or orchards in the immediate vicinity of their villas.
The Villa may be easily accessed from Pompeii, lying some 400 metres northwest of the town walls, separated from it by a road with funerary monuments on either side. The Villa of the Mysteries was a suburban villa (Latin: villa suburbana) with a close relationship to the city but not of it.
The ownership of the Villa is unknown, as is the case with many private homes in the city of Pompeii. However, certain artifacts give tantalizing clues. A bronze seal found in the villa names L. Istacidius Zosimus, a freedman of the powerful Istacidii family. Scholars have proposed him as the owner of the Villa or overseer of reconstruction after the earthquake of 62. The presence of a statue of Livia, wife of Augustus, has caused some historians to instead declare her to have been the owner.
As in other areas of Pompeii and Herculaneum, a number of bodies were found in this villa, and plaster-of-Paris casts were made of them.
Interpretation of the Frescoes[edit]
There are many different interpretations of the frescoes, but they are commonly believed to depict a religious rite. Another common theory is that the frescoes depict a bride initiating into the Dionysian Mysteries in preparation for marriage. In this hypothesis, the elaborate costume worn by the main figure is believed to be wedding apparel.[4]
Based on the subject matter and order of each fresco, they are intended to be read as a single narrative. Women and satyrs are featured prominently. Because of the widely accepted theory of the mural depicting an initiation from the cult of Dionysus, some think that the room with the frescoes was used to conduct rituals and celebrations related to the god.[4]
The first mural shows a noble Roman woman (possibly the initiate's mother, who can cross no further) approaching a priestess or matron seated on a throne, by which stands a small boy reading a scroll – presumably the declaration of the initiation. On the other side of the throne the young initiate is shown in a purple robe and myrtle crown, holding a sprig of laurel and a tray of cakes. She appears to have been transformed into a serving girl, but may be bringing an offering to the god or goddess.[5]
The second mural depicts another priestess (or senior initiate) and her assistants preparing the liknon basket; at her feet are mysterious mushroom-shaped objects. At one side a sileni (a horse element) is playing a lyre. (Silenus was the tutor and companion of Dionysus.)[5]
The third mural shows a satyr playing the panpipes and a nymph suckling a goat, in an Arcadian scene. To their right, the initiate is in a panic. This is the last time we see her for a few scenes; when she appears again, she has changed. Some scholars think katabasis has occurred.[5]
In the direction to which she stares in horror, another mural shows a young satyr being offered a bowl of wine by Silenus while behind him, another satyr holds up a frightening mask which the drinking satyr sees reflected in the bowl (this may parallel the mirror into which young Dionysus stares in the Orphic rites). Next to them sits a goddess, (Ariadne or Semele), with Dionysus/Bacchus lying across her lap.[5]
The next mural shows the initiate returning. She now carries a staff and wears a cap, items often presented after the successful completion of an initiation ordeal. She kneels before the priestess, and appears to be whipped by a winged female figure. Next to her is a dancing figure (a Maenad or Thyiad) and a gowned figure with a thyrsus (an initiation symbol of Dionysus) made of long stalks of wrapped fennel, with a pine cone on top.[5]
In her penultimate appearance we see her being prepared with new clothes, while Eros holds up a mirror to her. After this scene, there is another image of Eros.[5]
Finally, the initiate is shown enthroned and in an elaborate costume. This is all we know of the Roman rites of initiation.[5][6][7]
See also[edit]
External video
Dionysiac frieze, Villa of Mystsdaasdaseries, Pompeii, Smarthistory[8]
Roman architecture
List of Roman domes
Pompei Scavi-Villa dei Misteri railway station
Videos[edit]
[1] von Stefan F. Wirth
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Diotima". www.stoa.org. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
Jump up ^ Antonio Virgili, Culti misterici ed orientali a Pompei, Gangemi, Roma, 2008
Jump up ^ "Villa of the Mysteries Pompeii by Raichel Le Goff". www.raichel.org. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pompeii.html". umich.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Dionysian Mysteries". www.hellenica.de. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Linda Fierz-David, Katherine Bradway, Nor Hall, and Mary Beard and others have interpreted these murals.
Jump up ^ http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/rome/empire/vm/villaofthemysteries.html
Jump up ^ "Dionysiac frieze, Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Converto, Claudia. Campania, civilisation and art. Milan: Kina Italia.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villa of the Mysteries (Pompeii).
Preservation of the Villa featured on archaeology.org
Villa of the Mysteries on www.art-and-archaeology.com
Romano-Campanian Wall-Painting (English, Italian, Spanish and French introduction)
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Pompeii
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Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
Villas of Pompeii
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House of the Faun
House of Sallust
House of the Centenary
House of Julia Felix
House of Loreius Tiburtinus
House of Menander
House of the surgeon
House of the Silver Wedding
House of the Tragic Poet
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Public buildings of Pompeii
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Herculaneum
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Oplontis
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Art in Pompeii
Achilles and Briseis
Alexander Mosaic
Portrait of Paquius Proculo
Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum
Pompeian Styles
Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
Pompeii in popular culture
Coordinates: 40°45′13.3″N 14°28′38.8″E / 40.753694°N 14.477444°E / 40.753694; 14.477444
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 137788723
LCCN: sh88001461
GND: 4271063-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_of_the_Mysteries&oldid=765278523"
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