text:
Giant's Causeway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Giant's Causeway (disambiguation).
Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast
Native names
Irish: Clochán an Aifir/Clochán na bhFomhórach[1]
Scots: Tha Giant's Causey[2]
The Giant's Causeway
Location
County Antrim
Coordinates
55°14′27″N 6°30′42″W / 55.24083°N 6.51167°W / 55.24083; -6.51167Coordinates: 55°14′27″N 6°30′42″W / 55.24083°N 6.51167°W / 55.24083; -6.51167
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name: the Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast
Type
Natural
Criteria
VII, VIII
Designated
1986 (10th session)
Reference no.
369
State Party
United Kingdom
Region
Europe
Location of Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast in Northern Ireland
The Giant's Causeway is an area of about 40,000 interlocking basalt columns, the result of an ancient volcanic eruption.[3][4] It is located in County Antrim on the north coast of Northern Ireland, about three miles (4.8 km) northeast of the town of Bushmills.
It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986, and a national nature reserve in 1987 by the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the Giant's Causeway was named as the fourth greatest natural wonder in the United Kingdom.[5] The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. Most of the columns are hexagonal, although there are also some with four, five, seven or eight sides. The tallest are about 12 metres (39 ft) high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres (92 ft) thick in places.
Much of the Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Site is today owned and managed by the National Trust and it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Northern Ireland.[6] The remainder of the site is owned by the Crown Estate and a number of private landowners.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Legend
3 Tourism
3.1 Visitors' centre
4 Notable features
5 Flora and fauna
6 Similar structures
7 Railway access
8 References
9 Sources and further reading
10 External links
Geology[edit]
Around 50 to 60 million years ago,[3] during the Paleocene Epoch, Antrim was subject to intense volcanic activity, when highly fluid molten basalt intruded through chalk beds to form an extensive lava plateau. As the lava cooled, contraction occurred. Horizontal contraction fractured in a similar way to drying mud, with the cracks propagating down as the mass cooled, leaving pillarlike structures, which are also fractured horizontally into "biscuits". In many cases the horizontal fracture has resulted in a bottom face that is convex while the upper face of the lower segment is concave, producing what are called "ball and socket" joints. The size of the columns is primarily determined by the speed at which lava from a volcanic eruption cools.[7] The extensive fracture network produced the distinctive columns seen today. The basalts were originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau which formed during the Paleocene.[8]
Legend[edit]
Engraving of Susanna Drury's A View of the Giant's Causeway: East Prospect, 1768
According to legend, the columns are the remains of a causeway built by a giant. The story goes that the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn MacCool), from the Fenian Cycle of Gaelic mythology, was challenged to a fight by the Scottish giant Benandonner. Fionn accepted the challenge and built the causeway across the North Channel so that the two giants could meet. In one version of the story, Fionn defeats Benandonner.[9] In another, Fionn hides from Benandonner when he realises that his foe is much bigger than he is. Fionn's wife, Oonagh, disguises Fionn as a baby and tucks him in a cradle. When Benandonner sees the size of the 'baby', he reckons that its father, Fionn, must be a giant among giants. He flees back to Scotland in fright, destroying the causeway behind him so that Fionn would be unable to chase him down.[10] Across the sea, there are identical basalt columns (a part of the same ancient lava flow) at Fingal's Cave on the Scottish isle of Staffa, and it is possible that the story was influenced by this.[11]
In overall Irish mythology, Fionn mac Cumhaill is not a giant but a hero with supernatural abilities. In Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888) it is noted that, over time, "the pagan gods of Ireland [...] grew smaller and smaller in the popular imagination, until they turned into the fairies; the pagan heroes grew bigger and bigger, until they turned into the giants".[12] There are no surviving pre-Christian stories about the Giant's Causeway, but it may have originally been associated with the Fomorians (Fomhóraigh);[13] the Irish name Clochán na bhFomhóraigh or Clochán na bhFomhórach means "stepping stones of the Fomhóraigh". The Fomhóraigh are a race of supernatural beings in Irish mythology who were sometimes described as giants and who may have originally been part of a pre-Christian pantheon.[14]
Tourism[edit]
Red basaltic prisms
The discovery of the Giant's Causeway is attributed to the Bishop of Derry who had visited the site in 1692. The existence of the site was announced to the wider world the following year by the presentation of a paper to the Royal Society from Sir Richard Bulkeley, a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. The Giant's Causeway received international attention when Dublin artist Susanna Drury made watercolour paintings of it in 1739; they won Drury the first award presented by the Royal Dublin Society in 1740 and were engraved in 1743.[15] In 1765 an entry on the Causeway appeared in volume 12 of the French Encyclopédie, which was informed by the engravings of Drury's work; the engraving of the "East Prospect" itself appeared in a 1768 volume of plates published for the Encyclopédie.[16] In the caption to the plates French geologist Nicolas Desmarest suggested, for the first time in print, that such structures were volcanic in origin.
The site first became popular with tourists during the nineteenth century, particularly after the opening of the Giant's Causeway Tramway, and only after the National Trust took over its care in the 1960s were some of the vestiges of commercialism removed. Visitors can walk over the basalt columns which are at the edge of the sea, a half-mile walk from the entrance to the site.
Visitors' centre[edit]
Giant's Causeway at sunset
The Causeway was without a permanent visitors' centre between 2000 and 2012, as the previous building, built in 1986, burned down in 2000.[17] Public money was set aside to construct a new centre and, following an architectural competition, a proposal was accepted to build a new centre, designed by Dublin architectural practice Heneghan Peng, which was to be set into the ground to reduce impact to the landscape. A privately financed proposal was given preliminary approval in 2007 by the Environment Minister and DUP member Arlene Foster.[18] However, the public money that had been allocated was frozen as a disagreement developed about the relationship between the private developer Seymour Sweeney and the DUP.[19] It was also debated whether a private interest should be permitted to benefit from the site – given its cultural and economic importance and as it is largely owned by the National Trust. Coleraine Borough Council voted against the private plans and in favour of a public development project,[20] and Moyle District Council similarly signalled its displeasure and gave the land on which the previous visitors' centre stood to the National Trust. This gave the Trust control of both the Causeway and surrounding land. Ultimately Mr. Sweeney dropped a legal challenge to the publicly funded plan.[21] In 2007, the Giant's Causeway visitor centre was awarded with a National Award of Excellence for 'Best Tour Visit' by CIE Tours International, for the 5th consecutive year.[22]
The new visitor centre was officially opened by First Minister Peter Robinson and Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness in July 2012,[23] with funding having been raised from the National Trust, the Northern Ireland Tourist Board, the Heritage Lottery Fund and public donations.[24] Since opening, the new visitor centre has garnered very mixed reviews from those visiting the Causeway for its pricing, design, contents and placement across the causeway walk descent.[25]
There was some controversy regarding the content of some exhibits in the visitor centre, which refer to the Young Earth Creationist view of the age of the Earth.[26][27] While these inclusions were welcomed by the chairman of the Northern Irish evangelical group, the Caleb Foundation,[28] the National Trust stated that the inclusions formed only a small part of the exhibition and that the Trust "fully supports the scientific explanation for the creation of the stones 60 million years ago."[29] An online campaign to remove creationist material was launched in 2012, and following this, the Trust carried out a review and concluded that they should be amended to have the scientific explanation on the causeway's origin as their primary emphasis. Creationist explanations are still mentioned, but presented as a traditional belief of some religious communities rather than a competing explanation for the causeway's origins.[30]
Notable features[edit]
Some of the structures in the area, having been subject to several million years of weathering, resemble objects, such as the Organ and Giant's Boot structures. Other features include many reddish, weathered low columns known as Giants Eyes, created by the displacement of basalt boulders; the Shepherd's Steps; the Honeycomb; the Giant's Harp; the Chimney Stacks; the Giant's Gate and the Camel's Hump.
The Giant's Boot
Basalt columns
The Chimney Stacks
Flora and fauna[edit]
The area is a haven for seabirds such as fulmar, petrel, cormorant, shag, redshank, guillemot and razorbill, while the weathered rock formations host a number of plants including sea spleenwort, hare's-foot trefoil, vernal squill, sea fescue and frog orchid.
A stromatolite colony was reportedly found at the Giants Causeway in October 2011 – an unusual find, as stromatolites are more commonly found in warmer waters with higher saline content than that found at the causeway.[31]
Similar structures[edit]
Main article: List of places with columnar jointed volcanics
Although the basaltic columns of the Giant's Causeway are impressive, they are not unique. Basalt columns are a common volcanic feature, and they occur on many scales (because faster cooling produces smaller columns).
Railway access[edit]
The Belfast-Derry railway line run by Northern Ireland Railways connects to Coleraine and along the Coleraine-Portrush branch line to Portrush. Local Ulsterbus provide connections to the railway stations. There is a scenic walk of 7 miles from Portrush alongside Dunluce Castle and the Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Clochán an Aifir / Giant's Causeway - Placenames Database of Ireland". Placenames Commission. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Jump up ^ The Crack: Yin giant step for mankind The News Letter. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Jack Challoner, John Farndon, Rodney Walshaw (2004). Rocks, Minerals and the Changing Earth. Southwater. p. 19. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Report of poll result BBC.co.uk Retrieved 10 December 2006.
Jump up ^ "Giant's Causeway remains Northern Ireland's Top Attraction" (Press release). Northern Ireland Tourist Board. 18 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "University of Toronto (2008, December 25). Mystery of Hexagonal Column Formations".
Jump up ^ Geoffroy, Laurent; Bergerat, Françoise; Angelier, Jacques (September 1996). "Brittle tectonism in relation to the Palaeogene evolution of the Thulean/NE Atlantic domain: a study in Ulster". Geological Journal. 31 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199609)31:3<259::AID-GJ711>3.0.CO;2-8. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Giant's Causeway". The Dublin Penny Journal, issue 5 (1832), p.33
Jump up ^ Jones, Richard. Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers, 2006. p.131
Jump up ^ Formation of basalt columns / pseudocrystals Archived 7 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Giants". Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (1888). Sacred-Texts.com.
Jump up ^ Lyle, Paul. Between Rocks and Hard Places: Discovering Ireland's Northern Landscapes. The Stationery Office, 2010. p.3
Jump up ^ Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.198
Jump up ^ Arnold, Irish Art, p. 62.
Jump up ^ "Susanna Drury, the Causeway, and the Encyclopédie, 1768" Archived 28 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.. Lindahall.org. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
Jump up ^ BBC News – Investigation into Causeway blaze – 30 April, 2000
Jump up ^ BBC News – Developer set to get Causeway nod – 10 September 2007
Jump up ^ BBC News – Developer's DUP link 'no bearing' – 11 September 2007
Jump up ^ BBC News – Causeway must be public ; council – 12 September 2007
Jump up ^ BBC News – Developer ends Causeway challenge – May 2009
Jump up ^ "Home - The Giants Causeway Official Guide". www.giantscausewayofficialguide.com. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
Jump up ^ Maguire, Anna (5 July 2012). "Causeway visitors' centre: A giant leap forward?". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giants Causeway gets £9m tourist board grant". BBC. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giants Causeway Visitor Centre Reviews, Trip Advisor". Trip Advisor. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "National Trust in Giant's Causeway creationism row". The Independent. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Causeway centre gives creationist view". U TV. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Online group calls for removal of creationist exhibit at Giant's Causeway". BBC Northern Ireland. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trust in Causeway creationism row". Irish Independent. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Trust amends Causeway centre 'Creationist' exhibit BBC News, 3 October 2012 (retrieved 30 Nov 2012)
Jump up ^ Stromatolite colony found in Giant's Causeway, BBC News. 14 October 2011.
Sources and further reading[edit]
Arnold, Bruce (2002). Irish Art: A Concise History. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20148-X
Jagla, E. A.; Rojo, A. G. (2002). "Sequential fragmentation: the origin of columnar quasihexagonal patterns". Physical Review E. 65 (2): 026203. Bibcode:2002PhRvE..65b6203J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.65.026203.
Philip S. Watson (2000). The Giant's Causeway. O'Brien: Printing Press. ISBN 0-86278-675-4.
Deane, C. Douglas. 1983. The Ulster Countryside. Century Books. ISBN 0-903152-17-7
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giant's Causeway.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Giant's Causeway.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Giant's Causeway.
Giant's Causeway information at the National Trust
Website and video of the Causeway Coast and Glens Heritage Trust
Causeway Coast And Glens Tourism – Official Tourist Board visitor information for the Causeway and surrounding area
Formation of basalt columns[permanent dead link]
Landscapes Unlocked – Aerial footage from BBC Sky High series explaining the physical, social & economic geography of Northern Ireland
[show]
v
t
e
Geology of Northern Ireland
Volcanism
Antrim plateau
Benevenagh
Black Mountain
Cavehill
Divis
Donald's Hill
Giant's Causeway
Murlough Bay
Rathlin Island
Volcanic plugs
Carrick a Rede
Scawt Hill
Slemish
Slieve Gallion
Slieve Gullion
Tievebulliagh
Dykes and Sills
Fair Head
Ring of Gullion
The Maidens
The Skerries
Metamorphic
Benbradagh
Loughermore
Mourne Mountains
Mullaghcarn
Mullaghmore
Sawel Mountain
Slieve Bearnagh
Slieve Binnian
Slieve Commedagh
Slieve Croob
Slieve Donard
Slieve Gallion
Slieve Muck
Sperrins
Sedimentary
Belmore Mountain
Benaughlin Mountain
Cuilcagh
Hibernian Greensands Group
Islandmagee
Magheramorne
Marble Arch Caves
Slieve Rushen
Ulster White Limestone Group
Waterloo Bay
Lists
Geological faults of Northern Ireland
[show]
v
t
e
Museums and galleries in Northern Ireland
[show]
National museums
Armagh County Museum
Ulster American Folk Park
Ulster Folk and Transport Museum
Ulster Museum
W5
[show]
Northern Ireland Environment Agency
Ballycopeland Windmill
Bellaghy Bawn
Carrickfergus Castle
Castle Archdale Country Park
Derry City Walls
Devenish Monastic Site
Dundrum Castle
Dunluce Castle
Greencastle
Grey Abbey
Harry Avery's and Newtownstewart Castle
Hillsborough Courthouse
Inch Abbey
Jordan's Castle
Monuments and Buildings Record
Navan Fort
Nendrum Monastic Site
Tullaghoge
Tully Castle
[show]
National Trust
Ardress House
The Argory
Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge
Castle Coole
Castle Ward
Crom Estate
Crown Liquor Saloon
Derrymore House
Downhill Estate (Mussenden Temple)
Florence Court
Giant's Causeway
Gray's Printing Press
Hezlett House
Mount Stewart
Murlough Nature Reserve
Patterson's Spade Mill
Rowallane Garden
Springhill House
Wellbrook Beetling Mill
[show]
Other museums and galleries
Belfast Exposed
Down County Museum
Downpatrick and County Down Railway
Irish Republican History Museum
Northern Ireland War Memorial
Ormeau Baths Gallery
Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
Saint Patrick Visitor Centre
Somme Heritage Centre
[show]
v
t
e
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
England
Bath
Blenheim Palace
Canterbury Cathedral, St. Augustine's Abbey and St. Martin's Church
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
Derwent Valley Mills
Durham Castle and Cathedral
Frontiers of the Roman Empire
Hadrian's Wall
Ironbridge Gorge
Jurassic Coast
Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
Lake District
Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
Maritime Greenwich
Saltaire
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey
Tower of London
Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church
Scotland
Edinburgh Old Town and New Town
Forth Bridge
Frontiers of the Roman Empire
Antonine Wall
Heart of Neolithic Orkney
New Lanark
St. Kilda
Wales
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
Northern Ireland
Giant's Causeway
British Overseas Territories
Gorham's Cave Complex
Gough Island
Inaccessible Island
Henderson Island
Town of St. George and Related Fortifications
[show]
v
t
e
Places in County Antrim
List of places in County Antrim
Cities
Belfast (part)
Lisburn (part)
Towns
Antrim
Ballycastle
Ballyclare
Ballymena
Ballymoney
Carrickfergus
Larne
Newtownabbey
Portrush
Randalstown
Villages
Aghagallon
Aghalee
Ahoghill
Aldergrove
Armoy
Aughafatten
Ballinderry Upper
Ballinderry Lower
Ballintoy
Ballybogy
Ballycarry
Ballyeaston
Ballygally
Ballylinny
Ballynure
Ballyrobert
Ballystrudder
Ballyvoy
Balnamore
Bendooragh
Broughshane
Buckna
Bushmills
Capecastle
Cargan
Carnalbanagh
Carncastle
Carnlough
Clogh
Cloghmills
Cogry-Kilbride
Craigarogan
Crumlin
Cullybackey
Cushendall
Cushendun
Dervock
Derrymore
Doagh
Donegore
Drains Bay
Dunadry
Dundrod
Dunloy
Gawley's Gate
Glenarm
Glenavy
Glenoe
Glynn
Gracehill
Grange Corner
Greenisland
Groggan
Kells-Connor
Kellswater
Keshbridge
Killead
Knocknacarry
Longkesh
Loughguile
Lurganure
Lurganville
Maghaberry
Magheramorne
Martinstown
Mill Bay
Millbank
Milltown
Moneyglass
Monkstown
Moss-Side
Mounthill
Mullaghboy
Newtown Crommelin
Parkgate
Portballintrae
Portbraddon
Portglenone
Rasharkin
Roughfort
Stoneyford
Straid
Stranocum
Templepatrick
Toome
Tullynacross
Waterfoot
Whitehead
Townlands
Ballycraigy
Barmeen
Bonnybefore
Broomhedge
Broomhedge Lower
Carnmoney
Dunamuggy
Dunmurry
Dunseverick
Galgorm Parks
Glengormley
Jordanstown
Kilroot
Lambeg
Lisnagarvy
Loughlynch
Monkstown
Rathcoole
Solar
Tobergill
White Abbey
Landforms
Belfast Lough
Benbane Head
Black Mountain
Cavehill
Divis
Fair Head
Giant's Causeway
Glens of Antrim
Glenariff Forest Park
Islandmagee
Lagan Valley
Larne Lough
Lough Beg
Portmore Lough
Rathlin Island
Scawt Hill
Slemish
Slieve True
Slieveanorra Forest
Tievebulliagh
Waterloo Bay
Baronies
Antrim Lower
Antrim Upper
Belfast Lower
Belfast Upper
Carrickfergus
Cary
Dunluce Lower
Dunluce Upper
Glenarm Lower
Glenarm Upper
Kilconway
Massereene Lower
Massereene Upper
Toome Lower
Toome Upper
WikiProject Northern Ireland
WikiProject Ireland
Northern Ireland Portal
United Kingdom Portal
Ireland Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant%27s_Causeway&oldid=809324279"
Categories:
Fenian Cycle
Landforms of County Antrim
Geology of Ireland
Geology of Northern Ireland
National Trust properties in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland coast
Columnar basalts
World Heritage Sites in Northern Ireland
Tourist attractions in County Antrim
Natural History museums in Northern Ireland
Volcanism of Northern Ireland
Paleogene volcanism
Paleogene Ireland
Extinct volcanism
Protected areas established in 1986
Patterned grounds
Nature reserves in Northern Ireland
Protected areas of County Antrim
1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
Rock formations of Northern Ireland
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Webarchive template wayback links
EngvarB from October 2013
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Articles containing Irish-language text
Articles containing Scots-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 12:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: i

value: sup

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: ga ga

values: sco sco

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/369

values: Giant's Causeway is located in Northern Ireland

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Columnar_basalt
mw-redirect
Columnar basalt

values: National nature reserve (United Kingdom)

values: National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty

values:
/wiki/Thulean_Plateau
mw-redirect
Thulean Plateau

values: North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)

values:
/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)
mw-redirect
Pantheon (gods)

values: First Minister and deputy First Minister

values: Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)

values:
/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationism
mw-redirect
Young Earth Creationism

values:
/wiki/Coeloglossum_viride
mw-redirect
Coeloglossum viride

values: List of places with columnar jointed volcanics

values:
/wiki/Belfast-Derry_railway_line
mw-redirect
Belfast-Derry railway line

values:
/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways
mw-redirect
Northern Ireland Railways

values:
/wiki/Coleraine-Portrush_railway_line
mw-redirect
Coleraine-Portrush railway line

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.logainm.ie/en/118031

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Edit section: Sources and further reading

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.65.026203

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Giant's Causeway

values:
nofollow
http://giantscauseway.ccght.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.causewaycoastandglens.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ni/landscapes

values: Template talk:Geology of Northern Ireland

values:
/wiki/File:Giants_causeway_closeup.jpg
image
Basalt columns at Giant's Causeway

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of geological faults of Northern Ireland

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Museums and galleries in Northern Ireland

values: Template talk:Museums and galleries in Northern Ireland

values:
/wiki/National_museum#United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
National museum

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Castle Archdale Country Park (page does not exist)

values: Devenish Monastic Site (page does not exist)

values: Greencastle (castle) (page does not exist)

values: Harry Avery's and Newtownstewart Castle (page does not exist)

values: Hillsborough Courthouse (page does not exist)

values: Monuments and Buildings Record (page does not exist)

values: Nendrum Monastic Site (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ardress_House
mw-redirect
Ardress House

values:
/wiki/Downhill_Estate
mw-redirect
Downhill Estate

values: Gray's Printing Press (page does not exist)

values: Patterson's Spade Mill (page does not exist)

values: Wellbrook Beetling Mill (page does not exist)

values: Down County Museum (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

values: Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

values: List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

values: Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape

values: Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd

values: List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland

values:
/wiki/Moss-Side,_County_Antrim
mw-redirect
Moss-Side, County Antrim

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:National Trust properties in Northern Ireland

values: Category:World Heritage Sites in Northern Ireland

values: Category:Tourist attractions in County Antrim

values: Category:Natural History museums in Northern Ireland

values: Category:Protected areas established in 1986

values: Category:Nature reserves in Northern Ireland

values: Category:Protected areas of County Antrim

values: Category:1986 establishments in the United Kingdom

values: Category:Rock formations of Northern Ireland

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013

values: Category:Articles containing Irish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Scots-language text

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ممر العمالقة وساحله – Arabic

values: জায়ান্ট কজওয়ে – Bangla

values: Гиганттар юлы – Bashkir

values: Дарога гігантаў – Belarusian

values: Пътят на великаните – Bulgarian

values: Giants Causeway (punta sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano

values: گذرگاه ساحلی جاینت – Persian

values: 자이언트 코즈웨이 – Korean

values: Հսկաների սալարկուղի – Armenian

values: दैत्य सेतुक – Hindi

values: סוללת הענק – Hebrew

values: გიგანტების გზა – Georgian

values: ジャイアンツ・コーズウェー – Japanese

values: Мостовая гигантов – Russian

values: Пролаз дивова – Serbian

values: இராட்சசப் படுகை – Tamil

values: Дорога Гігантів – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Giant_s_Causeway rootpage-Giant_s_Causeway vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Prior restraint
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Prior restraint (also referred to as prior censorship[1] or pre-publication censorship) is censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression. It is in contrast to censorship which establishes general subject matter restrictions and reviews a particular instance of expression only after the expression has taken place.
In some countries (e.g., United States,[2] Argentina)[3] prior restraint by the government is forbidden, subject to certain exceptions (such as classifying certain matters of national security), by a constitution.
Prior restraint can be effected in a number of ways. For example, the exhibition of works of art or a movie may require a license from a government authority (sometimes referred to a classification board or censorship board) before it can be published, and the failure or refusal to grant a license is a form of censorship as is the revoking of a license. It can also take the form of a legal injunction or government order prohibiting the publication of a specific document. Sometimes, a government or other party becomes aware of a forthcoming publication on a particular subject and seeks to prevent it: to halt ongoing publication and prevent its resumption. These injunctions are considered prior restraint because potential future publications are stopped in advance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Exceptions to restrictions on prior restraint
2 Anglo-American legal tradition
2.1 Blackstone and early views
2.2 Judicial view
3 Prior restraint in the United States
3.1 Near vs. Minnesota
3.2 Kinney vs. Barnes
3.3 Wartime censorship
3.4 Pentagon Papers case
3.5 H-bomb article cases
3.5.1 Scientific American
3.5.2 The Progressive
3.6 Judicial gag orders
3.7 DeCSS case
3.8 Theater and motion pictures
3.9 Industry codes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
7 Bibliography
Exceptions to restrictions on prior restraint[edit]
Not all restrictions on free speech are a breach of the prior restraint doctrine. It is widely accepted that publication of information affecting national security, particularly in wartime, may be restricted, even when there are laws that protect freedom of expression. In many cases invocation of national security is controversial, with opponents of suppression arguing that government errors and embarrassment are being covered up; examples are given below.
Publication of information on legal cases in progress may be restricted by an injunction. (Otherwise publishing of material which may affect a case is subject to penalties, but not prevented from the outset.) Text and video information containing illegal context, such as pornography involving underage or unwilling individuals are generally censored in order to protect the victim/s of the material, and preserve the legal and ethical standards of the country/state initiating the censorship of the offensive material.
Anglo-American legal tradition[edit]
Blackstone and early views[edit]
In William Blackstone's Commentaries “Freedom of the Press” is defined as the right to be free from prior restraints. In addition, he held that a person should not be punished for speaking or writing the truth, with good motives and for justifiable ends. Truth alone, however, was not considered a sufficient justification, if published with bad motives.
The liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state; but this consists in laying no previous restraints upon publications, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published. Every freeman has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public; to forbid this, is to destroy the freedom of the press; but if he publishes what is improper, mischievous or illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity. (4 Bl. Com. 151, 152.)
This view was the common legal understanding at the time the US constitution was adopted. Only later have the concepts of freedom of speech and the press been extended (in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries sharing their legal tradition) to protect honest error, or truth even if published for questionable reasons.
Judicial view[edit]
Prior restraint is often considered a particularly oppressive form of censorship in Anglo-American jurisprudence because it prevents the restricted material from being heard or distributed at all.[4]:318 Other forms of restrictions on expression (such as actions for libel or criminal libel, slander, defamation, and contempt of court) implement criminal or civil sanctions only after the offending material has been published. While such sanctions might lead to a chilling effect, legal commentators argue that at least such actions do not directly impoverish the marketplace of ideas.[4]:319 Prior restraint, on the other hand, takes an idea or material completely out of the marketplace. Thus it is often considered to be the most extreme form of censorship.[4]:319 The United States Supreme Court expressed this view in Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart by noting:
The thread running through all these cases is that prior restraints on speech and publication are the most serious and the least tolerable infringement on First Amendment rights. A criminal penalty or a judgment in a defamation case is subject to the whole panoply of protections afforded by deferring the impact of the judgment until all avenues of appellate review have been exhausted. Only after judgment has become final, correct or otherwise, does the law's sanction become fully operative.
A prior restraint, by contrast and by definition, has an immediate and irreversible sanction. If it can be said that a threat of criminal or civil sanctions after publication 'chills' speech, prior restraint 'freezes' it at least for the time.
Also, most of the early struggles for freedom of the press were against forms of prior restraint. Thus prior restraint came to be looked upon with a particular horror, and Anglo-American courts became particularly unwilling to approve it, when they might approve other forms of press restriction.
Prior restraint in the United States[edit]
Near vs. Minnesota[edit]
Main article: Near v. Minnesota
The first notable case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled on a prior restraint issue was Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931). In that case the Court held prior restraints to be unconstitutional, except in extremely limited circumstances such as national security issues. The ruling came about after Jay Near's newspaper, The Saturday Press, a small local paper that ran countless exposés of Minneapolis's elected officials' alleged illicit activities, including gambling, racketeering, and graft, was silenced by the Minnesota Gag Law of 1925, also known as The Public Nuisance Law. Near’s critics called his paper a scandal sheet, and alleged that he tried to extort money by threatening to publish attacks on officials and others. In the Near case the Court held that the state had no power to enjoin the publication of the paper in this way – that any such action would be unconstitutional under the First Amendment. It wrote:
”If we cut through mere details of procedure, the operation and effect of the statute in substance is that public authorities may bring the owner or publisher of a newspaper or periodical before a judge upon a charge of conducting a business of publishing scandalous and defamatory matter — in particular that the matter consists of charges against public officers of official dereliction — and, unless the owner or publisher is able and disposed to bring competent evidence to satisfy the judge that the charges are true and are published with good motives and for justifiable ends, his newspaper or periodical is suppressed and further publication is made punishable as a contempt. This is of the essence of censorship.”
And
”The statute in question cannot be justified by reason of the fact that the publisher is permitted to show, before injunction issues, that the matter published is true and is published with good motives and for justifiable ends. … it would be but a step to a complete system of censorship. … The preliminary freedom, by virtue of the very reason for its existence, does not depend, as this court has said, on proof of truth. (Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454, 462)”.
This was an extension of the Court’s earlier views, which had followed Blackstone. In Patterson v. Colorado, the Court had written: “In the first place, the main purpose of such constitutional provisions is 'to prevent all such previous restraints upon publications as had been practiced by other governments,' and they do not prevent the subsequent punishment of such as may be deemed contrary to the public welfare.” (quoted in the Near decision). The Near decision was the first time that it was held that even alleged untruth or malicious intent would not be sufficient reason to impose prior restraints.
Near was decided 5–4. The four dissenting justices strongly approved of the "gag law", and felt that the nature of the articles in The Saturday Press, including their recurrent anti-Semitism, their frequent (allegedly false) accusations of official misconduct, and their disrespectful and confrontational tone, made them unworthy of protection. But this view did not prevail.
After the Near decision, newspapers had a clearly established freedom to criticize public officials without fear of retribution, even when charges made by the papers could not be proven in court. Newspapers could still be punished through libel laws, if they published material found to be untrue. The "Gag Law" was unique in the United States at that time, and even in Minnesota had only been used on two occasions. Indeed, the Court commented on the unusual nature of the proceeding in its decision.
The Court in Near left open the possibility of prior restraints for various exceptional purposes, such as national security, control of obscenity, and the like. It wrote:
…the protection even as to previous restraint is not absolutely unlimited. But the limitation has been recognized only in exceptional cases. 'When a nation is at war many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.' (Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52 , 39 S. Ct. 247, 249). No one would question but that a government might prevent actual obstruction to its recruiting service or the publication of the sailing dates of transports or the number and location of troops. On similar grounds, the primary requirements of decency may be enforced against obscene publications. The security of the community life may be protected against incitements to acts of violence and the overthrow by force of orderly government.
Near’s dicta suggest that, while a constitutional prior restraint can exist, the high burden of proof necessary to demonstrate constitutionality results in a presumption of invalidity, and the government bears the burden of showing the restraint's constitutionality.[4]:321
In a later case (Nebraska Press Assn. vs. Stuart), the Court wrote:
"The principles enunciated in Near were so universally accepted that the precise issue did not come before us again until Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe, 402 U.S. 415 (1971). There the state courts had enjoined the petitioners from picketing or passing out literature of any kind in a specified area. Noting the similarity to Near vs. Minnesota, a unanimous Court held:
"Here, as in that case, the injunction operates, not to redress alleged private wrongs, but to suppress, on the basis of previous publications, distribution of literature 'of any kind' in a city of 18,000.
. . . . .
"Any prior restraint on expression comes to this Court with a 'heavy presumption' against its constitutional validity. Carroll vs. Princess Anne, 393 U.S. 175, 181 (1968); Bantam Books, Inc. vs. Sullivan, 372 U.S. 58, 70 (1963). Respondent thus carries a heavy burden of showing justification for the imposition of such a restraint."
This shows the strong later acceptance of what had been a disputed decision when it was first handed down.
Kinney vs. Barnes[edit]
In the 2012 case of Kinney vs. Barnes,[5] Kinney, a legal recruiter,was the subject of inflammatory comments on the website of the company who previously employed him. The company claimed he received extra incentives on the job causing his termination. Although the court ruled that the statements posted concerning Kinney must be removed, they did not prohibit similar speech from being posted online. Their reasoning was that prior restraint shall not be enacted on the basis that it is better to punish unprotected speech rather than hinder any possible protected speech.
Wartime censorship[edit]
During World War I, and to a greater extent during World War II, war correspondents accompanied military forces, and their reports were subject to advance censorship to preserve military secrets. The extent of such censorship was not generally challenged, and no major court case arose from this issue. In later conflicts the degree to which war reporting was subject to censorship varied, and in some cases it has been alleged that the censorship was as much political as military in purpose. This was particularly true during the Vietnam War and the 1983 invasion of Grenada.
Such issues arose again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, when many embedded reporters accompanied soldiers as they made their way into the country. These reports were subject to censorship in that they were not allowed to reveal military-sensitive material.[6][better source needed]
Pentagon Papers case[edit]
In the Pentagon Papers case (New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971)), the Nixon administration sought to enjoin The New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers from publishing excerpts from a top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1971. The government tried to use the "national security" exception that had been suggested in the Near decision. The Supreme Court struck down the injunctions. However, the decision was fragmented, with nine separate opinions being filed in the case. It was not clear at the time what the effect would be on future prior restraint cases.
H-bomb article cases[edit]
Scientific American[edit]
On March 15, 1950 Scientific American magazine published an article by Hans Bethe about thermonuclear fusion, the mechanism by which stars generate energy and emit electromagnetic radiation (light, etc.). Fusion is also the process which makes the hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) possible. The AEC (Atomic Energy Commission) ordered publication stopped. Several thousand copies of the printed magazine were destroyed, and the article was published with some text removed at the direction of the AEC. At this time there existed in the United States no workable design for a hydrogen bomb (the Teller-Ulam design would not be developed for another year), but the U.S. was engaged in a crash program to develop one. Gerard Piel, the publisher of Scientific American, complained that the AEC was "suppressing information which the American People need in order to form intelligent judgments." Bethe, however, declined to support this complaint, and the suppression of the unedited version of the article was never litigated.
The Progressive[edit]
Main article: United States v. The Progressive
In February 1979, an anti-nuclear activist named Howard Morland drafted an article for The Progressive magazine, entitled "The H-Bomb Secret: To Know How is to Ask Why". The article was an attempt by Morland to publish what he thought the "H-Bomb Secret" was (the Teller-Ulam design), derived from various unclassified sources and informal interviews with scientists and plant workers. Through a number of complicated circumstances, the Department of Energy attempted to enjoin its publication, alleging that the article contained sensitive technical information which was (1) probably derived from classified sources, or (2) became a classified source when compiled in a correct way, even if it were derived from unclassified sources, based on the "born secret" provisions of the 1954 Atomic Energy Act. A preliminary injunction was granted against the article's publication, and Morland and the magazine appealed (United States v. The Progressive, et al.). After a lengthy set of hearings (one in camera, another open to the public), and attracting considerable attention as a "freedom of the press" case, the government dropped its charges after it claimed the case became moot when another bomb speculator (Chuck Hansen) published his own views on the "secret" (many commentators speculated that they were afraid the Atomic Energy Act would be overturned under such scrutiny). The article was duly published in The Progressive (in the November 1979 issue) six months after it was originally scheduled, and remains available in libraries. (As an aside, Morland himself decided that he did not have the secret, and published a "corrected" version a month later.)
Judicial gag orders[edit]
Frequently a court will impose advance restrictions on lawyers, parties, and on the press in reporting of trials, particularly criminal trials. These restrictions are intended to protect the right to a fair trial, and to avoid interference with the judicial process. Nonetheless, they are a form of prior restraint, and the press in particular has often objected to such orders.
In Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976), the United States Supreme Court overturned such a "gag order". It ruled that alternative methods to help ensure a fair trial, short of prior restraints, might have been used, and that it was not all clear, under the circumstances, that the gag order would have the desired effect even if upheld. It also made a particular point of asserting that orders restricting reporting on events that occur in open court are not permissible. It wrote:
To the extent that this order prohibited the reporting of evidence adduced at the open preliminary hearing, it plainly violated settled principles: '[T]here is nothing that proscribes the press from reporting events that transpire in the courtroom.' Sheppard v. Maxwell, (384 U.S., at 362–363).
The Court's conclusion in this case reaffirmed its general opposition to prior restraints, and indicated that judicial gag orders would be sustained only in exceptional cases. It wrote:
Our analysis ends as it began, with a confrontation between prior restraint imposed to protect one vital constitutional guarantee and the explicit command of another that the freedom to speak and publish shall not be abridged. We reaffirm that the guarantees of freedom of expression are not an absolute prohibition under all circumstances, but the barriers to prior restraint remain high and the presumption against its use continues intact.
In the United Kingdom judicial gag orders are much more frequently employed, and the strong prejudice against them reflected in the above quote does not seem to be felt by British courts. Other countries also employ such orders more freely than the United States does.
DeCSS case[edit]
In October 1999 the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) learned of the availability on the Internet of DeCSS, a program that allowed people to view the content of DVDs using computers that lacked commercial DVD players, bypassing the encryption system known as the Content Scrambling System (CSS) generally used on commercial DVDs. The MPAA responded by sending out a number of cease and desist letters to web site operators who posted the software. In January 2000, a lawsuit was filed against the publisher of the magazine 2600: The Hacker Quarterly, and others. This case is known as Universal v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp.2d 294 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
The suit asked for an injunction under the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) prohibiting the 2600 site from posting the DeCSS code. It also asked for a prohibition on linking to other sites that posted the code.
The injunction was issued and sustained in an appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the constitutionality of the DMCA was upheld. The district court wrote that the computer code "… does more, in other words, than convey a message" and that "… it has a distinctly functional, non-speech aspect in addition to reflecting the thoughts of the programmers." The appeals court later wrote that "Under the circumstances amply shown by the record, the injunction's linking prohibition validly regulates the Appellants' opportunity instantly to enable anyone anywhere to gain unauthorized access to copyrighted movies on DVDs" thus upholding the injunction against publishing links to the DeCSS code in these circumstances.
The appeals court did consider the prior restraint and free expression issues, but treated the DeCSS program primarily as a means of evading copyright protection, and under that theory, held that the 2600 site could be permanently enjoined from posting the DeCSS code, and from linking to sites that posted it in an attempt to make the code available. The case was not taken to the Supreme Court.
See also: Illegal number
Theater and motion pictures[edit]
There is a long history of prior restraints on the theater; in the United Kingdom stage plays still required a license until 1968. This attitude was early transferred to motion pictures, and prior restraints were retained for films long after they had been dropped for other forms of publication: in some jurisdictions a film had to be submitted to a film censor board in order to be approved for showing.
The United States Supreme Court upheld the use of a board of censors in Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 236 U.S. 230 (1915) by deciding that the First Amendment did not apply to motion pictures. The power of such boards was weakened when the Supreme Court later overruled itself and decided that the First Amendment does apply to motion pictures. In the case of Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, 343 U.S. 495 (1952), the court decided that giving the power to forbid or restrict a film to a censorship board on the grounds a film was "sacrilegious" was far too damaging to the protections of the First Amendment.
The "death knell" for censorship boards occurred in 1965 when the U.S. Supreme Court found the Maryland law making it a crime to exhibit a film without submitting it to the censorship board was unconstitutional. In Freedman v. Maryland, 380 U.S. 51 (1965), the state's requirement that a film be presented to the board was unconstitutional as it lacked adequate procedural safeguards. While it is not necessarily unconstitutional to require films to be submitted to a censorship board, the board has extremely limited options: a censorship board has no power to prohibit a film and, if the law grants it that power, the law is unconstitutional. The board's only options when a film is presented to it are either to grant a license for the film, or immediately go to court to enjoin its exhibition.
Also, state or local censorship boards had been found to have no jurisdiction over broadcasts by television stations, even when located in the state or community where they are grounded, thus eliminating yet another reason for their existence.
Both the state of Maryland and the province of Ontario retained film censor boards to a particularly late date. Maryland abandoned its board in the 1980s, and a 2004 decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, reversing a previous trend in favor of the Ontario Film Classification Board's right to insist on cuts, ruled that the province had no right to insist on cuts as a condition of release in view of the fact that Canadian federal obscenity laws were sufficient to deal with obscene material. In May 2005, the Ontario government ended the power of the Classification Board to insist on cuts, requiring all films with adult content that were not judged obscene to be rated "R" for adults only.[citation needed]
In many countries, legally effective rating systems are in effect. See History of British Film Certificates for information on film restrictions in the UK.
Industry codes[edit]
Many industries have formulated "voluntary" codes limiting the content of expression, generally affecting perceived effects on public morality rather than revelation of secrets. Examples of these include the Hays Code, which affected Hollywood films from the 1930s to the 1950s, and the Comics Code, which was designed to deal with the rise of horror comics in the 1950s and lasted into the 1970s. The movie rating system currently in effect in the United States, run by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) is another such industry code. Such codes have generally been adopted with the twofold purposes of forestalling possible government intervention, and avoiding unfavorable publicity or boycotts. While such codes are not generally enforced by governmental action, they are generally enforced on content producers by gatekeepers in the marketing chain: studios in the case of the Hays Code, distributors in the case of the Comics Code, and theater chains in the case of the MPAA rating system. Content producers have often objected to these codes, and argue that they are, in effect, a form of prior restraint. However, the first amendment prohibition of prior restraint applies to government or court action, and does not bind private entities such as theater chains.
See also[edit]
Freedom of speech portal
Censorship in the United States
DA-Notice
Media transparency
The Mortgage Specialists, Inc. v. Implode-Explode Heavy Industries, Inc., a New Hampshire Supreme Court case applying prior restraint law to online defendants.
Tory v. Cochran
Westmoreland v. CBS
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ Bonello, Giovanni (January 2005). Michael Cooper, ed. "The Playing-card" (PDF). Journal of the International Playing-Card Society. London. 32 (3): 191–197. ISSN 0305-2133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Prior Restraint". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Article 14 – Constitución de la Nación Argentina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Waldman, Jaqueline G. (2014), "Prior Restraint And The Police: The First Amendment Right to Disseminate Recordings of Police Behavior" (PDF), University of Illinois Law Review, 2014 (1): 311–345, retrieved 2014-04-13
Jump up ^ "Kinney v. Barnes :: 2014 :: Supreme Court of Texas Decisions :: Texas Case Law :: Texas Law :: U.S. Law :: Justia". Justia US Law. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Michaels, Henry. "Pentagon, media agree on Iraq war censorship". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Prior Restraint" on Findlaw
"Prior Restraints and the Presumption of Unconstitutionality"
"Prior Restraint" by Barry O. Hines, R. Kurt Wilke, & Sarah M. Lahr
"Prior Restraint" from the Massachusetts Bar Association's Journalists' Handbook.
Howard Morland's account of The Progressive case and the events leading up to it.
United States of America v. Progressive, Inc. The decision of the lower court in this case. The appeal was denied as moot after the government dropped the case.
Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy's extensive discussion of the case and the stages it went through
"The Holocaust Bomb: a Question of Time" by Howard Morland. Later comment by the author of the original "H-bomb" article.
"The H-Bomb Secret" by Howard Morland (as published in The Progressive) This link includes the entire text of the November 1979 issue of the magazine, most of which was devoted to this subject. It includes articles about the court case, public response to the case, and why The Progressive insisted on publishing the article as originally written.
Applied Cryptography Source Code Disk appeal
"The First Amendment Handbook: Prior Restraints" Deals largely with Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart.
The text of Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart from Findlaw
"A Texas Judge Cited 'The Big Lebowski' In A Legal Decision" by Paul Szoldra, Business Insider, 5 September 2014
Smyth, Daniel. Avoiding Bloodshed? US Journalists and Censorship in Wartime, War & Society, Volume 32, Issue 1, 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Born Secret: The H-Bomb, the Progressive Case and National Security Devolpi (Pergamon) 1981
The Secret that Exploded, Howard Morland (Random House) 1981 About the Progressive case.
Minnesota Rag: Corruption, Yellow Journalism, and the Case That Saved Freedom of the Press, Fred W. Friendly (University of Minnesota Press) 1982 A history of the Near case.
The Good Guys, The Bad Guys and The First Amendment: Free speech vs. fairness in broadcasting by Fred W. Friendly (Random House; 1976) (ISBN 0-394-49725-2)
Make No Law : The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment Anthony Lewis (Random House) 1991 A history of the case that established the actual malice standard for libel of public officials.
Beyond the Burning Cross: A Landmark Case of Race, Censorship, and the First Amendment Edward J. Cleary (Vintage) 1995 A History of R.A.V. v. St Paul a "hate crime" case.
The Day the Presses Stopped: A History of the Pentagon Papers Case David Rudenstine (University of California Press) 1996
American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns : The Suppressed History of Our Nation's Beginnings and the Heroic Newspaper That Tried to Report It Richard N. Rosenfeld (St. Martin's Press) 1997 A newspaper suppression case in the early years of the United States.
Press Censorship in Elizabethan England Cyndia Susan Clegg (Cambridge University Press) 1997
Flag Burning and Free Speech: The Case of Texas v. Johnson Robert Justin Goldstein (University Press of Kansas) 2000
The Law of Public Communication Kent R. Middleton, William E. Lee, and Bill F. Chamberlin (Allyn & Bacon) 2003 A general survey of the current US law.
The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic Jeffrey L. Pasley (University Press of Virginia) 2003
Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from The Sedition Act of 1798 to The War on Terrorism Geoffrey R. Stone (W. W. Norton & Company) 2004
[hide]
v
t
e
Censorship
Media regulation
Books
books banned
Films
banned films
Internet
circumvention
Music
Post
Press
Radio
Speech and expression
Thought
Video games
banned video games
Methods
Bleeping
Book burning
Broadcast delay
Burying of scholars
Censor bars
Chilling effect
Concision
Conspiracy of silence
Content-control software
Euphemism
Minced oath
Expurgation
Fogging
Gag order
Heckling
Heckler's veto
Internet police
Memory hole
National intranet
Newspaper theft
Pixelization
Prior restraint
Propaganda
Purge
Revisionism
Sanitization
Self-censorship
Speech code
Strategic lawsuit
Surveillance
computer & network
mass
Whitewashing
Word filtering
Damnatio memoriae
Contexts
Criminal
Corporate
Hate speech
Ideological
Media bias
Moralistic fallacy
Naturalistic fallacy
Politics
Propaganda model
Religious
Suppression of dissent
Systemic bias
By country
Censorship
Freedom of speech
Internet censorship
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prior_restraint&oldid=833412865"
Categories:
American legal terminology
Censorship
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008
Articles needing additional references from August 2009
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia external links cleanup from July 2016
Wikipedia spam cleanup from July 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
한국어
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 March 2018, at 11:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href title

value: p

values: Edit section: Exceptions to restrictions on prior restraint

values: Edit section: Anglo-American legal tradition

values: Edit section: Blackstone and early views

values:
/wiki/US_constitution
mw-redirect
US constitution

values:
/wiki/Slander_and_libel#Criminal_libel
mw-redirect
Slander and libel

values:
/wiki/Chilling_effect_(term)
mw-redirect
Chilling effect (term)

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/Nebraska_Press_Assn._v._Stuart
mw-redirect
Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart

values: Edit section: Prior restraint in the United States

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283

values:
/wiki/Minnesota_Gag_Law
mw-redirect
Minnesota Gag Law

values:
/wiki/Scandal_sheet
mw-redirect
Scandal sheet

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9; position: relative; text-align: left;

values: Nebraska Press Assn. vs. Stuart (page does not exist)

values: Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 402

values: Carroll vs. Princess Anne (page does not exist)

values: Bantam Books, Inc. vs. Sullivan (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/1983_invasion_of_Grenada
mw-redirect
1983 invasion of Grenada

values: Source proves aforementioned claim. However, it is a politically-based publication and should be replaced with a neutral source. (December 2015)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 403

values:
/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb
mw-redirect
Hydrogen bomb

values:
/wiki/United_States_v._The_Progressive
mw-redirect
United States v. The Progressive

values:
/wiki/Teller-Ulam_design
mw-redirect
Teller-Ulam design

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 427

values:
/wiki/Content_Scrambling_System
mw-redirect
Content Scrambling System

values:
/wiki/Universal_v._Reimerdes
mw-redirect
Universal v. Reimerdes

values:
/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals
mw-redirect
U.S. Court of Appeals

values:
/wiki/Second_Circuit
mw-redirect
Second Circuit

values: Edit section: Theater and motion pictures

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 236

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 343

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 380

values: Ontario Film Classification Board (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system
mw-redirect
Motion picture rating system

values:
/wiki/Comics_Code
mw-redirect
Comics Code

values:
/wiki/MPAA_film_rating_system
mw-redirect
MPAA film rating system

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-2133

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.i-p-c-s.org/journal/33-3.pdf

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.massbar.org/3822

values: Richard N. Rosenfeld (page does not exist)

values: Cyndia Susan Clegg (page does not exist)

values: Robert Justin Goldstein (page does not exist)

values: Bill F. Chamberlin (page does not exist)

values: Example of redaction on (a copy of) a document

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Burning of books and burying of scholars

values: Strategic lawsuit against public participation

values: Internet censorship and surveillance by country

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Censorship padding:3px

values: Category:First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from July 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup from July 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Prior_restraint
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: 表現の自主規制 – Japanese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Prior_restraint rootpage-Prior_restraint skin-vector action-view


text:
The Xposé
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Xpose
Directed by
Anant Mahadevan
Produced by
Vipin Reshammiya
Rakesh Upadhyay
Written by
Himesh Reshammiya
Screenplay by
Himesh Reshammiya
Jainesh Ejradar
Starring
Himesh Reshammiya
Zoya Afroz
Sonali Raut
Yo Yo Honey Singh
Narrated by
Irrfan Khan
Music by
Himesh Reshammiya
Cinematography
Maneesh Chandra Bhatt
Edited by
Ashish Gaikar
Release date
16 May 2014 (2014-05-16)
Running time
113 minutes[1]
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Budget
₹150 million[1]
Box office
₹227 million[2]
The Xposé (stylized as The XPOSÉ) is a 2014 romantic thriller film directed by Anant Mahadevan and produced by Vipin Reshammiya under the banner of HR Musik. The film stars Himesh Reshammiya alongside newcomers Zoya Afroz and Sonali Raut who appear in supporting roles, whilst Irrfan Khan makes a special appearance. Musician Yo Yo Honey Singh also appears in the film, portraying a negative role, thus making his Bollywood acting debut. The film released on 16 May 2014 and received good response from critics.The movie was declared hit at box office.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Special appearances
3 Music
3.1 Soundtrack
4 Critical reception
4.1 Reception
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Two actresses, Zara Fernandes and Chandni Roy, are both set to make their film debut on the same date. Chandni's film becomes a box office success, whereas Zara's film is a flop. This angers Zara who believes she is higher and better than every other new actress. Zara starts an argument with Chandni after an awards party, and the two end up fighting. Later that night, Zara is murdered. The blame obviously goes towards Chandni, and she has no way to prove her innocence.
Chandni's lover, Ravi Kumar, decides to step in and find the real murderer to save his love. Ravi happens to be an ex-cop, who was sacked from his job as a police officer after shooting a parliamentarian apparently. Ravi is now an actor, who happens to have debuted in the same film as Zara. The suspect list in the murder is extremely high, there is Virmaan, who is Chandni's ex-boyfriend, Subba Prasad who is Zara's film director and KD, a music director who had an affair with Zara, as well as many other suspects.
In the end, it finally turns out that after Zara & Chandni's fight, Zara went up to the terrace where she met KD (hinting that their affair was still going on at the time of her death) and as the two got together, KD's wife Shabnam started looking for KD. KD heard Shabnam coming up to the terrace, so tried to run away, and accidentally pushed Zara away from him, which led to her to fall from the terrace. It also turns out that after falling down, she landed outside Subba Prasad's window. Subba decided to let her fall so her death could gain attention and maybe help their flop film be successful.
KD & Subba are convicted. KD is jailed for 7 years and Subba Prasad is given life sentence. After all the supposed suspects leave the court, Chandni confesses to her love for Ravi. The two get together, and Ravi tells Chandni that actually, he knew that she was the one who murdered Zara. In a flashback, it is revealed that after Subba let Zara fall down, she was still alive and was found by Chandni. Chandni was so frustrated and annoyed by her that she hit Zara on the head with a glass bottle, finally killing her. Ravi decides to keep this a secret between him and Chandni, and the two walk off and the story ends.
Cast[edit]
Himesh Reshammiya as Ravi Kumar
Zoya Afroz as Chandini Raza
Sonali Raut as Zara Peter Fernandes
Yo Yo Honey Singh as Kenny Damania alias KD
Nakul Vaid as Virman Shah
Anant Mahadevan as Subba Prasad
Ashwin Dhir as Bobby Chaddha
Rajesh Sharma as Raj Grover
Daya Shankar Pandey as Naidu
Jesse Randhawa as Shabnam
Special appearances[edit]
Irrfan Khan as Alec D'Costa
Adil Hussain as Rajan
Music[edit]
The Xposé
Soundtrack album to The Xposé by Himesh Reshammiya
Released
21 April 2014 (2014-04-21)[3]
Genre
Film soundtrack
Length
1:19:55
Language
Hindi
Label
T-Series
Himesh Reshammiya chronology
A New Love Ishtory
(2013)A New Love Ishtory2013 The Xposé
(2014) Humshakals
(2014)Humshakals2014
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack is composed by Himesh Reshammiya, lyrics penned by Sameer, Kumaar and Shabbir Ahmed. Vocalists include Yo Yo Honey Singh, Reshammiya, Ankit Tiwari, Palak Muchhal. The soundtrack released on 14 April 2014 with The Times Of India stating "An album that has something for everyone, The Xpose is masala magic at its most potent.".[4]
Track#
Song
Singer(s)
Lyrics
Duration (min)
1 Ice Cream Khaungi Palak Muchhal, Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh Shabbir Ahmed 05:52
2 Dard Dilo Ke Mohammad Irfan Ali Sameer 05:04
3 Hai Apna Dil Toh Awaara Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh Sameer 04:24
4 Catch Me If You Can Himesh Reshammiya, Mika Singh, Mohit Chauhan, Neeti Mohan, Shubhangi Tiwari, Shalmali Kholgade Shabbir Ahmed 05:06
5 Surroor Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Shalmali Kholgade Sameer 05:32
6 Sheeshe Ka Samundar Ankit Tiwari Sameer 04:42
7 Dard Dilo Ke (reprise) Mohammad Irfan Ali, Neeti Mohan Sameer 04:44
8 Sheeshe Ka Samundar (reprise) Rekha Bhardwaj Sameer 04:23
9 Ice Cream Khaungi (remix) Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Palak Muchhal Shabbir Ahmed 05:13
10 Dard Dilo Ke (remix) Mohammad Irfan Ali, Neeti Mohan Sameer 04:04
11 Hai Apna Dil Toh Awaara (Blue’S Mix) Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh Sameer 03:19
12 Surroor (Arabic Mix) Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Shalmali Kholgade Sameer 04:02
13 Catch Me If You Can (remix) Himesh Reshammiya, Mika Singh, Mohit Chauhan, Neeti Mohan, Shubhangi Tiwari, Shalmali Kholgade Shabbir Ahmed 04:13
14 Hai Apna Dil (Desi Remix) Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh Sameer 04:18
15 Sheeshe Ka Samundar (remix) Ankit Tiwari Sameer 04:33
16 Surroor (remix) Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Shalmali Kholgade Sameer 03:49
17 Theme of Xposé Neeti Mohan, Irrfan Khan Sameer 02:34
18 The Xposé (Mashup) DJ Kiran Kamath Ft Various Artists Sameer, Shabbir Ahmed, Kumaar 04:04
Critical reception[edit]
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Bollywood Hungama
Filmfare
Deccan Chronicle
NDTV
IndiaGlitz
Mumbai Mirror
Music Aloud
Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama rated the film 3/5 and concluded "an entertaining outing for fans of atypical Bollywood-style murder mysteries." [5]
Mehul S Thakkar of Deccan Chronicle gave it 3.5 stars stating "What also adds to the whole packaging of the film is the attention to minute detail of that era be it as minute as a ceiling lamp or a pen. R.K studios, a treasure house of antique items, have been credited to supply film cameras of those times for the shoot, shown as props in the film." [6]
Subhash K Jha reviewed the film for NDTV and gave it 3.5 stars stating "The suspense drama is bright, bouncy, believable and entertaining."[7]
Vishal Verma for IndiaGlitz has rated 3 Stars stating "The Xpose is a Dazzling Tour De Sixties"[8] Rahul Desai for Mumbai Mirror has given 3 stars for its entertainment.[9]
Awards and nominations[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
BIG Star Entertainment Awards
Year
Category
Nominee
Status
2014 Best Music Director Himesh Reshammiya Nominated
2014 Best Playback Singer-Male Mohammad Irfan Ali Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Xpose - Movie - Box Office India". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Xpose - Movie - Box Office India".
Jump up ^ "The Xpose (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". iTunes.
Jump up ^ "The Xposé - The Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ "The Xpose". Bollywood Hungama.
Jump up ^ "'The Xpose': Is all about style, glamour and dirty secrets". Deccan Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "The Xpose Movie Review - NDTV". movies.ndtv.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ "The Xpose Bollywood Movie Review - cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes - IndiaGlitz.com". indiaglitz.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Film review: The Xpose - Mumbai Mirror". mumbaimirror.com. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
External links[edit]
The Xposé on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Xposé&oldid=857139351"
Categories:
2014 films
2010s Hindi-language films
Indian films
Masala films
Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
Indian detective films
Indian thriller films
Hidden categories:
Use Indian English from April 2014
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from April 2014
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles needing additional references from April 2016
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 20:25 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

values:
/wiki/Film_soundtrack
mw-redirect
Film soundtrack

values:
/wiki/Hindi_language
mw-redirect
Hindi language

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

values:
/wiki/Mohammad_Irfan_Ali
mw-redirect
Mohammad Irfan Ali

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3645014/
external text

values: Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya

values: Category:Use Indian English from April 2014

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Xpos%C3%A9
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Xposé rootpage-The_Xposé skin-vector action-view