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Wake Me Up When September Ends
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"Wake Me Up When September Ends"
Single by Green Day
from the album American Idiot
Released
June 13, 2005
Format
7"
CD
VHS
digital download
Recorded
September 2003
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
4:45 (Album Version)
4:19 (Radio Edit)
Label
Reprise
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Billie Joe Armstrong
Mike Dirnt
Tré Cool
Producer(s)
Rob Cavallo
Green Day singles chronology
"Holiday"
(2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
(2005) "Jesus of Suburbia"
(2005)
"Holiday"
(2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
(2005) "Jesus of Suburbia"
(2005)
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a song by American rock band Green Day, released on June 13, 2005, as the fourth single from the group's seventh studio album, American Idiot (2004). The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father.
The song became a hit single, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom, Belgium, New Zealand, and was a number one single in the Czech Republic. In the United States, the song became symbolic after Hurricane Katrina, where it was dedicated to victims of the disaster and also regarded as a dedication to the victims of the September 11 attacks that occurred in 2001. The song became certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
The song's music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War, which was intended to convey the song's central theme of loss.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Reception
4 Music video
5 Legacy
6 Track listing
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
8 Certifications
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" was written by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father, who died of cancer in September 1982 when Billie Joe was ten.[1][2] Armstrong, at one point, dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point, considering it "therapeutic" but also difficult to perform.[3]
The song is largely unrelated to the storyline that is central to American Idiot.[3]
Commercial performance[edit]
The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's second top 10 single. It also peaked at number 8 in Canada and the UK, while making number 13 in Australia. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010.[4] The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive number one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart ("American Idiot", "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" and "Holiday"), but it hit number 2 on the chart, kept from number one by Gorillaz "Feel Good Inc.". The song also hit number 2 on the Adult Top 40 and on the Mainstream Top 40. This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting number 3 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than "Boulevard of Broken Dreams". The song was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for sales of 400,000.[5]
Reception[edit]
Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the group's 1997 single "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)".[6]
Music video[edit]
The song's music video was directed by Samuel Bayer, best known for his work with Nirvana and Metallica.[7] Bayer wrote the treatment for the video, which he envisioned as a mini-movie.[3] Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War-themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement. The song's music video thus attempts to "turn the machine on itself" by acting as a commercial for "free thought or peace."[8] Although it was far from the song's literal meaning, Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the song's theme of loss.[9] Bayer noted that he felt bored with predictable music videos, and wanted to produce a video that felt like a film. Consequently, he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals, uncommon for music videos.[7] The clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2004.[3]
The video focuses on a couple in love (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood).[7] The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps. The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe. However, the girlfriend is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her. The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents. This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field. The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.
The clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits.[10] On the subject of the clip being seen as exploitive of the war for entertainment purposes, Dirnt rejected this notion: "Rock & roll should be dangerous. […] It should be striking and stir questions, and I think that that video, at the end of the day, comes down to that core emotion of loss."[8] Bayer considered it his best production to that point, remarking, "’September’ is hands down the greatest thing I’ve ever done."[7]
The video reached number one on Total Request Live,[9] and came in second for best video of the year in a 2005 Reader's Poll by Rolling Stone.[11]
Legacy[edit]
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" became closely associated with Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29, 2005. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" became symbolic in the aftermath; one online blogger paired the song with television coverage of the disaster, creating a viral video.[12] Green Day performed the song days after the disaster on ReAct Now: Music & Relief, a benefit concert broadcast on MTV and its associated properties.[13]
A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.
The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after the hurricane.[14]
Track listing[edit]
CD 1
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
CD 2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Homecoming" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 9:24
3. "Hitchin' a Ride" 2:52
Australian CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
3. "Homecoming" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 9:24
Live (iTunes exclusive)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" (live at Foxboro, Massachusetts on September 3, 2005) 5:41
7" picture disc
Side A
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
Side B
No.
Title
Length
1. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18]
2
Brazil (ABPD)[19]
3
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
8
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[20]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[22]
13
Italy (FIMI)[23]
33
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]
44
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26]
21
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[27]
8
US Billboard Hot 100[28]
6
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[29]
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[30]
3
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[31]
2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[33]
12
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
UK Rock (Official Charts Company)[34] 28
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[35]
Platinum 80,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[36]
Platinum 8,000^
Italy (FIMI)[37]
Platinum 20,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[38]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[39]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matt Hendrickson (February 24, 2005). "Green Day and the Palace of Wisdom". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (968). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wake Me Up When September Ends". Song Facts.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James Montgomery (April 19, 2005). "It's A Dark Day For Green Day In Somber 'September' Video". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Watch". Retrieved July 31, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Certified Awards". Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Rob Sheffield (September 30, 2004). "Green Day: American Idiot". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (958). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James Montgomery (August 9, 2005). "'Teen Spirit' Director Calls Green Day Clip His Career Highlight". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b John Colapinto (November 17, 2005). "Green Day: Working Class Heroes". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (987): 50–56. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Corey Moss (August 31, 2005). "Think Green Day's 'September' Clip Is Epic? Just Wait For 'Jesus Of Suburbia'". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ James Montgomery (April 22, 2009). "Green Day's Greatest Video Moments". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andy Greene (January 11, 2006). "The 2005 Readers' Poll". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarah Boxer (September 24, 2005). "Art of the Internet: A Protest Song, Reloaded". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Corey Moss (September 10, 2005). "Reznor, Kanye, Green Day Reflect On Disaster, Inspire Relief For MTV Special". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Uptin Saiidi (September 30, 2005). "'Wake Me Up When September Ends': 10 Fun Ways To Commemorate Green Day's Hit". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200539 into search. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Green Day Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 24, 2005". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Top Digital Download. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Green Day" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2011-03-19 Top 40 Rock & Metal Singles Archive". Official Charts. 2011-03-19. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Music Canada. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guld og platin november/december/januar" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 6, 2017. Enter Wake Me Up When September Ends in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 10, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" music video on YouTube
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Typical left-hand motorway road layout in Ireland and South Africa. Israel, a right-hand drive country, uses a similar layout.
See also: Road verge
The median strip or central reservation is the reserved area that separates opposing lanes of traffic on divided roadways, such as divided highways, dual carriageways, freeways, and motorways. The term also applies to divided roadways other than highways, such as some major streets in urban or suburban areas. The reserved area may simply be paved, but commonly it is adapted to other functions; for example, it may accommodate decorative landscaping, trees, a median barrier or railway, light rail or streetcar lines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regional terminology
2 Physical attributes
3 Width
4 Inverted median
5 Safety impact
6 Bus rapid transit
7 Railway use
7.1 Europe
7.2 North America
7.2.1 United States
7.3 Oceania
8 See also
9 References
Regional terminology[edit]
There is no international English standard for the term. Median, median strip, and median divider island are common in North American and Antipodean English. Variants in North American English include regional terms such as neutral ground in New Orleans usage.
In British English central reservation is the preferred usage; it also occurs widely in formal documents in some non-British regions such as South Africa, where there are other informal regional words, for example middelmannetjie, which originally referred to the hump between wheel ruts on a dust road.[1][2] Among other coinages, central nature strip occurs in Australian English.
Additionally, different terminology is used to identify traffic lanes in a multi-lane roadway. North American usage calls the lanes located closest to the roadway centerline the "inner" lanes, while British usage calls these lanes the "outer" lanes. Thus, it is less confusing to call these central lanes the "passing", "fast", or "overtaking" lanes in international contexts, instead of using the ambiguous inner/outer distinction. Regional differences between right-hand traffic and left-hand traffic can cause further confusion.
Physical attributes[edit]
A grass median strip on a highway in Pennsylvania, United States
Some medians function secondarily as green areas and green belts to beautify roadways. Jurisdictions can: plant lawn grasses with regular mowing; hydroseed or scatter wildflower seeds to germinate, bloom, and re-seed themselves annually; or create extensive landscape plantings of trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials and ornamental grasses. Where space is at a premium, dense hedges of shrubs filter the headlights of oncoming traffic and provide a resilient barrier. In other areas, the median may be occupied by a right-of-way for a public transportation system, such as a light rail or rapid transit line; for example, the Red and Blue Lines of the Chicago 'L' partially run in the medians of the Dan Ryan, Eisenhower, and Kennedy Expressways.[3]
A California arterial road median with decorative cobblestones inset
In contrast to the median of a major road, those in urban areas often take the form of central traffic islands that rise above the roadway. These are frequently found on urban arterial roads. In their simplest form, these are just raised concrete curbs, but can also be landscaped with grass or trees or decorated with bricks or stones. Such medians are also sometimes found on more minor or residential streets, where they serve primarily as a traffic-calming or landscaping element rather than a safety enhancement to restrict turns and separate opposite directions of high-volume traffic flow.
In some areas, such as California, highway medians are sometimes no more than a demarcated section of the paved roadway, indicated by a space between two sets of double yellow lines. Such a double-double yellow line or painted median is legally similar to an island median: vehicles are not permitted to cross it, unlike a single set of double yellow lines which may in some cases permit turns across the line.[4] This arrangement has been used to reduce costs, including narrower medians than are feasible with a planted strip, but research indicates that such narrow medians may have minimal safety benefit compared to no median at all.[5]
The medians of United States Interstate Highways break only for emergency service lanes, with no such restrictions on lower classification roads. On British motorways, the median is never broken (except on the tidal flow of Aston Expressway), but there are no such restrictions on other dual carriageways.
Width[edit]
The wide median strip in Main St, Bairnsdale, Victoria, Australia has been made into a garden feature of the town.
The median strip in the United Kingdom (where it is known as a central reservation) and other densely populated European countries (where it is known by their local names) is usually no wider than a single lane of traffic. In some cases, however, it is extended. For instance, if the road is running through hilly terrain, the carriageways may have to be built on different levels of the slope. An example of this is on the M5 motorway as it climbs up the side of the Gordano Valley south of Bristol.
Two examples on the UK road network where the carriageways are several hundred yards/meters apart, are on a section of the M6 between Shap and Tebay, which allows a local road to run between them, and on the M62 where the highest section through the Pennines famously splits wide enough to contain a farm.[6] The other major exception is the A38(M) Aston Expressway, which is a single carriageway of seven lanes, where the median lane moves to account for traffic flow (a system known as tidal flow or reversible lane).
With effect from January 2005 and based primarily on safety grounds, the UK’s Highways Agency's policy is that all new motorway schemes are to use high containment concrete step barriers in the median (central reservation). All existing motorways will introduce concrete barriers as part of ongoing upgrades and through replacement as and when the current systems have reached the end of their useful life. This change of policy applies only to barriers in the median of high speed roads and not to verge side barriers. Other routes will continue to use steel barriers.
A raised concrete median can be seen dividing US Route 52 in Rochester, Minnesota
In North America, and some other countries with large sparsely populated areas, opposing lanes of traffic may be separated by several hundred meters of fields or forests outside of heavily populated areas (an extreme example being the Trans-Canada Highway near Ernfold, Saskatchewan, Canada, where eastbound and westbound lanes go as far as 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) apart from each other), but converge to a lane's width of separation in suburban areas and cities. In urban areas, concrete barriers (such as Jersey barriers) and guard rails (or guide rails) are used.
In Dedham, Massachusetts, the Norfolk County Correctional Center (a state prison) is located entirely within a wide median of Massachusetts Route 128. This 502-bed facility was opened in 1993 as infill construction in the previously-unused real estate which had been isolated by the divided highway in the early 1950s.
A 50 metres wide median strip in Inagi, Tokyo.[citation needed]
Inverted median[edit]
Some freeways in North America include "inverted" medians, which separate roadways running in the opposite direction from the standard for the country they are located in.[why?]
The north-south Golden State Freeway (I-5) in the Tehachapi Mountains of California between Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley. For several miles, the direction of traffic on both sides of the median is reversed—northbound traffic is on the western roadway and southbound traffic on the eastern roadway.
In western Montreal, on the Autoroute 20, between the Route 138 and the Turcot Interchange, where the two directions, on opposite sides of a railway, are reversed (and one enters or exits via the left side).
I-85 in central North Carolina between Lexington and Thomasville features an inverted median, constructed so that an in-median, right-exit rest area can feature a historic bridge.
I-77 in Charlotte, North Carolina, has a reverse median at its intersection over I-85 for on- and off-ramps without taking too much land from neighboring properties and without building many more bridges.
I-84 used to have an inverted median through Waterbury, Connecticut, east of the 2-level "mixmaster" interchange with Route 8. This section of freeway was reconstructed in the 1970s, which eliminated the inverted median.
Safety impact[edit]
Concrete median barrier on the N11 road near Dublin, Ireland
An August 1993 study by the US Federal Highway Administration quantified the correlation between median width and the reduction of both head-on accidents and severe injuries. The study found that medians without barriers should be constructed more than 30 feet (9.1 m) wide in order to have any effect on safety, and that safety benefits of wider medians continue to increase to a width of 60 to 80 feet (18.3 to 24.4 m).[5]
A consequence of this finding is that decreasing the size of a median to 20 feet (6.1 m) from 30 feet (9.1 m) to add lanes to a highway may result in a less safe highway. Statistics regarding medians with barriers were not calculated in this study.[5]
Bus rapid transit[edit]
Central reservations may also be used for reserved bus lanes, as in Istanbul's Metrobus, Los Angeles's Silver Line and Bogotá's TransMilenio.
Railway use[edit]
The Kwinana Freeway in Perth, Australia contains the Mandurah railway line
Median strip tramway in Bremen, Germany
Pittsburg Center eBART in the median of California State Route 4
In some cases, the median strip of the highway may contain a train line, usually around major urban centers. This is often done to share a right-of-way, because of the expense and difficulty of clearing a route through dense urban neighborhoods. A reserved right-of-way is contrasted with street running, in which rail cars and automobiles occupy the same lanes of traffic.
Train lines that run in the median of highways include:
Europe[edit]
Line 25N from Zaventem Airport junction to Mechelen along the E19
The line from Schiphol Airport along the A4 and A10 motorways to Amsterdam
The Essen Stadtbahn along the Ruhrschnellweg
North America[edit]
The Line 1 Yonge–University along Allen Road in northwest Toronto, Ontario, Canada
United States[edit]
The H Line (RTD) built in the median of Interstate 225 from Interstate 25 to north of Parker Road in the Denver, Colorado metro area
The New Mexico Rail Runner on the median of Interstate 25 from CP Hondo into the state capital of Santa Fe, New Mexico
The WMATA Orange Line and the WMATA Silver Line west of Washington, D.C. following Interstate 66 and Virginia State Route 267 between Fairfax, Loudoun County, and Arlington, Virginia
The Baltimore Metro Subway along a portion of I-795 in Baltimore County
The CTA Red Line and CTA Blue Line in the median of the Dan Ryan Expressway, the Kennedy Expressway, and I-290 to the west and south of Chicago
The TriMet MAX Blue Line light rail runs in the median between the two lanes of E. Burnside Street from 96th Avenue in Portland to 197th Avenue in Gresham, Oregon.
Union Pacific's main line through Austin, Texas, runs on the median of the MoPac Expressway. The highway is named for the now defunct Missouri Pacific Railroad or "MoPac".
The Hardy Toll Road in Houston, Texas, has a rail line running down the median for a significant portion of its length.
California
Parts of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) outside San Francisco:
Antioch–SFO/Millbrae line (including eBART) along California State Route 24 and California State Route 4
Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City line along Interstate 238 and Interstate 580
MacArthur station, a cross-platform interchange station where three lines meet in the median of State Route 24
The Los Angeles Metro
The Green Line runs in the median of the Century Freeway.
The Gold Line runs in the median of the Foothill Freeway.
San Bernardino Line runs in the median of the San Bernardino Freeway.
The Alum Rock–Santa Teresa line, part of the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail system, runs for much of its length in the medians of California State Route 87 and California State Route 85.
Sacramento RT Light Rail Blue Line runs in the median of Interstate 80 (California) and includes park and ride facilities at most of the stations in this section.
Oceania[edit]
The Joondalup and Mandurah railway lines in both Perth and Mandurah in Australia are set up like this. The former is mainly located in the median of the Mitchell Freeway. The latter line has its northern section in the median of the Kwinana Freeway while its southern section is located in Mandjoogoordap Drive.
City planners also commonly use media strips to accommodate urban tram tracks along a central segregated track, and examples of this layout are found across Europe. Some of the earliest practices of incorporating central tramways into road designs were pioneered in Liverpool by John Alexander Brodie, and later emulated in Manchester, such as along Princess Parkway or Kingsway.[7]
See also[edit]
Lane
Motorway service area
Rest area
Road surface marking
Shoulder (road)
Traffic lane
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Branford, Jean & Branford, William. A Dictionary of South African English. Oxford University Press 1992 ISBN 978-0195705959
Jump up ^ Bosman, D. B.; Van der Merwe, I. W.; Hiemstra, L. W. (1984). Tweetalige Woordeboek Afrikaans-Engels. Tafelberg-uitgewers. ISBN 0-624-00533-X. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Buck, Thomas (September 28, 1969). "Ryan Rail Service Starts Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Crossing double yellow lines", Spokesman-Review, April 28, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Highway Administration (August 1993). "The Association Of Median Width And Highway Accident Rate". Retrieved 2008-01-09.
Jump up ^ Google Maps
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alan, ed. (1998). Leading the way : a history of Lancashire's roads. Preston: Lancashire County Books. p. 212. ISBN 9781871236330.
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List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII.
This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. The U.S. national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner") has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967; Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful" in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977. Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982, famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games.
Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem every year. Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Multiple and hometown performances
3 Notable performances
4 Controversies
5 Other patriotic performances
6 See also
7 References
Performances[edit]
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]
I 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir
II 1968 Orange Bowl, Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band
III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.
IV 1970 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans Al Hirt
V 1971 Orange Bowl, Miami Tommy Loy (trumpet)
VI 1972 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale
VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church
VIII 1974 Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas Charley Pride
IX 1975 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)
X 1976 Orange Bowl, Miami Tom Sullivan
XI 1977 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")
XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University
XIII 1979 Orange Bowl, Miami The Colgate Thirteen
XIV 1980 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Cheryl Ladd
XV 1981 Superdome, New Orleans Helen O'Connell
XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan Diana Ross
XVII 1983 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook
XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida Barry Manilow
XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus
XX 1986 Superdome, New Orleans Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)
XXI 1987 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Neil Diamond
XXII 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego Herb Alpert (trumpet)
XXIII 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Billy Joel
XXIV 1990 Superdome, New Orleans Aaron Neville
XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium, Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling
XXVI 1992 Metrodome, Minneapolis Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary
XXVII 1993 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin
XXVIII 1994 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley
XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone
XXX 1996 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla
XXXI 1997 Superdome, New Orleans Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz
XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich
XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium, Miami Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands
XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir
XXXV 2001 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney
XXXVI 2002 Superdome, New Orleans Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse
XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell
XXXVIII 2004 Reliant Stadium, Houston Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy
XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent
XL 2006 Ford Field, Detroit Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia
XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)
XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]
XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos
XLIV 2010 Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles
XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]
XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]
XLVII 2013 Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]
XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion
XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8] Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]
50 2016 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]
LI 2017 NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].
LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].
Multiple and hometown performances[edit]
Acts that have performed three times:
Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)
Acts that have performed two times:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)
Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)
Notable performances[edit]
The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.
The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.
Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]
At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.
Controversies[edit]
Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]
Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]
Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]
Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]
At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]
Other patriotic performances[edit]
The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII.
The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]
Pledge of Allegiance
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew
"America the Beautiful"
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].
"God Bless America"
2003: Céline Dion
See also[edit]
Super Bowl
List of Super Bowl halftime shows
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Super Bowl – Entertainment". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III". Paley Center for Media. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (January 29, 2008). "Living the dream: Prof to sign anthem for deaf". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl". National Association of the Deaf. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLVI: PepsiCo and the NAD". National Association of the Deaf. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ King (January 19, 2013). "Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII". KING Says. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NAD, NFL, & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience". National Association of the Deaf. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Tickets 2015". Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl". National Football League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Associated Press. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI". National Football League. January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII". National Football League. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). "Super Bowl goes super blue". Air Force Print News. af.mil. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A fitting wartime rendition". St. Petersburg Times. February 4, 1991. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Warner can't match '07 magic vs. Steelers". Chicago Tribune. February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Our National Anthem: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Rolling Stone. July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film, NFL Films, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh, Say, Can She Sing". St. John's Downtown. January 31, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville; Leahhey, Andrew; Parton, Chris; Moss, Marissa R.; Shelburne, Craig (September 21, 2015). "Faith Hill's 10 Greatest Live Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl". CBS Sports. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cuomo, Chris; Paparella, Andrew (February 16, 2012). "Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discography". The Official Garth Brooks Official Website. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott; James, Meg (February 4, 2005). "The Nation; After '04 Fiasco, Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides". The Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A01.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 14, 2005). "Football? They Play a Game?". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX". Air Force Print News. af.mil. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Callow, James (February 7, 2011). "Super Bowl 2011: Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Schabner, Dean (February 6, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Mangles 'Star-Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (February 6, 2011). "Singing, Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Entertainment". Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weseling, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Sandy Hook, Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jennifer (January 31, 2013). "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday". Twitter. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael (January 27, 2017). "'Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL.com (January 15, 2018). "Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
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