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Troian Bellisario
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Troian Bellisario
Troian Bellisario in 2013
Born
Troian Avery Bellisario
(1985-10-28) October 28, 1985 (age 32)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma mater
University of Southern California
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1985 -present
Spouse(s)
Patrick J. Adams (m. 2016)
Parent(s)
Donald P. Bellisario
Deborah Pratt
Relatives
Michael Bellisario (half-brother) Sean Murray (step-brother)
Troian Avery Bellisario (/ˈtrɔɪən ˌbɛlɪˈsɑːrioʊ/; born October 28, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for playing the role of Spencer Hastings in Freeform's Pretty Little Liars (2010-2017).
Born in Los Angeles, California, she is the daughter of producers Donald P. Bellisario and Deborah Pratt. Bellisario made her acting debut in her father's 1988 film Last Rites at the age of three. She continued to have roles produced by her father, mainly in television shows such as Quantum Leap, First Monday, and NCIS, and in 1998, she acted in the direct-to-video comedy film Billboard Dad. In 2010, she received praise for her leading performance in the film Consent for which she won the Vision Fest Award for Best Acting by a Female Lead and the FirstGlance Philadelphia Award for Best Actress.
In 2009, Bellisario landed the lead role of Spencer Hastings in the Freeform series Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017). For her performance, she has won two Teen Choice Awards out of six nominations and a Young Hollywood Award. In addition to her work on Pretty Little Liars, Bellisario also starred in the WIGS episode series Lauren, for which she received critical acclaim and won the New York Film Festival Award for Best Performance by an Actress and was nominated for the Streamy Award for Best Female Performance - Drama. She has appeared in, produced, and co-written multiple short films and indie projects; in 2016, she made her directorial debut with the fifteenth episode of the seventh season of Pretty Little Liars, "In the Eye Abides the Heart".
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Web
4.4 As a director
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Troian Avery Bellisario was born and raised in Los Angeles. Her parents are producers Donald P. Bellisario and Deborah Pratt.[1] Donald P. Bellisario created Magnum, P.I., Quantum Leap, and NCIS, among other TV series. She has a younger brother,[2] three half-sisters, two half-brothers, and is a step-sister of actor Sean Murray and producer Chad W. Murray. Her father is of Italian and Serbian descent. Her mother is of African American, French, and English descent.[3][4]
Bellisario attended Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, California from kindergarten through twelfth grade,[5] where she was the valedictorian of her class.[6] After high school, Bellisario attended Vassar College for a couple months before taking a break for the sake of her mental health as she felt the institution only enhanced her need for perfection.[7] She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Southern California in 2009.[8]
Career[edit]
Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film Last Rites at the age of three.[9] From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as Quantum Leap, Tequila and Bonetti, JAG, First Monday and NCIS, television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario. In NCIS, she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee, played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray.
In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film Billboard Dad. Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely, Unspoken, Archer House and Intersect. In November 2009, Bellisario was cast as Spencer Hastings in the TV series Pretty Little Liars based on the book series of the same name by Sara Shepard.[10] In October 2011, Bellisario announced she was in the process of writing and creating her own film, which was successfully funded through Kickstarter on November 16, 2011. Filming ended in December 2011 and the film was officially completed by August 2012.[11]
In August 2012, Bellisario appeared alongside Jennifer Beals in the WIGS web episode series, Lauren.[12] Lauren returned on May 3, 2013 for a twelve-episode run.[13][14] In 2014 she starred in the music video for The Head and the Heart's song "Another Story".[15] In 2015, she was cast in a leading role in the American remake of the French-Canadian film Martyrs.[16][17] In 2015, Bellisario and fiancée Patrick J. Adams filmed short film We Are Here in Haida Gwaii, which Bellisario wrote and starred in. Bellisario starred in her feature film, Feed, which she also wrote and produced. The film was written based on Bellisario's own experiences with an eating disorder.[18]
On April 7, 2016, it was announced that Bellisario would be directing Season 7, Episode 15 of Pretty Little Liars.[19] This made her one of the first in the cast, alongside Chad Lowe, to direct an episode on the series.
Personal life[edit]
Bellisario started dating Suits star Patrick J. Adams after they met on the set of the play Equivocation in 2009.[20] The couple briefly split, but after Adams' guest appearance as Hardy in Pretty Little Liars, 2010, the two got back together.[21][22] Since working on Equivocation and Pretty Little Liars, the couple also worked together on the 2012 short film The Come Up, on the USA series Suits in which Adams stars, and the short film We Are Here. Bellisario and Adams married on December 10, 2016 in Santa Barbara, California.The couple is currently expecting their first child.[23][24]
Bellisario revealed in early January 2014 that she went through personal problems through high school, resulting in an eating disorder and self-harming problems. "I was the youngest daughter, the perfect little girl," she said. "My school was a very intense college prep school. So it was about wanting to please my father and mother and wanting to be perfect to everybody."[25]
Bellisario delivered the USC School of Dramatic Arts (her alma mater) commencement speech in 2014. "Once you start creating without anybody's permission, you own it. And because you learned it here, you know the power of a story. You'll never feel embarrassed when people ask you, 'What do you do?' You will look them in the eye and say, 'I tell stories.' And people will line up to work with you," Bellisario told the graduating class.[26]
In August 2018, E! News confirmed Bellisario was pregnant with her first child. [27]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988 Last Rites Justin's daughter
1998 Billboard Dad Kristen Bulut
2006 Unspoken Jani Short film
2007 Archer House Tatum Short film
2009 Intersect Victoria Short film
2009 Before the Cabin Burned Down Meg Short film
2010 Consent Amanda
2010 Peep World Film set P.A.
2011 A November Girlfriend Short film
2011 Pleased to Meet You Carson
2012 The Come Up Jessica Short film
2012 Joyful Girl Belle Short film
2013 C.O.G. Jennifer
2013 Exiles Juliet Short film; Writer and Executive Producer
2014 Immediately Afterlife Bennett Short film
2015 Surf Noir Lacey Short film
2015 Martyrs Lucie Jurin
2015 Still a Rose Juliet Short film
2015 Amy Amy Short film
2016 We Are Here Short film; writer
2016 In the Shadows of the Rainbow Short film
2017 Chuck Hank and the San Diego Twins Claire
2017 Feed Olivia Grey Also writer and producer
2018 Clara Clara
2019 Where'd You Go Bernadette Becky Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Quantum Leap Teresa Bruckner Episode: "Another Mother"
1992 Tequila and Bonetti Teresa Garcia 2 episodes
1998 JAG Erin Terry Episode: "Tiger, Tiger"
2002 First Monday Kimberly Baron 2 episodes
2005–2006 NCIS Sarah McGee 2 episodes
2010–2017 Pretty Little Liars Spencer Hastings / Alex Drake Main role; 160 episodes
2014–2015 Suits Claire Bowden 2 episodes
2016 Sister Cities Baltimore Baxter Television film
Web[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012–2013 Lauren Sergeant Lauren Weil Main role
2014 Pa-gents with Chris Pine Cathryn Crest
2015 Instagram Intervention with Troian Bellisario Herself
As a director[edit]
Year
Title
Episode
Notes
2017 Pretty Little Liars "In the Eye Abides the Heart"
2018 Famous in Love "Guess Who's (Not) Coming to Sundance?"
Awards and nominations[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Troian Bellisario" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Year
Award
Category
Title
Result
2010 Vison Fest Best Acting – Female Lead Consent Won
2010 FirstGlance Philadelphia Best Actress Consent Won
2011 Young Hollywood Awards Cast to Watch (shared with Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale and Shay Mitchell) Pretty Little Liars Won
2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star: Female Pretty Little Liars Nominated
2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star: Female Pretty Little Liars Won
2013 IAWTV Award Best Female Performance – Drama Lauren Nominated
2013 New York Festivals Best Performance by an Actress Lauren Won
2013 Streamy Award Best Female Performance – Drama Lauren Nominated
2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Won
2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star: Female Pretty Little Liars Nominated
2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated
2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Drama Pretty Little Liars Nominated
2017 Television Industry Advocacy Awards Support to National Eating Disorder Awareness Feed Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Donald P. Bellisario Biography (1935–)". Filmreference.com. August 8, 1935. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kombert, Alissa (January 18, 2013). "Guess Which Little Liar's Cute Younger Brother This Is (PHOTOS)". Wetpaint. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "@fashionchalet painting of the death scene..."
Jump up ^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Troian Bellisario". www.gurl.com.
Jump up ^ "Right Out of the Gate". Backstage.com.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Q&A with Pretty Little Liars' Troian Bellisario". J-14. May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Troian Bellisario Is Ready For Life After 'Pretty Little Liars'". MTV News. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Troain Bellisario biography, ABC Family.com
Jump up ^ Troian Bellisario on Pretty Little Liars By Fred Topel Published June 10, 2010 – Canmag.com
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2009). "ABC Family fills comedy, Liars roles". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Best Inventions of 2010. "Exiles by Troian Bellisario". Kickstarter.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lauren | Season 1 (Feat. Troian Bellisario & Jennifer Beals)". YouTube. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "I gave you a sneak peek yesterday but now it's official! S2 of #Lauren with @jenniferbeals returns to @wigs on 5/3!". Twitter. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ ""Lauren" will return in mid-April".
Jump up ^ The Head and the Heart - Another Story [OFFICIAL VIDEO].
Jump up ^ "Bailey Noble, who played Adilyn Bellefleur on "True Blood," toplining with "Pretty Little Liars" star Troian Bellisario. Kate Burton (Stay, Big Trouble in Little China) and Blake Robbins (Rubber) round out the cast of Martyrs".
Jump up ^ Barton, Steve (April 3, 2014). "The 'Martyrs' Remake Already Has Already Been Filmed". DreadCentral.com. DC. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (July 17, 2017). "'Pretty Little Liars' Star Troian Bellisario on How Writing, Producing 'Feed' Helped Her Overcome an Eating Disorder". Variety. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Troian Bellisario Will Make Her Directorial Debut in 'Pretty Little Liars' Season 7 (EXCLUSIVE)". Pretty Little Liars. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pamela Tan (March 4, 2013). "Patrick J Adams in Sg: Talks Suits and girlfriend Troian Bellisario".
Jump up ^ Suits Star Patrick Adams Talks Love, Lawyers, and His Stroke of Luck on YouTube
Jump up ^ Marinel R. Cruz (February 28, 2013). "'Pretty Little Liars' star likens love, fame to 'thrilling roller-coaster ride'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Patrick J. Adams and Troian Bellisario Get Married in Bohemian California Wedding — See the Pics". PEOPLE.com. December 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inside Troian Bellisario & Patrick J. Adams' Wedding". E! Online. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Carl (January 6, 2014). "Pretty Little Liars actress Troian Bellisario opens up about her eating disorder and 'feeling like a fraud'". Daily Mirror. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Commencement Celebrates Graduating Class of 2014 · School of Dramatic Arts · USC". dramaticarts.usc.edu. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.eonline.com/news/953076/troian-bellisario-is-pregnant-expecting-first-child-with-patrick-j-adams
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Troian Bellisario.
Troian Bellisario on IMDb
Troian Bellisario on Twitter
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Sarah Michelle Gellar (2002)
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Hayden Panettiere (2007)
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Leighton Meester (2010)
Blake Lively (2011)
Lucy Hale (2012)
Troian Bellisario (2013)
Lucy Hale (2014)
Lucy Hale (2015)
Ashley Benson (2016)
Lucy Hale (2017)
Lili Reinhart (2018)
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb166354108 (data)
GND: 113919481X
ISNI: 0000 0001 2063 9870
LCCN: no2011098201
VIAF: 171634193
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troian_Bellisario&oldid=856272903"
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text:
Philosopher's stone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the legendary substance. For other uses, see Philosopher's Stone (disambiguation).
The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher's Stone by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1771.
The philosopher's stone, or stone of the philosophers (Latin: lapis philosophorum) is a legendary alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold (chrysopoeia, from the Greek χρυσός khrusos, "gold", and ποιεῖν poiēin, "to make") or silver. It is also called the elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and for achieving immortality; for many centuries, it was the most sought goal in alchemy. The philosopher's stone was the central symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest, enlightenment, and heavenly bliss. Efforts to discover the philosopher's stone were known as the Magnum Opus ("Great Work").[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient Greece
1.2 Middle Ages
1.3 Renaissance to early modern period
1.4 In Buddhism and Hinduism
2 Properties
2.1 Names
2.2 Appearance
2.3 Interpretations
3 Any other interpretations
4 Creation
5 Art and entertainment
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Ancient Greece[edit]
Mention of the philosopher's stone in writing can be found as far back as Cheirokmeta by Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD).[2] Alchemical writers assign a longer history. Elias Ashmole and the anonymous author of Gloria Mundi (1620) claim that its history goes back to Adam who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. This knowledge was said to be passed down through biblical patriarchs, giving them their longevity. The legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the Temple of Solomon and the rejected cornerstone described in Psalm 118.[3]
The theoretical roots outlining the stone’s creation can be traced to Greek philosophy. Alchemists later used the classical elements, the concept of anima mundi, and Creation stories presented in texts like Plato's Timaeus as analogies for their process.[4] According to Plato, the four elements are derived from a common source or prima materia (first matter), associated with chaos. Prima materia is also the name alchemists assign to the starting ingredient for the creation of the philosopher's stone. The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted throughout the history of alchemy. In the seventeenth century, Thomas Vaughan writes, "the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things".[5]
Middle Ages[edit]
The 8th-century Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latinized as Geber) analyzed each classical element in terms of the four basic qualities. Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He theorized that every metal was a combination of these four principles, two of them interior and two exterior. From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be affected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities. This change would presumably be mediated by a substance, which came to be called al-iksir in Arabic (from which the Western term elixir is derived). It is often considered to exist as a dry red powder (also known as al-Kibrit al-Ahmar الكبريت الأحمر—red sulphur) made from a legendary stone—the philosopher's stone.[6][7] Jabir's theory was based on the concept that metals like gold and silver could be hidden in alloys and ores, from which they could be recovered by the appropriate chemical treatment. Jabir himself is believed to be the inventor of aqua regia, a mixture of muriatic (hydrochloric) and nitric acids, one of the few substances that can dissolve gold (and which is still often used for gold recovery and purification).[citation needed]
In the 11th century, there was a debate among Muslim world chemists on whether the transmutation of substances was possible. A leading opponent was the Persian polymath Avicenna (Ibn Sina), who discredited the theory of transmutation of substances, stating, "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change."[8]
According to legend, the 13th-century scientist and philosopher Albertus Magnus is said to have discovered the philosopher's stone and passed it to his pupil, Thomas Aquinas, shortly before his death circa 1280. Magnus does not confirm he discovered the stone in his writings, but he did record that he witnessed the creation of gold by "transmutation".[9]
Renaissance to early modern period[edit]
The Squared Circle: an alchemical symbol (17th century) illustrating the interplay of the four elements of matter symbolising the philosopher's stone
The 16th-century Swiss alchemist Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) believed in the existence of alkahest, which he thought to be an undiscovered element from which all other elements (earth, fire, water, air) were simply derivative forms. Paracelsus believed that this element was, in fact, the philosopher's stone.
The English philosopher Sir Thomas Browne in his spiritual testament Religio Medici (1643) identified the religious aspect of the quest for the philosopher's Stone when declaring:
The smattering I have of the Philosophers stone, (which is something more than the perfect exaltation of gold) hath taught me a great deale of Divinity.
—  (R.M.Part 1:38)[10]
A mystical text published in the 17th century called the Mutus Liber appears to be a symbolic instruction manual for concocting a philosopher's stone. Called the "wordless book", it was a collection of 15 illustrations.
In Buddhism and Hinduism[edit]
Main article: Cintamani
The equivalent of the philosopher's stone in Buddhism and Hinduism is the Cintamani.[11] It is also referred to[12] as Paras/Parasmani (Hindi: पारस/पारसमणि) or Paris (Marathi: परिस).
In Mahayana Buddhism, Chintamani is held by the bodhisattvas, Avalokiteshvara and Ksitigarbha. It is also seen carried upon the back of the Lung ta (wind horse) which is depicted on Tibetan prayer flags. By reciting the Dharani of Chintamani, Buddhist tradition maintains that one attains the Wisdom of Buddhas, is able to understand the truth of the Buddhas, and turns afflictions into Bodhi. It is said to allow one to see the Holy Retinue of Amitabha and his assembly upon one's deathbed. In Tibetan Buddhist tradition the Chintamani is sometimes depicted as a luminous pearl and is in the possession of several of different forms of the Buddha.[13]
Within Hinduism it is connected with the gods Vishnu and Ganesha. In Hindu tradition it is often depicted as a fabulous jewel in the possession of the Nāga king or as on the forehead of the Makara.[citation needed] The Yoga Vasistha, originally written in the 10th century AD, contains a story about the philosopher's stone.[14]
A great Hindu sage wrote about the spiritual accomplishment of Gnosis using the metaphor of the philosopher's stone. Saint Jnaneshwar (1275–1296) wrote a commentary with 17 references to the philosopher's stone that explicitly transmutes base metal into gold. The seventh century Indian sage Thirumoolar in his classic Tirumandhiram explains man's path to immortal divinity. In verse 2709 he declares that the name of God, Shiva is an alchemical vehicle that turns the body into immortal gold.
It could also be the famed Syamantaka mani.
Properties[edit]
The most commonly mentioned properties are the ability to transmute base metals into gold or silver, and the ability to heal all forms of illness and prolong the life of any person who consumes a small part of the philosopher's stone.[15] Other mentioned properties include: creation of perpetually burning lamps,[15] transmutation of common crystals into precious stones and diamonds,[15] reviving of dead plants,[15] creation of flexible or malleable glass,[16] or the creation of a clone or homunculus.[17]
Names[edit]
Numerous synonyms were used to make oblique reference to the stone, such as "white stone" (calculus albus, identified with the calculus candidus of Revelation 2:17 which was taken as a symbol of the glory of heaven[18]), vitriol (as expressed in the backronym Visita Interiora Terrae Rectificando Invenies Occultum Lapidem), also lapis noster, lapis occultus, in water at the box, and numerous oblique, mystical or mythological references such as Adam, Aer, Animal, Alkahest, Antidotus, Antimonium, Aqua benedicta, Aqua volans per aeram, Arcanum, Atramentum, Autumnus, Basilicus, Brutorum cor, Bufo, Capillus, Capistrum auri, Carbones, Cerberus, Chaos, Cinis cineris, Crocus, Dominus philosophorum, Divine quintessence, Draco elixir, Filius ignis, Fimus, Folium, Frater, Granum, Granum frumenti, Haematites, Hepar, Herba, Herbalis, Lac, Melancholia, Ovum philosophorum, Panacea salutifera, Pandora, Phoenix, Philosophic mercury, Pyrites, Radices arboris solares, Regina, Rex regum, Sal metallorum, Salvator terrenus, Talcum, Thesaurus, Ventus hermetis.[19] Many of the medieval allegories for a Christ were adopted for the lapis, and the Christ and the Stone were indeed taken as identical in a mystical sense. The name of "Stone" or lapis itself is informed by early Christian allegory, such as Priscillian (4th century), who stated Unicornis est Deus, nobis petra Christus, nobis lapis angularis Jesus, nobis hominum homo Christus.[20] In some texts it is simply called 'stone', or our stone, or in the case of Thomas Norton's Ordinal, "oure delycious stone".[21] The stone was frequently praised and referred to in such terms.
It needs to be noted that philosophorum does not mean "of the philosopher" or "the philosopher's" in the sense of a single philosopher. It means "of the philosophers" in the sense of a plurality of philosophers.
Appearance[edit]
Philosopher's stone as pictured in Atalanta Fugiens Emblem 21
The first key of Basil Valentine, emblem associated with the 'Great Work' of obtaining the Philosopher's stone (Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine).
Descriptions of the Philosopher's Stone are numerous and various.[22] According to alchemical texts, the stone of the philosophers came in two varieties, prepared by an almost identical method: white (for the purpose of making silver), and red (for the purpose of making gold), the white stone being a less matured version of the red stone.[23] Some ancient and medieval alchemical texts leave clues to the physical appearance of the stone of the philosophers, specifically the red stone. It is often said to be orange (saffron colored) or red when ground to powder. Or in a solid form, an intermediate between red and purple, transparent and glass-like.[24] The weight is spoken of as being heavier than gold,[25] and it is soluble in any liquid, yet incombustible in fire.[26]
Alchemical authors sometimes suggest that the stone's descriptors are metaphorical.[27] The appearance is expressed geometrically in Michael Maier's Atalanta Fugiens. "Make of a man and woman a circle; then a quadrangle; out of this a triangle; make again a circle, and you will have the Stone of the Wise. Thus is made the stone, which thou canst not discover, unless you, through diligence, learn to understand this geometrical teaching."[28] Rupescissa uses the imagery of the Christian passion, telling us it ascends "from the sepulcher of the Most Excellent King, shining and glorious, resuscitated from the dead and wearing a red diadem...".[29]
Interpretations[edit]
The various names and attributes assigned to the philosopher's stone has led to long-standing speculation on its composition and source. Exoteric candidates have been found in metals, plants, rocks, chemical compounds, and bodily products such as hair, urine, and eggs. Justus von Liebig states that 'it was indispensable that every substance accessible... should be observed and examined'.[30] Alchemists once thought a key component in the creation of the stone was a mythical element named carmot.[31][32]
Esoteric hermetic alchemists may reject work on exoteric substances, instead directing their search for the philosopher's stone inward.[33] Though esoteric and exoteric approaches are sometimes mixed, it is clear that some authors "are not concerned with material substances but are employing the language of exoteric alchemy for the sole purpose of expressing theological, philosophical, or mystical beliefs and aspirations".[34] New interpretations continue to be developed around spagyric, chemical, and esoteric schools of thought.
Any other interpretations[edit]
According to Cabala (containing one of the earliest notes on the Philosopher's Stone) the Philosopher's Stone can be also figuratively understood as a burden for people with knowledge. We also say stumbling block, and we do not mean any specific mineral. Ancient thinkers probably noticed that people with deeper knowledge of their work tend to act less recklessly than people who don’t know anything about the given problem. Thus, the Philosopher's Stone makes educated people handicapped relative to uneducated people. The transformation of metallic elements into gold can be equally taken figuratively as a transformation of the mud of ignorance into the gold of knowledge. In addition, wise people remain mentally young for a longer time, and the work of many of them is a source of their immortality (Archimedes, Newton, Einstein).
Creation[edit]
Main article: Magnum opus (alchemy)
The philosopher's stone is created by the alchemical method known as The Magnum Opus or The Great Work. Often expressed as a series of colour changes or chemical processes, the instructions for creating the philosopher's stone are varied. When expressed in colours, the work may pass through phases of nigredo, albedo, citrinitas, and rubedo. When expressed as a series of chemical processes it often includes seven or twelve stages concluding in multiplication, and projection.
Art and entertainment[edit]
Main article: Alchemy in art and entertainment
The philosopher's stone has been an inspiration, plot feature, or subject of innumerable artistic works: animations, comics, films, musical compositions, novels, and video games.
See also[edit]
Angelicall Stone
Azoth
Biological transmutation
Cintamani
Cupellation
Elixir of life
Filius philosophorum
Homunculus
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Midas
Nicolas Flamel
Nuclear transmutation
Panacea (medicine)
Synthesis of precious metals
The Net (substance)
Unobtainium
FullMetal Alchemist
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heindel, Max, Freemasonry and Catholicism, ISBN 0-911274-04-9
Jump up ^ Andrew Ede, Lesley B. Cormack. A History of Science in Society: from philosophy to utility. University of Toronto Press. p .66
Jump up ^ Raphael Patai. The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book Princeton University Press, 1995. p.19
Jump up ^ Stanton J. Linden. The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 29.
Jump up ^ Mark Haeffner. Dictionary of Alchemy: From Maria Prophetessa to Isaac Newton. Karnac Books, 2004. p.211
Jump up ^ Ragai, Jehane (1992), "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry", Journal of Comparative Poetics, 12 (Metaphor and Allegory in the Middle Ages): 58–77
Jump up ^ Holmyard, E. J. (1924), "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim", Isis, 6 (3): 293–305, doi:10.1086/358238
Jump up ^ Robert Briffault (1938). The Making of Humanity, p. 196-197.
Jump up ^ Julian Franklyn and Frederick E. Budd. A Survey of the Occult. Electric Book Company. 2001. p. 28-30. ISBN 1-84327-087-0.
Jump up ^ The Major Works ed C.A. Patrides Penguin 1977
Jump up ^ Guénon, René (2004) (1962). Symbols of Sacred Science. Sophia Perennis, USA. ISBN 0-900588-78-0. pp. 277.
Jump up ^ DICTIONARY.COM
Jump up ^ R. A. Donkin, Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing : origins to the Age of Discoveries, p. 170
Jump up ^ Venkatesananda, Swami (1984). The Concise Yoga Vasistha. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 346–353. ISBN 0-87395-955-8. OCLC 11044869.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Theophrastus Paracelsus. The Book of the Revelation of Hermes. 16th century
Jump up ^ An unknown German Sage. A Very Brief Tract Concerning the Philosophical Stone. (unknown date, possibly 16th century)
Jump up ^ Theophrastus Paracelsus. Of the Nature of Things. 16th century
Jump up ^ Salomon Glass, Johann Gottfried Olearius, Philologia sacra: qua totius Vet. et Novi Testamenti Scripturae tum stylus et litteratura, tum sensus et genuinae interpretationis ratio et doctrina libris V expenditur ac traditur ^, imp. J. Fred. Gleditschius (1743)
Jump up ^ listed e.g. in W. Schneider, Lexikon alchemistisch-pharmazeutischer Symbole, Weinheim 1962.
Jump up ^ Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum t. XVIII, p. 24, cited by C. G. Jung in Roots of Consciousness.
Jump up ^ Line 744 in Thomas Norton's The Ordinal of Alchemy by John Rediry. The Early English Text Society no. 272.
Jump up ^ John Read "From Alchemy to Chemistry" p.29
Jump up ^ A German Sage. A Tract of Great Price Concerning the Philosophical Stone. 1423.
Jump up ^ John Frederick Helvetius. Golden Calf. 17th Century.
Jump up ^ Anonymous. On the Philosophers' Stone. (unknown date, possibly 16th century)
Jump up ^ Eirenaeus Philalethes. A Brief Guide to the Celestial Ruby. 1694 CE
Jump up ^ Charles John Samuel Thompson. Alchemy and Alchemists. p.70
Jump up ^ J.B. Craven. "Count Michael Maier". p.90
Jump up ^ Leah DeVun. Prophecy, alchemy, and the end of time: John of Rupescissa in the late Middle Ages. Columbia University Press, 2009. p.118
Jump up ^ John Read. From Alchemy to Chemistry London: G. Bell. 1957. p. 29.
Jump up ^ Burt, A.L. 1885. The National Standard Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Literature, the Sciences and the Arts, for Popular Use p. 150. Available online.
Jump up ^ Sebastian, Anton. 1999. A Dictionary of the History of Medicine. p. 179. ISBN 1-85070-021-4. Available online.
Jump up ^ Stanton J. Linden. The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Eric John Holmyard. Alchemy Courier Dover Publications, 1990. p. 16.
Further reading[edit]
Encyclopædia Britannica (2011). Philosophers' stone and Alchemy.
Guiley, Rosemary (2006). The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy. Infobase Publishing, USA. ISBN 0-8160-6048-7. pp. 250–252.
Myers, Richard (2003). The basics of chemistry. Greenwood Publishing Group, USA. ISBN 0-313-31664-3. pp. 11–12.
Pagel, Walter (1982). Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance. Karger Publishers, Switzerland. ISBN 3-8055-3518-X.
Thompson, Charles John Samuel (2002) [1932]. Alchemy and Alchemists. Chapter IX. Courier Dover Publications, USA. ISBN 0-486-42110-4. pp. 68–76.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosopher's stone.
"The Stone of The Philosophers" by Edward Kelly
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text:
Jemaine Clement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jemaine Clement
Clement at Fantastic Fest in September 2009
Background information
Also known as
Hiphopopotamus
Born
(1974-01-10) 10 January 1974 (age 44)
Masterton, Wellington, New Zealand[1]
Genres
Comedy
folk
acoustic
Occupation(s)
Comedian, musician, singer, actor, director, writer, multi-instrumentalist
Instruments
Bass guitar
guitar
percussion
keyboards
ukulele
omnichord
drums
xylophone
accordion,
vocals
Years active
1994–present
Labels
Sub Pop
Associated acts
Bret McKenzie
The Humourbeasts
Flight of the Conchords
So You're a Man
Comedy career
Medium
Stand-up
film
television
theatre
books
Genres
Observational comedy
satire
black comedy
self-deprecation
cringe comedy
deadpan
Subject(s)
race relations
human sexuality
Jemaine Clement (born 10 January 1974) is a New Zealand comedian, actor and musician. He is part of the comedy duo Flight of the Conchords along with Bret McKenzie. The pair have released multiple albums, created a BBC radio series and a HBO American television series that aired for two seasons.
He has starred in films such as Gentlemen Broncos (2009), Rio (2011), Men in Black 3 (2012) and Moana (2016). In 2014, he made his feature film directorial debut with the horror comedy mockumentary What We Do in the Shadows, which he wrote, starred in and directed with Taika Waititi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Music
2.2 Film and television
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Discography
6 Radio
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Jemaine Clement was born on 10 January 1974 in Masterton, New Zealand, and was raised by his Māori mother,[2] in the Wairarapa region. He attended Makoura College in Masterton. After graduation, he moved to New Zealand's capital Wellington, where he studied drama and film at Victoria University of Wellington. There he met Taika Waititi (a.k.a. Taika Cohen) with whom he went on to form So You're a Man and The Humourbeasts. In 2004, the Humourbeasts toured New Zealand in a stage show titled The Untold Tales of Maui,[3] a rework of the traditional Maori legends of Māui. The duo received New Zealand's highest comedy honour, the Billy T Award.
Career[edit]
Music[edit]
Clement and Bret McKenzie formed Flight of the Conchords while at Victoria University. They have toured internationally and released four CDs: Folk the World Tour in 2002, The Distant Future EP in 2007 (winner of 2008 Grammy for Best Comedy Album), Flight of the Conchords in 2008 and I Told You I Was Freaky in 2009. In 2005 the Conchords produced Flight of the Conchords, a six-part comedy radio programme on BBC Radio 2. They appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Late Show. After appearing in 2005 on HBO's One Night Stand, the Conchords were offered their own 12-part HBO series Flight of the Conchords, which was based on their earlier BBC radio series of the same name.[4] Its first season ran from June to September 2007, and was renewed for a second season, which aired on HBO in the US from January to March 2009.[5] In December 2009, the Conchords announced the show would not have a third season.[6]
Film and television[edit]
Clement has appeared in several feature films. His debut was in the kung fu comedy Tongan Ninja, directed by New Zealander Jason Stutter. He has worked with Stutter on two more movies to date: the low budget ghost comedy Diagnosis Death and the drama Predicament, based on the book by late New Zealand novelist Ronald Hugh Morrieson. He was also the voice of Swayzak in the Toonami Shockwave game "Trapped in Hyperspace". Clement also has a role in American comedy Gentlemen Broncos, directed by Napoleon Dynamite's Jared Hess. This role landed him a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male. Though Gentlemen Broncos was almost universally panned by critics, some[7] singled out Clement's performance for praise. In 2010, he voiced Jerry in Despicable Me and appeared in the film Dinner for Schmucks. In 2011, he voiced Nigel in Rio, and in 2012 he appeared as the primary antagonist Boris the Animal in Men in Black 3. In 2012, Jemaine co-wrote, co-directed, and starred in a vampire mockumentary titled What We Do in the Shadows with Taika Waititi. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2014. He also reprised his role as Nigel in Rio 2.
Clement has starred in television commercials internationally and provided voiceovers for many others in New Zealand. On 5 February 2006, Outback Steakhouse began running a series of television commercials starring Clement during Super Bowl XL in which Clement pretends to be Australian and feigns an Australian accent. One of the long-running gags of Flight of the Conchords is the traditional rivalry between New Zealand and Australia and the differences between their accents. The campaign ended in July 2006.
Clement has been involved in award-winning radio work. In 1999, Clement was a Radio Awards Winner as writer for Trashed, for Channel Z, Wellington.[8] In 2000, he was given a Special Radio Awards Commendation for The Sunglass Store.[9]
Besides his television work on Flight of the Conchords, Clement was a writer and cast member of the television shows Skitz and Tellylaughs in New Zealand.[10][11] Clement, with fellow Conchord member Bret McKenzie, guest starred as a pair of camp counselors in "Elementary School Musical", the season premiere of the 22nd season of The Simpsons, which aired on 26 September 2010.[12]
Clement also played the role of a prisoner in a Russian gulag in the 2014 film Muppets Most Wanted, a sequel to The Muppets (2011).
Clement was featured as one of 2008's "100 Sexiest People" in a special edition of the Australian magazine Who.[13] Fellow Conchord member McKenzie appeared on the same list.
In 2015, Clement voiced a horse in two DirecTV commercials.[14] In the same year, he voiced a "mind-reading fart"[15] on an episode of the Adult Swim animated series Rick And Morty, where he performed the song "Goodbye Moonmen".[16] Clement also starred in the independent film, People Places Things, which received positive reviews.
In 2016, Clement lent his voice to Tamatoa, a giant coconut crab, in the Disney animated film Moana, both in English, and the Maori dub. He based the character's voice on that of David Bowie.[17]
In 2017, Clement played Oliver Bird in the FX TV series Legion. He also plays Sauron in The Lego Batman Movie.
Personal life[edit]
In August 2008, Clement married his longtime girlfriend, theatre actress and playwright Miranda Manasiadis.[18] Their son named Sophocles Iraia Clement, was born in October 2008, in New York City.[19]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995 Blood Suckers Vampire
1999 Fizz[20] Chased Man Short film
2002 Tongan Ninja[21] Action Fighter (Marvin) Also writer
2004 Futile Attraction Editor
2007 Eagle vs Shark Jared
2009 Gentlemen Broncos Ronald Chevalier Nominated–Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male
Diagnosis: Death Garfield Olyphant
2010 Despicable Me Jerry the Minion Voice cameo
Predicament Spook
Dinner for Schmucks Kieran Vollard
2011 Rio Nigel Voice
Nominated–Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production
2012 Men in Black 3 Boris the Animal Nominated–Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain
2014 What We Do in the Shadows Vladislav Also writer, director and co-producer
Muppets Most Wanted Prison King
Rio 2 Nigel Voice
2015 Don Verdean Boaz
People Places Things Will
2016 The BFG The Fleshlumpeater Motion capture
Moana Tamatoa Voice
2017 The Lego Batman Movie Sauron Voice
Humor Me Nate Kroll
Brad's Status Billy Wearsiter
2018 An Evening with Beverly Luff Linn Colin Keith Threadener
The Festival Filming
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996 The Enid Blyton Adventure Series MIS Guard Episode: "Circus of Adventures"
2002 The Tribe Virtual Reality Cowboy No. 2 Episode: #4.24
2007–2009 Flight of the Conchords Jemaine 22 episodes; also writer and executive producer
Nominated–Writers Guild of America Award for Television: New Series (2008)
Nominated–Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Comedy Series (2008)
Nominated–Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Comedy (2008)
Nominated–Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (2008–2009)
Nominated–Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics (2008–2009)
Nominated–Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (2009)
Nominated–Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series (2009)
Nominated–Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy (2009)
2008 The Drinky Crow Show Alien Voice
2 episodes
2009 Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! Eric's tennis double Episode: "Tennis"
2010 Radiradirah Voice
3 episodes
2010 The Simpsons Ethan Ballantyne Voice
Episode: "Elementary School Musical"[12]
2012 Napoleon Dynamite Professor Koontz Voice
Episode: "Scantronica Love"
2013 Out There Babel & Tenebres Voices
Episode: "Enter Destiny"
2013 #7DaysLater Ms. Lockett's Father Voice
Episode: "Portrait"
2014 Short Poppies Directed 2 episodes
2014–2016 TripTank Sir Ian / Various Voice
7 episodes
2015 Rick and Morty Fart Voice
Episode: "Mortynight Run"
2016 Regular Show Ziggy Voice
Episode: "California King"
2016 Inside Amy Schumer DJ Episode: "Psychopath Test"
2016–2018 Another Period Father Black Donahue 4 episodes
2016 Divorce Julian Renaut 6 episodes
2016–present Milo Murphy's Law Dr. Zone Voice
2017–present Legion Oliver Bird 5 episodes
2017 American Dad! Sky Crooner Voice
Episode: "Bazooka Steve"
2017 Wrecked Luther 3 episodes
2017 Robot Chicken Narrator Voice
Episode: "Freshly Baked: The Robot Chicken Santa Claus Pot Cookie Freakout Special: Special Edition"
Discography[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
2002 Folk the World Tour
2007 The Distant Future Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album
2008 Flight of the Conchords Nominated–Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album
2009 I Told You I Was Freaky Nominated–Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album
Radio[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Flight of the Conchords Jemaine Also writer
2016 The Mysterious Secrets Of Uncle Bertie's Botanarium Lord Joseph Banks Podcast
See also[edit]
Biography portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jemaine Clement Biography – Yahoo! Movies". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean (30 October 2009). "Interview: Jemaine Clement". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 30 October 2009. I'm part Maori. My mum's Maori, and she raised me.
Jump up ^ "Humourbeasts 'Tales Of Maui" Comes to ChCh". Scoop.co.nz. 17 September 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "BD Rumor Confirmed: Jemaine Clement Becomes 'Yaz' in 'Men in Black III'". Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Story – Entertainment". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 25 May 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "10 December". Flight of the Conchords. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Nathan Rabin (1 June 2010). "I Watched This On Purpose: Gentlemen Broncos". avclub.com.
Jump up ^ Thomas C Hokenson (24 April 1999). "1999 New England Radio Awards Finalists". Radiostationworld.com. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Thomas C Hokenson. "2000 New Zealand Radio Awards Finalists". Radiostationworld.com. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Skitz". gibson.co.nz. Gibson Group. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tellylaughs". gibson.co.nz. Gibson Group. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Strachan, Alex (2 August 2010). "Gleeful over Glee: Cory Monteith to appear on The Simpsons". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Will Smith Pondering Return in 'Men in Black III'". Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Liviu Marica. "DIRECTV: Hannah Davis Riding Her Horse". Daily Commercials. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (July 30, 2015). "Jemaine Clement voices a 'mind-reading fart' in exclusive Rick and Morty clip". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dean, Rob (August 7, 2015). "Listen to "Goodbye Moonmen" from Rick And Morty in its entirety". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Derek (December 20, 2016). "Jemaine Clement gets crabby in musical Moana clip". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sorry ladies, the Conchord has flown". 18 August 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Scott Wolf, on Scott Wolf Spent Wife's Labor Sobering Up (29 March 2010). "Jemaine Clement Welcomes Son Sophocles Iraia". Celebrity-babies.com. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jemaine Clement". What the Folk!. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "tongan ninja tonga taimi o at". Tonganninja.com. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
External links[edit]
Jemaine Clement on IMDb
NZ on screen profile
BBC Radio 2
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Royal Canal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Irish canal. For the Belarusian canal, see Dnieper–Bug Canal.
Royal Canal
An Chanáil Ríoga
Royal Canal from D'Arcy's bridge, Co. Westmeath
Specifications
Length
90 miles (140 km)
Status
Open
Navigation authority
Waterways Ireland
History
Construction began
1790
Date completed
1817
Date restored
2010
Geography
Start point
Termonbarry
End point
Spencer Dock, Dublin
Connects to
River Shannon
The Royal Canal as it enters Dublin city centre
Royal Canal in rural County Westmeath north of Kinnegad
The Royal Canal (Irish: An Chanáil Ríoga) is a canal originally built for freight and passenger transportation from the River Liffey in Dublin to Longford in Ireland. The canal fell into disrepair in the late 20th century, but much of the canal has since been restored for navigation. The length of the canal to the River Shannon was reopened on 1 October 2010, but the final spur branch of the canal to Longford Town remains closed.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Transport links
3 Present day
4 Royal Canal Way
5 The Auld Triangle
6 Superstition
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In 1755, Thomas Williams and John Cooley made a survey to find a suitable route for a man-made waterway across north Leinster from Dublin to the Shannon. They originally planned to use a series of rivers and lakes, including the Boyne, Blackwater, Deel, Yellow, Camlin and Inny and Lough Derravaragh. A disgruntled director of the Grand Canal Company sought support to build a canal from Dublin to Tarmonbarry, on the Shannon in North county Longford.
Work commenced in 1790 and lasted 27 years before finally reaching the Shannon in 1817, at a total cost of £1,421,954.[1] Building was unexpectedly expensive and the project was riven with problems; in 1794 the Royal Canal Company was declared bankrupt. The Duke of Leinster, a board member, insisted that the new waterway take in his local town of Maynooth. The builders had to deviate from the planned route and necessitated the construction of a 'deep sinking' between Blanchardstown and Clonsilla. The diversion also called for the building of the Ryewater Aqueduct, at Leixlip.[2]
The original 1796 fare from Dublin to Kilcock was 1/1, much cheaper than the stagecoach.
The canal passes through Maynooth, Kilcock, Enfield, Mullingar and Ballymahon has a spur to Longford. The total length of the main navigation is 145 kilometres (90 mi), and the system has 46 locks. There is one main feeder (from Lough Owel), which enters the canal at Mullingar.
In 200 years it has been maintained by eight successive agencies: the Royal Canal Company, the Commissioners of Inland Navigation, the New Royal Canal Company, Midland Great Western Railway Company, Great Southern Railways, CIÉ, and (from 1986) the Office of Public Works.
During the Famine, “the missing 1,490” starving tenants of Denis Mahon in Strokestown House, Roscommon, set out on foot from the estate in May 1847. Major Mahon had offered them the choice of emigration through “assisted passage”, starvation on their blighted potato patch farms or a place in the terrifying local workhouse. These families weakened by starvation walked for days along the tow paths of the Royal Canal to Dublin, where they were put on boats to Liverpool, and from there to Quebec aboard four “coffin ships” – cargo ships, ironically loaded with grain from Ireland, and unsuitable for passengers. It is estimated that half died before reaching Grosse Île in Canada. It was the largest single disposal of inconvenient tenants during the Famine. Major Mahon was shot dead that November, after news had got back to Roscommon about the fate of his former tenants. An annual walk on the canal banks commemorates the events.
By the 1830s the canal carried 80,000 tons of freight and 40,000 passengers a year. In 1845 the canal was bought by the Midland Great Western Railway Company. They considered draining the canal and building a new railway along its bed but decided instead to build the railway beside the canal. The two run side by side from Dublin to Mullingar. Competition from the railways gradually eroded the canal's business and by the 1880s annual tonnage was down to about 30,000 and the passenger traffic had all but disappeared.
It had a brief resurgence during World War II, when horses and barges returned to the canal. CIÉ took over the canal in 1944. As rail and road traffic increased, the canal fell into disuse. In 1974 volunteers from the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland formed the Royal Canal Amenity Group to save the canal. By 1990 they had 74 kilometres of canal, from the 12th lock in Blanchardstown to Mullingar, open again for navigation. In 2000 the canal was taken over by Waterways Ireland, a cross-border body charged with administering Ireland's inland navigations. On 1 October 2010 the whole length of the canal was formally reopened.
Quaternion plaque on Brougham (Broom) Bridge, Dublin
Ferns' Lock
In 1843, while walking with his wife along the Royal Canal, Sir William Rowan Hamilton realised the formula for quaternions and carved his initial thoughts into a stone on the Broom Bridge over the canal.
Transport links[edit]
The Royal Canal was originally planned to terminate in Dublin at Broadstone, to serve the then fashionable area of residence, as well as King's Inns and the nearby markets, but it was extended so that now, at the Dublin end, the canal reaches the Liffey through a wide sequence of dock and locks at Spencer Dock, with a final sea lock to manage access to the river and sea.
The Dublin – Mullingar railway line was built alongside the canal for much of its length. The meandering route of the canal resulted in many speed-limiting curves on the railway. The canal was bought by the Midland Great Western Railway to provide a route to the West of Ireland, the original plan being to close the canal and build the railway along its bed.
The canal travels across one of the major junctions on the M50/N3 in a specially constructed aqueduct.
Present day[edit]
Today Waterways Ireland is responsible for the canal, and it was under their stewardship, in association with the Royal Canal Amenity Group, that the Royal Canal was officially reopened from Dublin to the Shannon on 2 October 2010.[3] Access points currently exist near Leixlip and at Maynooth, Enfield, Thomastown, Mullingar, Ballinea Bridge and Ballynacargy.
In 2006 a commemoration marker was erected at Piper's Boreen, Mullingar, to mark the 200 years since the canal reached Mullingar in 1806.
Royal Canal Way[edit]
Map of the EuroVelo 2 route.
The Royal Canal Way is a 144-kilometre (89-mile) long-distance trail that follows the towpath of the canal from Ashtown, Dublin to Cloondara, County Longford.[4] It is typically completed in three days.[4] It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by Waterways Ireland.[4] In 2015 Dublin City Council began extending the walking and cycling route along the Royal Canal Ashtown to Sheriff Street Upper. The Royal Canal Way connects with the Westmeath Way west of Mullingar, and will eventually form the eastern end of the Dublin-Galway Greenway, the final part of EuroVelo Route 2, a cycling path from Moscow across Europe to Galway.[5][6][7][8]
The Auld Triangle[edit]
The Royal Canal was immortalised in verse by Brendan Behan in The Auld Triangle. The Celt Punk band Dropkick Murphys included its own rendition of the poem in the 2005 album "The Warrior's Code". A monument featuring Behan sitting on a bench was erected on the canal bank at Binn's Bridge in Drumcondra in 2004.
And the auld triangle went jingle jangle,
All along the banks of the Royal Canal.
The other major canal in Ireland is the Grand Canal from Dublin's southside through the Midlands to the River Shannon.
Superstition[edit]
Royal Canal boatmen believed the 13th lock at Deey Bridge, between Leixlip and Maynooth, was haunted. This tale became the subject of a poem by Arthur Griffith, The Spooks of the Thirteenth Lock, which in turn inspired the name of the band The Spook of the Thirteenth Lock.[9]
See also[edit]
EuroVelo
List of bridges over the Royal Canal in Greater Dublin
Canals of Ireland
Rivers of Ireland
Transport in Ireland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History". Royal Canal Action Group. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.irishidentity.com/extras/places/stories/canal.htm
Jump up ^ Ellis, Fiona (2 October 2010). "Crowds gather to push boat out for reopening of restored Royal Canal". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Royal Canal Way". IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Westmeath Way: Map 3 Ladestown to Mullingar" (pdf). IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "€10m More For Cycleways". HospitailityIreland.com. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Melia, Paul (27 June 2014). "Wheels in motion for 280km coast-to-coast cycle route". Irish Independent. Dublin. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kelly, Olivia (12 March 2015). "Plan unveiled for €10m-plus Royal Canal cycle path". Irish Times. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/thespookofthethirteenthlock/posts/10150995789898173
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Canal.
IWAI – Guide to the Royal Canal of Ireland
Bond Bridge, Maynooth
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Royal Canal Walk
Broadstone station history
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Coordinates: 53°21′N 6°14′W / 53.350°N 6.233°W / 53.350; -6.233
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Congressional district
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A congressional district is an electoral constituency that elects a single member of a congress. Countries with congressional districts include the United States, the Philippines, and Japan. A congressional district is based on population, which, in the United States, is taken using a census every ten years.
Contents
1 Japan
2 Philippines
3 United States
4 See also
5 References
Japan[edit]
Main article: List of Districts of the House of Representatives of Japan
Philippines[edit]
Main article: Legislative districts of the Philippines
United States[edit]
Main article: List of United States congressional districts
There are 435 congressional districts in the United States House of Representatives,[1] with each one representing approximately 711,000 people.[2] In addition to the 435 congressional districts, the five inhabited U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington, D.C. each send a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. The Census Bureau within the United States Department of Commerce conducts a decennial census whose figures are used to determine the number of Representatives that each state sends to Congress, and therefore the number of congressional districts within each state. The borders of those districts are set by the states, and within each state all districts are required to have approximately equal populations (see Wesberry v. Sanders). The 2012 elections were the first to be based on the congressional districts which were defined based on the 2010 Census data.[3]
See also[edit]
List of electoral districts by nation
House of Representatives (Japan)
House of Representatives of the Philippines
United States House of Representatives
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See Public Law 62-5 of 1911, though Congress has the authority to change that number. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435.
Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census.
Jump up ^ "zipcodedownload.com". Retrieved 12 June 2013.
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