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Chlorophyll
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Chlorophyll at different scales
Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of many plants and algae.
Seen through a microscope, chlorophyll is concentrated within organisms in structures called chloroplasts.
There are several types of chlorophyll, but all share the chlorin magnesium ligand which forms the right side of this diagram.
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants.[1] Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός, chloros ("green") and φύλλον, phyllon ("leaf").[2] Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.
Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, followed by the red portion.[3] Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum, which it reflects, producing the green color of chlorophyll-containing tissues. Chlorophyll molecules are specifically arranged in and around photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll a and b.[4]
Chlorophyll was first isolated and named by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier in 1817.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Photosynthesis
2 Chemical structure
3 Measurement of chlorophyll content
4 Biosynthesis
5 Complementary light absorbance of anthocyanins with chlorophylls
6 Distribution
7 Culinary use
8 See also
9 References
Photosynthesis[edit]
Absorption maxima of chlorophylls against the spectrum of white light. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from light strongly at visible frequencies.
Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light.[6]
Chlorophyll molecules are specifically arranged in and around photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.[7] In these complexes, chlorophyll serves two primary functions. The function of the vast majority of chlorophyll (up to several hundred molecules per photosystem) is to absorb light and transfer that light energy by resonance energy transfer to a specific chlorophyll pair in the reaction center of the photosystems. The two currently accepted photosystem units are photosystem II and photosystem I, which have their own distinct reaction centres, named P680 and P700, respectively. These centres are named after the wavelength (in nanometers) of their red-peak absorption maximum. The identity, function and spectral properties of the types of chlorophyll in each photosystem are distinct and determined by each other and the protein structure surrounding them. Once extracted from the protein into a solvent (such as acetone or methanol),[8][9][10] these chlorophyll pigments can be separated into chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
The function of the reaction center of chlorophyll is to absorb light energy and transfer it to other parts of the photosystem. The absorbed energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in a process called charge separation. The removal of the electron from the chlorophyll is an oxidation reaction. The chlorophyll donates the high energy electron to a series of molecular intermediates called an electron transport chain. The charged reaction center of chlorophyll (P680+) is then reduced back to its ground state by accepting an electron stripped from water. The electron that reduces P680+ ultimately comes from the oxidation of water into O2 and H+ through several intermediates. This reaction is how photosynthetic organisms such as plants produce O2 gas, and is the source for practically all the O2 in Earth's atmosphere. Photosystem I typically works in series with Photosystem II; thus the P700+ of Photosystem I is usually reduced as it accepts the electron, via many intermediates in the thylakoid membrane, by electrons coming, ultimately, from Photosystem II. Electron transfer reactions in the thylakoid membranes are complex, however, and the source of electrons used to reduce P700+ can vary.
The electron flow produced by the reaction center chlorophyll pigments is used to pump H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane, setting up a chemiosmotic potential used mainly in the production of ATP (stored chemical energy) or to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. NADPH is a universal agent used to reduce CO2 into sugars as well as other biosynthetic reactions.
Reaction center chlorophyll–protein complexes are capable of directly absorbing light and performing charge separation events without the assistance of other chlorophyll pigments, but the probability of that happening under a given light intensity is small. Thus, the other chlorophylls in the photosystem and antenna pigment proteins all cooperatively absorb and funnel light energy to the reaction center. Besides chlorophyll a, there are other pigments, called accessory pigments, which occur in these pigment–protein antenna complexes.
Chemical structure[edit]
Space-filling model of the chlorophyll a molecule
Chlorophyll is a chlorin pigment, which is structurally similar to and produced through the same metabolic pathway as other porphyrin pigments such as heme. At the center of the chlorin ring is a magnesium ion. This was discovered in 1906,[11] and was the first time that magnesium had been detected in living tissue.[12] For the structures depicted in this article, some of the ligands attached to the Mg2+ center are omitted for clarity. The chlorin ring can have several different side chains, usually including a long phytol chain. There are a few different forms that occur naturally, but the most widely distributed form in terrestrial plants is chlorophyll a. After initial work done by German chemist Richard Willstätter spanning from 1905 to 1915, the general structure of chlorophyll a was elucidated by Hans Fischer in 1940. By 1960, when most of the stereochemistry of chlorophyll a was known, Robert Burns Woodward published a total synthesis of the molecule.[12][13] In 1967, the last remaining stereochemical elucidation was completed by Ian Fleming,[14] and in 1990 Woodward and co-authors published an updated synthesis.[15] Chlorophyll f was announced to be present in cyanobacteria and other oxygenic microorganisms that form stromatolites in 2010;[16][17] a molecular formula of C55H70O6N4Mg and a structure of (2-formyl)-chlorophyll a were deduced based on NMR, optical and mass spectra.[18] The different structures of chlorophyll are summarized below:[citation needed]
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll c1
Chlorophyll c2
Chlorophyll d
Chlorophyll f
Molecular formula C55H72O5N4Mg C55H70O6N4Mg C35H30O5N4Mg C35H28O5N4Mg C54H70O6N4Mg C55H70O6N4Mg
C2 group -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CHO
C3 group -CH=CH2 -CH=CH2 -CH=CH2 -CH=CH2 -CHO -CH=CH2
C7 group -CH3 -CHO -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 -CH3
C8 group -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH=CH2 -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3
C17 group -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl -CH=CHCOOH -CH=CHCOOH -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl
C17-C18 bond Single
(chlorin) Single
(chlorin) Double
(porphyrin) Double
(porphyrin) Single
(chlorin) Single
(chlorin)
Occurrence Universal Mostly plants Various algae Various algae Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria
Structure of chlorophyll a
Structure of chlorophyll b
Structure of chlorophyll d
Structure of chlorophyll c1
Structure of chlorophyll c2
Structure of chlorophyll f
When leaves degreen in the process of plant senescence, chlorophyll is converted to a group of colourless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCC's) with the general structure:
These compounds have also been identified in several ripening fruits.[19]
Measurement of chlorophyll content[edit]
Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a (blue) and b (red) in a solvent. The spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment-protein interactions.
Because it absorbs red and blue light strongly but is transparent to green light, pure chlorophyll has a strong green colour.
Measurement of the absorption of light is complicated by the solvent used to extract the chlorophyll from plant material, which affects the values obtained,
In diethyl ether, chlorophyll a has approximate absorbance maxima of 430 nm and 662 nm, while chlorophyll b has approximate maxima of 453 nm and 642 nm.[20]
The absorption peaks of chlorophyll a are at 665 nm and 465 nm. Chlorophyll a fluoresces at 673 nm (maximum) and 726 nm. The peak molar absorption coefficient of chlorophyll a exceeds 105 M−1 cm−1, which is among the highest for small-molecule organic compounds.[21]
In 90% acetone-water, the peak absorption wavelengths of chlorophyll a are 430 nm and 664 nm; peaks for chlorophyll b are 460 nm and 647 nm; peaks for chlorophyll c1 are 442 nm and 630 nm; peaks for chlorophyll c2 are 444 nm and 630 nm; peaks for chlorophyll d are 401 nm, 455 nm and 696 nm.[22]
By measuring the absorption of light in the red and far red regions, it is possible to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll within a leaf.[23]
Ratio fluorescence emission can be used to measure chlorophyll content. By exciting chlorophyll “a” fluorescence at a lower wavelength, the ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 705 nm +/- 10 nm and 735 nm +/-10 nm can provide a linear relationship of chlorophyll content when compared to chemical testing. The ratio F735/F700 provided a correlation value of r2 0.96 compared to chemical testing in the range from 41 mg m−2 up to 675 mg m−2. Gitelson also developed a formula for direct readout of chlorophyll content in mg m−2. The formula provided a reliable method of measuring chlorophyll content from 41 mg m−2 up to 675 mg m−2 with a correlation r2 value of 0.95.[24]
Biosynthesis[edit]
Further information: Protochlorophyllide
In plants, chlorophyll may be synthesized from succinyl-CoA and glycine, although the immediate precursor to chlorophyll a and b is protochlorophyllide. In Angiosperm plants, the last step, the conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll, is light-dependent and such plants are pale (etiolated) if grown in darkness. Non-vascular plants and green algae have an additional light-independent enzyme and grow green even in darkness.
Chlorophyll itself is bound to proteins and can transfer the absorbed energy in the required direction. Protochlorophyllide occurs mostly in the free form and, under light conditions, acts as a photosensitizer, forming highly toxic free radicals. Hence, plants need an efficient mechanism of regulating the amount of chlorophyll precursor. In angiosperms, this is done at the step of aminolevulinic acid (ALA), one of the intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis pathway. Plants that are fed by ALA accumulate high and toxic levels of protochlorophyllide; so do the mutants with the damaged regulatory system.[25]
Further information: Chlorosis
Chlorosis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll, turning them yellow. Chlorosis can be caused by a nutrient deficiency of iron—called iron chlorosis—or by a shortage of magnesium or nitrogen. Soil pH sometimes plays a role in nutrient-caused chlorosis; many plants are adapted to grow in soils with specific pH levels and their ability to absorb nutrients from the soil can be dependent on this.[26] Chlorosis can also be caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungal infections, or sap-sucking insects.
Complementary light absorbance of anthocyanins with chlorophylls[edit]
Superposition of spectra of chlorophyll a and b with oenin (malvidin 3O glucoside), a typical anthocyanidin, showing that, while chlorophylls absorb in the blue and yellow/red parts of the visible spectrum, oenin absorbs mainly in the green part of the spectrum, where chlorophylls don't absorb at all.
Anthocyanins are other plant pigments. The absorbance pattern responsible for the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically active tissues such as young Quercus coccifera leaves. It may protect the leaves from attacks by plant eaters that may be attracted by green color.[27]
Distribution[edit]
Play media
Animation depicting nearly four years worth of SeaWiFS ocean chlorophyll concentration.
The chlorophyll maps show milligrams of chlorophyll per cubic meter of seawater each month. Places where chlorophyll amounts were very low, indicating very low numbers of phytoplankton, are blue. Places where chlorophyll concentrations were high, meaning many phytoplankton were growing, are yellow. The observations come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite. Land is dark gray, and places where MODIS could not collect data because of sea ice, polar darkness, or clouds are light gray.The highest chlorophyll concentrations, where tiny surface-dwelling ocean plants are thriving, are in cold polar waters or in places where ocean currents bring cold water to the surface, such as around the equator and along the shores of continents. It is not the cold water itself that stimulates the phytoplankton. Instead, the cool temperatures are often a sign that the water has welled up to the surface from deeper in the ocean, carrying nutrients that have built up over time. In polar waters, nutrients accumulate in surface waters during the dark winter months when plants cannot grow. When sunlight returns in the spring and summer, the plants flourish in high concentrations.[28]
Culinary use[edit]
Chlorophyll is registered as a food additive (colorant), and its E number is E140. Chefs use chlorophyll to color a variety of foods and beverages green, such as pasta and absinthe.[29] Chlorophyll is not soluble in water, and it is first mixed with a small quantity of vegetable oil to obtain the desired solution.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorophyll.
Bacteriochlorophyll, related compounds in phototrophic bacteria
Chlorophyll a, an essential chlorophyll pigment
Chlorophyll b, also an essential chlorophyll pigment
Chlorophyllin, a semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll
Deep chlorophyll maximum
Grow light, a lamp that promotes photosynthesis
Chlorophyll fluorescence, to measure plant stress
References[edit]
Jump up ^ May, Paul. "Chlorophyll". University of Bristol.
Jump up ^ "chlorophyll". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Muneer, Sowbiya; Kim, Eun Jeong; Park, Jeong Suk; Lee, Jeong Hyun (2014-03-17). "Influence of Green, Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes on Multiprotein Complex Proteins and Photosynthetic Activity under Different Light Intensities in Lettuce Leaves (Lactuca sativa L.)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 15 (3): 4657–4670. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 975419  . PMID 24642884. doi:10.3390/ijms15034657.
Jump up ^ Speer, Brian R. (1997). "Photosynthetic Pigments". UCMP Glossary (online). University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
Jump up ^ See:
Delépine, Marcel (September 1951). "Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou". Journal of Chemical Education. 28 (9): 454. Bibcode:1951JChEd..28..454D. doi:10.1021/ed028p454.
Pelletier and Caventou (1817) "Notice sur la matière verte des feuilles" (Notice on the green material in leaves), Journal de Pharmacie, 3 : 486-491. On p. 490, the authors propose a new name for chlorophyll. From p. 490: "Nous n'avons aucun droit pour nommer une substance connue depuis long-temps, et à l'histoire de laquelle nous n'avons ajouté que quelques faits ; cependant nous proposerons, sans y mettre aucune importance, le nom de chlorophyle, de chloros, couleur, et φυλλον, feuille : ce nom indiquerait le rôle qu'elle joue dans la nature." (We have no right to name a substance [that has been] known for a long time, and to whose story we have added only a few facts ; however, we will propose, without giving it any importance, the name chlorophyll, from chloros, color, and φυλλον, leaf : this name would indicate the role that it plays in nature.)
Jump up ^ Carter, J. Stein (1996). "Photosynthesis". University of Cincinnati. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29.
Jump up ^ Nature (July 5, 2013). "Unit 1.3. Photosynthetic Cells". Essentials of Cell Biology. nature.com.
Jump up ^ Marker, A. F. H. (1972). "The use of acetone and methanol in the estimation of chlorophyll in the presence of phaeophytin". Freshwater Biology. 2 (4): 361–385. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00377.x.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey, S. W.; Shibata, Kazuo (February 1969). "Some Spectral Characteristics of Chlorophyll c from Tridacna crocea Zooxanthellae". Biological Bulletin. Marine Biological Laboratory. 136 (1): 54–62. JSTOR 1539668. doi:10.2307/1539668.
Jump up ^ Gilpin, Linda (21 March 2001). "Methods for analysis of benthic photosynthetic pigment". School of Life Sciences, Napier University. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
Jump up ^ Willstätter, Richard (1906) "Zur Kenntniss der Zusammensetzung des Chlorophylls" ([Contribution] to the knowledge of the composition of chlorophyll), Annalen der Chemie, 350 : 48-82. From p. 49: "Das Hauptproduct der alkalischen Hydrolyse bilden tiefgrüne Alkalisalze. In ihnen liegen complexe Magnesiumverbindungen vor, die das Metall in einer gegen Alkali auch bei hoher Temperatur merkwürdig widerstandsfähigen Bindung enthalten." (Deep green alkali salts form the main product of alkali hydrolysis. In them, complex magnesium compounds are present, which contain the metal in a bond that's extraordinarily resistant to alkali even at high temperature.)
^ Jump up to: a b Motilva, Maria-José (2008). "Chlorophylls – from functionality in food to health relevance". 5th Pigments in Food congress- for quality and health (Print). University of Helsinki. ISBN 978-952-10-4846-3.
Jump up ^ Woodward, R. B.; Ayer, W. A.; Beaton, J. M.; Bickelhaupt, F.; Bonnett, R.; Buchschacher, P.; Closs, G. L.; Dutler, H.; Hannah, J.; et al. (July 1960). "The total synthesis of chlorophyll". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (14): 3800–3802. doi:10.1021/ja01499a093.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Ian (14 October 1967). "Absolute Configuration and the Structure of Chlorophyll". Nature. 216 (5111): 151–152. Bibcode:1967Natur.216..151F. doi:10.1038/216151a0.
Jump up ^ Woodward, R. B.; Ayer, William A.; Beaton, John M.; Bickelhaupt, Friedrich; Bonnett, Raymond; Buchschacher, Paul; Closs, Gerhard L.; Dutler, Hans; Hannah, John; et al. (1990). "The total synthesis of chlorophyll a" (PDF). Tetrahedron. 46 (22): 7599–7659. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(90)80003-Z.
Jump up ^ Jabr, Ferris (August 19, 2010) A New Form of Chlorophyll?. Scientific American. Retrieved on 2012-04-15.
Jump up ^ Infrared chlorophyll could boost solar cells. New Scientist. August 19, 2010. Retrieved on 2012-04-15.
Jump up ^ Chen, Min; Schliep, Martin; Willows, Robert D.; Cai, Zheng-Li; Neilan, Brett A.; Scheer, Hugo (September 2010). "A Red-Shifted Chlorophyll". Science. 329 (5997): 1318–1319. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1318C. PMID 20724585. doi:10.1126/science.1191127.
Jump up ^ Müller, Thomas; Ulrich, Markus; Ongania, Karl-Hans; Kräutler, Bernhard (2007). "Colorless Tetrapyrrolic Chlorophyll Catabolites Found in Ripening Fruit Are Effective Antioxidants". Angewandte Chemie. 46 (45): 8699–8702. PMC 2912502  . PMID 17943948. doi:10.1002/anie.200703587.
Jump up ^ Gross, Jeana (1991). Pigments in vegetables: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0442006578.
Jump up ^ Porra, R. J. (1989). "Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. Volume 975 (3): 384, 394. doi:10.1016/S0005-2728(89)80347-0 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Jump up ^ Larkum, edited by Anthony W. D. Larkum, Susan E. Douglas & John A. Raven (2003). Photosynthesis in algae. London: Kluwer. ISBN 0-7923-6333-7. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Cate, Thomas; Perkins, T. D. (September 2003). "Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou". Journal of Tree Physiology. 23 (15): 1077–1079. doi:10.1093/treephys/23.15.1077.
Jump up ^ Gitelson A. A., Buschmann C., Lichtenthaler H. K. (1999) “The Chlorophyll Fluorescence Ratio F735/F700 as an Accurate Measure of Chlorophyll Content in Plants” Remote Sens. Enviro. 69:296-302 (1999)
Jump up ^ Meskauskiene R; Nater M; Goslings D; Kessler F; op den Camp R; Apel K. (23 October 2001). "FLU: A negative regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (22): 12826–12831. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9812826M. JSTOR 3056990. PMC 60138  . PMID 11606728. doi:10.1073/pnas.221252798.
Jump up ^ Duble, Richard L. "Iron Chlorosis in Turfgrass". Texas A&M University. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
Jump up ^ Karageorgou, P.; Manetas, Y. (2006). "The importance of being red when young: Anthocyanins and the protection of young leaves of Quercus coccifera from insect herbivory and excess light". Tree Physiology. 26 (5): 613–21. PMID 16452075. doi:10.1093/treephys/26.5.613.
Jump up ^ Chlorophyll : Global Maps. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2014-02-02.
Jump up ^ Adams, Jad (2004). Hideous absinthe : a history of the devil in a bottle. United Kingdom: I.B.Tauris, 2004. p. 22. ISBN 1860649203.
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The Sandlot
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: This article is full of bad grammar and misused words. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Sandlot
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Mickey Evans
Produced by
Mark Burg
Chris Zarpas
Written by
David Mickey Evans
Robert Gunter
Music by
David Newman
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Michael A. Stevenson
Production
company
Island World
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
April 7, 1993 (1993-04-07)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$7 million
Box office
$33.8 million[1]
The Sandlot is a 1993 American coming-of-age baseball film co-written and directed by David M. Evans, which tells the story of a group of young baseball players during the summer of 1962. It stars Tom Guiry, Mike Vitar, Karen Allen, Denis Leary and James Earl Jones. The filming locations were in Glendale, Midvale, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, Utah.
It grossed $33 million worldwide and has become a cult film.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Critical
3.2 Box office
3.3 Defamation suit
3.4 Home media
4 Sequels
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In the San Fernando Valley during the summer of 1962, Scotty Smalls is the new boy in the neighborhood, seeking desperately to fit in. He would be welcomed on the local sandlot baseball team that practices every day, which only has eight players. Smalls however, could not play baseball; on his first visit to the sandlot he finds himself in the outfield with a fly ball descending toward him which bounces off his glove, causing the other boys except Benny "the Jet" Rodriguez, the team's leader, to burst out laughing. Smalls, humiliated, leaves.
Smalls asks his stepfather to teach him to play, and while his stepdad agrees, Scott could not successfully catch or throw the ball. Benny soon teaches him what he needs to know, and with Benny's support, he gets a place on the team.
Meanwhile, behind a wall at the end of the sandlot is a backyard inhabited by "the Beast", an English Mastiff so large and savage, that it has become a neighborhood legend. One day, the boys' last ball lands in the Beast's backyard. Smalls attempts to retrieve it, but the others, knowing about the Beast, stop him. That evening, they tell him all about the Beast, and that his owner, Mr. Mertle, got him when he was just a puppy when thieves were plaguing his junkyard, Mertle's Acres. After a couple of weeks, the puppy became the Beast; he grew enormous and aggressive, killing and devouring the thieves, bones and all. Eventually, Squints' grandfather, who was the police chief at the time, had Mr. Mertle chain up the Beast in the backyard and keep him under his house forever. Smalls also learns that many baseballs ended up in the backyard, and then they just disappear.
The next day, at a local swimming pool, Squints pretends to drown so that he can kiss the lifeguard, Wendy Peffercorn, whom he has a crush on. She does not take too kindly to it, and they are banned from the pool. Nonetheless, she realizes that Squints has feelings for her.
One day, Benny busts the guts out of their baseball and Smalls borrows his stepfather's ball. After that ball also ends up with the Beast, Smalls discovers the ball was special; it was signed by Babe Ruth. Smalls' stepfather has gone to Chicago for a week-long business trip, putting Smalls and the others on a race against time to recover the ball before he returns. They make many attempts to retrieve the ball, but the Beast thwarts each attempt. One night, Benny has a dream in which Babe Ruth gives him advice, and Benny explains to him about the Beast, saying that he ate one kid who hopped the fence and went into Mr. Mertle's backyard.
The next day, Benny puts on PF Flyers, shoes guaranteed to make a kid run faster and jump higher, and goes into Mr. Mertle's backyard, despite protests from his team. Benny retrieves the ball, but the Beast breaks his chain and escapes, chasing Benny through the streets, a theater, a picnic, the local swimming pool, and eventually back to the sandlot. Mr. Mertle's fence falls on top of the Beast, but Smalls and Benny manage to get the fence off him, and he shows the kids that he's been keeping all the baseballs they hit into the backyard in a small hole. Smalls and Benny meet Mr. Mertle, who reveals that the Beast's name is Hercules, a French Poodle, and that he knew Babe Ruth, because he was also a baseball player, but went blind after getting hit by a baseball. Mr. Mertle trades the destroyed Babe Ruth-autographed baseball for a baseball signed by all of the 1927 New York Yankees, which Smalls gives to his stepfather as a gift to make up for the other ball.
The sandlot boys enjoy the rest of the summer and the next few years, with the Beast as their mascot. Over the next three decades, the boys grow up and go into different careers. Benny and Smalls remain close; Benny becomes a famous MLB player while Smalls becomes a sportscaster.
Cast[edit]
Tom Guiry as Scotty Smalls
Mike Vitar as Benjamin "Benny" Franklin Rodriguez
Patrick Renna as Hamilton "Ham" Porter
Chauncey Leopardi as Michael "Squints" Palledorous
Marty York as Alan "Yeah-Yeah" McClennan
Brandon Quintin Adams as Kenny DeNunez
Grant Gelt as Bertram Weeks
Victor Di Mattia as Timmy Timmons
Shane Obedzinski as Tommy Timmons
Karen Allen as Mrs. Smalls
Denis Leary as Bill
James Earl Jones as Mr. Mertle
Marley Shelton as Wendy Peffercorn
Art LaFleur as The Babe
Reception[edit]
Critical[edit]
The Sandlot has received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The film currently holds a 58% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 45 reviews. The site's consensus says "It may be shamelessly derivative and overly nostalgic, but The Sandlot is nevertheless a genuinely sweet and funny coming-of-age adventure."[4] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film three stars, comparing the movie to a summertime version of A Christmas Story, based on the tone and narration of both films. He said of one scene, "There was a moment in the film when Rodriguez hit a line drive directly at the pitcher's mound, and I ducked and held up my mitt, and then I realized I didn't have a mitt, and it was then I also realized how completely this movie had seduced me with its memories of what really matters when you are 12."[5] Bob Cannon of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, praising its simplicity and strong fundamentals.[6]
Leonard Klady of Variety gave the film a mostly negative review. He praised the cinematography and score, but felt the baseball team did not come together, and that the film, while sincere, was "remarkably shallow wade, rife with incident and slim on substance."[7]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $4 million in its opening weekend and a further $32 million through ticket sales. Figures for worldwide VHS and DVD sales are estimated to be at $76 million. Since its release on both VHS and DVD, the film has become a cult favorite.[2]
Defamation suit[edit]
In 1998, Michael Polydoros sued 20th Century Fox and the producers of the film for defamation. Polydoros, a childhood classmate of David Mickey Evans, the author and director of The Sandlot, claimed that the character Michael "Squints" Palledorous was derogatory and caused him shame and humiliation. The trial court found in favor of the filmmakers, and that finding was affirmed by the California Court of Appeal.[8] After initially agreeing to review the case in 1998,[9] the Supreme Court of California reversed its decision, dismissing the review and reinstating the Court of Appeal's opinion in favor of 20th Century Fox.[10][11]
Home media[edit]
In 1993, The Sandlot first came to video in a slipcase, along with the LaserDisc in widescreen, but later came in a clam shell case in 1994. On January 29, 2002, the DVD came in a Family Feature, in widescreen (Side B) and full screen (Side A). The 2013 repackaged DVD is only in widescreen.
Sequels[edit]
The Sandlot 2 (2005) – A direct-to-video sequel in which a new Sandlot gang is featured. The only returning cast member is James Earl Jones in his role of Mr. Mertle.
The Sandlot: Heading Home (2007) – Another direct-to-video sequel starring Luke Perry as Tommy "Santa" Santorelli who gets knocked back to 1976 from 2005 and relives his childhood. Chauncey Leopardi reprises his role as Squints.
Soundtrack[edit]
The film's original score was composed by David Newman, and wasn't released until 2006, when a limited edition was released as part of the Varèse Sarabande CD Club.
Songs in order of appearance:
"Finger Poppin' Time" – Hank Ballard and the Midnighters
"Smokie Part II" – Bill Black's Combo
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" – The Tokens
"There Goes My Baby" – The Drifters
"This Magic Moment" – The Drifters
"America The Beautiful" – Ray Charles
"Green Onions" – Booker T & The MG's
"Tequila" – The Champs
"Wipe Out" – The Surfaris
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Sandlot". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Bryan (September 19, 2013). "'The Sandlot' at 20: Diamonds are forever". USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Caron, Tim (March 25, 2015). "The Cult of The Sandlot". Crooked Scorboard. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Sandlot Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (April 7, 1993). "The Sandlot (1993)". Chicago Sun-Times. rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cannon, Bob (April 23, 1993). "The Sandlot (1993)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Klady, Leonard (April 4, 1993). "The Sandlot Review". Variety. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Polydoros v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 57 Cal. App.4th 795 (Cal. App. 1997)
Jump up ^ Obverbeck, Wayne. "Polydoros v. 20th Century Fox Film". Wayne Obverbeck's Communications Law Website. California State University Fullerton. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chiang, Harriet (October 16, 1998). "Films Can Use Real Names, Likenesses, State High Court Rules". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Polydoros v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 965 P.2d 724 (Cal. 1998)
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Sandlot
The Sandlot on IMDb
The Sandlot at AllMovie
The Sandlot at Rotten Tomatoes
The Sandlot at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by David M. Evans
The Sandlot (1993)
First Kid (1996)
Beethoven's 3rd (2000)
Beethoven's 4th (2001)
National Lampoon's Barely Legal (2003)
The Sandlot 2 (2005)
The Final Season (2007)
Ace Ventura, Jr.: Pet Detective (2009)
Smitty (2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sandlot&oldid=801594248"
Categories:
1993 films
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1990s comedy films
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American baseball films
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Films set in California
Films shot in Salt Lake City
The Sandlot film series
Films directed by David M. Evans
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Bad Lip Reading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bad Lip Reading
YouTube information
Channel
BadLipReading
Years active
2011–present
Genre
Comedy
Subscribers
7.0 million
Total views
1.012 billion
Subscriber and view counts updated as of May 30, 2018.
Bad Lip Reading (abbreviated as BLR) is a YouTube channel, run by an anonymous individual[1][2] in the music production business, that spoofs clips from films, TV shows, songs, sports, and political news stories by overdubbing humorous vocal work that matches the lip movements of the targets. Rolling Stone described the channel as "the breakout hit" of the 2012 United States presidential cycle.[1] As of January 2018, the Bad Lip Reading YouTube channel had amassed over 7 million subscribers and over a billion views across its videos.
Contents
1 History
2 Copyright dispute
3 Videos
3.1 Based on songs
3.2 Based on movies and TV shows
3.3 Other videos
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The "Bad Lip Reader" behind the channel is an anonymous music and video producer based in Los Angeles (originally from Texas.)[3][4] The first Bad Lip Reading video released was a spoof of Rebecca Black's song "Friday", entitled "Gang Fight". New music and lyrics were matched to Black's video to make it appear as though she were singing about gang warfare. The "Gang Fight" YouTube video, released in March 2011, earned BLR a million hits and thousands of subscribers.[1]
More spoof videos followed, including interpretations of The Black Eyed Peas' "Boom Boom Pow" (a viral video[5] called "Everybody Poops"); Taylor Swift's "Our Song"; and Michael Bublé's "Haven't Met You Yet". The latter was transformed into the "electronica-inspired" "Russian Unicorn",[1] which Bublé himself praised as his "new favorite song"[6] and "one of the coolest things I've ever seen".[7]
In September 2011, BLR branched out from pop singers to politicians with a "bad lip-reading" of Texas governor and US Presidential hopeful Rick Perry. BLR replaced clips of Perry with invented dialogue matched to his lip movements. After airing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, the video was featured by news and media outlets across the United States, leading to a sudden surge in Bad Lip Reading's popularity. Following the Perry spoof, BLR released bad lip-readings of President Obama,[8] Republican presidential candidates Michele Bachmann,[9] Mitt Romney, Herman Cain, Ron Paul, Newt Gingrich, and Rick Santorum.
The channel found even more success in November 2012 when it began overdubbing popular movie and television shows. BLR's version of Twilight quickly went viral, followed by parodies of The Hunger Games; The Walking Dead; and Game of Thrones. The videos have been well-received not only by the public, but also by the cast and creators of the properties being spoofed. In her online blog, Elizabeth Banks, Jennifer Lawrence's co-star in The Hunger Games, said, "Bad Lip Reading is awesome. I was introduced to it by none other than Jennifer Lawrence. Yup — she saw this, people. And she laughed. And so did I. A lot." Lawrence's co-star Josh Hutcherson also praised the video, tweeting it to his fans. The cast and creators of The Walking Dead have publicly praised the Bad Lip Reading "Walking Dead" videos on several occasions.[citation needed]
Expanding his scope yet again, in January 2013 BLR released a bad lip-reading of National Football League players, coaches, and referees, which would go on to become the channel's most popular video. A second NFL video followed in 2014,[10][11] and a third was released in 2015.[12] The NFL Bad Lip Reading video would go on to become an annual event for the channel, with each video being released shortly before the Super Bowl each year.
In December of 2015, Bad Lip Reading simultaneously released three new videos, one for each of the three films in the original Star Wars trilogy. These videos found BLR using guest voices for the first time, featuring Jack Black as Darth Vader, Maya Rudolph as Princess Leia, and Bill Hader in multiple roles.[13] The Empire Strikes Back BLR video featured a scene of Yoda singing to Luke about an unfortunate encounter with a seagull on the beach. BLR would later expand this scene into a full-length standalone song known as "Seagulls! (Stop It Now)", which was released in November 2016 (eventually hitting #1 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart[14].) As of late 2017, the "Seagulls!" video is Bad Lip Reading's second most viewed YouTube upload, and most popular musical production. In the song, Yoda sings to Luke Skywalker about the dangers posed by vicious seagulls if one dares to go to the beach. Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars films, publicly praised "Seagulls!" (and Bad Lip Reading in general) while speaking at Star Wars Celebration in 2017: "I love them, and I showed Carrie [Fisher] the Yoda one… we were dying. I showed it to her in her trailer. She loved it. I retweeted it… and [BLR] contacted me and said ‘Do you want to do Bad Lip Reading?’ And I said, ‘I’d love to…’”. Hamill and Bad Lip Reading would go on to collaborate on Bad Lip Reading's version of The Force Awakens, with Hamill providing the voice of Han Solo.[15]
The Star Wars Trilogy Bad Lip Reading videos also spawned a second musical number titled "Bushes of Love", which featured Ben Kenobi singing to Luke Skywalker about the perils of love. The song would hit #2 on the Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks chart.[16] Hamilton creator and star Lin-Manuel Miranda described the song as "THE summer jam of 2017".[17]
In January 2017, BLR released a Bad Lip Reading of Donald Trump's inauguration, which quickly went viral, amassing over 36 million views in 2017 alone. YouTube would rank the video at #7 on its list of the Top Ten Trending Videos of 2017.[18]
In a Rolling Stone interview, the producer behind the Bad Lip Reading videos said that he first encountered the technique of lip reading when his mother, then in her 40s, lost her hearing due to unknown causes. While she excelled at lip reading, he was unable to pick up the skill despite trying: "I was terrible at it."[1]
In 2013, Bad Lip Reading won the Webby Awards' People's Voice Award for "Comedy: Long Form or Series". In April 2014, BLR won the American Comedy Award for Best Viral Video for its "NFL: A Bad Lip Reading" video. Patrick Stewart accepted the award on BLR's behalf during the televised ceremony on NBC.
On June 8, 2014 the BLR Facebook page announced the release of the full version of "Modify" by Kniles, a song that has been used in multiple BLR productions. The fact that this song was used without previous attribution, as well as stylistic similarities to other BLR-produced songs, have prompted speculation that Kniles is another pseudonym for the individual behind Bad Lip Reading.[19]
A Bad Lip Reading of the Disney Channel original movie High School Musical premiered as a half-hour special on July 11, 2016 on Disney XD.
Copyright dispute[edit]
One of Bad Lip Reading's works, "Dirty Spaceman", a redubbing of "Check It Out" by Will.i.am featuring Nicki Minaj, was taken down due to a claim of copyright infringement. It is unclear if Universal Music issued a formal DMCA takedown request or if YouTube's Content ID Match system detected the work and removed it automatically.[20] Also, in March 2012, the video "Beard With Glue," a bad lip reading of "You're Beautiful" by James Blunt, was taken down by Warner Music Group on a copyright claim. Unlike "Dirty Spaceman", the claim was soon released, and the video was returned. Likewise, "Gang Fight" was taken down in 2011, but returned. UMG has also taken down "Rockin' All Nite Long", the Taylor Swift spoof that also features Wiz Khalifa.
Videos[edit]
Based on songs[edit]
Artist
Featuring
Original song(s)
Release date(s)
BLR song
Upload date
Rebecca Black "Friday" Mar 14, 2011 "Gang Fight" Mar 21, 2011
Justin Bieber Rascal Flatts "That Should Be Me" Mar 19, 2010 "Asian Baby" Mar 24, 2011
Black Eyed Peas "Boom Boom Pow" Mar 30, 2009 "Everybody Poops" Mar 29, 2011
Miley Cyrus Snoop Dogg "Party in the U.S.A.", "Boom" Aug 11, 2009; Mar 8, 2011 "Black Umbrella (The Right Stuff)" Apr 7, 2011
Ludacris The Bee Gees "My Chick Bad", "Too Much Heaven" Feb 23, 2010; Oct 24, 1978 "Magic Man" Apr 18, 2011
Justin Bieber Rascal Flatts "That Should Be Me" Mar 19, 2010 "Hot Jumping Beans" May 1, 2011
Taylor Swift "Our Song" Aug 22, 2007 "(Rockin') All Nite Long" May 29, 2011
Michael Bublé "Haven't Met You Yet" Aug 31, 2009 "Russian Unicorn" Jul 11, 2011
Bruno Mars Lady Gaga, Jay-Z "The Lazy Song", "Alejandro", "Empire State of Mind", "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)" Feb 15, 2011; Apr 20, 2010; Oct 20, 2009; Dec 14, 1999 "Morning Dew" Aug 8, 2011
Barack Obama N/A N/A "Trick the Bridesmaid" Sep 19, 2011
will.i.am Nicki Minaj "Check It Out" Sept 3, 2010 "Dirty Spaceman" Oct 1, 2011
James Blunt "You're Beautiful" May 30, 2005 "Beard with Glue" Oct 28, 2011
Gotye Kimbra "Somebody That I Used to Know" Jul 5, 2011 "Kicked Your Monkey" May 3, 2012
Double Take "Hot Problems" Apr 15, 2012 "Time to Rock" May 16, 2012
Coldplay "In My Place" Aug 5, 2002 "Yeti" Jul 24, 2012
One Direction "Gotta Be You" Nov 11, 2011 "SHADOW PICO Trailer" Dec 27, 2012
Beyoncé "The Star-Spangled Banner" Jan 21, 2013 "La Fway" Jan 26, 2013
Carl Grimes Oct 10, 2012 "Carl Poppa" Oct 2, 2014
Obi-Wan Kenobi Luke Skywalker, R2-D2 N/A N/A "Bushes of Love" Jan 1, 2016
N/A Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, Chewbacca, R2-D2 N/A N/A "Not The Future" Feb 9, 2016
Yoda Luke Skywalker, R2-D2 N/A N/A "SEAGULLS! (Stop It Now)" Nov 25, 2016
Luke Skywalker General Veers, Wedge Antilles, Zev Senesca N/A N/A "Hostiles on the Hill" Dec 18, 2017
Grand Moff Tarkin Leia Organa, Obi-Wan Kenobi, General Tagge, Admiral Motti, Saw Gerrera, Luke Skywalker N/A N/A "It's Not A Moon" Mar 12, 2018
Donald Trump "The Star-Spangled Banner" Jan 8, 2018 "Trump Anthem" Jan 9, 2018
Fergie "The Star-Spangled Banner" Feb 18, 2018 "Nobody Wants My Bread" Jul 4, 2018
Based on movies and TV shows[edit]
Film/TV show
Release date
BLR title(s)
Upload date(s)
High School Jun 1, 2012 A BLR of a scene from "High School" May 30, 2012
Veep Apr 22, 2012 Selina Meyer- A BLR Sound Bite from "Veep" Jun 4, 2012
Jeff, Who Lives at Home Mar 16, 2012 Jeff, Who Lives at Home Jul 6, 2012
Twilight Nov 28, 2008 Edward and Bella Sept 4, 2012
The Hunger Games Mar 23, 2012 The Hunger Games Sept 20, 2012
The Campaign Aug 10, 2012 Iraqi Gold Oct 26, 2012
The Twilight Saga: New Moon Nov 20, 2009 More Twilight Nov 21, 2012
The Amazing Spider-Man Jul 3, 2012 Peter and Gwen Mar 4, 2013
The Walking Dead Oct 31, 2010 The Walking (And Talking) Dead May 2, 2013
More Walking (And Talking) Dead: Part 1 Sept 25, 2014
More Walking (And Talking) Dead: Part 2 Oct 10, 2014
Game of Thrones Apr 17, 2011 Medieval Land Fun-Time World — Extended Trailer Oct 16, 2013
Bonus and Extended Scenes — Medieval Land Fun-Time World Oct 22, 2013
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse Jun 24, 2010 Twilight III Apr 24, 2014
American Idol Jun 11, 2002 Sing-Song Contest of America May 22, 2014
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Nov 22, 2013 More Hunger Games Nov 27, 2014
Obsidiots: Live From District 11 Nov 27, 2014
The Avengers May 4, 2012 Redneck Avengers: Tulsa Nights May 23, 2015
Star Wars May 25, 1977 Star Wars: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16, 2015
The Empire Strikes Back May 21, 1980 The Empire Strikes Back: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16, 2015
Return of the Jedi May 25, 1983 Return of the Jedi: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 16, 2015
High School Musical Jan 20, 2006 High School Musical: A Bad Lip Reading Jul 11, 2016
The Force Awakens Dec 18, 2015 The Force Awakens: A Bad Lip Reading (Featuring Mark Hamill as Han Solo) Apr 6, 2017
Narcos Aug 28, 2015 Soy Pablo Extended Trailer Sept 13, 2017
Descendants Jul 31, 2015 Bad Lip Reading Presents: Descendants Nov 18, 2017
Stranger Things Jul 15, 2016 Stranger Things: A Bad Lip Reading Dec 9, 2017
Other videos[edit]
BLR title
Featuring
Upload date
Rick Perry Rick Perry Sept 18, 2011
Michele Bachmann Michele Bachmann Oct 3, 2011
Mitt Romney Mitt Romney Oct 14, 2011
Herman Cain Herman Cain Oct 28, 2011
Ron Paul Ron Paul Dec 5, 2011
Rick Santorum Rick Santorum Jan 31, 2012
Newt Gingrich Newt Gingrich Feb 7, 2012
Joe Biden Joe Biden Apr 16, 2012
A Bad Lip Reading of Rick Perry's "Strong" Ad Rick Perry May 22, 2012
Bush & Clinton Bill Clinton, George W. Bush June 28, 2012
More Mitt Mitt Romney Aug 13, 2012
Paul Ryan's Video Diary Paul Ryan Oct 2, 2012
Eye of the Sparrow Mitt Romney, Barack Obama, Jim Lehrer Oct 9, 2012
2012 Debate Highlights Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, Joe Biden, Paul Ryan, Martha Raddatz, Bob Schieffer Nov 6, 2012
The NFL: A Bad Lip Reading Jan 15, 2013
Inauguration 2013: A Bad Lip Reading Barack Obama, John Roberts, Beyoncé Jan 24, 2013
2013 Independent Spirit Awards: Best Screenplay Nominees Bradley Cooper, Jennifer Lawrence, Sam Rockwell, Olga Kurylenko, Paul Dano, Zoe Kazan, Tilda Swinton, Bruce Willis, Edward Norton, Thure Lindhardt, Zachary Booth Feb 26, 2013
More NFL Jan 24, 2014
NFL 2015 Highlights from the 2014 NFL season Jan 22, 2015
First Republican Debate Highlights: 2015 Bret Baier, Megyn Kelly, Chris Wallace, Chris Christie, Ted Cruz, Donald Trump, Ben Carson, Mike Huckabee, Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio, John Kasich, Scott Walker, Rand Paul Aug 19, 2015
First Democratic Debate Highlights: 2015 Anderson Cooper, Bernie Sanders, Martin O'Malley, Hillary Clinton, Jim Webb, Lincoln Chafee Oct 28, 2015
NFL 2016: Part One Highlights from the 2015 NFL season Feb 2, 2016
NFL 2016: Part Two Feb 5, 2016
Ted Cruz Ted Cruz Mar 1, 2016
Bernie & Hillary Bernie Sanders, Hillary Clinton, Wolf Blitzer Apr 21, 2016
Cruz Talks Trump[21] Ted Cruz Jul 25, 2016
Democratic National Convention Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, Michelle Obama, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Chelsea Clinton, Alicia Keys Aug 19, 2016
Debate Night! Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump, Lester Holt Oct 6, 2016
Presidential Poetry Slam Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Anderson Cooper, Martha Raddatz Oct 21, 2016
Inauguration Day Donald Trump, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Mike Pence, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts, Michelle Obama, Melania Trump, Hillary Clinton, Karen Pence Jan 25, 2017
NFL 2017 Highlights from the 2016 NFL season Feb 1, 2017
Mayweather vs. McGregor Floyd Mayweather, Conor McGregor Jul 14, 2017
Christmas is Here! Donald Trump, Melania Trump, Donald Trump animatronic Dec 27, 2017
NFL 2018 Feb 3, 2018
Interrogating Zuckerberg Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Nelson, Chuck Grassley, Roy Blunt, Gary Peters, Maria Cantwell, Patrick Leahy, Lindsey Graham, Ted Cruz, Jon Tester, Ben Sasse, Sheldon Whitehouse, John Kennedy, Tom Udall, Dan Sullivan Apr 24, 2018
Royal Wedding Prince Harry, Meghan Markle, Prince William, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop Michael Curry May 22, 2018
The NBA Jun 11, 2018
Trump-Kim Summit Donald Trump, Kim Jong-un Jun 20, 2018
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dickinson, Tim (October 7, 2011). "Exclusive: The Bad Lip Reader Speaks". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bell, Melissa (October 18, 2011). "Bad Lip Reading: behind the viral videos everyone's talking about". Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pinto, Nick. "Bad Lip Reading: An Interview With the Man Behind The Beautiful Nonsense". Village Voice. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BadLipReading
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading Translates Rick Perry, Gets It About Right". The Huffington Post. September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bublé Live On Ustream". Ustream.tv. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bublé, Michael (July 21, 2011). "Michael Bublé Video Reply: Russian Unicorn". YouTube. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Macarthur, Amber (September 30, 2011). "Why Bad Lip Reading is way more awesome than Auto-Tune The News". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (October 4, 2011). "Michele Bachmann honored by Bad Lip Reading". Boing Boing. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading: The NFL Like You've Never Heard It". MTV. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
Jump up ^ "'The NFL: A Bad Lip Reading' stars Adrian Peterson, Tom Brady and more (VIDEO)". Sporting News. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Check out the latest edition of NFL Bad Lip Reading". Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading Facebook".
Jump up ^ "Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks Sales 12-17-2016".
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan (April 6, 2017). "Mark Hamill Does an Outstanding Han Solo in 'Bad Lip Reading' Installment". Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Comedy Digital Tracks January 23, 2016". Billboard.com.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Lin-Manuel. "Lin-Manuel Miranda Twitter".
Jump up ^ "YouTube Reveals 2017 Top Viral and Music Videos". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Bad Lip Reading - A lot of people have asked about the... | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
Jump up ^ Masnick, Mike. "Universal Uses Copyright To Censor Bad Lip Reading Parody; Why Not Embrace It?". techdirt. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "CRUZ TALKS TRUMP" — A Bad Lip Reading of Ted Cruz on YouTube
External links[edit]
Official website
Bad Lip Reading's channel on YouTube
Authority control
MusicBrainz: f3278fc5-9e86-447a-a004-01d66ae01125
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Lip_Reading&oldid=849278956"
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