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Pan-Africanism
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Pan-Africanism is a worldwide intellectual movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent. Based on a common fate going back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans, with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Caribbean, Latin America and the United States.[1] It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent.[2] The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny".[3]
The Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) was established in 1963 to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its Member States and to promote global relations within the framework of the United Nations.[4] The African Union Commission has its seat in Addis Ababa and the Pan-African Parliament has its seat in Johannesburg and Midrand.
Contents
1 Overview
2 History
3 Concept
4 Pan-African banner
5 Maafa studies
6 Political parties and organizations
6.1 In Africa
6.2 In the Caribbean
6.3 In the United Kingdom
6.4 In the United States
7 Pan-African concepts and philosophies
7.1 Afrocentric Pan-Africanism
7.2 Kawaida
7.3 Hip Hop
8 Pan-African art
9 See also
10 Literature
11 References
12 External links
Overview[edit]
Kwame Nkrumah, an icon of Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism stresses the need for "collective self-reliance".[5] Pan-Africanism exists as a governmental and grassroots objective. Pan-African advocates include leaders such as Haile Selassie, Julius Nyerere, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Kwame Nkrumah, Thomas Sankara and Muammar Gaddafi, grassroots organizers such as Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X, academics such as W. E. B. Du Bois, and others in the diaspora.[6][7][8] Pan-Africanists believe that solidarity will enable the continent to fulfill its potential to independently provide for all its people. Crucially, an all-African alliance would empower African people globally.
The realization of the Pan-African objective would lead to "power consolidation in Africa", which "would compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy and political assertion...that would unsettle social and political (power) structures...in the Americas".[9][page needed][10] United, African nations will have the economic, political and social clout to act and compete on the world stage as do other large entities, such as the European Union and the United States.
Advocates of Pan-Africanism—i.e. "Pan-Africans" or "Pan-Africanists"—often champion socialist principles and tend to be opposed to external political and economic involvement on the continent. Critics accuse the ideology of homogenizing the experience of people of African descent. They also point to the difficulties of reconciling current divisions within countries on the continent and within communities in the diaspora.[9][page needed][10]
Malcolm X
History[edit]
Invitation to Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall, London, July 1900
As a philosophy, Pan-Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan-Africanism as an ethical system traces its origins from ancient times, and promotes values that are the product of the African civilisations and the struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, and neo-colonialism.[6]
Alongside a large number of slaves insurrections, by the end of the 18th century a political movement developed across the Americas, Europe and Africa that sought to weld disparate movements into a network of solidarity, putting an end to oppression. Another important political form of a religious Pan-Africanist worldview appeared in the form of Ethiopianism.[11] In London, the Sons of Africa was a political group addressed by Quobna Ottobah Cugoano in the 1791 edition of his book Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery. The group addressed meetings and organised letter-writing campaigns, published campaigning material and visited parliament. They wrote to figures such as Granville Sharp, William Pitt and other members of the white abolition movement, as well as King George III and the Prince of Wales, the future George IV.
Modern Pan-Africanism began around the start of the 20th century. The African Association, later renamed the Pan-African Association, was established around 1897 by Henry Sylvester-Williams, who organized the First Pan-African Conference in London in 1900.[12][13][14]
With the independence of Ghana in March 1957, Kwame Nkrumah was elected as the first Prime Minister and President of the State.[15] Nkrumah emerged as a major advocate for the unity of Independent Africa. The Ghanaian President embodied a political activist approach to pan-Africanism as he championed the “quest for regional integration of the whole of the African continent”.[16] This period represented a "Golden Age of high pan-African ambitions"; the Continent had experienced revolution and decolonization from Western powers and the narrative of rebirth and solidarity had gained momentum within the pan-African movement.[16] Nkrumah’s pan-African principles intended for a union between the Independent African states upon a recognition of their commonality (i.e. suppression under imperialism). Pan-Africanism under Nkrumah evolved past the assumptions of a racially exclusive movement associated with black Africa, and adopted a political discourse of regional unity [17]
In April 1958, Nkrumah hosted the first All-African People’s Conference (AAPC) in Accra, Ghana. The Conference invited delegates of political movements and major political leaders. With the exception of South Africa, all Independent States of the Continent attended: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Sudan.[17] The Conference signified a monumental event in the pan-African movement, as it revealed a political and social union between those considered Arabic states and the black African regions. Further, the Conference espoused a common African Nationalist identity, among the States, of unity and anti-Imperialism. Frantz Fanon, journalist, freedom fighter and a member of the Algerian FLN party attended the conference as a delegate for Algeria.[18] Considering the armed struggle of the FLN against French colonial rule, the attendees of the Conference agreed to support the struggle of those States under colonial oppression. This encouraged the commitment of direct involvement in the "emancipation of the Continent; thus, a fight against colonial pressures on South Africa was declared and the full support of the FLN struggle in Algeria, against French colonial rule"”.[19] In the years following 1958, Accra Conference also marked the establishment of a new foreign policy of non-alignment as between the US and USSR, and the will to found an "African Identity" in global affairs by advocating a unity between the African States on international relations. "This would be based on the Bandung Declaration, the Charter of the UN and on loyalty to UN decisions."[19]
In 1959, Nkrumah, President Sékou Touré of Guinea and President William Tubman of Liberia met at Sanniquellie and signed the Sanniquellie Declaration outlining the principles for the achievement of the unity of Independent African States whilst maintaining a national identity and autonomous constitutional structure.[20][21] The Declaration called for a revised understanding of pan-Africanism and the uniting of the Independent States. In 1960, the second All-African People’s Conference was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[22] The membership of the All-African People’s Organisation (AAPO) had increased with the inclusion of the “Algerian Provisional Government (as they had not yet won independence), Cameroun, Guinea, Nigeria, Somalia and the United Arab Republic”.[23] The Conference highlighted diverging ideologies within the movement, as Nkrumah’s call for a political and economic union between the Independent African States gained little agreement. The disagreements following 1960 gave rise to two rival factions within the pan-African movement: the Casablanca Bloc and the Brazzaville Bloc.[24]
In 1962, Algeria gained independence from French colonial rule and Ahmed Ben Bella assumed Presidency. Ben Bella was a strong advocate for pan-Africanism and an African Unity. Following the FLN’s armed struggle for liberation, Ben Bella spoke at the UN and espoused for Independent Africa’s role in providing military and financial support to the African liberation movements opposing apartheid and fighting Portuguese colonialism.[25] In search of a united voice, in 1963 at an African Summit conference in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 32 African states met and established the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The creation of the OAU Charter took place at this Summit and defines a coordinated "effort to raise the standard of living of member States and defend their sovereignty" by supporting freedom fighters and decolonisation.[26] Thus, was the formation of the African Liberation Committee (ALC), during the 1963 Summit. Championing the support of liberation movements, was Algeria’s President Ben Bella, immediately “donated 100 million francs to its finances and was one of the first countries, of the Organisation to boycott Portuguese and South African goods”.[25]
In 1969, Algiers hosted the Pan-African Cultural Festival, on July 21 and it continued for 10 days.[27] The festival attracted thousands from African states and the African Diaspora, including the Black Panthers. It symbolised the new pan-African identity, of regions with a shared experience of colonisation. The Festival further strengthened Algeria’s President, Boumediene’s standing in Africa and the Third World.[27]
After the death of Kwame Nkrumah in 1972, Muammar Qaddafi assumed the mantle of leader of the Pan-Africanist movement and became the most outspoken advocate of African Unity, consistently calling – like Nkrumah before him – for the advent of a "United States of Africa".[28]
In the United States, the term is closely associated with Afrocentrism, an ideology of African-American identity politics that emerged during the civil rights movement of the 1960s to 1970s.[29]
Concept[edit]
A mural in Ujiji, Tanzania
As originally conceived by Henry Sylvester-Williams (although some historians[who?] credit the idea to Edward Wilmot Blyden), Pan-Africanism referred to the unity of all continental Africa.[30]
During apartheid South Africa there was a Pan Africanist Congress that dealt with the oppression of Africans in South Africa under Apartheid rule. Other pan-Africanist organisations include: Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association-African Communities League, TransAfrica and the International People's Democratic Uhuru Movement.
Additionally, Pan-Africanism is seen as an endeavor to return to what are deemed by its proponents as singular, traditional African concepts about culture, society, and values. Examples of this include Léopold Sédar Senghor's Négritude movement, and Mobutu Sese Seko's view of Authenticité.
An important theme running through much pan-Africanist literature concerns the historical links between different countries on the continent, and the benefits of cooperation as a way of resisting imperialism and colonialism.
In the 21st century, some Pan-Africanists aim to address globalisation and the problems of environmental justice. For instance, at the conference "Pan-Africanism for a New Generation"[31] held at the University of Oxford, June 2011, Ledum Mittee, the current president of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), argued that environmental justice movements across the African continent should create horizontal linkages in order to better protect the interests of threatened peoples and the ecological systems in which they are embedded, and upon which their survival depends.
Some universities went as far as creating "Departments of Pan-African Studies" in the late 1960s. This includes the California State University, where that department was founded in 1969 as a direct reaction to the civil rights movement, and is today dedicated to "teaching students about the African World Experience", to "demonstrate to the campus and the community the richness, vibrance, diversity, and vitality of African, African American, and Caribbean cultures" and to "presenting students and the community with an Afrocentric analysis" of anti-black racism.[32] Syracuse University also offers a master's degree in "Pan African Studies".[33]
Pan-African banner[edit]
Main articles: Pan-African flag and Pan-African colours
The red, black, and green Pan-African flag designed by the UNIA in 1920
The Pan-African flag, also known as the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) flag, is a tri-color flag consisting of three equal horizontal bands of (from top down) red, black and green. The UNIA formally adopted it on August 13, 1920,[34] during its month-long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York.[35][36]
Variations of the flag have been used in various countries and territories in Africa and the Americas to represent Pan-Africanist ideologies. Among these are the flags of Malawi, Kenya and Saint Kitts and Nevis. Several Pan-African organizations and movements have also often employed the emblematic red, black and green tri-color scheme in variety of contexts.
Additionally, the flags of a number of nations in Africa and of Pan-African groups use green, yellow and red. This colour combination was originally adopted from the 1897 flag of Ethiopia, and was inspired by the fact that Ethiopia is the continent's oldest independent nation.[37]
Maafa studies[edit]
Maafa is an aspect of Pan-African studies. The term collectively refers to 500 years of suffering (including the present) of people of African heritage through slavery, imperialism, colonialism, and other forms of oppression.[38][39] In this area of study, both the actual history and the legacy of that history are studied as a single discourse. The emphasis in the historical narrative is on African agents, as opposed to non-African agents.[citation needed]
Political parties and organizations[edit]
Muammar Gaddafi at the first Africa-Latin America summit in 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria
In Africa[edit]
Organisation of African Unity, succeeded by the African Union
African Unification Front
Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
All-African People's Revolutionary Party
Convention People's Party (Ghana)
Pan-African Renaissance[40]
Economic Freedom Fighters (South Africa)
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa)
In the Caribbean[edit]
The Pan-African Affairs Commission for Pan-African Affairs, a unit within the Office of the Prime Minister of Barbados.[41]
African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa (Guyana)
Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (Antigua and Barbuda)
Clement Payne Movement (Barbados)
Marcus Garvey People's Political Party (Jamaica)
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (Jamaica)
In the United Kingdom[edit]
Pan-African Federation
In the United States[edit]
The Council on African Affairs (CAA): founded in 1937 by Max Yergan and Paul Robeson, the CAA was the first major U.S. organization whose focus was on providing pertinent and up-to-date information about Pan-Africanism across the United States, particularly to African Americans. Probably the most successful campaign of the Council was for South African famine relief in 1946. The CAA was hopeful that, following World War II, there would be a move towards Third World independence under the trusteeship of the United Nations.[42] To the CAA's dismay, the proposals introduced by the U.S. government to the conference in April/May 1945 set no clear limits on the duration of colonialism and no motions towards allowing territorial possessions to move towards self-government.[42] Liberal supporters abandoned the CAA, and the federal government cracked down on its operations. In 1953 the CAA was charged with subversion under the McCarran Act. Its principal leaders, including Robeson, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Alphaeus Hunton (1903–70), were subjected to harassment, indictments, and in the case of Hunton, imprisonment. Under the weight of internal disputes, government repression, and financial hardships, the Council on African Affairs disbanded in 1955.[43]
The US Organization was founded in 1965 by Maulana Karenga, following the Watts riots. It is based on the synthetic African philosophy of kawaida, and is perhaps best known for creating Kwaanza and the Nguzo Saba ("seven principles"). In the words of its founder and chair, Karenga, "the essential task of our organization Us has been and remains to provide a philosophy, a set of principles and a program which inspires a personal and social practice that not only satisfies human need but transforms people in the process, making them self-conscious agents of their own life and liberation".[44]
Pan-African concepts and philosophies[edit]
Afrocentric Pan-Africanism[edit]
Afrocentric Pan-Africanism is espoused by Kwabena Faheem Ashanti in his book The Psychotechnology of Brainwashing: Crucifying Willie Lynch. Another newer movement that has evolved from the early Afrocentric school is the Afrisecal movement or Afrisecaism of Francis Ohanyido, a Nigerian philosopher-poet.[45] Black Nationalism is sometimes associated with this form of pan-Africanism.
Kawaida[edit]
Main article: African philosophy § Kawaida
Hip Hop[edit]
During the past three decades hip hop has emerged as a powerful force that has partly shaped black identity worldwide. In his 2005 article "Hip-hop Turns 30: Whatcha Celebratin' For?", Greg Tate describes hip-hop culture as the product of a Pan-African state of mind. It is an "ethnic enclave/empowerment zone that has served as a foothold for the poorest among us to get a grip on the land of the prosperous".[46] Hip-hop unifies those of African descent globally in its movement towards greater economic, social and political power. Andreana Clay in her article "Keepin' it Real: Black Youth, Hip-Hop Culture, and Black Identity" states that hip-hop provides the world with "vivid illustrations of Black lived experience", creating bonds of black identity across the globe.[47] Hip hop authenticates a black identity, and in doing so, creates a unifying uplifting force among Africans as Pan-Africanism sets out to achieve.
Pan-African art[edit]
See FESPACO and PAFF for pan-African film festivals
See African art
See also[edit]
Africa portal
Black nationalism
African nationalism
African American
African Diaspora
Africana womanism
Afro-Latino
Les Afriques
Afro-pessimism
First Pan-African Conference
Négritude
Nigerian nationalism
Pan-African Congress
Pan-African Federation
Pan-African Parliament
Pan African Writers' Association
Pan-Arabism
Pan-nationalism
TransAfrica
World Festival of Black Arts
List of topics related to Black and African people
Literature[edit]
Hakim Adi & Marika Sherwood, Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787, London: Routledgem 2003.
Imanuel Geiss, Panafrikanismus. Zur Geschichte der Dekolonisation. Habilitation, EVA, Frankfurt am Main, 1968, English as: The Pan-African Movement, London: Methuen, 1974, ISBN 0-416-16710-1, and as: The Pan-African Movement. A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, New York: Africana Publ., 1974, ISBN 0-8419-0161-9.
Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide, revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965.
Tony Martin, Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, Dover: The Majority Press, 1985.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), History: Learner's Book, p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.
Jump up ^ Makalani, Minkah (2011), "Pan-Africanism". Africana Age.
Jump up ^ About the African Union Archived January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ "The objectives of the PAP", The Pan-African Parliament – 2014 and beyond.
^ Jump up to: a b Falola, Toyin; Essien, Kwame (2013). Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity. London: Routledge. pp. 71–72. ISBN 1135005192. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis, pp. 250–278.
Jump up ^ Maguire, K., "Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah", GlobalPost, October 21, 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Agyeman, O. (1998), Pan-Africanism and Its Detractors: A Response to Harvard's Race Effacing Universalists.
^ Jump up to: a b Agyeman, O., Pan-Africanism and Its Detractors: A Response to Harvard's Race Effacing Universalists, Havard University Press (Havard) (1998)) [in] Mawere, Munyaradzi; Mubaya, Tapuwa R.; African Philosophy and Thought Systems: A Search for a Culture and Philosophy of Belonging, Langaa RPCIG (2016), p. 89. ISBN 9789956763016 [1] (last retrieved 23 Aug 2018)
Jump up ^ "Pan-Africanism". exhibitions.nypl.org. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A history of Pan-Africanism", New Internationalist, 326, August 2000.
Jump up ^ The History of Pan Africanism, PADEAP (Pan African Development Education and Advocacy Programme).
Jump up ^ Lubin, Alex, "The Contingencies of Pan-Africanism", Geographies of Liberation: The Making of an Afro-Arab Political Imaginary, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Smith-Asante, E., "Biography of Ghana’s first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah", Graphic Online, 8 March 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mkandawire, P. (2005). African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development, Dakar: Codesria/London: Zed Books, p. 58. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Legum, C. (1965). Pan-Africanism: a short political guide, New York, etc.: Frederick A. Praeger, p. 41.
Jump up ^ Adi, H., & M. Sherwood (2003). Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787, London: Routledge, p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Legum (1965). Pan-Africanism, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Adi & Sherwood (2003). Pan-African History, p. 179.
Jump up ^ Legum (1965), Pan-Africanism, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Legum (1965). Pan-Africanism, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Legum (1965), Pan-Africanism, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Martin, G. (2012). African Political Thought, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
^ Jump up to: a b Adi & Sherwood (2003), Pan-African History, p. 10.
Jump up ^ "African states unite against white rule", ON THIS DAY | May25. BBC News. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans, M., & J. Phillips (2008). Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed, Yale University Press, pp. 97–98.
Jump up ^ Martin, G. (December 23, 2012). African Political Thought. Springer. ISBN 9781137062055.
Jump up ^ See e.g. Ronald W. Walters, Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movements, African American Life Series, Wayne State University Press, 1997, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Crystal Z. (December 2006). "Sculpting a Pan-African Culture in the Art of Négritude: A Model for African Artist" (PDF). The Journal of Pan African Studies. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Oxford University African Society Conference, Corpus Christi College, Oxford University, May 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Csus.edu. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ The M.A. in Pan African Studies Archived 2014-10-25 at the Wayback Machine., African American Studies at Syracuse University.
Jump up ^ Wikisource contributors, "The Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World", Wikisource, The Free Library. (Retrieved October 6, 2007).
Jump up ^ "25,000 Negroes Convene: International Gathering Will Prepare Own Bill of Rights", The New York Times, August 2, 1920. Proquest (retrieved October 5, 2007).
Jump up ^ "Negroes Adopt Bill Of Rights: Convention Approves Plan for African Republic and Sets to Work on Preparation of Constitution of the Colored Race Negro Complaints Aggression Condemned Recognition Demanded". Christian Science Monitor, August 17, 1920. Proquest (retrieved October 5, 2007).
Jump up ^ Smith, Whitney (2001). Flag Lore of All Nations. Millbrook Press. p. 36. ISBN 0761317538. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "What Holocaust". "Glenn Reitz". [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Maafa, African Holocaust". Swagga.
Jump up ^ "Pan-African Renaissance".
Jump up ^ Rodney Worrell (2005). Pan-Africanism in Barbados: An Analysis of the Activities of the Major 20th-century Pan-African Formations in Barbados. New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 99–102. ISBN 978-0-9744934-6-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, Martin. Paul Robeson, 1989, pp. 296–97.
Jump up ^ "Council on African Affairs", African Activist Archive.
Jump up ^ "Philosophy, Principles, and Program". The Organization Us.
Jump up ^ "Francis Okechukwu Ohanyido". African Resource.
Jump up ^ Tate, Greg, "Hip-hop Turns 30: Whatcha Celebratin' For?", Village Voice, 4 January 2005.
Jump up ^ Clay, Andreana. "Keepin' it Real: Black Youth, Hip-Hop Culture, and Black Identity". In American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 46.10 (2003): 1346–1358.
External links[edit]
SNCC Digital Gateway: Pan-Africanism Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
African Union
African Code Unity Through Diversity
A-APRP Website
The Major Pan-African news and articles site
Professor David Murphy (November 15, 2015). "The Performance of Pan-Africanism: performing black identity at major pan-African festivals, 1966–2010". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
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Antigen-antibody interaction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated.
The first correct description of the antigen-antibody reaction was given by Richard J. Goldberg at the University of Wisconsin in 1952.[1][2] It came to be known as "Goldberg's theory" (of antigen-antibody reaction).[3]
There are several types of antibodies and antigens, and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen. The specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody. The antigenic determinant or epitope is recognized by the paratope of the antibody, situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain. The variable region in turn has hyper-variable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody. Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions.[4]
The principles of specificity and cross-reactivity of the antigen-antibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for diagnositic purposes. One basic application is determination of ABO blood group. It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens, such as HIV, microbes, and helminth parasites.
Contents
[hide]
1 Antibody structure
2 Properties
2.1 Chemical basis of antigen-antibody interaction
2.2 Affinity of the interaction
3 Application
4 References
5 External links
Antibody structure[edit]
In an antibody, the Fab (fragment, antigen-binding) region is formed from the amino-terminal end of both the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin polypeptide. This region called V (variable) domain is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their binding affinity to an antigen. The combined sequence of variable light chain (VL) and variable heavy chain (VH) creates three hypervariable regions (HV1, HV2, and HV3). In VL these are roughly from residues 28 to 35, from 49 to 59, and from 92 to 103, respectively. HV3 is the most variable part. Thus these regions are the paratope, the binding site of antigen. The rest of the V region between the hypervariable regions are called framework regions. Each V domain has four framework domains, namely FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4.[4][5]
Properties[edit]
Chemical basis of antigen-antibody interaction[edit]
Antibodies bind antigens through weak chemical interactions, and bonding is essentially non-covalent. Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions are all known to be involved depending on the interaction sites.[6][7]
Affinity of the interaction[edit]
Antigen and antibody interact through a high affinity binding much like lock and key.[8] A dynamic equilibrium exists for the binding. For example, the reaction is a reversible one, and can be expressed as:
[ A b ] + [ A g ] ⇋ [ A b A g ] {\displaystyle [Ab]+[Ag]\leftrightharpoons [AbAg]}
where [Ab] is the antibody concentration and [Ag] is the antigen concentration, either in free ([Ab],[Ag]) or bound ([AbAg]) state.
The equilibrium association constant can therefore be represented as: K a = k o n k o f f = [ A b A g ] [ A b ] [ A g ] {\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {k_{on}}{k_{off}}}={\frac {[AbAg]}{[Ab][Ag]}}}
where K is the equilibrium constant.
Reciprocally the dissociation constant will be: K d = k o f f k o n = [ A b ] [ A g ] [ A b A g ] {\displaystyle K_{d}={\frac {k_{off}}{k_{on}}}={\frac {[Ab][Ag]}{[AbAg]}}}
However, these equations are applicable only to a single epitope binding, i.e. one antigen on one antibody. Since the antibody necessarily has two paratopes, and in many circumstances complex binding occurs, the multiple binding equilibrium can be summed up as:
K a = k o n k o f f = [ A b A g ] [ A b ] [ A g ] {\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {k_{on}}{k_{off}}}={\frac {[AbAg]}{[Ab][Ag]}}} = r/c(n-r)
where, at equilibrium, c is the concentration of free ligand, r represents the ratio of the concentration of bound ligand to total antibody concentration and n is the maximum number of binding sites per antibody molecule (the antibody valence).
The overall strength of the binding of an antibody to an antigen is termed its avidity for that antigen. Since antibodies are bivalent or polyvalent, this is the sum of the strengths of individual antibody-antigen interactions. The strength of an individual interaction between a single binding site on an antibody and its target epitope is termed the affinity of that interaction.
Avidity and affinity can be judged by the dissociation constant for the interactions they describe. The lower the dissociation constant, the higher the avidity or affinity, and the stronger the interaction.
Application[edit]
Antigen-antibody interaction is used in laboratory techniques for serological test of blood compatibility and various pathogenic infections. The most basic is ABO blood group determination, which is useful for blood transfusion.[9] Sophisticated applications include ELISA,[10] enzyme-linked immunospot (Elispot), immunofluorescence, and immunoelectrophoresis.[11][12][13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Richard J. (1952). "A Theory of Antibody—Antigen Reactions. I. Theory for Reactions of Multivalent Antigen with Bivalent and Univalent Antibody". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (22): 5715–5725. doi:10.1021/ja01142a045.
Jump up ^ Sahimi, Muhammad (1994). Applications of Percolation Theory. London: CRC Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-203-22153-2.
Jump up ^ Spiers, JA (1958). "Goldberg's theory of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro". Immunology. 1 (2): 89–102. PMC 1423897  . PMID 13538526.
^ Jump up to: a b Janeway, Charles A Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J (2001). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5 ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
Jump up ^ Mian, I.Saira; Bradwell, Arthur R.; Olson, Arthur J. (1991). "Structure, function and properties of antibody binding sites". Journal of Molecular Biology. 217 (1): 133–151. PMID 1988675. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90617-F.
Jump up ^ van Oss, CJ; Good, RJ; Chaudhury, MK (1986). "Nature of the antigen-antibody interaction. Primary and secondary bonds: optimal conditions for association and dissociation". Journal of Chromatography. 376: 111–9. PMID 3711190.
Jump up ^ Absolom, DR; van Oss, CJ (1986). "The nature of the antigen-antibody bond and the factors affecting its association and dissociation". CRC Critical Reviews in Immunology. 6 (1): 1–46. PMID 3522103.
Jump up ^ Braden, BC; Dall'Acqua, W; Eisenstein, E; Fields, BA; Goldbaum, FA; Malchiodi, EL; Mariuzza, RA; Schwarz, FP; Ysern, X; Poljak, RJ (1995). "Protein motion and lock and key complementarity in antigen-antibody reactions.". Pharmaceutica acta Helvetiae. 69 (4): 225–30. PMID 7651966. doi:10.1016/0031-6865(94)00046-x.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Gene. "Immunoglobulins- antigen-antibody reactions and selected tests". Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Margolis, Simeon (5 January 2012). "Antigen/Antibody Tests for Infectious Disease". Remedy Health Media, LLC. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Charles W.; Chakrabarty, Subhas; Schauder, Keith S.; Yeoman, Lynn C. (1983). "Identification of Cytosolic Antigens from GW-39 Adenocarcinoma Cells by Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis and Immunofluorescence". Immunological Investigations. 12 (3): 315–329. doi:10.3109/08820138309050753.
Jump up ^ Ferenčík, Miroslav (2013). Handbook of Immunochemistry. Netherlands: Springer. pp. 309–386. ISBN 978-94-010-4678-7. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1552-0_12.
Jump up ^ Odell, Ian D; Cook, Deborah (2013). "Immunofluorescence Techniques". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 (1): e4. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.455.
External links[edit]
Antigen-antibody reaction
Discover Biotech
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigen-antibody_interaction&oldid=797925549"
Categories:
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Naomi Grossman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Naomi Grossman
Grossman in May 2015
Born
(1975-02-06) February 6, 1975 (age 43)
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Nationality
American
Alma mater
Northwestern University
Occupation
Actress
writer
producer
Years active
1990–Present
Website
www.naomigrossman.net
Naomi Grossman (born February 6, 1975) is an American actress, writer, and producer best known for her role as Pepper in the second and fourth seasons of the FX horror television series American Horror Story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Grossman was born in Denver, Colorado. In her early life, she performed in community theatre shows. After attending high school in Argentina, she attended and graduated from Northwestern University with a theatre major, as the only university she applied to.[1][2] She was a member of improvisational and sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings in Los Angeles, California, and wanted to ultimately perform on Saturday Night Live. When the group cut ties with her, she began teaching the Spanish language and separating herself from her acting career.[3] Grossman also writes and produces and has cited Lily Tomlin, Tracy Ullman, Gilda Radner and Carol Burnett as inspirations.[1]
Career[edit]
Grossman began her career in 1990 with minor television roles, along with commercial and theatre appearances.[1]
Not knowing what role she was auditioning for, Grossman sent in an audition for American Horror Story: Asylum in mid-2012 and was cast in soon after as Pepper, a microcephalic; the season premiered later that year on October 17.[4] In preparation for the role, she shaved her head bald.[3] In 2014, it was revealed that Grossman would return to the series in its fourth season, American Horror Story: Freak Show, reprising her role as Pepper from the second season, making her the first to play the same role in two different seasons of the show. She spoke of her casting in the fourth season saying that reprising her role was "the last thing from [her] mind" since it had never been done before.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Grossman at PaleyFest 2013 for American Horror Story: Asylum
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Marisa, Where Art Thou? Wendy Short film
2005 Over the Shoulder Goth Girl Short film
2007 Bubbles Mama Short film
Wacky Spoof Commercials People's Bank Gal 2 Short film
2008 Yes Bonnie Short film
Men at Work Woman
2009 Represent Shania Short film
Table for Three Actress
The Hollywood Housesitter Waitress Short film
My Boyfriend Is a Blimp Suzy Short film
Jesus's Secretary Mary Short film
Hot Yoga Amani Short film
Food Poisoning Naomi Short film
Burka Girls Gone Wild Unknown
2010 Random Chapters in the Life of Some Guy Wife Short film
Paradrunken Activity Katie Short film
2011 Chubduction Hilary Q.
Teat the Parents Girlfriend Short film
2012 Kev Jumba Dances with the Stars! Dot
Touch My Junk Traveler Short film
2013 Bakersfield, Earth Unknown Short film
Rip Bella Tiavas Stylized as #RIP
2014 Just Me and All of You Katrina Short film
2015 The Ones Dance Instructor Post-production
The Chair Mother Pre-production
2016 Fear, Inc. Cat
2018 Painkillers Nurse Sheralyn
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Father Dowling Mysteries Confirmation Kid Episode: "The Passionate Painter Mystery"
1998 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Cheerleader Episode: "The Pom Pom Incident"
2007 Destination Truth Herself/Translator 3 episodes
2012 FammGlamm Gazelda Episode: "Quality Control"
2012–13 American Horror Story: Asylum Pepper 7 episodes
2014 American Horror Story: Freak Show 10 episodes
2017 Hell's Kitchen Herself Episode: "Leaving It on the Line"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Tenere. "Naomi Grossman: Actress - "I Could Be On A Desert Island with a Pen, Paper, a Camera, and YouTube and Be Happy"". Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Renken, Charlotte (November 2, 2014). "Santa Fe Comic Con: Naomi Grossman "Play With Me! Inside American Horror Story"". Hush Comics. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayne, Michael (October 24, 2014). "Naomi Grossman of "American Horror Story": "I've never been told I was so pretty until played the ugliest person on TV"". Salon. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story : Season 2". Metacritic. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Branch, Chris (December 12, 2014). "'American Horror Story' Star Naomi Grossman: Pepper Made Ryan Murphy Break His Own Rule". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
External links[edit]
Naomi Grossman on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Grossman&oldid=832681940"
Categories:
21st-century American actresses
American television actresses
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
Actresses from Denver
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
1975 births
Living people
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This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 12:04.
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