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War for the Planet of the Apes
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War for the Planet of the Apes
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Matt Reeves
Produced by
Peter Chernin
Dylan Clark
Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Written by
Mark Bomback
Matt Reeves
Based on
Characters created
by Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes
by Pierre Boulle (uncredited)
Starring
Andy Serkis
Woody Harrelson
Steve Zahn
Music by
Michael Giacchino[1]
Cinematography
Michael Seresin
Edited by
William Hoy
Stan Salfas
Production
company
Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10) (SVA Theatre)[2]
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) (United States)
Running time
140 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$150 million[4]
Box office
$471.6 million[5]
War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves. A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series. The film stars Andy Serkis, Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn, and follows a confrontation between the apes, led by Caesar, and the humans for control of Earth. Like its predecessor, its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series, Battle for the Planet of the Apes, but it is not a direct remake.
Principal photography began on October 14, 2015, in Vancouver. War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14, 2017, by 20th Century Fox.[6] The film has grossed over $471 million and received critical praise, with many reviewers highlighting the acting (particularly Serkis), visual effects, story, musical score, action sequences and direction.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Apes
2.2 Humans
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Visual effects
4 Influences
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Track listing
6 Release
6.1 Marketing
6.2 Home media
7 Reception
7.1 Box office
7.2 Critical response
8 Future
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Two years after the U.S. military was called to fight off an increasingly intelligent and dangerous tribe of apes, starting a devastating war between the two species, the apes' clan, led by the chimpanzee Caesar, are attacked in the woods by a rogue paramilitary faction known as Alpha-Omega, led by a mysterious Colonel. Alpha-Omega also has in its service apes they call "donkeys" that had previously followed Koba, a maniacal, human-hating bonobo who led a failed coup against Caesar and started the war after leading a vengeful attack against human survivors in San Francisco. During the attack, the Alpha-Omega soldiers are met by heavy ape resistance, and four soldiers, including a "donkey" gorilla named Red, are captured by the apes. Caesar arrives and orders the human soldiers to be released, with a message to the Colonel that he did not start the war and he killed Koba for doing so, and that he desires peace between the humans and apes. Caesar, out of spite, orders that Red is to be imprisoned but he escapes, injuring albino gorilla Winter.
Soon after, Caesar's son, Blue Eyes, and his lieutenant Rocket return from a journey to find a safe haven for the apes. They report that they have found a place across the desert that is perfect for the clan. Winter, still frightened from the soldiers' attack, wants to leave immediately, but Caesar does not think they are prepared to leave so soon. That night, a group of Alpha-Omega soldiers, led by the Colonel, infiltrates the apes' home behind a waterfall. The apes discover their presence and kill them all except the Colonel, whom Caeser encounters preparing to escape. Discovering that the Colonel has killed his wife Cornelia along with Blue Eyes, an enraged Caesar lunges at the Colonel but fails to prevent him from escaping out of the waterfall. Upon discovering that Winter has disappeared, Luca, a gorilla and Caesar's secondary lieutenant, believes that he has betrayed them out of cowardice.
Leaving his younger son Cornelius in the care of Blue Eyes' mate Lake, Caesar departs to exact revenge on the Colonel for the deaths of his wife and oldest son. He is accompanied by Maurice, a orangutan and Caesar's adviser, Luca, and Rocket, while the other apes head for the desert. During their journey, the apes enter an abandoned village, encounter a soldier, and kill him. Caesar, Maurice, Luca, and Rocket search the dead soldier's home. Maurice discovers the soldier's daughter who is apparently unable to speak. Maurice befriends and adopts the girl, giving her a small rag doll.
Along the way, Caesar's party encounters Winter in an Alpha-Omega camp on the beach where he has volunteered to become a "donkey" for the soldiers in return for sparing his life. He tells Caesar's group that the Colonel has departed for a location referred to as the "border." Winter tries to call out to the Alpha-Omega soldiers to save him, but Caesar and the others struggle to keep him quiet. While restraining Winter, Caesar accidentally smothers and kills him. Caesar begins to worry that he is becoming like Koba by killing his fellow apes and seeking revenge. While following the soldiers to the border, they discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead. Their examination of a soldier who survived reveals that he, like the girl, cannot speak. At the soldier's urging, Caesar mercifully kills him. Later the group encounters Bad Ape, a reclusive chimpanzee hermit who lived in the Sierra Zoo before the Simian Flu pandemic. Bad Ape reveals that the human soldiers are encamped at the border and hesitantly agrees to lead them there.
When the group arrives at the border, they see hundreds of apes held captive inside a former quarantine facility. While getting a closer look, Luca is killed protecting Caesar from an Alpha-Omega patrol, angering Caesar and causing him to proceed alone. Caesar discovers the rest of his ape clan has been captured, and are being forced to build a wall with no food or water; he is captured by Red. The Colonel reveals to Caesar that the Simian Flu virus has mutated and now causes humans who survived the original strain to become mute, which he believes is a sign of devolution to a primitive state. Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading himself in the facility to fend off remnants of the U.S. Army from the north who are coming to execute him because he favors massacring any infected humans, including his own son, to stop the spread of the virus. Caesar is commended by the Colonel for his intelligence, and the Colonel explains that he is fighting a "holy war" for humanity's survival.
While Caesar is tortured with starvation, the mute girl, whom Maurice names Nova, sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food, water, and her rag doll (originally given to her by Maurice). To prevent Nova from being discovered, Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion. The next day, the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive, and confiscates Nova's doll upon discovering it. Together Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility. Maurice and Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes, and Caesar orders the others to escape while he goes to confront the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army. Caesar reaches the Colonel and prepares to kill him, but discovers that Nova's doll has infected him with the mutated virus, rendering him unable to speak. Caesar spares the Colonel and watches as he uses his pistol to commit suicide, rather than regressing to a primitive state.
During the battle between Alpha-Omega and the northern army, the escaping apes come under fire from Alpha-Omega. Caesar attempts to attack Alpha-Omega forces from behind, but is shot with a crossbow by Preacher, one of the Alpha-Omega soldiers he had previously set free. In an act of redemption, Red saves Caesar's life by killing Preacher with a grenade launcher, and gets shot by an Alpha-Omega superior as a result. Caesar blows up a large fuel tank, causing a cascade of explosions which destroys the Alpha-Omega facility, allowing the northern army to win the battle. However, the army is subsequently devastated by an avalanche, which Caesar and the other apes, carrying Nova, survive by climbing nearby trees.
The remaining apes depart the facility and cross the desert to find an oasis. While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home, Maurice discovers Caesar's wound. Maurice then speaks, telling the dying Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was, what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes. Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds, dying peacefully while Maurice mourns his passing as the other apes look on.
Cast[edit]
Apes[edit]
Andy Serkis as Caesar, an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes.[7]
Steve Zahn as "Bad Ape", a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak, and was a hermit before joining Caesar's group.[8][9]
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar's adviser.[7]
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee who is Caesar's brother-figure.[10]
Ty Olsson as Red, a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba, now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar. Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise.[citation needed]
Michael Adamthwaite as Luca, a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe.[citation needed]
Toby Kebbell reprises his role as Koba from Dawn, appearing in Caesar's hallucinations.
Judy Greer as Cornelia, Caesar's wife.[7]
Sara Canning as Lake, a common chimpanzee in Caesar's tribe, who is also Blue Eyes' mate and later Cornelius's caretaker.[11]
Max Lloyd-Jones as Blue Eyes, Caesar and Cornelia's oldest son.[12]
Devyn Dalton as Cornelius, Caesar and Cornelia's youngest son, and Blue Eyes' younger brother. Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise.
Aleks Paunovic as Winter, an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear.[13]
Humans[edit]
Woody Harrelson as The Colonel, the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha-Omega, who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species.[14][15]
Amiah Miller as Nova, a mute orphan whom Maurice adopts as his daughter.[16][17]
Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher, a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha-Omega.[18]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Matt Reeves, Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic-Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel
After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. In January 2014, the studio announced the third film, with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, and Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers.[19][20] During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV, Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film's setting. "...It could be five years after the event. It could be the night after the events of where we left 'Dawn.'"[21] In May 2015, the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[22]
When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn, the film already had a release date, which led to an accelerated production schedule. However, with the third installment, Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film. Taking advantage of this, the two bonded with each other more than before.[23]
In interviews for Dawn, Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans: "As this story continues, we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn. That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with. Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never, ever wanted to deal with, and was hoping he could avoid. And now he is right in the middle of it. The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways, in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply. It’s going to be an epic story. I think you’ve probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary. The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times. This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history, and sort of leads to an almost biblical status. He is going to become like a mythic ape figure, like Moses."[24]
Toby Kebbell, who portrayed Koba in Dawn, had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters.[25] Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early, with Bomback saying, "If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, you hear Koba’s breathing. We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to. Very early on in spitballing, we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba – certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story. But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea. In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film, Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother. That would have resonance, and we wanted to make sure that didn’t get lost. So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar’s mind at this point and revisit Koba that way."[26]
Casting[edit]
In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film.[27] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was supporting.[14] In October 2015, TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film, which had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[8] It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film's humans, with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice,[7][16] while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes.[13][11]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[28][29] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[30] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[31] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[32]
Visual effects[edit]
As with Rise and Dawn, the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital; the apes were created with a mixture of motion-capture and CGI key-frame animation, as they were performed in motion-capture technology and animated in CGI.
Influences[edit]
At New York Comic-Con 2016, Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing. He said, "One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies. We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does. We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie. We watched every Planet of the Apes movie, war movies, westerns, Empire Strikes Back... We just thought, 'We have to pretend we have all the time in the world,' even though we had limited time. We got really inspired."[33]
Additionally, during production, Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape. Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements, they also watched Biblical epics like Ben-Hur and The Ten Commandments. The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson's Colonel, a military leader with pretensions toward godhood. Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai. Another comparison is in Caesar's journey to find the Colonel, flanked by a posse of close friends – a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood's war-weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales.[23] Influences from the film Apocalypse Now, notably Harrelson's character and his Alpha-Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz's renegade army, were also noted by several journalists.[34][35][36] Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration.[37]
Soundtrack[edit]
War for the Planet of the Apes
Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino
Released
July 7, 2017 (Digital)
July 21, 2017 (Physical)
Recorded
2017
Genre
Film score
Label
Sony Masterworks
Michael Giacchino film scores chronology
Spider-Man: Homecoming
(2017)Spider-Man: Homecoming2017 War for the Planet of the Apes
(2017) Coco
(2017)Coco2017
On October 17, 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino, the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn, would return to compose War's score.[38] The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7, 2017,[39] and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21, 2017.[40]
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Michael Giacchino.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Apes’ Past is Prologue" 10:53
2. "Assault of the Earth" 5:29
3. "Exodus Wounds" 4:23
4. "The Posse Polonaise" 1:39
5. "The Bad Ape Bagatelle" 1:13
6. "Don’t Luca Now" 3:53
7. "Koba Dependent" 2:54
8. "The Ecstasy of the Bold" 1:57
9. "Apes Together Strong" 7:12
10. "A Tide in the Affairs of Apes" 5:31
11. "Planet of the Escapes" 2:42
12. "The Hating Game" 2:04
13. "A Man Named Suicide" 5:32
14. "More Red Than Alive" 2:41
15. "Migration" 2:03
16. "Paradise Found" 5:35
17. "End Credits" 9:30
Total length: 75:11
Release[edit]
The film was initially set for a July 29, 2016, release. However, in January 2015, Fox postponed the film's release date to July 14, 2017.[41][6]
Marketing[edit]
Special behind-the-scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22, 2015, as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis.[42] The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC.[43][44] The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance-capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape.[45] The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page later the same day.[46]
At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6, Reeves, Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film.[47]
Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game, for which he performed motion capture.[48] Titled Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier, the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC in fall 2017.[49]
Home media[edit]
War for the Planet of the Apes will be released on Digital HD on October 10, 2017 and on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[50]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of September 24, 2017[update], War for the Planet of the Apes has grossed $146.3 million in the United States and Canada and $325.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $471.6 million, against a production budget of $150 million.[5]
In North America, the film was projected to gross $50–60 million in its opening weekend,[51] however, given its acclaimed status and strong word-of-mouth, rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70–80 million.[4][52][53] War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales, a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots (such as Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Transformers: The Last Knight and The Mummy). However, box office analysts noted that well-reviewed films have tended to perform in-line with estimates (Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Wonder Woman and Spider-Man: Homecoming).[54][55][56] The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters, up 22% from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor, and $22.1 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $56.3 million, topping the box office, albeit with a 22% drop from Dawn's $72.6 million debut.[57][58] In its second weekend, the film grossed $20.9 million (a drop of 62.9%, more than the 50.4% fall Dawn saw), finishing 4th at the box office.[59] In its third weekend, the film made $10.5 million (dropping another 49.9%), finishing 6th at the box office. It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ($16.1 million) and Dawn ($16.8 million).[60]
Outside North America, War for the Planet of the Apes is receiving a scattered release in a span of three months (July–September). The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14, albeit only in two major markets, and was projected to have an opening of $50–60 million, with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform, as they have for recent tent poles.[4] The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million, including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom.[61]
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)
War for the Planet of the Apes received praise for the performances of its cast (particularly Serkis), direction, musical score, visual effects, cinematography and morally complex storyline.[62] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93%, based on 268 reviews, with a rating average of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful, poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful – and truly blockbuster – note."[63] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[64] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors.[57]
Future[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)
During an interview with MTV News in mid-November 2014, Andy Serkis talked about possible sequels: "It might be three films, it could be four. It could be five. Who knows? The journey will continue."[21] In October 2016, it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is being planned.[65][66]
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Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Brad Brevet (July 13, 2017). "Will 'War for the Planet of the Apes' Top 'Spider-Man' for #1 at the Weekend Box Office?". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seth Kelly. "‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking". Variety. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster (July 11, 2017). "‘War for the Planet of the Apes’ to Do Battle With ‘Spider-Man: Homecoming’ at Box Office". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder (July 12, 2017). "Hollywood's summer box-office lesson: 'The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone'". Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brent Lang, Seth Kelley (July 11, 2017). "How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office". Variety. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (June 13, 2017). "Box-Office Preview: 'War for the Planet of the Apes' to Battle 'Spider-Man'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘War For The Planet Of The Apes’ Loots $56.5M In Box Office Spoils". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Box office top 20: The Apes unseat Spider-Man". Associated Press. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Dunkirk’ Seizes $50.5M; ‘Girls Trip’ Is Malcolm D. Lee’s Highest Opening; The Reasons Why ‘Valerian’ Crashed". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Dunkirk’ Marches Ahead Of ‘Emoji Movie’ For Top Spot With $28M+". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘War For The Planet Of The Apes’ Marshals $44.2M In Bow; ‘Spider-Man’ Rises To $260M Overseas". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan (June 26, 2017). "'War for the Planet of the Apes': What the Critics Are Saying". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "War for the Planet of the Apes Sequels: What's Next?". October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Owen, Luke (12 October 2016). "Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed". Flickering Myth. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
External links[edit]
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War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes
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Handedness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about left- and right-handedness in humans. For other uses, see Handedness (disambiguation).
"Left-hander" redirects here. For other uses, see Left-Hander (disambiguation).
"Southpaw" redirects here. For the boxing stance, see Southpaw stance. For other uses, see Southpaw (disambiguation).
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Handedness is a better (faster or more precise) performance or individual preference for use of a hand, known as the dominant hand; the less capable or less preferred hand is called the nondominant hand.[1][2][3] Despite the common terminology of "left-handed" or "right-handed", handedness is not a discrete variable (right or left), but a continuous one that can be expressed at levels between strong left and strong right.[4] In between these extremes lie various degrees of mixed-handedness and ambidexterity.[1] Men are somewhat more likely to express a strongly dominant left hand than women.[5] Studies suggest that 88–92% of the world population is right-handed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Handedness developmental timeline
3 Developmental theories of handedness
3.1 Division of labor
3.2 Genetic factors
3.3 Epigenetic factors
3.4 Prenatal hormone exposure
3.5 Prenatal vestibular asymmetry
3.6 Ultrasound
4 Features
4.1 Intelligence
4.1.1 Early childhood intelligence
4.2 Health
4.3 Income
4.4 Left-handedness and sports
4.5 Gender ratio and handedness
4.6 Sexuality and gender identity
5 Social stigma and repression of left-handedness
6 International Left-Handers Day
7 In animals
8 See also
9 Sources
10 External links
Types[edit]
Right-handedness is most common. Right-handed people are more skillful with their right hands when performing tasks. Studies suggest that 88–92% of the world population is right-handed.[6]
Left-handedness is far less common than right-handedness. Left-handed people are more skillful with their left hands when performing tasks. Studies suggest that approximately 10% of the world population is left-handed.[7]
Cross-dominance or Mixed-handedness is the change of hand preference between tasks. This is common in the population with about a 1% prevalence.[4]
Ambidexterity is exceptionally rare, although it can be learned. A truly ambidextrous person is able to do any task equally well with either hand. Those who learn it still tend to favor their originally dominant hand.[1]
Handedness developmental timeline[edit]
Infants have been known to fluctuate heavily when choosing a hand to lead in grasping and object manipulation tasks. This is especially shown when observing hand dominance in one versus two-handed grasping tasks. Between 36 and 48 months, variability between handedness in one handed grasping begins to decline significantly. This difference can be seen earlier in bi-manual manipulation tasks. 18-36 month old children showed more hand preference when performing bi-manipulation tasks than simple grasping. [8] The decrease in handedness variability for 36-48 month old children could likely be attributed to preschool or kindergarten attendance. The increase in required single hand grasping activities such as writing or coloring can force children to develop a hand preference. [8]
Developmental theories of handedness[edit]
There are several theories of how handedness develops in individual humans. Occurrences during prenatal development may be important; researchers studied fetuses in utero and determined that handedness in the womb was a very accurate predictor of handedness after birth.[9] In a 2013 study, 39% of infants (6 to 14 months) and 97% of toddlers (18 to 24 months) demonstrated a hand preference.[10]
Division of labor[edit]
One common theory, as to how handedness affects the hemispheres, is the brain hemisphere division of labor. Since speaking and handiwork require fine motor skills, its presumption is that it would be more efficient to have one brain hemisphere do both, rather than having it divided up. Since in most people, the left side of the brain controls speaking, right-handedness predominates. This theory also predicts that left-handed people have a reversed brain division of labor.[11]
Verbal processing in right-handed individuals takes place mostly in the left hemisphere, whereas visuospatial processing is mostly done in the opposite hemisphere. Left-handed individuals have a heterogeneous brain organization in which their brain hemisphere is either organized in the same way as right-handers (but with the hemispheres reversed) or even such that both hemispheres are used for verbal processing. When the average is taken across all types of left-handedness, it shows that left-handers are less lateralized.[11]
Genetic factors[edit]
Handedness displays a complex inheritance pattern. For example, if both parents of a child are left-handed, there is a 26% chance of that child being left-handed.[12] A large study of twins from 25,732 families by Medland et al. (2006) has indicated that the heritability of handedness is roughly 24%.[13]
To date, two theoretical single gene models have been proposed to explain the patterns of inheritance of handedness, the first by Marian Annett[14] of the University of Leicester and the second by Professor Chris McManus[12] of UCL.
However, the growing weight of evidence from linkage and genome-wide association studies suggests that genetic variance in handedness cannot be explained by a single genetic locus.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] From these studies McManus et al. now conclude that handedness is polygenic and estimate that at least 40 loci contribute to determining this trait.[23]
Brandler et al. performed a genome-wide association study for a measure of relative hand skill and found that genes involved in the determination of left/right asymmetry in the body play a key role in determining handedness.[24] These results suggest the same mechanisms that determine left/right asymmetry in the body (e.g. Nodal signaling and ciliogenesis) also play a role in the development of brain asymmetry (handedness is an outward reflection of brain asymmetry for motor function).
Epigenetic factors[edit]
Twin studies indicate that genetic factors explain 25% of the variance in handedness, while environmental factors explain the remaining 75%.[25] While the molecular basis of handedness epigenetics is largely unclear, Ocklenburg et al. 2017 found that asymmetric methylation of CpG sites plays a key role for gene expression asymmetries that have been related to handedness.[26][27]
Prenatal hormone exposure[edit]
Four studies have indicated that individuals who have had in-utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (a synthetic estrogen-based fertility drug) were more likely to be left-handed over the clinical control group. Diethylstilbestrol animal studies "suggest that estrogen affects the developing brain, including the part that governs sexual behavior and right and left dominance".[28][29][30][31]
Prenatal vestibular asymmetry[edit]
Previc, after reviewing a large number of studies, found evidence that the position of the fetus in the final trimester and a baby's subsequent birth position can affect handedness. About two-thirds of fetuses present with their left occiput (back of the head) at birth. This partly explains why prematurity results in a decrease in right-handedness. Previc argues that asymmetric prenatal positioning creates asymmetric stimulation of the vestibular system, which is involved in the development of handedness. In fact, every major disorder in which patients show reduced right-handedness is associated with either vestibular abnormalities or delay,[32] and asymmetry of the vestibular cortex is strongly correlated with the direction of handedness.[33]
Ultrasound[edit]
Another theory is that ultrasound may affect the brains of unborn children, causing higher rates of left-handedness in children whose mothers received ultrasounds during pregnancy. Research on this topic suggests there may exist a weak association between ultrasound screening (sonography used to check on the healthy development of the fetus and mother during pregnancy) and left-handedness.[34]
Features[edit]
Intelligence[edit]
Further information: Handedness and mathematical ability and List of musicians who play left-handed
In his book Right-Hand, Left-Hand, Chris McManus of University College London argues that the proportion of left-handers is increasing and left-handed people as a group have historically produced an above-average quota of high achievers. He says that left-handers' brains are structured differently (in a way that increases their range of abilities) and the genes that determine left-handedness also govern development of the language centers of the brain.[35]
Writing in Scientific American, McManus states that,
Studies in the U.K., U.S. and Australia have revealed that left-handed people differ from right-handers by only one IQ point, which is not noteworthy ... Left-handers’ brains are structured differently from right-handers’ in ways that can allow them to process language, spatial relations and emotions in more diverse and potentially creative ways. Also, a slightly larger number of left-handers than right-handers are especially gifted in music and math. A study of musicians in professional orchestras found a significantly greater proportion of talented left-handers, even among those who played instruments that seem designed for right-handers, such as violins. Similarly, studies of adolescents who took tests to assess mathematical giftedness found many more left-handers in the population.[36]
Early childhood intelligence[edit]
Nelson, Campbell, and Michel studied infants and whether developing handedness during infancy correlated with language abilities in toddlers. In the article they assessed 38 infants and followed them through to 12 months and then again once they became toddlers from 18–24 months. What they discovered was that when a child developed a consistent use of its right or left hand during infancy (such as using the right hand to put the pacifier back in, or grasping random objects with the left hand), it was more likely to have superior language skills as a toddler. Children who became lateral later than infancy (i.e., when they were toddlers) showed normal development of language and had typical language scores.[37] The researchers used Bayley scales of infant and toddler development to assess all the subjects.
Health[edit]
Lower-birth-weight and complications at birth are positively correlated with left-handness.[38]
A variety of neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and alcoholism has been associated with left- and mixed-handedness.[39][40]
A 2012 study showed that nearly 40% of children with cerebral palsy were left-handed,[41] while another study demonstrated that Left-handedness was associated with a 62 percent increased risk of Parkinson's Disease in women, but not in men.[42] Another study suggests that the risk of developing multiple sclerosis increases for left-handed women, but the effect is unknown for men at this point.[43]
Left-handed women have a higher risk of breast cancer than right-handed women and the effect is greater post-menopausal.[44]
At least one study maintains that left-handers are more likely to suffer from heart disease, and in a cardiovascular context, are more likely to have reduced longevity.[45]
Left-handers are more likely to suffer bone fractures.[46]
One systematic review concluded: "Left-handers showed no systematic tendency to suffer from disorders of the immune system".[47]
If handedness is entirely genetic, these health problems mean left-handness could be eliminated through natural selection. However, left-handers enjoy an advantage in fighting and sports increasing their likelihood of reproduction.[48]
Income[edit]
In a 2006 U.S. study, researchers from Lafayette College and Johns Hopkins University concluded that there was no statistically significant correlation between handedness and earnings for the general population, but among college-educated people, left-handers earned 10 to 15% more than their right-handed counterparts.[49]
More recently, in a 2014 study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Harvard economist Joshua Goodman finds that left-handed people earn 10 to 12 percent less over the course of their lives than right-handed people. Goodman attributes this disparity to higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems in left-handed people.[50]
Left-handedness and sports[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: Southpaw stance
Interactive sports such as table tennis, badminton, cricket, and tennis have an overrepresentation of left-handedness, while non-interactive sports such as swimming show no overrepresentation. Smaller physical distance between participants increases the overrepresentation. In fencing, about half the participants are left-handed.[51]
Other, sports-specific factors may increase or decrease the advantage left-handers usually hold in one-on-one situations:
In cricket, the overall advantage of a bowler's left-handedness exceeds that resulting from experience alone: even disregarding the experience factor (i.e., even for a batsman whose experience against left-handed bowlers equals his experience against right-handed bowlers), a left-handed bowler challenges the average (i.e., right-handed) batsman more than a right-handed bowler does, because the angle of a bowler's delivery to an opposite-handed batsman is much more penetrating than that of a bowler to a same-handed batsman (see Wasim Akram).[citation needed]
In baseball, a right-handed pitcher's curve ball will break away from a right-handed batter and towards a left-handed batter. Historical batting averages show that left-handed batters have a slight advantage over right-handed batters when facing right-handed pitchers.[52] Because there are fewer left-handed pitchers than right-handed pitchers, left-handed batters have more opportunities to face right-handed pitchers than their right-handed counterparts have against left-handed pitchers.[53] Fourteen of the top twenty career batting averages in Major League Baseball history have been posted by left-handed batters.[54] Left-handed batters have a slightly shorter run from the batter's box to first base than right-handers. This gives left-handers a slight advantage in beating throws to first base on infield ground balls.[55]
Because a left-handed pitcher faces first base when he is in position to throw to the batter, whereas a right-handed pitcher has his back to first base, a left-handed pitcher has an advantage when attempting to pickoff baserunners at first base.[55]
Defensively in baseball, left-handedness is considered an advantage for first basemen because they are better suited to fielding balls hit in the gap between first and second base, and because they do not have to pivot their body around before throwing the ball to another infielder.[56] For the same reason, the other infielder's positions are seen as being advantageous to right-handed throwers. Historically, there have been few left-handed catchers because of the perceived disadvantage a left-handed catcher would have in making the throw to third base, especially with a right-handed hitter at the plate.[57] A left-handed catcher would have a potentially more dangerous time tagging out a baserunner trying to score.[57] With the ball in the glove on the right hand, a left-handed catcher would have to turn his body to the left to tag a runner. In doing so, he can lose the opportunity to brace himself for an impending collision.[57] The lack of left-handed catchers might be due to traditions.[57]
In four wall handball, typical strategy is to play along the left wall forcing the opponent to use their left hand to counter the attack and playing into the strength of a left-handed competitor.
In water polo the centre forward position has an advantage in turning to shoot on net when rotating the reverse direction as expected by the centre of the opposition defence and gain an improved position to score.
Ice hockey typically uses a strategy in which a defence pairing includes one left-handed and one right-handed defender. A disproportionately large number of ice hockey players of all positions, 62 percent, shoot left, though this does not necessarily indicate left-handedness.[58]
In sports in which one competitor's performance does not affect another's (except indirectly through subjectively perceived psychological pressure), a particular hand preference confers little or no advantage. Golf and miniature golf feature occasional situations when obstacles on one side of the ball but not the other interfere with the stance or swing of a right- or left-handed player but not the other's. Even so, the "favoritism" on any given course is probably minimal, especially at high levels of play: a layperson such as the owner of a small miniature golf business may, when placing obstacles, assess the results from only the perspective of his or her handedness, such that more courses would be made difficult for right-handers than for left-handers. However, a thoughtful designer—especially a professional in the field—is likely to ensure game balance by adding handedness-specific obstacles in equal numbers and in places of similar tactical importance.[citation needed]
Gender ratio and handedness[edit]
According to a meta-analysis of 144 studies, totaling 1,787,629 participants, the best estimate for the male to female odds ratio was 1.23, therefore 23% more men are left-handed. 11% of men and 9% of women would be approximately 10% overall, at a 1.222 male to female odds ratio.[5]
Sexuality and gender identity[edit]
Further information: Handedness and sexual orientation
A number of studies examining the relationship between handedness and sexual orientation have reported that a disproportionate minority of homosexual people exhibit left-handedness,[59] though findings are mixed.[60][61][62]
A 2001 study also found that children who were assigned male at birth but have non-traditional gender identities were more than twice as likely to be left-handed than a clinical control group (19.5% vs. 8.3%, respectively).[63]
Paraphilias (atypical sexual interests) have also been linked to higher rates of left-handedness. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 males found "elevated paraphilic interests were correlated with elevated non-right handedness".[64] Greater rates of left-handedness has also been documented among individuals who have pedophilia.[65][66][67][68]
A 2014 study attempting to analyze the biological markers of asexuality asserts that non-sexual men and women were 2.4 and 2.5 times, respectively, more likely to be left-handed than their heterosexual counterparts.[69]
Social stigma and repression of left-handedness[edit]
Main article: Bias against left-handed people
Many tools and procedures are designed to facilitate use by right-handed people, often without even realizing difficulties placed on the left-handed. John W. Santrock has written, "For centuries, left-handers have suffered unfair discrimination in a world designed for right-handers."[70]
McManus noted that, beginning at the time of the Industrial Revolution, workers needed to operate complex machines that were almost certainly designed with right-handers in mind. This would have made left-handers more visible and at the same time appear less capable and more clumsy. During this era, children were taught to write with a dip pen. While a right-hander could smoothly drag the pen across paper from left to right, a dip pen could not easily be pushed across by the left hand without digging into the paper and making blots and stains.[71]
Moreover, apart from inconvenience, left-handed people have been considered unlucky or even malicious for their difference by the right-handed majority. In many European languages, including English, the word for the direction "right" also means "correct" or "proper". Throughout history, being left-handed was considered negative. The Latin adjective sinister means "left" as well as "unlucky", and this double meaning survives in European derivatives of Latin, including the English word "sinister" (only when referring to the bearer's left of a coat of arms).
There are many negative connotations associated with the phrase "left-handed": clumsy, awkward, unlucky, insincere, sinister, malicious, and so on. A "left-handed compliment" is considered one that is unflattering or dismissive in meaning. In French, gauche means both "left" and "awkward" or "clumsy", while droit(e) (cognate to English direct and related to "adroit") means both "right" and "straight", as well as "law" and the legal sense of "right". The name "Dexter" derives from the Latin for "right", as does the word "dexterity" meaning manual skill. As these are all very old words, they would tend to support theories indicating that the predominance of right-handedness is an extremely old phenomenon.
Black magic is sometimes referred to as the "left-hand path".
Until very recently in Taiwan (and still in Mainland China), left-handed people were strongly encouraged to switch to being right-handed, or at least switch to writing with the right hand. Due to the importance of stroke order, developed for the comfortable use of right-handed people, it is considered more difficult to write legible Chinese characters with the left hand than it is to write Latin letters, though difficulty is subjective and depends on the writer.[72] Because writing when moving one's hand away from its side towards the other side of the body can cause smudging if the outward side of the hand is allowed to drag across the writing, writing in the Latin alphabet might possibly be less feasible with the left hand than the right under certain circumstances. Conversely, right-to-left alphabets, such as the Arabic and Hebrew, are generally considered easier to write with the left hand in general.[citation needed] Depending on the position and inclination of the writing paper, and the writing method, the left-handed writer can write as neatly and efficiently or as messily and slowly as right-handed writers. Usually the left-handed child needs to be taught how to write correctly with the left hand, since discovering a comfortable left-handed writing method on one's own may not be straightforward.[73][74]
International Left-Handers Day[edit]
Main article: International Left-Handers Day
International Left-Handers Day is held annually every August 13.[75] It was founded by the Left-Handers Club in 1992, with the club itself having been founded in 1990.[75] International Left-Handers Day is, according to the club, "an annual event when left-handers everywhere can celebrate their sinistrality (left-handedness) and increase public awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of being left-handed."[75] It celebrates their uniqueness and differences, who are from seven to ten percent of the world's population. Thousands of left-handed people in today's society have to adapt to use right-handed tools and objects. Again according to the club, "in the U.K. alone there were over 20 regional events to mark the day in 2001- including left-v-right sports matches, a left-handed tea party, pubs using left-handed corkscrews where patrons drank and played pub games with the left hand only, and nationwide 'Lefty Zones' where left-handers' creativity, adaptability and sporting prowess were celebrated, whilst right-handers were encouraged to try out everyday left-handed objects to see just how awkward it can feel using the wrong equipment!"[75]
In animals[edit]
Kangaroos and other macropod marsupials have a left-hand preference for everyday tasks in the wild. ‘True’ handedness is unexpected in marsupials because, unlike placental mammals, they lack a corpus callosum. Left-handedness was particularly apparent in the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and the eastern gray kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Red-necked (Bennett’s) wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) preferentially use their left hand for behaviours that involve fine manipulation, but the right for behaviours that require more physical strength. There was less evidence for handedness in arboreal species.[76] Studies of dogs, horses, and domestic cats have shown that females of those species tend to be right-handed, while males are lefties.[77]
See also[edit]
General
Ambidexterity
Cross-dominance
Footedness
Laterality
Ocular dominance (eyedness)
Handedness
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory
Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis
Situs inversus
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External links[edit]
Look up handedness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left-handedness.
Lefties Have The Advantage In Adversarial Situations, ScienceDaily, April 14, 2006.
Science Creative Quarterly's overview of some of the genetic underpinnings of left-handedness
A left-handed senior citizen recalls the emotional torment he faced at a New York public school in the 1920s. (Audio slideshow)
Woznicki, Katrina (2005). "Breast Cancer Risk Doubles for Southpaw Women", MedPage Today, 26 September.
Hansard (1998) ‘Left-handed Children’, Debate contribution by the Rt Hon. Mr. Peter Luff (MP for Mid-Worcestershire), House of Commons, 22 July.
Is your Child Left-Handed? Why, according to psychological tests, left-handed people ought to remain so. Popular Science. December 1918. p. 22.
Handedness and Earnings / Higher paychecks: a left-handed compliment?
Handedness & earnings, published in Journal of Human Resources 2007
Handedness Research Institute
Study Reveals Why Lefties Are Rare
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