text:
List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics
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Ryan Giggs, Manchester United's record appearance maker
Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. The club was founded as Newton Heath LYR F.C. in 1878 and turned professional in 1885, before joining the Football League in 1892. After a brush with bankruptcy in 1901, the club reformed as Manchester United in 1902. Manchester United currently play in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. They have not been out of the top tier since 1975, and they have never been lower than the second tier.[1] They have also been involved in European football ever since they became the first English club to enter the European Cup in 1956.[2]
This list encompasses the major honours won by Manchester United and records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Manchester United players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club. The club's attendance records, both at Old Trafford, their home since 1910, and Maine Road, their temporary home from 1946 to 1949, are also included in the list.
The club currently holds the record for the most Premier League titles with 13, and the highest number of English top-flight titles with 20. The club's record appearance maker is Ryan Giggs, who made 963 appearances between 1991 and 2014, and the club's record goalscorer is Wayne Rooney, who scored 253 goals in 559 appearances between 2004 and 2017.
All stats accurate as of match played 12 September 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Honours
1.1 Domestic
1.1.1 League
1.1.2 Cups
1.2 European
1.3 Worldwide
2 Players
2.1 Appearances
2.1.1 Most appearances
2.2 Goalscorers
2.2.1 Overall scorers
2.3 Award winners
2.4 Internationals
2.5 Transfers
2.5.1 Highest transfer fees paid
2.5.2 Progression of record fee paid
2.5.3 Highest transfer fees received
2.5.4 Progression of record fee received
3 Managerial records
4 Team records
4.1 Matches
4.1.1 Record wins
4.1.2 Record defeats
4.1.3 Streaks
4.1.4 Wins/draws/losses in a season
4.2 Goals
4.3 Points
4.4 Attendances
5 Season-by-season performance
6 League record by opponent
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Honours[edit]
Winners' and runners-up medals from Manchester United's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008, 2009 and 2011
Manchester United's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which they won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886.[3] Their first national senior honour came in 1908, when they won the 1907–08 Football League First Division title. The club also won the FA Cup for the first time the following year. In terms of the number of trophies won, the 1990s was Manchester United's most successful decade, during which they won five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Community Shield (one shared)[A], one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup.
The club currently holds the record for most top-division titles, with 20. They were also the first team to win the Premier League, as well as holding the record for the most Premier League titles (13), and became the first English team to win the European Cup when they won it in 1968. Their most recent trophy came in May 2017, when they won the UEFA Europa League.[4]
Domestic[edit]
League[edit]
English Top flight: 20 - record
Premier League (Level 1)[B]: 13 – record
1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
First Division (Level 1)[B]: 7
1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67
Second Division (Level 2)[B]: 2
1935–36, 1974–75
Cups[edit]
FA Cup: 12
1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2015–16
League Cup: 5
1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17
FA Charity/Community Shield[A]: 21 (17 outright, 4 shared) – record
1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 (* joint holders)
European[edit]
European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 3
1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
1990–91
UEFA Europa League: 1
2016–17
European Super Cup: 1
1991
Worldwide[edit]
Intercontinental Cup: 1
1999
FIFA Club World Cup: 1
2008
Players[edit]
Paul Scholes has made the third-highest number of appearances for Manchester United.
See also: List of Manchester United F.C. players, List of Manchester United F.C. players (25–99 appearances), and List of Manchester United F.C. players (fewer than 25 appearances)
All current players are in bold
Appearances[edit]
Youngest first-team player: David Gaskell – 16 years, 19 days (against Manchester City, Charity Shield, 24 October 1956)[5]
Oldest first-team player: Billy Meredith – 46 years, 281 days (against Derby County, First Division, 7 May 1921)[6]
Oldest post-Second World War player: Edwin van der Sar – 40 years, 211 days (against Barcelona, UEFA Champions League, 28 May 2011)[7]
Most consecutive League appearances: 206 – Steve Coppell, 15 January 1977 – 7 November 1981[8]
Shortest appearance: 11 seconds – Chris Smalling v Norwich City, Premier League, 26 February 2012[9]
Most appearances[edit]
Competitive, professional matches only. Appearances as substitute (in parentheses) included in total.
Name
Years
League[10]
FA Cup[11]
League Cup[12]
Europe[13]
Other[C][14]
Total[15]
1 Ryan Giggs 1991–2014 672 !672 (117) 074 !074 (12) 041 !041 0(6) 157 !157 (23) 019 !019 0(3) 963 !963 (161)
2 Bobby Charlton 1956–1973 606 !606 00(2) 078 !078 0(0) 024 !024 0(0) 045 !045 0(0) 005 !005 0(0) 758 !758 00(2)
3 Paul Scholes 1994–2011
2012–2013 499 !499 0(95) 049 !049 (17) 021 !021 0(7) 134 !134 (21) 015 !015 0(1) 718 !718 (141)
4 Bill Foulkes 1952–1970 566 !566 00(3) 061 !061 0(0) 003 !003 0(0) 052 !052 0(0) 006 !006 0(0) 688 !688 00(3)
5 Gary Neville 1992–2011 400 !400 0(21) 047 !047 0(3) 025 !025 0(2) 117 !117 0(8) 013 !013 0(2) 602 !602 0(36)
6 Wayne Rooney 2004–2017 393 !393 (182) 040 !040 (22) 020 !020 0(5) 098 !098 (41) 008 !008 0(4) 559 !559 (254)
7 Alex Stepney 1966–1978 433 !433 00(0) 044 !044 0(0) 035 !035 0(0) 023 !023 0(0) 004 !004 0(0) 539 !539 00(0)
8 Tony Dunne 1960–1973 414 !414 00(0) 055 !055 0(1) 021 !021 0(0) 040 !040 0(0) 005 !005 0(0) 535 !535 00(1)
9 Denis Irwin 1990–2002 368 !368 0(12) 043 !043 0(1) 031 !031 0(3) 075 !075 0(2) 012 !012 0(0) 529 !529 0(18)
10 Joe Spence 1919–1933 481 !481 00(0) 029 !029 0(0) 000 !000 0(0) 000 !000 0(0) 000 !000 0(0) 510 !510 00(0)
Goalscorers[edit]
Bobby Charlton was Manchester United's highest all-time goalscorer until 2017, when his total of 249 goals was surpassed by club captain Wayne Rooney.
Most goals in a season in all competitions: 46 – Denis Law, 1963–64[16]
Most League goals in a season: 32 – Dennis Viollet, Division 1, 1959–60[16]
Most League goals in a 38-game season: 31 – Cristiano Ronaldo, Premier League, 2007–08[17]
Top League scorer with fewest goals in a season: 6[18]
Bobby Charlton, 1972–73
Sammy McIlroy, 1973–74
Most goals scored in a match: 6
Harold Halse v Swindon Town, 25 September 1911[19]
George Best v Northampton Town, 7 February 1970[20]
Goals in consecutive league matches: 10 consecutive matches – Ruud van Nistelrooy, 22 March 2003 to 23 August 2003[21]
Fastest goal: 12 seconds – Bryan Robson v Burnley, League Cup, 26 September 1984
Fastest hat-trick: 4 minutes – Ernie Goldthorpe v Notts County, Second Division, 10 February 1923[22]
Fastest four goals: 13 minutes – Ole Gunnar Solskjær v Nottingham Forest, Premier League, 6 February 1999[23]
Most hat-tricks: 18 – Denis Law (3 November 1962 – 17 April 1971)[24]
Overall scorers[edit]
Competitive, professional matches only, appearances including substitutes appear in brackets.
Name
Years
League[25]
FA Cup[26]
League Cup[27]
Europe[28]
Other[C][29]
Total[30]
Goals
per game
1 Wayne Rooney 2004–2017 183 !183 (393) 022 !022 0(40) 005 !005 0(20) 39 !039 0(98) 004 !004 00(8) 253 !253 (559) 0.45
2 Bobby Charlton 1956–1973 199 !199 (606) 019 !019 0(78) 007 !007 0(24) 022 !022 0(45) 002 !002 00(5) 249 !249 (758) 0.33
3 Denis Law 1962–1973 171 !171 (309) 034 !034 0(46) 003 !003 0(11) 028 !028 0(33) 001 !001 00(5) 237 !237 (404) 0.59
4 Jack Rowley 1937–1955 182 !182 (380) 026 !026 0(42) 000 !000 00(0) 000 !000 00(0) 003 !003 00(2) 211 !211 (424) 0.50
5 Dennis Viollet 1952–1962 159 !159 (259) 005 !005 0(18) 001 !001 00(2) 013 !013 0(12) 001 !001 00(2) 179 !179 (293) 0.61
George Best 1963–1974 137 !137 (361) 021 !021 0(46) 009 !009 0(25) 011 !011 0(34) 001 !001 00(4) 179 !179 (470) 0.38
7 Joe Spence 1919–1933 158 !158 (481) 010 !010 0(29) 000 !000 00(0) 000 !000 00(0) 000 !000 00(0) 168 !168 (510) 0.33
Ryan Giggs 1991–2014 114 !114 (672) 012 !012 0(74) 012 !012 0(41) 029 !029 (157) 001 !001 0(19) 168 !168 (963) 0.17
9 Mark Hughes 1983–1986
1988–1995 120 !120 (345) 017 !017 0(46) 016 !016 0(38) 009 !009 0(33) 001 !001 00(5) 163 !163 (467) 0.35
10 Paul Scholes 1994–2011
2012–2013 107 !107 (499) 013 !013 0(49) 009 !009 0(21) 026 !026 (134) 000 !000 0(15) 155 !155 (718) 0.22
Award winners[edit]
Ballon d'Or
The following players have won the Ballon d'Or while playing for Manchester United:[31]
Denis Law – 1964
Bobby Charlton – 1966
George Best – 1968
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2008
European Golden Shoe
The following players have won the European Golden Shoe while playing for Manchester United:
Cristiano Ronaldo (31 goals) – 2008[32]
UEFA Club Footballer of the Year
The following players have won the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year award while playing for Manchester United:[33]
David Beckham – 1999
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2008
FIFA World Player of the Year
The following players have won the FIFA World Player of the Year award while playing for Manchester United:
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2008[34]
FIFA Puskás Award
The following players have won the FIFA Puskás Award while playing for Manchester United:
Cristiano Ronaldo – 2009[35]
Internationals[edit]
Manchester United's international players are listed in the players' lounge at Old Trafford.
First international: Jack Powell and Tom Burke for Wales against England (26 February 1887)[36]
All nine of Newton Heath's international players played for Wales.[36] The first non-Welshman to be capped, and the first after the club's change of name to Manchester United, was Charlie Roberts, who was capped for England against Ireland on 25 February 1905.[37]
Most international caps (total): 143 – Cristiano Ronaldo – Portugal (61 while with the club)[38]
Most international caps as a United player: 106 – Bobby Charlton – England[37]
Transfers[edit]
Highest transfer fees paid[edit]
Manchester United's record signing is Paul Pogba, who signed for the club from Juventus for a world record fee of £89.3 million in August 2016.[39] The signing of Anthony Martial for £36 million in 2015 set a world record for the transfer of a teenager.[40]
Player
From
Fee
Date
1 Paul Pogba Juventus £89.3 million[39] August 2016
2 Romelu Lukaku Everton £75 million[41] July 2017
3 Ángel Di María Real Madrid £59.7 million[42] August 2014
4 Nemanja Matić Chelsea £40 million[43] July 2017
5 Juan Mata Chelsea £37.1 million[44] January 2014
6 Anthony Martial Monaco £36 million[40] September 2015
7 Victor Lindelöf Benfica £31 million[45] June 2017
8 Dimitar Berbatov Tottenham Hotspur £30.75 million[46] September 2008
9 Eric Bailly Villarreal £30 million[47] June 2016
10 Rio Ferdinand Leeds United £29.3 million[48] July 2002
Progression of record fee paid[edit]
Rio Ferdinand, signed in July 2002 from Leeds United for £29.3 million, then Manchester United's most expensive purchase.
The first transfer for which Manchester United (then Newton Heath) had to pay a fee was the transfer of Gilbert Godsmark from Ashford in January 1900. Manchester United paid Ashford a fee of £40 for Godsmark.[48] The club's first £1,000 transfer came in 1910, when they signed Leslie Hofton from Glossop.[48] When the club signed Tommy Taylor from Barnsley in 1953, the fee was intended to be £30,000. However, Matt Busby did not want to burden the young player with the "£30,000 man" tag, and Barnsley agreed for the fee to be reduced by £1 to £29,999. Busby then took the extra pound from his wallet and gave it to the lady who had been serving the teas.[49]
Manchester United made their first £100,000 signing in August 1962 with the transfer of Denis Law from Torino for £110,000,[48] a new British record.[50] The club broke the British transfer record again in 1981 with the £1.5 million signing of Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion.[51] When Andy Cole signed for United in January 1995, the club paid £7 million, almost double their previous record of £3.75 million, which they paid for Roy Keane 18 months earlier.[48] In the summer of 2001, the club broke their transfer record twice in the space of a month, first paying PSV £19 million for Ruud van Nistelrooy, and then £28.1 million to Lazio for Juan Sebastián Verón.
Transfers in bold are also records for fees paid by British clubs[52][53]
Date
Player
Bought from
Fee[48][54]
January 1900 Gilbert Godsmark Ashford £40
January 1903 Alex Bell Ayr Parkhouse £700
July 1910 Leslie Hofton Glossop £1,000
March 1914 George Hunter Chelsea £1,300
September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool £2,000
November 1921 Neil McBain Ayr United £6,000
February 1938 Jack Smith Newcastle United £6,500
March 1949 John Downie Bradford Park Avenue £18,000
March 1953 Tommy Taylor Barnsley £29,999
September 1958 Albert Quixall Sheffield Wednesday £45,000
August 1962 Denis Law Torino £110,000
August 1968 Willie Morgan Burnley £117,000
February 1972 Martin Buchan Aberdeen £125,000
March 1972 Ian Storey-Moore Nottingham Forest £200,000
January 1978 Joe Jordan Leeds United £350,000
February 1978 Gordon McQueen Leeds United £495,000
August 1979 Ray Wilkins Chelsea £825,000
October 1980 Garry Birtles Nottingham Forest £1,250,000
October 1981 Bryan Robson West Bromwich Albion £1,500,000
June 1988 Mark Hughes Barcelona £1,800,000
August 1989 Gary Pallister Middlesbrough £2,300,000
July 1993 Roy Keane Nottingham Forest £3,750,000
January 1995 Andy Cole Newcastle United £7,000,000
July 1998 Jaap Stam PSV £10,750,000
August 1998 Dwight Yorke Aston Villa £12,600,000
June 2001 Ruud van Nistelrooy PSV £19,000,000
July 2001 Juan Sebastián Verón Lazio £28,100,000
July 2002 Rio Ferdinand Leeds United £29,300,000
September 2008 Dimitar Berbatov Tottenham Hotspur £30,750,000
January 2014 Juan Mata Chelsea £37,100,000
August 2014 Ángel Di María Real Madrid £59,700,000
August 2016 Paul Pogba Juventus £89,300,000
Highest transfer fees received[edit]
David Beckham was sold to Real Madrid for a then club record of £25 million in July 2003.
The club's record sale came in July 2009, when they sold Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million.[55]
Player
To
Fee[54]
Date
1 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid £80 million July 2009[55]
2 Ángel Di María Paris Saint-Germain £44.1 million August 2015
3 David Beckham Real Madrid £25 million June 2003
4 Morgan Schneiderlin Everton £24 million January 2017
5 Memphis Depay Lyon £16 million January 2017
6 Danny Welbeck Arsenal £16 million September 2014
7 Jaap Stam Lazio £15.25 million August 2001
8 Juan Sebastián Verón Chelsea £15 million August 2003
9 Ruud van Nistelrooy Real Madrid £10.3 million July 2006
10 Gabriel Heinze Real Madrid £8.1 million August 2007
Progression of record fee received[edit]
The first player for whom Manchester United, then Newton Heath, received a fee was William Bryant, who moved to Blackburn Rovers for just £50 in April 1900. That same month, Manchester City paid five times more for Scottish forward Joe Cassidy. The club's first £1,000 sale came 12 years later with the sale of Harold Halse to Aston Villa.[48]
The club's first British record sale came in March 1949, when Derby County paid £24,500 for Johnny Morris. However, 35 years passed before Manchester United next broke the record for the biggest sale by a British club; the sale of Ray Wilkins to Milan for £1.5 million in June 1984 was also the club's first million-pound sale. Another British record followed two years later with the sale of Mark Hughes to Barcelona for £2.5 million. The club's record sale increased fivefold in the space of two transfers over the next 15 years; first with the £7 million sale of Paul Ince to Internazionale in 1995, and then the 2001 transfer of Jaap Stam to Lazio for £15.25 million.[48] Manchester United broke the world transfer record for the first time in July 2009 with the £80 million sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid.[55]
Transfers in bold are also British record transfers
Date
Player
Sold to
Fee[54]
April 1900 William Bryant Blackburn Rovers £50
April 1900 Joe Cassidy Manchester City £250
October 1909 Alex Downie Oldham Athletic £600
June 1911 Ted Connor Sheffield United £750
July 1912 Harold Halse Aston Villa £1,200
August 1913 Charlie Roberts Oldham Athletic £1,750
December 1920 Tommy Meehan Chelsea £3,300
September 1937 George Mutch Preston North End £5,000
March 1948 Joe Walton Preston North End £10,000
March 1949 Johnny Morris Derby County £24,500
January 1962 Dennis Viollet Stoke City £25,000
March 1962 Warren Bradley Bury £40,000
June 1972 Francis Burns Southampton £50,000
June 1972 Alan Gowling Huddersfield Town £60,000
March 1973 Ted MacDougall West Ham United £130,000
March 1977 Gerry Daly Derby County £175,000
April 1978 Gordon Hill Derby County £250,000
August 1979 Brian Greenhoff Leeds United £350,000
October 1980 Andy Ritchie Brighton & Hove Albion £500,000
June 1984 Ray Wilkins Milan £1,500,000
August 1986 Mark Hughes Barcelona £2,500,000
July 1995 Paul Ince Internazionale £7,000,000
August 2001 Jaap Stam Lazio £15,250,000
June 2003 David Beckham Real Madrid £25,000,000
July 2009 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid £80,000,000[55]
Managerial records[edit]
See also: List of Manchester United F.C. managers
Sir Alex Ferguson was the manager of Manchester United for 1,500 matches, more than any other manager.
First full-time manager: Jack Robson – Robson was manager of Manchester United for 6 years and 10 months, starting on 28 December 1914, before pneumonia forced his retirement in October 1921.[56]
Longest-serving manager: Sir Alex Ferguson – 26 years, 194 days (1,500 matches) (6 November 1986 to 19 May 2013)[57][58][59]
Team records[edit]
Matches[edit]
First competitive match: Newton Heath 2–7 Blackburn Olympic Reserves, Lancashire Cup, 27 October 1883[60]
First FA Cup match: Fleetwood Rangers 2–2 Newton Heath, First Round, 30 October 1886[61]
First Combination match: Newton Heath 4–3 Darwen, 22 September 1888[62]
First Football Alliance match: Newton Heath 4–1 Sunderland Albion, 21 September 1889[63]
First Football League match: Blackburn Rovers 4–3 Newton Heath, 3 September 1892[64]
First match at Old Trafford: Manchester United 3–4 Liverpool, 19 February 1910[65]
First European match: Anderlecht 0–2 Manchester United, European Cup Preliminary Round, first leg, 12 September 1956[66]
First League Cup match: Exeter City 1–1 Manchester United, First Round, 19 October 1960[67]
Record wins[edit]
Record win: 10–0 v Anderlecht, European Cup Preliminary Round, second leg, 26 September 1956[68]
Record League win:[68]
10–1 v Wolverhampton Wanderers, First Division, 15 October 1892
9–0 v Walsall, Second Division, 3 April 1895
9–0 v Darwen, Second Division, 24 December 1898
9–0 v Ipswich Town, Premier League, 4 March 1995
Record FA Cup win: 8–0 v Yeovil Town, 12 February 1949[68]
Record European win: 10–0 v Anderlecht, European Cup Preliminary Round, second leg, 26 September 1956[68]
Record Champions League win: 7–1 v Roma, Champions League Quarter-final, second leg, 10 April 2007[68]
Record home win 10–0 v Anderlecht, European Cup Preliminary Round, second leg, 26 September 1956[68]
Record away win:[68]
7–0 v Grimsby Town, Second Division, 26 December 1899
8–1 v Nottingham Forest, Premier League, 6 February 1999
Record defeats[edit]
Record defeat: 0–7[68]
v Blackburn Rovers, First Division, 10 April 1926
v Aston Villa, First Division, 27 December 1930
v Wolverhampton Wanderers, Second Division, 26 December 1931
Record League defeat: 0–7[68]
v Blackburn Rovers, First Division, 10 April 1926
v Aston Villa, First Division, 27 December 1930
v Wolverhampton Wanderers, Second Division, 26 December 1931
Record Premier League defeat:[69]
0–5 v Newcastle United, 20 October 1996
0–5 v Chelsea, 3 October 1999
1–6 v Manchester City, 23 October 2011
Record FA Cup defeat:[68]
1–7 v Burnley, First Round, 13 February 1901
0–6 v Sheffield Wednesday, Second Round, 20 February 1904
Record European defeat: 0–5 v Sporting, Cup Winners' Cup quarter-final, 18 March 1964[70]
Record friendly defeat: 0-6 v Hajduk Split, 27 January 1980
Record home defeat:[68]
0–6 v Aston Villa, First Division, 14 March 1914
1–7 v Newcastle United, First Division, 10 September 1927
0–6 v Huddersfield Town, First Division, 10 September 1930
Record away defeat: 0–7[68]
v Blackburn Rovers, First Division, 10 April 1926
v Aston Villa, First Division, 27 December 1930
v Wolverhampton Wanderers, Second Division, 26 December 1931
Streaks[edit]
Longest unbeaten run (all major competitions)[D]: 45 matches, 26 December 1998 to 3 October 1999[71]
Longest unbeaten run (League): 29 matches –
26 December 1998 to 25 September 1999[72]
11 April 2010 to 5 February 2011[73]
Longest winning streak (League): 14 matches, 15 October 1904 to 3 January 1905[72]
Longest losing streak (League): 14 matches, 26 April 1930 to 25 October 1930[72]
Longest drawing streak (League): 6 matches, 30 October 1988 to 27 November 1988[72]
Longest streak without a win (League): 16 matches, 19 April 1930 to 25 October 1930[72]
Longest scoring run (League): 36 matches, 3 December 2007 to 15 November 2008[72]
Longest non-scoring run (League): 5 matches, 22 February 1902 to 17 March 1902[72]
Longest streak without conceding a goal (League): 14 matches, 15 November 2008 to 18 February 2009[74]
Wins/draws/losses in a season[edit]
Most wins in a league season: 28 – 1905–06, 1956–57, 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2011–12, 2012–13[1]
Most draws in a league season: 18 – 1980–81[1]
Most defeats in a league season: 27 – 1930–31[1]
Fewest wins in a league season: 6 – 1892–93, 1893–94[75]
Fewest draws in a league season: 2 – 1893–94[75]
Fewest defeats in a league season: 3 – 1998–99, 1999–2000[1]
Goals[edit]
Most League goals scored in a season: 103 – 1956–57, 1958–59[71]
Most Premier League goals scored in a season: 97 – 1999–2000[71]
Fewest League goals scored in a season: 36 – 1893–94[75]
Most League goals conceded in a season: 115 – 1930–31[1]
Fewest League goals conceded in a season: 22 – 2007–08[76]
Points[edit]
Most points in a season:
Two points for a win: 64 in 42 matches, First Division, 1956–57[1]
Three points for a win:
92 in 42 matches, Premier League, 1993–94[1]
91 in 38 matches, Premier League, 1999–2000[1]
Fewest points in a season:
Two points for a win:
22 in 42 matches, First Division, 1930–31[1]
14 in 30 matches, First Division, 1893–94[75]
Three points for a win: 48 in 38 matches, First Division, 1989–90[1]
Attendances[edit]
Highest home attendance: 83,260 v Arsenal at Maine Road,[E] First Division, 17 January 1948[77]
Highest home attendance at Old Trafford: 76,098 v Blackburn Rovers, 31 March 2007[71][F]
Highest away attendance: 135,000 v Real Madrid, European Cup, 11 April 1957[71]
Lowest post-War home league attendance: 8,456 v Stoke City at Maine Road,[E] First Division, 5 February 1947[78]
Season-by-season performance[edit]
Main article: List of Manchester United F.C. seasons
League record by opponent[edit]
Main article: Manchester United F.C. league record by opponent
Footnotes[edit]
A. ^ Between 1949 and 1993, when the Charity Shield finished in a draw, the Shield would be shared by the two teams. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Shield itself was held by each club for six months.[79]
B. ^ The Premier League took over from the First Division as the top tier of the English football league system upon its formation in 1992. The First Division then became the second tier of English football, the Second Division became the third tier, and so on. The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship, while the Second Division is now known as Football League One.
C. ^ The "Other" column constitutes goals and appearances (including those as a substitute) in the FA Community Shield, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.
D. ^ Major competitions include the Premier League, the FA Cup, the League Cup and the UEFA Champions League.
E. ^ Due to bomb damage to Old Trafford, in the period between the end of the Second World War and 1949, Manchester United played their home games at Maine Road, the home of Manchester City,[65] with the exception of two FA Cup matches in the 1947–48 season, which were played at Goodison Park, Liverpool, and Leeds Road, Huddersfield, respectively.
F. ^ This is also the Premier League's record attendance.
References[edit]
Bibliography
Shury, Alan; Landamore, Brian (2005). The Definitive Newton Heath F.C. SoccerData. ISBN 1-899468-16-1.
References
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Jump up ^ Shury, p. 8
Jump up ^ "Trophy Room". Manchester United F.C. 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
Jump up ^ White, John (2007). The United Miscellany. London: Carlton Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84442-745-1.
Jump up ^ Mitten, Andy (2007). The Man Utd Miscellany. Vision Sports Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-905326-27-3.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (28 May 2011). "Barcelona 3–1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
Jump up ^ White, John D. T. (29 May 2008). "January". The Official Manchester United Almanac (1st ed.). London: Orion Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7528-9192-7.
Jump up ^ Rostance, Tom (26 February 2012). "Norwich 1–2 Man Utd". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Appearance-Makers in All League Matches". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Appearance-Makers in All FA Cup Matches". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Appearance-Makers in All League Cup Matches". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Appearance-Makers in All European Matches". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Appearance-Makers in Other Competitive Matches". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Manchester United F.C - Club Records". SportNetwork.net. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
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^ Jump up to: a b White, John (2007). The United Miscellany. London: Carlton Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-84442-745-1.
^ Jump up to: a b "England Players' Club Affiliations - Manchester United". England Football Online. 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
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^ Jump up to: a b Rej, Arindam (8 August 2016). "Paul Pogba completes record transfer to Manchester United from Juventus". ESPN FC. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Anthony Martial: Man Utd sign Monaco forward for £36m". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 1 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Ree, Olav. "redStat - Manchester United Statistics 1970-2009". redStat. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ronaldo completes £80m Real move". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
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^ Jump up to: a b Barnes, Justyn; Bostock, Adam; Butler, Cliff; Ferguson, Jim; Meek, David; Mitten, Andy; Pilger, Sam; Taylor, Frank; Tyrrell, Tom (2001). The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Manchester United Books. p. 44. ISBN 0-233-99964-7.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2009). "The Clubs". Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2009-2010. Headline. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-7553-1948-0.
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Jump up ^ "Charity Shield winners 1908–2011". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
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Book of Job
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (April 2018)
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The Book of Job (/dʒoʊb/; Hebrew: אִיוֹב Iyov) is a book in the Ketuvim ("Writings") section of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and the first poetic book in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1] Addressing the problem of theodicy – the vindication of the justice of God in the light of humanity's suffering[2] – it is a rich theological work setting out a variety of perspectives.[3] It has been widely and often extravagantly praised for its literary qualities, with Alfred, Lord Tennyson calling it "the greatest poem of ancient and modern times".[4]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Contents
2.1 Prologue on earth and in heaven
2.2 Job's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends
2.3 Three monologues: Poem to Wisdom, Job's closing monologue, and Elihu's speeches
2.4 Two speeches by God
2.5 Epilogue
3 Composition
3.1 Authorship, language, texts
3.2 Job and the wisdom tradition
4 Themes
5 Later interpretation and influence
5.1 History of interpretation
5.2 Liturgical use
5.3 In music, art, literature, and film
5.4 In Islam and Arab folk tradition
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Citations
7.2 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Scroll of the Book of Job, in Hebrew
The Book of Job consists of a prose prologue and epilogue narrative framing poetic dialogues and monologues.[5] It is common to view the narrative frame as the original core of the book, enlarged later by the poetic dialogues and discourses, and sections of the book such as the Elihu speeches and the wisdom poem of chapter 28 as late insertions, but recent trends have tended to concentrate on the book's underlying editorial unity.[6]
1. Prologue in two scenes, the first on earth, the second in heaven (Job 1–2)
2. Job's opening monologue (Job 3 – seen by some scholars as a bridge between the prologue and the dialogues and by others as the beginning of the dialogues),[7] and three cycles of dialogues between Job and his three friends (Job chapters – the third cycle is not complete, the expected speech of Zophar being replaced by the wisdom poem of chapter 28)[8]
First cycle
Eliphaz (Job 4–5) and Job's response (Job 6–7)
Bildad (8) and Job (Job 9–10)
Zophar (11) and Job (Job 12–14)
Second cycle
Eliphaz (15) and Job (Job 16–17)
Bildad (18) and Job (Job 19)
Zophar (20) and Job (Job 21)
Third cycle
Eliphaz (22) and Job (Job 23–24)
Bildad (25) and Job (Job 26–27)
3. Three monologues:
A Poem to Wisdom (chapter 28, previously read as part of the speech of Job, now regarded by most scholars as a separate interlude in the narrator's voice)[7]
Job's closing monologue (chapters 29–31)
and Elihu's speeches (chapters 32–37)
4. Two speeches by God (chapters 38:1–40:2 and 40:6–41:34, 42:7–8), with Job's responses
5. Epilogue – Job's restoration (chapters 42:9–17).
Contents[edit]
Job's Tormentors' from William Blake's Illustrations for the Book of Job.
Prologue on earth and in heaven[edit]
The prologue on earth shows the righteous Job blessed with wealth and sons and daughters. The scene shifts to heaven, where God asks Satan (ha-satan, literally "the accuser") for his opinion of Job's piety. Satan answers that Job is pious only because God has blessed him; if God were to take away everything that Job had, then he would surely curse God. God gives Satan permission to take Job's wealth and kill all of his children and servants,[9] but Job nonetheless praises God: "Naked I came out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return: the Lord has given, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord." God allows Satan to afflict his body with boils. Job sits in ashes, and his wife prompts him to "curse God, and die," but Job answers: "Shall we receive good from God and shall we not receive evil?"
Job's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends[edit]
Job laments the day of his birth; he would like to die, but even that is denied to him. His three friends Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite, console him. The friends do not waver in their belief that Job's suffering is a punishment for sin, for God causes no one to suffer innocently, and they advise him to repent and seek God's mercy. Job responds with scorn: his interlocutors are "miserable comforters" (Vulgate Latin: consolatores onerosi),[10] since a just God would not treat him so harshly, patience in suffering is impossible, and the Creator should not take his creatures so lightly, to come against them with such force.[11]
Three monologues: Poem to Wisdom, Job's closing monologue, and Elihu's speeches[edit]
Job and His Friends by Ilya Repin (1869)
The dialogues of Job and his friends are followed by a poem (the "hymn to wisdom") on the inaccessibility of wisdom: "Where is wisdom to be found?" it asks, and concludes that it has been hidden from man (chapter 28).[12] Job contrasts his previous fortune with his present plight, an outcast, mocked and in pain. He protests his innocence, lists the principles he has lived by, and demands that God answer him.[13] Elihu (a character not previously mentioned) intervenes to state that wisdom comes from God, who reveals it through dreams and visions to those who will then declare their knowledge.[12]
Two speeches by God[edit]
God speaks from a whirlwind. His speeches neither explain Job's suffering, nor defend divine justice, nor enter into the courtroom confrontation that Job has demanded, nor respond to his oath of innocence.[14] Instead they contrast Job's weakness with divine wisdom and omnipotence: "Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?" Job makes a brief response, but God's monologue resumes, never addressing Job directly.[15] In 42:1–6 Job makes his final response, confessing God's power and his own lack of knowledge "of things beyond me which I did not know". Previously he has only heard, but now his eyes have seen God, and "therefore I retract/ And repent in dust and ashes."[16]
Epilogue[edit]
God tells Eliphaz that he and his three friends "have not spoken of me what is right as my servant Job has done". The three (Elihu, the fourth friend introduced in chapter 32 is not mentioned here) are told to make a burnt offering with Job as their intercessor, "for only to him will I show favour". Job is restored to health, riches and family, and lives to see his children to the fourth generation.[17]
Composition[edit]
Anonymous Byzantine illustration.
The pre-incarnate Christ speaks to Job
Authorship, language, texts[edit]
Rabbinic tradition ascribes the authorship of Job to Moses, but scholars generally agree that it was written between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE, with the 6th century BCE as the most likely period for various reasons.[18] The anonymous author was almost certainly an Israelite, although he has set his story outside Israel, in southern Edom or northern Arabia, and makes allusion to places as far apart as Mesopotamia and Egypt.[19] According to the 6th-century BCE prophet Ezekiel, Job was a man of antiquity renowned for his righteousness,[20] and the book's author has chosen this legendary hero for his parable.[21]
The language of Job stands out for its conservative spelling and for its exceptionally large number of words and forms not found elsewhere in the Bible.[22] The 12th century Jewish scholar Ibn Ezra concluded that the book must have been written in some other language and translated into Hebrew, and many later scholars down to the 20th century looked for an Aramaic, Arabic or Edomite original, but a close analysis suggests that the foreign words and foreign-looking forms are literary affectations designed to lend authenticity to the book's distant setting.[23]
Job exists in a number of forms: the Hebrew Masoretic Text, which underlies many modern Bible translations; the Greek Septuagint made in Egypt in the last centuries BCE; and Aramaic and Hebrew manuscripts found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[24]
Job and the wisdom tradition[edit]
Job, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Proverbs belong to the genre of wisdom literature, sharing a perspective that they themselves call the "way of wisdom".[25] Wisdom means both a way of thinking and a body of knowledge gained through such thinking, as well as the ability to apply it to life. It is attainable in part through human effort and in part as a gift from God, but never in its entirety – except by God.[26] The three books share attitudes and assumptions but differ in their conclusions: Proverbs makes confident statements about the world and its workings that are flatly contradicted by Job and Ecclesiastes.[27] Wisdom literature from Sumeria and Babylonia can be dated to the second millennium BCE.[28] Several texts from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt offer parallels to Job,[29] and while it is impossible to tell whether the author of Job was influenced by any of them, their existence suggests that he was the recipient of a long tradition of reflection on the existence of inexplicable suffering.[30]
Themes[edit]
The Destruction of Leviathan by Gustave Doré (1865)
Job is an investigation of the problem of divine justice.[31] This problem, known in theology as theodicy, can be rephrased as a question: "Why do the righteous suffer?"[2] The conventional answer in ancient Israel was that God rewards virtue and punishes sin (the principle known as "retributive justice").[32] This assumes a world in which human choices and actions are morally significant, but experience demonstrates that suffering is frequently unmerited.[33]
The biblical concept of righteousness was rooted in the covenant-making God who had ordered creation for communal well-being, and the righteous were those who invested in the community, showing special concern for the poor and needy (see Job's description of his life in chapter 31). Their antithesis were the wicked, who were selfish and greedy.[34] Satan raises the question of whether there is such a thing as disinterested righteousness: if God rewards righteousness with prosperity, will men not act righteously from selfish motives? He asks God to test this by removing the prosperity of Job, the most righteous of all God's servants.[35]
The book begins with the frame narrative, giving the reader an omniscient "God's eye perspective" which introduces Job as a man of exemplary faith and piety, "blameless and upright", who "fears God" and "shuns evil".[36][37] God is seen initiating the discussion with Satan and approving Job's suffering, a device which serves three purposes: the usual explanations for suffering, that the sufferer has committed some sin of which he is unaware or that God's actions are inscrutable, are eliminated; it makes clear that it is not Job who is on trial, but God's policy of retribution; and the reader sees that God himself bears responsibility for Job's suffering[38] "without any reason".[39][40] The contrast between the frame and the poetic dialogues and monologues, in which Job never learns of the opening scenes in heaven or of the reason for his suffering, creates a sense of contradictory juxtaposition between the divine and human views of Job's suffering.[37][41]
In the poetic dialogues Job's friends see his suffering and assume he must be guilty, since God is just. Job, knowing he is innocent, concludes that God must be unjust.[42] He retains his piety throughout the story (belying Satan's suspicion that his righteousness is due to the expectation of reward), but makes clear from his first speech that he agrees with his friends that God should and does reward righteousness.[43] Elihu rejects the arguments of both parties: Job is wrong to accuse God of injustice, as God is greater than human beings, and nor are the friends correct; for suffering, far from being a punishment, may "rescue the afflicted from their affliction" and make them more amenable to revelation – literally, "open their ears" (36:15).[42]
Chapter 28, the Hymn to Wisdom, introduces another theme, divine wisdom. The hymn does not place any emphasis on retributive justice, stressing instead the inaccessibility of wisdom.[44] Wisdom cannot be invented or purchased, it says; God alone knows the meaning of the world, and he grants it only to those who live in reverence before him.[45] God possesses wisdom because he grasps the complexities of the world (Job 28:24–26) – a theme which looks forward to God's speech in chapters 38–41 with its repeated refrain "Where were you when...?"[46]
When God finally speaks he neither explains the reason for Job's suffering (revealed to the reader in the prologue in heaven) nor defends his justice. The first speech focuses on his role in maintaining order in the universe: the list of things that God does and Job cannot do demonstrates divine wisdom because order is the heart of wisdom. Job then confesses his lack of wisdom, meaning his lack of understanding of the workings of the cosmos and of the ability to maintain it. The second speech concerns God's role in controlling behemoth and leviathan, sometimes translated as the hippopotamus and crocodile, but more probably representing primeval cosmic creatures, in either case demonstrating God's wisdom and power.[47] Job's reply to God's final speech is longer than his first and more complicated. The usual view is that he admits to being wrong to challenge God and now repents "in dust and ashes" (42:6), but the Hebrew is difficult, and an alternative understanding is that Job says he was wrong to repent and mourn and does not retract any of his arguments.[48] In the concluding part of the frame narrative God restores and increases his prosperity, indicating that the divine policy on retributive justice remains unchanged.[49]
Later interpretation and influence[edit]
Carved wooden figure of Job. Probably from Germany, 1750–1850 CE. The Wellcome Collection, London
History of interpretation[edit]
In the Second Temple period (500 BCE – 70 CE) Job began being transformed into something more patient and steadfast, with his suffering a test of virtue and a vindication of righteousness for the glory of God.[50] The process of "sanctifying" Job began with the Greek Septuagint translation (c. 200 BCE) and was furthered in the Testament of Job (1st century BCE – 1st century CE), which makes him the hero of patience.[51] This reading pays little attention to the Job of the dialogue sections of the book,[52] but it was the tradition taken up by the Epistle of James in the New Testament, which presents Job as one whose patience and endurance should be emulated by believers (James 5:7–11).[53]
Jewish interpretation of Job was initially positive. He was seen as a righteous Gentile who acknowledged God.[54] Very early, however, Christianity began interpreting Job 19:23–29 (verses concerning a "redeemer" whom Job hopes can save him from God) as a prophecy of Christ,[55] although the major view among scholars is that Job's "redeemer" is either an angelic being or God himself.[56] With Job viewed by Christians as a witness to the coming Christ, the predominant Jewish view became "Job the blasphemer", with some rabbis even saying that he was rightly punished by God because he had stood by while Pharaoh massacred the innocent Jewish infants.[57][58]
Saint Augustine recorded that Job had prophesied the coming of Christ, and Gregory the Great offered him as a model of right living worthy of respect. The medieval Jewish scholar Maimonides declared his story a parable, and the medieval Christian Thomas Aquinas wrote a detailed commentary declaring it true history. In the Reformation Martin Luther explained how Job's confession of sinfulness and worthlessness underlay his saintliness, and John Calvin's Job demonstrated the doctrine of the resurrection and the ultimate certainty of divine justice.[59]
The contemporary movement known as creation theology, an ecological theology valuing the needs of all creation, interprets God's speeches in Job 38–41 to imply that his interests and actions are not exclusively focused on humankind.[60]
Liturgical use[edit]
Jewish liturgy does not use readings from the Book of Job in the manner of the Pentateuch, Prophets, or Five Megillot, although it is quoted at funerals and times of mourning. However, there are some Jews, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, who do hold public readings of Job on the Tisha B'Av fast (a day of mourning over the destruction of the First and Second Temples and other tragedies). The cantillation signs for the large poetic section in the middle of the Book of Job differ from those of most of the biblical books, using a system shared with it only by Psalms and Proverbs.
The Eastern Orthodox Church reads from Job and Exodus during Holy Week. Exodus prepares for the understanding of Christ's exodus to his Father, of his fulfillment of the whole history of salvation; Job, the sufferer, is the Old Testament icon of Christ. The Roman Catholic Church reads from Job during Matins in the first two weeks of September and in the Office of the Dead, and in the revised Liturgy of the Hours Job is read during the Eighth and Ninth Weeks in Ordinary Time.[citation needed]
In music, art, literature, and film[edit]
Georges de La Tour,
Job Mocked by his Wife
The Book of Job has been deeply influential in Western culture, to such an extent that no list could be more than representative. Musical settings from Job include Orlande de Lassus's 1565 cycle of motets, the Sacrae Lectiones Novem ex Propheta Job, and George Frideric Handel's use of Job 19:25 ("I know that my redeemer liveth") as an aria in his 1741 oratorio Messiah. Modern works based on the book include Ralph Vaughan Williams's Job: A Masque for Dancing, French composer Darius Milhaud's Cantata From Job, and Joseph Stein's Broadway interpretation The Fiddler on the Roof, based on an earlier Yiddish memoir by Sholem Alchem in 1894. Neil Simon wrote God's Favorite which is a modern retelling of the Book of Job. Breughel and Georges de la Tour depicted Job visited by his wife, and William Blake produced an entire cycle of illustrations for the book. Writers Job has inspired or influenced include[original research?] John Milton (Samson Agonistes), Dostoevsky (The Brothers Karamazov), Franz Kafka (The Trial), Carl Jung (Answer to Job), Joseph Roth (Job), and Bernard Malamud. Archibald MacLeish's drama, JB, one of the most prominent uses of the Book of Job in modern literature, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1959. Job's influence can also be seen in the Coen brothers' 2009 film, A Serious Man, which was nominated for two Academy Awards. Terrence Malick's 2011 film The Tree of Life, which won the Palme d'Or, is heavily influenced by the themes of the Book of Job, as the film starts with a quote from the beginning of God's speech to Job. A 2014 Malayalam film called "Iyobinte Pusthakam" tells the story of a man who is losing everything in his life and also has parallels with Dostoevsky's (The Brothers Karamazov). The Russian film Leviathan also draws themes from the Book of Job. The 2015 critically acclaimed novel, The Suffering of Innocents,[61] by Marc Zirogiannis is loosely based on the Book of Job and asks the question, "Why Do the Righteous Suffer?".[62] In 2015 two Ukrainian composers Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko created opera-requiem IYOV. The premiere of the opera was held on 21 September 2015 on the main stage of the international multidisciplinary festival Gogolfest[63]
In Islam and Arab folk tradition[edit]
Main article: Job in Islam
Job (Arabic Ayyub ايوب) is one of the 25 prophets mentioned by name in the Quran, where he is lauded as a steadfast and upright worshiper (Q.38:44). His story has the same basic outline as in the Bible, although the three friends are replaced by his brothers, and his wife stays by his side.[58][64]
In Palestinian folklore Job's place of trial is Al-Joura, a village outside the town of Al Majdal (Ashkelon). It was there that God rewarded him with a Fountain of Youth that removed whatever illnesses he had and restored his youth. Al-Joura was a place of annual festivities (four days in all) when people of many faiths gathered and bathed in a natural spring. In Lebanon the Muwahideen (or Druze) community have a shrine built in the Shouf area that allegedly contains Job's tomb. In Turkey, Job is known as Eyüp, and he is supposed to have lived in Şanlıurfa. There is also a tomb of Job outside the city of Salalah in Oman.
See also[edit]
Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
Commentary on Job
Ludlul bēl nēmeqi the "Babylonian Job"
Testament of Job
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Hartley 1988, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawson 2005, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Bullock 2007, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, p. 343.
^ Jump up to: a b Walton 2008, p. 333.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 191.
Jump up ^ Job 1:12.
Jump up ^ Job 16:2.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 190.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2013, pp. 33–34.
Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013, p. 27.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, p. 339.
Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Habel 1985, p. 575.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Fokkelman 2012, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, pp. 21–24.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, pp. 1–16.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, pp. 129–30.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, pp. 130–31.
Jump up ^ Bullock 2007, p. 84.
Jump up ^ Hartley 2008, p. 346.
Jump up ^ Hartley 2008, p. 360.
Jump up ^ Bullock 2007, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002, p. 201.
Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002, pp. 177–78.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, pp. 336–37.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Dowd 2008, pp. 242–43.
Jump up ^ Barton 2008, p. 336.
Jump up ^ Job 2:3.
Jump up ^ De Lafayette, Maximillien (2016). The 3 most evil, savage and deceptive inventions in history. God, the Bible and organized religions. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu.com. p. 196. ISBN 1365130045.
Jump up ^ Barton 2008, p. 338.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2013, pp. 97–98.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Dell 2003, p. 356.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, pp. 329–30.
Jump up ^ Fiddes 1996, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, p. 338.
Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Barton 2008, pp. 338–39.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, pp. 362–63.
Jump up ^ Dell 1991, pp. 6–7.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, p. 362.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, p. 364.
Jump up ^ Simonetti, Conti & Oden 2006, pp. 105–06.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, pp. 250–51.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, pp. 361–62.
^ Jump up to: a b Noegel & Wheeler 2010, p. 171.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, pp. 368–71.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Sheri Hoyte. "Book Review: 'The Suffering of Innocents' by Marc Zirogiannis". Blogcritics. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Zirogiannis, Marc (July 2015). The Suffering of Innocents. Chicago, Illinois: Revival Waves of Glory. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-329-31034-6. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ GogolFest. "Program 2015".
Jump up ^ Wheeler 2002, p. 8.
Sources[edit]
Allen, J. (2008). "Job III: History of Interpretation". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664222314.
Bullock, C. Hassell (2007). An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books. Moody Publishers. ISBN 9781575674506.
Dell, Katharine J. (2003). "Job". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Dell, Katherine J. (1991). The Book of Job as Sceptical Literature. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9780899257051.
Farmer, Kathleen A. (1998). "The Wisdom Books". In McKenzie,, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Fiddes, Paul (1996). "'Where Shall Wisdom be Found?' Job 28 as a Riddle for Ancient and Modern Readers". In Barton, John; Reimer, David. After the Exile: Essays in Honour of Rex Mason. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545243.
Fokkelman, J.P. (2012). The Book of Job in Form: A Literary Translation with Commentary. BRILL. ISBN 9004231587.
Hartley, John E. (1988). The Book of Job. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825285.
Hartley, John E. (2008). "Job II: Ancient Near Eastern Background". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Habel, Norman C (1985). The Book of Job: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664222185.
Hooks, Stephen M. (2006). Job. College Press. ISBN 9780899008868.
Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365.
Lawson, Steven J. (2005). Job. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805494709.
Murphy, Roland Edmund (2002). The Tree of Life: An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802839657.
Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010). The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461718956.
O'Dowd, R. (2008). "FrameNarrative". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Sawyer, John F.A. (2013). "Job". In Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan. The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible. Oxford University Press.
Seow, C.L. (2013). Job 1–21: Interpretation and Commentary. Eerdmans.
Simonetti, Manlio; Conti, Marco; Oden, Thomas C. (2006). Job. InterVarsity Press.
Walsh, Jerome T (2001). Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658970.
Walton, J.H. (2008). "Job I: Book of". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press.
Wilson, Gerald H. (2012). Job. Baker Books.
Wollaston, Isabell (2013). "Post-Holocaust Interpretations of Job". In Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan. The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible. Oxford University Press.
Further reading[edit]
Michael Wise, Martin Abegg, Jr, and Edward Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation, (1996), HarperSanFrancisco paperback 1999, ISBN 0-06-069201-4, (contains the non-biblical portion of the scrolls)
Stella Papadaki-Oekland, Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job, ISBN 2-503-53232-2
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Book of Job
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Job.
Sephardic Cantillations for the Book of Job by David M. Betesh and the Sephardic Pizmonim Project
Translations of The Book of Job at BibleGateway.com
Hebrew and English Parallel and Complete Text of the Book of Job English Translation is the 1917 Old JPS
Job at Chabad.org
Introduction to the Book of Job
Bible: Job public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job
Job – Afrikaans
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr_Job
Levr Job – Breton
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr_Job
Llyfr Job – Welsh
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Jobs Bog – Danish
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Ijob – German
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Iob – Scottish Gaelic
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Jobe – Zulu
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https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Iob
Liber Iob – Latin
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Jobs bok – Norwegian
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Jobs bok – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Live Job – Picard
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Job – Swedish
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Job – Lingua Franca Nova
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