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Flipping
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Not to be confused with Flippin (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Flipping is a term used primarily in the United States to describe purchasing a revenue-generating asset and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. Though flipping can apply to any asset, the term is most often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs).
The term "flipping" is used by real estate investors to describe "residential redevelopment". Redevelopment of distressed or abandoned properties or neighborhoods has sometimes been linked to malicious and unscrupulous acts in the post housing bubble era. The term "flipping" is frequently used both as a descriptive term for schemes involving market manipulation and other illegal conduct and as a derogatory term for legal real estate investing strategies that are perceived by some to be unethical or socially destructive. In the United Kingdom the term is used to describe a technique whereby Members of Parliament were found to be switching their second home between several houses, which had the effect of allowing them to maximize their taxpayer funded allowances.[1]
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Wholesaling and assigning a contract
1.2 Wholesaling a property multiple times
1.3 Real estate flipping
1.4 Second home flipping
1.5 Car flipping
1.6 Product flipping
2 Effects
2.1 Bubbles
2.2 Rejuvenation and gentrification
2.3 Property values
3 Regulations
4 Illegal activity
5 In television
6 See also
7 Notes
7.1 References
7.2 Published articles
7.3 Books
Types[edit]
Wholesaling and assigning a contract[edit]
Wholesalers make a profit by signing a contract to purchase a property from a seller and then entering into an agreement with a third party to resell the same property at a higher price for a profit. All rights to the original purchase contract are assigned to the new buyer and the new buyer pays an "assignment fee" to the wholesaler in order to gain all rights to purchase the property at the original purchase price. The original purchase contract usually has an "inspection period" which allows the original buyer to back out of the contract and not close on it if they do not find a buyer to assign their contract to. Many wholesalers have no intention of actually purchasing the property and simply use wholesaling as a tool to locate properties for other investors.
In many cases, if another buyer is not found before the end of the inspection period, the wholesaler cancels the original purchase contract (through its cancellation clause) and gets back the deposit. Wholesaling requires little or no money to be secured in escrow, and in most cases the wholesaler never intends to actually purchase the property. The practice of wholesaling is often advertised as "No Money Down and No Risk" by many real estate coaching companies and infomercials since the actual deposit can be as little as $10 and often even the deposit can be returned if the wholesaler cancels the contract before the end of the inspection period.
Some people are of the opinion that wholesaling is fraudulent misrepresentation since the wholesaler does not actually intend to close on the property themselves. However, in the United States wholesaling is perfectly legal and most real estate contracts allow the buyer an inspection period and any amount of deposit that buyer and seller agree to. Wholesaling in property is no different from wholesaling in any other industry.
In a successful transaction the seller is often unaware that original buyer is not purchasing the property. In some cases, wholesalers actually purchase the property for cash and then resell the property to their end buyer in a second closing. This practice is considered more costly since the buyer is paying closing costs to purchase the property and to resell the property. However many people consider double closing to be more ethical.[2] In cases where there are substantial profits from reselling it often makes sense for the wholesaler to pay for two closing costs (double closing) to avoid requesting a large assignment fee from their buyer.
Wholesaling a property multiple times[edit]
It is not uncommon for a property to be assigned multiple times and for a few wholesalers to make money in a transaction from the seller to the end buyer. The original wholesaler enters into a contract to purchase a property and then assigns or sells their rights to that contract to another investor. That investor then assigns their rights to said contract to a third investor and so forth. In many cases wholesalers work together ensuring that all parties get paid on a transaction. This practice is often frowned upon in the real estate community since it seems unethical or illegal. In practice there is nothing illegal about wholesaling or assigning rights to a purchase contract even if it is multiple times. It is important to understand that the reason there is an opportunity to wholesale is because the original seller is selling the property for substantially less than market value. This usually occurs when either the property or the seller is in distress. Examples of distress could be a property damaged by fire, flood, hurricane or a homeowner that is facing foreclosure and is about to lose their home and is selling it for substantially less than fair market value. The practice of buying real estate at substantially below market value is called Distressed Real Estate Investing or Wholesale Real Estate Investing hence the term "wholesaler".
Real estate flipping[edit]
Profits from flipping real estate come from either buying low and selling high (often in a rapidly rising market), or buying a house that needs repair and fixing it up before reselling it for a profit ("fix and flip").
Under the "fix and flip" scenario, an investor or flipper will purchase a property at a discount price. The discount may be because of:
the property's condition (e.g., the house needs major renovations and/or repairs which the owner either does not want, or cannot afford, to do), or
the owner(s) needing to sell a property quickly (e.g., relocation, divorce, pending foreclosure).
The investor will then perform necessary renovations and repairs, and attempt to make a profit by selling the house quickly at a higher price. The "fix and flip" scenario is profitable to investors because the average homebuyer lacks the time and funds to repairs and renovations, so they look for a property that is ready to move into. Also, most traditional mortgage lenders require the home to be habitable with no significant repairs.
Second home flipping[edit]
In the UK, Members of Parliament with constituencies outside of London are given an allowance to maintain an extra home in London allowing them to live closer to the Houses of Parliament during the working week. Certain costs for this second home can be claimed and are thus partly funded by the taxpayer. MPs can nominate any of their other properties as the second home, which has tax advantages for not being their primary residence and can lead to additional allowances.
"Flipping" occurs when the nominated second and primary dwellings are frequently changed, particularly during the parliamentary recess. The dwelling may in fact be rented out for profit but still receive the allowances.
In some circumstances, MPs can simultaneously declare one home to be both their primary residence (for tax purposes) and their second residence (for expenses purposes).
The practice ended on May 15, 2009 following publication of the Disclosure of expenses of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament after a public scandal.[3]
Car flipping[edit]
Similar to real estate flipping, car flipping is the process of buying automobiles at a low price and selling such vehicle at a higher price. A car flipper will identify reasonably priced vehicles that can be sold at a higher price after reconditioning and marketing to a larger market.
In the United States, car flipping can be a hobby for car enthusiasts, or a primary business in the form of state licensed car dealers. Flipping cars is legal if the vehicles are titled in the person's name or processed through a state licensed dealership. Many states have laws and regulation limiting the number of vehicles a person can flip within each year unless they are a dealer or associate. This number varies from state to state, from 2 to 10. Car flipping has a larger market and requires less investment than flipping real estate.[4]
Product flipping[edit]
Outside of real estate and cars, all consumer products can be flipped. Product flipping entails buying products at a low price and selling it at a higher price for profit. Products can be new or used items. Many times, product flippers buy products at dollar stores, thrift stores, garage sales and estate auctions and resell them at a higher price on online marketplaces or locally.
Compared to real estate flipping and car flipping, product flipping requires much lower capital to get started and thus sellers take on much less risk.[5] Due to lower profit margins, product flippers often employ various tricks that other kinds of flippers do not have to worry about. These tricks include utilizing coupons and cash back rebates[6] as well as finding creative ways of saving on shipping.[7]
Common products that are flipped for profit are clothes, cell phones, books, and coins. Other less common products that are flipped are digital in nature such as Bitcoin, websites and gaming accounts.
Effects[edit]
Bubbles[edit]
Further information: United States housing bubble
A spate of flipping often creates an economic bubble which then bursts, such as during the Florida land boom of the 1920s.[8]
In the 2000s, relaxed federal borrowing standards (including subprime lending that allowed a borrower to purchase a home with little or no money down) may have led directly to a boom in demand for houses.[9] Because it was easy to borrow, many investors bought homes as property speculation with no intent to live in them. Since the demand outstripped the supply, prices rose, giving a short-term profit. This resulted in an inflationary spiral until the bubble burst in 2008 and borrowing standards became stricter, leaving the housing market to bottom out.
Flipping was so popular in the United States that many DIY television programs like A&E Network's Flip This House detailed the process.
Flipping becomes less desirable when interest rates are high and so demand is lower. The resulting lack of sales, and major price cuts, results in a flood of properties on the market at one time, resulting in an excess of supply to demand.
Rejuvenation and gentrification[edit]
"Rational" flipping can encourage a rejuvenation and restoration of a previously decrepit neighborhood, a process known as gentrification, which increases property values but can cause a population shift.
Under the broken windows theory, an unkempt house or area attracts a criminal element, which drives out those making a responsible living, which allows for more criminal element, and so on in a spiral. Restoration creates jobs, particularly in construction, and generates more sales (and sales taxes) for local vendors and suppliers. The renovated homes attract new populations and businesses to a region, encouraging more economic development; their higher assessed values brings more property tax revenue to local governments, allowing for more improvements and more policing.
When flipping occurs frequently in a community, the total cost of ownership can rise substantially, eventually forcing current residents to relocate, specifically poorer young and old people. On a small scale, flippers can cause distress and disturbance to their immediate neighbors by performing lengthy renovations. Flippers often have no interest in neighborhood integration,[10] which may cause tension with long-term residents.
During the real estate bubble of the 2000s, flipping and gentrification were both linked to the mass migration of people to California, where high real estate prices and ample jobs attracted wealth seekers.[citation needed] In response, many native Californians were forced to migrate to the less expensive areas of states such as Arizona, Nevada, Texas, Oregon and Washington.[citation needed] This migration of Californians caused further gentrification in the areas that they had moved to in large numbers. Areas such as Phoenix, Arizona and Las Vegas Valley became much more expensive, although property prices dropped significantly after 2006.
Property values[edit]
After a renovation, the house itself will be in better condition and last longer, and can be sold at a higher price, thus increasing its property tax assessed value, plus increased sales for goods and services related to property improvement and the related increase in sales taxes.[11] Neighbors can also benefit by having more attractive homes in the neighborhood, thereby increasing the value of their own homes.
Regulations[edit]
In 2006, the Department of Housing and Urban Development created regulations regarding predatory flipping within Federal Housing Administration (FHA) single-family mortgage insurance. The time requirement for owning a property was greater than 90 days between purchase and sale dates to qualify for FHA-insured mortgage financing.[12] This requirement was greatly relaxed in January 2010, and the 90-day holding period was all but eliminated.[13]
Illegal activity[edit]
Flipping can sometimes also be a criminal scheme. Illegal property flipping is a fraud whereby recently acquired property is resold for a considerable profit with an artificially inflated value. The property is quickly resold after making few, or only cosmetic, improvements. Illegal property flipping often involves collusion between a real estate appraiser, a mortgage originator and a closing agent. The cooperation of a real estate appraiser is necessary to get a false, artificially inflated, appraisal report. The buyer may or may not be aware of the situation. This type of fraud is one of the most costly for lenders.
In the United States, the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) governs real estate appraisal and Fannie Mae, oversees the secondary residential mortgage loan market. Both have practices to detect illegal flipping schemes.
In television[edit]
In July 2012, business network CNBC green-lit several pilots for reality television series focusing on house flipping.[14]
The following is a list of several house flipping shows:
Bravo's Interior Therapy with Jeff Lewis
Bravo's Million Dollar Listing and Million Dollar Listing New York
Bravo's Flipping Out
TLC's The Adam Carolla Project
TLC and Channel 4's Property Ladder
TLC's Flip That House
TLC's The Real Estate Pros
A&E's Flip This House
A&E's Flipped Off
HGTV's Flip or Flop
Spike's Flip Men
DIY Network's The Vanilla Ice Project
BBC One's Homes Under the Hammer
Also produced are a number of variations on Flipping (city name here) e.g. Flipping Vegas, Flipping Boston, Flipping San Diego, or Flipping Miami.
See also[edit]
Housing bubble
United States housing bubble
IPO pricing
Phillip E. Hill, Sr.
Real estate investing
Creative Real Estate Investing
Creative financing
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cabinet ministers have made tens of thousands 'flipping' their homes". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
Jump up ^ "How to perform or structure a Simultaneous Closing - Double Closing - Back to Back Closing?". foreclosureuniversity.com. foreclosureuniversity.com.
Jump up ^ "How the Telegraph investigation exposed the MPs' expenses scandal day by day". London: Daily Telegraph. May 15, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Jump up ^ Car Flipping[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ "Work From Home by Starting a Flipping Business - Flipping Income". Flipping Income. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Coupon Stacking For More Profit - Flipping Income". Flipping Income. 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ "4 Pro Tips On How To Reduce Shipping Costs - Flipping Income". Flipping Income. 2017-03-25. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
Jump up ^ Crashes: The Florida Real Estate Craze
Jump up ^ Duca, John. "Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas".
Jump up ^ "AssemblyPropositions" (PDF). statesassembly.gov.je. statesassembly.gov.je.
Jump up ^ "Put Your Money to Work: Increase Your Wealth by Investing Your Business Assets". allbusiness.com. allbusiness.com.
Jump up ^ Prohibition of Property Flipping in HUD's Single Family Mortgage Insurance Programs; Additional Exceptions to Time Restriction on Sales | Federal Register Environmental Documents | USEPA
Jump up ^ HUD Press Release, January 15 2010.
Jump up ^ "CNBC to Promote House Flipping". Helaine Olen. Forbes. July 25, 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
Published articles[edit]
Mann, Ted (September 30, 2006). "Risky Business". Scarsdale Magazine. —about real-estate flippers in suburban New York.
"Property flipping as neighborhood destablization versus short term real estate investment (STREI) as community reinvestment: A case study of Buffalo, NY".
Zamora, Amanda (February 23, 2010). "Huffington Post Investigative Fund".
"FBI-Property Flipping Data base".
"Work From Home By Starting A Flipping Business".
Trautman, John (November 21, 2016). "To Flip Or Not To Flip?".

Books[edit]
Bronchick, William; Dahlstrom, Robert. Flipping Properties: Generate Instant Cash Profits in Real Estate.
Berges, Steve (2004). The Complete Guide to Flipping Properties. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-46331-3.
Levinrad, Lex (2012). Wholesaling Bank Owned Properties. Distressed Real Estate Institute.
Weiss, Mark B. Real Estate Flipping: Grow Rich Buying and Selling Property.
Hamilton, Gene; Hamilton, Katie. Fix It and Flip It: How to Make Money Rehabbing Real Estate for Profit.
Kiyosaki, Robert. The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life. Vanguard Press.
Trump, Donald; Gary Eldred. Commercial Real Estate 101: How Small Investors Can Get Started and Make It Big. Wiley.
Trautman, John (2017). Truth Or Comfort. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-365-53898-2.
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Brigitte Macron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Brigitte Macron
Spouse of the President of France
Incumbent
Assumed office
14 May 2017
President
Emmanuel Macron
Preceded by
Valérie Trierweiler (de facto)
Personal details
Born
Brigitte Marie-Claude Trogneux
(1953-04-13) 13 April 1953 (age 65)
Amiens, France
Spouse(s)
André-Louis Auzière (m. 1974; div. 2006)
Emmanuel Macron (m. 2007)
Children
3
Residence
Élysée Palace
Occupation
High school teacher
Brigitte Marie-Claude Macron (French pronunciation: [bri.ʒit ma.ʁi klod ma.kʁɔ᷉]; née Trogneux, pronounced [tʁɔ.ɲø], previously Auzière, French pronunciation: [o.zjɛːʁ]; born 13 April 1953) is a French teacher and wife of Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra since May 2017.[1] In 2015, to help support her husband in his political career, she ended her career as a teacher of literature at a prestigious private high school, Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague, in Paris.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Politics
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Brigitte Macron was born Brigitte Marie-Claude Trogneux in Amiens, France. Her parents were Simone (née Pujol; 1910–1998) and Jean Trogneux (1909–1994), the owners of the five-generation Chocolaterie Trogneux,[3] founded in 1872 in Amiens.[4] The company, now known as Jean Trogneux,[5] is run by her nephew, Jean-Alexandre Trogneux.[3] She was the youngest of her parents' six children.[6]
Career[edit]
Brigitte Auzière taught literature at the Collège Lucie-Berger in Strasbourg in the 1980s.[7] By the 1990s, she taught French and Latin at Lycée la Providence, a Jesuit high school in Amiens. It was at that high school that she and Emmanuel Macron first met.[8] He attended her literature classes, and she was in charge of the theatre class that he attended.[9] Their romance was not typical, as she was his senior by almost a quarter of a century, and Macron has described it as "a love often clandestine, often hidden, misunderstood by many before imposing itself".[10]
Politics[edit]
Brigitte Macron with Melania Trump in the White House
Brigitte Auzière ran for the city council of Truchtersheim in 1989, but lost.[7] It was the only time she ran for office.[7]
In 2017, Brigitte Macron played an active role in her husband's presidential campaign; a top adviser was quoted as saying that "her presence is essential for him".[11] Emmanuel Macron stated that upon his winning of the French presidency, his wife "will have the role that she always had with me, she will not be hidden".[12]
Following a petition against a proposed change in her status that gathered more than 275,000 signatures, the French government announced that Brigitte Macron would not hold the official title of “First Lady” and would not be allocated an official budget for her activities.[13] In an interview with French magazine Elle, she stated that a soon-to-be published transparency charter would clarify her “role and accompanying resources”, including the composition and size of her staff.[14]
Personal life[edit]
On 22 June 1974, she married the banker André-Louis Auzière, with whom she had three children: Sébastien Auzière (born 1975), an engineer, Dr Laurence Auzière-Jourdan (born in 1977), a cardiologist, and Tiphaine Auzière (born in 1984), a lawyer.[15] They resided in Truchtersheim until 1991, when they moved to Amiens.[7] She divorced Auzière in January 2006 and married Macron in October 2007. Macron is 24 years younger than she.[16][17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brigitte Trogneux – La biographie de Brigitte Trogneux avec Gala.fr". Gala.fr (in French). Média Prisma. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brigitte Macron, l'ex-prof de français qui pourrait entrer à l'Elysée". leparisien.fr. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lévy-Frébault, Tiphaine (25 June 2015). "Qui est Brigitte Trogneux, l'épouse d'Emmanuel Macron?". L'Express. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arras : la chocolaterie Trogneux va déménager sur la place des Héros". La Voix du Nord. 30 October 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Homepage". Jean Trogneux. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brigitte TROGNEUX – Fraternelle : l'encyclopédie biographique de l'Homo erectus – Geneanet". gw.geneanet.org. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hartzer, Renaud (8 May 2017). "Brigitte Macron a fait ses premiers pas en politique... en Alsace". France 3 Grand Est. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Druckerman, Pamela (2 February 2017). "Sex and the French Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "France's Macron defied parental veto on schoolboy love affair with teacher". Reuters. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Persio, Sofia Lotto (6 February 2017). "Emmanuel Macron: From teacher's pet to teacher's husband to President of France?". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Singular Woman Behind France's Front-Runner". Bloomberg.com. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Pithers, Ellie. "How Brigitte Macron Is Redefining First Lady Dressing". British Vogue. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Willsher, Kim (2017-08-08). "No 'first lady' title for Brigitte Macron after petition over her status". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Brigitte Macron: A 'first lady' in all but title - France 24". France 24. 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Brigitte Macron". Retrieved 12 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Gerber, Louis. "Emmanuel Macron the new French minister of the economy". www.cosmopolis.ch. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ VIDEO. Les images du mariage d'Emmanuel Macron temps de Brigitte Trogneux diffusées. Le Parisien (22 November 2016).
External links[edit]
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List of prisoners of the Tower of London
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The Tower of London
The 15th century Tower in a manuscript of poems by Charles, Duke of Orléans (1391-1465) commemorating his imprisonment there (British Library).
The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878, part of the Royal Holloway picture collection
From an early stage of its history, one of the functions of the Tower of London has been to act as a prison, though it was not designed as one. The earliest known prisoner was Ranulf Flambard in 1100 who,[1] as Bishop of Durham, was found guilty of extortion. He had been responsible for various improvements to the design of the tower after the first architect Gundulf moved back to Rochester. He escaped from the White Tower by climbing down a rope, which had been smuggled into his cell in a wine casket.
Other prisoners include:
Contents
1 1100s
2 1200s
3 1300s
4 1400s
5 1500s
6 1600s
7 1700s
8 1900s
9 References
10 External links
1100s[edit]
William, Count of Mortain in 1106 as a prisoner of war.
Constance of France in 1150 on orders of Geoffrey de Mandeville.
William Fitz Osbert in 1196 for protesting taxation levied for rescue of Richard I
John de Courcy in 1199 for rebellion in Ireland.
1200s[edit]
Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent, Regent to Henry III, was imprisoned from 1232 until pardoned in 1234.
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr, a Welsh prince, the eldest but illegitimate son of Llywelyn the Great ("Llywelyn Fawr") was imprisoned in 1241. He fell to his death in 1244 whilst trying to escape.[1]
John of Scotland (John de Balliol) - after being forced to abdicate the crown of Scotland by Edward I he was imprisoned in the Tower from 1296 to 1299.
William 'le hardi' Douglas, Lord of Douglas and Scots governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed, imprisoned 1297, murdered in the Tower 1298.
1300s[edit]
William Wallace was imprisoned for a short time before his execution in 1305.
David II of Scotland was imprisoned in 1346 after being captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross.
John Graham, Earl of Menteith imprisoned after Neville's Cross, hanged, drawn and quartered in 1347.
John II of France was imprisoned after being captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. Released in 1360 to raise his ransom, he returned to England when his son Louis, used as replacement hostage, escaped from captivity in July 1363. Greeted in London with parades and feasts, he fell ill a few months later and died at the Savoy in April 1364.
Richard II of England used it as a refuge from rebels in 1399 before being taken to Pontefract Castle, where he was murdered.
1400s[edit]
James I of Scotland, then heir to the Scottish throne, was kidnapped while travelling to France in 1406 and imprisoned in the Tower until 1408 before being transferred to Nottingham Castle.[2]
The family of Owain Glyndŵr was imprisoned in the Tower in 1409, a year after Glyndŵr had been defeated by Henry IV.[2]
Charles, Duke of Orléans was imprisoned in various English castles between 1415 and 1440, including the White Tower of the Tower of London as prisoner.[1]
Henry VI of England was imprisoned in the Tower after his capture between 1465 and 1470 and again in 1471, when he was murdered on 21 May 1471.
Margaret of Anjou, consort of Henry VI, was imprisoned after being captured at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 until ransomed in 1475.
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of King Edward IV of England, imprisoned in 1477 for treason and privately executed there in 1478.
Edward V of England and his brother Richard of Shrewsbury, also known as the Princes in the Tower were sent to the tower in 1483 "for their own protection" after the death of their father by their uncle, Richard Duke of Gloucester and who then, according to popular belief, ordered their deaths.
Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, was imprisoned in 1485 by Henry VII and executed in 1499.
Sir William Stanley helped defeat Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. He is often credited as placing Richard III's crown on Henry Tudor's head to become Henry VII. Ten years later in 1495 Henry VII imprisoned the same Sir William Stanley in the Tower, and upon conviction for treason had Sir William executed at Tower Hill.
Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank, the leaders of The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 were sent to the Tower before their execution.[3]
Perkin Warbeck was imprisoned in 1497 alongside the Earl of Warwick. He was executed on the orders of Henry VII in 1499, while trying to escape with the Earl.
1500s[edit]
Sir William de la Pole. A nephew of Edward IV and thus potential Yorkist claimant to the throne, he was incarcerated at the Tower for 37 years (1502–1539) for allegedly plotting against Henry VII, thus becoming the longest-held prisoner.
John Frith, a contemporary of William Tyndale, was imprisoned for 8 months before being tried for heresy and burnt at the stake in Smithfield on 4 July 1533, he is considered to be the first Protestant martyr.
Saint John Fisher was executed on Tower Hill on 22 June 1535. Thomas Cranmer's consecration as Archbishop of Canterbury had taken place in March 1533, and, a week later, John Fisher was arrested.
Saint Thomas More was imprisoned on 17 April 1534 for treason. He was executed on 6 July 1535 and his body was buried at the Tower of London.
Blessed Thomas Abel, chaplain to Queen Catherine of Aragon, was imprisoned for refusing to accept the annulment of her marriage to Henry VIII. He was put to death in Smithfield on 30 July 1540.
Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England, was imprisoned on 2 May 1536 on charges of High Treason: adultery, incest, and witchcraft. She remained a prisoner until 19 May 1536 when she was beheaded by a French swordsman on Tower Green.
In 1539, Hugh Latimer opposed Henry VIII's Six Articles, with the result that he was imprisoned in the Tower of London (where he was again in 1546).
Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx, imprisoned in 1537 for taking part in the Pilgrimage of Grace, before being hanged, drawn and quartered.
Blessed Richard Whiting Abbott of Glastonbury Abbey was imprisoned in 1539 for a short time before being returned to Glastonbury to be hanged, drawn and quartered.
Blessed Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury was imprisoned from 1539 until her beheading in 1541 for treason.
Thomas Cromwell was imprisoned by Henry VIII in 1540 before his execution.
Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII, was imprisoned in 1542 before her execution.
Lady Rochford, sister in law to queen Anne Boleyn, held there before her execution with Catherine Howard.
Anne Askew, Protestant reformer, was imprisoned and tortured for heresy in 1546 before being burnt at the stake.
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was imprisoned in the Tower and set to be executed at the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547. Edward VI granted him as a reprieve, but he remained in the Tower until pardoned by Mary I in 1553.
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, and his steward Sir John Thynne. Although Somerset was released from the Tower and restored to the Council, he was executed for felony in January 1552 after scheming to overthrow John Dudley, Earl of Warwick's regime.
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was imprisoned in 1553 before being sent to Oxford in 1554 to be burnt at the stake for heresy.
Lady Jane Grey, uncrowned Queen of England and her husband Guilford Dudley were imprisoned in the tower from 1553 until 12 February 1554, when they were beheaded by order of Queen Mary I.
In the reign of Edward VI Stephen Gardiner was imprisoned in the Tower (1548 – 1553) for his failure to conform. Upon Mary’s accession to the throne he was restored to his see and made Lord Chancellor.
The future Queen Elizabeth I, was imprisoned for two months in 1554 for her alleged involvement in Wyatt's Rebellion.
In 1566 Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox was sent to the Tower, but after the murder of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley in 1567 she was released.
Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton imprisoned from October 1571 to May 1573, for his part in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Elizabeth I and replace her on the English throne with Mary, Queen of Scots.
Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland, for involvement in several pro-Catholic and Marian plots, from November 1571 to after June 1573, a few weeks in late 1582, and from December 1584 to June 21, 1585, when he was found shot to death in his cell; brought in as a suicide.
Saint Henry Walpole was imprisoned in 1593. While incarcerated in the Salt Tower, he carved his name in the plaster along with those of saints Peter, Paul, Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Gregory the Great. He was put to death in York on 7 April 1595.
Saint Philip Howard was committed to the Tower of London on 25 April 1585. He died alone on Sunday, 19 October 1595.
Robert Poley, spy and messenger for the court of Queen Elizabeth I, was imprisoned on the charge of treason. He used his time in the Tower to gather information on his fellow prisoners. He was released a year and a half later.
Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford imprisoned from March to June 1581 for impregnating Anne Vavasour, one of the Queen's Maids of Honour, who had given birth to a son. Vavasour and infant were also imprisoned.
Anne Vavasour, a Maid of Honour (1580–81) to Elizabeth I, for having an illegitimate son with Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. All were sent to the Tower by orders of the Queen: mother, father, and child.
John Gerard, an English Jesuit priest operating undercover during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, when Catholics were being persecuted. He was captured in 1594 and tortured and incarcerated in the Salt Tower before making a daring escape by rope across the moat in 1597.
William Wright, another Jesuit priest who was arrested in the aftermath of The Gunpowder Plot.
1600s[edit]
Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton imprisoned (like his father had been earlier) and sentenced to death for his part in the Essex Rebellion of 1601 but was lucky to escape execution and be released only with the accession of James I in 1603.
Sir Walter Raleigh spent thirteen years (1603–1616) imprisoned at the Tower but was able to live in relative comfort in the Bloody Tower with his wife and two children. For some of the time he even grew tobacco on Tower Green, just outside his apartment. While imprisoned, he wrote The History of the World.
Guy Fawkes, famous for his part in the Gunpowder Plot, was brought to the Tower in 1605 to be interrogated by a council of the King's Ministers. When he confessed to treason, he was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered in the Old Palace Yard at Westminster; however, he escaped his fate by jumping off the scaffold at the gallows which in turn broke his neck and killed him.
Sir Everard Digby. Gunpowder Plot conspirator, imprisoned in 1605 until hanged, drawn and quartered in 1606.
Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland KG (1564 – 1632) suspected of being part of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 and spent the next 17 years as a prisoner. He also paid a fine of £30,000.
Nicholas Woodcock spent sixteen months in the "gatehouse and tower" for piloting the first Spanish whaleship to Spitsbergen in 1612.
Sir Thomas Overbury was imprisoned in the Tower by King James I on 22 April 1613. He died on 15 September 1613 after being poisoned, and his murder resulted in one of the biggest scandals of the era.
Niall Garve O'Donnell, an Irish nobleman (a one-time ally of the English against his cousin, Red Hugh O'Donnell) and his son Neachtain for turning against the Crown in 1608, where they stayed till their deaths.
Sir Francis Nethersole, secretary to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia was imprisoned for several months in early 1634 for having offended Charles I by questioning the king's support for his sister.
William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, was imprisoned from 1640 to 1645 before his execution for treason.
Major William Rainsborowe, Leveller, was imprisoned in Dec of 1660, on suspicion of treason and released on Bail in February 1661.
Henry Oldenburg, first Secretary to the Royal Society, was imprisoned for one month in 1663 on suspicion of espionage. He had been corresponding with scientists across Europe.
William Penn, Quaker and future founder of Pennsylvania, was imprisoned for seven months in 1668-69 for pamphleteering.
Francis Lovelace, governor of New York colony who was overthrown by the Dutch forces, 1673; on his return in disgrace to England, he was eventually committed to the Tower.
Samuel Pepys, civil servant and diarist, was imprisoned for six weeks in 1679 for maladministration.
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth imprisoned and executed in the tower in 1685 following the Monmouth Rebellion.[4][5][6]
Judge Jeffries was imprisoned in 1688-89 after the defection of James II. He died there of kidney disease.
John Downes, regicide and friend of Cromwell. Though he signed the death warrant he escaped execution as he tried to save the King
1700s[edit]
Sir Robert Walpole, future Prime Minister, was imprisoned for six months in 1712 for corruption.
Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat was imprisoned in 1746 after being captured at the Battle of Culloden before his execution in 1747.
Flora MacDonald, a Scottish Jacobite, was imprisoned from 1746 to 1747 for assisting Bonnie Prince Charlie after Culloden.
Stephen Sayre an American resident of London who was arrested in 1775 for high treason in an alleged plot to kidnap King George III.
Henry Laurens, the third President of the Continental Congress of Colonial America was imprisoned in 1780 for treason.
Lord George Gordon, instigator of the Gordon Riots in 1780, spent 6 months in the Tower while awaiting trial on the charge of high treason.
Johan Anders Jägerhorn, a Swedish officer from Finland, Lord Edward FitzGerald's friend, participating in the Irish independence movement. He spent two years in the Tower (1799–1801), but was released because of Russian interests.
William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale, a Jacobite of the '15, was sprung from the prison by his wife and her maid who kept coming in and out of the Tower so many times that they confused the guards, and the Earl was able to escape the Tower dressed as a woman.
Sir John Douglas, 3rd Baronet of Kelhead was arrested in July 1746 on suspicion of having favoured the cause of the Pretender, Charles Edward Stuart, and was, on 14 August, committed to the Tower of London. He was given bail in March 1748
1900s[edit]
Roger Casement was imprisoned for buying guns from Germany to support The Easter Rising, in 1916.
Norman Baillie-Stewart was a British officer caught selling military secrets to Germany and served four years in the Tower in 1933 until 1937, but he was not executed, because England was not at war with Germany.
Rudolf Hess, the deputy leader of the Nazi Party, was the last state prisoner to be held in the Tower, in May 1941.[7]
Josef Jakobs, a German spy, and the last person to be executed there on 15 August 1941.[8]
The Kray twins, were the last people to be held,[9] for a few days in 1952, for failing to report for national service.
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c Parnell 1993, p. 54
^ Jump up to: a b Impey & Parnell 2000, p. 45
Jump up ^ cornwall-calling.co.uk - Thomas Flamank
Jump up ^ 'James the Second, 1685: An Act to Attaint James Duke of Monmouth of High-Treason. (Chapter II. Rot. Parl. nu. 2.)', Statutes of the Realm: volume 6: 1685-94 (1819), p. 2. Date accessed: 16 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tower of London: Fact sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Charles, Blenheim, Chapter 3: John Churchill, p.54: "Monmouth had a particularly grisly end, the executioner's axe striking seven times before his head severed"
Jump up ^ Impey & Parnell 2000, p. 123
Jump up ^ Sellers 1997, p. 179
Jump up ^ The Tower, Channel 4, 2008-08-01, retrieved 2008-08-01
Bibliography
Impey, Edward; Parnell, Geoffrey (2000), The Tower of London: The Official Illustrated History, Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces, ISBN 1-85894-106-7
Parnell, Geoffrey (1993), The Tower of London, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-6864-9
Sellers, Leonard (1997), Shot in the Tower: The Story of the Spies executed in the Tower of London during the First World War, Leo Cooper, ISBN 978-1848840263
External links[edit]
Tower of London official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_prisoners_of_the_Tower_of_London&oldid=844721930"
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Niall Garve O'Donnell

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Red Hugh O'Donnell

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Judge Jeffries

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Sir Robert Walpole

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King George III

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1715 Jacobite uprising

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values: Category:Lists of prisoners and detainees

values: Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London

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values: Liste der Gefangenen im Tower of London – German

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