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Early modern Europe
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Abraham Ortelius: Map of Europe, 1595
Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century. Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s, the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487, the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s, the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492, or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century England.
Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked (including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War), the rise of capitalism and modern nation states, and European colonization of the Americas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Periodization
3 Reformation
3.1 Church of England
3.2 Consequences of the Protestant Reformation
3.3 Historiography
3.4 Age of Enlightenment
4 Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance
5 Diplomacy and warfare
5.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
6 Major states
6.1 France
6.2 England
7 Other political powers
8 Gender
8.1 Spain
8.2 England
8.2.1 Knights and Tournaments
9 See also
10 References
11 Referred literature
12 Further reading
13 External links
Characteristics[edit]
The early modern period was characterized by profound changes in many realms of human endeavor. Among the most important include the development of science as a formalized practice, increasingly rapid technological progress, and the establishment of secularized civic politics, law courts and the nation state. Capitalist economies began to develop in a nascent form, first in the northern Italian republics such as Genoa and Venice and in the cities of the Low Countries, later in France, Germany and England. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period is often associated with the decline and eventual disappearance (at least in Western Europe) of feudalism and serfdom. The Protestant Reformation greatly altered the religious balance of Christendom, creating a formidable new opposition to the dominance of the Catholic Church, especially in Northern Europe. The early modern period also witnessed the circumnavigation of the Earth and the establishment of regular European contact with the Americas and South and East Asia. The ensuing rise of global systems of international economic, cultural and intellectual exchange played an important role in the development of capitalism and represents the earliest phase of globalization.
Periodization[edit]
Regardless of the precise dates used to define its beginning and end points, the early modern period is generally agreed to have comprised the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. As such, historians have attributed a number of fundamental changes to the period, notably the increasingly rapid progress of science and technology, the secularization of politics, and the diminution of the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church as well as the lessening of the influence of all faiths upon national governments. Many historians have identified the early modern period as the epoch in which individuals began to think of themselves as belonging to a national polity—a notable break from medieval modes of self-identification, which had been largely based upon religion (belonging to a universal Christendom), language, or feudal allegiance (belonging to the manor or extended household of a particular magnate or lord).
The beginning of the early modern period is not clear-cut, but is generally accepted to be in the late 15th century or early 16th century. Significant dates in this transitional phase from medieval to early modern Europe can be noted:
1450
The invention of the first European movable type printing process by Johannes Gutenberg, a device that fundamentally changed the circulation of information. Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words and which is an invention separate from the printing press, had been invented earlier in China.
1453
The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans signalled the end of the Byzantine empire; the Battle of Castillon concluded the Hundred Years' War.
1485
The last Plantagenet king of England, Richard III, was killed at Bosworth and the medieval civil wars of aristocratic factions gave way to early modern Tudor monarchy, in the person of Henry VII.
1492
The first documented European voyage to the Americas by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus; the end of the Reconquista, with the final expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula; the Spanish government expels the Jews.
1494
French king Charles VIII invaded Italy, drastically altering the status quo and beginning a series of wars which would punctuate the Italian Renaissance.
1513
First formulation of modern politics with the publication of Machiavelli's The Prince.
1517
The Reformation begins with Martin Luther nailing his ninety-five theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany.
1526
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor gains the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary.
1545
The Council of Trent marks the end of the medieval Roman Catholic Church.
The end date of the early modern period is variously associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750, or the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Napoleonic Era and modern Europe.
The role of nobles in the Feudal System had yielded to the notion of the Divine Right of Kings during the Middle Ages (in fact, this consolidation of power from the land-owning nobles to the titular monarchs was one of the most prominent themes of the Middle Ages). Among the most notable political changes included the abolition of serfdom and the crystallization of kingdoms into nation-states. Perhaps even more significantly, with the advent of the Reformation, the notion of Christendom as a unified political entity was destroyed. Many kings and rulers used this radical shift in the understanding of the world to further consolidate their sovereignty over their territories. For instance, many of the Germanic states (as well as English Reformation) converted to Protestantism in an attempt to slip out of the grasp of the Pope.
The intellectual developments of the period included the creation of the economic theory of mercantilism and the publication of enduringly influential works of political and social philosophy, such as Machiavelli's The Prince (1513) and Thomas More's Utopia (1515).
Reformation[edit]
Main article: Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a reform-oriented schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers. It is typically dated from 1517, lasting until the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It was launched on 31 October 1517 by Martin Luther, who posted his 95 Theses criticizing the practice of indulgences to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, commonly used to post notices to the University community. In was very widely publicized across Europe and caught fire. Luther began by criticizing the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide.
The Reformation ended in division and the establishment of new church movements. The four most important traditions to emerge directly from the Reformation were Lutheranism, the Reformed (also called Calvinist or Presbyterian) tradition, Anglicanism, and the Anabaptists. Subsequent Protestant churches generally trace their roots back to these initial four schools of the Reformation. It also led to the Catholic or Counter Reformation within the Roman Catholic Church through a variety of new spiritual movements, reforms of religious communities, the founding of seminaries, the clarification of Catholic theology as well as structural changes in the institution of the Church.[1] The largest groups were the Lutherans and Calvinists. Lutheran churches were founded mostly in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, while the Reformed ones were founded in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland.[2]
The initial movement within Germany diversified, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther. The availability of the printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. The core motivation behind the Reformation was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded faith in the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.[3]
There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation, which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian and other Pietistic movements.[4]
The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent. Much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits. In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict, culminating in the Thirty Years' War, which left it devastated.[5]
Church of England[edit]
Main articles: Church of England and Anglicanism
Henry VIII broke England's ties with the Catholic Church, becoming the sole head of the English Church.
The Reformation reshaped the Church of England decisively after 1547. The separation of the Church of England (or Anglican Church) from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1537, brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement; however, religious changes in the English national church proceeded more conservatively than elsewhere in Europe. Reformers in the Church of England alternated, for decades, between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing, within the context of robustly Protestant doctrine, a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions.[6]
Consequences of the Protestant Reformation[edit]
The following outcomes of the Protestant Reformation regarding human capital formation, the Protestant ethic, economic development, governance, and "dark" outcomes have been identified by scholars.[7]
Historiography[edit]
Margaret C. Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. Their ideas were studied in depth. However, the rise of the new social history in the 1960s look at history from the bottom up, not from the top down. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. She finds, "in contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as a vast cultural upheaval, a social and popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity."[8]
Age of Enlightenment[edit]
The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a period which includes the Age of Reason. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, The Enlightenment. This movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, and logic. The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as a courageous elite, and regarded their purpose as one of leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny, which they believed began during a historical period they called the Dark Ages. This movement also provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, the Latin American independence movement, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Constitution of May 3, and also led to the rise of liberalism and the birth of socialism and communism.[9] It is matched by the high baroque and classical eras in music, and the neo-classical period in the arts, and receives contemporary application in the unity of science movement which includes logical positivism.
Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance[edit]
The expression "early modern" is sometimes used as a substitute for the term Renaissance, and vice versa. However, "Renaissance" is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments; which occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe—especially central and northern Italy—and span the transition from late Medieval civilization and the opening of the early modern period.
The term early modern is most often applied to Europe, and its overseas empire. However, it has also been employed in the history of the Ottoman Empire. In the historiography of Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.
Diplomacy and warfare[edit]
After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Europe's borders were largely stable. 1708 map by Herman Moll
Main article: International relations 1648-1814
The 17th century saw very little peace in Europe – major wars were fought in 95 years (every year except 1610, 1669 to 1671, and 1680 to 1682.)[10] The wars were unusually ugly. Europe in the late 17th century, 1648 to 1700, was an age of great intellectual, scientific, artistic and cultural achievement. Historian Frederick Nussbaum says it was:
prolific in genius, in common sense, and in organizing ability. It could properly have been expected that intelligence, comprehension and high purpose would be applied to the control of human relations in general and to the relations between states and peoples in particular. The fact was almost completely opposite. It was a period of marked unintelligence, immorality and frivolity in the conduct of international relations, marked by wars undertaken for dimly conceived purposes, waged with the utmost brutality and conducted by reckless betrayals of allies.[11]
The worst came during the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648, which had an extremely negative impact on the civilian population of Germany and surrounding areas, with massive loss of life and disruption of the economy and society.
Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648[edit]
Treaty of Westphalia allowed Calvinism to be freely exercised.
The Reformation led to a series of religious wars that culminated in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its entire population.[12] Roman Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, the Crown of Bohemia, Hungary, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Roman Catholic Church. Some historians believe that the era of the Reformation came to a close when Roman Catholic France allied itself with Protestant states against the Habsburg dynasty. For the first time since the days of Martin Luther, political and national convictions again outweighed religious convictions in Europe.
Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:
All parties would now recognise the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio).
Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.
The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his bull Zelo Domus Dei. European sovereigns, Roman Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict.[13]
Scholars taking a "realist" perspective on wars and diplomacy have emphasized the Peace of Westphalia (1648) as a dividing line. It ended the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), where religion and ideology had been powerful motivating forces for warfare. Westphalia, in the realist view, ushered in a new international system of sovereign states of roughly equal strength, dedicated not to ideology or religion but to enhance status, and territorial gains. The Catholic Church, for example, no longer devoted its energies to the very difficult task of reclaiming dioceses lost to Protestantism, but to build large-scale missions in overseas colonial possessions that could convert the natives by the thousands Using devoted members of society such as the Jesuits.[14] According to Scott Hamish, the realist model assumes that "foreign policies were guided entirely by "Realpolitik," by the resulting struggle for resources and, eventually, by the search for what became known as a 'balance of power.'[15]
Diplomacy before 1700 was not well developed, and chances to avoid wars were too often squandered. In England, for example, King Charles II paid little attention to diplomacy, which proved disastrous. During the Dutch war of 1665-67, England had no diplomats stationed in Denmark or Sweden. When King Charles realized he needed them as allies, he sent special missions that were uninformed about local political, military, and diplomatic situations, and were ignorant of personalities and political factionalism. Ignorance produced a series of blunders that ruined their efforts to find allies.[16] King Louis XIV of France, by contrast, developed the most sophisticated diplomatic service, with permanent ambassadors and lesser ministers in major and minor capitals, all preparing steady streams of information and advice to Paris. Diplomacy became a career that proved highly attack attractive to rich senior aristocrats who enjoyed very high society at royal courts, especially because they carried the status of the most powerful nation in Europe. Increasingly, other nations copied the French model; French became the language of diplomacy, replacing Latin.[17] By 1700, the British and the Dutch, with small land armies, large navies, and large treasuries, used astute diplomacy to build alliances, subsidizing as needed land powers to fight on their side, or as in the case of the Hessians, hiring regiments of soldiers from mercenary princes in small countries.[18] The balance of power was very delicately calculated, so that winning a battle here was worth the slice of territory there, with no regard to the wishes of the inhabitants. Important peacemaking conferences at Utrecht (1713), Vienna (1738), Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) and Paris (1763) had a cheerful, cynical, game-like atmosphere in which professional diplomats cashed in victories like casino chips in exchange for territory.[19]
Major states[edit]
France[edit]
Further information: History of France, Early Modern France, Kingdom of France, and Ancien Régime
The Ancien Régime (French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the about 1450 until the |French Revolution that started in 1789.[20] The Ancien Régime was ruled by the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties. Much of the medieval political centralization of France had been lost in the Hundred Years' War, and the Valois Dynasty's attempts at re-establishing control over the scattered political centres of the country were hindered by the Huguenot Wars (or Wars of Religion). Much of the reigns of Henry IV, Louis XIII and the early years of Louis XIV were focused on administrative centralisation. Despite, however, the notion of "absolute monarchy" (typified by the king's right to issue lettres de cachet) and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized state, Ancien Régime France remained a country of systemic irregularities: administrative (including taxation), legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped, while the French nobility struggled to maintain their own rights in the matters of local government and justice, and powerful internal conflicts (like the Fronde) protested against this centralization.[21]
The need for centralization in this period was directly linked to the question of royal finances and the ability to wage war. The internal conflicts and dynastic crises of the 16th and 17th centuries (the Huguenot Wars between Catholics and Protestants and the Habsburg's internal family conflict) and the territorial expansion of France in the 17th century demanded great sums which needed to be raised through taxes, such as the land tax (taille) and the tax on salt (gabelle) and by contributions of men and service from the nobility. Tne key to this centralization was the replacing of personal patronage systems organized around the king and other nobles by institutional systems around the state.[22] The creation of intendants—representatives of royal power in the provinces—did much to undermine local control by regional nobles. The same was true of the greater reliance shown by the royal court on the "noblesse de robe" as judges and royal counselors. The creation of regional parlements had initially the same goal of facilitating the introduction of royal power into newly assimilated territories, but as the parlements gained in self-assurance, they began to be sources of disunity.[23]
England[edit]
Further information: Early Modern Britain, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, Commonwealth of England, and Kingdom of Great Britain
Elizabeth ushers in Peace and Plenty. Detail from The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, c. 1572, attributed to Lucas de Heere.
This period refers to England 1558–1603. The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and was a golden age in English cultural history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre grew. William Shakespeare, among others, composed highly innovative and powerful plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad. At home the Protestant Reformation was established and successfully defended against the Catholic powers of Spain and France.[24]
The Jacobean era was the reign James I of England (1603–1625). Overseas exploration and establishment of trading factories sped up, with the first permanent settlements in North America at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, in Newfoundland in 1610, and at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620. One king now ruled England and Scotland; the latter was fully absorbed by the Acts of Union 1707.[25]
The tumultuous Caroline era was the reign of King Charles I (1625–1645), followed by his beheading by Oliver Cromwell's regime in 1649 . The Caroline era was dominated by the growing religious, political, and social conflict between the King and his supporters, termed the Royalist party, and the Puritan opposition that evolved in response to particular aspects of Charles' rule. The colonization of North America continued apace, with new colonies in Maryland (1634), Connecticut (1635), and Rhode Island (1636).[26]
Other political powers[edit]
Ottoman Empire
Early Modern Italy
Papal States
Republic of Florence, Duchy of Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Republic of Venice
Duchy of Milan
Republic of Genoa
Kingdom of Naples
Habsburg Spain, Bourbon Spain
Kingdom of Portugal
Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech)
Habsburg Monarchy (Austria)
Early Modern Germany
Duchy of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia
Duchy of Bavaria, Electorate of Bavaria
Electorate of the Palatinate
Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire
Early Modern Sweden
Denmark-Norway
Early Modern Romania
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Kingdom of Hungary
Gender[edit]
Spain[edit]
Much like the rest of Europe in the early modern period Spain followed clearly differentiated gender roles.[27] These roles came from many places, such as biblical references, church practices, and in the case of women, manuals such as Fray Luis de León's La Perfecta Casada.[27][28]
England[edit]
Knights and Tournaments[edit]
Under the rule of Elizabeth, gender dynamics were altered. The masculine tournaments of Henry VIII's rule were "transformed into a vehicle for spectacular display and expanded the masque-like elements." [29] It was generally regarded as a show rather than an actual military practice as they were viewed under Henry.[30]
See also[edit]
Renaissance
International relations 1648-1814
Early Modern warfare
Scientific Revolution
Age of Discovery
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Thirty Years' War
Age of Enlightenment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kenneth G. Appold, The Reformation: A Brief History (2011) online
Jump up ^ Andrew Johnston, The protestant reformation in Europe (Routledge, 2014).
Jump up ^ For a wide range of causes see G.R. Elton, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 2: The Reformation, 1520–1559 (1st ed. 1958) online
Jump up ^ George Huntston Williams, The Radical Reformation (3rd ed, 2000).
Jump up ^ A.D. Wright, The Counter-Reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-Christian World (Ashgate, 2005).
Jump up ^ A.G. Dickens, The English Reformation (1991).
Jump up ^ Patrick Collinson, The Reformation: A History (2006)
Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob (1991). Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe. p. 215.
Jump up ^ Bax, Ernest Belfort. "Gracchus Babeuf and the Conspiracy of the Equals", 1911 [1], accessed June 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ John A. Mears, "The Emergence Of The Standing Professional Army In Seventeenth-Century Europe," Social Science Quarterly (1969) 50#1 pp. 106-115 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Frederick L. Nussbaum, The triumph of science and reason, 1660-1685 (1953) pp 147-48.
Jump up ^ "History of Europe – Demographics". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Cross, (ed.) "Westphalia, Peace of" Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
Jump up ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History (1996) p 593-94.
Jump up ^ Scott Hamish, book review in English Historical Review (Oct 2013) pp 1239-1241.
Jump up ^ J.R. Jones, Britain and the World: 1649-1815 (1980), pp 38-39.
Jump up ^ Gaston Zeller, "French diplomacy and foreign policy in their European setting." in Carsten, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History vol 5 (1961) p 198-99, 206.
Jump up ^ Charles W. Ingrao, The Hessian mercenary state: ideas, institutions, and reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785 (2003).
Jump up ^ Davies, Europe (1996) pp 581-82.
Jump up ^ "Ancien Regime", Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, The Gale Group Inc., 2004, retrieved 26 February 2017 – via Encyclopedia.com
Jump up ^ See William Doyle, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime (2012) 656pp excerpt and text search.
Jump up ^ Major 1994, pp. xx–xxi
Jump up ^ Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The Ancien Regime: A History of France 1610–1774 (1999), political survey excerpt and text search.
Jump up ^ D. M. Palliser, The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603 (1983)
Jump up ^ Barry Coward, and Peter Gaunt. The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714 (5th ed. 2017), excerpt
Jump up ^ Godfrey Davies, The Early Stuarts, 1603-1660 (Oxford UP, 1959).
^ Jump up to: a b Soyer, Francois (2012). Ambiguous Gender in Early Modern Spain and Portugal: Inquisitors, Doctors and the Transgression of Gender Norms. Boston: Brill. p. 17. ISBN 9789004225299.
Jump up ^ de Leon, Fray Luis. "La Perfecta Casada" (PDF). Biblioteca Virtual Universal.
Jump up ^ Watson, Sara Ruth (1935-01-01). "An Elizabethan Tournament". PMLA. 50 (3): 920–922. doi:10.2307/458230. JSTOR 458230.
Jump up ^ Schulze, Ivan L. (1933). "Notes on Elizabethan Chivalry and "The Faerie Queene"". Studies in Philology. 30: 148–159. JSTOR 4172200.
Referred literature[edit]
Rice, Eugene, F., Jr. (1970). The Foundations of Early Modern Europe: 1460-1559. W.W. Norton & Co.
John Coffey (2000), Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558-1689, Studies in Modern History, Pearson Education
Benjamin J. Kaplan (2007), Divided by Faith. Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press
Joseph S. Freedman (1999), Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500–1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities Aldershot: Ashgate
Further reading[edit]
Black, Jeremy. European International Relations, 1648–1815 (2002)
Blanning, T. C. W. The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789 (2003)
Cameron, Euan. Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (2001)
Dorn, Walter L. Competition For Empire 1740-1763 (1940) online
Gatti, Hilary. Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe (2015).
Gershoy, Leo. From Despotism To Revolution: 1736-1789 (1944)online
Hill, David Jayne. A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe (3 vol. 1914) "history+of+diplomacy"&ots=EUa-HD_xPO&sig=CIpD9AhDDo2swDhsshccFUh-ctM#v=onepage&q=hill%20%22history%20of%20diplomacy%22&f=false online v 3, 1648-1775
Jacob, Margaret C. Strangers nowhere in the world: the rise of cosmopolitanism in early modern Europe (2017).
Kennedy, Paul. The rise and fall of British naval mastery (1977)
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline
Lindsay, J. O. ed. New Cambridge Modern History: The Old Regime, 1713-1763 (1957) online
Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present (3rd ed. 2009, 2 vol), 1412 pp
Mowat, R. B. History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789 (1928) 324 pages online
Nussbaum, Frederick L. The triumph of science and reason, 1660-1685 (1953), Despite the narrow title is a general survey of European history.
Petrie, Charles. Earlier diplomatic history, 1492–1713 (1949), covers all of Europe; online[permanent dead link]
Petrie, Charles. Diplomatic History, 1713–1933 (1946), broad summary online
Rice, Eugene F. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559 (2nd ed. 1994) 240pp
Schroeder, Paul. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) online; advanced diplomatic history
Scott, Hamish, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume I: Peoples and Place (2015); Volume II: Cultures and Power (2015).
Wiesner, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789 (Cambridge History of Europe) (2006)
Wolf, John B. The Emergence of the Great Powers, 1685-1715 (1951
External links[edit]
Discussion of the medieval/modern transition, from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
Society for Renaissance Studies
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Hackett (surname)
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hackett (alternately Hacker, Haket, Hackert, Halkett, Ó hAicéad etc.) is a surname of Norman origin, Hacket being a common Norman personal name.
Most textbooks discussing the origin of English surnames theorize that the name Hackett originates in northern France, Malta and has Irish connections. The early history of the name is largely conjecture because of the lack of written evidence. The surname Hacker is derived from the medieval given names Hack or Hake. These English names were derived from the Old Norse name Haki, which is a cognate of the English name Hook. The Gaelic form of the name Hackett is Haicéid.
The Hackett name migrated to Ireland at the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion in 1170. Members of the Hackett family accompanied Richard "Strongbow" de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke during his invasion of Ireland. The Hacketts were subsequently granted estates in the modern counties of Kilkenny, Carlow and Kildare and thus became the principal holders of land and one of the most influential families in Ireland. As a result, several towns have taken the Hackett name, including Hacketstown, in County Carlow. Further, the Fiants of Henry VIII and Edward VI indicate that in the sixteenth century there were also Hacketstowns, or Ballyhackett, in Counties Dublin and Kildare.
A branch of the Hacketts moved into Connacht, where, in due course, they became hibernicized and, like other Norman families of that province, formed a distinct if small sept which was known as MacHackett, their seat being Castle Hackett, six miles south-east of Tuam. Yet, in modern times, there has been little trace of the name Hackett in Connacht or usage of the name MacHackett in general. The Hackett name is still strong, however, in and around Counties Tipperary and Kilkenny. Several Hacketts and Hakets appear in the lists of sheriffs of Counties Tipperary and Waterford and as members of parliament for Fethard up through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
In the early seventeenth century, members of the Hacketts migrated to the New World, first settling in Canada, Barbados and Virginia. According to the 1990 U.S. Census, there were 17,409 Hacketts in the United States making it the 1,689th most common name in the U.S.
Contents
[hide]
1 Coats of arms
2 Notable Hacketts
2.1 Hacket
2.2 Hackitt
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
6 External links
Coats of arms[edit]
Coats of Arms were an important sign of a noble individual in medieval Europe for recognition in times of battle or at tournaments etc.
An early CoA was worn by William de Hackett of Cashel in Co.Tipperary who founded a Franciscan Friary there in the 13th C.His arms were three hake fish haurient in fesse and in chief three trefoils slipped proper. We do not know the colouring.
Another Coat of Arms was granted to Sir Thomas Hackett, Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1688; descended from an ancient family long settled in Ireland and has the splendid blazon of a field gules thereon three hakes argent haurient in fesse, on a chief or three trefoils slipped proper. The crest being, out of a mural coronet argent, an eagle displayed with two heads sable, with the motto; Spec mea Deus.Translated this reads "On a red shield are three silver hake fish (a pun on the name Hackett) on the top fourth (Chief) are three shamrocks on a gold background."On most variants of the crest, a double eagle wearing a tiara perched on two snakes, while a motto reads "God is my Hope".Other mottos include "Virtue and Fidelity.", "All for now, men!" and "Fortitudine et prudentia" (With fortitude and prudence) the later believed to be from Hackett's originating in the Carlow Kilkenny and Wexford area"
Most of the official coats of arms granted to individual Hacketts are a variant of the above.
Notable Hacketts[edit]
A. J. Hackett, founder of a bungee jumping company in New Zealand
Albert Hackett, American dramatist and screenwriter
Bernard Hackett, English footballer
Bobby Hackett, American jazz musician
Bobby Hackett (swimmer), American swimmer
Buddy Hackett (born Hacker), American comedian and actor
Chris Hackett (footballer), professional footballer for Millwall
Chris Hackett (artist), artist, engineer, and television presenter
Chris Hackett (Pennsylvania politician), politician.
D. J. Hackett, American football, wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers
Daniel Hackett Italian basketball player
David Hackett (1926–2011), US official, during Kennedy administration
Dave Hackett, professional skateboarder
David Spencer Hackett, inspiration for Robert Mueller to enter military service and public service
Des Hackett, Australian naturalist
Dr Earle Hackett (1921–2010), pathologist and broadcaster in Australia
Father Jack Hackett, fictional Father Ted character
Francis Hackett, author
Gary Hackett, former English footballer
Grant Hackett, Australian swimmer
Horatio Balch Hackett, biblical scholar
James Keteltas Hackett (1869–1926), American actor
James William Hackett, haiku poet
Jeff Hackett, retired NHL goaltender
Joan Hackett, American film actress
John Hackett (musician), flautist
John Hackett (British Army officer), British army officer and author
Sir John Winthrop Hackett, Australian journalist, newspaper proprietor, politician and university chancellor
Keith Hackett, former FIFA, European and English football referee
Ken Hackett, American, president of Catholic Relief Services
Liam Hackett (firefighter) London Fire Brigade, recipient of Life Saving Medal of the Order of St.John 1991
Martha Hackett, American television actress
Matt Hackett, National Hockey League goaltender, nephew of Jeff
Matthew Hackett, computer graphics animator
Nelson Hackett, escaped slave
Nicole Hackett, Australian triathlete
Norman H. Hackett, Canadian-born American actor
O. C. Hackett, founding Supervisor, Tuscola Township, Illinois (1868); California gold rush pioneer
Patricia Hackett (1908–1963), Australian lawyer, stage actress and author, daughter of Sir Winthrop Hackett
Paul Hackett (politician), political candidate
Paul Hackett (American football), American football coach
Peter Hackett, frontiersman and resident of Boonesborough, Kentucky, 1779; Kentucky militiaman in the American Revolution
Reg Hackett, English soccer footballer in the 1920s
Richard Hackett, Mayor of Memphis, 1982-1991
Rosalind Hackett, American historian
Simon Hackett, South Australian internet technology entrepreneur
Simon Hackett (academic), British academic and former social worker
Steve Hackett, British guitarist, songwriter, and record producer
Steven C. Hackett, American economist
Thomas Bernard Hackett, recipient of the Victoria Cross
William Thomas Gould Hackett, economist
William Hackett (VC) (1873–1916), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
William Hackett (mountaineer), American mountaineer
Hacket[edit]
John Hacket, Bishop of Lichfield
William Hacket or Hackett, claimed to be the Messiah in London on 19 July 1591, executed for treason 12 days later
Hackitt[edit]
Judith Hackitt, DBE, British chemical engineer and former Chair of the UK Health and Safety Executive
See also[edit]
Hackett (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Sources[edit]
County Kilkenny Ireland Genealogy
Last Name Meaning and Origin of Hackett
Hackett mottos fairnbarn 1860
External links[edit]
The Political Graveyard
Hackett Family Genealogy Forum
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Hackett. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hackett_(surname)&oldid=829960492"
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You're the Best
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song by Mamamoo, see Melting (album).
"You're the Best"
Song by Joe Esposito
from the album The Karate Kid Soundtrack
Released
June, 23, 1984
Recorded
April 23, 1984
Genre
Synthpop, hard rock
Length
2:54
Label
Casablanca
Songwriter(s)
Bill Conti, Allee Willis[1]
The Karate Kid Soundtrack track listing
"Desire" (Gang of Four)
(9) "You're the Best"
"You're the Best" is a song performed by Joe Esposito and written by Bill Conti and Allee Willis, which came to prominence as the music to the All-Valley Karate Championships montage in the 1984 movie The Karate Kid in which the protagonist, Daniel LaRusso (Ralph Macchio), proves a surprisingly formidable contender.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Usage
2.1 Animated television
2.2 Live-action television
2.3 Live-action film
2.4 Professional sports
2.5 Commercials
2.6 Radio
2.7 Video games
2.8 Other songs
3 References
Background[edit]
"You're the Best" came to prominence after being used in the 1984 film The Karate Kid. Responding to years of criticism of "You're the Best" on the radio, singer Joe Esposito called in to the Adam Carolla Show on April 9, 2008. The criticism was that the lyric "History repeats itself" was inappropriate because it was played during Larusso's first All-Valley Tournament in The Karate Kid. Esposito revealed that the song was originally intended for the Rocky III soundtrack but was replaced by "Eye of the Tiger". It was subsequently also turned down for the Flashdance soundtrack in favor of "Maniac" by Michael Sembello. Karate Kid director John Avildsen liked the song so much, he used it in the movie.[2]
Usage[edit]
This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (December 2016)
The track has been used since in numerous homages to eighties movies, including:
Animated television[edit]
South Park, Season 9, Episode 5, "The Losing Edge" (sped up)
Futurama, Season 3, Episode 22, "30% Iron Chef"
Bob's Burgers, Season 3, Episode 11, "Nude Beach"
Homestar Runner, the Strong Bad Email "montage"[3]
Regular Show, Season 1, Episode 4, "Death Punchies"
Back at the Barnyard, Season 2, Episode 18a, "Mission: Save Bigfoot"
The Simpsons, Season 28, Episode 18, "A Father's Watch"
Live-action television[edit]
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Season 2, Episode 5, "Hundred Dollar Baby" and Season 6, Episode 4, "Mac's Big Break"
Rob & Big, Season 1, Episode 4, "Let's Get Physical"
Reaper, Season 2, Episode 1, "Episode IV: A New Hope"
Greek, Season 3, Episode 10, "Friend or Foe"
Sport Relief 2010 (James Corden and Manchester United)
Mongrels, Season 1, Episode 6, "Destiny the Infection Risk"
Happy Endings, Season 3, Episode 17, "She Got Game Night"
Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Season 1, Episode 15, "Operation: Broken Feather"
Scorpion, Season 3, Episode 16, "Keep It in Check, Mate"
The Goldbergs, Season 4, Episode 16, "The Kara-te Kid"
Blackish, Season 3, Episode 17, "ToysRn'tUs"
Lucifer, Season 3, Episode 11, "City of Angels?"
Live-action film[edit]
The Italian Chef Movie
The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters.
Strays, a short film by Gareth Nolan
Big Stan
The Wedding Ringer
Kickboxer (1989 film)
Professional sports[edit]
Manny "Pacman" Pacquiao used the song as entrance music in his fight against Antonio Margarito.
Mixed martial arts fighter Joe Stevenson uses a hip-hop version as entrance music.
The independent professional wrestling tag team The Best Around uses the song as entrance music.
Professional wrestler Frankie Kazarian uses this as his theme song on the independent circuit.
Pittsburgh Pirates third baseman Andy LaRoche used this as his at-bat intro song for much of his minor league career and also during his rookie season in 2008. His brother, former Pittsburgh Pirates first baseman Adam LaRoche, also used this song for several weeks in 2008 as a dare by Andy. However the fans in Pittsburgh seemed to find little humor in the song, as both players struggled with poor results during the season.
Professional wrestler Robert Evans uses the song as his victory music on the independent circuit.
The IBL's Los Angeles Lakers play the song over the PA system at the end of every home win.
Professional wrestler Chris Holmes uses the song as his theme song on the independent circuit.
Professional wrestler Prince Devitt used the song as his theme song in New Japan Pro Wrestling.
The Richmond Flying Squirrels, Class AA affiliate of the San Francisco Giants, use this song in the opening animation video that plays when the team takes the field at its home games played at The Diamond.
New York Mets Catcher Josh Thole used this as his walk up song during the 2009 season when he was with the Binghamton Mets Class AA affiliate of the New York Mets.
Professional Poker Player and pro MMA fighter Terrence Chan used this as his entrance song on his debut victory versus Alex Lee
The New Jersey Devils play the song after wins.
Mixed martial arts fighter Luke Rockhold used the song as his entrance music for his bout versus Lyoto Machida
The song was used in a tribute VHS to the 1985 Kansas City Royals World Series Championship team, during a segmant on George Brett.
Mexican wrestler Ricky Marvin uses the song as his theme.
Commercials[edit]
2006 McCoy's Ridged Tortilla chips commercial in Britain
2007 Utilikilts Mockumercial "The Kegerator".
2009 commercial of the Ford Focus in Mexico.
2010 Sport Relief commercial in Britain.
2010 Derek Ledgerwood's new marketing campaign. Song is played whenever a loan is closed.
2010 EA Sports Active NFL Training Camp video game.
2012 Moneysupermarket.com commercial in Britain.
Radio[edit]
The song also appears on the Opie & Anthony show whenever Master Po walks into the studio.
The song is often played on the Mike and Mike Show on ESPN Radio.
A brief sample of the song is played in honor of particularly interesting callers on the Charlie Hodge Rock 'n Roll Halftime Show on KLBJ-FM in Austin, Texas. This is referred to as "The Joe Esposito Award".
It is used periodically on the Toucher and Rich Show on Boston's 98.5 the Sports Hub, for example in reference to Tyler Seguin.
The chorus of the song "You're the best around/Nothing's gonna ever keep you down" is frequently played on the Tampa, Florida radio station WXTB, colloquially known as 98 Rock.
On BBC Radio 1, the song is played after the first text of the day winner is selected on Devin Griffin's Early Breakfast Show.
The song is used as an intro to the League of Ireland section of the Off the Ball show on Newstalk radio in Ireland.
Eminem sings a little part from the song at the first Beats Radio interview.
105.1 TripleM in Melbourne, Australia, uses 'You're the best' as a way of congratulating something well said by guests on talkback radio.
The song is also occasionally used as bumper music by Scott Ferrall on his CBS radio show Ferrall on the Bench.
Video games[edit]
Plays in "Radical Heights" after being the last man standing in a Battle Royale match.
Capcom and UDON used the song for both of their trailers for Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix.
This song is used for the ending theme on a remixed version of Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes.
An achievement/trophy in the video game BlazBlue is named "You're the best! Around!" and another named "Nothing's Gonna Keep You Down".
The achievement called "You're the best around!" is awarded for completing the video game Splosion Man in single player.
An achievement/trophy in Dante's Inferno called "You're the best around!" is awarded for earning a player score of 250,000 in the Trials of Saint Lucia DLC pack.
The Adult Swim game Jetpack Jackass uses the song as its soundtrack.
The song is part of the Saints Row: The Third soundtrack, featuring prominently the mission "MurderBrawl XXXI," a wrestling match between the player and Killbane, the Luchador antagonist.
In the 2013 video game Shadow Warrior. when the player picks up a Fortune Cookie and it reads "You're the Best. Around. Nothing's Ever Going to Keep You Down."
In "The Evil Within 2" during a shooting mini game when you got the high score, the nurse will say "you're the around, detective" and Sebastian will follow up saying "nothing's ever going to keep me down"
Other songs[edit]
Jason Mraz' song "The Dynamo of Volition" from the 2008 album We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things. concludes with the chorus of this song.
In 2011, the song was parodied by The Fringemunks as part of a medley that recapped Fringe episode 3.21, "The Last Sam Weiss".[4]
During the Warped Tour 2010 and other various shows, Every Time I Die often used the song as their entrance music.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BMI Repertoire". BMI. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
Jump up ^ Adam Carolla Show, 2008-04-09 interview.
Jump up ^ "montage". Homestar Runner Wiki. 8 November 2004. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Fringemunks Web site". Davidwumusic.com. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Every Time I Die "Intro/No Son Of Mine" Live @ Warped Tour Pittsburgh 7-7-10". Youtube.com. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Karate Kid
Films
The Karate Kid (1984)
The Karate Kid Part II (1986)
The Karate Kid Part III (1989)
The Next Karate Kid (1994)
The Karate Kid (2010)
Television series
The Karate Kid (animated series) (1989)
Cobra Kai (2018)
Characters
Mr. Miyagi
Original songs
"You're the Best"
"Glory of Love"
"Never Say Never"
Other
Video game
"Sweep the Leg"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_the_Best&oldid=842590832"
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The Karate Kid
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New York City water supply system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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High Bridge in 1849, part of the Croton Aqueduct, the city's first water supply system
New York City's water supply system is one of the most extensive municipal water systems in the world. This complex system relies on a combination of aqueducts, reservoirs, and tunnels to meet the daily needs of New York City's more than eight million residents and its many visitors.
Thanks to well-protected wilderness watersheds, New York's water treatment process is simpler than in other American cities. One advantage of the system is that 95% of the total water supply is supplied by gravity. The other 5% needs to be pumped to maintain pressure, but this is sometimes increased in times of drought when the reservoirs are at lower than normal levels.[1]
The city has sought to restrict development throughout its watershed. One of its largest watershed protection programs is the Land Acquisition Program, under which the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has purchased or protected, through conservation easement, over 130,000 acres (53,000 ha) since 1997.[2]
Contents
1 Responsible agencies
1.1 New York City Department of Environmental Protection
1.2 New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority
1.3 New York City Water Board
2 Infrastructure
2.1 Reservoirs and aqueducts
2.2 Brooklyn Reservoirs
2.3 Tunnels and distribution system
3 Ongoing repairs and upgrades
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Responsible agencies[edit]
Responsibility for the city water supply is shared among three institutions: the New York City Department of Environmental Protection ("DEP"), which operates and maintains the system and is responsible for investment planning; the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority ("NYW"), which raises debt financing in the market to underwrite the system's costs; and the Water Board, which sets rates and collects user payments.
New York City Department of Environmental Protection[edit]
Main article: New York City Department of Environmental Protection § Wastewater treatment
The DEP has a workforce of over 6,000 employees. It includes three bureaus in charge of, respectively, the upstate water supply system, New York City's water and sewer operations, and wastewater treatment:
The Bureau of Water Supply manages, operates and protects New York City's upstate water supply system to ensure the delivery of a sufficient quantity of high quality drinking water. The Bureau is also responsible for the overall management and implementation of the provisions of the city's $1.5 billion Watershed Protection Program.
In addition to operating and maintaining the water supply and sewerage system, the Bureau of Water and Sewer Operations is also responsible for the operation of the Staten Island Bluebelt, an ecologically sound, cost-effective natural alternative to storm sewers, which occupies approximately 15 square miles (39 km2) of land in the South Richmond area of Staten Island. This project preserves streams, ponds and other wetland ("bluebelt") areas, allowing them to perform their natural function of conveying, storing and filtering storm water.
The Bureau of Wastewater Treatment operates 14 water pollution control plants treating an average of 1.5 billion US gallons (5,700,000 m3) of wastewater a day; 95 wastewater pump stations; eight dewatering facilities; 490 sewer regulators; and 7,000 miles (11,000 km) of intercepting sewers.[3]
New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority[edit]
The NYW finances the capital needs of the water and sewer system of the city through the issuance of bonds, commercial paper, and other debt instruments. It is a public-benefit corporation created in 1985 pursuant to the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority Act. The Authority is administered by a seven-member Board of Directors. Four of the members are ex officio members: the Commissioner of Environmental Protection of the City, the Director of Management and Budget of the City, the Commissioner of Finance of the City, and the Commissioner of Environmental Conservation of the State. The remaining three members are public appointments: two by the Mayor, and one by the Governor.[4]
New York City Water Board[edit]
The New York City Water Board sets water and sewer rates for New York City sufficient to pay the costs of operating and financing the system, and collects user payments from customers for services provided by the water and wastewater utility systems of the City of New York. The five Board members are appointed to two-year terms by the Mayor.[5]
Infrastructure[edit]
New York City's water system consists of aqueducts, distribution pipes, reservoirs, and water tunnels that channel drinking water to residents and visitors. A comprehensive raised-relief map of the system is on display at the Queens Museum of Art. Until the early 21st century, some places in southeastern Queens received their water from local wells of the former Jamaica Water Supply Company.[6]
Reservoirs and aqueducts[edit]
The water system has a storage capacity of 550 billion US gallons (2.1×109 m3) and provides over 1.2 billion US gallons (4,500,000 m3) per day of drinking water to more than eight million city residents, another one million users in four upstate counties bordering on the water supply system, and visitors to the region. Three separate sub-systems, each consisting of aqueducts and reservoirs, bring water from Upstate New York to New York City:
The New Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1890, brings water from the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester and Putnam counties.
The Catskill Aqueduct, completed in 1916, is significantly larger than New Croton and brings water from two reservoirs in the eastern Catskill Mountains.
The Delaware Aqueduct, completed in 1945, taps tributaries of the Delaware River in the western Catskill Mountains and provides approximately half of New York City's water supply.[7]
The latter two aqueducts provide 90% of New York City's drinking water. Water from both aqueducts is stored first in the large Kensico Reservoir and subsequently in the much smaller Hillview Reservoir closer to the city.
Brooklyn Reservoirs[edit]
Brooklyn has had many water reservoirs; they can be seen on an 1864 map of Brooklyn Waterworks.[8] They are listed below, from east to west:
Hempstead Reservoir
Smith's Pond
Rockville Reservoir
Valley Stream Pond
Watts Pond
Clear Stream Reservoir
Brookfield Reservoir
Conselyea Pond
P. Cornells Pond
Springfield Pond
One Mile Pond
Jamaica Reservoir
Ridgewood Reservoir
Mount Prospect Reservoir
Tunnels and distribution system[edit]
From the Hillview reservoir water flows by gravity through three tunnels under New York City, where water rises again to the surface under natural pressure, through a number of shafts. The three tunnels are:
New York City Water Tunnel No.1, completed in 1917. It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx, Harlem River, West Side, Midtown, and Lower East Side of Manhattan, and under the East River to Brooklyn where it connects to Tunnel 2. It is expected to undergo extensive repairs upon completion of Tunnel No. 3, in 2020.
New York City Water Tunnel No. 2, completed in 1935. It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx, East River, and western Queens to Brooklyn, where it connects to Tunnel 1 and the Richmond Tunnel to Staten Island. When completed, it was the longest large diameter water tunnel in the world.[9]
The uncompleted New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, the largest capital construction project in New York City's history (see below).[10]
The distribution system is made up of an extensive grid of water mains stretching approximately 6,500 miles (10,500 km).
Ongoing repairs and upgrades[edit]
In order to comply with federal and state laws regarding the filtration and disinfection of drinking water, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the New York State Department of Health called on the city to create a treatment plan to serve the Croton System. The underground filtration plant is under construction in Van Cortlandt Park. While the Bloomberg administration originally budgeted the project at $992 million in 2003, an audit by the city's comptroller placed the actual costs at $2.1 billion in August 2009.[11]
The New York City water supply system leaks at a rate of up to 36 million US gallons (140,000 m3) per day.[12] A complex five-year project with an estimated $240 million construction cost was initiated in November 2008, to correct some of this leakage.
The construction of Water tunnel No. 3 is intended to provide the city with a critical third connection to its Upstate New York water supply system, allowing the city to close tunnels No. 1 and No. 2 for repair for the first time of their history. The tunnel will eventually be more than 60 miles (97 km) long. Construction on the tunnel began in 1970, and its first and second phases are completed. The latter opened with a ceremony under Central Park, in 2013. Completion of all phases is not expected until at least 2020.[13]
In 2018, New York City announced a US$1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its municipal water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply.[14]
See also[edit]
Environmental issues in New York City
High Bridge, New York City - part of the old Croton Aqueduct system
Integrated urban water management
Water supply and sanitation in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of New York City's Water Supply System". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ DePalma, Anthony (July 20, 2006). "New York's Water Supply May Need Filtering". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bureaus and Offices". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "About NYW". New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the NYC Water Board Web Site". New York City Water Board. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Supply System". www.nyc.gov. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New York City's Water Supply System Map". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Map showing line of the Brooklyn Water Works"; 1864; Flat Maps B A-1864.Fl; Brooklyn Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "World's Longest Water Tunnel". Popular Science: 35. December 1932. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewel. "Tunnelers Hit Something Big: A Milestone". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Tom (September 1, 2009). "Water, Water, Everywhere in Mayoral Race". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Belson, Ken (November 22, 2008). "Plumber's Job on a Giant's Scale: Fixing New York's Drinking Straw". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Royte, Elizabeth (2008). Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale and Why We Bought It. New York: Bloomsbury USA. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-59691-371-4.
Jump up ^ Winnie Hu (January 18, 2018). "A Billion-Dollar Investment in New York's Water". The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Galusha, Diane (1999). Liquid Assets: A History of New York City's Water System. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press. ISBN 0-916346-73-0.
Koeppel, Gerard T. (2000). Water for Gotham: A History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01139-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water supply system of New York City.
New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
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New York City's Water Supply System
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This page was last edited on 14 August 2018, at 00:44 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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