text:
Sugar substitute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Sweetener" and "Sugarfree" redirect here. For the 2018 album by Ariana Grande, see Sweetener (album). For other uses, see Sweetener (disambiguation) and Sugar free (disambiguation).
Packets of different artificial sweeteners.
A sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Those that are not produced by nature are, in general, called artificial sweeteners. In 2017, sucralose was the most common sugar substitute used in manufacturing of foods and beverages, having 30% of the global market projected to become $2.8 billion in collective value by 2021.[1]
When sweeteners are provided for restaurant customers to add to beverages such as tea and coffee, they are often available in paper packets that can be torn and emptied. In North America, the colors are typically white for sucrose, blue for aspartame, pink for saccharin,[note 1] yellow for sucralose (United States) or cyclamate (Canada), tan for turbinado, orange for monk fruit extract, and green for stevia.[2]
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Acceptable daily intake levels
2 Use
2.1 Dental care
2.2 Glucose metabolism
2.3 Cost
3 Sugar substitutes
3.1 Sucralose
3.2 Aspartame
3.3 Cyclamate
3.4 Saccharin
3.5 Stevia
3.6 Acesulfame potassium
3.7 Lead acetate (historic)
3.8 Mogrosides
4 Sweetness
4.1 Plant-derived sugar substitutes
4.2 Manufactured sugar substitutes
5 Health effects
5.1 Weight gain
5.2 Metabolic disorder
5.3 Cancer
5.4 Sugar alcohols
5.5 Comparison to sugar
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Types[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A class of sugar substitutes is known as high-intensity sweeteners. These are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible. The sensation of sweetness caused by these compounds (the "sweetness profile") is sometimes notably different from sucrose, so they are often used in complex mixtures that achieve the most natural sweet sensation.
If the sucrose (or other sugar) that is replaced has contributed to the texture of the product, then a bulking agent is often also needed. This may be seen in soft drinks or sweet teas that are labeled as "diet" or "light" that contain artificial sweeteners and often have notably different mouthfeel, or in table sugar replacements that mix maltodextrins with an intense sweetener to achieve satisfactory texture sensation.
In the United States, six high-intensity sugar substitutes have been approved for use: aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), saccharin, and advantame.[3] Food additives must be approved by the FDA,[3] and sweeteners must be proven as safe via submission by a manufacturer of a GRAS document.[4] The conclusions about GRAS are based on a detailed review of a large body of information, including rigorous toxicological and clinical studies.[4] GRAS notices exist for two plant-based, high-intensity sweeteners: steviol glycosides obtained from stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana) and extracts from Siraitia grosvenorii, also called Luo Han Guo or monk fruit.[3]
Cyclamates are used outside the United States, but are prohibited from manufacturing as a sweetener within the United States.[3] The majority of sugar substitutes approved for food use are artificially synthesized compounds. However, some bulk plant-derived sugar substitutes are known, including sorbitol, xylitol and lactitol. As it is not commercially viable to extract these products from fruits and vegetables, they are produced by catalytic hydrogenation of the appropriate reducing sugar. For example, xylose is converted to xylitol, lactose to lactitol, and glucose to sorbitol.
Sorbitol, xylitol and lactitol are examples of sugar alcohols (also known as polyols). These are, in general, less sweet than sucrose but have similar bulk properties and can be used in a wide range of food products. Sometimes the sweetness profile is fine-tuned by mixing with high-intensity sweeteners.
Acceptable daily intake levels[edit]
In the United States, the FDA provides guidance for manufacturers and consumers about the daily limits for consuming high-intensity sweeteners, a measure called Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI).[3] During their premarket review for all of the high-intensity sweeteners approved as food additives, FDA established an ADI defined as an amount in milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day (mg/kg bw/d), indicating that a high-intensity sweetener does not cause safety concerns if estimated daily intakes are lower than the ADI.[5] FDA states: "An ADI is the amount of a substance that is considered safe to consume each day over the course of a person’s lifetime." For stevia (specifically, steviol glycosides), an ADI was not derived by the FDA, but by the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives, whereas an ADI has not been determined for monk fruit.[5] FDA also published estimates of sweetness intensity, called a multiplier of sweetness intensity (MSI) as compared to table sugar.
For the sweeteners approved as food additives, the ADIs in milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day are:[5]
Acesulfame potassium, ADI 15, MSI 200
Advantame, ADI 32.8, MSI 20,000
Aspartame, ADI 50, MSI 200
Neotame, ADI 0.3, MSI 7,000 to 13,000
Saccharin, ADI 15, MSI 200 to 700
Sucralose, ADI 5, MSI 600
Stevia (pure extracted steviol glycosides) has an ADI of 4 and a MSI of 200 to 400, where for monk fruit, no ADI has been determined and the MSI is 250 to 400.[5]
Use[edit]
Sugar substitutes are used instead of sugar for a number of reasons, including:
Dental care[edit]
Dental care – Carbohydrates and sugars usually adhere to the tooth enamel, where bacteria feed upon them and quickly multiply.[6] The bacteria convert the sugar to acids that decay the teeth. Sugar substitutes, unlike sugar, do not erode teeth as they are not fermented by the microflora of the dental plaque. A sweetener that may benefit dental health is xylitol, which tends to prevent bacteria from adhering to the tooth surface, thus preventing plaque formation and eventually decay. A Cochrane review, however, found only low-quality evidence that xylitol in a variety of dental products actually has any benefit in preventing tooth decays in adults and children.[6]
Glucose metabolism[edit]
Diabetes mellitus – People with diabetes have difficulty regulating their blood sugar levels, and need to limit their sugar intake. Many artificial sweeteners allow sweet tasting food without increasing blood glucose. Others do release energy but are metabolized more slowly, preventing spikes in blood glucose. A concern, however, is that overconsumption of foods and beverages made more appealing with sugar substitutes may increase risk of developing diabetes.[7] A 2014 systematic review showed that a 330ml/day (an amount little less than the standard U.S can size) consumption of artificially sweetened beverages lead to increased risks of type 2 diabetes. [8] A 2015 meta-analysis of numerous clinical studies showed that habitual consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice increased the risk of developing diabetes, although with inconsistent results and generally low quality of evidence.[7] A 2016 review also showed positive correlations between artificially sweetened beverages and diabetes, although again, reported as biased.[8]
Reactive hypoglycemia – Individuals with reactive hypoglycemia will produce an excess of insulin after quickly absorbing glucose into the bloodstream. This causes their blood glucose levels to fall below the amount needed for proper body and brain function. As a result, like diabetics, they must avoid intake of high-glycemic foods like white bread, and often use artificial sweeteners for sweetness without blood glucose.
Cost[edit]
Cost and shelf life – Many sugar substitutes are cheaper than sugar in the final food formulation. Sugar substitutes are often lower in total cost because of their long shelf-life and high sweetening intensity. This allows sugar substitutes to be used in products that will not perish after a short period of time.[9]
Sugar substitutes[edit]
Sucralose[edit]
Main article: Sucralose
The world's most commonly used artificial sweetener,[1] sucralose is a chlorinated sugar that is about 600 times as sweet as sugar. It is produced from sucrose when three chlorine atoms replace three hydroxyl groups. It is used in beverages, frozen desserts, chewing gum, baked goods, and other foods. Unlike other artificial sweeteners, it is stable when heated and can therefore be used in baked and fried goods. Discovered in 1976, the FDA approved sucralose for use in 1998.[10]
Most of the controversy surrounding Splenda, a sucralose sweetener, is focused not on safety but on its marketing. It has been marketed with the slogan, "Splenda is made from sugar, so it tastes like sugar." Sucralose is prepared from either of two sugars, sucrose or raffinose. With either base sugar, processing replaces three oxygen-hydrogen groups in the sugar molecule with three chlorine atoms.[11]
The "Truth About Splenda" website was created in 2005 by The Sugar Association, an organization representing sugar beet and sugar cane farmers in the United States,[12] to provide its view of sucralose. In December 2004, five separate false-advertising claims were filed by the Sugar Association against Splenda manufacturers Merisant and McNeil Nutritionals for claims made about Splenda related to the slogan, "Made from sugar, so it tastes like sugar". French courts ordered the slogan to no longer be used in France, while in the U.S. the case came to an undisclosed settlement during the trial.[11]
There are few safety concerns pertaining to sucralose[13] and the way sucralose is metabolized suggests a reduced risk of toxicity. For example, sucralose is extremely insoluble in fat and, thus, does not accumulate in fatty tissues; sucralose also does not break down and will dechlorinate only under conditions that are not found during regular digestion (i.e., high heat applied to the powder form of the molecule).[14] Only about 15% of sucralose is absorbed by the body and most of it passes out of the body unchanged.[14]
Aspartame[edit]
Main article: Aspartame
Aspartame was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter at the G.D. Searle company. He was working on an anti-ulcer drug and accidentally spilled some aspartame on his hand. When he licked his finger, he noticed that it had a sweet taste. Torunn Atteraas Garin oversaw the development of aspartame as an artificial sweetener. It is an odorless, white crystalline powder that is derived from the two amino acids aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It is about 200 times as sweet as sugar and can be used as a tabletop sweetener or in frozen desserts, gelatins, beverages, and chewing gum. When cooked or stored at high temperatures, aspartame breaks down into its constituent amino acids. This makes aspartame undesirable as a baking sweetener. It is more stable in somewhat acidic conditions, such as in soft drinks. Though it does not have a bitter aftertaste like saccharin, it may not taste exactly like sugar. When eaten, aspartame is metabolized into its original amino acids. Because it is so intensely sweet, relatively little of it is needed to sweeten a food product, and is thus useful for reducing the number of calories in a product.
The safety of aspartame has been studied extensively since its discovery with research that includes animal studies, clinical and epidemiological research, and postmarketing surveillance,[15] with aspartame being one of the most rigorously tested food ingredients to date.[16] Aspartame has been subject to multiple claims against its safety, including supposed links to cancer as well as complaints of neurological or psychiatric side effects.[17] Multiple peer-reviewed comprehensive review articles and independent reviews by governmental regulatory bodies have analyzed the published research on the safety of aspartame and have found aspartame is safe for consumption at current levels.[15][17][18][19] Aspartame has been deemed safe for human consumption by over 100 regulatory agencies in their respective countries,[19] including the UK Food Standards Agency,[20] the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)[21] and Canada's Health Canada.[22]
Cyclamate[edit]
Cyclamate-based sugar substitute sold in Canada.
Main article: Cyclamate
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of cyclamate in 1969 after lab tests in rats involving a 10:1 mixture of cyclamate and saccharin (at levels comparable to humans ingesting 550 cans of diet soda per day) caused bladder cancer.[23] This information, however, is regarded as "weak" evidence of carcinogenic activity,[24] and cyclamate remains in common use in many parts of the world, including the European Union and Russia.[1][25]
Saccharin[edit]
Saccharin, historical wrapping; Sugar Museum (Berlin)
Main article: Saccharin
Apart from sugar of lead (used as a sweetener in ancient through medieval times before the toxicity of lead was known), saccharin was the first artificial sweetener and was originally synthesized in 1879 by Remsen and Fahlberg. Its sweet taste was discovered by accident. It had been created in an experiment with toluene derivatives. A process for the creation of saccharin from phthalic anhydride was developed in 1950, and, currently, saccharin is created by this process as well as the original process by which it was discovered. It is 300 to 500 times as sweet as sugar (sucrose) and is often used to improve the taste of toothpastes, dietary foods, and dietary beverages. The bitter aftertaste of saccharin is often minimized by blending it with other sweeteners.
Fear about saccharin increased when a 1960 study showed that high levels of saccharin may cause bladder cancer in laboratory rats. In 1977, Canada banned saccharin due to the animal research. In the United States, the FDA considered banning saccharin in 1977, but Congress stepped in and placed a moratorium on such a ban. The moratorium required a warning label and also mandated further study of saccharin safety.
Subsequent to this, it was discovered that saccharin causes cancer in male rats by a mechanism not found in humans. At high doses, saccharin causes a precipitate to form in rat urine. This precipitate damages the cells lining the bladder (urinary bladder urothelial cytotoxicity) and a tumor forms when the cells regenerate (regenerative hyperplasia). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organization, "Saccharin and its salts was [sic] downgraded from Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, to Group 3, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans, despite sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity to animals, because it is carcinogenic by a non-DNA-reactive mechanism that is not relevant to humans because of critical interspecies differences in urine composition."
In 2001, the United States repealed the warning label requirement, while the threat of an FDA ban had already been lifted in 1991. Most other countries also permit saccharin, but restrict the levels of use, while other countries have outright banned it.
The EPA has officially removed saccharin and its salts from their list of hazardous constituents and commercial chemical products. In a 14 December 2010 release, the EPA stated that saccharin is no longer considered a potential hazard to human health.
Stevia[edit]
Main article: Stevia
Stevia has been widely used as a natural sweetener in South America for centuries and in Japan since 1970. It has zero glycemic index and zero calories,[26] and it is becoming popular in many other countries. In 1987, the FDA issued a ban on stevia because it had not been approved as a food additive, although it continued to be available as a dietary supplement.[27] After being provided with sufficient scientific data regarding side-effects of using stevia as a sweetener from companies such as Cargill and Coca-Cola, the FDA gave a "no objection" approval for generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in December 2008 to Truvia, a blend of rebaudioside A and erythritol[28][29] (developed by Cargill and The Coca-Cola Company), as well as PureVia (developed by PepsiCo and the Whole Earth Sweetener Company, a subsidiary of Merisant),[30] both of which use rebaudioside A derived from the stevia plant. In Australia, the brand Vitarium uses Natvia, a natural stevia sweetener, in a range of sugar-free children's milk mixes.[31]
Acesulfame potassium[edit]
Main article: Acesulfame potassium
Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) is 200 times sweeter than sucrose (common sugar), as sweet as aspartame, about two thirds as sweet as saccharin, and one third as sweet as sucralose. Like saccharin, it has a slightly bitter aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. Kraft Foods has patented the use of sodium ferulate to mask acesulfame's aftertaste. Acesulfame potassium is often blended with other sweeteners (usually aspartame or sucralose), which give a more sucrose-like taste, whereby each sweetener masks the other's aftertaste and also exhibits a synergistic effect in which the blend is sweeter than its components.
Unlike aspartame, acesulfame potassium is stable under heat, even under moderately acidic or basic conditions, allowing it to be used as a food additive in baking or in products that require a long shelf life. In carbonated drinks, it is almost always used in conjunction with another sweetener, such as aspartame or sucralose. It is also used as a sweetener in protein shakes and pharmaceutical products, especially chewable and liquid medications, where it can make the active ingredients more palatable.
Lead acetate (historic)[edit]
Main article: Lead(II) acetate
Lead acetate (sometimes called sugar of lead) is a toxic artificial sugar substitute made from lead that is of historical interest because of its widespread use in the past, such as by ancient Romans.[32] The use of lead acetate as a sweetener eventually produced lead poisoning in any individual ingesting it habitually. Lead acetate was abandoned as a food additive throughout most of the world after the high toxicity of lead compounds became apparent.
Mogrosides[edit]
Main article: Siraitia grosvenorii
Mogrosides, extracted from monk fruit and commonly called luo han guo, are recognized as safe for human consumption and are used in some commercial products in the United States.[33][34] As of 2017, it is not a permitted sweetener in the European Union,[35] although it is allowed as a natural flavor at concentrations where it does not function as a sweetener.[34] In 2017, a Chinese company requested a scientific review of its mogroside product by the European Food Safety Authority.[36] Some products incorporating it are Nestlé's Milo in Asia and certain Kellogg cereals in the United States.[37] It is also the basis of McNeil Nutritionals's tabletop sweetener Nectresse in the United States and Norbu Sweetener in Australia.[37]
Sweetness[edit]
Plant-derived sugar substitutes[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The sweetnesses and energy densities are in comparison to those of sucrose.
Name
Sweetness by weight
Sweetness by food energy
Energy density
Notes
Brazzein 800 Protein
Curculin 550 Protein; also changes the taste of water and sour solutions to sweet
Erythritol 0.7 14 0.05
Fructooligosaccharide 0.5
Glycyrrhizin 50
Glycerol 0.6 0.55 1.075 E422
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates 0.4–0.9 0.5×–1.2 0.75
Inulin 0.1
Isomalt 0.45–0.65 0.9–1.3 0.5 E953
Isomaltooligosaccharide 0.5
Isomaltulose 0.5
Lactitol 0.4 0.8 0.5 E966
Mogroside mix 300
Mabinlin 100 Protein
Maltitol 0.9 1.7 0.525 E965
Maltodextrin 0.15
Mannitol 0.5 1.2 0.4 E421
Miraculin A protein that does not taste sweet by itself but modifies taste receptors to make sour things taste sweet temporarily
Monatin 3,000 Sweetener isolated from the plant Sclerochiton ilicifolius
Monellin 3,000 Protein; the sweetening ingredient in serendipity berries
Osladin 500
Pentadin 500 Protein
Polydextrose 0.1
Psicose 0.7
Sorbitol 0.6 0.9 0.65 sugar alcohol, E420
Stevia 250 Extracts known as rebiana, Sweet and Fit Stevia, Truvia, PureVia, Enliten; mainly containing rebaudioside A, a steviol glycoside
Tagatose 0.92 2.4 0.38 monosaccharide
Thaumatin 2,000 Protein; E957
Xylitol 1.0 1.7 0.6 E967
Manufactured sugar substitutes[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Name
Sweetness (by weight)
Trade name
Approval
Notes
Acesulfame potassium 200 Nutrinova FDA 1988 E950 Hyet Sweet
Advantame 20,000 FDA 2014
Alitame 2,000 approved in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand and China. Pfizer
Aspartame 160–200 NutraSweet, Equal FDA 1981, EU-wide 1994 E951 Hyet Sweet
Salt of aspartame-acesulfame 350 Twinsweet E962
Sodium cyclamate 30 FDA Banned 1969, approved in EU and Canada E952, Abbott
Dulcin 250 FDA Banned 1950
Glucin 300
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone 1,500 E959
Neotame 8,000 NutraSweet FDA 2002 E961
P-4000 4,000 FDA banned 1950
Saccharin 300 Sweet'N Low FDA 1958, Canada 2014 E954
Sucralose 600 Kaltame, Splenda Canada 1991, FDA 1998, EU 2004 E955, Tate & Lyle
Health effects[edit]
Weight gain[edit]
Numerous reviews have concluded that outcomes from weight gain and non-nutritive sweetener usage remain inconsistent and inconclusive.[38] A 2010 review of epidemiological studies concluded there is a possible association between consumption of artificially sweetened beverages and weight gain in children, but the quality of the studies was weak and no clear cause and effect relationship could be determined.[39] A 2016 review reported findings with no significant association between body weight and non-nutritive sweetener consumption,[40] while a 2017 review did not find evidence supporting the use of non-nutritive sweeteners for weight loss.[41]
Metabolic disorder[edit]
A 2015 review found that there is no evidence that non-caloric sweeteners cause metabolic disorders in humans.[42]
Cancer[edit]
See also: hazard ratio
A 2015 review of the literature found that there was no clear evidence for a link between the use of artificial sweeteners and an increased risk of cancer.[43]
A 2017 review found that although there are reports of a couple of studies signifying increased risks of cancer through the use of sugar substitutes (ie. colorectal cancer), a vast majority of studies yielded similar results to that of 2015. An extensive array of studies (ie. case-control, primary, and observational studies), studying varying cancer types such as lymphomas, hematological malignancies, urinary tract, bladder, pancreatic, biliary tract, and breast cancer displayed no significant association between this disease and artificial sweeteners. [44]
Sugar alcohols[edit]
Sugar alcohols, or polyols, are sweetening and bulking ingredients used in manufacturing of foods and beverages.[45] As a sugar substitute, they supply fewer calories (about a half to one-third fewer calories) than sugar, are converted to glucose slowly, and do not spike increases in blood glucose.[45][46]
Comparison to sugar[edit]
Further information: Sugar § Health effects
Eating natural sugars like glucose and sucrose instead of a sugar substitute can have negative health effects. The consumption of added sugars has been positively associated with multiple measures known to increase cardiovascular disease risk amongst adolescents as well as adults.[47] The calories contained in sugar-sweetened beverages contribute to increases in body weight and body fat, and replacement of sugar by artificial sweeteners reduces weight.[48] Obesity contributes to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Glucose has a high glycemic index, sucrose medium, and fructose low. There is evidence that sugar-sweetened beverages "may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes not only through obesity but also by increasing dietary glycemic load, leading to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and inflammation," according to a 2010 meta-analysis.[49]
There is "convincing evidence from human intervention studies, epidemiological studies, animal studies and experimental studies, for an association between the amount and frequency of free sugars intake and dental caries" while other sugar (complex carbohydrate) consumption is normally associated with a lower rate of dental caries, according to the World Health Organization.[50]
A 2013 review found that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that replacing dietary sugar with non-caloric sweeteners alone is beneficial for energy balance, weight loss, or diabetes risk factors.[51] The review found that restricting calories is more important than avoidance of sugar for weight management, and that non-caloric sweeteners may be useful for managing blood sugar in people with diabetes.[51]
See also[edit]
List of unrefined sweeteners
Salt substitute
Milk substitute
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ One U.S. brand of saccharin uses yellow packets.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Business Wire (31 March 2017). "Sweetener Market Projected to Be Worth USD 2.84 Billion by 2021: Technavio". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Artificial sweeteners. What's the difference?". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "High-Intensity Sweeteners". US Food and Drug Administration. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Additional Information about High-Intensity Sweeteners Permitted for Use in Food in the United States". US Food and Drug Administration. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Riley, P; Moore, D; Ahmed, F; Sharif, M. O; Worthington, H. V (2015). "Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD010743. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2. PMID 25809586.
^ Jump up to: a b Imamura, F; O'Connor, L; Ye, Z; Mursu, J; Hayashino, Y; Bhupathiraju, S. N; Forouhi, N. G (2015). "Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction". BMJ. 351: h3576. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3576. PMC 4510779  . PMID 26199070.
^ Jump up to: a b Lohner, Szimonetta; Toews, Ingrid; Meerpohl, Joerg J. (2017-09-08). "Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape". Nutrition Journal. 16: 55. doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x. ISSN 1475-2891.
Jump up ^ Coultate, T. (2009). Food: The chemistry of its components. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of chemistry
Jump up ^ FDA approves new high-intensity sweetener sucralose Archived 20 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bitter Battle over Truth in Sweeteners". LiveScience.com.
Jump up ^ Truth About Splenda Archived 22 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine., Sugar Association website
Jump up ^ Grotz VL, Munro IC (2009). "An overview of the safety of sucralose". Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology. 55 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.011. PMID 19464334.
^ Jump up to: a b Daniel JW, Renwick AG, Roberts A, Sims J (2000). "The metabolic fate of sucralose in rats". Food Chem Toxicol. 38 (S2): S115–S121. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00034-X.
^ Jump up to: a b EFSA National Experts (May 2010). "Report of the meetings on aspartame with national experts". EFSA. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Helen (2006). Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. ISBN 1-4051-3434-8
^ Jump up to: a b Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Doull J, Kroes RM, Marsh GM, Pariza MW, Spencer PS, Waddell WJ, Walker R, Williams GM (2007). "Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies". Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 37 (8): 629–727. doi:10.1080/10408440701516184. PMID 17828671.
Jump up ^ "Food Standards Australia New Zealand: Aspartame – what it is and why it's used in our food". Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Butchko HH, Stargel WW, Comer CP, Mayhew DA, Benninger C, Blackburn GL, de Sonneville LM, Geha RS, Hertelendy Z, Koestner A, Leon AS, Liepa GU, McMartin KE, Mendenhall CL, Munro IC, Novotny EJ, Renwick AG, Schiffman SS, Schomer DL, Shaywitz BA, Spiers PA, Tephly TR, Thomas JA, Trefz FK (April 2002). "Aspartame: review of safety". Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 35 (2 Pt 2): S1–93. doi:10.1006/rtph.2002.1542. PMID 12180494.
Jump up ^ "Aspartame". UK FSA. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aspartame". EFSA. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aspartame". Health Canada. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Taubes, Gary (2017). The Case against Sugar. London, England: Portobello books. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9781846276378.
Jump up ^ "Cyclamic acid". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 6 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide status of cyclamate". Calorie Control Council. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "All About Stevia Rebaudiana - Nature's Zero-Calorie Sweetener". steviainfo.com.
Jump up ^ Sweet on Stevia: Sugar Substitute Gains Fans Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Columbia Daily Tribune, 23 March 2008
Jump up ^ Curry, Leslie Lake. "Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000287". Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Has Stevia been approved by FDA to be used as a sweetener?". US Food and Drug Administration. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Newmarker, Chris (18 December 2008). "Federal regulators give OK for Cargill's Truvia sweetener". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "du Chocolat -". vitarium.com.au.
Jump up ^ Lead Poisoning and Rome
Jump up ^ Lyn O'Brien-Nabors (2011). Alternative Sweeteners. CRC Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-1-4398-4614-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Rachel Wilson (26 July 2011), "New and Emerging Opportunities for Plant-Derived Sweeteners", Natural Products Insider
Jump up ^ "Search; Siraitia grosvenorii". Novel Food Catalogue, European Commission. 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Michail, Naimh (3 August 2017). "Chinese supplier Layn to bring monk fruit to Europe". FoodNavigator.com. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Adams (28 August 2012), US launch sweet news for kiwi supplier, The New Zealand Herald
Jump up ^ Reid, Ashleigh E.; Chauhan, Bhupendrasinh F.; Rabbani, Rasheda; Lys, Justin; Copstein, Leslie; Mann, Amrinder; Abou-Setta, Ahmed M.; Fiander, Michelle; MacKay, Dylan S. (2016-03-01). "Early Exposure to Nonnutritive Sweeteners and Long-term Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review". Pediatrics. 137 (3): e20153603. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3603. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 26917671.
Jump up ^ Brown, R. J.; de Banate, M. A.; Rother, K. I. (August 2010). "Artificial sweeteners: a systematic review of metabolic effects in youth". International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. 5 (4): 305–312. doi:10.3109/17477160903497027. PMC 2951976  . PMID 20078374.
Jump up ^ Lohner, Szimonetta; Toews, Ingrid; Meerpohl, Joerg J. (2017-09-08). "Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape". Nutrition Journal. 16: 55. doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x. ISSN 1475-2891.
Jump up ^ Azad, Meghan B.; Abou-Setta, Ahmed M.; Chauhan, Bhupendrasinh F.; Rabbani, Rasheda; Lys, Justin; Copstein, Leslie; Mann, Amrinder; Jeyaraman, Maya M.; Reid, Ashleigh E.; Fiander, Michelle; MacKay, Dylan S.; McGavock, Jon; Wicklow, Brandy; Zarychanski, Ryan (16 July 2017). "Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 189 (28): E929–E939. doi:10.1503/cmaj.161390. PMC 5515645  . PMID 28716847.
Jump up ^ Pepino, M. Yanina (2015-12-01). "Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners". Physiology & Behavior. 152 (Pt B): 450–455. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024. ISSN 1873-507X. PMC 4661066  . PMID 26095119. Taken as a whole, despite several epidemiological studies showing an association between NNS consumption and metabolic disorders [9– 14], and strong data supporting causality between NNS exposure and metabolic disorders in animal models [18–24,43–45], there is no clear evidence that NNSs cause metabolic disorders in human subjects.
Jump up ^ Mishra, A; Ahmed, K; Froghi, S; Dasgupta, P (December 2015). "Systematic review of the relationship between artificial sweetener consumption and cancer in humans: analysis of 599,741 participants". International journal of clinical practice. 69 (12): 1418–26. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12703. PMID 26202345.
Jump up ^ Lohner, Szimonetta; Toews, Ingrid; Meerpohl, Joerg J. (2017-09-08). "Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape". Nutrition Journal. 16: 55. doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x. ISSN 1475-2891.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghosh, S; Sudha, M. L (2012). "A review on polyols: New frontiers for health-based bakery products". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 63 (3): 372–9. doi:10.3109/09637486.2011.627846. PMID 22023673.
Jump up ^ "Eat any sugar alcohol lately?". Yale-New Haven Hospital. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
Jump up ^ Welsh JA, Sharma A, Cunningham SA, Vos MB (2011). "Consumption of Added Sugars and Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among US Adolescents". Circulation. 123 (3): 249–57. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972166. PMID 21220734.
Jump up ^ Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Chomitz VR, Antonelli TA, Gortmaker SL, Osganian SK, Ludwig DS (2012). "A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight". N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (15): 1407–16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1203388. PMC 3494993  . PMID 22998339.
Jump up ^ Malik, V. S.; Popkin, B. M.; Bray, G. A.; Despres, J.-P.; Willett, W. C.; Hu, F. B. (2010). "Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2477–2483. doi:10.2337/dc10-1079. PMC 2963518  . PMID 20693348.
Jump up ^ Moynihan P, Petersen PE (2004). "Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases" (PDF). Public health nutrition. 7 (1A): 201–226. doi:10.1079/PHN2003589. PMID 14972061.
^ Jump up to: a b Shankar, Padmini; Ahuja, Suman; Sriram, Krishnan (2013-12-01). "Non-nutritive sweeteners: review and update". Nutrition. 29 (11–12): 1293–1299. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.024. PMID 23845273.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artificial sweeteners.
Look up sweetener in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Calorie Control Council—trade association for manufacturers of artificial sweeteners and products
show
v
t
e
E numbers 950–969
Colours (E100–199)
Preservatives (E200–299)
Antioxidants & acidity regulators (E300–399)
Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers (E400–499)
pH regulators & anticaking agents (E500–599)
Flavour enhancers (E600–699)
Antibiotics (E700–799)
Miscellaneous (E900–999)
Additional chemicals (E1100–1599)
Waxes (E900–909)
Synthetic glazes (E910–919)
Improving agents (E920–929)
Packaging gases (E930–949)
Sweeteners (E950–969)
Foaming agents (E990–999)
Acesulfame K (E950)
Aspartame (E951)
Cyclamate (E952)
Isomalt (E953)
Saccharin (E954)
Sucralose (E955)
Alitame (E956)
Thaumatin (E957)
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (E959)
Neotame (E961)
Aspartame-acesulfame salt (E962)
Maltitol (E965)
Lactitol (E966)
Xylitol (E967)
show
v
t
e
Food substitutes
Artificial fat substitutes
Olestra
Trans fat
Artificial protein substitutes
Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
Artificial sugar substitutes
Acesulfame potassium
Alitame
Aspartame
Aspartame-acesulfame salt
Dulcin
Glucin
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
Neotame
NutraSweet
Nutrinova
Saccharin
Sodium cyclamate
Sucralose
Natural food substitutes
Cheese analogues
Coffee substitutes
Egg substitutes
Meat analogues
bacon
list
Milk substitutes
Phyllodulcin
Salt substitutes
show
v
t
e
Food safety
Adulterants, food contaminants
3-MCPD
Aldicarb
Cyanide
Formaldehyde
Lead poisoning
Melamine
Mercury in fish
Sudan I
Flavorings
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Salt
Sugar
High-fructose corn syrup
Microorganisms
Botulism
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium perfringens
Escherichia coli O104:H4
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E
Listeria
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Salmonella
Parasitic infections through food
Amoebiasis
Anisakiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyclosporiasis
Diphyllobothriasis
Enterobiasis
Fasciolopsiasis
Fasciolosis
Giardiasis
Gnathostomiasis
Paragonimiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinosis
Trichuriasis
Pesticides
Chlorpyrifos
DDT
Lindane
Malathion
Methamidophos
Preservatives
Benzoic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Sodium benzoate
Sugar substitutes
Acesulfame potassium
Aspartame
Saccharin
Sodium cyclamate
Sorbitol
Sucralose
Toxins, poisons, environment pollution
Aflatoxin
Arsenic contamination of groundwater
Benzene in soft drinks
Bisphenol A
Dieldrin
Diethylstilbestrol
Dioxin
Mycotoxins
Nonylphenol
Shellfish poisoning
Food contamination incidents
Devon colic
Swill milk scandal
1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1900 English beer poisoning
Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
Minamata disease
1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
Toxic oil syndrome
1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak
1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak
2006 North American E. coli outbreaks
ICA meat repackaging controversy
2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2008 Chinese milk scandal
2008 Irish pork crisis
2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2011 Germany E. coli outbreak
2011 Taiwan food scandal
2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2013 Bihar school meal poisoning
2013 horse meat scandal
2013 Taiwan food scandal
2014 Taiwan food scandal
2017 Brazil weak meat scandal
2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak
Food safety incidents in China
Foodborne illness
outbreaks
death toll
United States
Regulation, standards, watchdogs
Acceptable daily intake
E number
Food labeling regulations
Food libel laws
International Food Safety Network
ISO 22000
Quality Assurance International
Institutions
Centre for Food Safety
European Food Safety Authority
Institute for Food Safety and Health
International Food Safety Network
Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
Authority control
NDL: 00564911
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_substitute&oldid=856812244"
Categories:
Sugar substitutes
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
Articles needing additional references from January 2018
All articles needing additional references
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Use dmy dates from November 2010
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Tsetsêhestâhese
Türkçe
Українська
中文
29 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 August 2018, at 17:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: i

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Sweetener_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Sweetener (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Sugar_free_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Sugar free (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: b

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Edit section: Acceptable daily intake levels

values:
/wiki/Acceptable_Daily_Intake
mw-redirect
Acceptable Daily Intake

values:
/wiki/Cochrane_collaboration
mw-redirect
Cochrane collaboration

values:
/wiki/Blood_sugar
mw-redirect
Blood sugar

values:
/wiki/Hydroxyl_group
mw-redirect
Hydroxyl group

values:
/wiki/McNeil_Nutritionals
mw-redirect
McNeil Nutritionals

values:
/wiki/G.D._Searle
mw-redirect
G.D. Searle

values:
/wiki/Sugar_of_lead
mw-redirect
Sugar of lead

values: International Agency for Research on Cancer

values:
/wiki/Kellogg_Company
mw-redirect
Kellogg Company

values:
/wiki/Norbu_(Sweetener)
mw-redirect
Norbu (Sweetener)

values: Edit section: Plant-derived sugar substitutes

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Hydrogenated_starch_hydrolysate
mw-redirect
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysate

values: Sclerochiton ilicifolius (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Serendipity_berry
mw-redirect
Serendipity berry

values: Sweet and Fit Stevia (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Manufactured sugar substitutes

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Salt_of_aspartame-acesulfame
mw-redirect
Salt of aspartame-acesulfame

values:
/wiki/Sweet%27N_Low
mw-redirect
Sweet'N Low

values:
/wiki/Cause_and_effect
mw-redirect
Cause and effect

values:
/wiki/Blood_glucose
mw-redirect
Blood glucose

values:
/wiki/Dental_caries
mw-redirect
Dental caries

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809586

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3576

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26199070

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2891

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.truthaboutsplenda.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.011

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19464334

values:
/wiki/Food_Chem_Toxicol
mw-redirect
Food Chem Toxicol

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17828671

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2002.1542

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12180494

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.steviainfo.com/?page=about

values:
nofollow
http://www.vitarium.com.au/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3603

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26917671

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20078374

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.161390

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28716847

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-507X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095119

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12703

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202345

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22023673

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220734

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1203388

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998339

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693348

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003589

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14972061

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.024

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845273

values: -moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.caloriecontrol.org

values:
/wiki/Flavour_enhancer
mw-redirect
Flavour enhancer

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein
mw-redirect
Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident

values: 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks

values: 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak

values:
/wiki/Operation_Carne_Fraca
mw-redirect
Operation Carne Fraca

values: 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak

values: List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll

values: List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Sugar_substitute
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: بديل السكر – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Γλυκαντικές ουσίες – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: جایگزین‌های شکر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adozante
Adozante – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: תחליף סוכר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetstof
Zoetstof – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Сахарозаменители – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladilo
Sladilo – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladila
Sladila – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: சர்க்கரைப் பதிலீடு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: วัตถุให้ความหวานทดแทนน้ำตาล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Замінники цукру – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sugar_substitute rootpage-Sugar_substitute skin-vector action-view


text:
Goals 2000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Education in the United States
By state and in insular areas
By subject area
History of
Issues: Finance – Law – Literacy – Reform
Levels: Pre-kindergarten – Primary – Secondary – Higher
Organizations
Education portal
United States portal
v
t
e
The National Educational Goals known as Goals 2000 were set by the U.S. Congress in the 1990s to set goals for standards-based education reform. The intent was for certain criteria to be met by the millennium (2000). Many of these goals were based on the principles of outcomes-based education, and not all of the goals were attained by the year 2000 as intended. Many see this as the predecessor to the No Child Left Behind program, which mandated measurable improvement in student achievement across all groups. Goals 2000 established a framework in which to identify world-class academic standards, to measure student progress, and to provide the support that students may need to help meet the standards.
Contents
1 Goals[1]
2 History
3 National Standards for Arts Education
4 End of Goals 2000
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Goals[1][edit]
The goals stated in the Summary of Goals 2000 include:
By the Year 2000...
All children in America will start school ready to learn.
The high school graduation rate will increase to at least 90 percent.
All students will leave grades 4, 8, and 12 having demonstrated competency over challenging subject matter including English, mathematics, science, foreign languages, civics and government, economics, the arts, history, and geography, and every school in America will ensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be prepared for responsible citizenship, further learning, and productive employment in our nation's modern economy.
United States students will be first in the world in mathematics and science achievement.
Every adult American will be literate and will possess the knowledge and skills necessary to compete in a global economy and exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
Every school in the United States will be free of drugs, violence, and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol and will offer a disciplined environment conducive to learning.
The nation's teaching force will have access to programs for the continued improvement of their professional skills and the opportunity to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to instruct and prepare all American students for the next century.
Every school will promote partnerships that will increase parental involvement and participation in promoting the social, emotional, and academic growth of children.
History[edit]
"The Goals 2000: Educate America Act (P.L. 103-227)" was signed into law on March 31, 1994 by President Bill Clinton. The Act provides resources to states and communities to ensure that all students reach their full potential.
It is based on the premise of outcomes-based education that students will reach higher levels of achievement when more is expected of them. Congress appropriated $105 million for fiscal year 1994. States submitted applications to develop school improvement plans, and make subgrants to local schools, and awards for pre-service and professional development.
In 1996, President Clinton introduced a competitive grant entitled the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund (TLCF). The president allocated 2 million dollars to ensure that every child in every school utilize technology to achieve high standards by the dawn of the 21st century. The president urged a variety of stakeholders from the private sector, schools, teachers, students, community groups, state and local governors and the federal government to work in a partnership toward achieving high levels of technology in schools.
In a 1996 letter to school Chief Operating Officers, President Clinton urged states and local school districts to work together in achieving the following four goals:
All teachers will have the training and support they need to help all students learn through computers the information superhighway
All teachers and students will have modern computers in their classrooms
Every classroom will be connected to the information superhighway
Effective and engaging software and on-line resources will be an integral part of every school curriculum
The overarching problem behind ensuring that every child in every school utilize an equal level of technology is the TLCF was a competitive grant. The issue with the competitive grant notion is that not all schools and therefore children could receive equal levels of technological assistance.
National Standards for Arts Education[edit]
With the passage of Goals 2000, the first National Standards for Arts Education were created. There are content standards for dance, theater, music, and the visual arts. Every content standard is followed by several achievement standards describing how students are to demonstrate mastery of the content standards. The goals are not intended to be a curriculum. Instead, curriculum is to be developed locally on the basis of the goals. Standards are grouped in four divisions—creation and performance; cultural and historical context; perception and analysis; and the nature and value of the arts.
The Music Content Standards for each level are as follows:
Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music
Playing instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music
Improvising melodies, variations, and accompaniments
Composing and arranging music within specified guidelines
Reading and notating music
Listening to, analyzing, and describing music
Evaluating music and music performance
Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts
Understanding music in relation to history and culture
End of Goals 2000[edit]
With the final language of President George Bush's 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (H.R. 1) came the withdrawal of all authorization for Goals 2000. However, even though Congress had withdrawn its authorization for Goals 2000, if funding was not also withdrawn, the crippled, but alive Goals 2000 program would stagger on. Then, just before leaving town on December 21, 2001, Congress passed the Fiscal Year 2002 Education Appropriations Conference Committee report which eliminated spending on Goals 2000. Goals 2000 was no longer authorized or funded.
Additionally, in an article by Kenneth J. Cooper from The Washington Post dated December 3, 1999, he stated the following:
"The nation has not met any of the eight educational goals for the year 2000 set a decade ago by President Bush and the governors of all 50 states, although measurable progress has been made toward the goals pertaining to preschoolers and student achievement in math and reading, a national panel announced yesterday.
The National Education Goals Panel’s final report before the 2000 deadline showed that more children were 'ready to learn'—healthier and better prepared through preschool or parental reading—when they entered kindergarten. Students also demonstrated higher math proficiency, particularly in elementary and middle school, and a slight improvement in reading proficiency in middle school."[2]
In the case of two goals, teacher quality and school safety, the panel reported the nation has actually gone backward. The percentage of teachers holding a college degree in the main subject they teach dropped from 66 percent to 63 percent, and there was a significant increase in student use of illicit drugs, from 24 percent to 37 percent in 10th grade.
See also[edit]
National Education Goals Panel
Ready schools
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "20 USC 5812: National Education Goals".
Jump up ^ “’89 Education Summit's Goals Still Unmet.” The Washington Post. (December 3, 1999, Friday, Final Edition).
National Educational Goals Panel (1998). Ready Schools. Washington, DC: Author.
Report of the Ready for School Goal Team (2000). School Readiness in North Carolina Strategies for Defining, measuring, and Promoting Success FOR ALL CHILDREN. North Carolina Office of Education Reform.
Simons, K.A., & Curtis, P. A. (March, 2007). Connecting with communities: Four successful schools. Young Children (62)2, 12-20.
External links[edit]
National Education Goals Panel hosted at the University of North Texas Libraries and the U.S. Government Printing Office "CyberCemetery" (last updated March 6, 2002)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goals_2000&oldid=852084091"
Categories:
Education policy in the United States
United States federal education legislation
1994 in American law
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 July 2018, at 14:30 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

value: th

value: tr

values: Category:Education in the United States by state

values: Category:Education in insular areas of the United States

value: li

values: Category:Education in the United States by subject

values: History of education in the United States

values: Category:Education finance in the United States

values: Secondary education in the United States

values: Category:Educational organizations based in the United States

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

values: Template talk:Education in the U.S. (page does not exist)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform
mw-redirect
Standards-based education reform

values:
/wiki/Outcomes-based_education
mw-redirect
Outcomes-based education

values:
/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind
mw-redirect
No Child Left Behind

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: National Standards for Arts Education

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/negp/
external text

values:
/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office
mw-redirect
U.S. Government Printing Office

values: Category:Education policy in the United States

values: Category:United States federal education legislation

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Goals_2000
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Goals_2000 rootpage-Goals_2000 skin-vector action-view


text:
Traci Abbott
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Traci Abbott
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Beth Maitland
Duration
1982–96
1999
2001
2006–
First appearance
1982
Introduced by
William J. Bell
Crossover
appearances
The Bold and the Beautiful
Classification
Present, recurring
Profile
Other names
Traci Ann Abbott
Traci Romalotti
Traci Carlton
Traci Connelly
Occupation
Novelist
Singer
Fan Club President
Home
New York City, New York
[show]Family
Family
Abbott
Father
John Abbott
Mother
Dina Mergeron
Stepfather
Javier Delgado (1964–76)
Marcel Mergeron (1977–82)
Stepmother
Jill Foster (1982–85, 1993–96)
Jessica Blair Grainger (1988–89)
Gloria Fisher (2004–05, 2005–06)
Brothers
Jack Abbott
Half-brothers
Billy Abbott
Half-sisters
Ashley Abbott
Husband
Danny Romalotti (1985)
Brad Carlton (1986–89, 1991–92)
Steve Connelly (1993–2014)
Daughters
Colleen Carlton
Grandfathers
Robert Abbott
Uncles
Ivan Abbott
Nephews
Keemo Volien Abbott
John Abbott III
Kyle Abbott
Johnny Abbott
Nieces
Abby Newman
Delia Abbott
Katie Newman
Traci Abbott is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera, The Young and the Restless. Created and introduced by William J. Bell, the role has been portrayed by Beth Maitland since 1982. Traci is the youngest daughter of John Abbott and Dina Mergeron.
Initially a short-term role that would last three months, Maitland impressed the series' producers and was placed on contract, remaining until 1996. Traci was known for her relationship with Danny Romalotti and her marriages to Brad Carlton, with whom she had a daughter, Colleen. Both relationships caused a notable rivalry with Lauren Fenmore. Since 2006, Maitland has remained on a recurring status with the soap opera. Described as a fan favorite by Soaps In Depth, Maitland's portrayal has garnered praise.
Maitland won a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Traci in 1985.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Character development
3 Storylines
3.1 1980s
3.2 1990s
3.3 2000s
4 References
Casting[edit]
Maitland won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Traci in 1985.[1] Originally intended to be a short-term contract role lasting three months, Maitland impressed the producers. She stayed with the show on contract from 1982–1986 and 1987–1993. Maitland departed the role in 1993, but made guest appearances in 1994, 1995, and 1996. She reappeared in 1999 for a brief appearance, and since 2001 has appeared sporadically on a recurring basis.[2] On March 20, 2007, Traci made an appearance on the show's sister soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. In 2009, Maitland recorded a song that served as the background music for Traci's daughter, Colleen Carlton's funeral. The song was entitled "An Angel's Lullaby." Since Maria Arena Bell became a writer for the show, Traci was seen more often: "It got to the point where the show stopped calling altogether and I thought my soap ship had sailed. But, after Maria took over, I suddenly had 30 episodes when [Traci's daughter] Colleen died — the biggest storyline I'd had in over 10 years. I don't have those problems anymore. I feel like an honored member of the cast. The climate has changed."[3]
Character development[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2013)
Since the death of John Abbott, Traci has become the family rock. Although she is the second youngest Abbott sibling, Maitland says, "Traci has kind of moved into his spot to make everyone accountable in the Abbott universe. She's the conscience everyone has to 'fess up to."[3] When her niece, Abby Newman (Marcy Rylan), began acting out to her parents, Tracy acted as a mediator between her siblings and her niece. Maitland said, "Traci sees all of Abby's nightmarish behavior, the drinking, the manipulative pranks, the naked-heiress stuff, as what it really is — a cry for help."[3]
Storylines[edit]
1980s[edit]
Like many of Genoa City's privileged youth, Traci Abbott attended boarding school until her return home in 1982. She had low self-esteem because she was overweight, and her older sister, Ashley Abbott, was more glamorous and successful than she was. Traci became the president of rocker Danny Romalotti's (Michael Damian) fan club, and she decided to attend college locally at Genoa City University in order to be near him. She became a singer in Danny's band, and she fought for his attention with Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman). In addition, Traci's mother, Dina, returned to town for the first time since she left Traci as an infant. The stress caused Traci to become conscious of her weight, and Lauren exploited her to get Danny's attention. Traci became addicted to diet pills while in college, and she would often sing (to the melody of Turn to Stone by Electric Light Orchestra), "I turn to pills, when I'm feeling ill, I turn to pills". Her addiction culminated when she found out that Danny and Lauren were engaged. She got high, crashed her car and sustained serious heart damage. After her recovery, she went onstage at one of Danny's concerts to speak about the dangers of drug addiction.
Then, Traci began seeing her college professor, Tim Sullivan. When she found him in bed with another student, she became suicidal. She tried to kill herself, but Christine "Cricket" Blair (Lauralee Bell) saved her. Traci then found out that she was pregnant with Tim's child, and Danny Romalotti wanted to marry her to give the baby a family. They married in 1984, but Danny's former flame, Patty Williams (then played by Andrea Evans), was angry because Traci stole Danny. She pushed Traci down a flight of stairs, causing her to miscarry. Traci decided to annul her marriage to Danny, and Patty left town shortly after. Traci then got involved with groundskeeper Brad Carlton (Don Diamont). The two were quickly married in 1986, but Brad chose his budding career over his wife. Traci left town to continue her education at Stanford University.
During their separation, Brad had an affair with Lauren Fenmore, and Traci reconnected with Tim Sullivan. Still, Brad ended his romance with Lauren when Traci came home. In order to keep her in Genoa City, he agreed to have a baby with her. When Traci found out she was pregnant again, Brad's insane ex-wife, Lisa Mansfield, kidnapped Brad, and she tried to make Traci believe that Brad didn't love her anymore. Lisa's scheme caused Traci to have a second miscarriage. When Brad was freed, he worked to win Traci's heart, but instead, Ashley Abbott worked her magic, and she stole Brad from her younger sister. Thus, Traci and Brad divorced in 1989. She went on to write two best-selling books, Echoes of the Past and Epitaph for a Lover. The former novel was based off her life of living in Ashley's shadow.
1990s[edit]
Ashley eventually left Brad for Victor Newman (Eric Braeden). Brad spontaneously married Cassandra Rawlins, and he inherited her fortune when she died in a car accident. He then returned to Traci, and they were remarried in 1991. Traci was pregnant again soon after, and she kept the secret from everyone except her father because she wanted Brad to love her without obligations to their child. Soon, Brad grew close to Ashley again when her marriage to Victor fell apart. Still, Traci finally told Brad about their child, he refused to let her raise their child alone. Traci gave birth to Colleen Carlton in 1992. Colleen's birth did not help Brad and Traci's failing marriage, and they divorced later that year. Traci's publisher, Steve Connelly, moved to Genoa City, and the two soon began a romance. Brad became jealous, but he realized that Traci was truly happy. Then, Traci moved to New York City with Colleen, where she married Steve in 1993.
In 1994, Traci visited Brad at the hospital when he had a heart attack. Before leaving town, she got into a heated argument with Lauren Fenmore, whom she blamed for Brad's heart attack. In 1996, Traci returned to Genoa City when her father considered remarrying her mother, Dina Mergeron. In 1999, When the Abbotts reclaimed Jabot from Newman Enterprises, Traci returned home to join in the family celebration.
2000s[edit]
In 2001, Traci came home after she learned that Steve cheated on her. At first, Colleen did not believe her mother, but she turned on Steve when she learned the truth. Traci became close to Brad during her stay at home, but he was married to Ashley at the time. Traci decided to forgive Steve and work on their marriage, but Colleen became disgusted with her mother's "almost-reunion" with Brad. She rebelled against Traci and Steve until she was expelled from school for smoking marijuana. Then, Traci decided to send Colleen to Genoa City to live with her grandfather John Abbott. In 2006, John Abbott had a stroke, and Traci rushed to his bedside. John died soon after from complications from the stroke, and Traci truly began to see the hardships that her family faced while she was away. John's widow, Gloria Abbott (Judith Chapman), was hated by all of John's children. Traci was shocked to learn of the animosity that spread through her family, and she was also unaware of her siblings vendetta with their stepmother.
In 2007, Colleen was trapped in a burning building that was set on fire by Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien). Traci rushed to support her daughter, and she also reconnected with her sister, Ashley. Traci returned later that year when Jack dealt with the fallout from a fraud scandal. The next year, Traci was present at the Jabot Cosmetics annual stockholders meeting. She offered her support to Brad in his bid for CEO of the company, but Cane Ashby (Daniel Goddard) was appointed CEO in a turn of events. Several months later, Traci came home to attend the "funeral" of Katherine Chancellor (Jeanne Cooper). In reality, Katherine's doppelganger, Marge Cotrooke, had died. At the funeral, Traci ran into her mother, Dina, and the two argued about Dina's lacking role in Colleen's life. In addition, Lauren Fenmore apologized for the way she had treated Traci those many years ago. Traci went back to New York, but she returned again at Christmas to visit Colleen. She also shared a touching moment with Brad, and he called her "the one who got away." Several days later, Brad tragically drown after he saved Noah Newman from a frozen pond. Traci stayed in town to attend Brad's funeral, and then she returned to New York.
Colleen was kidnapped by Patty Williams. Upon escaping, she fell into a lake, and she almost drowned. She was rushed to the hospital, only to be declared braindead. Patty shot Victor Newman when he attempted to help save Colleen from the lake, and Colleen's heart was donated to him at Traci's request. Traci's brother, Billy Abbott, organized a celebration of Colleen's life that all of her friends and family attended. All of the mourners present released red balloons to honor Colleen while Beth Maitland's song, "An Angel's Lullaby," played in the background. Traci and Steve stayed in town long enough to be present for the christening of Ashley's "daughter", Faith Colleen Abbott. Faith became Traci's goddaughter, and she wore Colleen's christening gown for the ceremony. Adam Newman (Michael Muhney) became Faith's godfather, but in a turn of events, he schemed to make Ashley believe that Faith was her child. In reality, Nick (Joshua Morrow) and Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) were Faith's biological parents. Adam stole Faith from Sharon at birth, and he passed the baby off as Ashley's baby. In reality, Ashley had a hysterical pregnancy, and she never actually gave birth. This dark point in Ashley's life occurred after Traci and Steve went back to New York City. Traci also returned to visit her family for Christmastime. In 2010, Colleen's best friend, Lily Winters (Christel Khalil), had recently overcome a battle with ovarian cancer. Lily could not bear children, but she and her husband, Cane Ashby, were able to conceive through a surrogate mother, Mackenzie Browning (Clementine Ford). When Lily and Cane's twins were born, Lily asked Traci to be their godmother in honor of Colleen, and Traci happily accepted. In 2011, Cane was shot to death on the steps of a church, and Traci attended his "funeral." In reality, Cane's twin brother, Caleb Atkinson, was killed on the church steps. Lily believed that she was having hallucinations because she was seeing Cane's "ghost." Traci was the only person to sympathize with Lily when everyone else thought that she was insane.
Traci's older brother, Jack Abbott, was preparing to marry Genevieve Atkinson (Genie Francis). Traci returned to Genoa City to spend time with Genevieve and her sister, Ashley, before the ceremony. On the day of the wedding, Patty Williams took Genevieve's wedding dress, and she crashed the wedding. She shot Jack when he realized who she was, and Jack refused to marry Genevieve because she bought his prized company, Beauty of Nature. Traci stayed by Jack's beside in the hospital while the doctors told him that he may not be able to walk again. Traci returned in August for Jack's wedding to Nikki, and invited her sister Ashley to come home with her. Traci also returned to support Abby when Victor Newman supposedly died. Victor had been suffering amnesia and was involved in an explosion. As a result of Victor's "death", Jack was forced to sell Beauty of Nature, and Traci urged Jack to be careful in his business deals. Traci would return shortly thereafter as she moved back to the Abbott Mansion, and became a thorn in Jack's latest relationship with Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford), who recently moved in with Jack. Eventually, Traci gave her blessing, but an accident left Phyllis in a coma and she left for Georgia for experimental treatments. Traci briefly hinted to Jack that her return to Genoa City was sparked by issues with her marriage to Steve following Colleen's death.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Passalacqua, Connie (August 23, 1985). "Soap scoop: Daytime Emmys need improvement". Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta: (Postmedia Network Inc.). p. 89. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City | Traci Ann Abbott Connolly". Soap Central. www.soapcentral.com. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.tvguide.com/News/Young-Restless-Beth-Maitland-1032915.aspx
[show]
v
t
e
The Young and the Restless
Cast
Present cast members
Past cast members
Crew
William J. Bell
Lee Phillip Bell
Mal Young
Families
Newman
Abbott
Chancellor
Barber/Winters
Related articles
Genoa City
Storylines
The Bold and the Beautiful
Victor and Nikki
Nick and Sharon
J.T. and Colleen
Daniel and Lily
Devon and Hilary
"Nadia's Theme"
[hide]
v
t
e
The Young and the Restless characters
[hide]
Present and future characters
Ashley Abbott
Billy Abbott
Jack Abbott
Jill Abbott
John Abbott
Johnny Abbott
Traci Abbott
Cane Ashby
Charlie Ashby
Mattie Ashby
Sam Ashby
Lily Winters
Colin Atkinson
Fenmore Baldwin
Michael Baldwin
Gloria Abbott Bardwell
Jeffrey Bardwell
Christine Blair
Mariah Copeland
Hilary Curtis
Lauren Fenmore
Kevin Fisher
Scotty Grainger
Devon Hamilton
J.T. Hellstrom
Reed Hellstrom
Anita Lawson
Dina Mergeron
Chloe Mitchell
Leslie Michaelson
Abby Newman
Chelsea Lawson
Christian Newman
Connor Newman
Faith Newman
Katie Newman
Nicholas Newman
Nikki Newman
Noah Newman
Sharon Newman
Summer Newman
Victor Newman
Victoria Newman
Stitch Rayburn
Barton Shelby
Phyllis Summers
Esther Valentine
Paul Williams
Neil Winters
[show]
Past characters
Kyle Abbott
Kelly Andrews
Genevieve Atkinson
Avery Bailey Clark
Eden Baldwin
Isabella Braña
Mackenzie Browning
Brad Carlton
Colleen Carlton
Daisy Carter
Sheila Carter
Chance Chancellor
Katherine Chancellor
Joe Clark
Matt Clark
Greg Foster
Dr. Snapper Foster
Sam Gibson
Diego Guittierez
Nathan Hastings
Jana Hawkes
Juliet Helton
Brittany Hodges
Cole Howard
Diane Jenkins
Mamie Johnson
Leanna Love
Ronan Malloy
Dylan McAvoy
Tucker McCall
Ryan McNeil
Tyler Michaelson
Amber Moore
Adam Newman
Cassie Newman
Cassandra Rawlins
Gina Roma
Daniel Romalotti
Danny Romalotti
Luca Santori
Deacon Sharpe
Marisa Sierras
Rex Sterling
Heather Stevens
Grace Turner
Angelina Veneziano
Ian Ward
Sage Warner
Nina Webster
Patty Williams
Ricky Williams
Hope Wilson
Drucilla Winters
Malcolm Winters
Olivia Winters
[show]
Character lists
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Newman family
Abbott family
Chancellor family
Barber/Winters family
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traci_Abbott&oldid=820226140"
Categories:
The Young and the Restless characters
The Bold and the Beautiful characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1982
Fictional writers
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from August 2013
All articles needing additional references
Articles to be expanded from August 2013
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 January 2018, at 19:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: td

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 125%; background-color: #cccfff; color: black

values: text-align:center;background-color: #cccfff; color: black

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cccfff; color: black; font-size: 100%;

values: John Abbott (The Young and the Restless)

values:
/wiki/Dina_Mergeron
mw-redirect
Dina Mergeron

values:
/wiki/Jill_Foster_Abbott
mw-redirect
Jill Foster Abbott

values:
/wiki/Jessica_Blair_Grainger
mw-redirect
Jessica Blair Grainger

values: Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless)

values: Steve Connelly (The Young and the Restless)

values:
/wiki/Keemo_Volien_Abbott
mw-redirect
Keemo Volien Abbott

values: Kyle Abbott (The Young and the Restless)

values:
/wiki/Johnny_Abbott
mw-redirect
Johnny Abbott

values:
/wiki/Delia_Abbott
mw-redirect
Delia Abbott

values:
/wiki/Katie_Newman
mw-redirect
Katie Newman

values: width:22em;width:100%; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.6em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 0; margin:0; clear:none; float:none;

values:
/wiki/Fictional_character
mw-redirect
Fictional character

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Marcy_Rylan
mw-redirect
Marcy Rylan

values: Turn to Stone (Electric Light Orchestra song)

values:
/wiki/Drug_addiction
mw-redirect
Drug addiction

values:
/wiki/Lisa_Mansfield
mw-redirect
Lisa Mansfield

values:
/wiki/Steve_Connelly_(character)
mw-redirect
Steve Connelly (character)

values:
/wiki/Marge_Cotrooke
mw-redirect
Marge Cotrooke

values:
/wiki/Faith_Newman
mw-redirect
Faith Newman

values:
/wiki/Hysterical_pregnancy
mw-redirect
Hysterical pregnancy

values:
/wiki/Surrogate_mother
mw-redirect
Surrogate mother

values:
/wiki/Caleb_Atkinson
mw-redirect
Caleb Atkinson

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:The Young and the Restless

values: List of previous The Young and the Restless cast members

values:
/wiki/Chancellor_family
mw-redirect
Chancellor family

values:
/wiki/Victor_Newman_and_Nikki_Reed
mw-redirect
Victor Newman and Nikki Reed

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Romalotti_and_Lily_Winters
mw-redirect
Daniel Romalotti and Lily Winters

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:The Young and the Restless characters

values: Template talk:The Young and the Restless characters (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Charlie_Ashby
mw-redirect
Charlie Ashby

values:
/wiki/Matilda_Ashby
mw-redirect
Matilda Ashby

values: Colin Atkinson (The Young and the Restless)

values:
/wiki/Jeffrey_Bardwell
mw-redirect
Jeffrey Bardwell

values: Kevin Fisher (The Young and the Restless)

values:
/wiki/Reed_Hellstrom
mw-redirect
Reed Hellstrom

values:
/wiki/Anita_Lawson
mw-redirect
Anita Lawson

values:
/wiki/Christian_Newman
mw-redirect
Christian Newman

values:
/wiki/Connor_Newman
mw-redirect
Connor Newman

values:
/wiki/Stitch_Rayburn
mw-redirect
Stitch Rayburn

values:
/wiki/Barton_Shelby
mw-redirect
Barton Shelby

values: Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless)

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Kelly Andrews (The Young and the Restless)

values: Greg Foster (The Young and the Restless)

values: Mamie Johnson (The Young and the Restless)

values:
/wiki/Luca_Santori
mw-redirect
Luca Santori

values:
/wiki/Sage_Warner
mw-redirect
Sage Warner

values: Ricky Williams (The Young and the Restless)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: List of The Young and the Restless characters

values: The Young and the Restless characters (1970s)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (1980s)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (1990s)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2000s)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2010)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2011)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2012)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2013)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2014)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2015)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2016)

values: The Young and the Restless characters (2017)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapse navbox-inner

values: Category:The Young and the Restless characters

values: Category:The Bold and the Beautiful characters

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1982

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from August 2013

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Traci_Abbott
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Traci_Abbott rootpage-Traci_Abbott skin-vector action-view