text:
Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin
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Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin
दिल है कि मानता नहीं
Poster of Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin
Directed by
Mahesh Bhatt
Produced by
Gulshan Kumar
Written by
Robin Bhatt
Sharad Joshi
Starring
Aamir Khan
Pooja Bhatt
Anupam Kher
Tiku Talsania
Music by
Nadeem-Shravan
Cinematography
Pravin Bhatt
Edited by
Sanjay Sankla
Production
company
T-Series
Vishesh Films
Distributed by
Spark Worldwide (US), (DVD)
Release date
12 July 1991
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (English: Being a heart (it) doesn't understand) is a 1991 Indian Hindi romantic drama film. It was produced by Gulshan Kumar, directed by Mahesh Bhatt, and starred his daughter Pooja Bhatt in her first major lead female role, while the lead male role was played by Aamir Khan. Supporting roles were played by Anupam Kher, Sameer Chitre, and Tiku Talsania, while Deepak Tijori made a special appearance.
The movie was a box office success and earned a 'HIT' verdict, boosting the career of newcomer Pooja Bhatt while cementing Aamir Khan's status as a leading movie star.[1] The movie revolves around a spoilt heiress who runs away from home to marry a gold-digging film star. En route she is helped by a smart-alecky journalist only to end up falling for him.
It is an unofficial remake of the 1956 Bollywood film Chori Chori, which in turn was adapted from the 1934 Hollywood film It Happened One Night.[2] In turn, Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin was remade in Tamil as Kadhal Rojavae (2000) and inspired the Kannada movie Hudugaata (2007).
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Pooja Dharamchand (Pooja Bhatt) is the daughter of a rich Bombay shipping tycoon, Seth Dharamchand (Anupam Kher). She is head-over-heels in love with movie star Deepak Kumar (Sameer Chitre), but her father strongly disapproves of their courtship. One night, Pooja escapes from her father's yacht and hops onto a bus to Bangalore to be with Deepak, who is shooting for a film there. Meanwhile, Seth Dharamchand, realizing his daughter has run away, dispatches private detectives to locate her.
Aboard the bus, Pooja meets Raghu Jetley (Aamir Khan), a loud-mouth journalist who has just lost his job. He offers to help her in exchange for an exclusive story on her, which would revive his flagging career. Pooja is forced to agree to his demands, as he threatens to let her father know of her whereabouts should she not comply. After both of them happen to miss the bus , Raghu and Pooja go through various adventures together and find themselves falling in love with one another.
Raghu desires to marry Pooja, but knows that financially he is in no shape to do so. He simply wanted a story on her life and never wanted to win her heart. Pooja also falls for Raghu and she decides to go with him, but a misunderstanding leads her to believe that Raghu was just looking for a story and not her love.
She calls it quits, returns home and agrees to marry Deepak. However, her father learns about Raghu when he comes to him to take back his money, spent by Raghu on Pooja on his way to Bangalore. He realises how Raghu has taken care of Pooja during the trip. Pooja misunderstands him and believes that he might have come for the reward announced by her rich father. At last her father tells Pooja that Raghu is the right man for her and that he has not come for the reward. On the wedding day she realises that Raghu really loves her and then runs away from the marriage mandap to Raghu her father supports her.
Cast[edit]
Aamir Khan as Raghu Jetley, press reporter
Pooja Bhatt as Pooja Dharamchand Jetley
Anupam Kher as Dharamchand
Tiku Talsania In a special appearance as an editor of Daily Toofan newspaper
Avtar Gill in a special appearance as a kidnapper
Javed Khan in a special appearance as a purse snatcher
Sameer Chitre as film actor Deepak Kumar
Rakesh Bedi as private detective
Veerendra Saxena as private detective
Mushtaq Khan in a special appearance as a bus conductor
Shammi in a special appearance as a Parsi lady who gives lift
Rajesh Puri in a special appearance as a Dharamchand's P.A.
Amrit Patel in a special appearance as an inn manager
Shubha Khote in a special appearance as an inn manager
Deepak Tijori Special appearance in the song "Galyat Sankali"
Soundtrack[edit]
Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin
Soundtrack album by Nadeem Shravan
Released
June 13, 1991
Recorded
1991
Studio
Sudeep Studio Pvt. Ltd.
Genre
Film Soundtrack
Length
56:53
Language
Hindi
Label
T-Series
Director
Mahesh Bhatt
Producer
Gulshan Kumar
Nadeem Shravan chronology
Aap Ki Yaadein
1991Aap Ki YaadeinString Module Error: Match not found Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin
1991 Saajan
1991SaajanString Module Error: Match not found
The Soundtrack Of The Movie Is Composed By The Music Duo Nadeem-Shravan.The Song Lyrics Planned By Sameer and Faaiz Anwar. All the songs are sung by Anuradha Paudwal along with co-singers Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet, Babla Mehta & Debashish Dasgupta. The Songs Dil Tujhpe Aa Gaya and Galyat Sankali Sonyachi were originally voiced by Kumar Sanu but later was released with voiceover by Abhijeet and Babla Mehta respectively.
#
Title
Singer(s)
Lyricist
Duration
1 "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (Duet)" Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal Faaiz Anwar 06:08
2 "O Mere Sapno Ke Saudagar" Anuradha Paudwal Sameer 05:05
3 "Kaise Mizaj Aap Ke Hain" Anuradha Paudwal, Kumar Sanu Faaiz Anwar 05:39
4 "Tu Pyaar Hai Kisi Aur Ka (Ver 1)" Anuradha Paudwal, Babla Mehta Sameer 06:49
5 "Adayein Bhi Hain (Ver 1)" Anuradha Paudwal, Babla Mehta Sameer 05:29
6 "Dil Tujhpe Aa Gaya" Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Anuradha Paudwal Sameer 04:38
7 "Dulhan Tu Doolah Main" Anuradha Paudwal, Debashish Das Gupta Aziz Khan 04:57
8 "Adayein Bhi Hain (Ver 2)" Anuradha Paudwal, Kumar Sanu Sameer 05:32
9 "Tu Pyaar Hai Kisi Aur Ka (Ver 2)" Anuradha Paudwal, Kumar Sanu Sameer 06:48
10 "Galyat Sankali Sonyachi" Anuradha Paudwal, Babla Mehta, Debashish Dasgupta Sameer 06:44
11 "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (Female)" Anuradha Paudwal Faiz Anwar 06:09
12 "Hum To Mashoor Hue" Anuradha Paudwal Rani Malik 05:07
13 "Mainu Ishq Da Lagiya Rog" Anuradha Paudwal Sameer 05:44
14 "Dil Hai Ke Manta (Inst)" 04:35
Awards and nominations[edit]
Anuradha paudwal won filmfare for song dil hai ke manta nahin in 1992.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-filmometer/aamir-khan/
Jump up ^ Bhaskaran, Gautaman (22 August 2003). "Aping Hollywood". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
External links[edit]
Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin 1991 on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Films and television series by Mahesh Bhatt
Director
Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain (1974)
Naya Daur (1978)
Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979)
Abhimanyu (1980)
Arth (1982)
Saaransh (1984)
Janam (1985)
Aashiana (1986)
Naam (1986)
Aaj (1987)
Kaash (1987)
Thikana (1987)
Siyasat (1988)
Kabzaa (1988)
Daddy (1989)
Awaargi (1990)
Jurm (1990)
Aashiqui (1990)
Swayam (1991)
Saathi (1991)
Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991)
Sadak (1991)
Saatwan Aasman (1992)
Junoon (1992)
Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee (1993)
Gunaah (1993)
Sir (1993)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993)
Gumrah (1993)
Tadipaar (1993)
The Gentleman (1994)
Naaraaz (1994)
Milan (1995)
Naajayaz (1995)
Criminal (1995)
Papa Kehte Hai (1996)
Chaahat (1996)
Dastak (1996)
Tamanna (1997)
Duplicate (1998)
Angaaray (1998)
Zakhm (1998)
Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (1999)
Kartoos (1999)
Writer only
Dushman (1998)
Sangharsh (1999)
Kasoor (2001)
Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar (2001)
Raaz (2002)
Gunaah (2002)
Saaya (2003)
Footpath (2003)
Jism (2003)
Inteha (2003)
Murder (2004)
Rog (2005)
Zeher (2005)
Nazar (2005)
Kalyug (2006)
Woh Lamhe (2006)
Murder 2 (2011)
Jism 2 (2012)
Murder 3 (2013)
Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015)
Television
Swabhimaan (1995)
A Mouthful of Sky (1995)
Kabhie Kabhie (1997)
Naamkarann (2016)
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Screenplays by Robin Bhatt
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White House Reconstruction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The gutted interior of the White House, May 1950
The White House Reconstruction, also known as the Truman Reconstruction, was a comprehensive dismantling and rebuilding of the interior of the White House between 1949-1952. A century-and-a-half of wartime destruction and rebuilding, hurried renovations, additions of new services, technologies, an added Third Floor, and inadequate foundations brought the Executive Residence portion of the White House Complex to near-imminent collapse. In 1948 architectural and engineering investigations deemed it unsafe for occupancy and President Harry S. Truman, his family, and the entire residence staff were relocated across the street. For over three years the White House was gutted, expanded, and rebuilt. The scope, costs, and historical authenticity of the work were controversial, with the reconstruction being called both structurally essential, and a disaster.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Emerging problem
1.1 Investigations
1.2 Collapse
1.3 Contributing factors
1.4 Project definition
2 Key participants
2.1 Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion
2.2 Fine Arts Commission
2.3 Resident owner
2.4 Architect
2.5 Project Manager
2.6 Contractor
3 Reconstruction
3.1 Changes in design
3.2 Bidding and delivery
3.3 Construction
3.4 Key challenges
3.5 Protective measures
3.6 Preservation
3.7 Interior finishes & furnishings
3.8 Budget and schedule
4 Completion and aftermath
5 References
6 External links
Emerging problem[edit]
The Blue Room in 1945, with the chandelier that swayed
When the Trumans moved into the executive mansion in 1945, they found it badly in need of repair after twelve years of neglect during the Depression and war. In 1946 Congress authorized $780,000 for repairs. The mansion's heaving floors and mysterious sounds had been known by staff and First Families for many years.[2] For the first two years of his presidency, according to White House photographer Abbie Rowe, President Truman heard "ghosts" roaming the halls of the Second Floor residence.[3][4] Government agencies had expressed concern about the condition of the building, including a 1941 report from the Army Corps of Engineers warning of failing wood structure, crumbling masonry, and major fire hazards. The report was dismissed by President Roosevelt.[5]
In early 1946 during a formal reception in the Blue Room, the First Lady noticed the very large crystal chandelier overhead swaying and its crystals tinkling. The floor of the Oval Study above moved noticeably when walked on, and a valet was then attending the president while he was taking a bath. (Truman described a potential scenario of him in his bathtub falling through the floor into the midst of a Daughters of the American Revolution tea "wearing nothing more than his reading glasses.").[6] In early 1947, a "stretching" chandelier in the East Room and another swaying in the Oval Study caused further alarm.[7][8] “Floors no longer merely creaked; they swayed."[9]
Investigations[edit]
The Public Buildings Administration was asked to investigate the condition of the White House, but no action was taken until January 1948. After the commissioner of the Public Buildings Administration, which had responsibility for the White House, noticed the Blue Room chandelier swaying overhead during another crowded reception, he and the White House Architect conducted their own on-site investigation the next day. They discovered split and gouged-out beams supporting the ceiling and second floor above. He reported "that the beams are staying up there from force of habit only."[10][11] The number of occupants in the second floor was restricted, temporary fixes were made to some of the beams, and scaffolding-type supports were erected throughout the First Family's second floor living quarters.
On January 30, 1948, the president received a confidential report from the commissioner of public buildings warning of the "imminent collapse" of the Second Floor of the mansion.[12] In February the president invited the president of the American Institute of Architects, Douglas W. Orr, and the president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Richard E. Dougherty, to "make a structural survey of the safety of the White House". Their one-day investigation concluded with a report issued that same day which said the second floor structure was a fire hazard and was in danger of collapse.[9] They recommended that the second floor should be reconstructed as soon as possible, electricity use be cut to a minimum, and that further investigations be undertaken.[13] Congress provided $50,000 for a more thorough investigation and additional engineers and other professionals were engaged from the private sector. Walls, ceilings, and floors were opened up to provide access to the investigators.[14]
Collapse[edit]
Split beam supporting the Second Floor under Margaret Truman's Sitting Room, 1949
In June 1948 a leg of Margaret Truman's piano crashed through the floor in her second floor sitting room and through the ceiling of the Family Dining Room below. Investigators found the floor boards to have rotted, the main floor beam was split completely through, and the ceiling below had dropped 18 inches. The investigators determined that the west end of the Second Floor was sinking. The First Family was relocated from the west to the east end of the floor.[15] Steel bracing was added to support the Second Floor and ceilings throughout the residence. The investigation concluded that the problem was in fact a collapsing building, not just a floor, and "heroic remedies" would be required.[16]
That year was an election year and the president feared that news of the collapsing White House would provide an undesirable metaphor for his administration. On September 30, 1948, the White House Architect announced that the White House's "structural nerves" had been damaged, the second floor would need to be rebuilt, but that overall the building was in "good shape". He estimated the cost of repairs might be $1 million.[17]
The on-site forensic investigations continued while the First Family was away campaigning. In October the ceiling of the East Room began to collapse and required wood supports. The structure under the Main Stair was found to be crumbling. The president's bathtub had begun sinking into the floor. The investigators discovered that the foundations of the interior walls supporting the upper floors and roof were all but non-existent. As they sank into the ground, the interior walls and floors were pulling away from the exterior walls leaving large gaps. They determined that the interior of the house was sinking and in danger of collapsing inwards; the entire mansion was unsafe (except for the new Truman Balcony).[18]
Upon returning to the White House the day after winning the election, the president was informed that the Federal Works Agency was about to do what his political opponents could not: remove him from the White House. On November 7, 1948, the news was made public.[19] The Trumans departed town and within two weeks the White House was vacated. Furniture, staff, and the First Family moved into the White House guest house across Pennsylvania Avenue.
Contributing factors[edit]
There were multiple contributing factors that led to the White House's pending collapse in 1948, including original and subsequent design flaws, improper materials, multiple small and major renovations carried out by many presidents to accommodate differing tastes, needs, and advances in technologies. Collectively they were described as a "slow murder" of the White House.[20]
Fire: In August 1814 the White House was gutted by a fire set by British troops during the War of 1812; only a heavy rainstorm prevented the entire structure from being destroyed. By 1817 the building had been rebuilt. Key portions of the scorched wooden structure were re-used. Later in the 19th Century, used bricks were used in renovations and by 1948 were crumbling.[19]
Services: Technological advances in heating, plumbing, lighting, communications, and elevators were all added into the White House during its first century-and-a-half. When the White House was constructed it had no indoor plumbing, on-site running water, fire fighting systems, electricity, or communications systems. Many of these were cut through major structural supports, including reducing wooden beams from 14 to 2 inches thickness.[21] Earlier systems that became obsolete, such as old water pipes, gas pipes for lights, and forced air heating ducts, were abandoned in place, adding significant weight to the building.[20]
1902 Renovation: In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt engaged architect Charles F. McKim of McKim, Mead, and White for a major renovation. In addition to adding a “temporary” West Wing and upgrading interior finishes, the work included adding bathrooms, removing the west stair, expanding the second floor West Sitting Hall, and expanding the State Dining Room. This involved removing a load-bearing wall which had supported the floor and walls above and then hanging them from the existing attic (later Third Floor) and roof structure. Many structural deficiencies were noted and partially addressed in what McKim termed a "nip and tuck".[22]
Third Floor Addition: In 1927 President Coolidge engaged architect William Delano to design and add a concrete and steel Third Floor under a rebuilt roof. The original roof and attic floor was supported only on the heavy exterior walls; this renovation transferred much of their weight onto the interior walls which by 1948 began to fail. Bathrooms added to this new floor were outfitted with second-hand pipes that over the following years leaked and caused water damage on the floors below. [20]
Foundations: The interior supporting walls were made of brick without proper foundations, unlike the thick exterior sandstone walls supported on relatively deep and wide foundations. By 1948 the interior walls were settling significantly into the underlying clay soils and thin rubble base, causing them to pull away from the exterior walls. In time the exterior walls would have been pulled in and collapsed.[20]
Schedule: A contributing factor common to most of this work was a rushed schedule. Presidents facing a four-year term didn't have the time, and in many cases the patience, to provide the time needed for the design and construction to be done in a proper manner. For the 1902 renovation, the president allowed just four months.[22]
Project definition[edit]
By late 1948 three main options were considered for replacement of the White House:
Demolish and rebuild the interior, keeping the exterior walls intact.
Demolish the building entirely and construct a new executive mansion.
Demolish the building entirely, salvage the exterior walls and rebuild them and a new interior.
During 1949 the investigations were completed, the architectural and engineering design was finalized, and cost estimates concluding the early estimate of $1 million was inadequate. In addition to simply replacing the interior, the mansion was to be modernized, the Third Floor expanded, two basement levels added, and a major expansion of underground spaces for air conditioning and other services. The total number of rooms was nearly doubled to 132.[23] There was significant debate amongst Congressional committee members considering the project, including many in Congress who were outwardly hostile towards the president. Both Trumans lobbied in favor of preserving the exterior walls intact, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote a newspaper column advocating for its preservation, and the White House Architect also expressed his support.[24][25] The desire to seek the most economic solution was weighed against the costs of maintaining the White House's historic presence. In the autumn of 1949 Congress authorized funding of $5.4 million for the entire project to reconstruct the White House while keeping the exterior walls in place.
Key participants[edit]
The reconstruction project was notable for both its complexity as well as the prominence and importance of the White House and its occupants to the country.
Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion[edit]
President Truman and the Committee for the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, 1949
Congress created the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion following the March 1949 recommendation of the president. It was granted authority to act on behalf of the federal government in the execution of the project, including responsibility for the White House and its site. It was composed of six men: two each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the House of Representatives. The president appointed Orr and Dougherty. Supporting them were a team of consulting architects, engineers, and contractors. It continued its work until October 1952.
Fine Arts Commission[edit]
The United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) had approving authority for most of the design work, including interiors. Advising the commission was architect William Adams Delano of the New York firm of Delano and Aldrich, former chair of the commission, and architect of the 1927 Third Floor addition and advisor for the 1946 Truman Balcony. The CFA was granted Congressional authority to review, but did not have formal authority. President Truman had all but ignored them after they rejected his balcony, but their opinion carried significant weight with public and Congressional opinion and so their approval was sought for major design decisions of the reconstruction project.[26]
Resident owner[edit]
The president was both the chief executive of the White House’s owner, the recent and future resident, and the current occupant of the West Wing. While the Commission was in overall charge of the project, the project manager, the day-to-day management and the contractor who executed the work, President Truman was a highly influential participant from early design and throughout all stages of construction. From an early meeting he made known he had a history of watching over the general contractor (while a senator overseeing construction of the Pentagon). The president was also known to conduct tours, sometimes daily, of the worksite, including climbing scaffolding. Truman was a man of strong opinions relating to architecture and history and in directing the work he made his presence felt.
Architect[edit]
Lorenzo Winslow, the White House Architect, was employed by the Public Works Administration. He had been in the position since it was created for him by President Franklin Roosevelt. In 1933 Winslow won a competition to design a White House swimming pool.[27] He maintained a close working relationship with President Truman throughout his administration.
Project Manager[edit]
The Commission selected General Glen E. Edgerton as the overall manager of the project. His experience included selecting the route of the Panama Canal and constructing the Alaska Highway during World War II. He began work for the Commission in July 1949, just before they made the decision on reconstruction.[28]
Contractor[edit]
The general contractor was John McShain Inc., headed by John McShain, the "Builder of Washington" who had constructed (amongst other works) the Jefferson Memorial, the Pentagon, and the FDR Library at Hyde Park.[29] McShain's on-site construction manager was Paul Hauck, who had also been in charge of the Pentagon project.
Reconstruction[edit]
The scope of the project involved the complete removal of the interior of the White House, except for the Third Floor, and included salvage and storage of critical interior elements, excavation of new basement levels, and construction of new foundations, steel and concrete structure, masonry interior walls with plaster finish and wood paneling, custom plaster moldings, refurbished and replacement windows, and new heating, ventilation, air conditioning, plumbing, electrical, and communications systems. The bulk of the work was to be accomplished within the exterior stone walls which were to be kept in place and repainted. Landscaping around the house was to be replaced. All workers were subjected to security clearance by the Secret Service. The West Wing was to be kept fully operational and occupied by the president and his staff. All work was to be completed for a total cost of $5.4 million and completed by late 1951 (in 660 days, approximately 22 months).[30]
Changes in design[edit]
The State Dining Room after the 1902 Roosevelt renovation with the pre-reconstruction paneling
The Grand Stair from the Cross Hall. During the reconstruction it was revised to open into the Entrance Hall with a landing at this end
The rooms of the State Floor were reconstructed with few significant changes. The Second Floor rooms were adjusted to provide built-in closets and additional bathrooms, but otherwise were rebuilt largely as they had been. The Third Floor was expanded and the rooftop solarium replaced. Two new basement levels were added under the Ground Floor.
The most noticeable change to the State Floor was revising the Grand Stair to discharge eastward into the Entrance Hall to provide a more ceremonial procession from the upstairs. The opening to the south was kept with a railing providing a balcony-type overview into the Cross Hall. On the Second Floor, the rooms above the East Room were lowered due to a thinner (yet stronger) steel floor structure. This allowed access from the Central Hall via a short ramp in a central passageway that was narrowed to accommodate an additional service stair and added closets. Additions to the Ground Floor included additional service elevators to service the upper floors, a bowling alley, expanded kitchen, broadcast studio, barber shop, medical and dental clinics, carpentry and upholstery shops, and large service and equipment spaces.[9]
The style Winslow selected for the interior finishes of the re-created main public rooms was the Federal style from the 1800-1820 period of President Monroe's rebuilding. This was a reversal from the variety of styles added in the previous 120 years. Winslow incorporated more marble flooring and paneling for aesthetics and ease of maintenance. Some changes requested by the Trumans, such as brightening the State Dining Room by painting the dark wood paneling "Federalist" celadon green, were also popular in the mid-20th Century.
Bidding and delivery[edit]
In September, 1949 the Commission invited bids from interested general contractors. Screening for required experience and capacity was undertaken by each bidder having to complete a detailed questionnaire. The construction delivery method, or type of construction contract, was a "fixed-fee-cost-plus", meaning the work would be performed for the cost of the materials and labor plus a fixed fee for the general contractor's overhead and profit. On October 28, 1949, the General Services Administration received bids from 15 general contractors ranging up to $950,000 for fees. The low bid was for $100,000 from John McShain Inc.; by the end of the project, he had reportedly lost approximately $200,000, bringing his total costs for supervision, management, and other overhead to around $300,000.[29][31]
Construction[edit]
Removing debris from the interior, February 1950
Demolition of the Second Floor Oval Study and the Blue Room below, March 1950
Demolition on the Second Floor, January 1950
Construction of underground service and utility spaces by the northeast corner of the mansion, November 1950
On December 13, 1949, construction work began on site. There was no groundbreaking or commencement ceremony. Security fencing went around the work area and a solid screen provided privacy for the West Wing. Temporary sheds and buildings were erected on the South Lawn. By March 20, 1950, the removal of historic material slated for salvage had been completed. New underpinning foundations extending down 20 feet to better bearing material were hand dug under the existing exterior walls. Interior steel shoring was added to brace the exterior walls and support the existing Third Floor and roof. Demolition began with much of the material removed from the interior via chutes through window openings and by wheelbarrow. By mid-1950 the White House interior was essentially a shell encompassing over a million cubic feet of mostly empty space. By October the new, permanent steel structure was in place and construction of suspended concrete floors to replace the former wood and masonry structure began. For the following year-and-a-half, the new interior walls, doors, windows, wiring, pipes, services, and finishes were constructed.
Key challenges[edit]
From the outset the reconstruction project faced significant challenges. Access to the area of work was highly restricted, both by security, the occupied West Wing, and by the exterior stone walls which had to remain in place. The logistics of construction were complex; it was described as needing to "balance a stone house in the sky" while new foundations were dug beneath its walls.[32] The architect was often behind in providing key drawings, specifications, and reviews to the contractor, in part due to delays in obtaining numerous approvals from the Commission. There were almost no record drawings showing the existing construction, which required added investigations and details to be developed during construction. From 1950 the Korean War brought inflation and shortages of key materials and labor.
Protective measures[edit]
The biggest change during construction was announced on August 1, 1950, when the president authorized a separate and highly secret project. Project 9 was officially described as "certain protective measures" to be added to the new basement: an underground shelter to resist attack from an atomic bomb. It was designed by the same architect and contractor as the main project and installed under the East Terrace and the garden to the south, between the mansion and the East Wing. Access was through the northeast corner of the new basement level. This additional construction included major excavation, heavy concrete reinforcement of the mansion's basement, upgrading the existing air raid shelter, and dismantling much of the East Terrace and colonnade. Inside the mansion a heavily reinforced concrete tunnel to connect the West and East Wings was added through the middle of the new basement, which complicated and delayed the main construction.[33][34]
Preservation[edit]
Historic preservation of buildings during this time was not as strict or defined as it became later. For its time, simply not demolishing the entire structure was deemed "preservation". Winslow envisioned many of the interior items – from doors, trim, woodwork, and ornamental plaster – would be reused. Most were carefully dismantled, labelled, catalogued, and stored. Much of the paneling was reinstalled in the main public rooms, but other historic elements were simply copied to accommodate increasing cost and time constraints. Many of the original materials that were not deemed of significantly identifiable historic value, such as marble fireplace mantles, or not deemed to be readily reused, such as pipes, were sent to landfills.
To avoid profiteering from the millions of items being carted away from the work site, the project ran a highly publicized souvenir program. Prior to its establishment in January 1951, over 20,000 requests were made for everything from nails to charred wood. Under the program, people could request an order form. From a warehouse, pre-assembled kits were distributed for as little as 25 cents. The kits included items such an individual brick, nearly a ton of stone, or special paperweights. The program ended in October 1951 and reported a profit of over $10,000.
Interior finishes & furnishings[edit]
The Blue Room after the reconstruction, 1952
During the very hasty move-out from the White House in late 1948, the B. Altman and Company department store offered to move and store the more valuable White House furnishings in their climate-controlled warehouses, for a nominal sum. The government deemed it to be "in the interests of the United States" and therefore not subject to public bidding requirements.[35] The store later offered their interior design, decorating, and furniture supply services at true cost with no profit or ability to advertise the work. The government also deemed this to be in the public interest. The Commission provided a budget for the furniture, rugs, draperies, and special wall fabric of just $210,000, 10% less than the cost to provide temporary sheds during construction. This budget for 66 rooms allowed for no sourcing of any authentic antiques and resulted in a less than satisfactory furniture selection of antique furniture. However, Benjamin Altman and Company delivered the highest quality furniture possible designed and built by a talented cadre of furniture makers. This included Charles Fiesel, renowned furniture maker, who eventually became the head of interior decorating at B. Altman and Company. Originally from Alsace Lorraine, Mr. Fiesel traveled from his Garden City, New York home on sourcing expeditions throughout America in search of the finest wood available (white maple, cherry, oak, and other varieties) designated for furniture that was in design/build status. Furniture that was considered new at the time is now considered masterful and classic American.[36]
Budget and schedule[edit]
Cost escalations due to labor shortages and wartime inflation caused an expected cost overrun of $321,000. Congress agreed to fund $261,000, bringing the total cost of the project to $5.7 million.[37] The difference was made by cutting into other areas, including the budget for furniture and interiors. The secret bomb shelter cost $881,000 but was funded out of a separate fund controlled by the president.[34]
The original schedule called for the work to be finished in late 1951. By the end of 1950 the contractor estimated it would take until 1952. John McShain encountered the president at a football game on January 1, 1951 and jokingly told the president he would be in the White House that summer. The president took him seriously, announced it publicly, and invited Princess Elizabeth to visit in the autumn. The state visit occurred, but not in the (unfinished) White House. In early 1952 the president directed that the work needed to be complete by early April in time for a state visit by Queen Juliana of The Netherlands. Soon afterwards he announced he would be returning to the White House two weeks earlier than previously stated.
Completion and aftermath[edit]
The First Family returned to the White House on the evening of March 27, 1952. It was ready for its residents, but the work was not complete. Deficiencies included the main kitchen not being operable in time for a state visit; some rooms without electrical outlets; drafty fireplaces rendering rooms unfit to sleep in; and kitchen sinks were found to be too small for the dinner service.[38]
The project had to balance between the needs of the modern Presidency while retaining the symbolism of the nation's pre-eminent historic home, determine which historical style or period to adhere to, and implement these conflicting demands on a very tight budget. Prior to the reconstruction, the greatest historical link was through the house itself; the furnishings and most artwork were from recent decades. The reconstruction retained the historic exterior but removed most of the interior's link to the past. “When those floors creaked, you knew Lincoln had been walking there before you.”[39] The reconstructed interiors were described as “stark” and by Eleanor Roosevelt as resembling a hotel.[40] The Trumans both lobbied Congress to preserve the exterior of the White House and like the Eisenhowers and Kennedys who followed them, were not pleased with the lack of historical furniture. Before departing office, President Truman attempted to obtain an additional $50,000 from Congress for more suitable furniture, but was unsuccessful.[41] Jacqueline Kennedy's restoration a decade later sought to restore this link through the return of historic furnishings, artwork, and interior details. Bess Truman was responsible for creating the Lincoln Bedroom by compiling into one room Lincoln's famous bed and other furniture from the time of his administration that had been discovered and restored by the Trumans.[42]
To bring the White House's history closer to the people, President Truman conducted the first television tour of the White House on April 22, 1952 and opened the mansion to public tours; previously tours were only by way of Congressional appointments.[43]
A significant effect the reconstructed house had on the lives of its occupants and on the operations of the presidency was due to air conditioning. Previously the operations of the White House and West Wing were significantly reduced as people departed the heat and humidity of the capital for more tolerable climes. Afterwards the White House could operate year-round without regard for summer heat.[44]
Neither the Commission nor the president were satisfied with the work of the general contractor. When the Commission published its official account of the project, it described the work of nearly everyone of significance to the project, except the general contractor, whose name was all but omitted.[45] President Truman publicly expressed praise for the completed work, but the night of his return to the White House he wrote in his private diary: "With all the trouble and worry it is worth it – but not 5 1⁄2 million dollars! if I could have had charge of the construction it would have been done for half the money and in half the time!"[46]
References[edit]
Ferrell, Robert (edited by): "Dear Bess - The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman." University of Missouri, 1998. ISBN 978-0826212030
Klara, Robert: The Hidden White House, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2013. ISBN 978-1-250-00027-9.
Krugler, David F.: This Is Only a Test: How Washington D.C. Prepared for Nuclear War. Palgrave Macmillan, April 2006. ISBN 978-1403965547.
Morris, "Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion." Washington, September 1952.
West, J.B. and Kotz, Mary Lynn, Upstairs At The White House." Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973. ISBN 9780698105461.
Jump up ^ Klara, P.227
Jump up ^ Klara, P.6
Jump up ^ Farrell, P.535, Harry Truman letter, September 9, 1946
Jump up ^ The White House Revealed: Photos of the White House Renovation by Abbie Rowe, Truman Presidential Library. Retrieved 2015-05-02
Jump up ^ Klara, P.43
Jump up ^ "America's most famous fixer-upper!", Daily Mail, October 31, 2013. Retrieved 2015-05-02
Jump up ^ Klara, Pp.5-7
Jump up ^ Klara, Pp.45-46
^ Jump up to: a b c Truman Reconstruction : 1948-1952, White House Museum. Retrieved 2015-05-02
Jump up ^ Klara, P.51
Jump up ^ David McCullough, The Presidents: Truman. Retrieved 2015-05-02
Jump up ^ Klara, P.41
Jump up ^ Klara, P.58
Jump up ^ Klara, P.59
Jump up ^ Klara, P.63-64
Jump up ^ Klara, P.68
Jump up ^ Klara, P.69
Jump up ^ Klara, P.71
^ Jump up to: a b NYT article November 7, 1948, quoted in National Journal February 26, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d Frederick Gutheim, "Rebuilding The White House", Architectural Record, June 1949.
Jump up ^ Klara, P.79
^ Jump up to: a b Klara, P.82
Jump up ^ Klara, P.246
Jump up ^ Ferrell, P.534
Jump up ^ Klara, P.100-103
Jump up ^ Klara, P.28
Jump up ^ Klara, P.30
Jump up ^ Klara, P. 110
^ Jump up to: a b "White House Man", Time, November 14, 1949
Jump up ^ Klara, P.135
Jump up ^ Klara, P.233
Jump up ^ Klara, P. 119
Jump up ^ Klara, P.159
^ Jump up to: a b David F. Krugler, "This Is Only a Test: How Washington D.C. Prepared for Nuclear War," Pp.71-73. Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. 9781403983060. Retrieved 2015-04-28
Jump up ^ Klara, P.89
Jump up ^ White House Historical Association. Timelines - Decorative Arts 1950s-2000s. Retrieved 2015-05-02
Jump up ^ Klara, P.212
Jump up ^ Klara, Pp.247-252
Jump up ^ "Gutting the White House", Saturday Evening Post, February 16, 2011. Retrieved 2015-04-28
Jump up ^ Klara, P.249
Jump up ^ Klara, P.257
Jump up ^ Phillips-Schrock, Patrick: "The White House - An Illustrated Architectural History", P. 72. McFarland & Company, Inc. 2013. ISBN 978-0-7864-7152-2
Jump up ^ McCullough, David: "Truman". New York, 1992. P.886 ISBN 0-671-86920-5
Jump up ^ West, P.123
Jump up ^ Klara, Pp.253-4
Jump up ^ Margaret Truman, "Bess W. Truman", P.385. Jove, 1987. ISBN 978-0-515-08973-8
External links[edit]
PBS - Echoes from the White House - timeline
The White House Museum (private website)
White House Historical Association - timelines
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Serving size
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Serving (disambiguation).
Dividing the cooked food in portions for a group meal. Campada, Guinea-Bissau, 1974.
A serving size or portion size is the amount of a food or drink that is generally served. Serving size is a significant consideration in nutrition and weight control.[1]
A distinction is made between a portion size as determined by an external agent, such as a food manufacturer, chef, or restaurant, and a 'self selected portion size' in which an individual has control over the portion in a meal or snack.[2] Self-selected portion size is determined by several factors such as the palatability of a food and the extent to which it is expected to reduce hunger and to generate fullness (see expected satiety).
Evidence from a systematic review of 72 randomized controlled trials indicates that people consistently eat more food when offered larger portion, package, or tableware sizes rather than smaller size alternatives.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Measurement
2 United States
3 See also
4 References
Measurement[edit]
Bulk products, such as sugar, generally have sizes in common units of measurement, such as the cup or tablespoon. Commonly divided products, such as pie or cake, have a serving size given in a fraction of the whole product (e.g., 1/8 cake). Products which are sliced beforehand or are bought in distinct, grouped units (such as olives), are listed in the approximate number of units corresponding to the reference amount. For example, if the reference amount for olives were 30 g, and one olive weighed 10 g, the serving size would probably be listed as three olives.
United States[edit]
It is found both on the Food Pyramid and its successor program MyPlate and on Nutrition Labels and has two related but differing meanings. The USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sets the standards for My Plate and related guidelines. The FDA defines the "Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed" (RACC) tables used by food manufacturers to determine the serving size on the Nutrition Facts Panel, and the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Services labels.[4]
The nutrition facts label is designed to give consumers important nutritional information about a product and allow comparisons with other food. The serving size indicates the amount of food for which the nutrition information is shown. RACCs were established by regulation in 1993 in response to the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act and were based on how much food people typically eat, balanced with desired portion size. Ice cream is the classic example where the RACC is 1/2 cup, but people more often consume more.
See also[edit]
Expected satiety
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Portion size". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brunstrom, J.M. (2014). "Mind over platter: pre-meal planning and the control of meal size in humans". International Journal of Obesity. 38: S9–12. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.83.
Jump up ^ Hollands, GJ; Shemilt, I; Marteau, TM; Jebb, SA; Lewis, HB; Wei, Y; et al. (September 14, 2015). "Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco". Cochrane Public Health Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): Art. No.: CD011045. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011045.pub2.
Jump up ^ CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
This food-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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List of light sources
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of sources of light, including both natural and artificial processes that emit light. This article focuses on sources that produce wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nanometers, called visible light.
Contents
[hide]
1 Electric discharge
2 Incandescence
2.1 Combustion
2.1.1 Lamps
2.2 Other
2.3 Nuclear and high-energy particle
2.4 Celestial and atmospheric
3 Luminescence
3.1 Aventurescence
3.2 Bioluminescence
3.3 Cathodoluminescence
3.4 Chemiluminescence
3.5 Cryoluminescence
3.6 Crystalloluminescence
3.7 Electrochemiluminescence
3.8 Electroluminescence
3.9 Mechanoluminescence
3.10 Photoluminescence
3.11 Radioluminescence
3.12 Thermoluminescence
4 See also
5 External links
Electric discharge[edit]
Main article: Electric arc
Arc lamp
Flashtube
Main article: Electrostatic discharge
Lightning
Electric spark
Main article: Gas discharge lamp
Electrodeless lamp
Excimer lamp
Fluorescent lamp
Compact fluorescent lamp
Tanning lamp
Black lights
Geissler tube
Moore tube (Defunct)
"Ruhmkorff" lamp (Defunct)
High-intensity discharge lamp
Carbon arc lamp
Ceramic discharge metal-halide lamp
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp
Mercury-vapor lamp
Metal-halide lamp
Sodium-vapor lamp
Sulfur lamp
Xenon arc lamp
Hollow-cathode lamp
Induction lighting
Sulfur lamp
Sulfur lamps
Neon and argon lamps
Dekatron (Defunct)
Dekatron
Nixie tube
Plasma lamp
Xenon flash lamp
Incandescence[edit]
Incandescence is the emission of light from a hot body as a result of its temperature.
Main article: Incandescence
Black-body radiation
Carbon button lamp (Defunct)
Earthquake light
Halogen lamp
Incandescent light bulb
Incandescent light bulb
Lava
Nernst lamp (Defunct)
Volcanic eruption
Volcanic eruption
Combustion[edit]
Main article: Combustion
Lamps[edit]
Argand lamp (Defunct)
Argon flash
Carbide lamp
Betty lamp (Defunct)
Butter lamp
Flash-lamp (Defunct)
Gas lighting
Gas mantle
Kerosene lamps
Koniaphostic light, see Limelight
Lanterns
Limelights (Defunct)
Oil lamps
Oil lamp
Tilley lamp
Other[edit]
Bunsen burner
Candle
Candle
Embers
Explosives
Fire
Fire
Fire whirl
Fire whirl
Fireworks
Fireworks
Flamethrower
Muzzle flash
Rubens' tube
Torch
Nuclear and high-energy particle[edit]
Main articles: Nuclear physics and Particle physics
Annihilation
Celestial and atmospheric[edit]
Nebula and stars
Starry sky, the Milky Way, and a shooting star
Main article: Astronomical object
Astronomical objects
Sun (sunlight, solar radiation)
Corona
Photosphere
Stars (Starlight)
Nova / supernova / hypernova
Galaxies
Milky Way
Star clusters
Deep sky objects
Quasars
Accretion discs
Blazars
Magnetars
Pulsars
Atmospheric entry
Meteors
Meteor
Meteor showers
Bolide
Earth-grazing fireball
Lightning (Plasma)
Sprite (lightning)
Ball lightning
Upper-atmospheric lightning
Dry lightning
Aurorae
Čerenkov radiation
Luminescence[edit]
Main article: Luminescence
Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat.
Aventurescence[edit]
In gemology, aventurescence (sometimes called aventurization) is an optical reflectance effect seen in certain gems.
Bioluminescence[edit]
Main article: Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is light resulting from biochemical reaction by a living organism.
Aequorea victoria
Antarctic krill
Biophotons
Cavitation bubbles
Foxfire
Glowworm
Luciferase
Panellus stipticus
Bioluminescent panellus stipticus
Parchment worm
Piddock
Cathodoluminescence[edit]
Main article: Cathodoluminescence
Cathodoluminescence is light resulting from a luminescent material being struck by the electrons.
Chemiluminescence[edit]
Main article: Chemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence is light resulting from a chemical reaction.
Cryoluminescence[edit]
Main article: Cryoluminescence
Cryoluminescence is the emission of light when an object is cooled.
Crystalloluminescence[edit]
Main article: Crystalloluminescence
Crystalloluminescence is light produced during crystallization.
Electrochemiluminescence[edit]
Main article: Electrochemiluminescence
Electrochemiluminescence is light resulting from electrochemical reaction.
Electroluminescence[edit]
Main article: Electroluminescence
Electroluminescence is light resulting of an electric current passed through a substance.
Light-emitting diodes
Organic light-emitting diodes
Polymer light-emitting diodes
AMOLED
Light-emitting electrochemical cell
Electroluminescent wires
Field-induced polymer electroluminescent
Laser
Lasers
Chemical laser
Dye laser
Free-electron laser
Gas dynamic laser
Gas laser
Ion laser
Laser diode
Metal-vapor laser
Nonlinear optics
Quantum well laser
Ruby laser
Solid-state laser
Mechanoluminescence[edit]
Main article: Mechanoluminescence
Mechanoluminescence is light resulting from a mechanical action on a solid.
Triboluminescence
Triboluminescence, a type of mechanoluminescence, is light generated when bonds in a material are broken when that material is scratched, crushed, or rubbed.
Fractoluminescence
Fractoluminescence, a type of mechanoluminescence, is light generated when bonds in certain crystals are broken by fractures.
Piezoluminescence
Piezoluminescence, a type of mechanoluminescence, is light produced by the action of pressure on certain solids.
Sonoluminescence
Sonoluminescence, a type of mechanoluminescence, is light resulting from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound.
Photoluminescence[edit]
Main article: Photoluminescence
Photoluminescence is light resulting from absorption of photons.
Fluorescence
Fluorescence, a type of photoluminescence, is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
Phosphorescence
Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs.
Radioluminescence[edit]
Radioluminescent
Main article: Radioluminescence
Radioluminescence is light resulting from bombardment by ionizing radiation.
Thermoluminescence[edit]
Main article: Thermoluminescence
Thermoluminescence is light from the re-emission of absorbed energy when a substance is heated.
See also[edit]
Luminous efficacy
Photometry (optics)
External links[edit]
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A CD spectrometer Color spectrographs of common light sources
The Double Amici Prism Hand-Held Spectroscope in Practice – Dozens of raw visible spectra of a wide variety of light sources.
[hide]
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discharge (HID)
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Lava lamp
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Related topics
Bioluminescence
Chemiluminescence
Electroluminescence
Laser
Photoluminescence
Radioluminescence
Authority control
GND: 4167595-2
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