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Thunderball (film)
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Thunderball
British cinema poster for Thunderball, designed and illustrated by Robert McGinnis and Frank McCarthy
Directed by
Terence Young
Produced by
Kevin McClory
Screenplay by
Richard Maibaum
John Hopkins
Story by
Kevin McClory
Jack Whittingham
Ian Fleming
(Original Screenplay)
Based on
Thunderball
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Sean Connery
Claudine Auger
Adolfo Celi
Luciana Paluzzi
Rik Van Nutter
Music by
John Barry
Cinematography
Ted Moore
Edited by
Ernest Hosler
Production
company
Eon Productions
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
9 December 1965 (1965-12-09) (Tokyo, premiere)
21 December 1965 (1965-12-21) (United States)
29 December 1965 (1965-12-29) (United Kingdom)
Running time
130 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$9 million
Box office
$141.2 million
Thunderball is a 1965 British spy film and the fourth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, starring Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming, which in turn was based on an original screenplay by Jack Whittingham. It was directed by Terence Young, with its screenplay by Richard Maibaum and John Hopkins. The movie would have been the first of the Bond series if not for legal disputes over copyright issues.[1]
The film follows Bond's mission to find two NATO atomic bombs stolen by SPECTRE, which holds the world to ransom for £100 million in diamonds, in exchange for not destroying an unspecified major city in either the United Kingdom or the United States (later revealed to be Miami). The search leads Bond to the Bahamas, where he encounters Emilio Largo, the card-playing, eye patch-wearing SPECTRE Number Two. Backed by CIA agent Felix Leiter and Largo's mistress, Domino Derval, Bond's search culminates in an underwater battle with Largo's henchmen. The film had a complex production, with four different units and about a quarter of the film consisting of underwater scenes.[2] Thunderball was the first Bond film shot in widescreen Panavision and the first to have running time of over two hours.
Thunderball was associated with a legal dispute in 1961 when former Ian Fleming collaborators Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham sued him shortly after the 1961 publication of the novel, claiming he based it upon the screenplay the trio had earlier written in a failed cinematic translation of James Bond. The lawsuit was settled out of court and Bond film series producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, fearing a rival McClory film, allowed him to retain certain screen rights to the novel's story, plot, and characters,[3] and for McClory to receive sole producer credit on this film; Broccoli and Salzman were instead credited as Executive Producers.[4]
The film was a success, earning a total of $141.2 million worldwide, exceeding the earnings of the three previous Bond films. In 1966, John Stears won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects[5] and production designer Ken Adam was also nominated for a BAFTA award.[6] Thunderball is the most financially successful film of the series in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation.[7] Some critics and viewers showered praise on the film and branded it a welcome addition to the series, while others complained of the repetitively monotonous aquatic action and prolonged length. In 1983, Warner Bros. released a second film adaptation of the novel under the title Never Say Never Again, with McClory as executive producer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Legal disputes
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Effects
3.5 Music
4 Release and reception
4.1 Contemporary reviews
4.2 Reflective reviews
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Plot[edit]
James Bond attends the funeral of Colonel Jacques Bouvar, a SPECTRE operative connected with the previous murders of two MI6 agents.[8] Bouvar is alive and disguised as his own widow, but Bond identifies him. Pursuing Bouvar to his château, Bond fights and kills him, escaping with use of a jetpack and his Aston Martin DB5, conveniently driven up by French agent, Madame La Porte.
At a SPECTRE meeting in Paris, chaired by the enigmatic Number One, Emilio Largo (SPECTRE operative Number Two) introduces the group's latest project: hijacking two atomic bombs and holding NATO for ransom. The plot begins at the Shrublands sanatorium, located close to the NATO air base. Coincidentally, James Bond is at Shrublands to improve his health. There, he notices Count Lippe, an operative of SPECTRE with a Tong tattoo. Bond searches Lippe's room, but is seen leaving by Lippe's clinic neighbour, whose head is covered in bandages. Lippe tries to murder Bond with a spinal traction machine, but Bond is saved by his physiotherapist, Patricia Fearing, whom he then coerces into having sex.
Lippe and Angelo, the bandaged man, are part of SPECTRE'S plot. Angelo's face was surgically altered to match the appearance of François Derval, a French Air Force pilot slated to fly on a training mission aboard an RAF strategic jet bomber Avro Vulcan loaded with two atomic bombs. Derval is murdered by Angelo Palazzi, who then tries to extort more money for his services from SPECTRE. Agent Fiona Volpe seemingly acquiesces to his demands and he takes Derval's place on the flight. On the flight, Angelo gasses the remainder of the crew, hijacks the plane, and executes a controlled water landing near the Bahamas, submerging the jet. The atomic bombs are retrieved by SCUBA-equipped SPECTRE operatives, commanded by Largo. Angelo, trapped by his seat strapping, is killed by Largo for reneging on his original deal with SPECTRE. Meanwhile, Bond has uncovered Derval's corpse at the sanatorium. Bond is later attacked by Lippe, who is killed by a rocket-propelled grenade launched by a motorcycle as punishment for failing to foresee Angelo's greed. The motorcycle's fully masked rider later pushes it into the water, after which the rider is revealed to be Volpe as she had removed her leather mask, goggles, and gloves, and was removing her headgear.
Back in London, at an MI6 conference, all of the 00 agents are informed that SPECTRE demands £100 million from NATO in exchange for returning the bombs and threatens to destroy a major city in the United States or the United Kingdom. At the meeting, Bond recognises Derval from a photograph. Bond requests M to be sent to Nassau, Bahamas, where Derval's sister, Domino, is staying.
While snorkelling, Bond meets Domino. Later, at a casino, he encounters Domino and Largo, who has taken Domino as his mistress. Bond enters a game against Largo and wins, and subsequently takes Domino to a dance. Bond and Largo recognise each other as adversaries and begin a tense cat-and-mouse game of attempting to gain advantage over each other while still pretending ignorance of their adversary's true nature. Bond meets Felix Leiter and Q, and is issued various gadgets, including an underwater infrared camera, a distress beacon, underwater breathing apparatus, a flare gun, and a Geiger counter. Diving under Largo's ship, the Disco Volante, Bond fails to find the atomic bomb, but detects an underwater hatch; Bond narrowly escapes Largo's henchmen. The next day, Bond visits Largo at his estate, Palmyra.
Bond is kidnapped by Fiona Volpe, but escapes through a Junkanoo celebration to the Kiss Kiss club, where Fiona is accidentally shot and killed by her own bodyguard. Bond and Felix search for the Vulcan, finding it under water. Bond tells Domino that Largo killed her brother and asks her for help in finding the bombs, giving her his Geiger counter. As she is looking for the bombs on board, she is discovered and tortured by Largo.
Meanwhile, Bond disguises himself as one of Largo's henchmen, and uncovers Largo's plan to destroy Miami Beach. Bond is discovered by Largo, but rescued by Leiter, who orders the United States Coast Guard to parachute to the area via US Air Force transport aircraft. After an underwater battle, the henchmen surrender. Largo escapes to his ship, which has one of the bombs on board. As it begins to leave, Bond gets on underwater. The ship is pursued by Royal Navy and U.S. Coast Guard vessels, but Largo jettisons the rear of the ship, revealing the front as a hydrofoil as it escapes. Bond fights Largo on board, and he is about to shoot Bond when Domino, freed by Largo's nuclear physicist Ladislav Kutze, shoots Largo with a harpoon gun. Bond, Domino, and Kutze jump overboard, and the boat runs aground and explodes. A sky hook-equipped CIA B-17 aircraft then rescues Bond and Domino.
Cast[edit]
Sean Connery as James Bond (007): An MI6 agent assigned to retrieve two stolen nuclear weapons
Adolfo Celi as Emilio Largo (voice dubbed by Robert Rietty):[9] Main antagonist. SPECTRE's Number Two, he creates a scheme to steal two atomic bombs.
Claudine Auger as Dominique "Domino" Derval (voice dubbed by Nikki van der Zyl):[10] Largo's mistress, in early drafts of the screenplay, Domino's name was Dominetta Palazzi. When Claudine Auger was cast as Domino, the name was changed to Derval to reflect her nationality.[11] The character's wardrobe reflects her name, as she is usually dressed in black and/or white.
Luciana Paluzzi as Fiona Volpe: SPECTRE agent, who becomes François Derval's mistress and later assists Largo in Nassau
Rik Van Nutter as Felix Leiter: CIA agent who helps Bond
Bernard Lee as M: Head of MI6
Martine Beswick as Paula Caplan: Bond's CIA ally in Nassau who is kidnapped by Vargas and Janni and then commits suicide
Guy Doleman as Count Lippe: the SPECTRE agent in charge of the operation of replacing Derval with Angelo, he tries to kill Bond at the health clinic and is later assassinated by SPECTRE agent Volpe by means of an RPG mounted on a motorcycle.
Molly Peters as Patricia Fearing: A physiotherapist at the health clinic[12]
Earl Cameron as Pinder: Bond and Felix Leiter's assistant in the Bahamas
Paul Stassino as François Derval and Angelo Palazzi: Derval is a French Air Force pilot assigned to the NATO staff and also Domino's brother. He is killed by Angelo, who impersonates him. Angelo hijacks the jet and is killed by Largo for trying to extort more money.
Desmond Llewelyn as Q: MI6's quartermaster, he supplies Bond with multipurpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter's missions.
Roland Culver as the Home Secretary: British Minister who briefs the "00" agents for Operation Thunderball and has doubts about Bond's efficiency
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary
Philip Locke as Vargas: Largo's personal assistant and henchman, his ascetic demeanour emphasises his devotion as a killer. He is killed by Bond with a spear gun on the beach.
George Pravda as Ladislav Kutze: A nuclear physicist, he aids Largo with the captured bombs, but when Largo disregards the authorities firing on them, he pities and rescues Domino.
Michael Brennan as Janni: one of Largo's henchmen, usually paired with Vargas
Rose Alba as Madame Boitier
Leonard Sachs as Group Captain
Edward Underdown as Air Vice Marshal
Reginald Beckwith as Kenniston
Maryse Guy Mitsouko as Madame La Porte: a French secret service agent (uncredited)
Anthony Dawson as Ernst Stavro Blofeld (voiced by Eric Pohlmann): The head of SPECTRE (both uncredited)
Bill Cummings as Quist: one of Largo's henchmen, he is spared by Bond, but thrown to the sharks on Largo's orders. (uncredited)
André Maranne as SPECTRE Number 10 (uncredited)
Victor Beaumont as SPECTRE Number Three (uncredited)
Ronald Livens as Ground Aircrew (uncredited)
Production[edit]
Legal disputes[edit]
Further information: Rights controversy of Thunderball
Originally meant as the first James Bond film, Thunderball was the centre of legal disputes that began in 1961 and ran until 2006.[13] Former Ian Fleming collaborators Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham sued Fleming shortly after the 1961 publication of the Thunderball novel, claiming he based it upon the screenplay the trio had earlier written in a failed cinematic translation of James Bond.[3] The lawsuit was settled out of court; McClory retained certain screen rights to the novel's story, plot, and characters. By then, Bond was a box-office success, and series producers Broccoli and Saltzman feared a rival McClory film beyond their control; they agreed to McClory's producer's credit of a cinematic Thunderball, with them as executive producers.[14]
Later, in 1964, Eon producers Broccoli and Saltzman agreed with McClory to cinematically adapt the novel; it was promoted as "Ian Fleming's Thunderball". Yet, along with the official credits to screenwriters Richard Maibaum and John Hopkins, the screenplay is also identified as 'based on an original screenplay by Jack Whittingham' and as 'based on the original story by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham, and Ian Fleming'.[14] To date, the novel has twice been adapted cinematically; the 1983 Jack Schwartzman-produced Never Say Never Again features Sean Connery as James Bond, but is not an Eon production.
Casting[edit]
Broccoli's original choice for the role of Domino Derval was Julie Christie following her performance in Billy Liar in 1963. Upon meeting her personally, however, he was disappointed and turned his attentions towards Raquel Welch after seeing her on the cover of the October 1964 issue of Life. Welch, however, was hired by Richard Zanuck of 20th Century Fox to appear in the film Fantastic Voyage the same year, instead. Faye Dunaway was also considered for the role and came close to signing for the part.[15] Saltzman and Broccoli auditioned an extensive list of relatively unknown European actresses and models, including former Miss Italy Maria Grazia Buccella, Yvonne Monlaur of the Hammer horror films, and Gloria Paul. Eventually, former Miss France Claudine Auger was cast, and the script was rewritten to make her character French rather than Italian, although her lines were redubbed for the final cut. Nevertheless, director Young cast her once again in his next film, Triple Cross (1966). One of the actresses who tried for Domino, Luciana Paluzzi, later accepted the role as the redheaded femme fatale assassin Fiona Kelly, who originally was intended by Maibaum to be Irish. The surname was changed to Volpe in co-ordination with Paluzzi's nationality.[15]
Filming[edit]
Guy Hamilton was invited to direct, but considered himself worn out and "creatively drained" after the production of Goldfinger.[2] Terence Young, director of the first two Bond films, returned to the series. Coincidentally, when Saltzman invited him to direct Dr. No, Young expressed interest in directing adaptations of Dr. No, From Russia with Love and Thunderball. Years later, Young said Thunderball was filmed "at the right time",[16] considering that if it was the first film in the series, the low budget (Dr. No cost only $1 million) would not have yielded good results.[16] Thunderball was the final James Bond film directed by Young.
Filming commenced on 16 February 1965, with principal photography of the opening scene in Paris. Filming then moved to the Château d'Anet, near Dreux, France, for the fight in precredit sequence. Much of the film was shot in the Bahamas; Thunderball is widely known for its extensive underwater action scenes which are played out through much of the latter half of the film. The rest of the film was shot at Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, Silverstone racing circuit for the chase involving Count Lippe, Fiona Volpe's RPG-armed BSA Lightning motorcycle and James Bond's Aston Martin DB5 before moving to Nassau, and Paradise Island in the Bahamas (where most of the footage was shot), and Miami.[17] Huntington Hartford gave permission to shoot footage on his Paradise Island and is thanked at the end of the film.
The home used as Largo's estate in the film
On arriving in Nassau, McClory searched for locations to shoot many of the key sequences of the film and used the home of a local millionaire couple, the Sullivans, for Largo's estate, Palmyra.[18] Part of the SPECTRE underwater assault was also shot on the coastal grounds of another millionaire's home on the island. The most difficult sequences to film were the underwater action scenes; the first to be shot underwater was at a depth of 50 feet to shoot the scene where SPECTRE divers remove the atomic bombs from the sunken Vulcan bomber. Peter Lamont had previously visited a Royal Air Force bomber station carrying a concealed camera which he used to get close-up shots of secret missiles (those appearing in the film were not actually present).[2] Most of the underwater scenes had to be done at lower tides due to the sharks on the Bahamian coast.[19]
After he read the script, Connery realised the risk of the sequence with the sharks in Largo's pool and insisted that production designer Ken Adam build a Plexiglas partition inside the pool. The barrier was not a fixed structure, so when one of the sharks managed to pass through it, Connery fled the pool, seconds away from attack.[17] Ken Adam later told UK daily newspaper The Guardian,
"We had to use special effects, but unlike special effects today, they were real. The jet pack we used in Thunderball was real - it was invented for the United States Army. Bloody dangerous, and it only lasted a couple of minutes. The ejector seat in the Aston Martin was real and Emilio Largo's boat, the Disco Volante, was real. You had power boats at that time, but there were no good-sized yachts that were able to travel at 40 to 50 knots, so it was quite a problem. But by combining a hydrofoil, which we bought in Puerto Rico for $10,000, and a catamaran, it at least looked like a big yacht. We combined the two hulls with a one-inch slip bolt and when they split it worked like a dream. We used lots of sharks for this movie. I'd rented a villa in the Bahamas with a saltwater pool which we filled with sharks and used for underwater filming. The smell was horrendous. This was where Sean Connery came close to being bitten. We had a plexiglass corridor to protect him, but I didn't have quite enough plexiglass and one of the sharks got through. He never got out of a pool faster in his life - he was walking on water."[20]
When special-effects coordinator John Stears provided a supposedly dead shark to be towed around the pool, the shark, which was still alive, revived at one point. Due to the dangers on the set, stuntman Bill Cummings demanded an extra fee of £250 to double for Largo's sidekick Quist as he was dropped into the pool of sharks.[21]
The climactic underwater battle was shot at Clifton Pier and was choreographed by Hollywood expert Ricou Browning, who had worked on Creature From the Black Lagoon in 1954 and other films. He was responsible for the staging of the cave sequence and the battle scenes beneath the Disco Volante and called in his specialist team of divers who posed as those engaged in the onslaught. Voit provided much of the underwater gear in exchange for product placement and film tie-in merchandise. Lamar Boren, an underwater photographer, was hired to shoot all of the sequences. United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Charles Russhon, who had already established Eon productions' rapports with the local authorities in Turkey for From Russia with Love (1963) and at Fort Knox for Goldfinger (1964), supplied the experimental rocket fuel used to destroy the Disco Volante. Russhon, using his position, was also able to gain access to the United States Navy's Fulton surface-to-air recovery system, used to lift Bond and Domino from the water at the end of the film.[21] Filming ceased in May 1965, and the final scene shot was the physical fight on the bridge of the Disco Volante.[2]
While in Nassau, during the final shooting days, special-effects supervisor John Stears was supplied experimental rocket fuel to use in exploding Largo's yacht. Ignoring the true power of the volatile liquid, Stears doused the entire yacht with it, took cover, and then detonated the boat. The resultant massive explosion shattered windows along Bay Street in Nassau roughly 30 miles away.[2] Stears went on to win an Academy Award for his work on Thunderball.
As the filming neared its conclusion, Connery had become increasingly agitated with press intrusion and was distracted with difficulties in his marriage of 32 months to actress Diane Cilento. Connery refused to speak to journalists and photographers who followed him in Nassau, stating his frustration with the harassment that came with the role; "I find that fame tends to turn one from an actor and a human being into a piece of merchandise, a public institution. Well, I don't intend to undergo that metamorphosis."[22] In the end he gave only a single interview, to Playboy, as filming was wrapped up, and even turned down a substantial fee to appear in a promotional TV special made by Wolper Productions for NBC The Incredible World of James Bond.[21] According to editor Peter R. Hunt, Thunderball's release was delayed for three months, from September until December 1965, after he met David Picker of United Artists, and convinced him it would be impossible to edit the film to a high enough standard without the extra time.[23]
Effects[edit]
Main articles: List of James Bond vehicles and List of James Bond gadgets
Thanks to special-effects man John Stears, Thunderball's pretitle teaser, the Aston Martin DB5 (introduced in Goldfinger), reappears armed with rear-firing water cannon, seeming noticeably weathered – just dust and dirt, raised moments earlier by Bond's landing with the Bell Rocket Belt (developed by Bell Aircraft Corporation). The rocket belt Bond uses to escape the château actually worked, and was used many times, before and after, for entertainment, most notably at Super Bowl I and at scheduled performances at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair.[24]
Bond receives a spear gun-armed underwater jet pack scuba (allowing the frogman to manoeuvre faster than other frogmen). Designed by Jordan Klein, green dye was meant to be used by Bond as a smoke screen to escape pursuers.[25] Instead Ricou Browning, the film's underwater director, used it to make Bond's arrival more dramatic.[26]
The sky hook used to rescue Bond at the end of the film was a rescue system used by the United States military at the time. At Thunderball's release, there was confusion as to whether a rebreather such as the one that appears in the film existed; most Bond gadgets, while implausible, often are based upon real technology. In the real world, a rebreather could not be so small, as it has no room for the breathing bag, while the alternative open-circuit scuba releases exhalation bubbles, which the film device does not. It was made with two CO2 bottles glued together and painted, with a small mouthpiece attached.[26] For this reason, when the Royal Corps of Engineers asked Peter Lamont how long a man could use the device underwater, the answer was "As long as you can hold your breath."[27]
Maurice Binder was hired to design the title sequence, and was involved in a dispute with Eon Production to have his name credited in the film. As Thunderball was the first James Bond film shot in Panavision, Binder had to reshoot the iconic gun barrel scene which permitted him to not only incorporate pinhole photographic techniques to shoot inside a genuine gun barrel, but also made Connery appearing in the sequence for the first time a reality, as stunt man Bob Simmons had doubled for him in the three previous films. Binder gained access to the tank at Pinewood which he used to film the silhouetted title girls who appeared naked in the opening sequence, which was the first time actual nudity (although concealed) had ever been seen in a Bond film.[21]
On 26 June 2013, Christie's auction house sold the Breitling SA Top Time watch worn in the film by Connery for over £100,000; given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot.[28]
Music[edit]
See also: Thunderball (soundtrack)
Thunderball was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after From Russia with Love and Goldfinger. The original title song was entitled "Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang.[29] The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics.[2] Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote "Thunderball", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, "I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning."[30]
Country musician Johnny Cash also submitted a song to Eon productions titled "Thunderball", but it went unused.[31]
Release and reception[edit]
The film premiered on 9 December 1965 in Tokyo and opened on 29 December 1965 in the UK. It was a major success at the box office with record-breaking earnings. Variety reported that Thunderball was the number-one money maker of 1966 at the North American box office by a large margin, with a net profit of $26,500,000.[32] The second-highest money maker of 1966 was Doctor Zhivago at $15,000,000; in third place was Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? at $10,300,000.[32] It eventually grossed $63.6 million in the United States, equating to roughly 58.1 million admissions.[33] In total, the film has earned $141.2 million worldwide, surpassing the earnings of the three preceding films in the series—easily recouping its $9 million budget—and remained the highest-grossing Bond film until Live and Let Die (1973) assumed the record.[34] After adjusting its earnings to 2011 prices, it has made around $1 billion, making it the second-most financially successful Bond film after Skyfall.[35]
Thunderball won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects awarded to John Stears in 1966.[5] Ken Adam the production director was also nominated for a Best Production Design BAFTA award.[6] The film won the Golden Screen Award in Germany and the Golden Laurel Action Drama award at the 1966 Laurel Awards. The film was also nominated for an Edgar Best Foreign Film award at the Edgar Allan Poe Awards.[36]
Contemporary reviews[edit]
Upon its release, the film received generally positive reviews. Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times remarked after seeing the film that "The cinema was a duller place before 007."[37] David Robinson of the Financial Times criticised the appearance of Connery and his effectiveness to play Bond in the film, remarking: "It's not just that Sean Connery looks a lot more haggard and less heroic than he did two or three years ago, but there is much less effort to establish him as connoisseur playboy. Apart from the off-handed order for Beluga, there is little of that comic display of bon viveur-manship that was one of the charms of Connery's almost-a-gentleman 007."[38]
Reflective reviews[edit]
According to Danny Peary, Thunderball "takes forever to get started and has too many long underwater sequences during which it's impossible to tell what's going on. Nevertheless, it's an enjoyable entry in the Bond series. Sean Connery is particularly appealing as Bond – I think he projects more confidence than in other films in the series. Film has no great scene, but it's entertaining as long as the actors stay above water."[39]
Critics such as James Berardinelli praised Connery's performance, the femme fatale character of Fiona Volpe, and the underwater action sequences, remarking that they were well choreographed and clearly shot. He criticised the length of the scenes, however, stating they were in need of editing, particularly during the film's climax.[40] At Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an 86% rating.[41] In 2014 Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors, and stunt actors to list their top action films;[42] Thunderball was listed at number 73.[43]
See also[edit]
James Bond portal
1960s portal
Film portal
United Kingdom portal
Outline of James Bond
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Thunderball Ultimate Edition DVD (Media notes). 2006.
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^ Jump up to: a b Cork, John. "Inside "Thunderball"". Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang. Archived from the original on 20 November 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Production notes for Thunderball". MI6.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, Terence. Commentary 1: Thunderball Ultimate Edition DVD Region 4 (DVD). MGM/UA Home Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b The Thunderball Phenomenon (DVD). Thunderball Ultimate Edition DVD, Region 2, Disc 2: MGM/UA Home Entertainment. 1995.
Jump up ^ 007 Mission Control: Exotic Locations (DVD). Thunderball Ultimate Edition DVD, Region 2,Disc 2: MGM/UA Home Entertainment. 2006.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Copyright 1998–2010. "Production notes for Thunderball —". Mi6.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Sean Connery". Playboy. HMH Publishing (November 1965). ISSN 0032-1478. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Peter R. Commentary 2: Thunderball Ultimate Edition DVD Region 2 (DVD). MGM/UA Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Malow, Brian. "Where the hell is my Jetpack?". Butseriously.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ John Cork. Commentary 2: Thunderball Ultimate Edition, Region 2 (DVD).
^ Jump up to: a b Browning, Ricou. Commentary 1: Thunderball Ultimate Edition, Region 2 (DVD).
Jump up ^ Lamont, Peter (1995). The Thunderball Phenomenon: Thunderball Ultimate Edition, Region 2, Disc 2 (DVD). MGM/UA Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ "James Bond Watch with Geiger Counter Sells for $160,000". Reuters. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2003, p. 52.
Jump up ^ "Tom Jones's comments on the Thunderball song". Interview with Singer Tom Jones. Retrieved 10 September 2005.
Jump up ^ "Bitter Cinema piece on Johnny Cash's Thunderball". Retrieved 6 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Cobbett (1980). Film Facts. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 23. ISBN 0-87196-313-2. When a film is released late in a calendar year (October to December), its income is reported in the following year's compendium, unless the film made a particularly fast impact. Figures are domestic earnings (United States and Canada) as reported each year in Variety (p. 17).
Jump up ^ "Release Information – Thunderball —". Mi6-HQ.com. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Box Office History for James Bond Movies". The Numbers. Nash Information Service. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2013, p. 203.
Jump up ^ "Awards for Thunderball(1965)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Powell, Dilys (2 January 1966). "Blood and Thunderball". The Sunday Times. p. 33.
Jump up ^ David, Robinson. "Thunderball film review". Financial Times.
Jump up ^ Peary, Danny (1986). Guide for the Film Fanatic (Simon & Schuster) p.435
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James. "Thunderball". ReelViews. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Thunderball". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "The 100 best action movies". Time Out. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 100 best action movies: 80-71". Time Out. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Sources[edit]
Casino Royale history for further information on the James Bond legal disputes between Sony and MGM.
Barnes, Alan; Hearn, Marcus (2003). Kiss Kiss Bang! Bang!: the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion. London: Batsford Books. ISBN 978-0-7134-8645-2.
Chapman, James (1999). Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-387-6.
Guinness World Records 2014. Guinness World Records Ltd. 2013. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunderball (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thunderball (film)
Thunderball on IMDb
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Thunderball at the TCM Movie Database
Thunderball at Rotten Tomatoes
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James Bond film Thunderball nearly given X-rating by censors
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text:
How Much Land Does a Man Need?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"How Much Land Does a Man Need?"
Leo Tolstoy by Mikhail Nesterov, 1906
Author
Leo Tolstoy
Original title
"Много ли человеку земли нужно?"
Country
Russia
Language
Russian
Genre(s)
Short story
Publication date
1886
"How Much Land Does a Man Require?" (Russian: Много ли человеку земли нужно?, Mnoga li cheloveku zemli nuzhna?) is an 1886 short story by Leo Tolstoy about a man who, in his lust for land, forfeits everything.
Contents
1 Synopsis
2 Cultural influence
3 References
4 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The protagonist of the story is a peasant named Pahom, who overhears his wife and sister-in-law argue over the merits of town and peasant farm life. He thinks to himself "if I had plenty of land, I shouldn't fear the Devil himself!". Unbeknownst to him, Satan is present sitting behind the stove and listening. Satan abruptly accepts his challenge and also tells that he would give Pahom more land and then snatch everything from him. A short time later, a landlady in the village decides to sell her estate, and the peasants of the village buy as much of that land as they can. Pahom himself purchases some land, and by working on the extra land is able to repay his debts and live a more comfortable life.
However, Pahom then becomes very possessive of his land, and this causes arguments with his neighbors. "Threats to burn his building began to be uttered." Later, he moves to a larger area of land at another Commune. Here, he can grow even more crops and amass a small fortune, but he has to grow the crops on rented land, which irritates him. Finally, after buying and selling a lot of fertile and good land, he is introduced to the Bashkirs, and is told that they are simple-minded people who own a huge amount of land. Pahom goes to them to buy as much of their land for as low a price as he can negotiate. Their offer is very unusual: for a sum of one thousand rubles, Pahom can walk around as large an area as he wants, starting at daybreak, marking his route with a spade along the way. If he returns to his starting point by sunset that day, all the land his route encloses will be his, but if he does not reach his starting point, he will lose his money and receive no land. He is delighted, as he believes that he can cover a great distance and has chanced upon the bargain of a lifetime. That night, Pahom experiences a surreal dream in which he sees himself lying dead by the feet of the Devil, who is laughing.
He stays out as late as possible, marking out land until just before the sun sets. Toward the end, he realizes he is far from the starting point and runs back as fast as he can to the waiting Bashkirs. He finally arrives at the starting point just as the sun sets. The Bashkirs cheer his good fortune, but exhausted from the run, Pahom drops dead. His servant buries him in an ordinary grave only six feet long, thus answering the question posed in the title of the story.
Cultural influence[edit]
Late in life, James Joyce wrote to his daughter that it is "the greatest story that the literature of the world knows";[1] Ludwig Wittgenstein was another well-known admirer.[2] Motifs from the short story are used in the 1969 West German film Scarabea: How Much Land Does a Man Need? directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Donna Tussing Orwin. The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-52000-2. Page 209.
Jump up ^ Stuart G Shanker, David Kilfoyle. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-14918-5. Page 339.
Jump up ^ "Scarabea - Wieviel Erde braucht der Mensch?". Filmportal.de (in German). German Film Institute. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
How Much Land Does a Man Need?
What Men Live By and Other Tales at Project Gutenberg - a collection including How Much Land Does a Man Need?
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Leo Tolstoy
Bibliography
Novels and
novellas
Childhood (1852)
Boyhood (1854)
Youth (1856)
Family Happiness (1859)
The Cossacks (1863)
War and Peace (1869)
Anna Karenina (1878)
The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886)
The Kreutzer Sonata (1889)
Resurrection (1899)
The Forged Coupon (1911)
Hadji Murat (1912)
Short stories
"The Raid" (1852)
"The Snowstorm" (1856)
"Albert" (1858)
"Three Deaths" (1859)
"God Sees the Truth, But Waits" (1872)
"The Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1872)
"What Men Live By" (1881)
"Quench the Spark" (1885)
"Where Love Is, God Is" (1885)
"Ivan the Fool" (1885)
"Wisdom of Children" (1885)
"The Three Hermits" (1886)
"Promoting a Devil" (1886)
"How Much Land Does a Man Need?" (1886)
"The Grain" (1886)
"Repentance" (1886)
"Croesus and Fate" (1886)
"Kholstomer" (1886)
"A Lost Opportunity" (1889)
"Master and Man" (1895)
"Too Dear!" (1897)
"Father Sergius" (1898)
"Work, Death, and Sickness" (1903)
"Three Questions" (1903)
"Alyosha the Pot" (1905)
"The Devil" (1911)
Plays
The Power of Darkness (1886)
The Light Shines in the Darkness (1890)
The Fruits of Enlightenment (1891)
The Living Corpse (1900)
Non-fiction
A Confession (1882)
The Gospel in Brief (1883)
What Is To Be Done? (1886)
The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894)
What Is Art? (1897)
"A Letter to a Hindu" (1908)
A Calendar of Wisdom (1910)
Family
Sophia (wife)
Alexandra (daughter)
Ilya (son)
Lev Lvovich (son)
Tatyana (daughter)
Life and legacy
Yasnaya Polyana
Tolstoyan movement
Christian anarchism
Departure of a Grand Old Man (1912 film)
The Last Station (1990 novel
2009 film)
Related
The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism (1888)
Vladimir Chertkov
Category
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Global human population
Major topics
Biocapacity
Optimum population
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Industrialisation
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Deep ecology
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Food security
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I = P × A × T
Malthusian growth model
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World energy consumption
World energy resources
World3 model
Literature
A Modest Proposal
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
An Essay on the Principle of Population
"How Much Land Does a Man Need?"
Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits
The Limits to Growth
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The Ultimate Resource
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Related topics
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Code of Criminal Procedure (India)
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Criminal Procedure Code, 1973
Parliament of India
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Criminal Procedure.
Citation
Act No. 2 of 1974
Territorial extent
India (except Jammu and Kashmir)
Date assented to
25 January 1974
Date commenced
1 April 1974
Legislative history
Third reading
3
Committee report
41st Report of the Law Commission of India (1969)
37th Report of the Law Commission of India (1967)
14th Report of the Law Commission of India (1958)
Joint Committee on the Code of Criminal Procedure Bill, 1970
Report of the Expert Committee on Legal Aid- Proccessual Justice to the People (1973)
Amends
see Amendments
Related legislation
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Juvenile Justice Act, 2000
Police Act, 1861
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Summary
Procedure for administration of substantive criminal laws.
Status: Amended
The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC ) is the main legislation on procedure for administration of substantive criminal law in India.[1] It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on 1 April 1974.[2] It provides the machinery for the investigation of crime, apprehension of suspected criminals, collection of evidence, determination of guilt or innocence of the accused person and the determination of punishment of the guilty. Additionally, it also deals with public nuisance, prevention of offences and maintenance of wife, child and parents.
At present, the Act contains 484 Sections,[3] 2 Schedules and 56 Forms. The Sections are divided into 37 Chapters.
Contents
1 History
2 Classification of Offences under the Code
2.1 Cognizable and Non-cognizable Offences
2.2 Summons-Case and Warrant-Case
3 Territorial extent, Scope and Applicability
4 body of government that functions under this code
5 Sentences which Magistrates may pass
6 Bail
7 Summary trials
8 Judgment
8.1 Judgments in abridged form
8.2 Compensation and costs
8.3 Post-conviction orders
9 Appeal
10 Amendments
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
In medieval India, subsequent to the conquest by the Muslims, the Mohammedan Criminal Law came into prevalence. The British rulers passed the Regulating Act of 1773 under which a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta and later on at Madras and in Bombay. The Supreme Court was to apply British procedural law while deciding the cases of the Crown’s subjects. After the Rebellion of 1857, the crown took over the administration in India. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1861 was passed by the British parliament. The 1861 code continued after independence and was amended in 1969. It was finally replaced in 1972.
Classification of Offences under the Code[edit]
Cognizable and Non-cognizable Offences[edit]
Main article: Cognizable offence
Cognizable offences are those offences for which a police officer may arrest without court mandated warrant in accordance with the first schedule of the code. For non-cognizable cases the police officer may arrest only after being duly authorized by a warrant. Non-cognizable offences are, generally, relatively less serious offences than cognizable ones. Cognizable Offences reported under section 154 Cr.P.C while Non-Cognizable Offences reported under section 155 Cr.P.C. For Non-Cognizable Offences the Magistrate empowered to take cognizance under section 190 Cr.P.C. Under section 156(3) Cr.P.C the Magistrate is competent to direct the police to register the case, investigate the same and submit the challan/report for cancellation. (2003 P.Cr.L.J.1282)
Summons-Case and Warrant-Case[edit]
Under Section 204 of the code, a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence is to issue summons for the attendance of the accused if the case is a summons case. If the case appears to be a warrant case, he may issue a warrant or summons, as he sees fit. Section 2(w) of the Code defines summons-case as, a case relating to an Offence, and not being a warrant-case. Section 2(x) of the Code defines warrant-case as, a case relating to an Offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.
Territorial extent, Scope and Applicability[edit]
The Criminal Procedure Code is applicable in the whole of India except in the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The Parliament's power to legislate in respect of Jammu & Kashmir is curtailed by Article 370 of the Constitution of India.
Provided that the provisions of this Code, other than those relating to Chapters VIII, X and XI thereof, shall not apply-
(a) to the State of Nagaland, (b) to the tribal areas,
However the concerned State Government may, by notification apply any or all of these provisions in these areas. Moreover, the Supreme Court of India has also ruled that even in these areas, the authorities are to be governed by the substance of these rules [4]
body of government that functions under this code[edit]
Supreme Court of India
High Courts
District and Session Judge and Additional District Judges
Judicial Magistrates
Executive Magistrates
Police
Public prosecutors
Defence Counsels
Correctional services personnel
Sentences which Magistrates may pass[edit]
The Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate may pass any sentence authorised by law except a sentence of death or of imprisonment for life or of imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years.
The Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or of fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees (sub by act 25 of 2005 for rupees five thousand), or of both.
The Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or of fine not exceeding five thousand rupees(sub by act 25 of 2005 for rupees one thousand), or of both.
The Court of a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate shall have the powers of the Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate and that of a Metropolitan Magistrate, the powers of the Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Bail[edit]
There is no definition of the term "bail" under the code though the terms "bailable" and "non-bailable" have been defined.[5] It has however been defined by the Black's Law Lexicon as security for the appearance of the accused person on giving which he is released pending trial or investigation[6]
The First Schedule[7] to the Code, classifies the offences defined in the Indian Penal Code. Besides specifying whether an offence is Bailable or Non-Bailable it also specifies if it is Cognizable or Non-Cognizable, which Court has the jurisdiction to try the said offence, the minimum and maximum amount of punishment that can or shall be awarded for the said offence.
The Supreme Court of India can and has from time to time made certain bailable offences, non-bailable or vice-a-versa by special directions, to curb increasing menace of certain crimes in the society.[8] The State Government has the power to make certain offences bailable or non-bailable in their respective States.[9]
Summary trials[edit]
Section 260 Clause 2 of the Code lists certain offences which may be summarily tried by any Chief Judicial Magistrate, any Metropolitan Magistrate or any Judicial Magistrate First Class. A First Class Magistrate must first be authorised by the respective High Court to that effect before he may try cases summarily under this Section.
The offences that may be tried summarily under this Section are:
Offences not punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.
Theft under Section 379, 380 and 381 of the Indian Penal Code provided that the value of the stolen property is below ₹2,000.
Receiving or retaining stolen property under Section 411 of the penal code where the value of the stolen property is below ₹2,000.
Assisting in the concealment or disposal of stolen property, under Section 414 of the penal code, the value of the stolen property being below ₹2,000.
Lurking house-trespass (Section 454 of the Indian Penal Code) and house-breaking (Section 456 of the Penal Code) at night.
Insult with an intent to provoke a breach of peace under Section 504 and criminal intimidation under Section 506 of the penal code.
Abetting of any of the above-mentioned offences.
Attempt to commit any of the above-mentioned offences.
Offences with respect to which complaints may be made under Section 20 of Cattle Trespass Act, 1871.
Apart from the above, a Second Class Magistrate may, if so empowered by the High Court, summarily try an offence punishable with fine or with imprisonment not exceeding six months or the abettment or attempt to commit such an offence. As per section 262(2) no sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding three months shall be passed in the case of any conviction under this chapter 21.
A summary trial tried by a magistrate without being empowered to do so is void. The procedure for a summoncase is to be followed, subject to special provisions made in this behalf. The maximum sentence that may be awarded by way of a summary trial is three months with or without fine.
The Magistrate may give up the summary trial in favour of the regular trial if he finds it undesirable to try the case summarily. The judgement is to be delivered in abridged form.
Judgment[edit]
Judgment is the final reasoned decision of the Court as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Where the accused is found guilty, the judgment must also contain an order requiring the accused to undergo punishment or treatment.
Every court must deliver the judgement in the language of that court as determined by the State Government. It must contain the points that lead to the determination of guilt or innocence. It usually commences with facts and must indicate careful analysis of evidence. It must also specify the offence under the penal code or such other specific law as well as the punishment sentenced. If acquitted the offence of which the accused is so acquitted must be specified along with a direction that the accused be set at liberty.
Judgments in abridged form[edit]
According to Section 355 of the Code, a Metropolitan Magistrate may deliver judgments in abridged form and should contain:
Serial number of the case
Date of commission of the offence
Name of the complainant (if any)
Name of the accused person, his parentage and residence
Offence complained of (or proved, as the case may be)
Plea of the accused and his examination (if any)
Final order
Date of the order
In cases where appeal lies from the final order, a brief statement of reasons for the decision.
Compensation and costs[edit]
The functions of a civil court may be performed by a criminal court by virtue of Section 357, 358 and 359. This has been done to provide just, speedy and less expensive redress to the victim.[citation needed] The court is empowered to levy a fine from the offender. Such fine may, wholly or in part, be used for the purpose of compensating the victim as per the amendment of 2009. A new section 357A has been inserted which talks of victim compensation scheme. Further in the year 2013 two new sections namely section 357B and section 357C were inserted to make compensation to the victim (as defined under section 2(wa))in addition to fine imposed under section 364A or 376D of the IPC as well as treatment of victim respectively.
Post-conviction orders[edit]
Having regards to the age, character and antecedents of the offender, and the circumstances in which the offence was committed, if the Court convicting the accused considers it expedient to release the offender, it may do so either on probation of good conduct or after due admonishment. This provision is contained in Section 360 of the Code.
Thus the court may direct that the offender be released on his entering into a bond, with or without surities. The offender is further required to keep peace and be of good behaviour as well as appear thereafter before the court when called upon during such period as the court may decide. This period should not exceed three years. The following conditions have to be satisfied:
There is no previous conviction proved against the offender.
In case the person convicted is a woman of any age, or a man aged below twenty-one years, the offence committed is not punishable with life imprisonment or death penalty.
In case the person is a man above twenty-one years of age, the offence of which he is convicted is punishable with fine.
Alternatively, the offender may be released after due admonition, if the following conditions are satisfied:
There is no previous conviction proved against the offender.
The offence of which the accused is convicted is any of the following:
Theft,
Theft in a building,
Dishonest misappropriation,
Any offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code with no more than two years of imprisonment,
Any offence punishable only by fine.
No Magistrate of Second Class may release an offender under in such manner without being empowered to do so. He may transfer the case to a Magistrate for consideration.
Section 361 narrows down the discretion of the Court to sentence an offender without taking into consideration the provisions of Section 360 and similar provisions contained in the Probation of Offenders Act or any other law for treatment, training and rehabilitation of youthful offenders.[citation needed] It requires that when such provisions are applicable, the Court must record in writing, the reason for not allowing the benefit of the same to the offender.
Section 30 provides the Court of a Magistrate with the power to award imprisonment for additional terms over the substantive period awarded.
Appeal[edit]
The Code and the Constitution of India together provide for multiple ranges of appellate remedy.[citation needed] A person convicted by the High Court exercising original criminal jurisdiction may appeal before the Supreme Court.[10] Where the High Court has, on appeal reversed an order of acquittal and sentenced him to death and imprisonment for a term of ten years or more, the accused may appeal to the Supreme Court.[11] The Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court against the direction of Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that the case involves substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.[12]
Judgements and orders arising from petty cases are not appealable unless the sentences are combined with other sentences.[13] There can not be an appeal when the accused pleads guilty and is convicted on such plea by the High Court. If the conviction from a plea of guilt is by a Sessions Court, Metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of First or Second Class, only the legality of the sentence may be brought into question in an appeal.[14]
Amendments[edit]
The Code has been amended several times.[15]
S. No.
Short title of amending legislation
No.
Year
1 The Repealing and Amending Act, 1974 56 1974
2 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1978 45 1978
3 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1980 63 1980
4 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1983 43 1983
5 The Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act, 1983 46 1983
6 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1988 32 1988
7 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1990 10 1990
8 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1991 43 1991
9 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1993 40 1993
10 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1993 42 1993
11 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001 50 2001
12 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005 25 2005
13 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005 2 2006
14 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Amending Act, 2006 25 2006
15 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2008 5 2009
16 The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2010 41 2010
17 The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 13 2013
18 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 1 2014
See also[edit]
Crime
Criminal procedure
Criminal law
Substantive law
Indian Penal Code
Civil Procedure Code, 1908
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bharti, Dalbir (2005). The Constitution and criminal justice administration. APH Publishing. p. 320.
Jump up ^ Menon, N. R. Madhava; Banerjea, D; West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (2005). Criminal Justice India Series: pts. 1-2. Chandigarh. Allied Publishers. p. 229. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "All Sections in CrPC".
Jump up ^ Mowu v. Suptd., Special Jail, 1972 SCC (Cri) 184, 189:(1971) 3 SCC 936
Jump up ^ Moti Ram v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1978) 4 SCC 47: 1978 SCC (Cri) 485, 488
Jump up ^ Black's Law Lexicon, 4th Edn., p. 177
Jump up ^ "The First Schedule of CrPC".
Jump up ^ "Make acid attacks non-bailable". The Indian Express. 19 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Law Amendment Act 1932".
Jump up ^ Section 374 (1)
Jump up ^ Section 379
Jump up ^ Article 132 (1) of the Constitution of India
Jump up ^ Section 376
Jump up ^ Section 375
Jump up ^ The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Current Publications. 11 May 2015. p. LX. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
External links[edit]
"CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973". delhidistrictcourts.nic.in. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
"The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Updated till 2016)".
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 CrPC (India)
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