text:
Benevolent Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2011)
The Benevolent Empire was part of a 19th-century religious movement in the United States. Various protestant denominations developed missionary organizations in order to Christianize citizens of the United States and the world, and to create a Christian nation. The movement included a commitment to social reform by wealthy and middle-class urbanites.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 Reformation
2 Disinterested benevolence
3 Perfectionism
4 Mission
5 Organization
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
History[edit]
1839 Methodist camp meeting, watercolor from the Second Great Awakening.
Early years[edit]
The Benevolent Empire movement began in the early 19th century. Growing out of Revivalism, the movement consisted of missionaries and organizations devoted to Christianizing America and the world, and wealthy Americans who felt that their duty was to do good deeds for the less fortunate. Revivalism in America stimulated church growth and created two influential concepts: "Disinterested benevolence" and "Perfectionism". The main idea of the Benevolent Empire was to "Reform the world by example, you act generously and wisely".[2] Participants in benevolent societies believed in spreading the word of Christianity for the greater good of the world. They were not working to convert every person they preached to; they simply wished to share the benefits of Christianity and the good word and fortune the religion could bring.[3]
Reformation[edit]
Protests beginning in the 19th century were formed around a cause with a sole purpose and collective action. The movements for abolition of slavery and temperance were common in the 19th century. The protest was non-violent and they all had purpose, which was shown by everyone who joined. With a helpful push from religion movements these two reforms took off and many organizations were formed to contest them. Americans pledged their partnership with reform societies and religious organizations. They expected religious efforts to repent Americans abuse of alcohol and use of slavery. The reform movements opposed sin and wanted to be reformed as a nation in whole, they believed if they were not repent and reformed their sins would bring celestial revenge.
Americans were concerned with the way their lives were assumed to go if slavery and alcohol abuse continued to grow. Anti-war movements were formed during the Mexican-American War, because people feared that southern Democrats were fighting for the expansion of slavery for their growing need of land. These social reforms were not addressed by the state or national levels they were simply protested by the citizens who believed they could live in a more harmonious and peaceful place. Eight organizations in the “nineteenth century was concerned with moral commitments, community and identity.” Eight women began to take on a large role in these institutions. The movements were a collective effort of the people to create an impact nationally on temperance and anti-slavery.
Disinterested benevolence[edit]
The idea of Disinterest benevolence was formed by Samuel Hopkins during the 18th century. The first meaning of comes from the idea that leads us to do good for another person. Disinterested benevolence meaning states that “a man [will have] a benevolent regard for a whole community or kingdom, and is equally a friend to every part and each person of that community, and equally exerts himself for the welfare of each, so far they come under his notice.”[4] Disinterested benevolence is the fundamental nature of moral righteousness and sense. In order to accomplish disinterested benevolence you must give up self-love, because self-love is sin. Adopting a love for others over love for you shows virtue. Christians adopted this concept and made it a large part of their orthodoxy. A large point to this concept is not only does man find pleasure in helping others but also he does not knowingly reduce his own happiness.
Samuel Hopkins made disinterested benevolence the centerpiece of his salvation theology to replace Jonathan Edwards' "religious affections" as a primary evidence of regeneration. Religious affections as evidence of regeneration had come under great criticism from Old Light Calvinists, Unitarians and Deists since the First Great Awakening. The modern Christian equivalent for disinterested benevolence is "agape love". Orthodox Christian theology recognized that because of original sin, unregenerate man is incapable of agape love and so only the regenerate, only those who are "born again", have agape love. According to orthodox Christian theology, when God regenerates, the Christian becomes a new creature in Christ and is indwelt by the Holy Spirit. Agape love is then the natural state of the "new man" made by God.
Self-sacrifice is a main idea of disinterested benevolence. When following a religion you become aware that your own self-happiness is not as prominent as the happiness of others as a whole. People pursue disinterested benevolence because they pursue the idea of moral goodness. Moral goodness is defined differently then the idea of natural good, the difference between these is important in the concept of disinterested benevolence. Our own pleasures are different from the pleasure we assume from the goodness of helping others.
Natural good is concerned only with the self, with no relation to having a witness (a person in which you are helping). Therefore natural good does not fit the definition of disinterested benevolence, but moral goodness does. Moral goodness is defined as having an onlooker who may participate in the emotions of the perpetrator. To encompass moral goodness you are calling upon “approbation and love”. Both external rightness and inner goodness are applied in disinterested benevolence.[citation needed]
Perfectionism[edit]
There are five main parts of perfectionism stated by Thomas Hurka. “Perfectionism is morally concerned with good in human life; human good consists of realization, of human excellences, human excellences come from human nature, the Aristotelian ethics is the best explanation of human nature, and the best perfectionism should be consequentialist.” By human nature we develop these tasks by default, by developing perfectionism we become more real. Human nature in relation to perfectionism contains accounts only of humans and properties which are crucial to humans. Hurka believes that there are two main values in perfectionism, which are unity and complexity. Perfecting human excellence was an important concept in the Benevolent Empire because people wanted to maintain the goal of helping others and creating a well rounded Christianity based society, where people served for the well-being of others emotionally and physically rather than the well-being of themselves.
Mission[edit]
The objective of the Benevolent Empire was to spread Christianity to anyone and everyone these organizations could reach. Missionaries and organizations were formed all around the United States. These missionaries traveled both abroad and locally spreading the good word of Christianity and the ideas of disinterested benevolence and perfectionism. Almost every denomination formed missionary structures, including Baptist, Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed Churches. Denominations joined together to form larger missionary societies. Clergymen, educators, students and church-goers all took part in the spreading of Christianity throughout the world.
Not only did the Benevolent Empire help relay the word of Christianity to people all around the world, the benevolent empire pushed for many social reforms. Among these changes were for the peace movement and the large amount of alcohol abuse in America. In 1836 the American Temperance Society was created to help curb the use of alcohol in the United States. Reform efforts were created by missionary societies to help inform the world of good morals and to show citizens the right path to follow.
Organization[edit]
One important missionary organization that traveled abroad to spread the word of Christianity was the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), which created more than six hundred organizations to travel abroad and locally. In Africa the ABCFM missionaries developed western style outposts with chapels, dormitories, schools, gardens, water-supply systems and utility buildings. These stations were known as refuges for the missionaries and indicative that their work had been of some assistance and importance to the people in Africa. Missionaries like those from ABCFM, provided areas of rural Africa and its peoples opportunities to learn and participate in more modern and foreign ways of life.
The spread of evangelism to the Northwest Territory was another large part in the spread of Christianity in the 19th century. The idea of Evangelical Womanhood was formed by historians who have tried to establish the roles of women in the 19th century.[5] These Evangelical organizations not only helped the movement of Christianity but it also gave women a resource for them to develop new talents and put good use to their time, and satisfy their need to do rather than be seen they could be heard. Women in the 19th century helped form Sunday schools which are still recognized today. The use of Sunday schools helped broaden the field of people who were exposed to the views of Christianity. Benevolent Missionary Organizations set up areas like Sunday schools, hospitals and dormitories.[citation needed] Missionaries also were used to spread the word of Christianity through means of trade companies and politicians.
There were a large number of organizations that developed in the 19th century for many different reasons, but they all included the basis of dispersing Christianity throughout the world. Organizations like the American Temperance Society had a large number of people contributing to their success. They were run by staff and volunteers, and with the help of local and national newspapers they were able to get their word out.
See also[edit]
State religion
Christian Reconstructionism
Theocracy
Second Great Awakening
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PreColumbian to the New Millennium, 22d. Institutionalizing Religious Belief: The Benevolent Empire", US History, retrieved February 5, 2011 .
Jump up ^ Bentham, Jeremy. The works. p. 416.
Jump up ^ Pierard 2006, pp. 16–21.
Jump up ^ Hopkins, S. (1773). An inquiry into the nature of true holiness. Newport, RI: Samuel Southwick, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Woman’s Missionary Union
Sources[edit]
Boylan, Anne M. 1978. Evangelical womanhood in the nineteenth century: The role of women in Sunday schools. Feminist Studies 4 (3) (Oct.): 62–80.
Friedmann, Paul. 1878. The genesis of disinterested benevolence. Mind 3 (11) (Jul.): 404–10.
Johnson, Hildegard Binder. 1967. The location of Christian missions in Africa. Geographical Review 57 (2) (Apr.): 168–202.
Mulgan, Tim. 1994. Review: [untitled]. Mind 103 (412) (Oct.): 550–3.
Pierard, Richard (2006), "The man who gave the bible to the Burmese", Christian History & Biography, 90: 16–21 .
Swabey, William Curtis. 1943. Benevolence and virtue. The Philosophical Review 52 (5) (Sep.): 452–67.
Young, Michael P. 2002. Confessional protest: The religious birth of US national social movements. American Sociological Review 67, (5) (Oct.): 660-88.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benevolent_Empire&oldid=775633957"
Categories:
19th-century Protestantism
Protestantism in the United States
Christian revivals
Hidden categories:
Articles needing more viewpoints from February 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2017, at 04:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values:
/wiki/Mexican-American_War
mw-redirect
Mexican-American War

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ushistory.org/us/22d.asp

values:
nofollow
http://www.wmu.com/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Protestantism in the United States

values: Category:Articles needing more viewpoints from February 2011

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Benevolent_Empire
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Benevolent_Empire rootpage-Benevolent_Empire vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Rapunzel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the traditional fairy tale. For the Disney character, see Rapunzel (Disney). For other uses, see Rapunzel (disambiguation).
Rapunzel
Illustration of Rapunzel and the Witch on a 1978 East German stamp
Author
Unknown but collected by The Grimm Brothers
Publication date
1812
Media type
Print
"Rapunzel" (/rəˈpʌnzəl/; German pronunciation: [ʁaˈpʊnt͡səl]) is a German fairy tale in the collection assembled by the Brothers Grimm, and first published in 1812 as part of Children's and Household Tales.[1] The Grimm Brothers' story is an adaptation of the fairy tale Rapunzel by Friedrich Schulz published in 1790.[2] The Schulz version is based on Persinette by Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force originally published in 1698[3] which in turn was influenced by an even earlier Italian tale, Petrosinella by Giambattista Basile, published in 1634.[4] Its plot has been used and parodied in various media and its best known line ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair") is an idiom of popular culture. In volume I of the 1812 annotations (Anhang), it is listed as coming from Friedrich Schulz Kleine Romane, Book 5, pp. 269–288, published in Leipzig 1790.
In the Aarne–Thompson classification system for folktales it is type 310, "The Maiden in The Tower".[5]
Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book.[6] Other versions of the tale also appear in A Book of Witches by Ruth Manning-Sanders and in Paul O. Zelinsky's 1997 Caldecott Medal-winning picture book, Rapunzel and the Disney movie Tangled.
Rapunzel's story has striking similarities to the 11th-century Persian tale of Rudāba, included in the epic poem Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. Rudāba offers to let down her hair from her tower so that her lover Zāl can climb up to her.[7] Some elements of the fairy tale might also have originally been based upon the tale of Saint Barbara, who was said to have been locked in a tower by her father.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Commentary
3 Adaptions
3.1 Literary adaptations
3.2 Film adaptations
3.3 Television adaptations
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Illustration by Johnny Gruelle
A lonely couple, who want a child, live next to a walled garden belonging to an evil witch named Dame Gothel. The wife, experiencing the cravings associated with the arrival of her long-awaited pregnancy, notices some rapunzel (or, in most translated-to-English versions[9] of the story, rampion), growing in the garden and longs for it, desperate to the point of death. One night, her husband breaks into the garden to get some for her. She makes a salad out of it and greedily eats it. It tastes so good that she longs for more. So her husband goes to get some more for her. As he scales the wall to return home, Dame Gothel catches him and accuses him of theft. He begs for mercy, and she agrees to be lenient, and allows him to take all the rapunzel he wants, on condition that the baby be given to her when it's born. Desperate, he agrees. When his wife has a baby girl, Dame Gothel takes her to raise as her own and names her Rapunzel after the plant her mother craved. She grows up to be the most beautiful child in the world with long golden hair. When she turns twelve, Dame Gothel lockes her up inside a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window. When she visits her, she stands beneath the tower and calls out:
Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair, so that I may climb thy golden stair.
One day, a prince rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is naturally unable to enter it. He returns often, listening to her beautiful singing, and one day sees Dame Gothel visit, and thus learns how to gain access to Rapunzel. When Dame Gothel leaves, he bids Rapunzel let her hair down. When she does so, he climbs up, makes her acquaintance, and eventually asks her to marry him. She agrees.
Together they plan a means of escape, wherein he will come each night (thus avoiding Dame Gothel who visits her by day), and bring Rapunzel a piece of silk, which she will gradually weave into a ladder. Before the plan can come to fruition, however, she foolishly gives him away. In the first edition of Grimm's Fairy Tales, she innocently says that her dress is getting tight around her waist (indicating pregnancy); in the second edition, she asks Dame Gothel (in a moment of forgetfulness) why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her.[10] In anger, she cuts off Rapunzel's hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince calls that night, Dame Gothel lets the severed hair down to haul him up. To his horror, he finds himself staring at her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. When she tells him in a jealous rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he leaps from the tower and lands on some thorns, which blind him.
For months, he wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel now lives with the twins she has given birth to, a boy and a girl. One day, as she sings, he hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, her tears immediately restore his sight. He leads her and their twins to his kingdom, where they live happily ever after.
In some versions of the story, Rapunzel's hair magically grows back after the prince touches it.
Another version of the story ends with the revelation that Dame Gothel had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.[1]
Commentary[edit]
Rapunzel in Dresden, Saxony, Germany.
The seemingly uneven bargain with which "Rapunzel" opens is a common trope in fairy tales which is replicated in "Jack and the Beanstalk", Jack trades a cow for beans, and in "Beauty and the Beast", Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.[11] Folkloric beliefs often regarded it as quite dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved. Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings.[12] Such desires for lettuce and like vegetables may indicate a need on her part for vitamins.[13]
An influence on Grimm's Rapunzel was Petrosinella or Parsley, written by Giambattista Basile in his collection of fairy tales in 1634, Lo cunto de li cunti (The Story of Stories), or Pentamerone. This tells a similar tale of a pregnant woman desiring some parsley from the garden of an ogress, getting caught, and having to promise the ogress her baby. The encounters between the prince and the maiden in the tower are described in quite bawdy language. A similar story was published in France by Mademoiselle de la Force, called "Persinette". As Rapunzel did in the first edition of the Brothers Grimm, Persinette becomes pregnant during the course of the prince's visits.[10]
Adaptions[edit]
Literary adaptations[edit]
Anne Sexton wrote an adaptation as a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection Transformations (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the Grimm's Fairy tales.[14]
Cress the third book in the Lunar Chronicles is a young adult science fiction adaptation of Rapunzel written by Marissa Meyer. Crescent, aka "Cress" is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Capt. Thorn" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella. Lunar Chronicles is a tetralogy with a futuristic take on classic fairytales which also include characters such as "Cinder" (Cinderella), "Scarlet" (Red Riding Hood) " and "Winter" (Snow White).
Kate Forsyth has written a book that contains both commentary on the story and a retelling, set in the Antipodes.[15] She described it as "a story that reverberates very strongly with any individual -- male or female, child or adult -- who has found themselves trapped by their circumstances, whether this is caused by the will of another, or their own inability to change and grow" (p. 7).
Film adaptations[edit]
A live action version was filmed for television as part of Shelley Duvall's series Faerie Tale Theatre, airing on Showtime. It aired on 5 February 1983. In it, the main character, Rapunzel (Shelley Duvall), is taken from her mother (Shelley Duvall) and father (Jeff Bridges) by an evil witch (Gena Rowlands), and is brought up in an isolated tower that can only be accessed by climbing her unnaturally long hair. Jeff Bridges played the prince, Shelley Duvall played Rapunzel, Gena Rowlands played the witch, and Roddy McDowall narrated.
The story is retold in a second season (1987) episode of Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics, aka Grimm Masterpiece Theatre.[16]
A 1988 German film adaption, Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen (de) (meaning "Rapunzel or the Wizard of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser known Grimm fairy tale Maid Maleen. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.
A 1990 straight-to-video animated film adaption by Hanna-Barbera and Hallmark Cards, simply titled "Rapunzel",[17] featured Olivia Newton-John narrating the story. The major difference between it and the Grimm fairy tale is that instead of making the prince blind, the evil witch transforms him into a bird, possibly a reference to The Blue Bird, a French variant of the story.
Into the Woods is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television[18] in 1991 by American Playhouse. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch that the Baker is getting some items from who is later rescued by a prince. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife much to the depression of the Witch.
A film adaptation by The Walt Disney Company was released late in 2014[19] where Rapunzel is portrayed by Mackenzie Mauzy. The difference from the play is that Rapunzel is not killed by the Giant's Wife. Instead, she rides off into the woods with her prince in order to distance herself from the Witch that raised her.
In Barbie as Rapunzel (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by Anjelica Huston) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.
In Shrek the Third (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by Maya Rudolph) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
Walt Disney Animation Studios' Tangled (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer animated musical feature film. Princess Rapunzel (voiced by Mandy Moore) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Her long blonde hair has magical healing and restoration powers. A woman named Mother Gothel (voiced by Donna Murphy) kidnaps Rapunzel for her magical hair which would help maintain her youth. Flynn Rider/Eugene Fitzherbert (voiced by Zachary Levi) is an elusive thief who replaces the prince.[20] Rapunzel also features in Disney's Tangled short sequel, Tangled Ever After.
Television adaptations[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sesame Street has a "News Flash" skit with Kermit the Frog where he interviews the Prince trying to charm Rapunzel with the famous line, however, she is having a hard time hearing him and when she finally understands him, she literally lets all her hair fall down (completely off her head), leaving the prince confused as to what to do now.
In the U.S. TV animated anthology series Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1.8, Rapunzel), the classic story is retold with a full African-American cast and set in New Orleans. The episode starred Tisha Campbell-Martin as Rapunzel, Whoopi Goldberg as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, Meshach Taylor as Woodcutter, Hazelle Goodman as Woodcutter's Wife, Donald Fullilove as Friend #1, and Tico Wells as Friend #2.
In the American Fairytale Miniseries, The Tenth Kingdom, the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower. Her only means of escape is by letting her hair down through the window of the tower so that the Wolf can climb up and rescue her. Not before he asks the iconic phrase, in his own way, "Love of my life, let down your lustrous locks!". The character, Rapunzel is also mentioned as being one of the great women who changed history. And was Queen of the sixth Kingdom before eventually succumbing to old age.
In the Mattel cartoon Ever After High, Rapunzel has two daughters: Holly O'Hair and Poppy O'Hair.
Rapunzel appears in the Once Upon a Time episode "The Tower," portrayed by Alexandra Metz. In this show, Rapunzel is a young woman who becomes trapped in a large tower for many years, after she searched for a plant called "nightroot" which would remove her fear of becoming Queen following her brother's death. Because of this, she owns extremely long hair. However, it is revealed that consuming the substance instead creates a doppelgänger fear spirit who represents all of the person's worst fears. After Prince Charming begins to fear that he will not make a good father to his and Snow White's baby, Robin Hood tells him where to find night-root. He then climbs the tower and eventually helps Rapunzel face her fears by facing what truly scares her: herself. Presented with her own doppelganger, she is encouraged by David and cuts off her hair, killing the figure and allowing her freedom. She explains to David that her brother died trying to save her, and her doubts that her parents will forgive her. Again encouraged by David, he returns her to their palace where she reunites with her accepting parents.
Tangled: The Series is a 2D animated TV show based on Disney Animation's computer animated musical feature film Tangled. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of Rapunzel and Eugene Fitzherbert. A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting. The series has a feature-length movie titled Tangled: Before Ever After.
In one episode of Happy Tree Friends entitled Dunce Upon a Time, Petunia has very long hair which Giggles uses to slide down on as a brief Rapunzel reference.
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Rapunzel syndrome
Danae, daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was shut up in a bronze tower or cave.
Puddocky
Maid Maleen
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) Household Tales (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "Rapunzel"
Jump up ^ Oliver Loo (2015) Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz, Amazon, ISBN 978-1507639566. ASIN: B00T27QFRO
Jump up ^ Jack Zipes (1991) Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture, Viking, p. 794, ISBN 0670830534.
Jump up ^ "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Let Down Your Hair". Terri Windling.
Jump up ^ D. L. Ashliman, "The Grimm Brothers' Children's and Household Tales"
Jump up ^ Andrew Lang, The Red Fairy Book, "Rapunzel"
Jump up ^ Rapunzal? iranian.com, 9 November 2009.
Jump up ^ A Day to Honor Saint Barbara. Folkstory.com (30 November 1997). Retrieved on 6 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Rapunzel. german.berkeley.edu, adapted from: Rinkes, Kathleen J. Translating Rapunzel; A very Long Process. 17 April 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b Maria Tatar (1987) The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, Princeton University Press, p. 18, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
Jump up ^ Maria Tatar (2004) The Annotated Brothers Grimm, W W Norton & Company Incorporated, p. 58 ISBN 0-393-05848-4.
Jump up ^ Jack Zipes (2001) The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p. 474, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
Jump up ^ Heiner, Heidi Anne. "Annotated Rapunzel". surlalunefairytales.com.
Jump up ^ "Transformations by Anne Sexton"
Jump up ^ 2016. The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower. Mawson: FableCroft Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9925534-9-4 (hard cover).
Jump up ^ Cloud Strife (15 January 2008). "Grimm Masterpiece Theatre (TV Series 1987– )". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)". IMDb. 13 March 1990.
Jump up ^ weymo (15 March 1991). ""American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ isaacglover_05 (25 December 2014). "Into the Woods (2014)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Tangled (2010). IMDb.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rapunzel.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Rapunzel
D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography, (Helsinki, 1961).
Translated comparison of 1812 and 1857 versions
The Annotated Rapunzel with variants, illustrations and annotations
The Original 1812 Grimm A web site for the Original 1812 Kinder und Hausmärchen featuring references and other useful information related to the 1812 book in English.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Brothers Grimm
Key articles
Jacob Grimm
Wilhelm Grimm
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Deutsche Sagen
Deutsche Mythologie
Notable tales
"The Frog Prince"
"Cat and Mouse in Partnership"
"Mary's Child"
"The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was"
"The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids"
"Trusty John"
"The Wonderful Musician"
"The Twelve Brothers"
"Brother and Sister"
"Rapunzel"
"The Three Little Men in the Wood"
"The Three Spinners"
"Hansel and Gretel"
The White Snake
"The Fisherman and His Wife"
"The Brave Little Tailor"
"Cinderella"
"The Riddle"
"Little Red Riding Hood"
"Town Musicians of Bremen"
"Snow White"
Rumpelstiltskin
"Sleeping Beauty"
Other
Grimm's law
Göttingen Seven
Grim Tales
The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm
Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics
The Brothers Grimm
Grimm Tales
The Sisters Grimm
Fairy tale
American McGee's Grimm
German Fairy Tale Route
Grimm
Once Upon a Time
[show]
v
t
e
"Rapunzel" by the Brothers Grimm
Literature
Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812)
Rapunzel (1998)
Related myths
and tales
Danaë
Rudaba
Petrosinella
Adaptations
Film
Barbie as Rapunzel (2002)
Tangled (2010)
Tangled Ever After (2012)
Tangled: Before Ever After (2017)
Literary adaptations
Rapunzel (1998)
Cress (2014)
Television
The Mind Robber (1968)
"The Tower" (2014)
Tangled: The Series (2017)
Video games
Tangled: The Video Game
Kingdom Hearts III
See also
Märchenbilder
Golem in the Gears
Rapunzel (Disney)
Rapunzel syndrome
Into the Woods (stage)
Into the Woods (film)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapunzel&oldid=801259412"
Categories:
Rapunzel
Grimms' Fairy Tales
European folklore characters
Female characters in fairy tales
European fairy tales
German fairy tales
Fictional German people
Fictional princesses
Witchcraft in fairy tales
Hidden categories:
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Use dmy dates from April 2013
Interlanguage link template link number
Articles needing additional references from January 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Brezhoneg
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Italiano
עברית
ລາວ
Latina
Magyar
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Võro
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 17:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Rapunzel_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Rapunzel (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1978, MiNr 2383.jpg

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales
mw-redirect
Children's and Household Tales

values:
/wiki/The_Red_Fairy_Book
mw-redirect
The Red Fairy Book

values:
/wiki/A_Book_of_Witches
mw-redirect
A Book of Witches

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Rope_ladder
mw-redirect
Rope ladder

values:
/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales
mw-redirect
Grimm's Fairy Tales

values: Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values:
/wiki/Mackenzie_Mauzy
mw-redirect
Mackenzie Mauzy

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/The_Tenth_Kingdom
mw-redirect
The Tenth Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Eugene_Fitzherbert
mw-redirect
Eugene Fitzherbert

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398286/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.theoriginalgrimm.com

values: The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Female characters in fairy tales

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rapunzel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Rapunzel&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: رابونزل – Arabic

values: ৰেপান্‌জল – Assamese

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ραπουνζέλ – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: راپانزل – Persian

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunsail
Rapunsail – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ռապունցել – Armenian

values: रॅपन्ज़ेल – Hindi

values: פעמונית (מעשייה) – Hebrew

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapuncula
Rapuncula – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values: റാപ്പൊൻസൊൽ – Malayalam

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raponsje
Raponsje – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunsel
Rapunsel – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Рапунцель – Russian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ราพันเซล – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Рапунцель – Ukrainian

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel
Rapunzel – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rapunzel rootpage-Rapunzel skin-vector action-view


text:
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of a series on the
Constitution of the
United States of America
Preamble and Articles
of the Constitution
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments to the Constitution
Bill of Rights
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
Unratified Amendments
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin
Child Labor
Equal Rights
D.C. Voting Rights
History
Drafting and ratification timeline
Convention
Signing
Federalism
Republicanism
Full text of the Constitution and Amendments
Preamble and Articles I–VII
Amendments I–X
Amendments XI–XXVII
Unratified Amendments
United States portal
U.S. Government portal
Law portal
Wikipedia book
v
t
e
The Seventeenth Amendment in the National Archives
The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.
The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and adopted in 1913 upon being ratified by three-fourths (36) of the state legislatures. It was first implemented in special elections in Maryland (November 1913) and Alabama (May 1914), then nationwide in the November 1914 election.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
2.1 Original composition
2.2 Issues
2.3 Calls for reform
3 Proposal and ratification
3.1 Proposal in Congress
3.2 Ratification by the states
4 Effect
4.1 Filling vacancies
4.2 First direct elections to the Senate
4.3 Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Text[edit]
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.[1]
Background[edit]
Original composition[edit]
James Wilson, the only member of the Constitutional Convention who supported electing the United States Senate by popular vote.
Originally, under Article I, § 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, each state legislature elected its state's senators for a six-year term.[2] Each state, regardless of size, is entitled to two senators as part of the Connecticut Compromise between the small and large states.[3] This contrasted with the House of Representatives, a body elected by popular vote, and was described as an uncontroversial decision; at the time, James Wilson was the sole advocate of popularly electing the Senate and his proposal was defeated 10–1.[4] There were many advantages to the original method of electing senators. Prior to the Constitution, a federal body was one where states effectively formed nothing more than permanent treaties, with citizens retaining their loyalty to their original state. However, under the new Constitution, the central government was granted substantially more power than before; the election of senators by the states reassured Anti-federalists that there would be some protection against the swallowing up of states and their powers by the federal government,[5] providing a check on the power of the federal government.[6]
Additionally, the longer terms and avoidance of popular election turned the Senate into a body that could "temper" the populism of the House. While the Representatives operated in a two-year direct election cycle, making them frequently accountable to their constituents, the senators could afford to "take a more detached view of issues coming before Congress".[7] State legislatures retained the theoretical right to "instruct" their senators to vote for or against proposals, thus giving the states both direct and indirect representation in the federal government.[8] The Senate was part of a formal bicameralism, with the members of the Senate and House responsible to completely distinct constituencies; this helped defeat the problem of the federal government being subject to "special interests".[9] Members of the Constitutional Convention considered the Senate to be parallel to the British House of Lords as an “upper house”, containing the "better men" of society, but improved upon as they would be conscientiously chosen by the upper houses of state republican legislatures for fixed terms, and not merely inherited for life as in the British system, subject to a monarch's arbitrary expansion. It was hoped that they would provide abler deliberation and greater stability than the House of Representatives due to the senators' status.[10]
Issues[edit]
According to Judge Jay Bybee of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, those in favor of popular elections for senators believed that two primary problems were caused by the original provisions: legislative corruption and electoral deadlocks.[11] There was a sense that senatorial elections were "bought and sold", changing hands for favors and sums of money rather than because of the competence of the candidate. Between 1857 and 1900, the Senate investigated three elections over corruption. In 1900, for example, William A. Clark had his election voided after the Senate concluded that he had bought votes in the Montana legislature. But analysts Bybee and Todd Zywicki believe this concern was largely unfounded; there was a "dearth of hard information" on the subject.[12] In more than a century of legislative elections of U.S. senators, only 10 cases were contested for allegations of impropriety.[13]
Electoral deadlocks were another issue. Because state legislatures were charged with deciding whom to appoint as senators, the system relied on their ability to agree. Some states could not, and thus delayed sending representatives to Congress; in a few cases, the system broke down to the point where states completely lacked representation in the Senate.[14] Deadlocks started to become an issue in the 1850s, with a deadlocked Indiana legislature allowing a Senate seat to sit vacant for two years.[15] Between 1891 and 1905, 46 elections were deadlocked across 20 states;[13] in one extreme example, a Senate seat for Delaware went unfilled from 1899 until 1903.[16] The business of holding elections also caused great disruption in the state legislatures, with a full third of the Oregon House of Representatives choosing not to swear the oath of office in 1897 due to a dispute over an open Senate seat. The result was that Oregon's legislature was unable to pass legislation that year.[16]
Zywicki again argues that this was not a serious issue. Deadlocks were a problem, but they were the exception rather than the norm; many legislatures did not deadlock over elections at all. Most of those that did in the 19th century were the newly admitted western states, which suffered from "inexperienced legislatures and weak party discipline...as western legislatures gained experience, deadlocks became less frequent." While Utah suffered from deadlocks in 1897 and 1899, they became what Zywicki refers to as "a good teaching experience," and Utah never again failed to elect senators.[17] Another concern was that when deadlocks occurred, state legislatures were unable to conduct their other normal business; James Christian Ure, writing in the South Texas Law Review, notes that this did not in fact occur. In a deadlock situation, state legislatures would deal with the matter by holding "one vote at the beginning of the day—then the legislators would continue with their normal affairs".[18]
State legislative elections were perceived to have become dominated by the business of picking senators.[19] Senator John H. Mitchell noted that the Senate became the "vital issue" in all legislative campaigns, with the policy stances and qualifications of state legislative candidates ignored by voters who were more interested in the indirect Senate election.[20] To remedy this, some state legislatures created "advisory elections" that served as de facto general elections, allowing legislative campaigns to focus on local issues.[20]
Calls for reform[edit]
William Jennings Bryan, who campaigned for the popular election of U.S. Senators
Calls for a constitutional amendment regarding Senate elections started in the early 19th century, with Henry R. Storrs in 1826 proposing an amendment to provide for popular election.[21] Similar amendments were introduced in 1829 and 1855, with the "most prominent" proponent being Andrew Johnson, who raised the issue in 1868 and considered the idea's merits "so palpable" that no additional explanation was necessary.[22] In the 1860s, there was a major Congressional dispute over the issue, with the House and Senate voting to veto the appointment of John P. Stockton to the Senate due to his approval by a plurality of the New Jersey Legislature rather than a majority. In reaction, the Congress passed a bill in July 1866 that required state legislatures to elect senators by an absolute majority.[22]
By the 1890s, support for the introduction of direct election for the Senate had substantially increased, and reformers worked on two fronts. On the first front, the Populist Party incorporated the direct election of senators into its Omaha Platform, adopted in 1892.[23] In 1908, Oregon passed the first law that based the selection of U.S. senators on a popular vote. Oregon was soon followed by Nebraska.[24] Proponents for popular election noted that ten states already had non-binding primaries for Senate candidates,[25] in which the candidates would be voted on by the public, effectively serving as advisory referenda instructing state legislatures how to vote;[25] reformers campaigned for more states to introduce a similar method.
William Randolph Hearst opened a nationwide popular readership for direct election of U.S. Senators in a 1906 series of articles using flamboyant language attacking “The Treason of the Senate” in his Cosmopolitan Magazine. David Graham Philips, one of the "yellow journalists" whom President Teddy Roosevelt called “muckrakers”, described Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island as the principal “traitor” among the “scurvy lot” in control of the Senate by theft, perjury, and bribes corrupting the state legislatures to gain election to the Senate. A few state legislatures began to petition the Congress for direct election of senators. By 1893, the House had the two-thirds vote for just such an amendment. However, when the joint resolution reached the Senate, it failed from neglect, as it did again in 1900, 1904 and 1908; each time the House approved the appropriate resolution, and each time it died in the Senate.[26]
On the second national legislative front, reformers worked toward a constitutional amendment, which was strongly supported in the House of Representatives but initially opposed by the Senate. Bybee notes that the state legislatures, which would lose power if the reforms went through, were supportive of the campaign. By 1910, 31 state legislatures had passed resolutions calling for a constitutional amendment allowing direct election, and in the same year ten Republican senators who were opposed to reform were forced out of their seats, acting as a "wake-up call to the Senate".[25]
Reformers included William Jennings Bryan, while opponents counted respected figures such as Elihu Root and George Frisbie Hoar among their number; Root cared so strongly about the issue that after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, he refused to stand for re‑election to the Senate.[11] Bryan and the reformers argued for popular election through highlighting perceived flaws with the existing system, specifically corruption and electoral deadlocks, and through arousing populist sentiment. Most important was the populist argument; that there was a need to "Awaken, in the senators...a more acute sense of responsibility to the people", which it was felt they lacked; election through state legislatures was seen as an anachronism that was out of step with the wishes of the American people, and one that had led to the Senate becoming "a sort of aristocratic body – too far removed from the people, beyond their reach, and with no special interest in their welfare".[27] The settlement of the West and continuing absorption of hundreds of thousands of immigrants expanded the sense of "the people."
Hoar replied that 'the people' were both a less permanent and a less trusted body than state legislatures, and that moving the responsibility for the election of senators to them would see it passing into the hands of a body that "[lasted] but a day" before changing. Other counterarguments were that renowned senators could not have been elected directly, and that since a large number of senators had experience in the House, which was already directly elected, a constitutional amendment would be pointless.[28] The reform was considered by opponents to threaten the rights and independence of the states, who were "sovereign, entitled...to have a separate branch of Congress...to which they could send their ambassadors". This was countered by the argument that a change in the mode in which senators were elected would not change their responsibilities.[29]
The Senate freshman class of 1910 brought new hope to the reformers. Fourteen of the thirty newly elected senators had been elected through party primaries, which amounted to popular choice in their states. More than half of the states had some form of primary selection for the Senate. The Senate finally joined the House to submit the Seventeenth Amendment to the states for ratification, nearly ninety years after it first was presented to the Senate in 1826.[30]
By 1912, 239 political parties at both the state and national level had pledged some form of direct election, and 33 states had introduced the use of direct primaries.[31] Twenty-seven states had called for a constitutional convention on the subject, with 31 states needed to reach the threshold; Arizona and New Mexico each achieved statehood that year (bringing the total number of states to 48), and were expected to support the motion. Alabama and Wyoming, already states, had passed resolutions in favor of a convention without formally calling for one.[32]
Proposal and ratification[edit]
Proposal in Congress[edit]
In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:[33]
The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators shall be as prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof.
This so-called "race rider" clause would have strengthened the powers of states over senatorial elections and weakened those of Congress by overriding Congress's power to override state laws affecting the manner of senatorial elections.[34]
Since the turn of the century, most blacks in the South, and many poor whites, had been disenfranchised by state legislatures passing constitutions with provisions that were discriminatory in practice. This meant that their millions of population had no political representation. Most of the South had one-party states. When the resolution came before the Senate, a substitute resolution, one without the rider, was proposed by Joseph L. Bristow of Kansas. It was adopted by a vote of 64 to 24, with 4 not voting.[35] Nearly a year later, the House accepted the change. The conference report that would become the Seventeenth Amendment was approved by the Senate 42 to 36 on April 12, 1912, and by the House 238 to 39, with 110 not voting on May 13, 1912.
Ratification by the states[edit]
Original ratifier of amendment
Ratified after adoption
Rejected amendment
No action taken on amendment
Having been passed by Congress, the amendment was sent to the states for ratification and was ratified by:[36]
Massachusetts — May 22, 1912
Arizona — June 3, 1912
Minnesota — June 10, 1912
New York — January 15, 1913
Kansas — January 17, 1913
Oregon — January 23, 1913
North Carolina — January 25, 1913
California — January 28, 1913
Michigan — January 28, 1913
Iowa — January 30, 1913
Montana — January 30, 1913
Idaho — January 31, 1913
West Virginia — February 4, 1913
Colorado — February 5, 1913
Nevada — February 6, 1913
Texas — February 7, 1913
Washington — February 7, 1913
Wyoming — February 8, 1913
Arkansas — February 11, 1913
Maine — February 11, 1913
Illinois — February 13, 1913
North Dakota — February 14, 1913
Wisconsin — February 18, 1913
Indiana — February 19, 1913
New Hampshire — February 19, 1913
Vermont — February 19, 1913
South Dakota — February 19, 1913
Oklahoma — February 24, 1913
Ohio — February 25, 1913
Missouri — March 7, 1913
New Mexico — March 13, 1913
Nebraska — March 14, 1913
New Jersey — March 17, 1913
Tennessee — April 1, 1913
Pennsylvania — April 2, 1913
Connecticut — April 8, 1913
With 36 states having ratified the Seventeenth Amendment, it was certified by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on May 31, 1913, as part of the Constitution.[36] The amendment has subsequently been ratified by:
Louisiana — June 11, 1914
Alabama — April 11, 2002[37]
Delaware — July 1, 2010[38] (After rejecting the amendment on March 18, 1913)
Maryland — April 1, 2012[39][40][41]
Rhode Island – June 20, 2014
The Utah legislature rejected the amendment on February 26, 1913. No action on the amendment has been completed by: Florida,[42] Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, or Virginia.
Effect[edit]
The Seventeenth Amendment altered the process for electing United States Senators and changed the way vacancies would be filled. Under the original constitutional provision, state legislatures filled vacancies when a Senator left office before the end of their term.
The Seventeenth Amendment had a dramatic impact on the political composition of the U.S. Senate.[43] Before the Supreme Court required "one man, one vote" in Reynolds v. Sims (1964), malapportionment of state legislatures was common. For example, rural counties and cities could be given “equal weight” in the state legislatures, enabling one rural vote to equal 200 city votes. The malapportioned state legislatures would have given the Republicans control of the Senate in the 1916 Senate elections. With direct election, each vote represented equally, the Democrats retained control of the Senate.[44]
The reputation of corrupt and arbitrary state legislatures continued to decline as the Senate joined the House of Representatives implementing popular reforms. Judge Bybee has argued that the amendment led to complete "ignominy" for state legislatures without the props of a state-based check on Congress. Progressive measures were enacted to enable the federal government to supersede the discredited states repeatedly over decades.[45] However, Schleiches argues that the separation of state legislatures and the Senate has had a beneficial effect on the states, as it has allowed state legislative campaigns to focus on local rather than national issues.[20]
New Deal legislation is another example of expanding federal regulation overruling the state legislatures promoting their local state interests in coal, oil, corn and cotton.[46] Ure agrees, saying that not only is each Senator now free to ignore his state's interests, Senators "have incentive to use their advice-and-consent powers to install Supreme Court justices who are inclined to increase federal power at the expense of state sovereignty".[47] Over the first half of the 20th century, with a popularly elected Senate confirming nominations, both Republican and Democratic, the Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to the states, overturning state laws whenever they harmed individual state citizens.[48]
Filling vacancies[edit]
The Seventeenth Amendment says a state legislature may permit its governor to make temporary appointments, which last until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. As of 2009, all but four states — Massachusetts, Oregon, Wisconsin and Oklahoma — permit such appointments.[49] The Constitution does not set out how the temporary appointee is to be selected.
The Seventeenth Amendment requires a governor to call a special election to fill the vacancy.[50]
First direct elections to the Senate[edit]
Oklahoma, admitted to statehood in 1907, chose a Senator by legislative election three times: twice in 1907, when admitted, and once in 1908. In 1912, Oklahoma reelected Robert Owen by advisory popular vote.[51]
New Mexico, admitted to statehood in 1912, chose only its first two Senators legislatively. Arizona, admitted to statehood in 1912, chose its first two Senators by advisory popular vote. Alaska, and Hawaii, admitted to statehood in 1959, have never chosen a U.S. Senator legislatively.[51]
The first direct elections to the Senate following the Seventeenth Amendment being adopted were:[51]
In Maryland on November 4, 1913: a class 1 special election due to a vacancy, for a term ending in 1917.
In Alabama on May 11, 1914: a class 3 special election due to a vacancy, for a term ending in 1915.
Nationwide in 1914: All 32 class 3 senators, term 1915–1921
Nationwide in 1916: All 32 class 1 senators, term 1917–1923
Nationwide in 1918: All 32 class 2 senators, term 1919–1925
Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal[edit]
In Trinsey v. Pennsylvania (1991),[52] the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit was faced with a situation where, following the death of Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania, Governor Bob Casey had provided for a replacement and for a special election that did not include a primary.[53] A voter and prospective candidate, John S. Trinsey, Jr., argued that the lack of a primary violated the Seventeenth Amendment and his right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment.[54] The Third Circuit rejected these arguments, ruling that the Seventeenth Amendment does not require primaries.[55]
Another subject of analysis is whether statutes restricting the authority of governors to appoint temporary replacements are constitutional. Vikram Amar, writing in the Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, claims that Wyoming's requirement that its governor fill a senatorial vacancy by nominating a person of the same party as the person who vacated that Senate seat violates the Seventeenth Amendment.[56] This is based on the text of the Seventeenth Amendment, which states that "the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments". The amendment only empowers the legislature to delegate the authority to the governor and, once that authority has been delegated, does not permit the legislature to intervene. The authority is to decide whether or not the governor shall have the power to appoint temporary senators, not in what fashion he should do so.[57] Sanford Levinson, in his rebuttal to Amar, argues that rather than engaging in a textual interpretation, those examining the meaning of constitutional provisions should interpret them in the fashion that provides the most benefit, and that legislatures being able to restrict gubernatorial appointment authority provides a substantial benefit to the states.[58]
Due to the controversy over the effects of the Seventeenth Amendment, advocates have emerged to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for appointed executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor.[59] Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin[60] and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; Senators John McCain and Dick Durbin became co-sponsors, as did Representative John Conyers.[59]
The Tea Party movement has been arguing for repealing the Seventeenth Amendment entirely, claiming that it would protect states' rights and reduce the power of the federal government.[61] On March 2, 2016, the Utah legislature approved Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 asking Congress to offer an amendment to the United States Constitution that would repeal the Seventeenth Amendment.[62]
John Daniel Davidson, a senior correspondent for The Federalist, wrote that the Seventeenth Amendment should be repealed, because the concerns leading to the amendment's adoption do not apply today and that state legislatures would be less likely to reelect Senators as often as occurs under popular election.[63]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11–27". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Zywicki (1997) p. 169
Jump up ^ Vile (2003) p. 404
Jump up ^ Zywicki (1994) p. 1013
Jump up ^ Riker (1955) p. 452
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 516
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 515
Jump up ^ Zywicki (1994) p. 1019
Jump up ^ Zywicki (1997) p. 176
Jump up ^ Zywicki (1997) p. 180
^ Jump up to: a b Bybee (1997) p. 538
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 539
^ Jump up to: a b Zywicki (1994) p. 1022
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 541
Jump up ^ "Direct Election of Senators". United States Senate. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bybee (1997) p. 542
Jump up ^ Zywicki (1994) p. 1024
Jump up ^ Ure (2007) p. 286
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 543
^ Jump up to: a b c Schleicher, David (27 February 2014). "States' Wrongs". Slate. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Stathis, Stephen W. (2009). Landmark debates in Congress: from the Declaration of independence to the war in Iraq. CQ Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-87289-976-6. OCLC 232129877.
^ Jump up to: a b Bybee (1997) p. 536
Jump up ^ Boyer, Paul S.; Dubofsky, Melvyn (2001). The Oxford companion to United States history. Oxford University Press. p. 612. ISBN 978-0-19-508209-8. OCLC 185508759.
Jump up ^ “Direct Election of Senators”, United States Senate webpage, Origins and Development – Institutional.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bybee (1997) p. 537
Jump up ^ MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker, The American Senate: An Insider’s History 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-536761-4. pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 544
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 545
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 546
Jump up ^ MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker, The American Senate: An Insider’s History 2013, ISBN 978-0-19-536761-4. p. 23.
Jump up ^ Rossum (1999) p. 708
Jump up ^ Rossum (1999) p. 710
Jump up ^ "17th Amendment: Direct Election of U.S. Senators". August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zachary Clopton & Steven E. Art, "The Meaning of the Seventeenth Amendment and a Century of State Defiance", 107 Northwestern University Law Review 1181 (2013), pp. 1191-1192
Jump up ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators". August 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b James J. Kilpatrick, ed. (1961). The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto. Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government. p. 49.
Jump up ^ POM-309, House Joint Resolution No. 12, A joint resolution adopted by the Legislature of the State of Alabama relative to ratifying the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Volume 148 Congressional Record page 18241 (permanent, bound edition) and page S9419 (preliminary, soft-cover edition). September 26, 2002. Retrieved May 10, 2012.[chronology citation needed]
Jump up ^ "Formally Ratifying the 17th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Providing for the Popular Election of Senators to the United States Senate". State of Delaware. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 2, April 1, 2012, retrieved April 29, 2012
Jump up ^ House Joint Resolution 3, April 1, 2012, retrieved April 29, 2012
Jump up ^ Bills signing May 22, 2012 (PDF), May 22, 2012, retrieved May 23, 2012
Jump up ^ At the time, Article XVI, Section 19, of the Florida Constitution provided that “No Convention nor Legislature of this State shall act upon any amendment of the Constitution of the United States proposed by Congress to the several States, unless such Convention or Legislature shall have been elected after such amendment is submitted.” The first legislature elected after such submission did not meet until April 5, 1913. See Fla. Const. of 1885, Art. III, § 2. By that time, the amendment had been ratified by 35 states, and, as noted above, would be ratified by the 36th state on April 8, 1913, a circumstance which made any action by the Florida Legislature unnecessary.
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 552.
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 552. Similarly, he believes the Republican Revolution of 1994 would not have happened; instead, the Democrats would have controlled 70 seats in the Senate to the Republicans' 30. See Bybee (1997) p. 553
Jump up ^ Bybee (1997) p. 535. This was partially fueled by the Senators; he wrote in the Northwestern University Law Review:
Politics, like nature, abhorred a vacuum, so senators felt the pressure to do something, namely enact laws. Once senators were no longer accountable to and constrained by state legislatures, the maximizing function for senators was unrestrained; senators almost always found in their own interest to procure federal legislation, even to the detriment of state control of traditional state functions.
See Bybee, p. 536.
Jump up ^ Rossum (1999) p. 715
Jump up ^ Ure (2007) p. 288
Jump up ^ Kochan (2003) p. 1053 Donald J. Kochan, for an article in the Albany Law Review, analyzed the effect of the Seventeenth Amendment on Supreme Court decisions over the constitutionality of state legislation. He found a "statistically significant difference" in the number of cases holding state legislation unconstitutional before and after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, with the number of holdings of unconstitutionality increasing sixfold. Besides the Seventeenth Amendment, decline in the influence of the states also followed economic changes. Zywicki observes that interest groups of all kinds began to focus efforts on the federal government, as national issues could not be directed by influencing only a few state legislatures of with Senators of the most seniority chairing the major committees. He attributes the rise in the strength of interest groups partially to the development of the U.S. economy on an interstate, national level. See Zywicki (1997) p. 215. Ure also argues that the Seventeenth Amendment led to the rise of special interest groups to fill the void; with citizens replacing state legislators as the Senate's electorate, with citizens being less able to monitor the actions of their Senators, the Senate became more susceptible to pressure from interest groups, who in turn were more influential due to the centralization of power in the federal government; an interest group no longer needed to lobby many state legislatures, and could instead focus its efforts on the federal government. See Ure (2007) p. 293
Jump up ^ Neale, Thomas H. (March 10, 2009). "Filling U.S. Senate Vacancies: Perspectives and Contemporary Developments" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Vile (2010) p. 197
^ Jump up to: a b c Dubin, Michael J. (1998). United States Congressional elections, 1788–1997: the official results of the elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0283-0.
Jump up ^ Trinsey v. Pennsylvania , 941 (F.2d 1991).
Jump up ^ Gold (1992) p. 202
Jump up ^ Novakovic (1992) p. 940
Jump up ^ Novakovic (1992) p. 945
Jump up ^ Amar (2008) p. 728
Jump up ^ Amar (2008) pp. 729–30
Jump up ^ Levinson (2008) pp. 718–9
^ Jump up to: a b Hulse, Carl (March 10, 2009). "New Idea on Capitol Hill: To Join Senate, Get Votes". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ S.J.Res.7 – A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to the election of Senators., retrieved June 15, 2014
Jump up ^ Firestone, David (May 31, 2010). "So You Still Want to Choose Your Senator?". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "SJR002". State of Utah.
Jump up ^ John Daniel Davidson (November 16, 2017). "To Avoid Debacles Like Roy Moore, Repeal The 17th Amendment". The Federalist. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Amar, Vikram David (2008). "Are Statutes Constraining Gubernatorial Power to Make Temporary Appointments to the United States Senate Constitutional Under the Seventeenth Amendment?". Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. University of California, Hastings College of the Law. 35 (4). ISSN 0094-5617. SSRN 1103590  .
Bybee, Jay S. (1997). "Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment". Northwestern University Law Review. Northwestern University School of Law. 91 (1). ISSN 0029-3571.
Gold, Kevin M. (1992). "Trinsey v. Pennsylvania: State Discretion to Regulate United States Senate Vacancy". Widener Journal of Law and Public Policy. Widener University School of Law. 2 (1). ISSN 1064-5012.
Hoebeke, Christopher Hyde (1995). The road to mass democracy: original intent and the Seventeenth Amendment. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-217-4.
Kochan, Donald J. (2003). "State Laws and the Independent Judiciary: An Analysis of the Effects of the Seventeenth Amendment on the Number of Supreme Court Cases Holding State Laws Unconstitutional". Albany Law Review. 66 (1). ISSN 0002-4678. SSRN 907518  .
Levinson, Sanford (2008). "Political Party and Senatorial Succession: A Response to Vikram Amar on How Best to Interpret the Seventeenth Amendment". Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. University of California, Hastings College of the Law. 35 (4). ISSN 0094-5617.
Novakovic, Michael B. (1992). "Constitutional Law: Filling Senate Vacancies". Villanova Law Review. Villanova University School of Law. 37 (1). ISSN 0042-6229.
Riker, William H. (1955). "The Senate and American Federalism". American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association. 49 (2). ISSN 0003-0554.
Rossum, Ralph A. (1999). "The Irony of Constitutional Democracy: Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment". San Diego Law Review. University of San Diego School of Law. 36 (3). ISSN 0886-3210.
Tushnet, Mark (2010). The Constitution of the United States of America: A Contextual Analysis. Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84113-738-4.
Ure, James Christian (2007). "You Scratch My Back and I'll Scratch Yours: Why the Federal Marriage Amendment Should Also Repeal the Seventeenth Amendment". South Texas Law Review. South Texas College of Law. 49 (1). ISSN 1052-343X.
Vile, John R. (2003). Encyclopedia of constitutional amendments, proposed amendments, and amending issues, 1789–2002 (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-428-8.
Vile, John R. (2010). A companion to the United States Constitution and its amendments (5th ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38008-2.
Zywicki, Todd J. (1994). "Senators and Special Interests: A Public Choice Analysis of the Seventeenth Amendment" (PDF). Oregon Law Review. University of Oregon School of Law. 73 (1). ISSN 0196-2043.
Zywicki, Todd J. (1997). "Beyond the Shell and Husk of History: The History of the Seventeenth Amendment and its Implications for Current Reform Proposals" (PDF). Cleveland State Law Review. Cleveland-Marshall College of Law. 45 (1). ISSN 0009-8876.
Wendy J. Schiller and Charles Stewart III (2013), The 100th Anniversary of the 17th Amendment: A Promise Unfulfilled?, Issues in Governance Studies, Number 59 May 2013
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
[show]
v
t
e
United States Constitution
Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
Bill of Rights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Others
11
12
Reconstruction Amendments
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin Amendment
Child Labor
Repealed
Eighteenth Amendment
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Amendment proposals in Congress
Convention to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Rhode Island ratification
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bills of credit
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Congressional enforcement
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recess appointment
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Judicial review
Nondelegation doctrine
Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
US Government Portal • Law Portal • Wikipedia book
[show]
v
t
e
Voting rights in the United States
Constitutional
provisions
Article I
Voter Qualifications Clause
Elections Clause
1st Amendment
14th Amendment
Equal Protection Clause
15th Amendment
17th Amendment
19th Amendment
23rd Amendment
24th Amendment
26th Amendment
Federal laws
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Amendments
List of covered jurisdictions
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
National Voter Registration Act of 1993
Help America Vote Act of 2002
State laws
Voter access
Absentee ballot
Early voting
Postal voting
Provisional ballot
Voter registration in the U.S.
Initiatives and referendums
Recall election
Vote denial
Electoral fraud
Grandfather clause
Literacy test
Poll tax
Voter caging
Voter ID laws
Vote dilution
Gerrymandering
Plurality-at-large voting
One man, one vote
By group
Women
Youth
Felons
Foreigners
Transgender people
District of Columbia residents
Puerto Rico residents
Guam residents
History
Timeline
Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
Selma to Montgomery marches
Timeline of women's suffrage
Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913
Silent Sentinels
U.S. suffragists
publications
History of direct democracy
Related
Ballot access
Campaign finance
Citizenship
Native Americans
Disfranchisement
Election
Election law
Elections
Electoral reform
Electoral College
Redistricting
Secret ballot
Suffrage
Voting
Voting system
Voter registration
National Voting Rights Museum
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4412670-0
LCCN: n97009349
VIAF: 178725478
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=841713588"
Categories:
1913 in American law
1913 in American politics
Amendments to the United States Constitution
Federalism in the United States
History of the United States (1865–1918)
History of voting rights in the United States
Progressive Era in the United States
United States Senate
1912 in American law
1912 in American politics
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking chronology/history sources
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012
Use mdy dates from November 2012
Good articles
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Ænglisc
Беларуская
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
עברית
日本語
Polski
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Українська
中文
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 May 2018, at 15:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg

values: Preamble to the United States Constitution

value: li

value: ul

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Article Five of the United States Constitution

values: Article Six of the United States Constitution

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: Signing of the United States Constitution

values: s:Constitution of the United States of America

values: s:Additional amendments to the United States Constitution

values: s:Portal:Unsuccessful attempts to amend the United States Constitution

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;

values: Template talk:US Constitution article series

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: United States Senate special election in Maryland, 1913

values: United States Senate special election in Alabama, 1914

values: United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

values:
/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich
mw-redirect
Nelson Aldrich

values: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era

values: Edit section: Ratification by the states

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #377eb8; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #9EC7F3; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #E0584E; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #D3D3D3; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Edit section: First direct elections to the Senate

values: List of special elections to the United States Senate

values: Edit section: Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal

values: United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/232129877

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/185508759

values: This chronology/history reference needs citation to reliable sources (May 2012)

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Timeline Tracer/Chronology source needed

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Timefact

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: University of California, Hastings College of the Law

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5617

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=1103590

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-3571

values: Widener Journal of Law and Public Policy

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1064-5012

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-4678

values:
nofollow
external text
//ssrn.com/abstract=907518

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6229

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3210

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1052-343X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0196-2043

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8876

values: commons:Category:Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island

values:
/wiki/Guarantee_Clause
mw-redirect
Guarantee Clause

values: Oath of office of the President of the United States

values: List of clauses of the United States Constitution

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: United States constitutional sentencing law

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_powers
mw-redirect
Enumerated powers

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

values: United States Constitution and worldwide influence

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Voting rights in the United States

values: Template talk:Voting rights in the United States

values: Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965

values: List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

values: Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

values: Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

values: Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act

values: Initiatives and referendums in the United States

values:
/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Poll tax (United States)

values: Right of foreigners to vote in the United States

values: Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States

values: Timeline of voting rights in the United States

values: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

values: Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States

values:
/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Parade_of_1913
mw-redirect
Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913

values: History of direct democracy in the United States

values:
/wiki/Voting_system
mw-redirect
Voting system

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4412670-0

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/178725478

values: Category:Amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Category:Federalism in the United States

values: Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)

values: Category:History of voting rights in the United States

values: Category:Progressive Era in the United States

values: Category:Articles lacking chronology/history sources

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Sēofentēoþa Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American – Old English

values: Сямнаццатая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Dissetena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: 17. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Decimoséptima Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos – Spanish

values: متمم هفدهم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

values: Dix-septième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis – French

values: התיקון ה-17 לחוקת ארצות הברית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第17条 – Japanese

values: 17. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish

values: Семнадцатая поправка к Конституции США – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Yhdysvaltain perustuslain 17. lisäys – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Сімнадцята поправка до Конституції США – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 美利坚合众国宪法第十七条修正案 – Chinese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution rootpage-Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution skin-vector action-view