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Leo Wyatt
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Leo Wyatt
Charmed character
Brian Krause as Leo
First appearance
October 21, 1998
(episode 1.03; "Thank You For Not Morphing")
Last appearance
May 21, 2006
(episode 8.22; "Forever Charmed")
Created by
Constance M. Burge
Portrayed by
Brian Krause
Gordon Wells
(aged Leo)[episodes 1][episodes 2]
Information
Species
Whitelighter
Elder
Avatar
Human
Family
Christopher Wyatt
(father; deceased)
Prue Halliwell
(sister-in-law; deceased)
Phoebe Halliwell
(sister-in-law)
Paige Matthews
(sister-in-law)
Spouse(s)
Lillian
(former wife; in a previous life)
Piper Halliwell
(married; 2001)
Children
Wyatt Halliwell
Chris Halliwell
Melinda Prudence Halliwell
Leo Wyatt is a fictional character from The WB television series Charmed, portrayed by Brian Krause. A possible breakout character included in the writing initially as a love interest beginning in the first season that initially set Phoebe and Piper bickering and competing for his attention. He appeared as a guest star in seven episodes of the first season and six episodes of the second season. Midway through the second season, he joined the main cast and appeared in all but 11 episodes for the rest of the series' run. All together, he appeared in 145 episodes—the most of any male character in the series, and the most of any character who was not a Halliwell by birth.
For most of the series' first five seasons and part of the seventh, Leo was the Charmed Ones' Whitelighter—a guardian angel and mentor in all things magical to the three sisters as they grow in their power. As a Whitelighter and later an Elder, Leo had the ability to orb (magically teleport) from place to place. He could also sense his charges (those he guided), that is, he could telepathically hear and locate them. Other powers included hovering, healing physical wounds, and changing his appearance (glamoring). He was nearly immortal, but like all Whitelighters, he was vulnerable to a Darklighter's poison arrow.[episodes 3] He eventually wins Piper's heart, and they marry in 2001. They have two sons, Wyatt and Chris, and a daughter, Melinda.
In the series' fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons he became in succession an Elder, and then an Avatar. However, late in the seventh season he became a normal human, albeit one with great knowledge of magic.[episodes 2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life prior to the Charmed Ones
1.1 Whitelighter of the Charmed Ones
1.2 Marriage to Piper and their family
1.3 Life as an Elder
1.4 Life as an Avatar
1.5 Life as a human
1.6 The series finale and the future
2 Episode footnotes
3 References
Life prior to the Charmed Ones[edit]
Leo was born May 6, 1924 in San Francisco, California, the son of Christopher Wyatt. He grew up in Burlingame, a southern suburb of San Francisco.
Leo was a medic for the United States Army in World War II with a dream to become a doctor. While taking part in the Battle of Guadalcanal on November 14 1942, two of his friends with whom he grew up, Nathan and Rick Lang, were killed and Leo blamed himself for their deaths as he felt he abandoned them when he left to help other wounded soldiers in the field. Upon his own death a short time later, Leo was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor and became a Whitelighter for his good deeds.
Leo was married to a woman named Lillian in his mortal life and when he died, he appeared to her in a dream and encouraged her to move on with her life. Like all whitelighters, Leo is a pacifist, disallowed by the Elders to kill. Leo has watched over many of his charges; those who were future Whitelighters and good witches.
In the late 1960s, Leo befriended Penny and Allen Halliwell, the grandparents of the Charmed Ones.[episodes 4]
Whitelighter of the Charmed Ones[edit]
Shortly after the Charmed Ones discovered their powers, Leo, posing as a handyman, was hired to fix up their house. Since he was not supposed to reveal himself as their Whitelighter, he used this as an opportunity to keep watch on them[episodes 5] Piper and Phoebe became attracted to him. As Leo worked on their house, Piper and Phoebe competed for his attention, though his feelings were reciprocated with Piper.
When the warlock Rex Buckland tricked the Charmed Ones into giving up their powers, Leo "healed" the Book of Shadows and restored them. Shortly afterward, Leo had to leave town and take another charge, but he watched over and guided the Charmed Ones on many occasions.
When Leo returned, Phoebe discovered him levitating to change a light bulb and he confessed the truth to her. He also told her that as much as he loved Piper, he did not think their relationship could continue; witches and Whitelighters are not meant to be together.[episodes 6] He was later shot by a Darklighter's poison arrow while attempting to protect one of his charges. He went to the manor for aid, where Prue and Piper learned he was a Whitelighter. Piper used a spell to switch powers with Leo, so she could heal him. Piper then confessed she still loved him, but unfortunately Leo is still unconscious due to the poisoned arrow. Leo's "trigger" to make the healing power work was love, and because of Pipers confession, he was healed. Leo offered to give up being a Whitelighter to be with Piper, but she did not want him to turn away from his calling.[episodes 3]
Piper went to the future with Phoebe and Prue, and learned that she and Leo were divorced, and they had a daughter named Melinda Halliwell.[episodes 7] Although Piper still loved Leo, she also wanted a normal romance. Feeling Leo could not provide that, she started a romance with her new neighbor, Dan Gordon.
When Piper became sick with a terminal illness, the Elders forbade Leo to heal her since it was not caused magically. Leo broke that rule when he saved Piper from the disease.[episodes 8] Because of that, Leo was suspended from being a Whitelighter, though he remained a purely good person, with no evil in him.
Marriage to Piper and their family[edit]
Leo eventually earned his 'wings' back as well as Piper's heart. He asked Piper to marry him when they got back from the Heavens.[episodes 9] However, the Elders were violently opposed to this. They tried to marry in late 2000, but the Elders forcibly orbed him away just as the ceremony was beginning. The Elders ultimately allowed Leo to return, but placed him on probation to make sure their love wasn't interfering with their duties.
The Elders eventually lifted their probation on Leo and allowed him to be engaged to Piper.[episodes 10] The ceremony was performed by Grams, and the Elders allowed Patty Halliwell to return from the dead for one day to witness her daughter's wedding.[episodes 11] Prue and Phoebe served as bridesmaids. The ceremony was also attended by Victor Bennett, Darryl Morris, and Cole.
Throughout the fourth season, Leo and Piper discuss having a baby, and the problems that come with having a magical child. More than a year later, Piper became pregnant.[episodes 12] Piper gives birth to their son, Wyatt Matthew Halliwell, named for Leo's surname, for being a very protective father and to honor his past life—thus breaking the tradition of every Halliwell's first name starting with a "P".[episodes 13][episodes 14] The couple does not decide to bind Wyatt's powers, as was hypothetically discussed in previous episodes.
Leo's marriage to Piper was somewhat turbulent, especially when he became promoted to an Elder after saving them.[episodes 15] As an Elder, Leo was not allowed to live with his family, though he promised always to watch over them. However, Leo is highly mistrustful of the Charmed Ones' new Whitelighter, Chris Perry, and stays involved in the family's life as he tries to figure Chris out. Later, it is revealed that Chris is actually Leo and Piper's second son. Chris admits to Leo that in the future, he was always there for Wyatt, for the Charmed Ones, but never for him, as he was often eclipsed by Wyatt's "Chosen One" and ultimate power status, leaving him with a near hatred of the future Leo.[episodes 16]
While on the run and hiding the truth from the other Elders after murdering Gideon, Leo becomes reunited with his family. When the Elders decide to test Leo's faith once and for all to determine if his destiny is to be an Elder or to be with his family, he is turned mortal with no memory of Piper, her sisters, or his children and is turned back into an Elder after his path had been "chosen". Phoebe and Paige help convince Leo that his true destiny is with his family and when Leo realizes that is true, he is made mortal for good and free to live his life with Piper and their children.[episodes 17]
We learn in the Charmed comic series that Leo and Piper have named their third child, and only daughter, Melinda.
Life as an Elder[edit]
When Leo was promoted to be an Elder he had to leave his family behind.[episodes 15] However, he managed to watch over them, especially his son, as he was given rights to visit him. However his appointment cost him his marriage to Piper. Chris Perry, the whitelighter from the future, had taken his place as the Charmed Ones' new whitelighter.[episodes 18]
Since Piper and Leo's parting, Piper had become increasingly happy. Alarmed by her change in attitude, Paige and Phoebe told Chris to ask Leo about Piper, but Chris admitted that Leo had been kidnapped. When Paige and Phoebe told Piper that Leo was missing, she was oddly unaffected by the news, not really remembering their parting. But when the sisters finally found Leo, Piper's memories came flooding back. She demanded to know why she did not remember Leo leaving her, and Leo told her that he used his powers to make her forget and not feel as much pain. Not wanting to face the pain and anger she felt toward Leo, Piper became a Valkyrie.[episodes 18] Phoebe and Paige confronted Piper, using a spell to make Piper feel her suppressed emotions. Once confronted with her pain, Piper realized that she did not belong with the Valkyries and returned home. Leo apologized to Piper for taking away her feelings. Piper said that she understood that he was only trying to help, but she told him that since he was still an Elder she would appreciate his keeping his distance so that she might move on with her life.[episodes 18]
Even though Piper tried to distance herself from Leo, she realized how much Leo missed Wyatt and how much Wyatt missed his daddy, so she told him that he could visit as much as he wanted when she was not around. But much to Leo's disappointment, Piper asked him for a divorce when she started to date again. Despite this, they apparently never did divorce.
When a demon used the power of a genie to wish the Charmed Ones dead, Leo's connection to Piper saved the sisters. Even though he and Piper were in a magically-induced sleep, Leo heard Piper's cries for help when her spirit began to move to the afterlife and he healed her. This incident drew Piper closer to Leo, as she was reminded of her connection to him.[episodes 19]
After Leo and Piper were trapped in the Ghostly Plane, Leo revealed he still loved her and they made love and Piper got pregnant with their second child, who happened to be Chris.[episodes 20]
When Leo finally found out that Piper was pregnant again and Chris was their son,[episodes 16] he decided that his place was to stay with his family. Trying to absorb the situation, Leo took his time in approaching Piper about the impending birth of their son and the future of their relationship. While Piper admitted that she thought about them becoming a family again, she tried not to because things had not changed — Leo was still an Elder.
When Leo learned that his mentor Gideon was after Wyatt and that Gideon had killed Chris, Leo avenged his son by killing Gideon, using his powers as an Elder. He returned to be at the side of his family, possibly for good.[episodes 21]
Leo has been hunting for Barbas since he teamed up with Gideon to find Wyatt in the Underworld, and he and the Charmed Ones suspects that Gideon may not be the only Elder who feels that Wyatt may turn evil. Leo was tricked by Barbas into killing the Elder, Zola, who once tried to reach out to Leo to help him.
Leo was not trusted by the Whitelighter Elders, however, he had to return to his status, to prepare for the "Gathering Storm". Unfortunately, he and Piper had planned for him to move back in with them, but he felt that he was too dangerous.
Life as an Avatar[edit]
Leo was being seemingly haunted by a ghostly headed figure, that turned out to be the lead Avatar, trying to recruit Leo and add his power to the collective. In the Episode (7x07) Someone to Witch Over Me, Leo finally becomes an avatar after Piper and Phoebe are killed and the lead Avatar tells him as an avatar he can save them, which he does with his newfound powers.
Leo then joined the Avatars, and was granted even greater powers. After he informed the Halliwell sisters of his new status,[episodes 22] Leo was a target for Agent Kyle Brody. However, Leo soon became aware that the world the Avatars wanted to make was not the nice world he had hoped for.[episodes 23] To convince the sisters, Leo sacrificed himself by getting angry, thus forcing the Avatars to vanquish him (as the Avatars did to all who have negative feelings), but as he was dying, he relayed a message to Phoebe, who remembered, and then took it upon herself to make sure her sisters felt pain in order to see that what the Avatars were doing was wrong. The sisters worked with Zankou in order to get the Avatars to change the world back so that it was no longer a Utopian community. Time was then turned back to the point before the Avatars changed the world, and Leo was restored, although he no longer had his Avatar powers.[episodes 24]
Now the Elders were left with the question of how to punish Leo for becoming an Avatar. They finally decided to relocate him on Earth and take away his memory.[episodes 17] They said Leo would somehow find his way back and choose between rejoining his family or becoming an Elder full-time. However, the Elders cheated on this test and tricked Leo into rejoining them. But when Phoebe and Paige confronted the Elders on this, Leo came with them. At that time, a dying Piper (she had been poisoned by a Thorn Demon) called out to Leo, urged on by Cole Turner. Leo heard her and chose to "fall from grace". Leo thus gave up his powers and his Elder status and became a mortal human, but he got his memory back. Leo then returned home to Piper and their two sons. Piper was healed from her wound by Wyatt with the help of Drake. The next morning, Leo confesses to Piper that he is actually happy about losing his powers.[episodes 17]
Life as a human[edit]
Leo and Piper had a hard time adjusting to Leo being a powerless human. After some trouble with Zankou, Piper and Phoebe decided to ask Leo to become the new Headmaster of the Magic School instead of Paige, who wants to try something new. They think Leo is perfect for the position because he's a "walking Book of Shadows": he has lost his powers, but not his knowledge of magic. Paige orbs away as Leo accepts.[episodes 25]
Leo "died" with the Halliwell sisters, adopting the name of Louis Bennett,[episodes 26] but soon got back to his old life and name.[episodes 27]
Leo and Piper went to a magical marriage counselor, but things did not turn out as well as they had hoped. Their counselor needed them to see how each of their lives was in order to get them closer to each other. In order to do this, the marriage counselor had them switch bodies in order to walk a mile in each other's shoes.
The series finale and the future[edit]
In the last season of the series, Leo was the target of the Angel of Death.[episodes 28] The sisters searched for a key to undo his death sentence. Piper summoned both an Elder and an Avatar to give Leo a new lease on life, but both were forbidden to do so. In turn the sisters summoned the Angel of Destiny, who warned them of an impending great evil force, that Leo's death would be the only motivation to give the sisters the will to fight the great evil, in the same manner that their sister Prue's death motivated them to defeat The Source. So Piper begged the Angel of Destiny for a compromise, insisting that if they were to fight for Leo's life instead, that would be even more strongly motivating to defeat said coming great evil. So it's decided that Leo will be frozen in stasis only to be returned if they succeed in defeating this great evil. Only then can they save his life and have him returned to Piper.[episodes 28]
After the destruction of the manor and the deaths of Phoebe, Paige, and Christy Jenkins, Leo was returned as promised by the Angel of Destiny.[episodes 29] Had he not intervened, Piper might have killed Billie Jenkins in an act of revenge for the death of her sisters. With the manor destroyed, Leo and Piper leave the area.
Piper and Leo travel back to the past in the hopes of fixing the present, and save the future so that Phoebe and Paige get to live. After they change things in the past they are able to fix things so that Phoebe and Paige are able to survive in the future. So Leo is returned to Piper, and Coop and Phoebe get married. In the very final episode they are shown to have started a family.[episodes 2]
In the new future, Piper and Leo have another child, a daughter named Prudence Melinda, and Leo returns to Magic School as a teacher. At the end of the finale they finish the Book of Shadows by writing about their lives so all their future generations will be prepared to continue the fight against demons, warlocks, and other forms of evil.[episodes 2] The final shot of them is Leo and Piper, old and still very much in love, walking upstairs past pictures of their whole family hanging on the walls, as they make their way to their bedroom to go lie down - they rest in each other's arms, smiling, content with their lives.
Episode footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Jung and the Restless". Charmed. 2006-04-30. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Forever Charmed". Charmed. 2006-05-21. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b "Love Hurts". Charmed. 1999-05-19. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Witchstock". Charmed. 2004-01-11. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Thank You for Not Morphing". Charmed. 1998-10-21. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Secrets and Guys". Charmed. 1999-02-17. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Morality Bites". Charmed. 1999-10-07. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Awakened". Charmed. 2000-02-03. The WB.
Jump up ^ "The Honeymoon's Over". Charmed. 2000-10-05. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Blinded by the Whitelighter". Charmed. 2001-01-25. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Just Harried". Charmed. 2001-02-22. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Witch Way Now?". Charmed. 2002-05-16. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Baby's First Demon". Charmed. 2003-03-30. The WB.
Jump up ^ "The Day the Magic Died". Charmed. 2003-02-16. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh My Goddess (Part 1)". Charmed. 2003-05-11. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell". Charmed. 2004-02-08. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Seven Year Witch". Charmed. 2005-04-10. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Valhalley of the Dolls (Part 1)". Charmed. 2003-09-28. The WB.
Jump up ^ "I Dream of Phoebe". Charmed. 2004-02-15. The WB.
Jump up ^ "The Courtship of Wyatt's Father". Charmed. 2004-02-22. The WB.
Jump up ^ "It's a Bad, Bad, Bad, Bad World (Part 2)". Charmed. 2004-05-16. The WB.
Jump up ^ "There's Something About Leo". Charmed. 2004-11-21. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Charmageddon". Charmed. 2005-01-30. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Extreme Makeover: World Edition". Charmed. 2005-01-23. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Scry Hard". Charmed. 2005-04-17. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Still Charmed & Kicking". Charmed. 2005-09-25. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Rewitched". Charmed. 2005-10-23. The WB.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vaya Con Leos". Charmed. 2005-11-27. The WB.
Jump up ^ "Kill Billie Vol. 2". Charmed. 2006-05-14. The WB.
References[edit]
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Category:Charmed (TV series)
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Safehold
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the David Weber post-apocalyptic science fiction novel series. For the Shannara location, see The Elfstones of Shannara. For the room, see panic room. For the building, see safe house.
The Safehold series
Off Armageddon Reef
By Schism Rent Asunder
By Heresies Distressed
A Mighty Fortress
How Firm a Foundation
Midst Toil and Tribulation
Like a Mighty Army
Hell's Foundations Quiver
At the Sign of Triumph
Author
David Weber
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Science Fiction
Publisher
Tor Books
Published
January 9, 2007
Media type
Print
No. of books
9
Safehold is a science fiction book series by David Weber, which currently consists of nine titles, the latest of which was released in October 2016. The series is mostly set around the 31st century, on a distant world dubbed "Safehold" where a group of humans has hidden themselves from an enemy responsible for the end of all other human civilization, the Gbaba.
The humans on Safehold avoided detection by reverting to a pre-electrical and pre-industrial technology base and incorporating that into a religious belief system which discouraged scientific curiosity and forbade any higher technology on penalty of death. The threat of the Gbaba is barely mentioned in the books so far; the main issue is the divergence of the official church from its original aims versus the outlying areas which deny the leadership of the corrupt vicars.
Every book after the first has a name taken from a hymn.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 "Earth is dead"
1.2 War against the fallen
1.3 Off Armageddon Reef
1.4 By Schism Rent Asunder
1.5 By Heresies Distressed
1.6 A Mighty Fortress
1.7 How Firm a Foundation
1.8 Midst Toil and Tribulation
1.9 Like a Mighty Army
1.10 Hell's Foundations Quiver
1.11 At the Sign of Triumph
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
"Earth is dead"[edit]
In the 24th century, the Terran Federation—Earth and its colonies—discovers the ruins of a nearby alien civilization, the victim of an enemy named the Gbaba. The inevitable confrontation arrives 10 years later. The Federation Navy is well prepared for battle, but it is outnumbered and outgunned. A Terran fleet takes several enemy systems but is quickly overwhelmed when the vast Gbaba reserve arrives.
One by one, each colony world is annihilated. A hopeless defense forestalls the end for several decades. Emergency colonies are started on faraway worlds to save the species, but all are wiped out. One last fleet escapes Earth via trickery. A terraforming team led by Pei Shan-Wei arrives first on a new world ahead of the fleet carrying 8 million colonists. They name it Safehold.
War against the fallen[edit]
Because signs of technology led the Gbaba to past emergency colonies, the mission on Safehold restricts all industrialization. Excepting Shan-Wei's team and her trusted staff, Administrator Eric Langhorne erases the memory of every colonist. Yet Langhorne follows his own plan: the colonists awaken programmed to believe they are the first humans, newly created by divine will. They worship Langhorne as the leader of God's "Archangels", charged with guiding a permanent pretechnical society.
Shan-Wei tries to defy this plan, but is labeled a traitor and killed, along with most of her followers, at their Alexandria settlement by a hidden orbital weapon. Shan-Wei's side retaliates, killing Langhorne and most of his allies, sparking the "War Against the Fallen" among the survivors. Langhorne's "Church of God Awaiting" eventually prevails and sets up a militantly technophobic global theocracy, which deifies and worships Langhorne and demonizes Shan-Wei.
Centuries pass before Shan-Wei's backup plan comes into being. During the terraforming process, Shan-Wei hid an android, with the personality and memories of Nimue Alban, a Terran Federation Navy tactical officer, deep within a secret mountain base. "Nimue's Cave” is stocked with an AI military computer and a room full of technology. When Nimue awakens, she accepts a mission to destroy the Church and uplift humanity.
Off Armageddon Reef[edit]
Main article: Off Armageddon Reef
Nimue vows not to repeat the mistakes of the "Archangels", who used technology to perform "divine" acts. As medieval Safehold is likely to taboo a female with great influence, Nimue alters her android body into a male form, becoming Merlin Athrawes.
Merlin selects the island Kingdom of Charis as the source for his uplifting "virus", where he will introduce concepts that force the rest of Safehold to compete. Merlin earns the trust of the ruling Ahrmahk Dynasty and inspires several new "inventions" by Charis' military, science and economic leaders. Charis' powerful industries change the world by adopting tools like Arabic numerals, the abacus, the astrolabe, the cotton gin and spinning jenny, among others. In secret, Merlin teaches the Charisians how to replace their war galleys with a revolutionary fleet of ships of the line.
The lightning pace of innovation, while not directly heretical, causes longstanding Temple suspicions about Charis to boil over. The Church eventually leagues every naval power on Safehold against Charis. Merlin's space-age information net allows the new-model Royal Charisian Navy to annihilate one half of the enemy force in a surprise attack, but King Haarahld is killed when his diversionary fleet is forced into battle outnumbered before the new-model fleet can intervene. King Cayleb buries his father and becomes the first Safeholdian monarch in open rebellion against the Temple.
By Schism Rent Asunder[edit]
Main article: By Schism Rent Asunder
Maikel Staynair becomes the first schismatic archbishop in Safehold's history and leader of a rebel "Church of Charis". Groups of "Temple Loyalists" resist the new order, some violently. Merlin barely saves Staynair's life from assassins. Arsonists burn down the Royal College, though Merlin rescues its most important scientist.
Charisian warships enjoy uncontested control of the seas as Charisian privateers shut down unfriendly trade. The Group of Four retaliate by closing all ports and impounding docked merchant ships. An Inquisition-led massacre ensues in Ferayd, Kingdom of Delferahk. Later on, a Charisian fleet razes Ferayd's waterfront to settle the score.
Staynair takes Merlin to the secret Brethren of Saint Zherneau. Safehold "Adam" Jeremiah Knowles left the memory of humanity's true past to the order's most trusted. Aware for some time that Merlin is superhuman, King Cayleb is allowed to join this "Inner Circle". Merlin makes instant global communication among its members possible.
Cayleb marries Queen Sharleyan of Chisholm, creating the Empire of Charis. Prince Nahrmahn of Emerald capitulates and becomes imperial spymaster. To take the war to the Temple, Charis plans to conquer every realm in its maritime region before invading the mainland. Cayleb assembles his forces and embarks for the first target, Corisande.
By Heresies Distressed[edit]
Main article: By Heresies Distressed
In Ferayd, Kingdom of Delferahk, the Imperial Charisian Navy proves that the Inquisition murdered innocents. Charis hangs the priests responsible, an unprecedented action. Emperor Cayleb gets a warm welcome in Chisholm during a stop to rally forces and supplies. He continues on to Zebediah, a League of Corisande vassal state. There, he warily accepts the fealty of its governor, who is known for treachery.
The elite Imperial Marines secure a crushing victory in Corisande, but the talented enemy commander retreats to a strategic redoubt. With Merlin's guidance, Charis finds a way around it and forces his surrender. Victory seems inevitable, but the Inquisition assassinates Prince Hektor and Cayleb is blamed. The Charisians prepare for a difficult occupation. Hektor's children are smuggled to Delferahk.
Merlin fails to detect a plot on Empress Sharleyan back in Charis. His spy drones alert him to the assassins at the last moment, forcing him to unleash his full abilities to fly back and wipe them out. Even so, he nearly fails. This forces him to reveal his "impossible" presence to Sharleyan. She and her lone surviving guard accept the truth and join the Inner Circle.
In Zion, Grand Inquisitor Zaspahr Clyntahn learns that the Temple's military buildup is obsolete. He performs a minor public penance to control the outrage over the Ferayd massacre. Clyntahn is visited by a fearful member of a secret faction of his political opponents, The Circle, who tells the Inquisition everything. Clyntahn nearly has enough support to declare Holy War, so he bides his time.
A Mighty Fortress[edit]
Main article: A Mighty Fortress (novel)
Occupied Corisande is restless after Hektor's murder. Several Temple Loyalists work to win the hearts of the people. Cayleb vows to avoid repression, but Merlin monitors the resistance. Sharleyan is pregnant and Merlin takes her to "Nimue's Cave" for prenatal care. Merlin reveals he injected her and several others with nanotech; they will never again be sick and will quickly recover from non-fatal injury.
In Corisande, a popular reformist priest denounces the Temple's corruption, helping to quell the resistance. Frustrated Temple Loyalists abduct and torture him to death. Merlin cannot save him, but enables the killers to be caught and executed. Archbishop Staynair makes a visit to Corisande and does much to encourage ecumenism across the Empire of Charis. Merlin breaks up a vast conspiracy that includes Temple Loyalist prelates, Corisandian nobles and the Grand Duke of Zebediah. All are attainted for treason.
In Zion, Clyntahn wins support for Holy War and begins a great purge of reformists from the Temple. Merlin adopts the guise of "Ahbraim Zhevons" of Silkiah to help Madam Ahnzhelyk Fonda get as many to safety as possible. Even so, more than 2,000 people are brutally tortured and murdered by the Inquisition. Clyntahn becomes the dominant member of the Group of Four.
The Earl of Thirsk, the Dohlaran admiral who Cayleb defeated in Off Armageddon Reef, rebuilds his fleet from what he learned. Thirsk wins the first Temple Loyalist naval victory, forcing Admiral Gwylym Manthyr's fleet near Dohlar to surrender. Zion orders its own rebuilt fleet to join with the rebuilt fleet of the Desnairian Empire and attack Charis. A decoy force of Charisian merchant ships trick the Desnairian Empire's fleet into remaining in port. An emergency force of Charisian ships forever ends the Navy of God's threat to Charis in a daring night attack, at great cost. High Admiral Lock Island, Inner Circle member and beloved cousin to Cayleb, is killed in the battle.
How Firm a Foundation [edit]
Main article: How Firm a Foundation (novel)
Merlin experiments with steam technology. His tests prove that Langhorne's orbital weapon will not automatically target basic industrialization. Charis continues to advance; by this time it is innovating largely without Merlin's help. Father Paityr Wylsynn is inducted into the Inner Circle. He reveals that "Archangel Schueler" trusted his ancient ancestors with a promise that the Archangels will return in 1,000 years (30 years in the future at this time). Merlin prepares contingency plans.
Empress Sharleyan presides at treason trials in the League of Corisande. She orders the execution of nearly all defendants but shows mercy when justified. A Temple Loyalist tries to assassinate her in court. He fails only because of high-tech clothing provided by Merlin. Sharleyan's actions bring the empire's territories closer together. Grand Inquisitor Clyntahn reacts by unleashing Operation Rakurai: Lone operatives commit devastating terror bombings in Charisian lands, killing Prince Nahrmahn, several other important imperial officials, and many innocents.
Earl Thirsk is forced to turn over Admiral Manthyr and his men to the Inquisition. The prisoners are conveyed to Zion, where most die at the hands of Clyntahn's torturers. Back in Charis, Emperor Cayleb retaliates by ordering the summary execution of captured Inquisition agents. In Delferahk, Earl Coris and the children of the late Prince Hektor escape Inquisition custody with Merlin's help. Lieutenant Hektor Aplyn-Ahrmahk, Duke of Darcos, and his men meet up with the fugitives after defeating their pursuers.
In Siddarmark, Clyntahn deploys his "Sword of Schueler", a coup stoked by Temple Loyalist propaganda. A pogrom against Siddar City's Charisian Quarter kills thousands, but the mob is stopped by Aivah Pahrsahn, aka Madam Ahnzhelyk of Zion. Secretly trained and equipped militia in her service save Lord Protector Greyghor Stohnar. Yet the coup does great damage to the republic's resources. A terrible winter sets in as the Temple's vast Army of God prepares to march, leaving the future in doubt.
Midst Toil and Tribulation[edit]
Main article: Midst Toil and Tribulation
Grand Inquisitor Clyntahn is master of the Church, but its foundations are cracking. Civil war rages in Siddarmark amid a terrible winter. Treasurer General Rhobair Duchairn must deal with the Temple's greatly depreciated tithes; rich Charis and Siddarmark no longer contribute any revenue, and Charis has brought economic havoc to all Temple Loyalist realms. The Army of God marches on Siddarmark, as Charis races to get its own military to the field with Emperor Cayleb in command.
The surviving royal family of Corisande travel home with Archbishop Staynair, where Princess Irys falls in love with her rescuer Duke Hektor Aplyn-Ahrmahk. Over time, Charis integrates Corisande as a constituent kingdom of its empire with Irys' brother Daivyn on the throne. Irys is betrothed to Hektor to seal the deal. Empress Sharleyan's leadership further unifies the people of Charis, Chisholm, Corisande, Emerald and recently absorbed Tarot under a rapidly industrializing imperial state.
Merlin "resurrects" Prince Nahrmahn in Owl's virtual world, though just as Merlin is uncertain that he is truly a reborn version of Nimue Alban, Nahrmahn has doubts about his existence. A meeting with his "widow" Ohlyvya enabled by Merlin makes him resolve to go on while she lives. As time passes differently in the virtual world, Nahrmahn is able to spend a great deal of it with Owl, helping the AI become self-aware. The two prove to be a mental asset to an increasingly weary Merlin.
Siddarmark survives the winter and Cayleb's forces arrive. The Temple's brutal tactics start to backfire as its forces lose popular support in the Republic. Advanced Charisian weapons and tactics turn the tide on the battlefield, but the Temple and its allies still greatly outnumber the Reformists. Charis deploys new steam-powered ironclads, shutting down the Army of God's supply lines, but not in time to save a forward-deployed force of Imperial Marines who are surrounded and killed to a man. Yet, amid the tragedy, success in the war becomes possible.
Like a Mighty Army[edit]
Main article: Like a Mighty Army
The Temple struggles to adapt to Charisian economic warfare, but the Group of Four determine to use their overwhelming numbers to try to win out before a sustained offense becomes impossible to support. Duke Eastshare of the Imperial Charisian Army weathers the Army of God's assault. The situation appears more dire for the Earl of Hanth in the south, but incompetent Temple Loyalist commanders play into his hands. With the help of Merlin and his various guises providing key information, the Reformists gain the upper hand throughout Siddarmark.
Princess Irys' wedding in Corisande is interrupted by a suicide bomber in Clyntahn's service. Her new husband Duke Hektor is severely wounded; Merlin barely manages to save his life. This need to be in several places at once places an incredible strain on the seijin, but Nahrmahn and Owl figure out how to construct a new cybernetic avatar like Merlin. "Nimue Chwaerieau" awakens as Merlin did some years before. She becomes the first female member of the Imperial Guard, eroding gender barriers throughout the empire by example.
The desperate Group of Four authorize a broad adoption of Charisian innovations and tactics, unwittingly playing into Merlin's ultimate goal to uplift all of Safehold. The cost is high; every Charisian victory prompts brutal pogroms against nearby settlements to weed out "heretics". Enraged, Merlin slips behind enemy lines under the guise of "Dialydd Mab" (Welsh for "Avenging Son"), slaying many agents of the Inquisition.
Charisian success causes divisions among the Temple Loyalist forces, allowing the Reformists to begin routing them in detail; one battle with the army of the Empire of Desnair causes 90 percent enemy casualties. The Empire of Harchong's massive serf army becomes modernized and remains a grave threat, but Charisian commanders express confidence that total victory is within reach.
Hell's Foundations Quiver[edit]
Main article: Hell's Foundations Quiver
Merlin learns of a secret monastic order that maintains the tomb and journal of Cody Cortazar, aka Seijin Kohdy. A Safeholdian legend formerly thought fictional, Kohdy fought for the Temple during the War Against the Fallen. His residual memories of life during the last days of the Terran Federation caused him to seek answers from the "Archangels", who tried to erase him from history. Mother Superior Nynian Rychtair—the savior of the Siddarmarkian state at the start of the "Jihad"—is admitted to the Inner Circle.
Charis deploys technology equivalent to the late 19th/early 20th century. Bolt-action rifles, grenades, massed artillery and corps-level tactics prove decisive against Temple forces. Charis shatters the starving, demoralized Army of God. Eventually, the Reformists liberate nearly all of Siddarmark. The Temple kills or deports Siddarmarkian "heretics" to date held in concentration camps. Efforts by Merlin (as "Dialydd Mab") rescue many, but the offensive cannot continue while they are cared for.
Although the Kingdom of Dohlar is defeated on land, its navy under Admiral Thirsk remains a threat. The loss in battle of HMS Dreadnought, a state-of-the-art oceangoing ironclad, and delays in the introduction of the King Haarahld class of battleship set back the plan to regain total control of the seas. Charisian prisoners from Dreadnought are rescued from Gwylym Manthyr's fate by a daring nighttime raid, but Dreadnought is captured almost intact for study by the enemy.
Grand Inquisitor Clyntahn blames Thirsk for losing the prisoners and plans to have Thirsk killed as soon as his naval leadership is no longer needed. The Inquisition uncovers a plan to smuggle the admiral's family to safety. One of Thirsk's aides diverts suspicion, posing as a Charisian agent. He slays several Inquisitors and nonlethally shoots Thirsk before killing himself to protect the truth. Even so, Clyntahn compels Thirsk's family to go to Zion. Merlin and Nimue rescue them from a Navy of God ship, destroying it and all evidence of their survival. Later, Merlin visits a mournful and withdrawn Thirsk in secret.
At the Sign of Triumph[edit]
Merlin informs Admiral Thirsk of his family's survival in Dohlar, and offers him the "freedom" to uphold or undermine the Church's goals. Thirsk remains loyal to Dohlar and continues to lead its efforts to resist Reformist forces.
General Hanth launches a new offensive against the Royal Dohlaran Army and, using combined-arms tactics enabled by squad-level infantry tactics and massive artillery barrages, proceeds to dig the RDA out of entrenched defenses that had been thought impregnable. At the same time, Charis' new armored warships, led by the first of the new King Haarahld class of battleships, establish total Charisian control of the sea and render all enemy shore fortifications obsolete. After several months of protracted fighting on land and sea, Admiral Thirsk makes his move, seizing control of his government with the help of reform-minded and war-weary cohorts in the Dohlaran military and clergy, leading to the kingdom's withdrawal from the Jihad.
In the north, the Harchongese Mighty Host of God and the Archangels is outmaneuvered by the use of Charisian zeppelins to spot long-range artillery. Reformist armies converge and seize the initiative against the last organized army loyal to the Temple. Simultaneously, frustration against the Inquisition for years of butchery and corruption boils over as rebel mobs rally behind Vicar Rhobair Duchairn. Clyntahn flees the Temple, but is intercepted by Merlin and Nimue. Later, Clyntahn is presented incontrovertible proof of the lies that the Church is founded on, and goes to the gallows a broken man.
With the Jihad over at last, Duchairn becomes the new Grand Vicar and promulgates reform, but the Temple fractures into several national branches including the Church of Charis. The Inner Circle decide that for the sake of peace, Safehold cannot yet confront the truth of its past. Charis cements permanent ties with Siddarmark and begins a rapprochement with Dohlar. Merlin and Nimue, aware that their mission is far from over as the immortal guides of humanity, look toward a brighter future.
Reception[edit]
Five of the books in the series debuted on the New York Times Hardcover Fiction Best Seller List. Off Armageddon Reef was a cumulative bestseller,[1] entering the New York Times Best Seller list at number 33.[2] It was listed by Booklist as one of the top ten SF audiobooks of 2008[3] and was nominated in 2009 for the Arthur C. Clarke Award for best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom.[4] The Guardian found Off Armageddon Reef to have a predictable ending and called the character development "perfunctory", but applauded Weber's pacing and vision.[5]
By Heresies Distressed debuted at number 11 on the July 17, 2009 New York Times best selling hardcover fiction list,[6] number 25 on the July 24, 2009 list,[7] and number 30 on the July 30, 2009 list.[8]
A Mighty Fortress debuted at #9 on the New York Times hardcover fiction best seller list,[9] dropped to #24 in the second week,[10] then to #29 in week three before dropping off the list,[11] for a total of three weeks on the list.
Like a Mighty Army debuted at #5 on the New York Times hardcover fiction best seller list.[12]
Hell's Foundations Quiver debuted at #16 on the New York Times hardcover fiction best seller list.[13]
At the Sign of Triumph debuted at #14 on the New York Times hardcover fiction best seller list.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cumulative SFFH Books on 2007 General Bestseller Lists". Locus. 12 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. February 11, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Moyer, Jessica (May 15, 2008). "Top 10 SF/Fantasy Audiobooks: 2008". Booklist.
Jump up ^ "ACCA 2009 - the long list". The London international festival of science fiction and fantastic film. April 2009.
Jump up ^ Brown, Eric (2 February 2008). "Virtual heist". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. April 23, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. April 30, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. May 7, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. March 9, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. November 1, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. November 27, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Safehold series page (on David Weber's site)
[hide]
v
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e
David Weber's Safehold series
Off Armageddon Reef
By Schism Rent Asunder
By Heresies Distressed
A Mighty Fortress
How Firm a Foundation
Midst Toil and Tribulation
Like a Mighty Army
Hell's Foundations Quiver
At the Sign of Triumph
[show]
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Works by David Weber
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War God
Oath of Swords
The War God's Own
Wind Rider's Oath
War Maid's Choice
The Sword of the South
Other series
Empire of Man (w/John Ringo)
Honorverse
Safehold
Shared universe
1632
(w/Eric Flint)
1633
1634: The Baltic War
Bolo!
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safehold&oldid=780873027"
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Dean (given name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about people named "Dean". For other uses, see Dean (disambiguation).
Dean is a male given name, sometimes used as a middle name.
A name originated from the Greek word "δεκανός" ("dekanos"), which means "monk or dignitary in charge of (10) others", and Latin word "decanum", which means "chief of a group of (10)".
The name "Dean" also means "valley" in the Old English language, and "law" in Hebrew.
"Dean" or also spelled "Deen" means "Religion" or "the way of life" in Arabic.
People with the given name[edit]
Dean Acheson (1893–1971), American statesman and lawyer
Dean Cain (born 1966), American actor
Dean Caliguire (born 1967), American football player
Dean Callaway, Australian rugby league football player
Dean Cameron, (born 1962) American actor, musician, and comedian
Dean Chance, American baseball player
Dean Cokinos, American football coach
Dean Delannoit, Belgian pop singer
Dean Fertita, American rock musician
Dean Fisher (born 1956), American politician
Dean Forester, character on the show Gilmore Girls
Dean Fujioka, Japanese actor, musician, and model
Dean Fuleihan, American civil servant
Dean Furman (born 1988), South African professional footballer
Dean Geyer, Australian singer/actor
Dean Griffiths, Jamaican hurdler
Dean Heller, American politician
Dean Kamen, Inventory of Segway PT and founder of FIRST
Dean Kashiwagi, professor and creator of the Kashiwagi Solution Model
Dean Koontz, American author
Dean Kremer (born 1996), Israeli-American baseball pitcher
Dean Lewis (born 1989), Australian singer-songwriter
Dean Lukin, Australian weightlifter
Dean Malenko (born 1960), American professional wrestler
Dean Martin (1917–1995), American entertainer
Dean McAdams (1917–1996), American football player
Dean McDermott, Canadian actor
Dean Moriarty, character in Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road and recurring character on the show Wizards of Waverly Place
Dean O'Gorman, New Zealand actor
Dean Obeidallah, American comedian
Dean Palmer, American baseball player
Dean Philpott (born 1935), American football player
Dean Reed (1938-1986), American singer and superstar in East Germany
Dean Rusk (1909–1994), U.S. Secretary of State
Dean Schofield (born 1979), English rugby union player
Dean Smith (1931-2015), American basketball coach
Dean Thomas, a fictional character in the Harry Potter series
Dean Torrence (born 1940), American musician and part of the rock n' roll duo Jan and Dean
Dean Venture, character on the show The Venture Bros.
Dean Walton, a fictional character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
Dean Wareham, New Zealand-American musician
Dean Ween, American guitarist of the alternative rock group Ween
Dean Whare (born 1990), New Zealand Rugby League player
Dean Winchester, character on the show Supernatural
Dean Winters (born 1964), American actor
Dean Zelinsky, American guitar luthier
People with the middle name[edit]
Richard Dean Anderson, an American actor
James Dean Bradfield, the lead singer of the band Manic Street Preachers
Alan Dean Foster, a science fiction writer
William Dean Howells, American writer
Jeffrey Dean Morgan, an American actor
Greg Dean Schmitz, an on-line film journalist
Harry Dean Stanton, an American actor
Jeffrey Dean Isbell, known as Izzy Stradlin, American Guitarist
See also[edit]
Dean (disambiguation)
Dean (surname)
Name list
This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dean_(given_name)&oldid=850119096"
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text:
List of U.S. state abbreviations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Several sets of codes and abbreviations are used to represent the political divisions of the United States for postal addresses, data processing, general abbreviations, and other purposes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table
2 History
2.1 Current use of traditional abbreviations
3 Codes for states and territories
3.1 ISO standard 3166
3.2 ANSI standard INCITS 38:2009
3.3 Postal codes
3.4 Coast Guard vessel prefixes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Table[edit]
See also: List of states and territories of the United States
This table includes abbreviations for three independent nations related to the United States through Compacts of Free Association, and other comparable postal abbreviations, including those now obsolete.
Codes and abbreviations for U.S. states, territories and other regions
Codes:
ISO ISO 3166 codes (2-letter, 3-letter and 3-digit codes from ISO 3166-1; 2+2-letter codes from ISO 3166-2)
ANSI 2-letter and 2-digit codes from the ANSI standard INCITS 38:2009
USPS 2-letter codes used by the United States Postal Service
USCG 2-letter codes used by the United States Coast Guard (red text shows differences between ANSI and USCG)
Abbreviations:
GPO Older variable-length official US Government Printing Office abbreviations
AP Abbreviations from the AP Stylebook (red text shows differences between GPO and AP)
Name and status of region
ISO
ANSI
USPS
USCG
GPO
AP
Other
abbreviations
United States of America Federal state US
USA
840 US 00 U.S. U.S. U.S.A.
Alabama State US-AL AL 01 AL AL Ala. Ala.
Alaska State US-AK AK 02 AK AK Alaska Alaska Alas.
Arizona State US-AZ AZ 04 AZ AZ Ariz. Ariz. Az.
Arkansas State US-AR AR 05 AR AR Ark. Ark.
California State US-CA CA 06 CA CF Calif. Calif. Ca., Cal.
Colorado State US-CO CO 08 CO CL Colo. Colo. Col.
Connecticut State US-CT CT 09 CT CT Conn. Conn. Ct.
Delaware State US-DE DE 10 DE DL Del. Del. De.
District of Columbia Federal district US-DC DC 11 DC DC D.C. D.C. Wash. D.C.
Florida State US-FL FL 12 FL FL Fla. Fla. Fl., Flor.
Georgia State US-GA GA 13 GA GA Ga. Ga.
Hawaii State US-HI HI 15 HI HA Hawaii Hawaii H.I.
Idaho State US-ID ID 16 ID ID Idaho Idaho Id., Ida.
Illinois State US-IL IL 17 IL IL Ill. Ill. Il., Ills., Ill's
Indiana State US-IN IN 18 IN IN Ind. Ind. In.
Iowa State US-IA IA 19 IA IA Iowa Iowa Ia., Ioa.[1]
Kansas State US-KS KS 20 KS KA Kans. Kan. Ks., Ka.
Kentucky State (Commonwealth) US-KY KY 21 KY KY Ky. Ky. Ken., Kent.
Louisiana State US-LA LA 22 LA LA La. La.
Maine State US-ME ME 23 ME ME Maine Maine Me.
Maryland State US-MD MD 24 MD MD Md. Md.
Massachusetts State (Commonwealth) US-MA MA 25 MA MS Mass. Mass.
Michigan State US-MI MI 26 MI MC Mich. Mich.
Minnesota State US-MN MN 27 MN MN Minn. Minn. Mn.
Mississippi State US-MS MS 28 MS MI Miss. Miss.
Missouri State US-MO MO 29 MO MO Mo. Mo.
Montana State US-MT MT 30 MT MT Mont. Mont.
Nebraska State US-NE NE 31 NE NB Nebr. Neb.
Nevada State US-NV NV 32 NV NV Nev. Nev. Nv.
New Hampshire State US-NH NH 33 NH NH N.H. N.H.
New Jersey State US-NJ NJ 34 NJ NJ N.J. N.J. N.Jersey
New Mexico State US-NM NM 35 NM NM N. Mex. N.M. New M.
New York State US-NY NY 36 NY NY N.Y. N.Y. N. York
North Carolina State US-NC NC 37 NC NC N.C. N.C. N. Car.
North Dakota State US-ND ND 38 ND ND N. Dak. N.D. NoDak
Ohio State US-OH OH 39 OH OH Ohio Ohio O., Oh.
Oklahoma State US-OK OK 40 OK OK Okla. Okla. Ok.
Oregon State US-OR OR 41 OR OR Oreg. Ore. Or.
Pennsylvania State (Commonwealth) US-PA PA 42 PA PA Pa. Pa. Penn., Penna.
Rhode Island State US-RI RI 44 RI RI R.I. R.I. R.I. & P.P., R. Isl.
South Carolina State US-SC SC 45 SC SC S.C. S.C. S. Car.
South Dakota State US-SD SD 46 SD SD S. Dak. S.D. SoDak
Tennessee State US-TN TN 47 TN TN Tenn. Tenn.
Texas State US-TX TX 48 TX TX Tex. Texas Tx.
Utah State US-UT UT 49 UT UT Utah Utah Ut.
Vermont State US-VT VT 50 VT VT Vt. Vt.
Virginia State (Commonwealth) US-VA VA 51 VA VA Va. Va. Virg.
Washington State US-WA WA 53 WA WN Wash. Wash. Wa., Wn.[2]
West Virginia State US-WV WV 54 WV WV W. Va. W.Va. W.V., W. Virg.
Wisconsin State US-WI WI 55 WI WS Wis. Wis. Wi., Wisc.
Wyoming State US-WY WY 56 WY WY Wyo. Wyo. Wy.
American Samoa Insular area (Territory) AS
ASM
016
US-AS AS 60 AS AS A.S.
Guam Insular area (Territory) GU
GUM
316
US-GU GU 66 GU GU Guam
Northern Mariana Islands Insular area (Commonwealth) MP
MNP
580
US-MP MP 69 MP CM M.P. CNMI[3]
Puerto Rico Insular area (Territory) PR
PRI
630
US-PR PR 72 PR PR P.R.
U.S. Virgin Islands Insular area (Territory) VI
VIR
850
US-VI VI 78 VI VI V.I. U.S.V.I.
U.S. Minor Outlying Islands Insular areas UM
UMI
581
US-UM UM 74
Baker Island island UM-81 81 XB[4]
Howland Island island UM-84 84 XH[4]
Jarvis Island island UM-86 86 XQ[4]
Johnston Atoll atoll UM-67 67 XU[4]
Kingman Reef atoll UM-89 89 XM[4]
Midway Islands atoll UM-71 71 QM[4]
Navassa Island island UM-76 76 XV[4]
Palmyra Atoll[5] atoll[5] UM-95 95 XL[4]
Wake Island atoll UM-79 79 QW[4]
Micronesia Freely associated state FM
FSM
583 FM 64 FM
Marshall Islands Freely associated state MH
MHL
584 MH 68 MH
Palau Freely associated state PW
PLW
585 PW 70 PW
U.S. Armed Forces – Americas[6] US military mail code AA
U.S. Armed Forces – Europe[7] US military mail code AE
U.S. Armed Forces – Pacific[8] US military mail code AP
Northern Mariana Islands Obsolete postal code[9] CM
Panama Canal Zone Obsolete postal code PZ
PCZ
594 CZ
Nebraska Obsolete postal code[10] NB
Philippine Islands Obsolete postal code PH
PHL
608[11] PI
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Obsolete postal code PC
PCI
582 TT
History[edit]
As early as October 1831, the United States Post Office recognized common abbreviations for states and territories. However, they only accepted these abbreviations because of their popularity, preferring that patrons spell names out in full to avoid confusion.[12]
The traditional abbreviations for U.S. states and territories, widely used in mailing addresses prior to the introduction of two-letter U.S. postal abbreviations, are still commonly used for other purposes (such as legal citation), and are still recognized (though discouraged) by the Postal Service.[13]
Modern two-letter abbreviated codes for the states and territories originated in October 1963, with the issuance of Publication 59: Abbreviations for Use with ZIP Code, three months after the Post Office introduced ZIP codes in July 1963. The purpose, rather than to standardize state abbreviations per se, was to make room in a line of no more than 23 characters for the city, the state, and the ZIP code.[12]
Since 1963, only one state abbreviation has changed. Originally Nebraska was "NB"; but, in November 1969, the Post Office changed it to "NE" to avoid confusion with New Brunswick in Canada.[12]
The two-letter postal abbreviation system is complicated by the fact that several state names begin with the same letter (e.g., eight state names begin with M and eight begin with N, four "New" and two "North"). To avoid duplications, some abbreviations are not intuitive.
Prior to 1987, when the U.S. Secretary of Commerce approved the two-letter codes for use in government documents,[14] the United States Government Printing Office (GPO) suggested its own set of abbreviations, with some states left unabbreviated. Today, the GPO supports United States Postal Service standard.[15]
Current use of traditional abbreviations[edit]
The Associated Press Stylebook, the usage guide for most United States newspapers, counsels the use of abbreviations for most state names, when appended to a city name (for example, "Santa Ana, Calif."). AP suggests spelling out the names of Alaska, Hawaii, and all states with five or fewer letters; and, unlike the old GPO recommendations, AP suggests spelling out the names of all non-state territories, with the exception of the District of Columbia (D.C.). Legal citation manuals, such as The Bluebook and The ALWD Citation Manual, typically use these "traditional abbreviations" or variants thereof.
Codes for states and territories[edit]
ISO standard 3166[edit]
Main article: ISO 3166-2:US
ANSI standard INCITS 38:2009[edit]
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established alphabetic and numeric codes for each state and outlying areas in ANSI standard INCITS 38:2009. ANSI standard INCITS 38:2009 replaced the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) standards FIPS 5-2, FIPS 6-4, and FIPS 10-4. The ANSI alphabetic state code is the same as the USPS state code except for U.S. Minor Outlying Islands, which have an ANSI code "UM" but no USPS code—and U.S. Military Mail locations, which have USPS codes ("AA", "AE", "AP") but no ANSI code.
Postal codes[edit]
The United States Postal Service has established a set of uppercase abbreviations to help process mail with optical character recognition and other automated equipment.[16] There are also official USPS abbreviations for other parts of the address, such as street designators (street, avenue, road, etc.).
These postal abbreviations are distinguished from traditional abbreviations such as Calif., Fla., or Tex. The Associated Press Stylebook states that in contexts other than mailing addresses, the traditional state abbreviations should be used.[17] However, the Chicago Manual of Style now recommends use of the uppercase two-letter abbreviations, with the traditional forms as an option.[18]
The postal abbreviation is the same as the ISO 3166-2 subdivision code for each of the fifty states.
These codes do not overlap with the 13 Canadian subnational postal abbreviations. The code for Nebraska changed from NB to NE in November 1969 to avoid a conflict with New Brunswick.[12] Canada likewise chose MB for Manitoba to prevent conflict with various U.S. states.
Coast Guard vessel prefixes[edit]
The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) uses a set of two-letter prefixes for vessel numbers;[19] 39 states and the District of Columbia have the same USPS and USCG abbreviations. USCG prefixes have also been established for five outlying territories; all are the same as the USPS abbreviations except the Mariana Islands. The twelve cases where USPS and USCG abbreviations differ are listed below and marked in red in the table above.
Mis-matches between USPS and USCG codes
California
Colorado
Delaware
Hawaii
Kansas
Michigan
Mississippi
Massachusetts
Nebraska
Washington
Wisconsin
Mariana Islands
USPS
CA CO DE HI KS MI MS MA NE WA WI MP
USCG
CF CL DL HA KA MC MI MS NB WN WS CM
See also[edit]
Australian abbreviation system
Canadian abbreviation system
ISO 3166-2:US
United State Postal Service address formatting information
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ioa." or (more typically) "IOA" found in Iowa post office cancellations from the 1870s.
Jump up ^ search on WN
Jump up ^ https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/cnmi Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes Standard". NSG Standards Registry. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
^ Jump up to: a b The Palmyra Atoll is an unorganized incorporated territory of the United States that was previously a part of the Territory of Hawaii.
Jump up ^ The U.S. Armed Forces – Americas include the Caribbean Sea and exclude the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
Jump up ^ The U.S. Armed Forces – Europe include the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, Canada, Greenland, Africa, and Southwest Asia.
Jump up ^ The U.S. Armed Forces – Pacific include the Indian Ocean, Oceania, and Asia except Southwest Asia.
Jump up ^ Former USPS code "CM" for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is now obsolete; it was changed to MP in 1988 to match ISO 3166-1.
Jump up ^ Former USPS code "NB" for Nebraska is now obsolete; it was changed to NE in November 1969 to avoid confusion with New Brunswick, Canada.
Jump up ^ "Philippine diplomats will now use PH or PHL instead of RP". GMA News. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d USPS Postal History: State Abbreviations Accessed November 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ USPS Postal News, "It's Okay to Say 'I Don't Know,' So Long As You Find Out!" January 9, 2009
Jump up ^ Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 5-2, May 28, 1987 [1] Accessed April 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 30th Edition [2] Accessed April 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ United States Postal Service Publication 28 - Postal Addressing Standards. Accessed February 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ State Abbreviations
Jump up ^ Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition Accessed May 23, 2009
Jump up ^ 33 C.F.R. 173, App. A
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