text:
Axiom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about axioms as used in logic and in mathematics. For other uses, see Axiom (disambiguation).
"Axiomatic" redirects here. For other uses, see Axiomatic (disambiguation).
"Postulation" redirects here. For the term in algebraic geometry, see Postulation (algebraic geometry).
An axiom or postulate is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Greek axíōma (ἀξίωμα) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.'[1][2]
The term has subtle differences in definition when used in the context of different fields of study. As defined in classic philosophy, an axiom is a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question.[3] As used in modern logic, an axiom is simply a premise or starting point for reasoning.[4]
As used in mathematics, the term axiom is used in two related but distinguishable senses: "logical axioms" and "non-logical axioms". Logical axioms are usually statements that are taken to be true within the system of logic they define (e.g., (A and B) implies A), often shown in symbolic form, while non-logical axioms (e.g., a + b = b + a) are actually substantive assertions about the elements of the domain of a specific mathematical theory (such as arithmetic). When used in the latter sense, "axiom", "postulate", and "assumption" may be used interchangeably. In general, a non-logical axiom is not a self-evident truth, but rather a formal logical expression used in deduction to build a mathematical theory. To axiomatize a system of knowledge is to show that its claims can be derived from a small, well-understood set of sentences (the axioms). There are typically multiple ways to axiomatize a given mathematical domain.
In both senses, an axiom is any mathematical statement that serves as a starting point from which other statements are logically derived. Whether it is meaningful (and, if so, what it means) for an axiom, or any mathematical statement, to be "true" is a subject of debate in the philosophy of mathematics.[5]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Historical development
2.1 Early Greeks
2.2 Modern development
2.3 Other sciences
3 Mathematical logic
3.1 Logical axioms
3.1.1 Examples
3.1.1.1 Propositional logic
3.1.1.2 First-order logic
3.2 Non-logical axioms
3.2.1 Examples
3.2.1.1 Arithmetic
3.2.1.2 Euclidean geometry
3.2.1.3 Real analysis
3.3 Role in mathematical logic
3.3.1 Deductive systems and completeness
3.4 Further discussion
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word axiom comes from the Greek word ἀξίωμα (axíōma), a verbal noun from the verb ἀξιόειν (axioein), meaning "to deem worthy", but also "to require", which in turn comes from ἄξιος (áxios), meaning "being in balance", and hence "having (the same) value (as)", "worthy", "proper". Among the ancient Greek philosophers an axiom was a claim which could be seen to be true without any need for proof.
The root meaning of the word postulate is to "demand"; for instance, Euclid demands that one agree that some things can be done, e.g. any two points can be joined by a straight line, etc.[6]
Ancient geometers maintained some distinction between axioms and postulates. While commenting on Euclid's books, Proclus remarks that, "Geminus held that this [4th] Postulate should not be classed as a postulate but as an axiom, since it does not, like the first three Postulates, assert the possibility of some construction but expresses an essential property."[7] Boethius translated 'postulate' as petitio and called the axioms notiones communes but in later manuscripts this usage was not always strictly kept.
Historical development[edit]
Early Greeks[edit]
The logico-deductive method whereby conclusions (new knowledge) follow from premises (old knowledge) through the application of sound arguments (syllogisms, rules of inference), was developed by the ancient Greeks, and has become the core principle of modern mathematics. Tautologies excluded, nothing can be deduced if nothing is assumed. Axioms and postulates are the basic assumptions underlying a given body of deductive knowledge. They are accepted without demonstration. All other assertions (theorems, if we are talking about mathematics) must be proven with the aid of these basic assumptions. However, the interpretation of mathematical knowledge has changed from ancient times to the modern, and consequently the terms axiom and postulate hold a slightly different meaning for the present day mathematician, than they did for Aristotle and Euclid.
The ancient Greeks considered geometry as just one of several sciences, and held the theorems of geometry on par with scientific facts. As such, they developed and used the logico-deductive method as a means of avoiding error, and for structuring and communicating knowledge. Aristotle's posterior analytics is a definitive exposition of the classical view.
An "axiom", in classical terminology, referred to a self-evident assumption common to many branches of science. A good example would be the assertion that
When an equal amount is taken from equals, an equal amount results.
At the foundation of the various sciences lay certain additional hypotheses which were accepted without proof. Such a hypothesis was termed a postulate. While the axioms were common to many sciences, the postulates of each particular science were different. Their validity had to be established by means of real-world experience. Indeed, Aristotle warns that the content of a science cannot be successfully communicated, if the learner is in doubt about the truth of the postulates.[8]
The classical approach is well-illustrated by Euclid's Elements, where a list of postulates is given (common-sensical geometric facts drawn from our experience), followed by a list of "common notions" (very basic, self-evident assertions).
Postulates
It is possible to draw a straight line from any point to any other point.
It is possible to extend a line segment continuously in both directions.
It is possible to describe a circle with any center and any radius.
It is true that all right angles are equal to one another.
("Parallel postulate") It is true that, if a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, intersect on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles.
Common notions
Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.
If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
The whole is greater than the part.
Modern development[edit]
A lesson learned by mathematics in the last 150 years is that it is useful to strip the meaning away from the mathematical assertions (axioms, postulates, propositions, theorems) and definitions. One must concede the need for primitive notions, or undefined terms or concepts, in any study. Such abstraction or formalization makes mathematical knowledge more general, capable of multiple different meanings, and therefore useful in multiple contexts. Alessandro Padoa, Mario Pieri, and Giuseppe Peano were pioneers in this movement.
Structuralist mathematics goes further, and develops theories and axioms (e.g. field theory, group theory, topology, vector spaces) without any particular application in mind. The distinction between an "axiom" and a "postulate" disappears. The postulates of Euclid are profitably motivated by saying that they lead to a great wealth of geometric facts. The truth of these complicated facts rests on the acceptance of the basic hypotheses. However, by throwing out Euclid's fifth postulate we get theories that have meaning in wider contexts, hyperbolic geometry for example. We must simply be prepared to use labels like "line" and "parallel" with greater flexibility. The development of hyperbolic geometry taught mathematicians that postulates should be regarded as purely formal statements, and not as facts based on experience.
When mathematicians employ the field axioms, the intentions are even more abstract. The propositions of field theory do not concern any one particular application; the mathematician now works in complete abstraction. There are many examples of fields; field theory gives correct knowledge about them all.
It is not correct to say that the axioms of field theory are "propositions that are regarded as true without proof." Rather, the field axioms are a set of constraints. If any given system of addition and multiplication satisfies these constraints, then one is in a position to instantly know a great deal of extra information about this system.
Modern mathematics formalizes its foundations to such an extent that mathematical theories can be regarded as mathematical objects, and mathematics itself can be regarded as a branch of logic. Frege, Russell, Poincaré, Hilbert, and Gödel are some of the key figures in this development.
In the modern understanding, a set of axioms is any collection of formally stated assertions from which other formally stated assertions follow by the application of certain well-defined rules. In this view, logic becomes just another formal system. A set of axioms should be consistent; it should be impossible to derive a contradiction from the axiom. A set of axioms should also be non-redundant; an assertion that can be deduced from other axioms need not be regarded as an axiom.
It was the early hope of modern logicians that various branches of mathematics, perhaps all of mathematics, could be derived from a consistent collection of basic axioms. An early success of the formalist program was Hilbert's formalization of Euclidean geometry, and the related demonstration of the consistency of those axioms.
In a wider context, there was an attempt to base all of mathematics on Cantor's set theory. Here the emergence of Russell's paradox, and similar antinomies of naïve set theory raised the possibility that any such system could turn out to be inconsistent.
The formalist project suffered a decisive setback, when in 1931 Gödel showed that it is possible, for any sufficiently large set of axioms (Peano's axioms, for example) to construct a statement whose truth is independent of that set of axioms. As a corollary, Gödel proved that the consistency of a theory like Peano arithmetic is an unprovable assertion within the scope of that theory.
It is reasonable to believe in the consistency of Peano arithmetic because it is satisfied by the system of natural numbers, an infinite but intuitively accessible formal system. However, at present, there is no known way of demonstrating the consistency of the modern Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms for set theory. Furthermore, using techniques of forcing (Cohen) one can show that the continuum hypothesis (Cantor) is independent of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms. Thus, even this very general set of axioms cannot be regarded as the definitive foundation for mathematics.
Other sciences[edit]
Axioms play a key role not only in mathematics, but also in other sciences, notably in theoretical physics. In particular, the monumental work of Isaac Newton is essentially based on Euclid's axioms, augmented by a postulate on the non-relation of spacetime and the physics taking place in it at any moment.
In 1905, Newton's axioms were replaced by those of Albert Einstein's special relativity, and later on by those of general relativity.
Another paper of Albert Einstein and coworkers (see EPR paradox), almost immediately contradicted by Niels Bohr, concerned the interpretation of quantum mechanics. This was in 1935. According to Bohr, this new theory should be probabilistic, whereas according to Einstein it should be deterministic. Notably, the underlying quantum mechanical theory, i.e. the set of "theorems" derived by it, seemed to be identical. Einstein even assumed that it would be sufficient to add to quantum mechanics "hidden variables" to enforce determinism. However, thirty years later, in 1964, John Bell found a theorem, involving complicated optical correlations (see Bell inequalities), which yielded measurably different results using Einstein's axioms compared to using Bohr's axioms. And it took roughly another twenty years until an experiment of Alain Aspect got results in favour of Bohr's axioms, not Einstein's. (Bohr's axioms are simply: The theory should be probabilistic in the sense of the Copenhagen interpretation.)
As a consequence, it is not necessary to explicitly cite Einstein's axioms, the more so since they concern subtle points on the "reality" and "locality" of experiments.
Regardless, the role of axioms in mathematics and in the above-mentioned sciences is different. In mathematics one neither "proves" nor "disproves" an axiom for a set of theorems; the point is simply that in the conceptual realm identified by the axioms, the theorems logically follow. In contrast, in physics a comparison with experiments always makes sense, since a falsified physical theory needs modification.
Mathematical logic[edit]
In the field of mathematical logic, a clear distinction is made between two notions of axioms: logical and non-logical (somewhat similar to the ancient distinction between "axioms" and "postulates" respectively).
Logical axioms[edit]
These are certain formulas in a formal language that are universally valid, that is, formulas that are satisfied by every assignment of values. Usually one takes as logical axioms at least some minimal set of tautologies that is sufficient for proving all tautologies in the language; in the case of predicate logic more logical axioms than that are required, in order to prove logical truths that are not tautologies in the strict sense.
Examples[edit]
Propositional logic[edit]
In propositional logic it is common to take as logical axioms all formulae of the following forms, where ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } , χ {\displaystyle \chi } , and ψ {\displaystyle \psi } can be any formulae of the language and where the included primitive connectives are only " ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } " for negation of the immediately following proposition and " → {\displaystyle \to } " for implication from antecedent to consequent propositions:
ϕ → ( ψ → ϕ ) {\displaystyle \phi \to (\psi \to \phi )}
( ϕ → ( ψ → χ ) ) → ( ( ϕ → ψ ) → ( ϕ → χ ) ) {\displaystyle (\phi \to (\psi \to \chi ))\to ((\phi \to \psi )\to (\phi \to \chi ))}
( ¬ ϕ → ¬ ψ ) → ( ψ → ϕ ) . {\displaystyle (\lnot \phi \to \lnot \psi )\to (\psi \to \phi ).}
Each of these patterns is an axiom schema, a rule for generating an infinite number of axioms. For example, if A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , and C {\displaystyle C} are propositional variables, then A → ( B → A ) {\displaystyle A\to (B\to A)} and ( A → ¬ B ) → ( C → ( A → ¬ B ) ) {\displaystyle (A\to \lnot B)\to (C\to (A\to \lnot B))} are both instances of axiom schema 1, and hence are axioms. It can be shown that with only these three axiom schemata and modus ponens, one can prove all tautologies of the propositional calculus. It can also be shown that no pair of these schemata is sufficient for proving all tautologies with modus ponens.
Other axiom schemas involving the same or different sets of primitive connectives can be alternatively constructed.[9]
These axiom schemata are also used in the predicate calculus, but additional logical axioms are needed to include a quantifier in the calculus.[10]
First-order logic[edit]
Axiom of Equality. Let L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} be a first-order language. For each variable x {\displaystyle x} , the formula
x = x {\displaystyle x=x}
is universally valid.
This means that, for any variable symbol x , {\displaystyle x\,,} the formula x = x {\displaystyle x=x} can be regarded as an axiom. Also, in this example, for this not to fall into vagueness and a never-ending series of "primitive notions", either a precise notion of what we mean by x = x {\displaystyle x=x} (or, for that matter, "to be equal") has to be well established first, or a purely formal and syntactical usage of the symbol = {\displaystyle =} has to be enforced, only regarding it as a string and only a string of symbols, and mathematical logic does indeed do that.
Another, more interesting example axiom scheme, is that which provides us with what is known as Universal Instantiation:
Axiom scheme for Universal Instantiation. Given a formula ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } in a first-order language L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} , a variable x {\displaystyle x} and a term t {\displaystyle t} that is substitutable for x {\displaystyle x} in ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } , the formula
∀ x ϕ → ϕ t x {\displaystyle \forall x\,\phi \to \phi _{t}^{x}}
is universally valid.
Where the symbol ϕ t x {\displaystyle \phi _{t}^{x}} stands for the formula ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } with the term t {\displaystyle t} substituted for x {\displaystyle x} . (See Substitution of variables.) In informal terms, this example allows us to state that, if we know that a certain property P {\displaystyle P} holds for every x {\displaystyle x} and that t {\displaystyle t} stands for a particular object in our structure, then we should be able to claim P ( t ) {\displaystyle P(t)} . Again, we are claiming that the formula ∀ x ϕ → ϕ t x {\displaystyle \forall x\phi \to \phi _{t}^{x}} is valid, that is, we must be able to give a "proof" of this fact, or more properly speaking, a metaproof. Actually, these examples are metatheorems of our theory of mathematical logic since we are dealing with the very concept of proof itself. Aside from this, we can also have Existential Generalization:
Axiom scheme for Existential Generalization. Given a formula ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } in a first-order language L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} , a variable x {\displaystyle x} and a term t {\displaystyle t} that is substitutable for x {\displaystyle x} in ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } , the formula
ϕ t x → ∃ x ϕ {\displaystyle \phi _{t}^{x}\to \exists x\,\phi }
is universally valid.
Non-logical axioms[edit]
Non-logical axioms are formulas that play the role of theory-specific assumptions. Reasoning about two different structures, for example the natural numbers and the integers, may involve the same logical axioms; the non-logical axioms aim to capture what is special about a particular structure (or set of structures, such as groups). Thus non-logical axioms, unlike logical axioms, are not tautologies. Another name for a non-logical axiom is postulate.[11]
Almost every modern mathematical theory starts from a given set of non-logical axioms, and it was thought[citation needed] that in principle every theory could be axiomatized in this way and formalized down to the bare language of logical formulas.
Non-logical axioms are often simply referred to as axioms in mathematical discourse. This does not mean that it is claimed that they are true in some absolute sense. For example, in some groups, the group operation is commutative, and this can be asserted with the introduction of an additional axiom, but without this axiom we can do quite well developing (the more general) group theory, and we can even take its negation as an axiom for the study of non-commutative groups.
Thus, an axiom is an elementary basis for a formal logic system that together with the rules of inference define a deductive system.
Examples[edit]
This section gives examples of mathematical theories that are developed entirely from a set of non-logical axioms (axioms, henceforth). A rigorous treatment of any of these topics begins with a specification of these axioms.
Basic theories, such as arithmetic, real analysis and complex analysis are often introduced non-axiomatically, but implicitly or explicitly there is generally an assumption that the axioms being used are the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with choice, abbreviated ZFC, or some very similar system of axiomatic set theory like Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory, a conservative extension of ZFC. Sometimes slightly stronger theories such as Morse–Kelley set theory or set theory with a strongly inaccessible cardinal allowing the use of a Grothendieck universe are used, but in fact most mathematicians can actually prove all they need in systems weaker than ZFC, such as second-order arithmetic.[citation needed]
The study of topology in mathematics extends all over through point set topology, algebraic topology, differential topology, and all the related paraphernalia, such as homology theory, homotopy theory. The development of abstract algebra brought with itself group theory, rings, fields, and Galois theory.
This list could be expanded to include most fields of mathematics, including measure theory, ergodic theory, probability, representation theory, and differential geometry.
Arithmetic[edit]
The Peano axioms are the most widely used axiomatization of first-order arithmetic. They are a set of axioms strong enough to prove many important facts about number theory and they allowed Gödel to establish his famous second incompleteness theorem.[12]
We have a language L N T = { 0 , S } {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}_{NT}=\{0,S\}} where 0 {\displaystyle 0} is a constant symbol and S {\displaystyle S} is a unary function and the following axioms:
∀ x . ¬ ( S x = 0 ) {\displaystyle \forall x.\lnot (Sx=0)}
∀ x . ∀ y . ( S x = S y → x = y ) {\displaystyle \forall x.\forall y.(Sx=Sy\to x=y)}
( ϕ ( 0 ) ∧ ∀ x . ( ϕ ( x ) → ϕ ( S x ) ) ) → ∀ x . ϕ ( x ) {\displaystyle (\phi (0)\land \forall x.\,(\phi (x)\to \phi (Sx)))\to \forall x.\phi (x)} for any L N T {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}_{NT}} formula ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } with one free variable.
The standard structure is N = ⟨ N , 0 , S ⟩ {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}=\langle \mathbb {N} ,0,S\rangle } where N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } is the set of natural numbers, S {\displaystyle S} is the successor function and 0 {\displaystyle 0} is naturally interpreted as the number 0.
Euclidean geometry[edit]
Probably the oldest, and most famous, list of axioms are the 4 + 1 Euclid's postulates of plane geometry. The axioms are referred to as "4 + 1" because for nearly two millennia the fifth (parallel) postulate ("through a point outside a line there is exactly one parallel") was suspected of being derivable from the first four. Ultimately, the fifth postulate was found to be independent of the first four. Indeed, one can assume that exactly one parallel through a point outside a line exists, or that infinitely many exist. This choice gives us two alternative forms of geometry in which the interior angles of a triangle add up to exactly 180 degrees or less, respectively, and are known as Euclidean and hyperbolic geometries. If one also removes the second postulate ("a line can be extended indefinitely") then elliptic geometry arises, where there is no parallel through a point outside a line, and in which the interior angles of a triangle add up to more than 180 degrees.
Real analysis[edit]
The objectives of study are within the domain of real numbers. The real numbers are uniquely picked out (up to isomorphism) by the properties of a Dedekind complete ordered field, meaning that any nonempty set of real numbers with an upper bound has a least upper bound. However, expressing these properties as axioms requires use of second-order logic. The Löwenheim–Skolem theorems tell us that if we restrict ourselves to first-order logic, any axiom system for the reals admits other models, including both models that are smaller than the reals and models that are larger. Some of the latter are studied in non-standard analysis.
Role in mathematical logic[edit]
Deductive systems and completeness[edit]
A deductive system consists of a set Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } of logical axioms, a set Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } of non-logical axioms, and a set { ( Γ , ϕ ) } {\displaystyle \{(\Gamma ,\phi )\}} of rules of inference. A desirable property of a deductive system is that it be complete. A system is said to be complete if, for all formulas ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } ,
if Σ ⊨ ϕ then Σ ⊢ ϕ {\displaystyle {\text{if }}\Sigma \models \phi {\text{ then }}\Sigma \vdash \phi }
that is, for any statement that is a logical consequence of Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } there actually exists a deduction of the statement from Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } . This is sometimes expressed as "everything that is true is provable", but it must be understood that "true" here means "made true by the set of axioms", and not, for example, "true in the intended interpretation". Gödel's completeness theorem establishes the completeness of a certain commonly used type of deductive system.
Note that "completeness" has a different meaning here than it does in the context of Gödel's first incompleteness theorem, which states that no recursive, consistent set of non-logical axioms Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } of the Theory of Arithmetic is complete, in the sense that there will always exist an arithmetic statement ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } such that neither ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } nor ¬ ϕ {\displaystyle \lnot \phi } can be proved from the given set of axioms.
There is thus, on the one hand, the notion of completeness of a deductive system and on the other hand that of completeness of a set of non-logical axioms. The completeness theorem and the incompleteness theorem, despite their names, do not contradict one another.
Further discussion[edit]
Early mathematicians regarded axiomatic geometry as a model of physical space, and obviously there could only be one such model. The idea that alternative mathematical systems might exist was very troubling to mathematicians of the 19th century and the developers of systems such as Boolean algebra made elaborate efforts to derive them from traditional arithmetic. Galois showed just before his untimely death that these efforts were largely wasted. Ultimately, the abstract parallels between algebraic systems were seen to be more important than the details and modern algebra was born. In the modern view axioms may be any set of formulas, as long as they are not known to be inconsistent.
See also[edit]
Mathematics portal
Logic portal
Axiomatic system
Dogma
List of axioms
Model theory
Regulæ Juris
Theorem
Presupposition
Physical law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cf. axiom, n., etymology. Oxford English Dictionary, accessed 2012-04-28.
Jump up ^ Oxford American College Dictionary: "n. a statement or proposition that is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true. ORIGIN: late 15th cent.: ultimately from Greek axiōma 'what is thought fitting,' from axios 'worthy.' http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1O997-axiom.html (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "A proposition that commends itself to general acceptance; a well-established or universally conceded principle; a maxim, rule, law" axiom, n., definition 1a. Oxford English Dictionary Online, accessed 2012-04-28. Cf. Aristotle, Posterior Analytics I.2.72a18-b4.
Jump up ^ "A proposition (whether true or false)" axiom, n., definition 2. Oxford English Dictionary Online, accessed 2012-04-28.
Jump up ^ See for example Maddy, Penelope (Jun 1988). "Believing the Axioms, I". Journal of Symbolic Logic. 53 (2): 481–511. doi:10.2307/2274520. for a realist view.
Jump up ^ Wolff, P. Breakthroughs in Mathematics, 1963, New York: New American Library, pp 47–48
Jump up ^ Heath, T. 1956. The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements. New York: Dover. p 200
Jump up ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics Bk IV, Chapter 3, 1005b "Physics also is a kind of Wisdom, but it is not the first kind. – And the attempts of some of those who discuss the terms on which truth should be accepted, are due to want of training in logic; for they should know these things already when they come to a special study, and not be inquiring into them while they are listening to lectures on it." W.D. Ross translation, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon, (Random House, New York, 1941)|date=June 2011
Jump up ^ Mendelson, "6. Other Axiomatizations" of Ch. 1
Jump up ^ Mendelson, "3. First-Order Theories" of Ch. 2
Jump up ^ Mendelson, "3. First-Order Theories: Proper Axioms" of Ch. 2
Jump up ^ Mendelson, "5. The Fixed Point Theorem. Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem" of Ch. 2
Further reading[edit]
Mendelson, Elliot (1987). Introduction to mathematical logic. Belmont, California: Wadsworth & Brooks. ISBN 0-534-06624-0
Wilson, John Cook (1889). On an Evolutionist Theory of Axioms. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
External links[edit]
Look up axiom or given in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Axiom.
Axiom at PhilPapers
Axiom at PlanetMath.org.
Metamath axioms page
hide
v
t
e
Mathematical logic
General
Formal language
Formation rule
Formal proof
Formal semantics
Well-formed formula
Set
Element
Class
Classical logic
Axiom
Rule of inference
Relation
Theorem
Logical consequence
Type theory
Symbol
Syntax
Theory
Systems
Formal system
Deductive system
Axiomatic system
Hilbert style systems
Natural deduction
Sequent calculus
Traditional logic
Proposition
Inference
Argument
Validity
Cogency
Syllogism
Square of opposition
Venn diagram
Propositional calculus
and Boolean logic
Boolean functions
Propositional calculus
Propositional formula
Logical connectives
Truth tables
Many-valued logic
Predicate logic
First-order
Quantifiers
Predicate
Second-order
Monadic predicate calculus
Naive set theory
Set
Empty set
Element
Enumeration
Extensionality
Finite set
Infinite set
Subset
Power set
Countable set
Uncountable set
Recursive set
Domain
Codomain
Image
Map
Function
Relation
Ordered pair
Set theory
Foundations of mathematics
Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory
Axiom of choice
General set theory
Kripke–Platek set theory
Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory
Morse–Kelley set theory
Tarski–Grothendieck set theory
Model theory
Model
Interpretation
Non-standard model
Finite model theory
Truth value
Validity
Proof theory
Formal proof
Deductive system
Formal system
Theorem
Logical consequence
Rule of inference
Syntax
Computability
theory
Recursion
Recursive set
Recursively enumerable set
Decision problem
Church–Turing thesis
Computable function
Primitive recursive function
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axiom&oldid=855955736"
Categories:
Mathematical axioms
Mathematical terminology
Formal systems
Concepts in logic
Assumption
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Use dmy dates from June 2013
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikisource
Languages
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
82 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 August 2018, at 23:36 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Axiom_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Axiom (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Axiomatic_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Axiomatic (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Postulation_(algebraic_geometry)
mw-redirect
Postulation (algebraic geometry)

value: b

attrs: href title

value: i

value: span

attrs: lang title

values:
grc
Ancient Greek language text

values:
/wiki/Classic_philosophy
mw-redirect
Classic philosophy

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Posterior_analytics
mw-redirect
Posterior analytics

values:
/wiki/Straight_line
mw-redirect
Straight line

values:
/wiki/Line-line_intersection
mw-redirect
Line-line intersection

values:
/wiki/Propositional_logic
mw-redirect
Propositional logic

values:
/wiki/Field_theory_(mathematics)
mw-redirect
Field theory (mathematics)

values:
/wiki/Linear_space
mw-redirect
Linear space

values:
/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_set_theory
mw-redirect
Naïve set theory

values:
/wiki/Peano_arithmetic
mw-redirect
Peano arithmetic

values:
/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel_axioms
mw-redirect
Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms

values:
/wiki/Bell_inequalities
mw-redirect
Bell inequalities

values:
/wiki/Formula_(mathematical_logic)
mw-redirect
Formula (mathematical logic)

values:
/wiki/Assignment_(mathematical_logic)
mw-redirect
Assignment (mathematical logic)

values:
/wiki/Predicate_logic
mw-redirect
Predicate logic

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.455ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: 0.204ex; margin-bottom: -0.376ex; width:1.55ex; height:1.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle \phi \to (\psi \to \phi )}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.321ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.824ex; height:2.843ex;

values: (\phi \to (\psi \to \chi ))\to ((\phi \to \psi )\to (\phi \to \chi ))

values: {\displaystyle (\lnot \phi \to \lnot \psi )\to (\psi \to \phi ).}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.006ex; height:2.843ex;

values: (\lnot \phi \to \lnot \psi )\to (\psi \to \phi ).

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.288ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle (A\to \lnot B)\to (C\to (A\to \lnot B))}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.765ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Predicate_calculus
mw-redirect
Predicate calculus

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.548ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/First-order_language
mw-redirect
First-order language

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.758ex; height:1.676ex;

values: border: 1px solid #CCCCCC; padding-left: 5px;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.364ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: 0.307ex; margin-bottom: -0.478ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.343ex;

values:
/wiki/Axiom_scheme
mw-redirect
Axiom scheme

values:
/wiki/First_order_logic#Terms
mw-redirect
First order logic

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;

values: {\displaystyle \forall x\,\phi \to \phi _{t}^{x}}

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.567ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.558ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Substitution_of_variables
mw-redirect
Substitution of variables

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.394ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle \forall x\phi \to \phi _{t}^{x}}

values: vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.18ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle \phi _{t}^{x}\to \exists x\,\phi }

values:
/wiki/Group_(algebra)
mw-redirect
Group (algebra)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Rules_of_inference
mw-redirect
Rules of inference

values:
/wiki/Deductive_system
mw-redirect
Deductive system

values:
/wiki/Axiomatic_set_theory
mw-redirect
Axiomatic set theory

values:
/wiki/Strongly_inaccessible_cardinal
mw-redirect
Strongly inaccessible cardinal

values: This claim should include a citation (April 2016)

values:
/wiki/Point_set_topology
mw-redirect
Point set topology

values:
/wiki/Homology_theory
mw-redirect
Homology theory

values:
/wiki/Homotopy_theory
mw-redirect
Homotopy theory

values:
/wiki/Measure_theory
mw-redirect
Measure theory

values:
/wiki/First-order_arithmetic
mw-redirect
First-order arithmetic

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.515ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.106ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\displaystyle \forall x.\forall y.(Sx=Sy\to x=y)}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.727ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.558ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.396ex; height:2.509ex;

values: {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {N}}=\langle \mathbb {N} ,0,S\rangle }

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.249ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Euclid%27s_postulates
mw-redirect
Euclid's postulates

values:
/wiki/Real_numbers
mw-redirect
Real numbers

values: Edit section: Role in mathematical logic

values: Edit section: Deductive systems and completeness

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.006ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.765ex; height:2.843ex;

values: {\text{if }}\Sigma \models \phi {\text{ then }}\Sigma \vdash \phi

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.936ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Physical_space
mw-redirect
Physical space

values:
/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(logic)
mw-redirect
Boolean algebra (logic)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/2274520

values:
/wiki/Mathematical_realism
mw-redirect
Mathematical realism

values:
/wiki/T._L._Heath
mw-redirect
T. L. Heath

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
external text
https://philpapers.org/s/axiom

values:
nofollow
external text
http://planetmath.org/Axiom

values:
/wiki/Formal_semantics_(logic)
mw-redirect
Formal semantics (logic)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Axiom
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Axiom&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: بديهية (فلسفة) – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axoma
Axoma – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: স্বতঃসিদ্ধ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Аксіёма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioom
Aksioom – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Αξίωμα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiomo
Aksiomo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiome
Axiome – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicseam
Aicseam – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Աքսիոմա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: अभिगृहीत – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomo
Axiomo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioma
Aksioma – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumsenda
Frumsenda – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אקסיומה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: აქსიომა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Аксиома – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Аксиома – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioma
Aksioma – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioma
Aksioma – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: സ്വയം‌സിദ്ധപ്രമാണം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: एक्जियम – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiome
Axiome – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioma
Aksioma – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksjomat
Aksjomat – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioma
Axioma – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Аксіома – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Аксиома – Russian

values: Аксиома – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksioma
Aksioma – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assioma
Assioma – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Аксиома – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiom
Aksiom – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiooma
Aksiooma – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom
Axiom – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: மெய்கோள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: สัจพจน์ – Thai

values: Аксиома – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksiyom
Aksiyom – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asioma
Asioma – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksyoma
Aksyoma – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values: אקסיאם – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Axiom rootpage-Axiom skin-vector action-view


text:
"Hello, World!" program
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Hello World" redirects here. For other uses, see Hello World (disambiguation).
A "Hello, World!" message being displayed through long-exposure light painting with a moving strip of LED lights
A "Hello, World!" program is a computer program that outputs or displays the message "Hello, World!". Being a very simple program in most programming languages, it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language and is often the first program people write.[1][2]
Contents
1 Purpose
2 History
3 Variations
4 Time to Hello World
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Purpose[edit]
A "Hello, World!" program is traditionally used to introduce novice programmers to a programming language.
"Hello, world!" is also traditionally used in a sanity test to make sure that a computer language is correctly installed, and that the operator understands how to use it.
History[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Hello, world" program by Brian Kernighan (1978)
While small test programs have existed since the development of programmable computers, the tradition of using the phrase "Hello, world!" as a test message was influenced by an example program in the seminal book The C Programming Language.[3] The example program from that book prints "hello, world" (without capital letters or exclamation mark), and was inherited[citation needed] from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial:[4]
#include <stdio.h> main( ) { printf("hello, world\n"); }
The C version was preceded by Kernighan's own 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B,[5] where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables:
main(){
  extrn a,b,c;
  putchar(a); putchar(b); putchar(c); putchar('!*n');
  }

a 'hell';
b 'o, w';
c 'orld';

The program prints hello, world! on the terminal, including a newline character. The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B, a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters. The previous example in the tutorial printed hi! on the terminal, and the phrase hello, world! was introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression.
It is also claimed that[by whom?] hello, world originated instead with BCPL (1967).[6][unreliable source?]This claim is supported by the archived notes of the inventors of BCPL, Prof. Brian Kernighan at Princeton and Martin Richards at Cambridge.[citation needed]
For modern languages, hello, world programs vary in sophistication. For example, the Go programming language introduced a multilingual program,[7] Sun demonstrated a Java hello, world based on scalable vector graphics,[8] and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth hello, world using 3D graphics.[9] While some languages such as Perl, Python or Ruby may need only a single statement to print "hello, world", a low-level assembly language may require dozens of commands. Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the "hello, world" test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text.[10]
Variations[edit]
A "Hello, world!" program running on Sony's PlayStation Portable as a proof of concept.
There are many variations on the punctuation and casing of the phrase. Variations include the presence or absence of the comma and exclamation mark, and the capitalization of the 'H', both the 'H' and the 'W', or neither. Some languages are forced to implement different forms, such as "HELLO WORLD", on systems that support only capital letters, while many "hello, world" programs in esoteric languages print out a slightly modified string. For example, the first non-trivial Malbolge program printed "HEllO WORld", this having been determined to be good enough.[11]
There are variations in spirit, as well. Functional programming languages, like Lisp, ML and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for Hello, World, as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise capable of Hello, World (Assembly, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring additional components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent. For devices such as microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays, and CPLD's, "Hello, World" may thus be substituted with a blinking LED, which demonstrates timing and interaction between components.[12][13][14][15][16]
The Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the "hello, world" program through the apt packaging system; this allows users to simply type "apt-get install hello" for the program to be installed, along with any software dependencies. While of itself useless, it serves as a sanity check and a simple example to newcomers of how to install a package. It is significantly more useful for developers, however, as it provides an example of how to create a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of how to write a GNU program.[17]
Time to Hello World[edit]
Time to "Hello World" (TTHW) is a metric for how long it takes to get a "Hello World" program running from scratch.[18]
See also[edit]
Computer Science portal
Computing portal
Computer programming portal
"99 Bottles of Beer" as used in computer science
Foobar
Java Pet Store
Just another Perl hacker
List of basic computer science topics
Trabb Pardo-Knuth algorithm
List of hello world programs at Wikibooks
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James A Langbridge. "Professional Embedded ARM Development".
Jump up ^ "sinobitorg/hardware". GitHub.
Jump up ^ Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-110163-3.
Jump up ^ Kernighan, Brian. "Programming in C: A Tutorial". Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Programming Language B".
Jump up ^ BCPL, Jargon File
Jump up ^ A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language. Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The Go Programming Language. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jolif, Christophe (January 2003). "Bringing SVG Power to Java Applications". Sun Developer Network.
Jump up ^ de Dinechin, Christophe (July 24, 2010). "Hello world!". Grenouille Bouillie.
Jump up ^ "Teaching the Nintendo Generation to Program" (PDF). bfoit.org.
Jump up ^ "Malbolge". Esolang. esolangs-wiki. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Silva, Mike (11 September 2013). "Introduction to Microcontrollers - Hello World". EmbeddedRelated.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ George, Ligo. "Blinking LED using Atmega32 Microcontroller and Atmel Studio". electroSome. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ PT, Ranjeeth. "2. AVR Microcontrollers in Linux HOWTO". The Linux Documentation Project. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Andersson, Sven-Åke (2 April 2012). "3.2 The first Altera FPGA design". RTE. Realtime Embedded AB. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Fabio, Adam (6 April 2014). "CPLD Tutorial: Learn programmable logic the easy way". Hackaday. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hello - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation". gnu.org. GNU Project. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Six Ways to Accelerate Time to First "Hello World"". ProgrammableWeb. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hello World.
The Wikibook Computer Programming has a page on the topic of: Hello world
Rösler, Wolfram. "Hello World Collection". helloworldcollection.de.
"Hello world/Text". Rosetta Code.
"Unsung Heroes of IT / Part One: Brian Kernighan". TheUnsungHeroesOfIT.com.
hide
v
t
e
Standard test items
Pangram
Reference implementation
Standard test image
Television (test card)
SMPTE color bars
Indian-head test pattern
Test Card F
Philips PM5544
Computer languages
"Hello, World!" program
Quine
Trabb Pardo–Knuth algorithm
Man or boy test
Just another Perl hacker
Data compression
Calgary corpus
Canterbury corpus
3D computer graphics
Cornell box
Stanford bunny
Stanford dragon
Utah teapot
Machine learning
ImageNet
MNIST database
List
Typography
Hamburgevons
Lorem ipsum
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Other
EICAR test file
GTUBE
Harvard sentences
Lenna
"Tom's Diner"
SMPTE universal leader
EURion constellation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%22Hello,_World!%22_program&oldid=865447531"
Categories:
Test items in computer languages
Computer programming folklore
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from March 2015
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016
Articles with example code
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
52 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 October 2018, at 01:03 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Hello_World_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Hello World (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: sup

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Sanity_test
mw-redirect
Sanity test

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language_(book)
mw-redirect
The C Programming Language (book)

values: padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color: #666666;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2015)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2015)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)

values:
/wiki/Go_programming_language
mw-redirect
Go programming language

values:
/wiki/Scalable_vector_graphics
mw-redirect
Scalable vector graphics

values:
/wiki/Perl_(programming_language)
mw-redirect
Perl (programming language)

values:
/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_arrays
mw-redirect
Field-programmable gate arrays

values:
/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)
mw-redirect
Ubuntu (operating system)

values:
/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool
mw-redirect
Advanced Packaging Tool

values:
/wiki/Dependency_(software)
mw-redirect
Dependency (software)

values:
/wiki/Portal:Computer_Science
mw-redirect
Portal:Computer Science

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Trabb_Pardo-Knuth_algorithm
mw-redirect
Trabb Pardo-Knuth algorithm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://github.com/sinobitorg/hardware

values:
/wiki/Brian_W._Kernighan
mw-redirect
Brian W. Kernighan

values:
/wiki/Dennis_M._Ritchie
mw-redirect
Dennis M. Ritchie

values:
/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_NJ
mw-redirect
Englewood Cliffs, NJ

values:
nofollow
external text
https://esolangs.org/wiki/Malbolge

values:
nofollow
https://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://helloworldcollection.de

values:
nofollow
external text
http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Hello_world

values: List of datasets for machine learning research

values: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

values: nowraplinks collapsible autolistlapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Test items in computer languages

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2015

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: برنامج أهلا بالعالم – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: "হ্যালো, ওয়ার্ল্ড!" প্রোগ্রাম – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: برنامه «سلام، دنیا!» – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_mundo
Ola mundo – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಹೆಲ್ಲೊ ವರ್ಲ್ಡ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರ್ಯಾಮ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഹലോ വേൾഡ് (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ പ്രോഗ്രാം) – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: بەرنامەی «سڵاو، جیھان!» – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: அகிலத்துக்கு வணக்கம் (நிரல்) – Tamil

values: เฮลโลเวิลด์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ہیلو ورلڈ پروگرام – Urdu

values: Chương trình máy tính "Xin chào thế giới" – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-_Hello_World_program rootpage-_Hello_World_program skin-vector action-view


text:
Send Me the Pillow You Dream On
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"
Song by Hank Locklin, The Browns, Johnny Tillotson, and Dean Martin
Published
1949
Songwriter(s)
Hank Locklin
"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On" is country song written and recorded by Hank Locklin. The song has become a standard for the Nashville sound, and has been covered by pop, country, and bluegrass artists.
Locklin first released the song in 78-disc Star 1360 in September 1949, but it didn't hit the charts.[1] Locklin re-released it in December 1957 on RCA Victor 47-7127 single, and it peaked at No. 5 on Billboard's chart of "Most Played C&W by Jockeys"[2] and crossed over to the pop charts.[1]
In the 1960s, the song was a hit for The Browns, Johnny Tillotson, and Dean Martin.
Among the many other artists who have also recorded cover versions of the song are:
Jerry Lee Lewis Connie Francis Hank Williams Jr. [3]
Daniel O'Donnell[4]
Dolly Parton[5]
The Everly Brothers[6]
Foster and Allen[7]
Jerry Vale[8]
Loretta Lynn[9]
Marty Wilde[10]
Pat Boone[11]
Roy Rogers[12]
Slim Whitman[13]
Willie Nelson and Hank Snow[14]
Dwight Yoakam on his album Buenas Noches from a Lonely Room
The Whites[15] [16][17]
Contents
1 Chart performance
1.1 Hank Locklin
1.2 Lydia and her Melody Strings
1.3 The Browns
1.4 Johnny Tillotson
1.5 Dean Martin
1.6 The Whites
2 References
Chart performance[edit]
Hank Locklin[edit]
Chart (1958)
Peak
position
US Billboard - C&W Best Sellers in Stores[18] 7
US Billboard - Most Played C&W by Jockeys[2] 5
US Billboard Top 100 Sides[19] 77
Netherlands[20] 4
Lydia and her Melody Strings[edit]
Chart (1959)
Peak
position
Netherlands[21] 4
The Browns[edit]
Chart (1960)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot C&W Sides[22] 23
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 56
Johnny Tillotson[edit]
Chart (1962)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 17
US Billboard Hot C & W Sides[25] 11
US Billboard Easy Listening[26][27] 5
Norway VG-lista[28] 3
U.K. - Record Retailer[29] 21
Irish Singles Chart[30] 7
Sweden Kvällstoppen Charts 17
Dean Martin[edit]
Chart (1965)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[31] 22
US Billboard Middle-Road Singles[32][33] 5
Canada RPM Top 40 & 5[34] 16
The Whites[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot Country Singles[16] 66
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hank Locklin
^ Jump up to: a b "Most Played C&W by Jockeys", Billboard, May 19, 1958. p. 43. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "allmusic,com". allmusic,com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "45cat.com". 45cat.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "lpdiscography.com". lpdiscography.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "45cat.com". 45cat.com. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard Hot Country Singles", Billboard, July 4, 1981. p. 58. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hank Locklin". www.telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "C&W Best Sellers in Stores", Billboard, May 19, 1958. p. 43. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Sides", Billboard, June 2, 1958. p. 34. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hank Locklin - Send Me the Pillow You Dream On, Dutch Charts. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lydia & Her Melody Strings - Send Me the Pillow You Dream On, Dutch Charts. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot C&W Sides", Billboard, December 31, 1960. p. 36. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Browns - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnny Tillotson - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot C & W Sides", Billboard, October 6, 1962. p. 44. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnny Tillotson - Chart History - Adult Contemporary, Billboard.com. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Easy Listening", Billboard, September 15, 1962. p. 26. Accessed September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnny Tillotson - Everybody Loves Somebody, norwegiancharts.com. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnny Tillotson - Full Official Chart History, Official Charts Company. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Artist Search Results for "Johnny Tillotson", The Irish Charts. Accessed September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dean Martin - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dean Martin - Chart History - Adult Contemporary, Billboard.com. Accessed September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Middle-Road Singles", Billboard, March 13, 1965. p. 77. Accessed September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 & 5", RPM Weekly, Volume 3, No. 3, March 15, 1965. Accessed September 21, 2016.
show
v
t
e
Dean Martin
Discography
Studio albums
Dean Martin Sings
Swingin' Down Yonder
Pretty Baby
Sleep Warm
A Winter Romance
This Time I'm Swingin'!
Dino: Italian Love Songs
Cha Cha de Amor
French Style
Dino Latino
Dean "Tex" Martin: Country Style
Dean "Tex" Martin Rides Again
Dream with Dean
The Door Is Still Open to My Heart
Dean Martin Hits Again
(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You
Houston
Somewhere There's a Someone
Dean Martin Sings Songs from The Silencers
The Hit Sound of Dean Martin
The Dean Martin Christmas Album
The Dean Martin TV Show
Happiness Is Dean Martin
Welcome to My World
Gentle on My Mind
I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am
My Woman, My Woman, My Wife
For the Good Times
Dino
Sittin' on Top of the World
You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me
Once in a While
The Nashville Sessions
Posthumous albums
Live from Las Vegas
Forever Cool
Compilation albums
Hey, Brother, Pour the Wine
The Best of Dean Martin
Dino: The Essential Dean Martin
Singles
"Powder Your Face with Sunshine (Smile, Smile, Smile)"
"If"
"You Belong to Me"
"That's Amore"
"Sway"
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane"
"Mambo Italiano"
"Young and Foolish"
"Under the Bridges of Paris"
"Memories Are Made of This"
"Innamorata"
"Standing on the Corner"
"Return to Me"
"Angel Baby"
"Volare"
"On an Evening in Roma"
"Just in Time"
"Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"
"Everybody Loves Somebody"
"The Door Is Still Open to My Heart"
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"
"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You"
"Houston"
"I Will"
"Somewhere There's a Someone"
"Come Running Back"
"A Million and One"
"Nobody's Baby Again"
"(Open Up the Door) Let the Good Times In"
"Lay Some Happiness on Me"
"In the Chapel in the Moonlight"
"Little Ole Wine Drinker, Me"
"In the Misty Moonlight"
"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart"
"Not Enough Indians"
"Gentle on My Mind"
"I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am"
"Detroit City"
"She's a Little Bit Country"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Related
Martin and Lewis
Rat Pack
Deana Martin (daughter)
Dean Paul Martin (son)
Ricci Martin (son)
The Rat Pack (1998 film)
Martin and Lewis (2002 film)
show
v
t
e
Hank Locklin
Studio albums
Please Help Me, I'm Falling (2010)
Singles
"Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"
"Let Me Be the One"
"Why Baby Why"
"Please Help Me, I'm Falling"
"You're the Reason"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Send_Me_the_Pillow_You_Dream_On&oldid=834128309"
Categories:
1949 singles
1958 singles
1960 singles
1962 singles
1965 singles
1981 singles
Hank Locklin songs
Johnny Tillotson songs
The Browns songs
The Whites songs
Dean Martin songs
1949 songs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Norsk
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 02:30 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: td

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Edit section: Lydia and her Melody Strings

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.45cat.com/record/33131521

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.45cat.com/record/nc099532us

values:
Dean_Martin
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: The Door Is Still Open to My Heart (album)

values: (Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (album)

values: Dean Martin Sings Songs from "The Silencers"

values: I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am (album)

values: Sittin' on Top of the World (Dean Martin album)

values: You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me (album)

values: The Nashville Sessions (Dean Martin album)

values: You've Still Got a Place in My Heart (song)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
Hank_Locklin
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Send_Me_the_Pillow_You_Dream_On
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Send Me the Pillow That You Dream On – Norwegian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Send_Me_the_Pillow_You_Dream_On rootpage-Send_Me_the_Pillow_You_Dream_On skin-vector action-view


text:
Jamaica, Land We Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jamaica, Land We Love
National anthem of Jamaica
Lyrics
Hugh Sherlock, July 1962[1]
Music
Robert Lightbourne
Mapletoft Poulle (arranger), July 1962[1]
Adopted
July 19, 1962; 55 years ago (July 19, 1962)
Audio sample
"Jamaica, Land We Love" (instrumental)
file
help
v
t
e
The anthem played by the U.S. Navy Band.
"Jamaica, Land We Love" is the official national anthem of Jamaica, adopted in July 1962. The anthem was chosen after a competition from September 1961 until 31 March 1962, in which, the lyrics of the national anthem were selected by Jamaica's Houses of Parliament. When Jamaica was granted independence on 6 August 1962, "Jamaica, Land We Love" continued to be officially used as the national anthem.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Lyrics
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the declaration of the independence of Jamaica, Jamaica was made a West Indies Federation province of the British West Indies, still under the rule of the United Kingdom. The nation entered the federation under the rule of Premier Norman Manley, who also made various constitutional amendments to allow the process of decolonisation to rapidly take place.[3] These amendments also allowed the country to have more self-governing powers and permitted the formation of a cabinet led by a premier. Premier Manley's participation in the West Indies Federation was unpopular and led to the independence of the country on 6 August 1962, and the national anthem selected in July 1962 was officially used from that date.[4][5]
In September 1961, the leading People's National Party announced a competition to write the lyrics of Jamaica's future national anthem, which would be judged by selected members of Jamaica's Houses of Parliament.[5] The competition received almost one hundred script entries and the competition closed on 31 March 1962, after this ending date was decided on 17 March. The Houses of Parliament were given two options of anthems to vote for on 19 July 1962, and a script was chosen with an overwhelming majority.[5] The winning script was written by Rev. Hon. Hugh Sherlock, the music was composed by Hon. Robert Lightbourne, and the anthem was arranged by Mapletoft Poulle and Christine Alison Poulle.[2][6][5]
Lyrics[edit]
Eternal Father bless our land
Guard us with Thy mighty hand
Keep us free from evil powers
Be our light through countless hours
To our leaders, Great Defender,
Grant true wisdom from above
Justice, truth be ours forever
Jamaica, land we love
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.
Teach us true respect for all
Stir response to duty's call
Strengthen us the weak to cherish
Give us vision lest we perish
Knowledge send us, Heavenly Father,
Grant true wisdom from above
Justice, truth be ours forever
Jamaica, land we love
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Jamaica". National Anthems. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Budd, Janice (28 August 2011). "The forgotten woman". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jamaica: Self government". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "West Indies Federation". Caricom. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Anthem Pledge". Jamaica Information Service. 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Douglas, Luke (18 October 2011). "National Anthem co-authors finally have their day". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National anthem of Jamaica.
Jamaica: Jamaica, Land We Love - Audio of the national anthem of Jamaica, with information and lyrics
National anthem of Jamaica Full Instrumental version
[show]
v
t
e
Jamaica articles
History
Arawaks
Taínos
Atlantic slave trade
British conquest
Governors
Port Royal
Piracy
Maroons
1692 earthquake
First Maroon War
Tacky's War
Second Maroon War
Baptist War
Morant Bay rebellion
1907 earthquake
British West Indies
West Indies Federation
Hurricane Charley
Hurricane Ivan
Geography
Cities
Fauna
Flora
Islands
Parishes
Rivers
Water resources
Politics
Cabinet
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Governor-General
Judiciary
Law enforcement
LGBT rights
Military
Monarchy
Parliament
Political parties
Prime Minister
Attorney general
Chief Justice
Economy
Central bank
Dollar (currency)
Free trade zones
Stock exchange
Telecommunications
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Languages
Religion
Water supply and sanitation
Culture
Anthem
Cinema
Coat of arms
Cuisine
Flag
Heritage sites
Literature
Music
Newspapers
Public holidays
Sports
Television
Outline
Index
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
National anthems of North America
Independent countries
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies
American West Indies
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
British West Indies
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Montserrat
Turks and Caicos Islands
Dutch Caribbean
Aruba
Bonaire
Curaçao
Saba
Sint Eustatius (Statia)
Sint Maarten
French West Indies
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Kingdom of Denmark
Greenland
Complete list
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania and the Pacific Islands
South America
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica,_Land_We_Love&oldid=806405191"
Categories:
Jamaican songs
North American anthems
National symbols of Jamaica
National anthems
Songs about Jamaica
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Pages using infobox anthem with unknown parameters
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
Беларуская
Български
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Lietuvių
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Patois
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Yorùbá
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 October 2017, at 20:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values: Jamaica, Land We Love (1962), page 1.png

attrs: colspan style

value: hr

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values: File:Anthems - National Anthem Of Jamaica.ogg

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nationalanthems.info/jm.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:National anthem of Jamaica

values:
/wiki/Arawak_peoples
mw-redirect
Arawak peoples

values:
/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people
mw-redirect
Taíno people

values:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica_(1655)
mw-redirect
Invasion of Jamaica (1655)

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Jamaica
mw-redirect
Chief Justice of Jamaica

values:
/wiki/Languages_of_Jamaica
mw-redirect
Languages of Jamaica

values: List of National Heritage Sites in Jamaica

values: List of television stations in the Caribbean

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:National anthems of North America

values: Template talk:National anthems of North America

values:
/wiki/Belize_national_anthem
mw-redirect
Belize national anthem

values: National Anthem of the Dominican Republic

values: Template:National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands

values: Template:National anthems of South America

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Pages using infobox anthem with unknown parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Jamaica,_Land_We_Love
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Гімн Ямайкі – Belarusian

values: Химн на Ямайка – Bulgarian

values: سرود ملی جامائیکا – Persian

values: 자메이카의 국가 – Korean

values: המנון ג'מייקה – Hebrew

values: ジャマイカ、我々の愛する地 – Japanese

values: Jumieka, Lan Wi Lob – Jamaican Creole English

values: Гимн Ямайки – Russian

values: Химна Јамајке – Serbian

values: จาเมกา แลนด์วีเลิฟ – Thai

values: Гімн Ямайки – Ukrainian

values: 牙买加，我们热爱的家园 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jamaica_Land_We_Love rootpage-Jamaica_Land_We_Love vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view