text:
Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking
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For Mughal era mosque in Pakistan, see Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta.
Shah Jahan Mosque
Basic information
Location
Oriental Road, Woking, England
Geographic coordinates
51°19′18.5″N 0°32′51″W / 51.321806°N 0.54750°W / 51.321806; -0.54750Coordinates: 51°19′18.5″N 0°32′51″W / 51.321806°N 0.54750°W / 51.321806; -0.54750
Affiliation
Sunni Islam
Country
United Kingdom
Website
shahjahanmosque.org.uk
Architectural description
Architect(s)
W. I. Chambers
Architectural type
Mosque
Architectural style
Indo-Saracenic Revival
Completed
1889 (1889)
Specifications
Dome(s)
1
Minaret(s)
0 (2 miniature)
The Shah Jahan Mosque (also known as Woking Mosque) in Oriental Road, Woking, England, is the first purpose-built mosque in the United Kingdom. Built in 1889, it is located 30 miles (50 km) southwest of London.
Contents
[hide]
1 Construction
2 History
2.1 Ahmadiyya period
2.2 Sunni period
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Construction[edit]
The dome of Shah Jahan in 1945
Drawing by W. I. Chambers, in The Building News and Engineering Journal, 2 August 1889
The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in 1889 by Hungarian-British Jew and orientalist Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner. It was partly funded by Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal, as a place for students at the Oriental Institute in Woking to worship at. The mosque was designed by architect William Isaac Chambers (1847–1924) and built in Bath and Bargate stone. It was designed in an Indo-Saracenic Revival style, and has a dome, minarets, and a courtyard.[1] The architecture was described by Pevsner Architectural Guides as "extraordinarily dignified".[2]
The Oriental Institute, for the students of which the mosque was constructed, was founded by Leitner in 1881. He had purchased the former Royal Dramatic College building in Woking and established the Institute in order to promote oriental literature. It awarded degrees from the University of the Punjab in Lahore, India.[1]
History[edit]
The mosque became the first formal place of Islamic worship in England. Queen Victoria's Indian servants and her Indian secretary, Abdul Karim, used the mosque when the Queen visited Windsor Castle. A small number of dignitaries, students, and guests used the mosque until Leitner's death in 1899, following which the mosque closed in 1889.[1]
Ahmadiyya period[edit]
The mosque fell into disuse between Leitner's death and 1912. Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din, a prominent Kashmiri lawyer and founder of the Woking Muslim Mission, worked to repair and revive the mosque. Leitner's son wanted to sell the land to property developers so Khwaja took him to court on the grounds that the Mosque was consecrated ground just like a church and therefore deserved the same rights and property limitations.[3] He won and after purchasing the grounds from Leitner's son for a small price he was able to re-open the Mosque in 1913. It attracted royal visitors and famous British converts, such as Lord Headley and Marmaduke Pickthall. The mosque became a centre of Islam in the UK. During the First World War, the incumbent imam, Sadr-Ud-Din, petitioned the UK government to grant nearby land to the mosque as a burial ground for Indian Muslim soldiers. By 1917, this burial ground had been constructed and received the bodies of 19 soldiers from the hospital for Indian soldiers at Brighton Pavilion.[1]
Until the arrival of Pakistani immigrants in the UK in the 1960s, the Shah Jahan Mosque was the centre of Islam in Britain. It was from the mosque that The Islamic Review was published, as well as Maulana Muhammad Ali's - a follower of the Ahmadiyya movement - popular English translations of the Quran. It has also been claimed as the location at which the name 'Pakistan' was coined.[4] Among those that visited the mosque in this time were Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Haile Selassie, Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Aga Khan III, and Tunku Abdul Rahman.[5]
Sunni period[edit]
By the 1960s, the influence of the mosque had declined and was seen more as a local mosque than vital to the practice of Islam in the UK. In the 1970s, it transferred into Sunni hands and was revived as an important place of worship in the community.[6] The mosque was badly damaged in June 2016 after floods swamped homes in the surrounding area.[7]
See also[edit]
Woking Muslim Mission
Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din
Muslim Burial Ground, Horsell Common
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking". Exploring Surrey's Past. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shah Jahan Mosque". Woking Borough Council. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of the Mosque - Part 2 | Shah Jahan Mosque". www.shahjahanmosque.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ Glancey, Jonathan (17 June 2002). "The ideal dome show". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Shah Jahan Mosque in Woking". Islam in British Stone. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "History of the Mosque - Part 3". Shah Jahan Mosque. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Woking's Shah Jahan Mosque damaged in flooding". getSurrey. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking.
Website: Shah Jahan Mosque
AAIIL: Woking Mosque and the Woking Muslim Mission
BBC: Forty Eight Hours – Tour: Woking Mosque (Photo of the Mosque in the 1900s)
British Muslim Heritage – London’s Mosques
Historic England. "the mosque (427831)". Images of England.
Historic England. "the entrance walls (427832)". Images of England.
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text:
Grey matter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Grey matter (disambiguation).
Grey matter
The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots. (Grey matter labeled at center right.)
Micrograph showing grey matter, with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies (dark shade of pink), and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork-like appearance (left of image - lighter shade of pink). HPS stain.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Substantia grisea
TA
A14.1.00.002
FMA
67242
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter, in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts.[1] The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.[2]
Contents
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Grey matter refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. It is present in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum, and present throughout the spinal cord.
Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia – putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei – dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei).
Grey matter in the spinal cord is known as the grey column which travels down the spinal cord distributed in three grey columns that are presented in an "H" shape. The forward-facing column is the anterior grey column, the rear-facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column. The grey matter on the left and right side is connected by the grey commissure. The grey matter in the spinal cord consists of interneurons, as well as the cell bodies of projection neurons.
Diagram of a spinal vertebra. The grey matter is in the central part of the spinal cord.
Cross-section of spinal cord with grey matter labelled.
Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence.[3] Recent studies using cross-sectional neuroimaging have shown that by around the age of 8 the volume of grey matter begins to decrease.[4] However, the density of grey matter appears to increase as a child develops into early adulthood.[4] Males tend to exhibit grey matter of increased volume but lower density than that of females.
Function[edit]
Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-control.[5]
The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three grey columns:
The anterior grey column contains motor neurons. These synapse with interneurons and the axons of cells that have travelled down the pyramidal tract. These cells are responsible for the movement of muscles.
The posterior grey column contains the points where sensory neurons synapse. These receive sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion. This information is then transmitted in axons up the spinal cord in spinal tracts, including the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract and the spinothalamic tract.
The lateral grey column is the third column of the spinal cord.
The grey matter of the spinal cord can be divided into different layers, called Rexed laminae. These describe, in general, the purpose of the cells within the grey matter of the spinal cord at a particular location.
Interneurons present in the grey matter of the spinal cord
Rexed laminae groups the grey matter in the spinal cord according to its function.
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)
High alcohol consumption has been correlated with significant reductions in grey matter volume.[6][7] Short-term cannabis use (30 days) is not correlated with changes in white or grey matter.[8] However, several cross-sectional studies have shown that repeated long-term cannabis use is associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the hippocampus, amygdala, medial temporal cortex, and prefrontal cortex, with increased grey matter volume in the cerebellum.[9][10][11] Long-term cannabis use also alters white matter integrity in an age-dependent manner,[12] with heavy cannabis use during adolescence and early adulthood causing the greatest amount of damage.[13]
Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure.[14][15][16][17][18]
Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction of grey matter in the hippocampus while 3D platformer games have been reported to increase grey matter in the hippocampus.[19][20][21][22]
Women and men with equivalent IQ scores have differing proportions of grey to white matter in cortical brain regions associated with intelligence.[23]
Pregnancy renders substantial changes in brain structure, primarily reductions in gray matter volume in regions subserving social cognition. The gray matter reductions endured for at least 2 years post-pregnancy.[24]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
In the current edition[25] of the official Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, substantia grisea is used for English grey matter. The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin.[26] The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey, gris.[26] Alternative designations like substantia cana [27] and substantia cinerea[28] are being used alternatively. The adjective cana, attested in classical Latin,[29] can mean grey,[26] or greyish white.[30] The classical Latin cinerea means ash-coloured.[29]
Additional images[edit]
Human brain right dissected lateral view
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
See also[edit]
Grey matter heterotopia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE (2008). Neuroscience (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
Jump up ^ Kolb B, Whishaw IQ (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7167-5300-1.
Jump up ^ Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Tessner KD, Toga AW (November 2001). "Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (22): 8819–29. PMID 11698594.
^ Jump up to: a b Gennatas ED, Avants BB, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Ruparel K, Ciric R, Hakonarson H, Gur RE, Gur RC (May 2017). "Age-Related Effects and Sex Differences in Gray Matter Density, Volume, Mass, and Cortical Thickness from Childhood to Young Adulthood". The Journal of Neuroscience. 37 (20): 5065–5073. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3550-16.2017. PMC 5444192  . PMID 28432144.
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External links[edit]
Why Gray Matter is Gray
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Nervous tissue
CNS
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Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
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Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
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Precentral
Precentral gyrus
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4
6
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8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
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Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
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sulci/fissures
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Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
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Siva masa – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
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values: เนื้อเทา – Thai

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https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz_madde
Boz madde – Turkish
tr
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values: Сіра речовина – Ukrainian

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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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