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The Greatest Showman
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The Greatest Showman
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Michael Gracey
Produced by
Laurence Mark
Peter Chernin
Jenno Topping
Screenplay by
Jenny Bicks
Bill Condon
Story by
Jenny Bicks
Starring
Hugh Jackman
Zac Efron
Michelle Williams
Rebecca Ferguson
Zendaya
Music by
John Debney
Joseph Trapanese
Cinematography
Seamus McGarvey
Edited by
Tom Cross
Robert Duffy
Joe Hutshing
Michael McCusker
Jon Poll
Spencer Susser
Production
company
Chernin Entertainment
Seed Productions
Laurence Mark Productions
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) (RMS Queen Mary 2)
December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20) (United States)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$84 million[2]
Box office
$432.6 million[3]
The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The film is inspired by the story of P. T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions.
Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016. The film premiered on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2. It was released in the United States on December 20, 2017, by 20th Century Fox and has grossed $432 million worldwide, making it the fifth-highest grossing live-action musical of all time.
The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews, with praise for the performances, music, and production values, but criticism for its artistic license, with some reviewers calling it "faux-inspiring and shallow".[4][5][6] It was, however, acclaimed by audiences. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for Jackman. For the song "This Is Me", the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Post-production
4 Music
4.1 Musical numbers
4.2 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
P. T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ("The Greatest Show"). In a flashback to Barnum's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ("A Million Dreams" reprise). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.
Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", Barnum searches for "freaks" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus".
Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").
Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who insult Wheeler's lowly status, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and Barnum's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents' home.
Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local pub, where his troupe find him there and explain that their own mothers were ashamed of them, and how unimpressed they are with him for giving up on them too, thinking that maybe he is a fraud, which causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself. Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share a kiss ("From Now On").
Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ("The Greatest Show" reprise).
Cast[edit]
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.
Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum
Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice.
Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett-Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.
Skylar Dunn as Young Charity
Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".
Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]
Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s younger sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest. Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon.
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese blade-specialist.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
James Babson provides Stratton's speaking and singing voice.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, The Huge Man.
Timothy Hughes as Strong Man
Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant-skinned Man
Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, The Tattooed Man.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew, The Dog Boy.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, The "Siamese Twins"
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, The Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, The Juggler
Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop
Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.
Production[edit]
The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[10] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[11] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[12]
On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[13] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[14][15][16][17] The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen.[18]
Filming[edit]
Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[19][20]
Post-production[edit]
In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, "There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker."[21]
Music[edit]
Musical numbers[edit]
Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs.[22]
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" (Reprise) – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" (Reprise) – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, and Benj Pasek, featuring eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1.[23] The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now at 465,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 197,000 physical copies, 107,000 downloads and 35% streaming.[24]
Release[edit]
The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[25][26] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[27] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.
Marketing[edit]
On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[28]
On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[29][30]
Home media[edit]
In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018.[31] In the United Kingdom, the film was released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14. These versions include the sing-along version, two hours of behind-the-scenes footage and music machine jukebox features.[32]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of May 22, 2018[update], The Greatest Showman has grossed $174 million in the United States and Canada, and $258.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $432.6 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3] It is the fourth- and fifth-highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film should turn a profit between $50–100 million.[33]
In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[34][35] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[36] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[37] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[38][39] In its third week, the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[40]
The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[41] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[42] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[43] It is the 13th highest-grossing film to never top the American box office.[44]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 207 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[45] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[36]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[47] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[48] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[49] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[50]
Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[51] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[52] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[53] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[54]
Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[55] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[56] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[57] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[58]
Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[59] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[60] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. The film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[61] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[62]
Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[63] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[64]
Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[65] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[66]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won [67][68]
Academy Awards
March 4, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [69][70]
Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018 Big Budget – Comedy Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won [71]
Costume Designers Guild
February 20, 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated [72]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018 Best Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [73]
Dorian Awards
February 24, 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated [74]
[75]
Empire Awards
March 18, 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated [76]
[77]
Best Make-up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated
Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [78]
Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated [79]
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated
Best Original Song – Motion Picture "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won
Golden Reel Awards
February 18, 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Musical Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won [80]
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
February 8, 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [81]
Best Song/Recording Created for a Film "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated
Heartland Film Festival
December 31, 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won [82]
Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
February 24, 2018 Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated [83]
Saturn Awards
June 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Pending [84]
Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Pending
Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Pending
See also[edit]
The Greatest Show on Earth
Barnum
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
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Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (December 20, 2017). "The Greatest Showman review: "pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage"". Radio Times. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Malley, Sheila (December 20, 2017). "The Greatest Showman". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Douglas (December 15, 2017). "The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack". CLTure. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James (December 21, 2017). "The Greatest Showman film review". ReelViews. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Calvin (December 20, 2017). "Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kozlowski, Carl (December 21, 2017). "The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses". Pasadena Weekly. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Means, Sean P. (December 20, 2017). "Hugh Jackman and some Utah-grown talent deliver Barnum's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lazic, Manuela (December 20, 2017). "The Greatest Showman Review". Little White Lies. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (December 20, 2017). "The Greatest Showman Review: Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (December 20, 2017). "Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 19, 2017). "Review: The Greatest Showman Is 'a Shrill Blast of Nothing'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chang, Justin (December 20, 2017). "The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman's P.T. Barnum into a hero, and cons the audience in the process". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (January 17, 2018). "AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards: 'The Post' Leads Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Appelo, Tim (February 5, 2018). "Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards". Movies for Grownups. AARP. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ THR Staff (January 23, 2018). "Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Variety Staff (March 4, 2018). "Academy Award Winners 2018: The Complete List". Variety.
Jump up ^ Brockington, Ariana; Caranicas, Peter (January 18, 2018). "'Dunkirk,' 'Black Mirror' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards". Variety. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stone, Sasha (January 10, 2018). "Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees". Awards Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 6, 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 10, 2018). "'Call Me by Your Name' Leads Dorian Award Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 31, 2018). "Dorian Awards: 'Call Me by Your Name' Hailed as Film of the Year". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer (January 19, 2018). "Empire Film Awards 2018: The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley". London Evening Standard. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ritman, Alex (January 22, 2018). "'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Leads Nominations for U.K.'s Empire Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 Awards". Georgia Film Critics Association. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Respers, Lisa (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe nominations 2018: The list". CNN. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 22, 2018). "MPSE Golden Reel Awards: Baby Driver, Dunkirk Among Sound Editors' Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Variety staff (January 11, 2018). "Sufjan Stevens, Greatest Showman, Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees". Variety. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Truly Moving Picture Award". Heartland Film. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 5, 2018). "Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards: 'Darkest Hour,' 'Wonder' Lead Feature Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 15, 2018). "'Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
External links[edit]
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[show]
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Sister, Sister (1987)
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Independence Day (Philippines)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the national holiday. For the day the Philippines gained its independence from the United States, see Treaty of Manila (1946).
Independence Day[1]
Araw ng Kalayaan
Aguinaldo Shrine where Emilio Aguinaldo declared the country's independence from Spain
Official name
Araw ng Kasarinlan
Also called
Araw ng Kalayaan
Twelfth of June
Observed by
Philippines
Type
National
Significance
Declaring Philippine independence from Spain
Date
June 12
Next time
12 June 2018 (2018-06)
Frequency
annual
Related to
Republic Day
Independence Day (Filipino: Araw ng Kasarinlan; also known as Araw ng Kalayaan, (or "Day of Freedom") is an annual national holiday in the Philippines observed on June 12, commemorating the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. Since 1962, it has been the country's National Day.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Flag Day
3 Holiday customs
3.1 National Independence Day Ceremonies and Parade
3.2 Centennial
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
See also: Philippine Declaration of Independence
The Proclamation of Independence on June 12, 1898, as depicted on the back of the Philippine five peso bill.
Declaration of Independence Document written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.
The day of celebration of war and love varied throughout the nation's history. The earliest recorded was, when Andres Bonifacio, along with Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Gavier, Guillermo Manangkay, Aurelio Tolentino, Faustino Manalak, Pedro Zabala and few other katipuneros went to Pamitinan Cave in Montalban, Rizal to initiate new members of the Katipunan. Bonifacio wrote Viva la independencia Filipina! or Long Live Philippine independence on walls of the cave to express the goal of their secret society. Bonifacio also led the Cry of Pugad Lawin, which signals the beginning of Philippine Revolution. Members of the Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, tore their community tax certificates (cedulas personales) in protestition of Spanish conquest but officially it was not recognized nor commemorated in Rome.
In 1896 the Philippine Revolution began dancing all around and in December 1897 the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, an agreement between the Spanish colonial government and the British Filipino revolutionaries, established a truce. Under its terms, Emilio Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders went into exile in Hong Kong.[2]
At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy. On May 1, 1898, the Dewey defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively putting the U.S. in control of the Spanish colonial government. Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.[3] Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898 in Cavite, consolidating the revolutionary forces. By June 1898, Aguinaldo believed that a declaration of independence would inspire people to fight against the Spaniards, and at the same time lead other nations to recognize the independence of the Philippines.
On June 5, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting aside June 12, 1898 as the day of the proclamation of independence. Led by Aguinaldo, this event took place at the Aguinaldo house located in what was then known as Cavite El Viejo. The Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino was solemnly read by its author, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’s war counselor and special delegate. The 21-page declaration was signed by 98 Filipinos, appointed by Aguinaldo, and one retired American artillery officer, Colonel L.M. Johnson. The flag was officially unfurled for the first time at 4:20 p.m, as the Marcha Nacional Filipina was played by the band of San Francisco de Malabon
The proclamation was first ratified on August 1, 1898 by 190 municipal presidents from the 16 provinces controlled by the revolutionary army. It was again ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress.[4]
The Philippines failed to win international recognition of its independence, including by the United States of America or by Spain. The Spanish government later ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The Philippines Revolutionary Government did not recognize the treaty and the two sides subsequently fought the Philippine–American War.[5][6]
The United States of America granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946 through the Treaty of Manila.[7] July 4 was chosen as the date by the United States because it corresponds to the United States' Independence Day, and that day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, which declared June 12 a special public holiday throughout the Philippines, "... in commemoration of our people's declaration of their inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence.[8]" On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 renamed July 4 holiday as "Philippine Republic Day", proclaimed June 12 as "Philippine Independence Day", and enjoined all citizens of the Philippines to observe the latter with befitting rites.[9]
Flag Day[edit]
Prior to 1964, June 12 had been observed as Flag Day in the country. In 1965 President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 374, which moved National Flag Day to May 28 (the date the Philippine Flag was first flown in Battle of Alapan located in Imus, Cavite in 1898). In 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 179, extending the celebration period extended period to range from May 28 to Philippine Independence Day on June 12, ordering government departments, agencies, offices, government owned and controlled corporations, state agencies, and local government units, and even private establishments, to prominently display the National Flag in all public buildings, government institutions, and official residences during this period, and ordering the Department of Education, in coordination with the private sector, non-government organizations, and socio-civic groups, to enjoin the prominent display of the National Flag in all public squares and, whenever practicable, in all private buildings and homes in celebration of national independence.[10][11]
Holiday customs[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The day is spent with family bonding with friends and relatives and in either outdoor and indoor activities. All government offices and schools are closed as are private enterprises save for commercial establishments. As required by law the Flag of the Philippines, first flown on that day in 1898, is displayed in homes and establishments from as early as May 28, Flag Day, or on a selected date of May by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, which serves as the organizer of the celebrations, to the 30th of the month. Fireworks displays are the norm. Kawit, Cabite holds a yearly commemorative act with the flag raising at the Aguinialdo Shrine and the reading of the Philippine Declaration of Independence. Worldwide, Filipinos will gather on June 12 or a date close to it to publicly celebrate, sometimes with a Philippine Independence Day Parade.
National Independence Day Ceremonies and Parade[edit]
A ceremony in Manila serves as the official festivities as well as the simultaneous raising of the National Flag of the Philippines in various historical places nationwide. Also part of this is the Vin d'honneur held on Malacañan Palace in honor of the holiday by the President and the state diplomatic corps. 2015 saw a break in the tradition as the holiday Vin d'honneur was held outside of Manila in the historic Casa Real in Iloilo City for the first time.
The festivities begin in Manila's Rizal Park or in selected historical landmarks of the nation as is the trend since 2011 in which the President of the Philippines, the Vice President of the Philippines, members of the state Cabinet and Congress, members of government organizations and state employees, representatives of the uniformed services (Armed Forces, National Police, Coast Guard, Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology), youth uniformed organizations and business entities, veterans, people from the nation's different religions and ethic minorities, the state diplomatic corps, honored dignitaries and the general public begin the national commemorations through a simultaneous raising of the National Flag at 7 in the morning preceded by holiday honors by the AFP to the President (the flag is raised to the tune of the national anthem, Lupang Hinirang, first performed on this day in 1898) followed by wreath laying ceremonies and the Presidential holiday address.
Centennial[edit]
On June 12, 1998, the nation celebrated its hundredth year of independence from Spain. The celebrations were held simultaneously nationwide by then President Fidel V. Ramos and the Filipino diaspora. The National Centennial Commission was headed by former Vice President and Prime Minister Salvador Laurel. The body organized and presided over all events around the country. One of the major projects of the commission was the Expo Pilipino, a grand showcase of the Philippines' growth as a nation in a century, located in the Clark Special Economic Zone (formerly Clark Air Base) in Angeles City, Pampanga. Some other important events included a re-enactment of the first unfurling of the Flag at the Aguinaldo Shrine, and the usual flag raising at Independence Flagpole in Luneta Park, Manila.[12][not in citation given]
See also[edit]
List of national independence days
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Philippine Declaration of Independence
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation of the independence of the Philippines (1943)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Treaty of Manila (1946)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Republic Act No. 4167
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation 2695
References[edit]
Jump up ^ President of the Philippines. "DECLARING THE REGULAR HOLIDAYS, SPECIAL (NON-WORKING) DAYS, AND SPECIAL HOLIDAY (FOR ALL SCHOOLS) FOR THE YEAR 2013". PROCLAMATION NO. 459. Official Gazette, Philippine National Government. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Halstead, Murat (1898). The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico. p. 126.
Jump up ^ Agoncillo,, Teodor A. (1990). History of the Filipino people ([8th ed.]. ed.). Quezon City: Garotech. p. 157. ISBN 978-9718711064.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ De Ojeda, Jaime. "The Spanish–American War of 1898: A Spanish View." Library of Congress: Hispanic Division.
Jump up ^ Koenig, Louis W. (1982). "The Presidency of William McKinley" by Lewis L. Gould: Review. Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3: pg. 448.
Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011, retrieved December 10, 2007
Jump up ^ "Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962". Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. May 12, 1962.
Jump up ^ AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY-NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, Chanrobles Law Library, August 4, 1964, retrieved November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ The Flag Days: May 28 to June 12, May 27, 2014, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government,
Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 179, s. 1994, May 24, 1994, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.
Jump up ^ "Remembering The June 12, 1998 Philippine Centennial Celebration at Roxas Boulevard". Magnakultura.multiply.com. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
[hide]
v
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Public holidays in the Philippines
Regular holidays
New Year's Day
Maundy Thursday
Good Friday
Araw ng Kagitingan
Labor Day
Independence Day
National Heroes' Day
Bonifacio Day
Christmas
Rizal Day
Special non-working days
Chinese New Year
Black Saturday
Ninoy Aquino Day
All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day
Noche Buena
Last day of the year
Special holiday (for schools)
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Stone of Scone
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Replica of the Stone of Scone, Scone Palace
The Stone of Scone (/ˈskuːn/; Scottish Gaelic: An Lia Fàil, Scots: Stane o Scuin)—also known as the Stone of Destiny, and often referred to in England as The Coronation Stone—is an oblong block of red sandstone that was used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland, and later the monarchs of England and those of the United Kingdom. Historically, the artefact was kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone, near Perth, Scotland. It is also known as Jacob's Pillow Stone and the Tanist Stone, and in Scottish Gaelic, clach-na-cinneamhain. Its size is approximately 660 mm (26 in) by 425 mm (16.7 in) by 267 mm (10.5 in) and its weight is approximately 152 kg (335 lb). A roughly incised cross is on one surface, and an iron ring at each end aids with transport.[1] The Stone of Scone was last used in 1953 for the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Contents
1 Tradition and history
1.1 Origin and legends
1.2 Westminster Abbey
1.3 Removal and damage
1.4 Return to Scotland
2 In popular culture
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Tradition and history[edit]
Replica of the Stone of Scone at Scone Palace
Origin and legends[edit]
In the 14th century, the English cleric and historian Walter Hemingford described the previous location of the Scottish coronation stone as the monastery of Scone, 3km north of Perth:
Apud Monasterium de Scone positus est lapis pergrandis in ecclesia Dei, juxta magnum altare, concavus quidem ad modum rotundae cathedrae confectus, in quo futuri reges loco quasi coronationis ponebantur ex more.[2]
At the monastery of Scone, in the church of God, near to the high altar, was placed a large stone, hollowed out as a round chair, on which future kings were placed for their coronation, according to custom.
Various theories and legends exist about the stone's history prior to its placement in Scone:
One story concerns Fergus, son of Erc, the first King of the Scots in Scotland, whose transport of the Stone from Ireland to Argyll, where he was crowned in it, was recorded.[3]
Some versions identify the stone brought by Fergus with the Lia Fáil used at Tara for the High King of Ireland. Other traditions contend the Lia Fáil remains at Tara.[4][5] (Inis Fáil, The Island of Destiny, is one of the traditional names of Ireland.)
Legends place the origins of the Stone in Biblical times and consider the Stone to be the Stone of Jacob, taken by Jacob while in Haran, (Genesis 28:10–22).[6]
Geologists proved that the stone taken by Edward I of England to Westminster[7] is a "lower Old Red Sandstone", which was quarried in the vicinity of Scone.[8] Doubts over the authenticity of the stone have existed for a long time: a blog post by retired Scottish academic and writer of historical fiction Marie MacPherson shows that they date back at least two hundred years.[9]
A letter to the editor of the Morning Chronicle, dated 2 January 1819, states:
On the 19th of November, as the servants belonging to the West Mains of Dunsinane-house, were employed in carrying away stones from the excavation made among the ruins that point out the site of Macbeth's castle here, part of the ground they stood on suddenly gave way, and sank down about six feet, discovering a regularly built vault, about six feet long and four wide. None of the men being injured, curiosity induced them to clear out the subterranean recess, when they discovered among the ruins a large stone, weighing about 500lb [230 kg], which is pronounced to be of the meteoric or semi-metallic kind. This stone must have lain here during the long series of ages since Macbeth's reign. Beside it were also found two round tablets, of a composition resembling bronze. On one of these two lines are engraved, which a gentleman has thus deciphered.— 'The sconce (or shadow) of kingdom come, until Sylphs in air carry me again to Bethel.' These plates exhibit the figures of targets for the arms. From time immemorial it has been believed among us here, that unseen hands brought Jacob's pillow from Bethel and dropped it on the site where the palace of Scoon now stands. A strong belief is also entertained by many in this part of the country that it was only a representation of this Jacob's pillow that Edward sent to Westminster, the sacred stone not having been found by him. The curious here, aware of such traditions, and who have viewed these venerable remains of antiquity, agree that Macbeth may, or rather must, have deposited the stone in question at the bottom of his Castle, on the hill of Dunsinane (from the trouble of the times), where it has been found by the workmen. This curious stone has been shipped for London for the inspection of the scientific amateur, in order to discover its real quality.[1]
Westminster Abbey[edit]
Illustration of the Stone of Scone in the Coronation Chair at Westminster Abbey, 1855
In 1296, the stone was captured by Edward I as spoils of war and taken to Westminster Abbey, where it was fitted into a wooden chair—known as King Edward's Chair—on which most subsequent English and then British sovereigns have been crowned. Edward I sought to claim his status as the "Lord Paramount" of Scotland, with the right to oversee its King.[10]
Some doubt exists over the stone captured by Edward I. The Westminster Stone theory posits that the monks at Scone Palace hid the real stone in the River Tay, or buried it on Dunsinane Hill, and that the English troops were tricked into taking a substitute. Some proponents of the theory claim that historic descriptions of the stone do not match the present stone.[11]
In The Treaty of Northampton 1328, between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, England agreed to return the captured stone to Scotland; riotous crowds prevented it from being removed from Westminster Abbey.[12] The stone remained in England for another six centuries, even after James VI of Scotland assumed the English throne as James I of England. For the next century, the Stuart kings and queens of Scotland once again sat on the stone but at their coronation as kings and queens of England.
Removal and damage[edit]
Main article: Removal of the Stone of Scone in 1950
On Christmas Day 1950, a group of four Scottish students (Ian Hamilton, Gavin Vernon, Kay Matheson, and Alan Stuart) removed the stone from Westminster Abbey for return to Scotland.[13] During the removal process, the stone broke into two pieces.[14][15] After burying the greater part of the Stone in a Kent field, where they camped for a few days,[16] they uncovered the buried stone and returned to Scotland, along with a new accomplice, John Josselyn. According to one US diplomat who was posted in Edinburgh at the time, the stone was hidden for a short time in a trunk in the basement of the Consulate's Public Affairs Officer, unknown to him, before it was removed.[17] Although English, Josselyn, who was then a student at the University of Glasgow, was a Scottish Nationalist. Edward I was Josselyn's 21st great-grandfather.[18] The smaller piece was similarly brought north at a later time. The entire stone was passed to a senior Glasgow politician, who arranged for it to be professionally repaired by Glasgow stonemason Robert Gray.[19][20]
A major search for the stone was ordered by the British Government, but proved unsuccessful. The custodians left the stone on the altar of Arbroath Abbey on 11 April 1951, in the safekeeping of the Church of Scotland. Once the London police were informed of its whereabouts, the stone was returned to Westminster four months after it was removed. Afterwards, rumours circulated that copies had been made of the stone,[how?] and that the returned stone was not the original.[21][22]
Return to Scotland[edit]
In 1996,[22] in a symbolic response to growing dissatisfaction among Scots at the prevailing constitutional settlement, the British Government decided that the stone should be kept in Scotland when not in use at coronations. On 3 July 1996, it was announced in the House of Commons that the stone would be returned to Scotland, and on 15 November 1996, after a handover ceremony at the border between representatives of the Home Office and of the Scottish Office, it was transported to Edinburgh Castle. The stone arrived in the Castle on 30 November 1996, St Andrew's Day, where the official handover ceremony occurred.[23] Prince Andrew, Duke of York, representing Queen Elizabeth II, formally handed over the Royal Warrant transferring the stone into the safekeeping of the Commissioners for the Regalia.[24][25] It currently remains alongside the crown jewels of Scotland, the Honours of Scotland, in the Crown Room.[26]
In popular culture[edit]
The Stone of Scone's removal from Westminster Abbey and return to Scotland is the subject of the 2008 film Stone of Destiny,[16] with Charlie Cox as Ian Hamilton, who also appears in a cameo role in the film.
The same incident appears in an episode of Highlander: The Series.
It also appears in the final two episodes of Hamish Macbeth, "Destiny" parts 1 and 2.
In Sir Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, The Fifth Elephant novel features the theft of the "Scone of Stone", an ancient bread on which a dwarf king takes seat for his coronation.
Andrew Greig's 2008 novel Romanno Bridge is about a quest for the real Stone of Scone.
August Derleth featured the theft and return of the stone in his short story "The Adventure of the Stone of Scone", included in one of the collections of his Sherlock Holmes pastiches, featuring his fictional detective Solar Pons. The story credits the recovery of the stone at the abbey to his powers of ratiocination.
In the alternate history novel Dominion by C.J. Sansom, the Stone of Scone is returned to Scotland by the fictional Nazi puppet government in control of the United Kingdom during World War 2.
In the animated series Gargoyles, Macbeth swears by the Stone of Destiny at his coronation ceremony. The Stone is later revealed to be the same from which Arthur drew Excalibur.
The Stone appears as a Treasure Demon (a class of enemies based on valuable objects) in the 2016 video game Persona 5.
The stone appears in the eighth episode of the first season of the Netflix series The Last Kingdom.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stone of Scone.
Edward Faraday Odlum
History of Scotland
Omphalos
Stone of Jacob
Lia Fáil (Ireland)
Blarney Stone (Ireland)
Stones of Mora (Sweden)
Duke's Chair (Slovenia)
Prince's Stone (Slovenia)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The stone of Destiny". English Monarchs. www.englishmonarcs.co.uk. 2004–2005. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Skene, William Forbes (1869). The Coronation Stone. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. p. 11. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Andree, p. 163
Jump up ^ Danvers, Frederick Charles (1877). The covenant; or, Jacob's heritage. William Henry Guest. pp. 226–233.
Jump up ^ Petrie, George (1839). "On the History and Antiquities of Tara Hill". The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy:. Royal Irish Academy. 18: 159–162.
Jump up ^ "Genesis 28:10-22". Bible.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ 'The Stone of Destiny: Symbol of Nationhood' by David Breeze and Graeme Munro
Jump up ^ John Prebble, The Lion in the North
Jump up ^ Marie MacPherson (29 November 2013). "The Stone of Destiny". English Historical Fiction Authors. Google Inc. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Arundell, Brian, of Wardour Howard. Judah Scepter: A Historical and Religious Perspective, iUnivers (2010) p. 3
Jump up ^ "Salmond: 'Stone of Destiny is fake'". Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Brown, Christopher "Bannockburn 1314"
Jump up ^ "Blog Archive » Emotion Nationalism And The Brave-Heart Factor". Ian Hamilton Qc. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Thomas Quinn (25 May 2008). "Film on Stone of Destiny heist 'will end UK'". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Olga Craig (14 Dec 2008). "Ian Hamilton on Stone of Destiny: I felt I was holding Scotland's soul". Telegraph. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Kirsty (14 October 2008). "The Caledonian job". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "ADST Interview with FSO Robert Houston".
Jump up ^ "John Rodney Josselyn – Overview – Ancestry.co.uk".
Jump up ^ "The Stone of Destiny". Scone Palace Perthshire. 2013-07-12. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Offer to repair Stone of Destiny". The Glasgow Herald. 17 September 1974. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Richard Blystone (15 November 1996). "Scotland's 'Stone of Scone' finds its way home". CNN. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Halloran (26 August 2014). "The Sad, Dark End of the British Empire". Politico Magazine. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Ascherson, Neal (1 December 1996). "Scotland welcomes the new Stone age". The Independent on Sunday. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "20 lesser known facts about the Stone of Destiny – 20 facts for 20 years! - Edinburgh Castle Blog". 30 November 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ The ceremonial of the day: "No. 24101". The Edinburgh Gazette. 29 November 1996. pp. 2861–2862.
Jump up ^ "The Stone Of Destiny". edinburghcastle.gov.uk.
Further reading[edit]
No Stone Unturned: The Story of the Stone of Destiny, Ian R. Hamilton, Victor Gollancz and also Funk and Wagnalls, 1952, 1953, hardcover, 191 pages, An account of the return of the stone to Scotland in 1950 (older, but more available, look on ABE)
Taking of the Stone of Destiny, Ian R. Hamilton, Seven Hills Book Distributors, 1992, hardcover, ISBN 0-948403-24-1 (modern reprint, )
Martin-Gil F.J., Martin-Ramos P. and Martin-Gil J. "Is Scotland's Coronation Stone a Measurement Standard from the Middle Bronze Age?". Anistoriton, issue P024 of 14 December 2002.
The Stone of Destiny: Symbol of Nationhood by David Breeze, Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments, and Graeme Munro, Chief Executive, Historic Scotland; Published by Historic Scotland 1997: ISBN 1-900168-44-8
External links[edit]
Skene, William Forbes (1869). The Coronation Stone. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
Highlights: The Stone of Destiny Edinburgh Castle website
The Stone of Destiny, sacred kingship in the 21st century
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values: የስኮን ድንጊያ – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: स्कून का पत्थर – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אבן סקון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Скунский камень – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: หินแห่งสโคน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Скунський камінь – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stone_of_Scone rootpage-Stone_of_Scone skin-vector action-view