text:
Constituent Assembly of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Constituent Assembly of India
Seal of the Constituent Assembly.
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Founded
6 December 1946 (1946-12-06)
Disbanded
24 January 1950 (1950-01-24)
Preceded by
Imperial Legislative Council
Succeeded by
Parliament of India
Leadership
Temporary Chairman
Sachchidananda Sinha, INC
President
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC
Chairman of the drafting committee
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, SCF
Vice Presidents
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee
V. T. Krishnamachari
Legal Advisor
B. N. Rau
Structure
Seats
389 (Dec. 1946-June 1947)
299 (June 1947-Jan. 1950)
Political groups
INC: 208 seats
AIML: 73 seats
Others: 15 seats
Princely States: 93 seats
Elections
Voting system
First past the post
Meeting place
House of Parliament, New Delhi
An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935, C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a constituent Assembly on 15th November 1939 based on adult franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940. On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-General's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council. This offer, known as the August Offer, included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389: 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg (Near Madikeri) and British Baluchistan.
The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League 73. After this election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress,[citation needed] and the political situation deteriorated. Hindu-Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and, although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948, this event led to independence on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly (elected for an undivided India) met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament's authority in India. As a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India. New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal (which became part of Pakistan, although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh); the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31 December 1947.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Background and election
3 Constitution and elections
4 Organization
4.1 Timeline
5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly
6 Prominent members
7 Members (by province/state)
7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition
8 Gallery
9 References
10 Further reading
Description [edit]
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for almost three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists—all of whom participated in the process.
The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] During this period (two years, eleven months and eighteen days) the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days.[2] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:
The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?
—  Jawaharlal Nehru, Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings), Vol. II
Background and election[edit]
The Constituent Assembly was established while India was under British rule, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.
In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.
Constitution and elections[edit]
See also: Constitution of India
At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).
Organization[edit]
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.
The assembly's work had five stages:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[3]
Timeline[edit]
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.
The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.
Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]
The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 23 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.
Major Committees
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel. This committee had the following sub-committes:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – H.C. Mukherjee
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A.V. Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Prominent members[edit]
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha, Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[4]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Members (by province/state)[edit]
Madras: Annie mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan, Mrs. G. Durgabai, Kala Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Revd. Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan, T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa, P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T. Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, N. G. Ranga, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M. C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai
Bombay: Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe, Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, Bal Gangadhar Kher, M.R. Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar, Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, A. A. Khan
West Bengal: Monomohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C. Mukherjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung, R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad, Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghuznavi
United Provinces: Ajit Prasad Jain, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din, Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V. Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh Pant, Govind Malaviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal Kishore[disambiguation needed], Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati Tiwari, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee, Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh Narayan Tivary, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mohd. Hifzur Rahman, Z H Lari
East Punjab: Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi, Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal
Bihar: Nasif Arafat, Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal, Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Sahaya, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam, Latifur Rahman, Mohammad Tahir, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain. Pt Hargovind Mishra
Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani
Assam: Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M. Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur Rouf
Orissa: Biswanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab, Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra
Delhi: Deshbhandhu Gupta
Ajmer-Merwara: Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava
Coorg: C. M. Poonacha
Mysore: K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, K. Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah
Jammu and Kashmir: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi
Travancore-Cochin: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie Mascarene, P.S.Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed
Madhya Bharat: Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai, Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo
Saurashtra: Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah, Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi
Rajasthan: V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Sinha Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas
Patiala and East Punjab States Union: Ranjit Singh, Sochet Singh, Bhagwant Roy
Bombay States: Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli, Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas A. Desai, Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar
Orissa States: Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar, Sarangadhar Das, Yudhishthir Mishra
Central Provinces States: R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai
United Provinces States: B. H. Zaidi, Krishna Singh
Madras States: V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao
Vindhya Pradesh: Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi
Cooch Behar: Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari
Tripura and Manipur: Girja Shankar Guha
Bhopal: Lal Singh
Kutch: Bhawani Arjun Khimji
Himachal Pradesh: Yashwant Singh Parmar
Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]
East Bengal: Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan, Mohammad Akram Khan, A. Hamid, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali, Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani, Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar Datta, Ghulam Mohammed
West Punjab: Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,
Northwest Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan, Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan
Sindh: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro
Balochistan: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai
Gallery[edit]
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.
B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth, Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations, 3rd ed., (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2011), p. 2.3
Jump up ^ Parliament, Indian. "Some facts about the Constitutive Assembly". Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Baruah, L.M. (1992). Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi, an Architect of Modern India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 81-212-0404-6. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
Further reading[edit]
Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation. New Delhi: OUP India, 1999. ISBN 0-19-564959-1.
Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. India Since Independence: Revised Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2008.
An Indian 10-episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called "SAMVIDHAN" described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made.
[show]
v
t
e
Indian Independence Movement
History
Colonisation
Porto Grande de Bengala
Dutch Bengal
East India Company
British Raj
French India
Portuguese India
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Anglo-Mysore Wars
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Anglo-Maratha Wars
First
Second
Third
Polygar Wars
Vellore Mutiny
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Sannyasi Rebellion
Rebellion of 1857
Radcliffe Line
more
Philosophies
and ideologies
Ambedkarism
Gandhism
Hindu nationalism
Indian nationalism
Khilafat Movement
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
Satyagraha
Socialism
Swadeshi movement
Swaraj
Events and
movements
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Revolutionaries
Direct Action Day
Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
The Indian Sociologist
Singapore Mutiny
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Rowlatt Committee
Rowlatt Bills
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Noakhali riots
Non-Cooperation Movement
Christmas Day Plot
Coolie-Begar Movement
Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
Kakori conspiracy
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
Flag Satyagraha
Bardoli
1928 Protests
Nehru Report
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
Purna Swaraj
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vedaranyam March
Chittagong armoury raid
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Round table conferences
Act of 1935
Aundh Experiment
Indische Legion
Cripps' mission
Quit India
Bombay Mutiny
Coup d'état of Yanaon
Provisional Government of India
Independence Day
Organisations
All India Kisan Sabha
All-India Muslim League
Anushilan Samiti
Arya Samaj
Azad Hind
Berlin Committee
Ghadar Party
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Indian National Congress
India House
Indian Home Rule movement
Indian Independence League
Indian National Army
Jugantar
Khaksar Tehrik
Khudai Khidmatgar
Swaraj Party
more
Social
reformers
A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
Ayya Vaikundar
Ayyankali
B. R. Ambedkar
Baba Amte
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhondo Keshav Karve
G. Subramania Iyer
Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
J. B. Kripalani
Jyotirao Phule
Kandukuri Veeresalingam
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Mahatma Gandhi
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Narayana Guru
Niralamba Swami
Pandita Ramabai
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
Ram Mohan Roy
Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sahajanand Saraswati
Savitribai Phule
Shahu
Sister Nivedita
Sri Aurobindo
Syed Ahmad Khan
Vakkom Moulavi
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Vinoba Bhave
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Vivekananda
Independence
activists
Abul Kalam Azad
Accamma Cherian
Achyut Patwardhan
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Alluri Sitarama Raju
Annapurna Maharana
Annie Besant
Ashfaqulla Khan
Babu Kunwar Singh
Bagha Jatin
Bahadur Shah II
Bakht Khan
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Basawon Singh
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bhagat Singh
Bharathidasan
Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bhikaiji Cama
Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bipin Chandra Pal
C. Rajagopalachari
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chetram Jatav
Chittaranjan Das
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhan Singh
Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Govind Ballabh Pant
Har Dayal
Hemu Kalani
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Jatindra Nath Das
Jawaharlal Nehru
K. Kamaraj
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khudiram Bose
Krishna Singh
Lala Lajpat Rai
M. Bhaktavatsalam
M. N. Roy
Mahadaji Shinde
Mahatma Gandhi
Mangal Pandey
Mir Qasim
Mithuben Petit
Muhammad Ali Jauhar
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
Nagnath Naikwadi
Nana Fadnavis
Nana Sahib
P. Kakkan
Prafulla Chaki
Pritilata Waddedar
Pritilata Waddedar
Purushottam Das Tandon
R. Venkataraman
Rahul Sankrityayan
Rajendra Prasad
Ram Prasad Bismil
Rani Lakshmibai
Rash Behari Bose
Sahajanand Saraswati
Sangolli Rayanna
Sarojini Naidu
Satyapal Dang
Shuja-ud-Daula
Shyamji Krishna Varma
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Siraj ud-Daulah
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subramania Bharati
Subramaniya Siva
Surya Sen
Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Tara Rani Srivastava
Tarak Nath Das
Tatya Tope
Tiruppur Kumaran
Ubaidullah Sindhi
V O Chidamabaram
V. K. Krishna Menon
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vanchinathan
Veeran Sundaralingam
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
Yashwantrao Holkar
Yogendra Shukla
more
British leaders
Wavell
Canning
Cornwallis
Irwin
Chelmsford
Curzon
Ripon
Minto
Dalhousie
Bentinck
Mountbatten
Wellesley
Lytton
Clive
Outram
Cripps
Linlithgow
Hastings
Independence
Cabinet Mission
Annexation of French colonies in India
Constitution
Republic of India
Indian annexation of Goa
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Political integration
Simla Conference
[show]
v
t
e
Legislatures of India
British Raj
Council of India
Imperial Legislative Council
Council of State
Central Legislative Assembly
Chamber of Princes
Constituent Assembly of India
Sansad
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
Vidhan Sabha
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
National Capital Territory of Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Vidhan Parishad
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Jammu and Kashmir
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Telangana
Uttar Pradesh
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constituent_Assembly_of_India&oldid=808409998"
Categories:
Constitutional history of India
Central Legislative Assembly of India
Political history of India
Constituent Assembly of India
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from March 2012
All articles needing additional references
Use Indian English from October 2013
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from September 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
All articles with links needing disambiguation
Articles with links needing disambiguation from July 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ಕನ್ನಡ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 18:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Seal of the Constituent Assembly of India.svg

values:
/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad
mw-redirect
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

values:
/wiki/Dr._B._R._Ambedkar
mw-redirect
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0066CC; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #209700; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #CCCCCC; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFCC66; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Princely_States
mw-redirect
Princely States

values:
/wiki/Voting_system
mw-redirect
Voting system

values: First day (9 December 1946) of the Constituent Assembly. From right: B. G. Kher and Sardar Vallabhai Patel; K. M. Munshi is seated behind Patel.

values:
/wiki/Sansad_Bhavan
mw-redirect
Sansad Bhavan

values:
/wiki/Cabinet_Mission_Plan
mw-redirect
Cabinet Mission Plan

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

values:
/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_Federation
mw-redirect
Scheduled Caste Federation

values: Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)

values: North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)

values:
/wiki/List_of_Indian_Princely_States
mw-redirect
List of Indian Princely States

values: Edit section: Constitution and elections

values: Permanent Court of International Justice

values: Edit section: Committees of the Constituent Assembly

values:
/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel
mw-redirect
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

values:
/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad
mw-redirect
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

values:
/wiki/Indian_independence_activist
mw-redirect
Indian independence activist

values:
/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee
mw-redirect
Syama Prasad Mookerjee

values:
/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur
mw-redirect
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

values:
/wiki/Hansa_Mehta
mw-redirect
Hansa Mehta

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_Saadulla
mw-redirect
Muhammad Saadulla

values:
/wiki/Kailashnath_Katju
mw-redirect
Kailashnath Katju

values:
/wiki/K._M._Munshi
mw-redirect
K. M. Munshi

values:
/wiki/K._B._Sahay
mw-redirect
K. B. Sahay

values:
/wiki/Pratap_Singh_Kairon
mw-redirect
Pratap Singh Kairon

values: L. Krishnaswamy Bharati (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Madras_Province
mw-redirect
Madras Province

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

values: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

values: Edit section: Members (by province/state)

values:
/wiki/M._Ananthasayanam_Ayyangar
mw-redirect
M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar

values:
/wiki/G._Durgabai
mw-redirect
G. Durgabai

values:
/wiki/Kala_Venkatarao
mw-redirect
Kala Venkatarao

values:
/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar
mw-redirect
N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar

values:
/wiki/B._Pattabhi_Sitaramayya
mw-redirect
B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya

values:
/wiki/T._Prakasam
mw-redirect
T. Prakasam

values:
/wiki/S._H._Prater
mw-redirect
S. H. Prater

values:
/wiki/Neelam_Sanjeeva_Reddy
mw-redirect
Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy

values:
/wiki/C._Subramaniam
mw-redirect
C. Subramaniam

values:
/wiki/K.M._Munshi
mw-redirect
K.M. Munshi

values:
/wiki/Narahar_Vishnu_Gadgil
mw-redirect
Narahar Vishnu Gadgil

values:
/wiki/G._V._Mavalankar
mw-redirect
G. V. Mavalankar

values:
/wiki/K._C._Neogy
mw-redirect
K. C. Neogy

values:
/wiki/Balkrishna_Sharma
mw-redirect
Balkrishna Sharma

values:
/wiki/Feroz_Gandhi
mw-redirect
Feroz Gandhi

values:
/wiki/Har_Govind_Pant
mw-redirect
Har Govind Pant

values:
/wiki/Hriday_Nath_Kunzru
mw-redirect
Hriday Nath Kunzru

values:
/wiki/Jugal_Kishore
mw-disambig
Jugal Kishore

values:
/wiki/John_Matthai
mw-redirect
John Matthai

values:
/wiki/Sucheta_Kripalani
mw-redirect
Sucheta Kripalani

values:
/wiki/Vishwambhar_Dayal_Tripathi
mw-redirect
Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi

values:
/wiki/Rafi_Ahmad_Kidwai
mw-redirect
Rafi Ahmad Kidwai

values:
/wiki/Sardar_Hukam_Singh
mw-redirect
Sardar Hukam Singh

values: Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha
mw-redirect
Sri Krishna Sinha

values:
/wiki/Brijlal_Biyani
mw-redirect
Brijlal Biyani

values:
/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Shukla
mw-redirect
Ravi Shankar Shukla

values:
/wiki/Gopinath_Bardoloi
mw-redirect
Gopinath Bardoloi

values:
/wiki/Deshbhandhu_Gupta
mw-redirect
Deshbhandhu Gupta

values:
/wiki/Mukut_Bihari_Lal_Bhargava
mw-redirect
Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava

values:
/wiki/K._Hanumanthaiya
mw-redirect
K. Hanumanthaiya

values:
/wiki/Sheikh_Muhammad_Abdullah
mw-redirect
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah

values:
/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi
mw-redirect
Jaisukhlal Hathi

values:
/wiki/Amritlal_Vithaldas_Thakkar
mw-redirect
Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar

values:
/wiki/Manikya_Lal_Varma
mw-redirect
Manikya Lal Varma

values:
/wiki/Jainarain_Vyas
mw-redirect
Jainarain Vyas

values:
/wiki/Gokulbhai_Daulatram_Bhatt
mw-redirect
Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt

values:
/wiki/Darbar_Gopaldas_Desai
mw-redirect
Darbar Gopaldas Desai

values:
/wiki/Ratnappa_Bharamappa_Kumbhar
mw-redirect
Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar

values: Edit section: Members who later withdrew after partition

values: Abdullah al Mahmood (page does not exist)

values: Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui (page does not exist)

values: Muhammad Habibullah Bahar (page does not exist)

values: Raj Kumar Chakraverty (page does not exist)

values: Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya (page does not exist)

values: Abdul Matin Chaudhary (page does not exist)

values: Murtaza Raza Choudhry (page does not exist)

values: Hamidul Haq Chowdhury (page does not exist)

values: Dhirendra Nath Datta (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman
mw-redirect
Fazlur Rahman

values: Ghayasuddin Pathan (page does not exist)

values: Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar (page does not exist)

values: Birat Chandra Mandal (page does not exist)

values: Mohammed Ali (politician) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Khwaja_Nazimuddin
mw-redirect
Khwaja Nazimuddin

values: M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed (page does not exist)

values: Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy (page does not exist)

values: Maudi Bhakesh Chanda (page does not exist)

values: B.L. Serajul Islam (page does not exist)

values: Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/H.S._Suhrawardy
mw-redirect
H.S. Suhrawardy

values: Harendra Kumar Sur (page does not exist)

values: Kawivi Kerwar Datta (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Zafarullah_Khan
mw-redirect
Zafarullah Khan

values:
/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan
mw-redirect
Iftikhar Hussain Khan

values: Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin (page does not exist)

values: Sheikh Karamat Ali (page does not exist)

values: Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar (page does not exist)

values: Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara (page does not exist)

values: Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan (page does not exist)

values: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan (page does not exist)

values: Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan (page does not exist)

values: Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan (page does not exist)

values: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman (page does not exist)

values: Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder (page does not exist)

values: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai (page does not exist)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Rajya_sabha
mw-redirect
Rajya sabha

values: Template talk:Indian Independence Movement

values:
/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny
mw-redirect
Vellore Mutiny

values:
/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Sannyasi Rebellion

values: Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

values:
/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha
mw-redirect
Kheda Satyagraha

values:
/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935
mw-redirect
Government of India Act 1935

values:
/wiki/Indische_Legion
mw-redirect
Indische Legion

values: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

values:
/wiki/Babu_Kunwar_Singh
mw-redirect
Babu Kunwar Singh

values:
/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II
mw-redirect
Bahadur Shah II

values:
/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan
mw-redirect
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar
mw-redirect
Muhammad Ali Jauhar

values:
/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai
mw-redirect
Rani Lakshmibai

values:
/wiki/V_O_Chidambaram_Pillai
mw-redirect
V O Chidambaram Pillai

values: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

values: Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford

values: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

values: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto

values: James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

values: Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

values: Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

values: Causes for liberation of French colonies in India

values:
/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Indian annexation of Goa

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Constitutional history of India

values: Category:Central Legislative Assembly of India

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use Indian English from October 2013

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2013

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

values: Category:All articles with links needing disambiguation

values: Category:Articles with links needing disambiguation from July 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Assemblée constituante indienne – French

values: भारतीय संविधान सभा – Hindi

values: Assemblea costituente dell'India – Italian

values: ಭಾರತದ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ ರಚನಾ ಸಭೆ – Kannada

values: ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਸੰਵਿਧਾਨ ਸਭਾ – Punjabi

values: இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பு நிர்ணய மன்றம் – Tamil

values: భారత రాజ్యాంగ పరిషత్ – Telugu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Constituent_Assembly_of_India rootpage-Constituent_Assembly_of_India vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
North–South differences in the Korean language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Korean language has changed between the two states due to the length of time that North and South Korea have been separated.[1]
Korean orthography, as defined by the Korean Language Society in 1933 in the "Proposal for Unified Korean Orthography" (Hangul: 한글 맞춤법 통일안; RR: Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran) continued to be used by the North and the South after liberation of Korea in 1945, but with the establishments of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in 1948, the two states have taken on differing policies regarding the language. In 1954, North Korea set out the rules for Korean orthography (조선어 철자법 Chosŏnŏ Chŏljabŏp). Although this was only a minor revision in orthography that created little difference from that used in the South, from then on, the standard language in the North and the South gradually differed more and more from each other.
In the 1960s, under the influence of the Juche ideology came a big change in linguistic policies in North Korea. On 3 January 1964, Kim Il-sung issued his teachings on "A Number of Issues on the Development of the Korean language" (조선어를 발전시키기 위한 몇 가지 문제 Chosŏnŏrŭl Paljŏn Siki'gi Wihan Myŏt' Kaji Munje), and on 14 May 1966 on the topic "In Rightly Advancing the National Characteristics of the Korean language" (조선어의 민족적 특성을 옳게 살려 나갈 데 대하여 Chosŏnŏŭi Minjokchŏk T'ŭksŏngŭl Olge Sallyŏ Nagal Te Taehayŏ), from which the "Standard Korean Language" (조선말규범집 Chosŏnmalgyubŏmjip) rules followed in the same year, issued by the National Language Revision Committee that was directly under the control of the cabinet. From then on, more important differences came about between the standard language in the North and the South. In 1987, North Korea revised the aforementioned rules further, and these have remained in use until today. In addition, the rules for spacing were separately laid out in the "Standard Spacing Rules in Writing Korean" (조선말 띄여쓰기규범 Chosŏnmal Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyubŏm) in 2000 but have since been superseded by "Rules for Spacing in Writing Korean" (띄여쓰기규정 Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyujŏng), issued in 2003.
South Korea continued to use the Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran as defined in 1933, until its amendment "Korean Orthography" (한글 맞춤법 Hangeul Matchumbeop), together with "Standard Language Regulations" (표준어 규정: pyojuneo gyujeong), were issued in 1988, which remain in use today.
As with the Korean phonology article, this article uses IPA symbols in pipes | | for morphophonemics, slashes / / for phonemes, and brackets [ ] for allophones. Pan-Korean romanized words are largely in Revised Romanization, and North Korean-specific romanized words are largely in McCune-Reischauer. Also, for the sake of consistency, this article also phonetically transcribes ㅓ as /ʌ/ for pan-Korean and South-specific phonology, and as /ɔ/ for North-specific phonology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hangul (Chosŏn'gŭl)
1.1 Sorting order
2 Pronunciation
2.1 Consonants
2.2 Vowels
2.3 Pitch
3 Orthography
3.1 Inflected words
3.1.1 어 / 여
3.1.2 ㅂ-irregular inflections
3.1.3 Indication of tensed consonants after word endings that end with ㄹ
3.2 Sino-Korean words
3.2.1 Initial ㄴ / ㄹ (두음법칙[頭音法則, dueum beopchik], "initial sound rule")
3.2.2 Hanja pronunciation
3.3 Compound words
3.3.1 Sai siot (사이 시옷, "middle ㅅ")
3.3.2 Word stems in compound words
4 Spacing
4.1 Bound nouns
4.2 Auxiliaries
4.3 Words indicating a single concept
5 Emphasis
6 Vocabulary
6.1 Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure
6.2 Differences in words of foreign origin
6.3 Other differences in vocabulary
7 See also
8 References
Hangul (Chosŏn'gŭl)[edit]
The same hangul (Chosŏn'gŭl) letters are used to write the language in the North and the South. However, in the North, the stroke that distinguishes ㅌ |tʰ| from ㄷ |t| is written above rather than inside the letter as in the South.
In the South, the vowel digraphs and trigraphs ㅐ |ɛ|, ㅒ |jɛ|, ㅔ |e|, ㅖ |je|, ㅘ |wa|, ㅙ |wɛ|, ㅚ |ø|, ㅝ |wʌ|, ㅞ |we|, ㅟ |y|, ㅢ |ɰi| and the consonant digraphs ㄲ |k͈|, ㄸ |t͈|, ㅃ |p͈|, ㅆ |s͈|, ㅉ |tɕ͈| are not treated as separate letters, whereas in the North they are. Some letters and digraphs have different names in the North and in the South.
Letter
North Korean name
South Korean name
ㄱ |g|
기윽 [kiɯk̚] 기역 [gijʌk̚]
ㄷ |d|
디읃 [tiɯt̚] 디귿 [diɡɯt̚]
ㅅ |s|
시읏 [ɕiɯt̚] 시옷 [ɕiot̚]
ㄲ |gg|
된기윽 [tøːnɡiɯk̚] 쌍기역 [ssaŋɡijʌk̚]
ㄸ |dd|
된디읃 [tøːndiɯt̚] 쌍디귿 [ssaŋdiɡɯt̚]
ㅃ |bb|
된비읍 [tøːnbiɯp̚] 쌍비읍 [ssaŋbiɯp̚]
ㅆ |ss|
된시읏 [tøːnɕiɯt̚] 쌍시옷 [ssaŋɕiot̚]
ㅉ |tɕ͈|
된지읒 [tøːndʑiɯt̚] 쌍지읒 [ssaŋdʑiɯt̚]
The names used in the South are the ones found in the Hunmongjahoe (훈몽자회, 訓蒙字會, published 1527). The names used in the North are formed mechanically with the pattern "letter + 이 + 으 + letter". Also for the tensed consonants, in the South, they are called "double" (쌍- /s͈aŋ-/) consonants, while in the North, they are called "strong" (된- /tøːn-/) consonants.
Sorting order[edit]
Vowels
North: ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅚ ㅟ ㅢ ㅘ ㅝ ㅙ ㅞ
|a ja ɔ jɔ o jo u ju ɯ i ɛ jɛ e je ø y ɰi wa wɔ wɛ we|
South: ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ
|a ɛ ja jɛ ʌ e jʌ je o wa wɛ ø jo u wʌ we y ju ɯ ɰi i|
Consonants
North: ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ ㅇ
|k n t l m p s ŋ tɕ tɕʰ kʰ tʰ pʰ h k͈ t͈ p͈ s͈ tɕ͈ ∅|
South: ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
|g gg n d dd l m b bb s ss ∅/ŋ tɕ tɕ͈ tɕʰ kʰ tʰ pʰ h|
In the North, consonant vowel digraphs are treated as letters in their own right and are ordered after the end of the simple consonant and vowel letters. In the South, the digraphs come between the basic letters. For example, after ㅏ |a| comes the diphthong ㅐ |ɛ|, the combination of ㅏ and ㅣ |i|; or after ㅗ |o| come the diphthongs ㅘ |wa|, ㅙ |wɛ| and ㅚ |ø|, which begin with ㅗ, and so on. Also, the consonant letter ㅇ (|∅| and |ŋ|) is placed between ㅅ |s| and ㅈ |tɕ| in the North when pronounced |ŋ|, but after all consonants (after ㅉ |tɕ͈|) when used as a placeholder indicating a null initial consonant (for syllables that begin with a vowel).
Pronunciation[edit]
Dialects of Korean
The standard languages in the North and the South share the same types and the same number of phonemes, but there are some differences in the actual pronunciations. The South Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Seoul, and the North Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in Pyongyang.[citation needed]
Consonants[edit]
The following differences are recognised in the consonants. In the Seoul dialect, ㅈ, ㅊ and ㅉ are typically pronounced with alveolo-palatal affricates [tɕ], [tɕʰ], [tɕ͈]. In the Pyongyang dialect, they are typically pronounced with alveolar affricates [ts], [tsʰ], [ts͈]. Also, 지 and 시 can be pronounced without palatalisation as [tsi] and [si] in the Pyongyang dialect.
In Sino-Korean words, some of ㄴ |n| and all of ㄹ |l| that come in the beginning of a word are dropped in pronunciation and not written out in the South, but all initial ㄴ and ㄹ are written out in the North. For instance, the common last name 이 [i] (often written out in English as Lee, seemingly staying true to the North Korean typography and pronunciation), is written and pronounced as 리 [ɾi] in North Korean. Furthermore, the South Korean word 여자 [jʌdʑa], meaning woman, is similarly written as 녀자 [njɔdʑa] in North Korea. But as this latter pronunciation was artificially crafted in the 1960s, it is common for older speakers to be unable to pronounce initial ㄴ and ㄹ properly, thus pronouncing such words in the same way as they are pronounced in the South.
The liquid consonant [ɾ] does not come after the nasal consonants [m] and [ŋ]. In this position, ㄹ is pronounced as [n] rather than [ɾ]. But in North Korea, ㄹ before vowels ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅛ, and ㅠ can remain [ɾ] in this context.[2]
North
South
Hanja
침략 [tɕʰimnjak̚] ch'imnyak or [tɕʰimɾjak̚] ch'imryak [tɕʰimnjak̚] chimnyak 侵略
협력 [hjɔmnjɔk̚] hyŏmnyŏk or [hjɔmɾjɔk̚] hyŏmryŏk [hjʌmnjʌk̚] hyeomnyeok 協力
식료 singnyo or singryo singnyo 食料
청류벽 ch'ŏngnyubyŏk or ch'ŏngryubyŏk cheongnyubyeok 淸流壁
Vowels[edit]
The following differences are recognised in the vowels. The vowel ㅓ /ʌ/ is not as rounded in the Seoul dialect as it is in the Pyongyang dialect. If expressed in IPA, it would be [ʌ̹] or [ɔ̜] for the one in Seoul dialect and [ɔ] for the one in Pyongyang dialect. Due to this roundedness, speakers of the Seoul dialect would find that ㅓ as pronounced by speakers of the Pyongyang dialect sounds close to the vowel ㅗ /o/. Additionally, the difference between the vowels ㅐ /ɛ/ and ㅔ /e/ is slowly diminishing amongst the younger speakers of the Seoul dialect. It is not well known if this is also happening with the Pyongyang dialect.
Pitch[edit]
The pitch patterns in the Pyongyang and Seoul dialects differ, but there has been little research in detail. On the other hand, in the Chosŏnmal Taesajŏn (조선말대사전), published in 1992, where the pitches for certain words are shown in a three-pitch system, a word such as 꾀꼬리 ([k͈øk͈oɾi] – Korean nightingale) is marked as having pitch "232" (where "2" is low and "3" is high), from which one can see some difference in pitch patterns from the Seoul dialect.
Orthography[edit]
Inflected words[edit]
어 / 여[edit]
In words in which the word stem ends in ㅣ |i|, ㅐ |ɛ|, ㅔ |e|, ㅚ |ø|, ㅟ |y|, ㅢ |ɰi|, in forms where -어 /-ʌ/ is appended to these endings in the South, but -여 /-jɔ/ is instead appended in the North. In actual pronunciation, however, the [j] sound often accompanies the pronunciation of such words, even in the South.
Inflected word
North inflection
South inflection
Meaning
피다 [pʰida] 피여 [pʰijɔ] p'iyŏ 피어 (펴) [pʰiʌ] ([pʰjʌ]) pieo (pyeo) bloom
내다 [nɛːda] 내여 [nɛjɔ] naeyŏ 내어 [nɛʌ] naeeo take out
세다 [seːda] 세여 [sejɔ] seyŏ 세어 [seʌ] seeo count
되다 [tøda] 되여 [tøjɔ] toeyŏ 되어 (돼) [tøʌ (twɛ)] doeeo (dwae) become
뛰다 [t͈wida] 뛰여 [t͈wijɔ] ttwiyŏ 뛰어 [t͈wiʌ] ttwieo jump
희다 [çida] 희여 [çijɔ] hiyŏ 희어 [çiʌ] hieo white
ㅂ-irregular inflections[edit]
In the South, when the word root of a ㅂ-irregular inflected word has two or more syllables (for example, 고맙다 [komap̚t͈a] gomapda), the ㅂ is dropped and replaced with 우 in the next syllable. When conjugated to the polite speech level, the ㅂ-irregular stem resyllabifies with the 어요 -eoyu conjugation to form 워요 -woyu (as in 고맙다 komapta → 고마우 komau → 고마워요 komawŏyu), appearing to ignore vowel harmony. ㅂ is not replaced with 우 in the North (as it also was in the South before the 1988 Hangeul Matchumbeop). The vowel harmony is kept in both the South and the North if the word root has only one syllable (for example, 돕다 [toːp̚t͈a] topta/dopda).
Inflected word
North inflection
South inflection
Meaning
고맙다 [komap̚t͈a] 고마와 [komawa] komawa 고마워 [komawʌ] gomawo thankful
가깝다 [kak͈ap̚t͈a] 가까와 [kak͈awa] kakkawa 가까워 [kak͈awʌ] gakkawo near
Indication of tensed consonants after word endings that end with ㄹ[edit]
In word endings where the final consonant is ㄹ |l|, where the South spells -ㄹ까 |-l.k͈a| and -ㄹ쏘냐 |-l.s͈o.nja| to indicate the tensed consonants, in the North these are spelled -ㄹ가 |-l.ka|，-ㄹ소냐 |-l.so.nja| instead. These etymologically are formed by attaching to the adnominal form (관형사형 gwanhyeongjahyeong) that ends in ㄹ, and in the North, the tensed consonants are denoted with normal consonants. Also, the word ending -ㄹ게 |-l.ɡe| used to be spelt -ㄹ께 |-l.k͈e| in the South, but has since been changed in the Hangeul Matchumbeop of 1988, and is now spelt -ㄹ게 just like in the North.
Sino-Korean words[edit]
Initial ㄴ / ㄹ (두음법칙[頭音法則, dueum beopchik], "initial sound rule")[edit]
Initial ㄴ |n| / ㄹ |l| appearing in Sino-Korean words are kept in the North. In the South, in Sino-Korean words that begin with ㄹ which is followed by the vowel sound [i] or the semivowel sound [j] (when ㄹ is followed by one of ㅣ |i|, ㅑ |ja|, ㅕ |jʌ|, ㅖ |je|, ㅛ |jo| and ㅠ |ju|), ㄹ is replaced by ㅇ |∅|; when this ㄹ is followed by other vowels it is replaced by ㄴ |n|. In the North, the initial ㄹ is kept.
North
South
Hanja
Meaning
리성계 [ɾisɔŋɡje] Ri Sŏnggye 이성계 [isʌŋɡje] I Seonggye 李成桂 Yi Seong-gye
련습 [ɾjɔːnsɯp̚] ryŏnsŭp 연습 [jʌːnsɯp̚] yeonseup 練習 practice
락하 [ɾakʰa] rak'a 낙하 [nakʰa] naka 落下 fall
랭수 [ɾɛːŋsu] raengsu 냉수 [nɛːŋsu] naengsu 冷水 cold water
Similarly, in Sino-Korean words that begin with ㄴ |n| and is followed by the vowel sound [i] or the semi-vowel sound [j] (when ㄴ is followed by one of ㅣ |i|, ㅕ |jʌ|, ㅛ |jo| and ㅠ |ju|), in the South, this ㄴ is replaced by ㅇ |∅|, but this remains unchanged in the North.
North
South
Hanja
Meaning
니승 [nisɯŋ] nisŭn 이승 [isɯŋ] iseun 尼僧 priestess
녀자 [njɔdʑa] nyŏja 여자 [jʌdʑa] yeoja 女子 woman
These are thus pronounced as written in the North as ㄴ |n| and ㄹ |l|. However, even in the South, sometimes in order to disambiguate the surnames 유 (柳 Yu [ju]) and 임 (林 Im [im]) from 유 (兪 Yu [ju]) and 임 (任 Im [im]), the former may be written or pronounced as 류 Ryu ([ɾju]) and 림 Rim 林 ([ɾim]).
Hanja pronunciation[edit]
Where a Hanja is written 몌 |mje| or 폐 |pʰje| in the South, this is written 메 |me|, 페 |pʰe| in the North (but even in the South, these are pronounced 메 /me/, 페) /pʰe/.
North
South
Hanja
Meaning
메별 |mebjɔl| mebyŏl 몌별 |mjebjʌl| myebyeol 袂別 sad separation
페쇄 |pʰeːswɛ| p'eswae 폐쇄 |pʰjeːswɛ| pyeswae 閉鎖 closure
Some hanja characters are pronounced differently.
North
South
Hanja
거 |kɔ| kŏ 갹 |kjak̚| gyak 醵
외 |ø| oe 왜 |wɛ| wae 歪
Also in the North, the hanja 讐 is usually pronounced as 수 su [su], except in the word 怨讐/원쑤 wŏnssu ("enemy"), where it is pronounced as 쑤 su [s͈u]. It is thought[by whom?] that this is to avoid the word becoming a homonym with 元帥 ("military general"), written as 원수 wŏnsu |wɔn.su|.
Compound words[edit]
Sai siot (사이 시옷, "middle ㅅ")[edit]
When forming compound words from uninflected words, where the so-called "sai siot" is inserted in the South: this is left out in the North, but the pronunciation is the same as in the South.
North
South
Pronunciation
Meaning
저가락 |tɕɔ.ka.lak| 젓가락 |tɕʌs.ka.lak| 젇까락 [tɕʌt̚k͈aɾak̚] chŏtkkarak/jeotkkarak
or 저까락 [tɕʌk͈aɾak̚] chŏkkarak/jeokkarak chopsticks
나무잎 |na.mu.ipʰ| 나뭇잎 |na.mus.ipʰ| 나문닙 [namunnip̚] namunnip (tree) leaf
Word stems in compound words[edit]
While the general rule is to write out the word stem from which the compound word is formed in its original form, but in cases where the etymological origin is no longer remembered, this is no longer written in original form. This happens both in the North and in the South. However, whether a compound word is seen to have its etymological origin forgotten or not is seen differently by different people:
North
South
Meaning
옳바르다 |olh.pa.lɯ.ta| 올바르다 |ol.pa.lɯ.ta| upright
벗꽃 |pɔs.k͈otɕʰ| 벚꽃 |pʌtɕ.k͈otɕʰ| cherry blossom
In the first example, in the South, the 올 |ol| part shows that the etymological origin is forgotten, and the word is written as pronounced as 올바르다 [olbaɾɯda] olbareuda, but in the North, the first part is seen to come from 옳다 olt'a |olh.ta| and thus the whole word is written 옳바르다 olbarŭda (pronounced the same as in the South). Conversely, in the second example, the South spelling catches the word as the combination of 벚 beot and 꽃 kkot, but in the North, this is no longer recognised and thus the word is written as pronounced as 벗꽃 pŏtkkot.
Spacing[edit]
In the South, the rules of spacing are not very clearcut, but in the North, these are very precise. In general, compared to the North, the writing in the South tends to include more spacing. One likely explanation is that the North remains closer to the Sinitic orthographical heritage, where spacing is less of an issue than with a syllabary or alphabet such as Hangul. The main differences are indicated below.
Bound nouns[edit]
Before bound nouns (North: 불완전명사: purwanjŏn myŏngsa/不完全名詞 "incomplete nouns"; South: 의존 명사: uijon myeongsa/依存名詞 "dependent nouns"), a space is added in the South but not in the North. This applies to counter words also, but the space is sometimes allowed to be omitted in the South.
North
South
Meaning
내것 naegŏt 내 것 nae geot my thing
할수 있다 halsu itta 할 수 있다 hal su ittda to be able to do
한개 hangae 한 개 han gae one thing (counter word)
Auxiliaries[edit]
Before auxiliaries, a space is inserted in the South but not in the North. Depending on the situation, however, the space may be omitted in the South.
North
South
Meaning
먹어보다 mŏgŏboda 먹어 보다/먹어보다 meogeo boda/meogeoboda to try to eat
올듯하다 oldŭt'ada 올 듯하다/올듯하다 ol deutada/oldeutada to seem to come
읽고있다 ilkkoitta 읽고 있다 ilkko ittda to be reading
자고싶다 chagosip'ta 자고 싶다 jago sipda to want to sleep
In the above, in the rules of the South, auxiliaries coming after -아/-어 or an adnominal form allow the space before them to be omitted, but the space after -고 cannot be omitted.
Words indicating a single concept[edit]
Words formed from two or more words that indicate a single concept in principle are written with spaces in the South and without spaces in the North like Japanese and Chinese.
North
South
Meaning
국어사전 kugŏsajŏn 국어 사전 gugeo sajeon Korean dictionary
경제부흥상황 kyŏngjepuhŭngsanghwang 경제 부흥 상황 gyeongje buheung sanghwang state of economic recovery
서울대학교 인문대학 Sŏultaehakkyo Inmuntaehak 서울 대학교 인문 대학／서울대학교 인문대학 Seoul Daehakgyo Inmun Daehak/Seouldaehakgyo Inmundaehak Faculty of Humanities of Seoul National University
Note that since the spacing rules in the South are often unknown, not followed, or optional, spellings vary from place to place. For example, taking the word 국어 사전 gugeo sajeon, people who see this as two words will add a space, and people who see this as one word will write it without a space. Thus, the spacing depends on how one views what "one word" consists of, and so, while spacing is standardised in the South, in reality the standard does not matter much.
Emphasis[edit]
In the North, names of leaders 김일성 (Kim Il-sung), 김정일 (Kim Jong-il) and 김정은 (Kim Jong-un) are always set off from surrounding text, typically by bolding the characters, increasing the font size, or both.
Vocabulary[edit]
The standard language in the South (표준어/標準語 pyojuneo) is largely based on the Seoul dialect, and the standard language (문화어/文化語 munhwaŏ) in the North is largely based on the Pyongyang dialect. However, both in the North and in the South, the vocabulary and forms of the standard language come from Sajeonghan Joseoneo Pyojunmal Mo-eum 사정한 조선어 표준말 모음 published by the Korean Language Society in 1936, and so there is very little difference in the basic vocabulary between the standard languages used in the North and the South. Nevertheless, due to the difference in political systems and social structure, each country is constantly adding different words to its vocabulary.
Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure[edit]
North
South
Meaning
조선반도 (朝鮮半島) Chosŏnbando 한반도 (韓半島) Hanbando Korean Peninsula
조국해방전쟁 (祖國解放戰爭) Choguk'aepangjŏnjaeng 한국 전쟁 (韓國戰爭) Hanguk jeonjaeng Korean War
소학교 (小學校) sohakkyo 초등학교 (初等學校) chodeunghakkyo elementary school
동무 (同務) tongmu 친구 (親舊) chingu Friend
The word 동무 tongmu/dongmu that is used to mean "friend" in the North was originally used across the whole of Korea, but after the division of Korea, North Korea began to use it as a translation of the Russian term товарищ (friend, comrade), and since then, the word has come to mean "comrade" in the South as well and has fallen out of use there.
Differences in words of foreign origin[edit]
South Korea has borrowed a lot of English words, but North Korea has borrowed a number of Russian words, and there are numerous differences in words used between the two coming from these different borrowings.[3][4] Even when the same English word is borrowed, how this word is transliterated into Korean may differ between the North and the South, resulting in different words being adapted into the corresponding standard languages. For names of other nations and their places, the principle is to base the transliteration on the English word in the South and to base the transliteration on the word in the original language in the North.
North
South
Meaning
Korean
Transliteration
Origin
Korean
Transliteration
Origin
뜨락또르 ttŭrakttorŭ Rus. трактор (traktor) 트랙터 teuraekteo Eng. tractor tractor
스토킹 sŭt'ok'ing Br. Eng. stocking 스타킹 seutaking Am. Eng. stocking stocking
뽈스까 Ppolsŭkka Pol. Polska 폴란드 Pollandeu Eng. Poland Poland
Other differences in vocabulary[edit]
The other differences between the standard languages in the North and in the South are thought to be caused by the differences between the Seoul and Pyongyang dialects.
North
South
Meaning
Korean
Transliteration
Korean
Transliteration
강냉이 kangnaeng-i 옥수수 oksusu corn
달구지 talguji 수레 sure cow cart
케사니 kesani' 거위 geowi goose
마치 machi 망치 mangchi hammer
부루 buru 상추 sangchu lettuce
우 u 위 wi on, above
Words like 강냉이 gangnaeng-i and 우 u are also sometimes heard in various dialects in South Korea.
There are also some words that exist only in the North. The verb 마스다 masŭda (to break) and its passive form 마사지다 masajida (to be broken) have no exactly corresponding words in the South.
See also[edit]
National Institute of the Korean Language (South Korea)
New Orthography for the Korean Language
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (30 August 2006). "Koreas: Divided by a Common Language". The New York Times/ International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Works related to Article 24 in Chapter 8 of the revised Compendium of Korean Language Norms 2010 at Wikisource (in Korean)
Jump up ^ Bärtås, Magnus; Ekman, Fredrik (2014). Hirviöidenkin on kuoltava: Ryhmämatka Pohjois-Koreaan [All Monsters Must Die: An Excursion to North Korea] (in Finnish). Translated by Eskelinen, Heikki. Helsinki: Tammi. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-951-31-7727-0.
Jump up ^ Strother, Jason (19 May 2015). "Korean Is Virtually Two Languages, and that's a Big Problem for North Korean Defectors". PRI. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North–South_differences_in_the_Korean_language&oldid=798145839"
Categories:
Korean language
Korean language in North Korea
Korean language in South Korea
Language comparison between countries
Korean dialects
Communications in Korea
North Korea–South Korea relations
Hidden categories:
Articles with Korean-language external links
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
Articles needing additional references from March 2007
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Korean-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
Esperanto
Français
한국어
日本語
Русский
Tagalog
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 August 2017, at 07:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: href class

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Korean_orthography
mw-redirect
Korean orthography

values:
/wiki/Hangul_Society
mw-redirect
Hangul Society

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Revised_Romanization
mw-redirect
Revised Romanization

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Indication of tensed consonants after word endings that end with ㄹ

values: Edit section: Initial ㄴ / ㄹ (두음법칙[頭音法則, dueum beopchik], "initial sound rule")

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2012)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: Edit section: Sai siot (사이 시옷, "middle ㅅ")

values: Edit section: Word stems in compound words

values: Edit section: Words indicating a single concept

values: Edit section: Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure

values: Edit section: Differences in words of foreign origin

values: Edit section: Other differences in vocabulary

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Language comparison between countries

values: Category:North Korea–South Korea relations

values: Category:Articles with Korean-language external links

values: Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2007

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Korean-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: উত্তর কোরিয়ার ভাষা – Bangla

values: Korea lingvo (diferencoj inter Nordkoreio kaj Sudkoreio) – Esperanto

values: 한국어의 남북 간 차이 – Korean

values: 朝鮮語の南北間差異 – Japanese

values: Отличия в корейском языке между Северной Кореей и Южной Кореей – Russian

values: Pagkakaibang Hilaga-Timog sa wikang Koreano – Tagalog

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-North–South_differences_in_the_Korean_language rootpage-North–South_differences_in_the_Korean_language skin-vector action-view


text:
Brown Bess
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
British Land Pattern Musket
a.k.a. Brown Bess
A Short Land Pattern Musket
Type
Musket
Place of origin
Kingdom of Great Britain
Service history
In service
British Army 1722–1838
Used by
British Empire, Various Native American tribes, United States, Sweden, Mexico, Empire of Brazil, Zulu Kingdom
Wars
Indian Wars, Maroon Wars, Dummer's War, War of the Austrian Succession, Jacobite rising of 1745, Carnatic Wars, Seven Years' War, Anglo-Mysore Wars, Anglo-Maratha Wars, American Revolutionary War, Xhosa Wars, British Colonisation of Australia, Haitian Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars, Kandyan Wars, Irish Rebellion of 1798, Napoleonic Wars, Temne War, Emmet's Insurrection, British Expedition to Ceylon, Ashanti-Fante War, Musket Wars, Ga-Fante War, War of 1812, Greek War of Independence, Anglo-Ashanti Wars, Anglo-Burmese Wars, Baptist war, Texas Revolution (limited), Rebellions of 1837, Mexican-American War, Indian Rebellion of 1857, American Civil War (limited), Paraguayan War, Anglo-Zulu War
Production history
Designed
1722
Produced
1722–1860s (all variants)
No. built
4,300,000
Variants
Long Land Pattern, Short Land Pattern, Sea Service Pattern, India Pattern, New Land Pattern, New Light Infantry Land Pattern, Cavalry Carbine
Specifications
Weight
10.5 pounds (4.8 kg)
Length
58.5 inches (149 cm)
Barrel length
42 inches (110 cm) – 46 inches (120 cm)
Cartridge
0.69 inches (18 mm) musket ball, undersized to reduce the effects of powder fouling
Action
Flintlock
Rate of fire
User dependent; usually 3 to 4 rounds every 1 minute.
Muzzle velocity
Variable
Effective firing range
Variable (50–100 yards)
Feed system
Muzzle-loaded
"Brown Bess" is a nickname of uncertain origin for the British Army's muzzle-loading smoothbore Land Pattern Musket and its derivatives. This musket was used in the era of the expansion of the British Empire and acquired symbolic importance at least as significant as its physical importance. It was in use for over a hundred years with many incremental changes in its design. These versions include the Long Land Pattern, the Short Land Pattern, the India Pattern, the New Land Pattern Musket and the Sea Service Musket.
The Long Land Pattern musket and its derivatives, all .75 caliber flintlock muskets, were the standard long guns of the British Empire's land forces from 1722 until 1838, when they were superseded by a percussion cap smoothbore musket. The British Ordnance System converted many flintlocks into the new percussion system known as the Pattern 1839 Musket. A fire in 1841 at the Tower of London destroyed many muskets before they could be converted. Still, the Brown Bess saw service until the middle of the nineteenth century.
Most male citizens of the American Colonies were required by law to own arms and ammunition for militia duty.[1] The Long Land Pattern was a common firearm in use by both sides in the American War of Independence.[2]
In 1808 during the age of Napoleon, the United Kingdom subsidised Sweden in various ways as the British anxiously wanted to keep an ally in the Baltic Sea area, among other things deliverances of war material and with those, significant numbers of Brown Bess muskets for use in the Finnish War.[3]
During the Musket Wars (1820s–30s), Māori warriors used Brown Besses, having purchased them from European traders at the time. Some muskets were sold to the Mexican Army, which used them during the Texas Revolution of 1836 and the Mexican-American War of 1846 to 1848. Brown Besses saw service in the First Opium War and during the Indian rebellion of 1857. Zulu warriors, who had also purchased them from European traders, used them during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879. One was even used in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the name
2 The Land Pattern Muskets
2.1 Variations
3 See also
4 Notes
5 Other references
6 External links
Origins of the name[edit]
One hypothesis is that the "Brown Bess" was named after Elizabeth I of England, but this lacks support. It is not believed that this name was used contemporaneously with the early Long Pattern Land musket but that the name arose in late years of the 18th century when the Short Pattern and India Pattern were in wide use.
Early uses of the term include the newspaper, the Connecticut Courant in April 1771, which said "... but if you are afraid of the sea, take Brown Bess on your shoulder and march." This familiar use indicates widespread use of the term by that time. The 1785 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, a contemporary work that defined vernacular and slang terms, contained this entry: "Brown Bess: A soldier's firelock. To hug Brown Bess; to carry a fire-lock, or serve as a private soldier." Military and government records of the time do not use this poetical name but refer to firelocks, flintlock, muskets or by the weapon's model designations.
Soldiers of the Black Watch armed with a musket (Brown Bess) and a halberd, c. 1790.
Popular explanations of the use of the word "Brown" include that it was a reference to either the colour of the walnut stocks, or to the characteristic brown colour that was produced by russeting, an early form of metal treatment. Others argue that mass-produced weapons of the time were coated in brown varnish on metal parts as a rust preventative and on wood as a sealer (or in the case of unscrupulous contractors, to disguise inferior or non-regulation types of wood). However, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) notes that "browning" was only introduced in the early 19th century, well after the term had come into general use.[citation needed] [here the author confuses simple varnishing with the browning of metal, two entirely different things]
Similarly, the word "Bess" is commonly held to either derive from the word arquebus or blunderbuss (predecessors of the musket) or to be a reference to Elizabeth I, possibly given to commemorate her death. The OED has citations for "brown musket" dating back to the early 18th century that refer to the same weapon. Another suggestion is that the name is simply the counterpart to the earlier Brown Bill.
However, the origin of the name may be much simpler, if vulgar.
In the days of lace-ruffles, perukes, and brocade
Brown Bess was a partner whom none could despise -
An out-spoken, flinty-lipped, brazen-faced jade,
With a habit of looking men straight in the eyes -
At Blenheim and Ramillies, fops would confess
They were pierced to the heart by the charms of Brown Bess.
—  Rudyard Kipling, "Brown Bess," 1911
Kipling's poem most possibly "hits the mark" although he may have based his poem on an earlier but similar "Brown Bess" poem published "Flights of Fancy (No. 16) in 1792. Of course, the name could have been initially inspired by the older term of the "Brown Bill" and perhaps the barrels were originally varnished brown, but it is well known in literary circles that the name "Brown Bess" during the period in question in the 17th to early 19th centuries is not a reference to a color or a weapon but to simply refer to a wanton prostitute [or harlot].[5] Such a nickname would have been a delight to the soldiers of the era who were from the lower classes of English and then British society. So far, the earliest use noted so far of the term "Brown Bess" was in a 1631 publication, John Done's "POLYDORON: OR A Mescellania of Mo∣rall, Philosophicall, and Theologicall Sen∣tences." at Page 152:
Things profferd and easie to come by, diminish them∣selves in reputation & price: for how full of pangs and dotage is a wayling lover, for it may bee some browne bes∣sie? But let a beautie fall a weeping, overpressed with the sicke passion; she favours in our thoughts, something Turnbull.
The Land Pattern Muskets[edit]
The Long Land Pattern "Brown Bess" musket was the British infantryman's basic arm from about 1740 until the 1830s.
From the 17th century to the early years of the 18th century, most nations did not specify standards for military firearms. Firearms were individually procured by officers or regiments as late as 1745, and were often custom-made to the tastes of the purchaser. As the firearm gained ascendancy on the battlefield, this lack of standardisation led to increasing difficulties in the supply of ammunition and repair materials. To address these difficulties, armies began to adopt standardised "patterns". A military service selected a "pattern musket" to be stored in a "pattern room". There it served as a reference for arms makers, who could make comparisons and take measurements to ensure that their products matched the standard.
Stress-bearing parts of the Brown Bess, such as the barrel, lockwork, and sling-swivels, were customarily made of iron, while other furniture pieces such as the butt plate, trigger guard and ramrod pipe were found in both iron and brass. It weighed around 10 pounds (4.5 kg) and it could be fitted with a 17 inches (430 mm) triangular cross-section bayonet. The weapon did not have sights, though it could be aimed using the bayonet lug as a crude sight.
The earliest models had iron fittings, but these were replaced by brass in models built after 1736. Wooden ramrods were used with the first guns but were replaced by iron ones, although guns with wooden ramrods were still issued to troops on American service until 1765 and later to loyalist units in the American Revolution. Wooden ramrods were also used in the Dragoon version produced from 1744–71 for Navy and Marine use.
The accuracy of the Brown Bess was fair, as with most other muskets. The maximum effective range is often quoted as 175 yards (160 m) which was fairly good (in comparison, the slightly more accurate Model 1795 Musket had a maximum effective range of 200 yards), but the Brown Bess was often fired en masse at 50 yards (46 m) to inflict the greatest damage upon the enemy. Military tactics of the period stressed mass volleys and massed bayonet charges, instead of individual marksmanship. The large soft projectile could inflict a great deal of damage when it hit and the great length of the weapon allowed longer reach in bayonet engagements.
As with all similar smooth bore muskets, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the weapon by using musket balls that fit more tightly into the barrel. The black powder would quickly foul the barrel, making it more and more difficult to reload a tighter-fitting round after each shot and increasing the risk of the round jamming in the barrel during loading. Since tactics at the time favoured close range battles and speed over accuracy, smaller and more loosely fitting musket balls were much more commonly used. The Brown Bess had a barrel bore of .75 caliber, and the typical round used was around .69 caliber.
While the looser-fitting musket ball reduced the effective range of a single musketeer firing at a single man-sized target to around 50 yards (46 m) to 75 yards (69 m), the Brown Bess was rarely used in single combat. Since individual soldiers are not aimed for en masse volleys, the effective range of the Brown Bess when fired en masse was easily 100 yards (91 m) or more.
Standard European targets included strips of cloth 50 yards long to represent an opposing line of infantry, with the target height being six feet for infantry and eight feet, three inches for cavalry. Estimations of hit probability at 175 yards could be as high as 75 percent in volley fire. This, however, was without allowances for the gaps between the soldiers in an opposing line, for overly tall targets or the confusing and distracting realities of the battlefield. Modern testers shooting from rigid rests, using optimum loads and fast priming powder, report groups of circa five inches at fifty yards.[6]
Variations[edit]
X-ray of a Brown Bess musket recovered by LAMP archaeologists from an American Revolutionary War era shipwreck lost in December 1782. It is believed to be a 1769 Short Land Pattern, and is loaded with buck and ball.
Many variations and modifications of the standard pattern musket were created over its long history. The earliest version was the Long Land Pattern of 1722, a 62-inch (160 cm) long (without bayonet) and with a 46-inch (120 cm) barrel. It was later found that shortening the barrel did not detract from accuracy but made handling easier, giving rise to the Militia (or Marine) Pattern of 1756 and the Short Land Pattern of 1768, which both had a 42-inch (110 cm) barrel. Another version with a 39-inch (99 cm) barrel was first manufactured for the British East India Company, and was eventually adopted by the British Army in 1790 as the India Pattern.
Towards the end of the life of the weapon, there was a change in the system of ignition. The flintlock mechanism, which was prone to misfiring, especially in wet weather, was replaced by the more reliable percussion cap. The last flintlock pattern manufactured was selected for conversion to the new system as the Pattern 1839. A fire at the Tower of London destroyed large stocks of these in 1841, so a new Pattern 1842 musket was manufactured. These remained in service until the outbreak of the Crimean War when they were replaced by the Minie and the P53 Enfield rifled musket.
Pattern
Picture
In service
Barrel Length
Overall Length
Weight
Long Land Pattern 1722–93
standard Infantry Musket 1722–68
(supplemented by Short Land Pattern from 1768) 46-inch (120 cm) 62.5-inch (159 cm) 10.4 pounds (4.7 kg)
Short Land Pattern 1740–97
1740 (Dragoons)
1768 (Infantry)
standard Infantry Musket 1793–97 42-inch (110 cm) 58.5-inch (149 cm) 10.5 pounds (4.8 kg)
India Pattern 1797–1854
standard Infantry Musket 1797–1854
(Some in use pre-1797 purchased from the East India Company for use in Egypt) 39-inch (99 cm) 55.25-inch (140.3 cm) 9.68 pounds (4.39 kg)
New Land Pattern 1802–54
Issued only to the Foot Guards and 4th Regiment of Foot 39-inch (99 cm) 55.5-inch (141 cm) 10.06 pounds (4.56 kg)
New Light Infantry Land Pattern The detail differences between this musket and the standard New Land Pattern were a scrolled trigger guard similar to that of the Baker Rifle except more rounded, a browned barrel and a notch back-sight, the bayonet lug being used as the fore-sight. 1811–54
Issued only to the 43rd, 51st, 52nd, 68th, 71st and 85th Light Infantry and the Battalions of the 60th Foot not armed with rifles 39-inch (99 cm) 55.5-inch (141 cm) 10.06 pounds (4.56 kg)
Cavalry Carbine 1796–1838
Issued to cavalry units 26-inch (66 cm) 42.5-inch (108 cm) 7.37 pounds (3.34 kg)
Sea Service Pattern 1778–1854
Issued to Royal Navy ships, drawn by men as required, Marines used Sea Service weapons when deployed as part of a ship's company but were issued India Pattern weapons when serving ashore 37-inch (94 cm) 53.5-inch (136 cm) 9.00 pounds (4.08 kg)
See also[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brown Bess.
British military rifles
Charleville musket
Potzdam Musket 1723
M1752 Musket
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Linder, Doug (2008). "United States vs. Miller (U.S. 1939)". Exploring Constitutional Law. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Neumann, George. "The Redcoats' Brown Bess," American Rifleman, posted 2009.
Jump up ^ Norrbottens museum, Månadens föremål 2009/September Flintlåsgevär med bajonett.
Jump up ^ Brown, Dee Alexander. The Bold Cavaliers. (1959) p. 50.
Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature, Gordon Williams (1994) pgs 102-103
Jump up ^ Cumpston 2008
Other references[edit]
Cumpston, Mike. "The Guns of Empire: 18th Century Martial Muskets" Guns Magazine, August 2008, p. 60. FMG Publications, San Diego, CA
Reid, Stuart. British Redcoat (2) 1793–1815 Warrior Series, Osprey Publishing
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brown Bess.
Detailed Brown Bess Images and Information. Correct Source of Images with Blue Background.
Brown Bess - Musket Misconception
Kipling's poem "Brown Bess"
Brown Bess Musket: Three shots in 46 seconds (video)
Live Fire (Brown Bess) Volley at 60 yards www.kings8th.com (video)
Revolutionary War Soldier Explaining (Brown Bess) Flintlock Musket (Colonial Williamsburg) (video)
A demonstration of a British Brown Bess Musket (video)
(Brown Bess) Musket Firing Demonstration Part 1 (Minuteman National Park) (video)
(Brown Bess) Musket Firing Demonstration Part 2 (Minuteman National Park) (video)
How to fire a Brown Bess musket - English Heritage (video)
Brown Bess Flintlock Musket Accuracy - updated (Australia) (video)
[show]
Weapons of the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations 1722–1965
Handguns
Beaumont–Adams revolver
Enfield revolver
Webley revolver Mk. I–VI
Enfield No. 2 revolver
Browning Hi-Power
Rifles and carbines
Brown Bess musket
Ferguson rifle
Nock gun
Baker rifle
Brunswick rifle
Enfield 1853 rifle-musket
Snider–Enfield
Martini–Henry
Martini–Enfield
Lee–Metford
Lee–Enfield
Ross rifle
Lee–Enfield No.5 Mk.I "Jungle Carbine"
Howell Automatic Rifle
Huot Automatic Rifle
Rieder Automatic Rifle
De Lisle Commando carbine
L1A1 SLR
Submachine guns
Lanchester
Sten
Owen gun
Sterling L2
F1 submachine gun
Thompson submachine gun
Rapid-fire weapons
Nordenfelt gun
Gatling gun
Gardner gun
Maxim gun
QF 2 pdr "Pom-Pom"
Vickers gun
Lewis gun
Vickers–Berthier
Vickers K machine gun
Charlton Automatic Rifle
Besa
Besal
Bren gun
Anti-tank weapons
Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys
PIAT
2 pdr anti-tank gun
6 pdr anti-tank gun
17 pdr anti-tank gun
L6 Wombat
Field guns
and other weapons
25 pdr field gun
Congreve rocket
SBML 2-inch mortar
Ordnance ML 3 inch mortar
No.2 "Lifebuoy" flamethrower
Stokes mortar
OTO Melara Mod 56
[show]
v
t
e
Early firearms and thermal weapons
History of the firearm
History of gunpowder
Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
Firearms
Arquebus
Bajōzutsu
Belton flintlock
Blunderbuss (Dragon)
Cookson repeater
Doglock
Fire lance
Flintlock and flintlock mechanism
Hand cannon
Hand mortar
Heilongjiang hand cannon
Howdah pistol
Huochong
Huolongjing
Jingal
Kalthoff repeater
Matchlock
Miquelet lock
Muzzleloader
Nock gun
Snap matchlock
Snaphance
Snaplock
Tanegashima
Tu Huo Qiang
Wheellock
Muskets
Brown Bess
Charleville musket
Culverin
Jazāyer
Jezail
Kabyle musket
Model 1795 Musket
Model 1816 Musket
Model 1822 Musket
Musket Model 1777
Musketoon
Potzdam Musket 1723
Springfield Model 1812 Musket
Springfield musket
M1752 Musket
Wall gun
Early artillery
Abus gun
Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
Basilisk
Bâton à feu
Bombard
Breech-loading swivel gun
Cetbang
Chongtong
Culverin
Fauconneau
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty
Hongyipo
Hu dun pao
Korean cannon
Lantaka
Pierrier à boîte
Pot-de-fer
Ribauldequin
Veuglaire
Medieval superguns
Dulle Griet
Faule Grete
Faule Mette
Grose Bochse
Mons Meg
Pumhart von Steyr
Early rockets and incendiaries
Bo-hiya
Congreve rocket
Fire arrow
Huo Che
Greek fire
Huolongjing
Hwacha
Mysorean rockets
Singijeon
Category:Early firearms
Category:Early modern firearms
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_Bess&oldid=824093478"
Categories:
Military equipment of the Early Modern era
Military equipment of the Industrial era
Muskets
18th-century weapons
American Civil War weapons
British Army equipment
Guns of the American West
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2013
All articles lacking in-text citations
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013
Use dmy dates from June 2014
Use British English from March 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 February 2018, at 07:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values:
/wiki/Indian_Wars
mw-redirect
Indian Wars

values:
/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars
mw-redirect
Australian Frontier Wars

values:
/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Ceylon
mw-redirect
British Expedition to Ceylon

values:
/wiki/Ashanti-Fante_War
mw-redirect
Ashanti-Fante War

values:
/wiki/Ga-Fante_War
mw-redirect
Ga-Fante War

values:
/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_Wars
mw-redirect
Anglo-Ashanti Wars

values:
/wiki/Baptist_war
mw-redirect
Baptist war

values:
/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837
mw-redirect
Rebellions of 1837

values:
/wiki/Mexican-American_War
mw-redirect
Mexican-American War

values:
/wiki/American_War_of_Independence
mw-redirect
American War of Independence

values:
/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte
mw-redirect
Napoleon Bonaparte

values:
/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857
mw-redirect
Indian rebellion of 1857

values:
/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant
mw-redirect
The Hartford Courant

values:
/wiki/Stock_(firearm)
mw-redirect
Stock (firearm)

values:
/wiki/Browning_(steel)
mw-redirect
Browning (steel)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Black_powder
mw-redirect
Black powder

values:
/wiki/British_East_India_Company
mw-redirect
British East India Company

values:
/wiki/P53_Enfield
mw-redirect
P53 Enfield

values:
/wiki/Baker_Rifle
mw-redirect
Baker Rifle

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brown Bess

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/QF_2_pounder_naval_gun
mw-redirect
QF 2 pounder naval gun

values:
/wiki/Rifle,_Anti-Tank,_.55_in,_Boys
mw-redirect
Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys

values:
/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2_pounder
mw-redirect
Ordnance QF 2 pounder

values:
/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder
mw-redirect
Ordnance QF 6 pounder

values:
/wiki/QF_25_pounder
mw-redirect
QF 25 pounder

values:
/wiki/British_2_inch_mortar
mw-redirect
British 2 inch mortar

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gunpowder_Age
mw-redirect
Timeline of the Gunpowder Age

values: Military of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Military equipment of the Early Modern era

values: Category:Military equipment of the Industrial era

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2013

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013

values: Category:Use British English from March 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Brown_Bess
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: 브라운베스 – Korean

values: בראון בס – Hebrew

values: ブラウン・ベス – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Brown_Bess rootpage-Brown_Bess skin-vector action-view