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Subatomic particle
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In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles much smaller than atoms.[1] There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary particles, which according to current theories are not made of other particles; and composite particles.[2] Particle physics and nuclear physics study these particles and how they interact.[3]
In particle physics, the concept of a particle is one of several concepts inherited from classical physics. But it also reflects the modern understanding that at the quantum scale matter and energy behave very differently from what much of everyday experience would lead us to expect.
The idea of a particle underwent serious rethinking when experiments showed that light could behave like a stream of particles (called photons) as well as exhibiting wave-like properties. This led to the new concept of wave–particle duality to reflect that quantum-scale "particles" behave like both particles and waves (they are sometimes described as wavicles to reflect this). Another new concept, the uncertainty principle, states that some of their properties taken together, such as their simultaneous position and momentum, cannot be measured exactly.[4] In more recent times, wave–particle duality has been shown to apply not only to photons but to increasingly massive particles as well.[5]
Interactions of particles in the framework of quantum field theory are understood as creation and annihilation of quanta of corresponding fundamental interactions. This blends particle physics with field theory.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
1.1 By statistics
1.2 By composition
1.3 By mass
2 Other properties
3 Dividing an atom
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Classification[edit]
By statistics[edit]
Main article: Spin–statistics theorem
The Standard Model classification of particles
Any subatomic particle, like any particle in the three-dimensional space that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics, can be either a boson (with integer spin) or a fermion (with odd half-integer spin).
By composition[edit]
The elementary particles of the Standard Model include:[6]
Six "flavors" of quarks: up, down, bottom, top, strange, and charm;
Six types of leptons: electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino;
Twelve gauge bosons (force carriers): the photon of electromagnetism, the three W and Z bosons of the weak force, and the eight gluons of the strong force;
The Higgs boson.
Various extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of an elementary graviton particle and many other elementary particles.
Composite subatomic particles (such as protons or atomic nuclei) are bound states of two or more elementary particles. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the atomic nucleus of helium-4 is composed of two protons and two neutrons. The neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. Composite particles include all hadrons: these include baryons (such as protons and neutrons) and mesons (such as pions and kaons).
By mass[edit]
In special relativity, the energy of a particle at rest equals its mass times the speed of light squared, E = mc2. That is, mass can be expressed in terms of energy and vice versa. If a particle has a frame of reference in which it lies at rest, then it has a positive rest mass and is referred to as massive.
All composite particles are massive. Baryons (meaning "heavy") tend to have greater mass than mesons (meaning "intermediate"), which in turn tend to be heavier than leptons (meaning "lightweight"), but the heaviest lepton (the tau particle) is heavier than the two lightest flavours of baryons (nucleons). It is also certain that any particle with an electric charge is massive.
All massless particles (particles whose invariant mass is zero) are elementary. These include the photon and gluon, although the latter cannot be isolated.
Other properties[edit]
Through the work of Albert Einstein, Satyendra Nath Bose, Louis de Broglie, and many others, current scientific theory holds that all particles also have a wave nature.[7] This has been verified not only for elementary particles but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. In fact, according to traditional formulations of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, wave–particle duality applies to all objects, even macroscopic ones; although the wave properties of macroscopic objects cannot be detected due to their small wavelengths.[8]
Interactions between particles have been scrutinized for many centuries, and a few simple laws underpin how particles behave in collisions and interactions. The most fundamental of these are the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum, which let us make calculations of particle interactions on scales of magnitude that range from stars to quarks.[9] These are the prerequisite basics of Newtonian mechanics, a series of statements and equations in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, originally published in 1687.
Dividing an atom[edit]
The negatively charged electron has a mass equal to 1⁄1837 or 1836 of that of a hydrogen atom. The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton. The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus. Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton. Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively).
Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules. Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei. The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires quantum mechanics. Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory. The study of subatomic particles per se is called particle physics. The term high-energy physics is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays, or in particle accelerators. Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.[10]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of subatomic physics and Timeline of particle discoveries
The term "subatomic particle" is largely a retronym of the 1960s, used to distinguish a large number of baryons and mesons (which comprise hadrons) from particles that are now thought to be truly elementary. Before that hadrons were usually classified as "elementary" because their composition was unknown.
A list of important discoveries follows:
Particle
Composition
Theorized
Discovered
Comments
Electron
e−
elementary (lepton) G. Johnstone Stoney (1874) J. J. Thomson (1897) Minimum unit of electrical charge, for which Stoney suggested the name in 1891.[11]
alpha particle
α
composite (atomic nucleus) never Ernest Rutherford (1899) Proven by Rutherford and Thomas Royds in 1907 to be helium nuclei.
Photon
γ
elementary (quantum) Max Planck (1900) Albert Einstein (1905)
or Ernest Rutherford (1899) as γ rays Necessary to solve the problem of black body radiation in thermodynamics.
Proton
p
composite (baryon) Long ago Ernest Rutherford (1919, named 1920) The nucleus of 1
H
.
Neutron
n
composite (baryon) Ernest Rutherford (c.1918) James Chadwick (1932) The second nucleon.
Antiparticles Paul Dirac (1928) Carl D. Anderson (
e+
, 1932) Now explained with CPT symmetry.
Pions
π
composite (mesons) Hideki Yukawa (1935) César Lattes, Giuseppe Occhialini (1947) and Cecil Powell Explains the nuclear force between nucleons. The first meson (by modern definition) to be discovered.
Muon
μ−
elementary (lepton) never Carl D. Anderson (1936) The first named meson; today considered a lepton.
Kaons
K
composite (mesons) never 1947 Discovered in cosmic rays. The first strange particle.
Lambda baryons
Λ
composite (baryons) never University of Melbourne (
Λ0
, 1950)[12] The first hyperon discovered.
Neutrino
ν
elementary (lepton) Wolfgang Pauli (1930), named by Enrico Fermi Clyde Cowan, Frederick Reines (
ν
e, 1956) Solved the problem of energy spectrum of beta decay.
Quarks
(
u
,
d
,
s
) elementary Murray Gell-Mann, George Zweig (1964) No particular confirmation event for the quark model.
charm quark
c
elementary (quark) 1970 1974
bottom quark
b
elementary (quark) 1973 1977
Weak gauge bosons elementary (quantum) Glashow, Weinberg, Salam (1968) CERN (1983) Properties verified through the 1990s.
top quark
t
elementary (quark) 1973 1995 Does not hadronize, but is necessary to complete the Standard Model.
Higgs boson elementary (quantum) Peter Higgs et al. (1964) CERN (2012) Thought to be confirmed in 2013. More evidence found in 2014.[13]
Tetraquark composite ? Zc(3900), 2013, to be confirmed as a tetraquark A new class of hadrons.
Graviton elementary (quantum) Albert Einstein (1916) Not discovered Interpretation of a gravitational wave as a particle is controversial.
Magnetic monopole elementary (unclassified) Paul Dirac (1931) Not discovered
See also[edit]
Physics portal
Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (book)
Atom: An Odyssey from the Big Bang to Life on Earth...and Beyond (book)
CPT invariance
Dark Matter
Hot spot effect in subatomic physics
List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles
List of particles
Poincaré symmetry
Ylem
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Subatomic particles". NTD. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Bolonkin, Alexander (2011). Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation. Elsevier. p. 25. ISBN 9780124158016.
Jump up ^ Fritzsch, Harald (2005). Elementary Particles. World Scientific. pp. 11–20. ISBN 978-981-256-141-1.
Jump up ^ Heisenberg, W. (1927), "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik", Zeitschrift für Physik (in German), 43 (3–4): 172–198, Bibcode:1927ZPhy...43..172H, doi:10.1007/BF01397280.
Jump up ^ Arndt, Markus; Nairz, Olaf; Vos-Andreae, Julian; Keller, Claudia; Van Der Zouw, Gerbrand; Zeilinger, Anton (2000). "Wave-particle duality of C60 molecules". Nature. 401 (6754): 680–682. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..680A. doi:10.1038/44348. PMID 18494170.
Jump up ^ Cottingham, W. N.; Greenwood, D. A. (2007). An introduction to the standard model of particle physics. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-85249-4.
Jump up ^ Walter Greiner (2001). Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 3-540-67458-6.
Jump up ^ R. Eisberg & R. Resnick (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-471-87373-X. For both large and small wavelengths, both matter and radiation have both particle and wave aspects. [...] But the wave aspects of their motion become more difficult to observe as their wavelengths become shorter. [...] For ordinary macroscopic particles the mass is so large that the momentum is always sufficiently large to make the de Broglie wavelength small enough to be beyond the range of experimental detection, and classical mechanics reigns supreme.
Jump up ^ Isaac Newton (1687). Newton's Laws of Motion (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica)
Jump up ^ Taiebyzadeh, Payam (2017). String Theory; A unified theory and inner dimension of elementary particles (BazDahm). Riverside, Iran: Shamloo Publications Center. ISBN 978-600-116-684-6.
Jump up ^ Klemperer, Otto (1959). Electron Physics: The Physics of the Free Electron. Academic Press.
Jump up ^ Some sources such as The Strange Quark indicate 1947.
Jump up ^ CERN experiments report new Higgs boson measurements. cern.ch (23 June 2014)
Further reading[edit]
General readers
Feynman, R.P. & Weinberg, S. (1987). Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Brian Greene (1999). The Elegant Universe. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05858-1.
Oerter, Robert (2006). The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics. Plume.
Schumm, Bruce A. (2004). Deep Down Things: The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7971-X.
Martinus Veltman (2003). Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics. World Scientific. ISBN 981-238-149-X.
Textbooks
Coughlan, G. D., J. E. Dodd, and B. M. Gripaios (2006). The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists, 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press. An undergraduate text for those not majoring in physics.
Griffiths, David J. (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-60386-4.
Kane, Gordon L. (1987). Modern Elementary Particle Physics. Perseus Books. ISBN 0-201-11749-5.
External links[edit]
particleadventure.org: The Standard Model.
cpepweb.org: Particle chart.
University of California: Particle Data Group.
Annotated Physics Encyclopædia: Quantum Field Theory.
Jose Galvez: Chapter 1 Electrodynamics (pdf).
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ISS in 2011
Origins of the International Space Station covers the origins of ISS. The International Space Station program represents a combination of three national space station projects: the Russian/Soviet Mir-2, NASA's Freedom including the Japanese Kibō laboratory, and the European Columbus space stations. Canadian robotics supplement these projects.
In the early 1980s, NASA planned to launch a modular space station called Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. In 1984 the ESA was invited to participate in Space Station Freedom, and the ESA approved the Columbus laboratory by 1987.[1] The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), or Kibō, was announced in 1985, as part of the Freedom space station in response to a NASA request in 1982.
In Rome in early 1985, science ministers from the European Space Agency (ESA) countries approved the Columbus programme, the most ambitious effort in space undertaken by that organisation at the time. The plan spearheaded by Germany and Italy included a module which would be attached to Freedom, and with the capability to evolve into a full-fledged European orbital outpost before the end of the century. The space station was also going to tie the emerging European and Japanese national space programmes closer to the US-led project, thereby preventing those nations from becoming major, independent competitors too.[2]
In September 1993, American Vice-President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the International Space Station.[3] They also agreed, in preparation for this new project, that the United States would be involved in the Mir programme, including American Shuttles docking, in the Shuttle–Mir Programme.[4]
Contents
1 Mir-2
2 Freedom
2.1 Kibō
3 Columbus
4 References
Mir-2[edit]
Main articles: Mir, Mir-2, Polyus (spacecraft), Buran program, and Energia
The Soviet Buran spacecraft would have carried modules up to 30 tons[which?] to MIR-2. 80–100 ton modules could have used the Energia rocket without the orbiter. They are shown here at the 1989 Paris Air Show
The Russian Orbital Segment (ROS or RS) is the eleventh Soviet-Russian space station. Mir ("Peace") and the ISS are successors to the Salyut ("Fireworks") and Almaz ("Diamond") stations. The first MIR-2 module was launched in 1986 by an Energia heavy-lift expendable launch system. The Energia's core stage and boosters worked properly, however the Polyus spacecraft fired its engines to insert itself into orbit whilst in an incorrect orientation due to a programming error, and re-entered the atmosphere. The planned station changed several times, but Zvezda was always the service module, containing the station's critical systems such as life support. The station would have used the Buran spaceplane and Proton rockets to lift new modules into orbit. The spaceframe of Zvezda, also called DOS-8 serial number 128, was completed in February 1985 and major internal equipment was installed by October 1986.[5]
The Polyus module or spacecraft would have served as the FGB,[citation needed] a foundation which provides propulsion and guidance, but it lacks life support. Polyus was a satellite interceptor/destroyer, carrying a 1 megawatt carbon dioxide laser. The module had a length of almost 37 metres (121 ft) and a diameter of 4.1 metres (13 ft), with a mass of nearly 80 t[which?], and included two principal sections, the smallest, the functional service block (FGB), and the largest, the aim module.[clarification needed][6]
In 1983, the design was changed and the station would consist of Zvezda, followed by several 90 tonne modules and a truss structure similar to the current station. The draft was approved by NPO Energia Chief Semenov on 14 December 1987 and announced to the press as 'Mir-2' in January 1988. This station would be visited by the Soviet Buran, but mainly resupplied by Progress-M2 spacecraft. Orbital assembly of the station was expected to begin in 1993.[5] In 1993 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, a redesigned smaller Mir-2 was to be built whilst attached to Mir, just as OPSEK is being assembled whilst attached to the ISS.
Freedom[edit]
Main article: Space Station Freedom
Space Station Freedom
Approved by then-president Ronald Reagan and announced in the 1984 State of the Union Address, "We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful economic and scientific gain", the proposed Freedom changed considerably.
NASA's first cost assessment in 1987 revealed the "Dual Keel" Station would cost $14.5 billion. This caused a political uproar in Congress, and NASA and Reagan Administration officials reached a compromise in March 1987 which allowed the agency to proceed with a cheaper $12.2-billion Phase One Station that could be completed after 10 or 11 Shuttle assembly flights. This design initially omitted the $3.4-billion 'Dual Keel' structure and half of the power generators. The new Space Station configuration was named Freedom by Reagan in June 1988. Originally, Freedom would have carried two 37.5 kW solar arrays. However, Congress quickly insisted on adding two more arrays for scientific users. The Space Station programme was plagued by conflicts during the entire 1984–1987 definition phase. In 1987, the Department of Defense (DoD) briefly demanded to have full access to the Station for military research, despite strong objections from NASA and the international partners. Besides the expected furore from the international partners, the DoD position sparked a shouting match between Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger and powerful members of Congress that extended right up to the final Fiscal 1988 budget authorisation in July 1987.[7] Reagan wanted to invite other NATO countries to participate in the US-led project, since the Soviet Union had been launching international crews to their Salyut space stations since 1971. At one point, then-anonymous disgruntled NASA employees calling themselves "Center for Strategic Space Studies" suggested that instead of building Freedom, NASA should take the back-up Skylab from display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington and launch that.[8]
An agreement signed in September 1988 allocated 97% of the US lab resources to NASA while the Canadian CSA would receive 3% in return for its contribution. Europe and Japan would retain 51% of their own laboratory modules. Six Americans and two international astronauts would be permanently based on Space Station Freedom. Several NASA Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included spacewalks to demonstrate and test space station construction techniques.
Kibō[edit]
Main articles: Kibō and H-II Transfer Vehicle
Kibō development
The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), christened Kibō ("hope") in 1999, is Japan's first manned spacecraft. Kibō consists of a pressurised laboratory dedicated to advanced technology experiments, education and art, a cargo bay, an unpressurised pallet for vacuum experiments in space, a robotic arm, and interorbital communication system. While the proposed space station was redesigned many times around Kibō, the only significant change has been the placement of its ballistic shielding. Its final position at the front of the station increases the risk of damage from debris. The ESA and NASA, by contrast, both reduced the size of their laboratories over the course of the programme. The Japanese National Space Development Agency (NASDA) formally submitted the JEM proposal to NASA in March 1986, and by 1990 design work began.[2][9][10] Constructed in the Tobishima Plant of Nagoya Aerospace Systems Works, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Kibō made its way to the Tsukuba Space Center and in 2003 Kibō was shipped, first by river barge and then by ship, to America. In 2010, Kibō won the Good Design Award, a 61-year-old consumer and industry award which identifies the best of Japanese craftsmanship.[11][12]
In the 1980s Japan was working on the HOPE-X spaceplane, intended to launch on the H-II rocket. Depending on the configuration of the rocket, it would have a mass of between 10 and 20 tonnes, and be able to carry both crew and cargo. It would launch vertically and land horizontally. The programme was terminated by JAXA in 2003 after scale mockup testing.[13][14]
Columbus[edit]
Columbus ISS module
Main articles: Columbus ISS module, Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer, and Hermes spaceplane
In 1987 the ESA approved the Columbus laboratory.[1] 1988, Europe was working on several space projects including the Columbus module, the Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF), and the Polar Platform (PPF),[15] supported by the Ariane 5 rocket and the Hermes spaceplane.[16]
The Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) was an ESA programme to develop a space station that could be used for a variety of microgravity experiments while serving ESA's needs for an autonomous manned space platform.[17][18] The MTFF would be a space station without long term life support, visited by short term crews to replenish and maintain experiments in a Zero-G environment free of vibrations caused by a permanent crew. The project was cancelled after budget constraints caused by German reunification. The Hermes spaceplane is comparable in function to the American and Soviet space shuttles, with a smaller crew of up to 6 (reduced to 3 with ejection seats after the Challenger disaster) and substantially smaller cargo capacity, 4,550 kg, comparable to ISS unmanned cargo ships.
By 1991 the Columbus and Hermes pre-development activities were good enough to progress into full development, however profound geopolitical changes prompted examining broader international co-operation, in particular with the Russian Federation. ESA Member States approved the complete development of the Attached Pressurised Module (APM) and the Polar Platform (PPF) for Columbus, but the Man-Tended Free-Flyer (MTFF) was abandoned. The Hermes programme was reoriented into the Manned Space Transportation Programme (MSTP), and a three-year period extending from 1993 to 1995 was agreed on to define a future manned space transportation system in co-operation with Russia, including joint development and use of Mir-2.[19][20]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b ESA - Colombus
^ Jump up to: a b "International Space Station". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Heivilin, Donna (21 June 1994). "Space Station: Impact of the Expanded Russian Role on Funding and Research" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 3 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Dismukes, Kim (4 April 2004). "Shuttle–Mir History/Background/How "Phase 1" Started". NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Mir-2. Astronautix.com. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Polyus Description". Buran-energia.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Space Station Freedom". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Skylab's Untimely Fate". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "NASDA Japanese Experiment Module". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hyper Velocity Impact Test of Kibo's Debris Shield". Iss.jaxa.jp. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Good Design Award 2010" (in Japanese). G-mark.org. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "NASDA Japanese Experiment Module". Astronautix.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "HOPE – Japan and Space Transportation Systems". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "HSFD (High Speed Flight Demonstrator) -2003". Stratocat.com.ar. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "ESA Polar Platform". Friends-partners.org. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Columbus space station module". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Research – research*eu – Topics – Space – 57 – Europe on board the space station". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Marcus Lindroos: Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer – MTFF".
Jump up ^ "The Manned Space and Microgravity Programmes". Esa.int. 10 November 1992. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ ESA MTFF-Derived Space Station. Astronautix.com. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_International_Space_Station&oldid=824758981"
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text:
Dance! (Lumidee and Fatman Scoop song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation).
"Dance!"
Single by Goleo VI presents Lumidee VS. Fatman Scoop
from the album FIFA World Cup 2006 Soundtrack
Released
May 2, 2006
Format
CD Single
Genre
Hip hop
dancehall
Length
3:37
Label
Edel Music
Songwriter(s)
George Merrill, Shannon Rubicam, Cordell Burrell, Lumidee Cedeño, Isaac Freeman
Producer(s)
Reinhard Raith, Andreas Litterscheid
Lumidee singles chronology
"Siéntelo"
(2004) "Dance!"
(2006) "She's Like The Wind"
(2007)
"Siéntelo"
(2004) "Dance!"
(2006) "She's Like The Wind"
(2007)
Fatman Scoop singles chronology
"Take the Lead (Wanna Ride)"
(2006) "Dance!"
(2006) "Behind the Cow"
(2007)
"Dance!" is a song included on the album FIFA World Cup 2006 Soundtrack. It features R&B artist Lumidee and Fatman Scoop with SCORCCiO sample replays of the chorus from Whitney Houston's "I Wanna Dance With Somebody", and beats from the Coolie Dance riddim, both produced by Mark Summers.
Track listing[edit]
Single CD-Maxi[1]
Dance! (Radio Edit) - 3:37
Dance! (Club Remix) - 4:54
Goleo VI & Pachanga - Hip Hop Hooray (Reggaeton Remix) - 4:31
Bonusclip "Dance!" - 3:38
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2006)
Peak
Position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[2] 5
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[3] 13
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[4] 5
Denmark (Tracklisten)[5] 17
France (SNEP)[6] 30
Germany (Official German Charts)[7] 5
Hungary (Single Top 40)[8] 4
Hungary (Dance Top 40)[9] 6
Italy (FIMI)[10] 18
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[11] 70
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[12] 46
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[13] 32
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Muze, Inc. Lumidee VS Fatman Scoop Dance! CD Single cduniverse.com. Retrieved 11-06-2010.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200632 into search.
Jump up ^ "Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop: Dance!" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Dance Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200636 into search.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Goleo VI pres. Lumidee vs. Fatman Scoop – Dance!". Swiss Singles Chart.
hide
v
t
e
Lumidee
Studio albums
Almost Famous (2003)
Unexpected (2007)
Singles
"Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh)"
"Crashin' a Party"
"She's Like The Wind"
"Crazy"
"Feel Like Makin' Love"
"Could Be Anything"
Featured Singles
"Die Besten Tage Sind Gezählt"
"From Spanish Harlem To Geneva"
"Siéntelo"
"Más Maíz"
"Dance!"
"Don't Sweat That (Whistle Song)"
"Ring My Bell"
"Let Go"
"Kandi"
"Dale Mami"
Related Topics
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance!_(Lumidee_and_Fatman_Scoop_song)&oldid=866417141"
Categories:
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Fatman Scoop songs
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2006 singles
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2006 songs
Songs about dancing
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Singlechart usages for Hungarydance
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text:
Alpha (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Alpha
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Albert Hughes
Produced by
Albert Hughes
Andrew Rona
Screenplay by
Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt
Story by
Albert Hughes
Starring
Kodi Smit-McPhee
Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson
Music by
Joseph S. DeBeasi
Cinematography
Martin Gschlacht
Edited by
Sandra Granovsky
Production
company
Columbia Pictures[1]
Studio 8[1]
The Picture Company[1]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing[1]
Release date
August 17, 2018 (2018-08-17) (US)
Running time
96 minutes
Country
United States
Language
Fictional language[2][3]
Budget
$51 million[4]
Box office
$97.6 million[5]
Alpha is a 2018 American historical adventure film directed by Albert Hughes and written by Daniele Sebastian Wiedenhaupt, from a story by Hughes. The film stars Kodi Smit-McPhee as a young hunter who befriends an injured wolf during the last ice age, with Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as his father. The wolf is played by Chuck, a five-year-old Czechoslovakian Wolfdog.[6]
Principal photography began in February 2016 in Canada and lasted through that April. The film was delayed several times, before being released in the United States on August 17, 2018, by Sony Pictures Releasing. It has grossed over $97 million worldwide and received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised the performances and cinematography.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In Upper Paleolithic Europe, 20,000 years in the past, a small tribe of hunter-gatherers prepares for an expedition to hunt for the coming winter's food. Tau, its chief, trains his adolescent son Keda, accepting him and another boy to join the hunting party. His wife Rho worries that Keda is not ready, but Tau believes he is and the hunters set out.
Tau tests Keda by having him kill a boar they've caught, but Keda balks. One night, the party's fire draws the attention of a Machairodus, which lunges through their circle, snatching Keda's friend. Hearing the fatal struggle in the darkness, the tribe gives him up for dead. The member is given a memorial service in the form of placing rocks to symbolize the passing of one's spirit to the afterlife.
The hunters eventually reach a herd of steppe bison, which they attempt to stampede off a cliff in relative success. Amidst the chaos, a bison rushes Keda and throws him over the edge, leaving him gripping the rough cliff edge with his hand. Keda loses grip and falls to a further ledge where he appears to break his leg and is knocked to unconsciousness. Tau attempts to climb down to him, but he is stopped by another member of the tribe who assures him in good faith that Keda is dead and there would be no way to reach him nonetheless. The tribe leaves and Tau performs another funeral ritual, stricken with grief.
Keda awakes and tries to climb the rest of the way down the cliff. A sudden heavy rainfall causes the ravine below to flood. Losing his grip, Keda jumps into the water. He survives and splints his injured foot before returning to the top of the cliff. Seeing the memorial cairn left by his tribe, he realizes he must trek back to the village by himself.
He is attacked by a pack of wolves, but escapes up a tree, wounding one of them which the others leave behind. Keda takes pity on it and cares for its injury. Gradually gaining the wolf's trust, he gives it water and then food, establishing himself as dominant by feeding himself first. He sets out for the village without the wolf, but it follows him. Their companionship grows, and they learn to hunt small boar together. Along the way, Keda names the wolf Alpha.
One night, they are approached menacingly by a pack of wolves. They hesitate upon seeing Alpha, who steps forward and greets them. The pack runs off and with Keda's blessing, Alpha joins them.
Keda continues his journey alone as the season changes to winter. On a frozen lake, he encounters a pack of wolves feeding. Recognizing Alpha, he runs to them, but the ice breaks and he falls through. Alpha helps rescue him and they are reunited.
Continuing the journey together, they find a man who has frozen to death outside his tent and scavenge a bow and arrow from it. Later, they take refuge from cave hyenas in a cave where they are attacked by another Machairodus. Alpha and the Machairodus fight, and Keda kills the Machairodus with the arrow. However, Alpha is badly injured and now travels with difficulty. Meanwhile, Keda begins to cough up blood. When Alpha finally cannot walk, Keda carries the wolf.
Keda eventually finds the village and reunites happily with his parents, who are amazed and proud of him. As the village healer tends to Alpha's wounds, the wolf delivers a litter of pups to Keda's surprise. Alpha and her pups are formally welcomed into the tribe and grow up in the care of Alpha and Keda.
In time, the tribe becomes one of both humans and domesticated wolves, hunting together.
Cast[edit]
Kodi Smit-McPhee as Keda
Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Tau
Natassia Malthe as Rho
Leonor Varela as Shaman
Jens Hultén as Xi
Mercedes de la Zerda as Nu
Spencer Bogaert as Kappa
Chuck as Alpha
Production[edit]
The film was first announced in September 2015, with Albert Hughes as director, produced by Studio 8. The film uses the IMAX 3D format.[7] Kodi Smit-McPhee was confirmed as its star in November 2015,[8] and other casting was finalized the following February.[9]
Filming took place in Drumheller, Burnaby, and Vancouver,[10] where a large set was built in Boundary Road near East Kent Avenue. Filming in Vancouver took place from February to May 2016, and at Dinosaur Provincial Park near Patricia, Alberta in April 2016,[11] and in Iceland.[12]
The production was investigated after five Alberta bison were allegedly killed in the making of the film.[13] Following an investigation, the American Humane Association denied its "No Animals Were Harmed" end-credit certification to the production.[14] Two days before the film's release, PETA called for a boycott of the film.[15]
Release[edit]
In June 2017, the film's title was changed from The Solutrean to Alpha. The term Solutrean is derived from Solutré. Initially set for a September 2017 release date, it was pushed back to March 2018.[16] In December 2017, it was again delayed, this time to September 2018.[17] In April 2018, the release date was moved up to August 17, 2018.[18]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of September 25, 2018[update], Alpha has grossed $35.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $55.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $90.7 million, against a production budget of $51 million.[5]
In the United States and Canada, Alpha was released alongside Crazy Rich Asians and Mile 22, and was projected to gross $7–9 million from 2,719 theaters in its opening weekend.[19] It made $3.4 million on its first day, including $525,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,303 theaters. It went on to debut to $10.3 million, finishing fifth at the box office.[20] In its second weekend the film dropped to seventh place, making $5.6 million.[21]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 111 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-acted and beautifully filmed, Alpha offers a canine-assisted epic adventure that blends rousing action with an extra helping of canine charm."[22] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[20]
See also[edit]
The Clan of the Cave Bear
10,000 BC
Quest for Fire
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Film releases". Variety Insight. Variety Media. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (August 16, 2018). "'Alpha' is a boy-meets-wolf love story, set in the Ice Age. And yes, it works". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved August 21, 2018. In an invented language with subtitles.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Alissa (August 15, 2018). "Alpha takes a conventional boy-and-his-dog tale and does something wholly unexpected with it". Vox. Vox Media. Retrieved August 21, 2018. Alpha is the rare film that dares to imagine that American audiences are willing to sit in a multiplex and read subtitles, since the members of the clan, who already don't utter much dialogue, speak in an unidentified prehistoric language.
Jump up ^ "Alpha (2018)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alpha (2018)". The Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://pop.inquirer.net/56885/wolf-dogs-lend-genuine-emotional-weight-epic-adventure-alpha
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (September 15, 2015). "Jeff Robinov's First Studio 8-Hatched Film: Albert Hughes-Directed Ice Age Survival Tale 'Solutrean'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ White, James (November 12, 2015). "Kodi Smit-McPhee starring in The Solutrean". Empire. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (February 19, 2016). "Albert Hughes' Ice Age Epic 'The Solutrean' Gets Rolling For Studio 8". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kolafa, Pat (April 30, 2016). "Ice age epic filmed near Hoodoos". Drumheller Mail. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Christine (February 3, 2016). "What's filming in Vancouver right now". On Location Vacations. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Solutrean Starts Filming in Vancouver This Week". What's Filming?. February 22, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rieger, Sarah (June 27, 2016). "'The Solutrean' Under Investigation After 5 Alberta Bison Were Allegedly Killed". HuffPost. Oath. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Certification Notice". American Humane. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack (August 15, 2018). "Peta declares boycott against 'Alpha' after five bison were slaughtered and skinned during production". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (June 16, 2017). "'Solutrean' Retitled 'Alpha,' Gets New Release Date (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 28, 2017). "Sony Moves 'Alpha' To Fall, Bumps 'Goosebumps 2' To October". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 10, 2018). "'Alpha' & 'White Boy Rick' Swap Release Dates On Sony Schedule". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 14, 2018). "'Crazy Rich Asians' Could Hit $30M In 5-Day Opening; Fandango Presales Currently Besting 'Girls Trip'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 19, 2018). "'Crazy Rich Asians' Even Richer On Saturday With $10M+; Weekend Bling Now At $25M+ With $34M 5-Day Debut". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 26, 2018). "'Why 'Happytime Murders' Reps A Solo Career B.O. Low For Melissa McCarthy In A 'Crazy Rich' Weekend – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Alpha (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Alpha Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Alpha on IMDb
Alpha at Box Office Mojo
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Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes
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