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Balrog
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This article is about J. R. R. Tolkien's Balrogs. For other uses, see Balrog (disambiguation).
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Balrogs /ˈbælrɒɡz/ are fictional creatures who appear in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Such creatures first appeared in print in his novel The Lord of the Rings, where the Fellowship of the Ring encounter one known as Durin's Bane in the Mines of Moria. Balrogs figured in Tolkien's earlier writings that appeared posthumously in The Silmarillion and other books.
Balrogs are described as tall and menacing beings that can shroud themselves in fire, darkness, and shadow. They frequently appeared armed with fiery whips "of many thongs",[1] and occasionally used long swords. In Tolkien's later conception, they could not be readily vanquished—a certain stature was required by the would-be hero. Only dragons rivalled their capacity for ferocity and destruction,[2] and during the First Age of Middle-earth, they were among the most feared of Morgoth's forces.
Contents
1 History
2 Characteristics
3 Name
4 Individual Balrogs
4.1 Gothmog
4.2 Lungorthin
4.3 Durin's Bane
5 Adaptations
6 See also
7 References
8 Works cited
9 External links
History[edit]
According to The Silmarillion, the evil Vala Melkor corrupted lesser Maiar (angelic beings) to his service in the days of his splendor before the making of Arda.[3][4] These became known as "Demons of Might": Valaraukar in Quenya, and Belryg[citation needed] in Sindarin; Balrogs is an Anglicised plural of singular Balrog.
Upon the awakening of the Elves, the Valar captured Melkor and destroyed his fortresses Utumno and Angband. But they overlooked the deepest pits,[5] where, with many of Melkor's other allies, the Balrogs fled into hiding. When Melkor returned to Middle-earth from Valinor, now bearing the epithet Morgoth, he was attacked by Ungoliant, a spider-like creature; his piercing scream drew the Balrogs out of hiding to his rescue.
When the Noldor arrived in Beleriand in pursuit of Morgoth, they won a swift victory over his Orcs in the Dagor-nuin-Giliath. Fëanor pressed on towards Angband, but the Balrogs came against him, and Fëanor was mortally wounded by Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs. Fëanor's sons fought off the Balrogs, but Fëanor died of his wounds shortly afterward.[6]
In The Lays of Beleriand, The Lay of Leithian mentions Balrog captains leading Orcs: "the Orcs went forth to rape and war, and Balrog captains marched before".[7]
Tolkien tells of two Balrogs slain by Elves in the fall of Gondolin.[8] During the assault on the city, Ecthelion of the Fountain fought Gothmog, and "each slew the other." Glorfindel fought a Balrog who waylaid an escape party from the fallen city; both fell from the mountainside in the struggle and perished.
In the War of Wrath that ended the First Age, most of the Balrogs were destroyed, although some including the Balrog known as Durin's Bane, managed to escape and hide in "caverns at the roots of the earth".[9]
In The Fellowship of the Ring, the Fellowship ventured through Moria and were attacked in the Chamber of Mazarbul by Orcs and the Balrog.[10] Gandalf faced the Balrog at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm and broke the Bridge, but was dragged down by the Balrog. He slew the Balrog but perished himself at the same time—to be sent back as the more powerful Gandalf the White.
Characteristics[edit]
Tolkien's conception of Balrogs changed over time. In all his early writing, they are numerous. A host of a thousand of them is mentioned in the Quenta Silmarillion,[11] while at the storming of Gondolin Balrogs in the hundreds ride on the backs of the Dragons.[12] They are roughly of twice[13] human size,[14] and were occasionally killed in battle by Elves and Men.[15] They were fierce demons, associated with fire, armed with fiery whips of many thongs and claws like steel, and Morgoth delighted in using them to torture his captives.[16] They were loyal to Morgoth, and once came out of hiding to save him from capture.
In the published version of The Lord of the Rings, however, Balrogs became altogether more sinister and more powerful. Christopher Tolkien notes the difference, saying that in earlier versions they were "less terrible and certainly more destructible". He quotes a very late margin note[17] that was not incorporated into the text saying "at most seven" ever existed;[18] though in the Annals of Aman, written as late as 1958, after the publication of The Lord of the Rings, Melkor still commands "a host of Balrogs".[19] In later writings they ceased to be creatures, but are instead Maiar, lesser Ainur like Gandalf or Sauron, spirits of fire whom Melkor had corrupted before the creation of the World.[3] Power of the order of Gandalf's was necessary to destroy them,[20] and as Maiar, only their physical forms could be destroyed.
Tolkien says of the Valar (including the Maiar) that they can change their shape at will, and move unclad in the raiment of the world, meaning invisible and without form.[21] But it seems that Morgoth, Sauron, and their associated Maiar could lose this ability: Morgoth, for example, was unable to heal his burns from the Silmarils or wounds from Fingolfin and Thorondor;[22] and Sauron lost his ability to assume a fair-seeming form after his physical body was destroyed in the downfall of Númenor.[23]
Tolkien does not address this specifically for Balrogs though at least in his later conception they are Maiar. In "the Bridge of Khazad-dûm" in The Fellowship of the Ring, the Balrog appears "like a great shadow, in the middle of which was a dark form, of man-shape maybe, yet greater". Though previously the Balrog had entered the "large square chamber" of Mazarbul, at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm it "drew itself to a great height, and its wings spread from wall to wall" in what was a vast hall.
The Balrog's size and shape, therefore, are not given precisely. When Gandalf threw it from the peak of Zirakzigil, the Balrog "broke the mountain-side where he smote it in his ruin".[24]
Whether Balrogs have wings (and if so, whether they can fly) is unclear. This is due partly to Tolkien's changing conception of Balrogs, but mostly to his imprecise but suggestive and possibly figurative description of the Balrog that confronted Gandalf in Moria.[10]
The three key quotations:
His enemy halted again, facing him, and the shadow about it reached out like two vast wings.
… suddenly it drew itself up to a great height, and its wings were spread from wall to wall …
With a terrible cry the Balrog fell forward, and its shadow plunged down and vanished.
The argument hinges on whether the "wings" are physical wings or simply figurative wings of shadow. Many additional facts are adduced to the argument, but there is not enough firm description in Tolkien's writing to settle the matter definitively.[25][26]
The Balrog of Moria used a flaming sword ("From out of the shadow a red sword leapt flaming") and a many-thonged whip that "whined and cracked" in its battle with Gandalf. In The Silmarillion, they also used black axes and maces.[27] Earlier writings also speak of steel claws and iron mail.[28]
In earlier drafts of The Lord of the Rings, some further indications of Tolkien's evolving conceptions appear. Notably,
A figure strode to the fissure, no more than man-high yet terror seemed to go before it. They could see the furnace-fire of its eyes from afar; its arms were very long; it had a red [?tongue].[29]
At this writing Tolkien contemplated an edict of the Valar concerning Balrogs, having Gandalf challenge the Balrog by saying:
It is forbidden for any Balrog to come beneath the sky since Fionwe son of Manwe overthrew Thangorodrim.[30]
Name[edit]
The name "Balrog", but not the meaning, emerges early in Tolkien's work: it appears in the Fall of Gondolin, one of the earliest texts Tolkien wrote (ca. 1918). An early list of names described Balrog as "an Orc-word with no pure equivalent in Tolkien's invented language of Quenya: 'borrowed Malaroko-' ".[31]
In Gnomish (another of Tolkien's invented languages) Balrog is parsed as balc 'cruel' + graug 'demon', with a Quenya equivalent Malkarauke. Variant forms of the latter include Nalkarauke and Valkarauke.[32]
By the 1940s, when Tolkien began writing The Lord of the Rings, he had come to think of Balrog as Noldorin balch 'cruel' + rhaug 'demon', with a Quenya equivalent Malarauko (from nwalya- 'to torture' + rauko 'demon').[33]
The last etymology, appearing in the invented languages Quendi and Eldar, derives Balrog as the Sindarin translation of the Quenya form Valarauko (Demon of Might). This etymology was published in The Silmarillion.[34]
The Sindarin plural for Balrog is not known. Tolkien consistently used Balrogs, but this is generally considered an anglicization because Sindarin does not form plurals that way. In one case Tolkien used Balrogath,[35] similar to Periannath 'Halflings' and Dagorath 'battles'. However, the -ath suffix was often used as a 'class plural' (cf. giliath 'all stars of the firmament'), and thus Balrogath might mean 'Balrogkind' rather than simply 'Balrogs'. Linguists disagree about how a simple Sindarin plural would be formed. The historically justified form would likely be *Balroeg. This takes into account the fact that the older singular would have been *Balraug (compare the Quenya cognate Valarauko): The Sindarin umlaut product of au is known to be oe. If analogy prevailed in later Sindarin, the plural form *Belryg might however have replaced the historically justified plural. Compare, for instance, annon "gate" having the plural form ennyn.
The plural of Quenya Valarauko (also Valarauka) is attested as Valaraukar.[34]
Gandalf on the bridge of Khazad-dûm calls the Balrog "flame of Udûn" (Udûn being the Sindarin name of Morgoth's fortress Utumno).
An etymon existing before Tolkien's languages (of which he surely would have known): the Norse 'bál' means 'fire,' and an epithet of Odin, likely referring to his warlike nature, was 'Báleygr,' or 'fire-eyed.'[citation needed]
Individual Balrogs[edit]
Gothmog[edit]
Gothmog at the Storming of Gondolin[36]
Gothmog appears in various versions of Silmarillion material. He is physically massive and strong, and in one version he is some 12 feet tall.[37] He wields a black axe and whip of flame as his weapons.
He holds the titles of the Lord of the Balrogs (but see Lungorthin below), the High Captain of Angband, and Marshal of the Hosts.
In the Second Battle, Dagor-nuin-Giliath, he leads a force that ambushes Fëanor and wounds him mortally. He leads Balrogs, Orc-hosts, and Dragons as Morgoth's commander in the field in the Fifth Battle, Nírnaeth Arnoediad, and slays Fingon, High King of the Noldor. In that same battle, he captures Húrin of Dor-lómin, who had slain his personal guard of Battle-trolls, and brings him to Angband. As Marshal of the Hosts, he is in command of the Storming of Gondolin. He is about to kill Tuor when Ecthelion of the Fountain, a Noldorin Elf-lord, intervenes. Gothmog fights Ecthelion in single combat, and they kill each other.
In The Book of Lost Tales, Tolkien describes Kosomot, the original version of Gothmog, as a son of Morgoth and the ogress Fluithuin or Ulbandi.[38]
Gothmog is Sindarin and means 'Dread Oppressor'.[39]
Kosomot is often considered Gothmog's Quenya name;[40] however, in the Quenya name-list of The Fall of Gondolin another version appears, Kosomoko.[41]
In The Lord of the Rings, a different character bears the name "Gothmog"; see Gothmog (Third Age).
Lungorthin[edit]
Lungorthin appears in Tolkien's early Lay of the Children of Húrin as "Lungorthin, Lord of Balrogs". This might be another name for Gothmog (above), though Christopher Tolkien thought it more likely that Lungorthin was simply "a Balrog lord".[42]
Durin's Bane[edit]
The Balrog that was found in Moria
This Balrog appears in The Lord of the Rings, encountered by the Fellowship of the Ring in the Mines of Moria.
It survived the defeat of Morgoth in the War of Wrath and escaped to hide beneath the Misty Mountains.[43] For more than five millennia, the Balrog remained in its deep hiding place at the roots of Caradhras,[44] one of the Mountains of Moria, until in the Third Age, the mithril-miners of the Dwarf-kingdom of Khazad-dûm disturbed it (or released it from its prison) in T.A. 1980. The Balrog promptly killed Durin VI, the King of Khazad-dûm, whereafter it was called Durin's Bane by the Dwarves.[43][45]
The Dwarves attempted to fight the Balrog, but its power was far too great. In their efforts to hold Khazad-dûm against it, many Dwarves were killed: Durin's successor King Náin only a year after his father. The survivors were forced to flee. This disaster also reached the Silvan Elves of Lórien, many of whom also fled the "Nameless Terror"[43] (it was not recognized as a Balrog at the time). The Elves called the place Moria, the "Black Pit"[46] or "Black Chasm"[47] (though the name Moria also appears on the West Gate of Moria, constructed thousands of years earlier in the Second Age).
For another 500 years, Moria was left to the Balrog; though according to Unfinished Tales, Orcs crept in almost immediately after the Dwarves were driven out, leading to Nimrodel's flight.[48] Around T.A. 2480, Sauron began to put his plans for war into effect, and he sent Orcs and Trolls to the Misty Mountains to bar all of the passes:[45] Some of these creatures came to Moria, and the Balrog allowed them to remain.
During the reign of Thráin II, the Dwarves attempted to retake Moria in the War of the Dwarves and Orcs, culminating in the Battle of Azanulbizar before the eastern gate of Moria, in T.A. 2799. This was a victory for the Dwarves, but the presence of the Balrog prevented them from reoccupying Moria. Dáin Ironfoot, having slain the Orc Azog near the gate, perceived the terror of the Balrog within[43] and warned Thráin that Moria was unachievable until some force could change the world and remove the Balrog. The Dwarves thus departed and resumed their exile. In T.A. 2989, despite Dáin's warning, Balin made another attempt to retake Moria.[45] Though his party was initially successful in starting a colony, they were massacred a few years later.
In 'January' T.A. 3019, the Fellowship of the Ring travelled through Moria on the way to Mount Doom. They were attacked in the Chamber of Mazarbul by Orcs.[10] The Fellowship fled through a side door, but when the wizard Gandalf the Grey tried to place a "shutting spell" on the door to block the pursuit behind them, the Balrog entered the chamber on the other side and cast a "terrible" counterspell. Gandalf spoke a word of Command to stay the door, but the door shattered and the chamber collapsed. Gandalf was severely weakened by this encounter. The company fled with him, but the Orcs and the Balrog, taking a different route, caught up with them at the bridge of Khazad-dûm. The Elf Legolas instantly recognized the Balrog and Gandalf tried to hold the bridge against it. As Gandalf faced the Balrog, he proclaimed, "You cannot pass, flame of Udûn!", and broke the bridge beneath the Balrog. As it fell, the Balrog wrapped its whip about Gandalf's knees, dragging him to the brink. As the Fellowship looked on in horror, Gandalf cried "Fly, you fools!" and plunged into the darkness below.
After a long fall, the two crashed into a deep subterranean lake, which extinguished the flames of the Balrog's body; however it remained "a thing of slime, stronger than a strangling snake". They fought in the water, with the Balrog clutching at Gandalf to strangle him, and Gandalf hewing the Balrog with his sword, until finally the Balrog fled into ancient tunnels of unknown origin. Gandalf pursued the creature for eight days, until they climbed to the peak of Zirakzigil, where the Balrog was forced to turn and fight once again, its body erupting into new flame. Here they fought for two days and nights. In the end, the Balrog was defeated and cast down, breaking the mountainside where it fell "in ruin".[24] Gandalf himself died shortly afterwards, but he was later sent back to Middle-earth with even greater powers, as Gandalf the White, "until his task was finished".
Adaptations[edit]
The Balrog, as seen in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.
As there are no known dimensions for a Balrog, there are differing representations in the various film adaptations, some of which are capable of flight.
The Balrog in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version is about 10 feet tall, and has the mixed features of a boar and a lion, complete with mane. It has large wings like those of a bat, walks upright, and is capable of flight.
Peter Jackson's film adaptations of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers, released in 2001 and 2002 respectively, ultimately decided on a very large, horned and winged monster that resembled lava covered with a dark crust. During the fight with Gandalf, however, the Balrog could not (or at least did not) fly. Jackson's films used the design of Tolkien illustrator John Howe, which had previously appeared in licensed merchandise. Howe explained the presence of wings in the tie-in book The Art of the Fellowship of the Ring: "It doesn't say they don't have wings, so why not? That was Peter's tongue-in-cheek approach, too!" Concept art was drawn up for a "slime Balrog", but it was not used in the film for budgetary reasons.[citation needed]
Balrogs also appear in computer and video games based on The Lord of the Rings.
In the real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth, and its sequel, both based on Jackson's movies, the Balrog can use its wings, although only in short leaps. In the role-playing game The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age, also based on the Jackson movies, the Balrog uses its wings to fly into the air, and comes crashing down, sending a tremendously damaging shockwave of flames at the player. In another game based on Jackson's movies, The Lord of the Rings: Conquest, the Balrog is a playable hero.[49][50]
Durin's Bane appears as a boss in Lego The Lord the Rings, which serves as a humorous adaptation of the Peter Jackson films.
Durin's Bane appears in Lego Dimensions. The Balrog confronts Gandalf on the rocky bridge in the Mines of Moria and they both fall when Gandalf destroys the bridge. Though Gandalf is saved by Batman who was looking for Robin at the time. In the "Riddle-earth" level, the Balrog accompanies Riddler into attacking Minas Tirith.
Balrogs also appear in games unconnected to the New Line franchise.
The Minions of Sauron may summon Balrogs in the real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring.
In The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar, the player can fight Thaurlach, a Balrog invented for the MMORPG. Due to Thaurlach's imprisonment over several thousands of years, it is no longer nearly as powerful as a normal Balrog, and players are capable of defeating it with the help of an ancient elf.
Durin's Bane also makes an appearance in The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria in a flashback mission, where it is shown to be far more powerful than any of the other enemies in the game. In this mission, players have no choice but to flee from it.
In a late update to The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood, the player can actually combat Durin's Bane, as part of a dream sequence in which the player and his/her allies take the place of Gandalf, chasing him up the Endless Stair to Zirakzigil.
Durin's Bane, though not named as such, also has a model in the table-top strategy game Lord of the Rings created by Games Workshop. The model reflects the movie adaptation of the Balrog.
A Balrog named Tar Goroth is featured in Middle-earth: Shadow of War, serving as a major villain that the player must defeat. The model for Tar Goroth greatly reflects the movie adaptaion of the Balrog.
See also[edit]
Middle-earth portal
Maiar
Surtr
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion and its early drafts speak frequently of the whips of fire. The Lays of Beleriand describe Morgoth's prisoners tortured by Balrogs with scourges; and the Balrog in Moria (The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm") is armed explicitly with a "whip of many thongs" or strands.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, "Turambar and the Foalókë", p.85: "yet of all are they [dragons] the most powerful, save it be the Balrogs only."
^ Jump up to: a b The Silmarillion, "Valaquenta", p. 31.
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion", Chapter 3, p. 47.
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion", Chapter 3, p. 51.
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion", Chapter 13, p. 107.
Jump up ^ The Lays of Beleriand, p.281
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion", Chapter 13, pp. 242–3.
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion", Chapter 14, p. 251.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm".
Jump up ^ The Lost Road, p. 312, "there came Balrogs one thousand".
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, p. 194: "... it pierced the Balrog's belly nigh his own face (for that demon was double his stature) ...". For comparison, other Maiar are human size: Olórin (Gandalf), Melian. In Morgoth's Ring p.69, a note by Tolkien states: "The Valar.... most often used shapes of 'human' form, though taller (not gigantic) and more magnificent."
Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard, p. 197.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales Part II, p.179 "the number of Balrogs that perished was a marvel and a dread to the hosts of Melkor, for ere that day never had any of the Balrogs been slain by the hand of Elves or Men."
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Morgoth's Ring, p.80.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, "The Fall of Gondolin", p. 212–3.
Jump up ^ Morgoth's Ring, p.75 and p.79.
Jump up ^ Gandalf at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm, for example, tells the others that "This is a foe beyond any of you."
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Ainulindalë", p. 21.
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion "Quenta Silmarillion", Chapter 18, p. 154.
Jump up ^ The Return of the King, Appendix A, Part I, Section (i).
^ Jump up to: a b The Two Towers, "The White Rider".
Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Arda
Jump up ^ Xenite.org
Jump up ^ The Silmarillion, "Of the Fifth Battle", pp. 193-4.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, pp. 169, 181, 194.
Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard, "The Bridge", p. 197.
Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard, "The Bridge", p. 198.
Jump up ^ Lost Road, p. 404.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part I, Appendix: Names in the Lost Tales, p. 250.
Jump up ^ Lost Road, "The Etymologies", entries for ÑGWAL (p. 377) and RUK (p. 384).
^ Jump up to: a b The Silmarillion, Index, p. 353.
Jump up ^ Morgoth's Ring, "Annals of Aman", Section 2.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, "The Fall of Gondolin": "… seven dragons of fire are come with Orcs about them and Balrogs upon them …"
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, p. 194: "... it pierced the Balrog's belly nigh his own face (for that demon was double his stature) ..."
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part I, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Lost Road, "The Etymologies", p. 359, 372.
Jump up ^ Lost Tales, Part II, p. 216.
Jump up ^ Parma Eldalamberon, No. 15, p.26, the 'Name List to The Fall of Gondolin'.
Jump up ^ The Lays of Beleriand, p. 102.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Return of the King, Appendix A (III).
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1966) [1954]. The Fellowship of the Ring (2nd ed.). George Allen & Unwin. Book 2 ch. IV p. 331. ISBN 0-04-823045-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Return of the King, Appendix B.
Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Ring Goes South"
Jump up ^ The Return of the King, Appendix F, Part II
Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales, "The Tale of Galadriel and Celeborn", p. 241.
Jump up ^ What is “THE LORD OF THE RINGS: CONQUEST”? Pandemic Studios’ Eric “Giz” Gewirtz tells us about it.
Jump up ^ IGN: The Lord of the Rings: Conquest Unveiled
Works cited[edit]
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), ISBN 0-395-08254-4
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Two Towers, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), ISBN 0-395-08254-4
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), ISBN 0-395-08256-0
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-25730-1
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1984), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Book of Lost Tales, 1, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-35439-0
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1984), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Book of Lost Tales, 2, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-36614-3
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1985), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Lays of Beleriand, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-39429-5
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Lost Road and Other Writings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-45519-7
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1989), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Treason of Isengard, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-51562-9
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993), Christopher Tolkien, ed., Morgoth's Ring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-68092-1
External links[edit]
"Balrogs". Tolkien Gateway.
Encyclopedia of Arda article on Balrogs
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text:
White House Chief of Staff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
White House Chief of Staff
Incumbent
John F. Kelly
since July 31, 2017
Executive Office of the President
White House Office
Reports to
The President
Appointer
The President
Formation
1946 (Assistant to the President)
1961 (White House Chief of Staff)
First holder
John R. Steelman
Website
The White House
The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest-ranking non-elected employee of the White House. The Chief of Staff position is the successor to the earlier role of the President's private secretary. The role was formalized as the Assistant to the President in 1946 and acquired its current title in 1961. The current official title is Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff.
The Chief of Staff is a political appointee of the President who does not require Senate confirmation, and who serves at the pleasure of the President. Though not a legal requirement, each incoming President appoints their chief of staff.
In the administration of Donald Trump, the current Chief of Staff is John F. Kelly, who succeeded Reince Priebus on July 31, 2017.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Role
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The duties of the White House chief of staff vary greatly from one administration to another and, in fact, there is no legal requirement that the president even fill the position. However, since at least 1979, all presidents have found the need for a chief of staff, who typically oversees the actions of the White House staff, manages the president's schedule, and decides who is allowed to meet with the president. Because of these duties, the chief of staff has at various times been labeled "The Gatekeeper", or "the power behind the throne".[citation needed]
Originally, the duties now performed by the chief of staff belonged to the president's private secretary and were fulfilled by crucial confidants and advisers such as George B. Cortelyou, Joseph Tumulty, and Louis McHenry Howe to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Roosevelt, respectively.[2] The private secretary served as the president's de facto chief aide in a role that combined personal and professional assignments of highly delicate and demanding natures, requiring great skill and discretion.[3] The job of gatekeeper and overseeing the president's schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary, as with FDR's aide Edwin "Pa" Watson.
From 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "Brain Trust" of top advisers. Although working directly for the president, they were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions. It was not until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term in office, that the foundations of the modern White House staff were created using a formal structure. Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President, which would report directly to the president. During World War II, Roosevelt created the position of "Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief" for his principal military adviser, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy.
In 1946, in response to the rapid growth of the U.S. government's executive branch, the position of "Assistant to the President of the United States" was established. Charged with the affairs of the White House, it was the immediate predecessor to the modern chief of staff. It was in 1953, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, that the president's preeminent assistant was designated the "White House Chief of Staff".
Assistant to the president became a rank generally shared by the chief of staff with such senior aides as deputy chiefs of staff, the White House counsel, the White House press secretary, and others. This new system did not catch on immediately. Democrats Kennedy and Johnson still relied on their appointments secretaries instead, and it was not until the Nixon administration that the chief of staff took over maintenance of the President's schedule. This concentration of power in the Nixon and Ford White House (whose last chief of staff was Dick Cheney) led presidential candidate Jimmy Carter to campaign in 1976 with the promise that he would not appoint a chief of staff. And indeed, for the first two and a half years of his presidency, he appointed no one to the post.[4][5]
The average tenure for a White House chief of staff is a little more than 18 months.[6] The inaugural chief of staff, John R. Steelman, under Harry S. Truman, was also the last to be a president's only chief of staff, not counting Kenneth O'Donnell during John F. Kennedy's 34 months in office. (Andrew Card and Denis McDonough each served at least one entire presidential term of office under Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, respectively). Steelman also holds the record for longest-serving chief of staff (six years).
Most White House chiefs of staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnson's chief of staff W. Marvin Watson became the Postmaster General later in LBJ's term. Richard Nixon's Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, a career U.S. Army officer with his capstone military position being CINCUSEUCOM/SACEUR, later became Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan. Cheney later became a Congressman for Wyoming, Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush and vice president in the George W. Bush administration. Donald Rumsfeld was another chief of staff for Ford and subsequently served as Secretary of Defense both in the Ford administration and decades later, also in the George W. Bush administration. Rahm Emanuel left the House of Representatives to become Barack Obama's chief of staff and subsequently became Mayor of Chicago. Jack Lew, President Obama's fourth chief of staff, was later appointed Secretary of the Treasury.
Role[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chief of Staff Jack Watson (1980–81) meets with President Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office (November 21, 1977).
President George H. W. Bush sits at his desk in the Oval Office Study and talks on the telephone regarding Operation Just Cause, as Chief of Staff John Sununu and National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft stand nearby (December 20, 1989).
Chief of Staff Reince Priebus looks into the Oval Office as President Donald Trump reads over his notes (March 10, 2017).
Chris Whipple, author of The Gatekeepers: How the White House Chiefs of Staff Define Every Presidency, loosely describes the role of a White House chief of staff through his interview with former President Barack Obama: "During the last days of his presidency, Barack Obama observed: 'One of the things I've learned is that the big breakthroughs are typically the result of a lot of grunt work—just a whole lot of blocking and tackling.' Grunt work is what chiefs of staff do."[6]
The responsibilities of the chief of staff are both managerial and advisory and can include the following:
Select key White House staff and supervise them;
Structure the White House staff system;
Control the flow of people into the Oval Office;
Manage the flow of information;
Protect the interests of the president;
Negotiate with Congress, other members of the executive branch, and extra-governmental political groups to implement the president's agenda; and
Advise the president on various issues, including telling the president what they do not want to hear.[6]
Richard Nixon's first chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, garnered a reputation in Washington for the iron hand he wielded in the position—famously referring to himself as "the president's son-of-a-bitch", he was a rigid gatekeeper who would frequently meet with administration officials in place of the president, then report himself to Nixon on the officials' talking points. Journalist Bob Woodward, in his books All the President's Men and The Secret Man, wrote that many of his sources, including the famous Deep Throat, displayed a genuine fear of Haldeman.[7][8]
In popular culture[edit]
In the 1993 film Dave, Frank Langella plays White House Chief of Staff Bob Alexander.
In the NBC television drama The West Wing (1999–2006), the role of White House Chief of Staff was held by Leo McGarry (John Spencer), and later by C. J. Cregg (Allison Janney) in the Bartlet Administration and by Josh Lyman (Bradley Whitford) in the Santos Administration.
In the 1995 movie The American President, White House Chief of Staff A. J. McInerney in the Shepherd Administration was played by Martin Sheen, who later went on to play President Jed Bartlet in The West Wing, created and largely written by The American President screenwriter Aaron Sorkin.
Jeff Perry portrayed White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene in the ABC drama Scandal. Portia de Rossi portrayed White House Chief of Staff Elizabeth North in the same series following the firing of Cyrus Beene by President Grant in the Season 4 finale. Darby Stanchfield portrays Abby Whelan, President Fitzgerald Grant's chief of staff until the end of his presidency after being asked to fire Cyrus. Kerry Washington stars in the series as Olivia Pope, and now acts as Mellie Grant's current chief of staff.
In House of Cards, Michael Kelly portrays Underwood's presidential chief of staff, Doug Stamper, who was also his vice presidential chief of staff. Sakina Jaffrey portrayed previous President Garrett Walker's Chief of Staff, Linda Vasquez.
In the HBO television comedy Veep, Kevin Dunn plays the role of the White House Chief of Staff Ben Cafferty. Anna Chlumsky portrays Selina Meyer's vice presidential chief of staff.
In the Fox television series 24, several people have played the role of White House Chief of Staff: Jude Ciccolella as Mike Novick, D. B. Woodside as Wayne Palmer, John Allen Nelson as Walt Cummings, Peter MacNicol as Tom Lennox, Bob Gunton as Ethan Kanin, Sprague Grayden as Olivia Taylor, Chris Diamantopoulos as Rob Weiss, and most recently Tate Donovan as Mark Boudreau in 24: Live Another Day.
In the CBS television series Madam Secretary, the White House Chief of Staff, Russell Jackson, is played by Željko Ivanek.
In the ABC television series Designated Survivor, Adan Canto plays White House Chief of Staff Aaron Shore, who assumes the position of chief of staff under newly sworn in President Tom Kirkman, who ascends from his former position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, after President Richmond, the vice president and cabinet are killed during a terrorist attack at the State of the Union address. Shore is later replaced by Emily Rhodes (Italia Ricci) as Chief of Staff and subsequently becomes National Security Advisor.
In Tom Clancy's Ryanverse, Arnie Van Damm is White House Chief of Staff to three presidents, Fowler, Durling and Ryan.
See also[edit]
List of White House Chiefs of Staff
White House Deputy Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States
Officer of the United States
Staff and line
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Trump names Gen. John Kelly as chief of staff, Priebus out". Politico. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Quarters". Time. 1934-12-17. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ "An Appointment". Time. 1923-08-20. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Hamilton Jordan, Carter's Right Hand, Dies at 63". The New York Times. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Presidency and the Political System". Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Whipple, Chris. (2017). The Gatekeepers: How the White House Chiefs of Staff Define Every Presidency. New York: Crown Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Bob; Bernstein, Carl. (1974) All the President's Men. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-21781-5
Jump up ^ Woodward, Bob. (2005). The Secret Man. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8715-0
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Len Cariou
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Len Cariou
Cariou at the 2014 PaleyFest
Born
Leonard Joseph Cariou
(1939-09-30) September 30, 1939 (age 78)
St. Boniface, Manitoba, Canada
Occupation
Actor
Leonard Joseph "Len" Cariou (born September 30, 1939) is a Canadian actor, best known for his portrayal of Sweeney Todd in the original cast of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, for which he earned a Tony award and for playing the patriarch Henry Reagan, NYPD Police Commissioner (retired), in the multi-generational television series Blue Bloods on CBS.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
2.1 Broadway
2.2 Regional theatre
2.3 Television
2.4 Film
2.5 Awards
3 References
4 External links
Early years[edit]
Born in St. Boniface, today a city ward of Winnipeg, later moving to East Kildonan, Manitoba, Cariou is the son of Molly Estelle (née Moore) and George Marius Cariou, a salesman.[1] His father was Breton and his mother was of Irish descent.[2] Cariou attended Miles Macdonell Collegiate for grades ten and eleven where he directed and starred in the school plays, and he later attended St Paul's College.[3]
Career[edit]
Cariou made his first appearance in Damn Yankees at Rainbow Stage in Winnipeg in 1959, and was a founding member of the Manitoba Theatre Centre.[4] He was offered a scholarship at the National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal but, married with a young child and financial responsibilities, he was forced to turn it down. Instead, he learned his craft by spending two years at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival Stratford, Ontario, and returned in 1981 to lead the company as Prospero, Coriolanus, Brutus, and Petruchio.
Cariou also became a lead actor at the Tyrone Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis in the 1960s, where he played Orlando in As You Like It, Agamemnon in Tyrone Guthrie's compilation of The House of Atreus, Iago, Oberon, and the title roles in Henry V and King Lear. He was also an Associate Director.
Broadway[edit]
In 1968, Cariou made his Broadway debut in The House of Atreus. Two years later, Cariou landed his first starring role opposite Lauren Bacall in Applause, a musical adaptation of the film All About Eve. It earned him a Tony Award nomination as Best Actor in a Musical and won him the Theatre World Award. In 1973 he garnered his second Tony nod for A Little Night Music; he repeated the role of Fredrik for the 1977 film version opposite Elizabeth Taylor. Six years later he won both the Tony and a Drama Desk Award for his portrayal of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in the Stephen Sondheim musical opposite Angela Lansbury. During these years, Cariou also appeared in a number of benefits, including A Christmas Carol for the Riverside Shakespeare Company in New York, playing Scrooge, with Helen Hayes, Raul Julia, and Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, directed by W. Stuart McDowell at the Symphony Space in 1985.[5] His next projects included the Alan Jay Lerner–Charles Strouse musical Dance a Little Closer (1983), Arthur Miller's sole musical, Up from Paradise (1983), Teddy & Alice (1987), and Ziegfeld (1988). Cariou also appeared on Broadway in Night Watch, Cold Storage, The Speed of Darkness, Neil Simon's The Dinner Party (with Henry Winkler and John Ritter) and Proof (with Anne Heche and Neil Patrick Harris). He directed Don't Call Back on Broadway as well. His off-Broadway appearances include Master Class, Papa (Ernest Hemingway one man show) and Mountain (Justice William O. Douglas). He appeared as Cap'n Andy in the Broadway national tour of Show Boat opposite Cloris Leachman.
Regional theatre[edit]
Regionally, Cariou has starred in a multitude of productions at theatres throughout North America, including The Kennedy Centre, the Mark Taper Forum, Lincoln Centre, the Long Wharf Theatre and the Old Globe. He has played the title role of Macbeth for Toronto Arts Productions, and Richard Nixon in Frost/Nixon for Canadian Stage in Toronto. He has appeared multiple times throughout his career at the Manitoba Theatre Centre. Cariou appeared at The Geffen Theatre as Joe Keller in a notable production of All My Sons, a role he reprised in 2009 at the Gate Theatre in Dublin, where it was the longest running, highest grossing run of a play in that theatre's history. He also appeared at The Geffen in Neil Simon's Rose and Walsh and Heroes with George Segal.
Television[edit]
From 1985 to 1992, Cariou was seen on multiple episodes of the popular television mystery series, Murder, She Wrote opposite his good friend and former Sweeney Todd costar Angela Lansbury. Cariou portrayed the recurring character of Michael Hagerty. Hagerty was an Irish international man of mystery who worked as a secret agent for British MI-6. He would get Jessica Fletcher (Angela Lansbury), the title character of the show, involved in mysteries involving international intrigue.
In 1993, Cariou was in the made-for-TV movie Miracle on Interstate 880. He played Buck Helm.
In 1995, Cariou became the first actor to portray Walt Disney in the Annette Funicello biography A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes: The Annette Funicello Story based on her book of the same name.
In 1997 Cariou appeared in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Coda". He appeared to Captain Kathryn Janeway as an alien disguised as her deceased father, Admiral Janeway.
In 2010, Cariou appeared as Madoff-like Ponzi scheme man Louis Tobin in FX's drama Damages, the main antagonist in season three. Cariou has appeared in episodes of The West Wing, Law & Order, The Practice, and The Outer Limits. He had a continuing role in 2006–2007 as power broker Judd Fitzgerald in the Showtime series Brotherhood.
He currently appears as Henry Reagan, the former NYC police commissioner and patriarch of the current commissioner's family, on Blue Bloods.
Film[edit]
Cariou in September 2009
Cariou's film credits include One Man, Flags of Our Fathers, About Schmidt, Thirteen Days, The Four Seasons, the Harold Prince-directed screen adaptation of A Little Night Music with Elizabeth Taylor, and Secret Window in which he starred alongside Johnny Depp who would later go on to play Sweeney Todd in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, the Tim Burton-directed musical based on the Broadway show. He played the father in the 2007 film 1408, and the nominal lead role in The Onion Movie, based on the satirical newspaper. 2018 with Bruce Willis in Death Wish as (Dr Paul Kersey's father in law).
Cariou narrated Major League Baseball's World Series films from 1992 to 1997. He has recorded a number of books, including several by Michael Connelly, for audiotape release. He also narrated the 1989 Academy Award-winning documentary The Johnstown Flood. In 2004, he was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame. In 2009, Cariou portrayed Franklin D. Roosevelt in the HBO movie Into the Storm, earning an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. He played an American naval officer in 2013’s den Orolige Mannen (the Troubled Man), adapted from one of Henning Mankell’s Kurt Wallander novels.
More recently, Cariou portrayed Cardinal Law in Spotlight, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture of 2015. He also starred in the short play Happy Birthday, Mr. Abernathy by Lloyd Suh for a public radio show and podcast, Playing On Air.[6][7]
Awards[edit]
In 2004, Cariou was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.[8]
On June 23, 2012, Cariou was honored by having his name added to the Miles Macdonell Collegiate Alumni of Distinction, for his contribution to theater and arts. His introduction to the theater started with a starring role in the school production of The Pirates of Penzance. He holds the Order of Manitoba and has been invested with honorary degrees from the University of Windsor and the University of Winnipeg.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Len Cariou Biography (1939-)". Film Reference.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Frost/Nixon star reveals hot-blooded past". Toronto Star. October 4, 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Len Cariou Biography - Yahoo! Movies
Jump up ^ Lepage, Mark (December 7, 2010). "Winnipeg's Cariou takes pride in Manitoba Theatre Centre roots". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Reading Of 'A Christmas Carol'", The New York Times, November 23, 1985.
Jump up ^ PlayingOnAir (2014-12-08). "Len Cariou". Playing On Air. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Page not found – Playing On Air". Retrieved 2016-08-04. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Rawson, Christopher (January 25, 2005). "Stage veterans receive praise at induction". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
External links[edit]
Len Cariou at the Internet Broadway Database
Len Cariou on IMDb
Len Cariou at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
[show]
Awards for Len Cariou
[show]
v
t
e
Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television award winners for Best Actor
Canadian Film Award
1968–1978
Gerard Parkes (1968)
Chris Wiggins (1969)
Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley (1970)
Jean Duceppe (1971)
Gordon Pinsent (1972)
Jacques Godin (1973)
no award (1974)
Stuart Gillard (1975)
André Melançon (1976)
Len Cariou (1977)
Richard Gabourie (1978)
Genie Award
1980–2011
Christopher Plummer (1980)
Thomas Peacocke (1981)
Nick Mancuso (1982)
Donald Sutherland (1983)
Eric Fryer (1984)
Gabriel Arcand (1985)
John Wildman (1986)
Gordon Pinsent (1987)
Roger Lebel (1988)
Jeremy Irons (1989)
Lothaire Bluteau (1990)
Rémy Girard (1991)
Tony Nardi (1992)
Tom McCamus (1993)
Maury Chaykin (1994)
David La Haye (1995)
William Hutt (1996)
Ian Holm (1997)
Roshan Seth (1998)
Bob Hoskins (1999)
Tony Nardi (2000)
Brendan Fletcher (2001)
Luc Picard (2002)
Rémy Girard (2003)
Roy Dupuis (2004)
Michel Côté (2005)
Roy Dupuis (2006)
Gordon Pinsent (2007)
Natar Ungalaaq (2008)
Joshua Jackson (2009)
Paul Giamatti (2010)
Mohamed Fellag (2011)
Canadian Screen Award
2012–present
James Cromwell (2012)
Gabriel Arcand (2013)
Antoine Olivier Pilon (2014)
Jacob Tremblay (2015)
Stephan James (2016)
Nabil Rajo (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical
John Cullum (1975)
Ian Richardson (1976)
Lenny Baker (1977)
Ken Page (1978)
Len Cariou (1979)
Jim Dale (1980)
Kevin Kline (1981)
George Hearn (1984)
Ron Richardson (1985)
George Rose (1986)
Robert Lindsay (1987)
Michael Crawford (1988)
Jason Alexander (1989)
James Naughton (1990)
Jonathan Pryce (1991)
Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane (1992)
Brent Carver (1993)
Boyd Gaines (1994)
Vernel Bagneris (1995)
Nathan Lane (1996)
Robert Cuccioli (1997)
Alan Cumming (1998)
Brent Carver (1999)
Brian Stokes Mitchell (2000)
Nathan Lane (2001)
John Lithgow (2002)
Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein (2003)
Hugh Jackman (2004)
Norbert Leo Butz (2005)
John Lloyd Young (2006)
Raúl Esparza (2007)
Paulo Szot (2008)
Brian d'Arcy James (2009)
Douglas Hodge (2010)
Norbert Leo Butz (2011)
Danny Burstein (2012)
Billy Porter (2013)
Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays (2014)
Robert Fairchild (2015)
Danny Burstein (2016)
Andy Karl (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical
Paul Hartman (1948)
Ray Bolger (1949)
Ezio Pinza (1950)
Robert Alda (1951)
Phil Silvers (1952)
Thomas Mitchell (1953)
Alfred Drake (1954)
Walter Slezak (1955)
Ray Walston (1956)
Rex Harrison (1957)
Robert Preston (1958)
Richard Kiley (1959)
Jackie Gleason (1960)
Richard Burton (1961)
Robert Morse (1962)
Zero Mostel (1963)
Bert Lahr (1964)
Zero Mostel (1965)
Richard Kiley (1966)
Robert Preston (1967)
Robert Goulet (1968)
Jerry Orbach (1969)
Cleavon Little (1970)
Hal Linden (1971)
Phil Silvers (1972)
Ben Vereen (1973)
Christopher Plummer (1974)
John Cullum (1975)
George Rose (1976)
Barry Bostwick (1977)
John Cullum (1978)
Len Cariou (1979)
Jim Dale (1980)
Kevin Kline (1981)
Ben Harney (1982)
Tommy Tune (1983)
George Hearn (1984)
No Award (1985)
George Rose (1986)
Robert Lindsay (1987)
Michael Crawford (1988)
Jason Alexander (1989)
James Naughton (1990)
Jonathan Pryce (1991)
Gregory Hines (1992)
Brent Carver (1993)
Boyd Gaines (1994)
Matthew Broderick (1995)
Nathan Lane (1996)
James Naughton (1997)
Alan Cumming (1998)
Martin Short (1999)
Brian Stokes Mitchell (2000)
Nathan Lane (2001)
John Lithgow (2002)
Harvey Fierstein (2003)
Hugh Jackman (2004)
Norbert Leo Butz (2005)
John Lloyd Young (2006)
David Hyde Pierce (2007)
Paulo Szot (2008)
David Alvarez, Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish (2009)
Douglas Hodge (2010)
Norbert Leo Butz (2011)
Steve Kazee (2012)
Billy Porter (2013)
Neil Patrick Harris (2014)
Michael Cerveris (2015)
Leslie Odom Jr. (2016)
Ben Platt (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14013947s (data)
GND: 135171210
ISNI: 0000 0001 1493 1146
LCCN: n85386952
MusicBrainz: 5c7a9c69-a7ba-4778-a096-e80f9e10e9a5
SNAC: w6xk9fs5
SUDOC: 187508402
VIAF: 69127331
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Len_Cariou&oldid=835903101"
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