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Ovulation
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Ovulation
Following a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), an oocyte (immature egg cell) will be released into the uterine tube, where it will then be available to be fertilized by a male's sperm. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the start of the luteal phase.
Anatomical terminology
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Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.[1] After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 In humans
1.1 Follicular phase
1.2 Ovulation
1.3 Luteal phase
2 Clinical presentation
3 Disorders
4 Induction and suppression
4.1 Induced ovulation
4.2 Suppressed ovulation
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
8 External links
In humans[edit]
Ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase, and is followed by the luteal phase. Note that ovulation is characterized by a sharp spike in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting from the peak of estrogen levels during the follicular phase.
This diagram shows the hormonal changes around the time of ovulation, as well as the inter-cycle and inter-female variabilities in its timing.
In humans, ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. The few days surrounding ovulation (from approximately days 10 to 18 of a 28-day cycle), constitute the most fertile phase.[3][4][5][6] The time from the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) until ovulation is, on average, 14.6[7] days, but with substantial variation between females and between cycles in any single female, with an overall 95% prediction interval of 8.2 to 20.5[7] days.
The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).[8] In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. After this is done, a hole called the stigma will form in the follicle, and the secondary oocyte will leave the follicle through this hole. Ovulation is triggered by a spike in the amount of FSH and LH released from the pituitary gland. During the luteal (post-ovulatory) phase, the secondary oocyte will travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized secondary oocyte or ovum may implant there 6–12 days later.[9]
Follicular phase[edit]
See also: Folliculogenesis
The follicular phase (or proliferative phase) is the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature. The follicular phase lasts from the beginning of menstruation to the start of ovulation.[10][11]
For ovulation to be successful, the ovum must be supported by the corona radiata and cumulus oophorous granulosa cells. The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization.[12][13]
An increase in cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum fluid volume that can swell the follicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It forms a pronounced bulge at the surface of the ovary called the blister.[citation needed]
Ovulation[edit]
Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary.[14]
Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the follicle that degrade the follicular tissue at the site of the blister, forming a hole called the stigma. The secondary oocyte leaves the ruptured follicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it is caught by the fimbriae at the end of the fallopian tube. After entering the fallopian tube, the oocyte is pushed along by cilia, beginning its journey toward the uterus.[8]
By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells: the larger secondary oocyte that contains all of the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive first polar body. Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation.[15] Approximately 1-2% of ovulations release more than one oocyte. This tendency increases with maternal age. Fertilization of two different oocytes by two different spermatozoa results in fraternal twins.[8]
The mucous membrane of the uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory.[citation needed]
Luteal phase[edit]
Main article: Luteal phase
The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius (one-half to one degree Fahrenheit). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses.[16]
Clinical presentation[edit]
Further information: Concealed ovulation, Fertility awareness, and Mittelschmerz
The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been proposed to explain concealed ovulation in humans.
Females near ovulation experience changes in the cervical mucus, and in their basal body temperature. Furthermore, many females experience secondary fertility signs including Mittelschmerz (pain associated with ovulation) and a heightened sense of smell, and can sense the precise moment of ovulation.[17][18]
Many females experience heightened sexual desire in the several days immediately before ovulation.[19] One study concluded that females subtly improve their facial attractiveness during ovulation.[20]
Chance of fertilization by day relative to ovulation.[21]
Symptoms related to the onset of ovulation, the moment of ovulation and the body's process of beginning and ending the menstrual cycle vary in intensity with each female but are fundamentally the same. The charting of such symptoms — primarily basal body temperature, mittelschmerz and cervical position — is referred to as the sympto-thermal method of fertility awareness, which allow auto-diagnosis by a female of her state of ovulation. Once training has been given by a suitable authority, fertility charts can be completed on a cycle-by-cycle basis to show ovulation. This gives the possibility of using the data to predict fertility for natural contraception and pregnancy planning.
The moment of ovulation has been photographed.[22]
Disorders[edit]
Disorders of ovulation are classified as menstrual disorders and include oligoovulation and anovulation:
Oligoovulation is infrequent or irregular ovulation (usually defined as cycles of greater than 36 days or fewer than 8 cycles a year)
Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal female). Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the following classification of ovulatory disorders:[23]
WHO group I: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis failure
WHO group II: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. WHO group II is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders, and the most common causative member is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).[24]
WHO group III: Ovarian failure
WHO group IV: Hyperprolactinemia
Induction and suppression[edit]
Induced ovulation[edit]
Main article: Ovulation induction
Ovulation induction is a promising assisted reproductive technology for patients with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ovarian stimulation is used in conjunction with ovulation induction to stimulate the formation of multiple oocytes.[25] Some sources[25] include ovulation induction in the definition of ovarian stimulation.
A low dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may be injected after completed ovarian stimulation. Ovulation will occur between 24–36 hours after the HCG injection.[25]
By contrast, induced ovulation in some animal species occurs naturally, ovulation can be stimulated by coitus.[26]
Suppressed ovulation[edit]
Contraception can be achieved by suppressing the ovulation.[citation needed]
The majority of hormonal contraceptives and conception boosters focus on the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle because it is the most important determinant of fertility. Hormone therapy can positively or negatively interfere with ovulation and can give a sense of cycle control to the female.[citation needed]
Estradiol and progesterone, taken in various forms including combined oral contraceptive pills, mimics the hormonal levels of the menstrual cycle and engage in negative feedback of folliculogenesis and ovulation.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Anovulatory cycle
Corpus luteum
Folliculogenesis
Menstrual cycle
Oogenesis
Mittelschmerz
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ovulation Test at Duke Fertility Center. Retrieved July 2, 2011
Jump up ^ Young, Barbara (2006). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 359. ISBN 9780443068508. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Chaudhuri, S.K. (2007). "Natural Methods of Contraception". Practice of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual, 7/e. Elsevier India. p. 49. ISBN 9788131211502. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Allen, Denise (2004). Managing Motherhood, Managing Risk: Fertility and Danger in West Central Tanzania. University of Michigan Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9780472030279. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. p. 322. ISBN 9780618755714. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi (1996). "Cultural Notions of Fertility in South Asia and Their Influence on Sri Lankan Family Planning Practices". In Nichter, Mark; Nichter, Mimi. Anthropology & International Health: South Asian Case Studies. Psychology Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 9782884491716. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Geirsson RT (1991). "Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment". Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01030212.x. PMID 12797075. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Marieb, Elaine (2013). Anatomy & physiology. Benjamin-Cummings. p. 915. ISBN 9780321887603.
Jump up ^ Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (1999). "Time of implantation of the Conceptus and loss of pregnancy". New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (23): 1796–1799. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Lynna A.; Engebretson, Joan C. Maternity Nursing Care. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN 9781401811921. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Ramesh C. (2011). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology. Academic Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780123820334. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Can You Get Pregnant after Ovulation?". coveville.com. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fertilization: your pregnancy week by week". medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.
Jump up ^ Watson, Stephanie & Stacy, Kelli Miller (2010). "The Endocrine System". In McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems. Greenwood. pp. 201–202. ISBN 9780313391750. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Depares J, Ryder RE, Walker SM, Scanlon MF, Norman CM. "Ovarian ultrasonography highlights precision of symptoms of ovulation as markers of ovulation". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 292: 1562. doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1562. PMC 1340563  . PMID 3087519. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Usually, it occurs between the 10th and 20th day of your menstrual cycle". momjunction. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Navarrete-Palacios E, Hudson R, Reyes-Guerrero G, Guevara-Guzmán R (July 2003). "Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle". Biol Psychol. 63 (3): 269–79. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00076-0. PMID 12853171.
Jump up ^ Beckmann, Charles R.B., ed. (2010). Obstetrics and Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 306–307. ISBN 9780781788076. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Susan B. Bullivant; Sarah A. Sellergren; Kathleen Stern; et al. (February 2004). "Female's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (1): 82–93 (in online article, see pp.14–15, 18–22). doi:10.1080/00224490409552216. PMID 15216427. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Roberts S, Havlicek J, Flegr J, Hruskova M, Little A, Jones B, Perrett D, Petrie M (August 2004). "Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle". Proc Biol Sci. 271 (Suppl 5:S): 270–2. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0174. PMC 1810066  . PMID 15503991.
Jump up ^ Dunson, D.B.; Baird, D.D.; Wilcox, A.J.; Weinberg, C.R. (1999). "Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation". Human Reproduction. 14 (7): 1835–1839. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835. ISSN 1460-2350.
Jump up ^ "article in BBC News". BBC. 2008-06-12.
Jump up ^ Page 54 in: Guillebaud, John; Enda McVeigh; Roy Homburg (2008). Oxford handbook of reproductive medicine and family planning. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920380-6.
Jump up ^ "Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory female". Human Reproduction Update. 18 (5): 586–599. 2012. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms019. PMID 22611175.
^ Jump up to: a b c IVF.com > Ovulation Induction Retrieved on Mars 7, 2010
Jump up ^ Bakker, J.; Baum, M. J. (July 2000). "Neuroendocrine regulation of GnRH release in induced ovulators". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 21 (3): 220–262. doi:10.1006/frne.2000.0198. ISSN 0091-3022. PMID 10882541.
Further reading[edit]
Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA (July 2003). "A new model for ovarian follicular development during the human menstrual cycle". Fertil. Steril. 80 (1): 116–22. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00544-2. PMID 12849812.
Chabbert Buffet N, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P (July 1998). "Regulation of the human menstrual cycle". Front Neuroendocrinol. 19 (3): 151–86. doi:10.1006/frne.1998.0167. PMID 9665835.
Fortune JE (February 1994). "Ovarian follicular growth and development in mammals". Biol. Reprod. 50 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1095/biolreprod50.2.225. PMID 8142540.
Guraya SS, Dhanju CK (November 1992). "Mechanism of ovulation—an overview". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30 (11): 958–67. PMID 1293040.
Klowden, Marc J. (2009). "Oviposition Behavior". In Resh, Vincent H. & Carde, Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080920900. Retrieved 2013-11-09. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
External links[edit]
Human egg makes accidental debut on camera
Ovulation moment caught on camera
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Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All (UJALA)
Country
India
Ministry
MoP
Key people
Raj Kumar Singh
Launched
1 May 2015; 3 years ago (2015-05-01)
Status
Active
Website
www.ujala.gov.in
Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All (UJALA), also known as Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All,[1] was launched by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi on 1 May 2015, replacing the "Bachat Lamp Yojana".[2][3] The project is spearheaded by the Energy Efficiency Services Limited.[3] In non-subsidized LED lamp distribution projects, this program is considered the world's largest.[4][5][6] In May 2017, the Government of India announced that they were expanding the LED distribution project to the United Kingdom.[7]
See also[edit]
Energy Conservation Building Code
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "EESL warns consumers against fraudulent websites". Pib.gov.in. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UJALA launch in Coimbatore". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Let there be LED and more!". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UJALA scheme: Over 25 crore LED bulbs distributed under UJALA scheme: EESL - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Himachal Promotes Energy Efficiency, Launches 'Ujala' Scheme - News18". News18.com. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "75L LED bulbs distributed so far under UJALA scheme: Govt". Dailypioneer.com. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "India's 'Ujala' to light up UK homes". The Times of India. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
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United States fifty-dollar bill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Fifty dollars
(United States)
Value
$50
Width
156 mm
Height
66.3 mm
Weight
Approx. 1 g
Security features
Watermark, Security thread, EURion constellation, Color-shifting ink, Micro-printing
Paper type
75% cotton
25% linen
Years of printing
1861–present
Obverse
Design
Ulysses S. Grant
Design date
2004
Reverse
Design
United States Capitol
Design date
2004
1862 $50 Legal Tender note
1880 $50 Legal Tender, depicting Benjamin Franklin
1891 Silver Certificate
1914 Federal Reserve Note
The United States fifty-dollar bill ($50) is a denomination of United States currency. The 18th U.S. President (1869–77), Ulysses S. Grant, is featured on the obverse, while the U.S. Capitol is featured on the reverse. All current-issue $50 bills are Federal Reserve Notes.
As of December 2013, the average life of a $50 bill in circulation is 8.5 years, or approximately 102 months, before it is replaced due to wear.[1] Approximately 6% of all notes printed in 2009 were $50 bills.[2] They are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in brown straps.
Contents
[hide]
1 Large size note history
2 Small size note history
3 Proposals to honor Reagan
4 References
5 External links
Large size note history[edit]
(approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)
1861: Three-year $50 Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid a cent of interest per day, and thus 7.3% annually — the so-called seven-thirties. These notes were not primarily designed to circulate, and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill. The obverse of the note featured a bald eagle.
1862: The first circulating $50 bill was issued.
1863: Both one and two year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5% interest. The one-year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of Alexander Hamilton to the left and an allegorical figure representing loyalty to the right. The two-year notes featured allegorical figures of loyalty, and justice.
1864: Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued, intended to circulate for three years and paying 6% interest compounded semi-annually. The obverse is similar to the Series of 1863 one-year Interest Bearing Note.
1865: Three-year Interest Bearing Notes were issued again with a slightly different bald eagle and border design on the obverse.
1869: A new $50 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Henry Clay on the right and an allegorical figure holding a laurel branch on the left of the obverse.
1870: $50 National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by 2 national gold banks. The obverse featured vignettes of George Washington crossing the Delaware River and at Valley Forge; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins.
1874: Another new $50 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the left and allegorical figure of Lady Liberty on the right of the obverse.
1878: The first $50 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of Edward Everett. The reverse was printed in black ink.
1880: The Series of 1878 Silver Certificate was slightly revised.
1882: The first $50 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Silas Wright was issued. The reverse was printed in orange ink and featured a bald eagle perched atop an American flag.
1891: The obverse of the $50 Silver Certificate was slightly revised and the reverse was completely changed.
1891: The $50 Treasury or "Coin Note" was issued and given for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The note featured a portrait of William H. Seward.
1913: A new $50 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Ulysses Grant was issued. The style of the area below Grant's portrait was later used on small-sized notes.
1914: The first $50 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Ulysses Grant on the obverse and an allegorical figure of Panama between a merchant and battle ship on the reverse.
1918: Federal Reserve Bank Notes (not to be confused with Federal Reserve Notes) were issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. The obverse was similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Notes, except for large wording in the middle of the bill and a portrait with no border on the left side of the bill. The note was an obligation of the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed there.
Small size note history[edit]
(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)
1929: Under the Series of 1928, all U.S. currency was changed to its current size. All variations of the $50 bill would carry the same portrait of Ulysses S. Grant, same border design on the obverse, and the same reverse with a vignette of the U.S. Capitol showing the east front. The $50 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers.
1933: As an emergency response to the Great Depression, additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under Series of 1929. This was the only small-sized $50 bill that had a different border design on the obverse. The serial numbers and seal on it were brown.
1934: The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard.
1950: Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $50 Federal Reserve Note were changed. Most noticeably, the treasury seal, gray word FIFTY, and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller; also, the Federal Reserve seal had spikes added around the perimeter.
Series of 1929 Federal Reserve Bank Note.
1966: WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse and IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse of the $50 Federal Reserve Note beginning with Series 1963A. Also, the obligation was shortened to its current wording, THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.
1969: The $50 bill began using the new treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin.
1991: The first new-age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under Series 1990 with microscopic printing around Grant's portrait and a plastic security strip on the left side of the bill. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in November 1991.[3]
October 27, 1997: Major design changes were implemented under Series 1996 to further deter counterfeiters. Included were an enlarged and off-center portrait, an enlarged and updated view of the U.S. Capitol now showing the west front on the reverse, a security thread which glows yellow under ultraviolet light, a numeric 50 which shifts color from black to green when tilted, and a watermark of Grant. Also, for those with vision limitations, a large dark 50 was added to the bottom left corner of the reverse. The Federal Reserve seal was also changed to a unified Federal Reserve System seal and an additional prefix letter was added to the beginning of the bill's serial number. The first bills were printed in July 1997.[4]
September 28, 2004: A revised design was implemented, as Series 2004, with the first use of multiple colors since the 1905 $20 Gold Certificate. Around the new border-less portrait of Ulysses Grant appears a subtle, stylized blue and red background image of the American Flag. A small silver-blue star was also added to the lower right of Grant's portrait. All previous Series 1996 security features were included, although the color-shifting numeric 50 now shifts from copper to green. The oval border and fine lines surrounding the U.S. Capitol on the reverse have been removed and replaced with sky and clouds. The new design also seems to have the "EURion constellation" on the back to prevent photocopying of the bill. The 2004 bills have the signature combination of Marin-Snow. The first bills were printed in March 2004.[5]
Proposals to honor Reagan[edit]
In 2005, a proposal to put Ronald Reagan's portrait on the $50 bill was put forward, but never went beyond the House Financial Services Committee, even though Republicans controlled the House. In 2010, North Carolina Republican Patrick McHenry introduced another bill to put Reagan's portrait on the $50 bill.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "FRB: How long is the lifespan of U.S. paper money?".
Jump up ^ "Money Facts". Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Archived from the original on 2005-12-06.
Jump up ^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1990 $50".
Jump up ^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1996 $50".
Jump up ^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 2004 $50".
Jump up ^ Simon, Richard (2010-03-03). "Proposal would put Ronald Reagan's face on the $50 bill". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Wilhite, Robert (1998). Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money (17th ed). Krause Pubns Inc. ISBN 0-87341-653-8.
Hudgeons, Thomas (2005). The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006, Edition #38. House of Collectibles. ISBN 1-4000-4845-1.
External links[edit]
Redesigned Series 2004 $50 notes
[hide]
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I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home
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"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home"
Single by David Frizzell
from the album The Family's Fine, But This One's All Mine
B-side
"She's Up to All Her Old Tricks Again"
Released
April 1982
Genre
Country
Length
4:00
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Dewayne Blackwell
Producer(s)
Snuff Garrett, Steve Dorff
David Frizzell singles chronology
"Another Honky-Tonk Night on Broadway"
(1982) "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home"
(1982) "I Just Came Here to Dance"
(1982)
"Another Honky-Tonk Night on Broadway"
(1982) "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home"
(1982) "I Just Came Here to Dance"
(1982)
"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home" is a song written by Dewayne Blackwell and recorded by American country music artist David Frizzell. It was released in April 1982 as the first single from the album The Family's Fine, But This One's All Mine. "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home" was David Frizzell's only number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 14 weeks in country music's top 40.[1]
The song also became an unexpected mainstream pop hit in Canada, peaking at No. 20 on the RPM Top Singles chart (in addition to peaking at No. 3 on the magazine's Top Country Tracks chart).
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Charts
3 References
4 External links
Content[edit]
The song talks of a wife who grows tired of her husband's barhopping (and spending his entire paycheck doing so).
But instead of ending the marriage, she comes up with a unique plan – she decides to redecorate their house into a bar, and play the part of bartender/waitress as an inducement to get her husband to stay at home (and possibly bring his friends along with him, so they can spend their paychecks). While he recovers from his hangover the following morning, she will deposit the proceeds in their bank account.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2] 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 3
Canadian RPM Top Singles 20
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 128.
Jump up ^ "David Frizzell Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
David Frizzell
Notable singles
"L.A. International Airport"
"I Just Can't Help Believing"
"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home"
"Lost My Baby Blues"
Singles with Shelly West
"You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma"
"A Texas State of Mind"
"Husbands and Wives"
"Another Honky-Tonk Night on Broadway"
"I Just Came Here to Dance"
Related articles
Warner Bros. Records
RCA Records
Lefty Frizzell
This 1982 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Gonna_Hire_a_Wino_to_Decorate_Our_Home&oldid=847328231"
Categories:
1982 singles
David Frizzell songs
Songs written by Dewayne Blackwell
Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Warner Bros. Records singles
1982 songs
1982 country song stubs
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs
Singlechart called without song
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values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-I_m_Gonna_Hire_a_Wino_to_Decorate_Our_Home rootpage-I_m_Gonna_Hire_a_Wino_to_Decorate_Our_Home skin-vector action-view