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The Man Who Was Almost a Man
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"The Man Who Was Almost a Man" also known as "Almos' a man", is a short story by Richard Wright. It was published in 1961 as part of Wright's compilation Eight Men. The story centers on Dave, a young African-American farm worker who is struggling to declare his identity in the atmosphere of the rural South.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Analysis
4 Symbolism
5 Notes
6 References
Plot summary[edit]
The story begins with the protagonist Dave Sanders walking home from work, irritated with the way he has been treated. Dave works for a farmer on a cattle farm and as he walks across the fields he begins thinking of ways that will prove to the other workers that he is a grown up. He decides that the perfect way to prove that he is a grown up is to purchase a gun. Instead of going home, he goes over to a local store to have a look at the guns in a Sears Roebuck catalog. When he enters into the store, Dave encounters the owner Fat Joe. Dave requests the catalog, leading Joe to ask him if he is planning on buying something. Dave responds with a “yessuh,”[1] so Joe then inquires whether or not Dave’s ma is letting him have his own money now, to which Dave responds with a “[s]hucks. Mistah Joe, Ahm gittin t' be a man like anybody else,”![2] Joe asks what exactly it is Dave is planning on buying; a question Dave is reluctant to answer unless Joe promises not to say anything. Joe promises and Dave tells him he’s looking to purchase a gun; Joe states that Dave “ain’t nothing but a boy,”[3] and that he does not need a gun, but if he’s going to buy one he might as well buy it from him and not from some catalog. Joe offers to sell Dave a left-hand Wheeler, fully loaded and in working order for only two dollars if he can get the money from his ma. With his excitement and interest aroused, Dave leaves the store vowing to come back for the gun later.
When he gets home his mother awaits him, irritated because he has kept supper waiting. Dave sits down at the table with the borrowed catalog until his mother takes it from him, threatening to make it outhouse material if he does not get up and wash. After explaining that it was not his she gives it back to him only to have him fumble through it all throughout dinner. Dave was so infatuated with the catalog that he did not even notice his food was in front of him, or that his father had spoken to him. He determines that if he was going to get the pistol that he had better ask his mother for the money and not his father because his father would instantaneously say no, whereas his mother might be a little easier to persuade.
Upon the completion of supper, Dave finally builds up enough tenacity to approach his mother with his inquiry. He starts the conversation by asking if his boss, Mr. Hawkins, had paid her for the work he had accomplished on the plantation. His mother responds that she has received the money but that it was to be saved in order to buy clothes for the winter. Dave presents to her his proposition and she responds by saying, “[g]it outta here! Don yuh talk t' me bout no gun! Yuh a fool!"[4] Dave persuades her by stating that the family needs a gun, and that if he bought it he would surrender it to his father. Despite her better judgment, Mrs. Saunders agrees to give Dave the two dollars he needs as long as he promises that as soon as the pistol is in his possession he will bring it straight home and turn it over to her.
Dave runs out the door with the money and purchases the pistol from Joe. On his way home he stops in the fields to play with the gun, only he is unsure of how to use it so he just points and pretends to be shooting imaginary objects. When he arrives at his house he breaks his promise and does not surrender the gun, instead he hides it under his pillow, and when his mother comes to retrieve it he claims to have hidden it outside. Dave wakes and with the gun in his hands thinks to himself that he now has the power to “kill anybody, black or white.”[5] He ties the pistol to his leg with a piece of flannel and leaves the house early so he can go unnoticed and not have to give up the gun.
Dave arrives at work early so Mr. Hawkins tells him to hook up Jenny, the mule, and go plow the fields located near the woods. Dave is delighted with the request because it meant he would be so far away from everyone else that he could practice his shooting and no one would hear. When he gets out to the woods, Dave plows two rows then takes his gun out to show Jenny, he waves the gun around then closes his eyes and take his first shot. The gun flies back in Dave’s hand and scares away the mule. When he catches up to her he realizes that Jenny has been shot and he tries repeatedly to plug the hole with handfuls of “damp black earth.”[6] Jenny eventually dies.
By sunset Jenny’s body is found and Dave is questioned by both his parents and Mr. Hawkins about what happened. Dave lies about the incident stating that something was wrong with Jenny causing her to fall on the point of the plow. His mother knows this is a lie and insist Dave tell the truth. In tears, Dave confesses, but lies yet again when asked what he has done with the gun. Mr. Hawkins tells Dave that although it was an accident he will pay two dollars a month until he has paid fifty dollars to replace the mule.
That night Dave feels annoyed at having to pay back Mr. Hawkins for the next two years, and even more annoyed with the fact that people view him as a child more now than ever before. He decides to leave his house and retrieve the gun in which he had buried, not thrown in a river like he claimed. He forces himself to fire the gun with his eyes open until he empties it. In the distance, Dave hears a train, which he approaches and hops in the hopes that this will at last prove he is indeed a man.
Characters[edit]
Dave Saunders (protagonist): Dave Saunders, a young African American male, works the duration of his summer vacation plowing fields on a plantation. Trapped in the years of adolescence, Dave has a hard time convincing those around him that they should view and treat him as a man instead of a boy. In order to clear up any confusion as to what age group he belongs, Dave comes to the conclusion that purchasing a gun will solve all of his problems and at last allow him to be treated in the manner in which he desires. However, Dave’s plan backfires on him inflicting self humiliation and exposing his immaturity all while blowing any possibility of gaining respect from his elders.
Mr. Saunders (Pa): Mr. Saunders for the most part is a “phantom figure",[7] but when actually present in the story serves as the stern disciplinary of the family. He does not tolerate any nonsense and cares only that Dave gets along with his boss and earns his keep. When he discovers that his son has gone behind his back and purchased a gun that caused havoc at work, he deals with the situation by first smoothing things over with Dave’s boss, and then addresses his Dave with a threat showing that his son does not take priority over business.
Mrs. Saunders (Ma): Mrs. Saunders, unlike her husband, lies at the opposite end of the disciplinary spectrum in that she is an understanding, less demanding woman. Dave approaches her with the proposition of owning a gun because he knows she will be more likely to consider it than his father and is easier to persuade. Mrs. Saunders hesitates to agree to Dave’s proposition because she feels the money could be put to better use, but eventually gives in to him causing her to go against what she knows is right for the sake of her sons happiness.
Fat Joe: Fat Joe owns the local store in which Dave goes to for the Sears Roebuck catalog. He allows Dave to borrow the catalog for the night but states that he feels Dave is “nothing but a boy,” and therefore does not need a gun. Despite his statement that Dave does not need a gun due to his age, Joe suggests that if Dave was going to purchase a gun that he should purchase one from him. He presents Dave with a loaded left-hand Wheeler, selling it to him for just two dollars.
Jim Hawkins: Jim employs Dave and owns the plantation that he works on. When Dave wreaks havoc in the fields Mr. Hawkins does not take his job from him or threaten him in any way, but instead comes up with a fair payment plan for Dave to follow in order to undo the damage he had done, showing that he is a rather reasonable man. However, despite his kindness towards him Dave still resents Mr. Hawkins and the supremacy he possesses.
Jenny: Jenny the mule, owned by Jim Hawkins, works alongside Dave in the fields of the plantation. One day while on the outskirts of the woods with Dave, Jenny suffers an accidental injury and eventually dies a slow crimson death due to a gunshot wound inflicted by none other than Dave himself.
Analysis[edit]
While the story appears to be simply about a young boy's desire to have a gun, Wright's work includes underlying themes of racism and the struggles of an individual. This piece is filled with metaphors for life and the journey from boyhood to manhood.
The story is set in a farming area. Wright never gets into much detail about the surrounding area other than to mention that the main character, Dave, is working or walking through a field. This desolate sort of background that sets the stage for the story can be viewed as a way to get readers to focus more on the imagery of the gun. Wright’s contemporary, James Baldwin said that his "unrelenting bleak landscape" was a picture of "the world, [and] of the human heart". Wright intentionally used his setting to mirror the emptiness and the search for meaning in the life of his characters, and in this particular story, the life of Dave.
The issue of racism plays an important role in this story as well. Dave is a young African American boy working for Jim Hawkins, a white farm owner. After Dave shoots "Jenny" the mule, Wright makes a point to say that "There were white and black standing in the crowd" and Dave "cried, seeing blurred white and black faces". So, not only does the issue of the dead animal become a concern, but the colors of the people around Dave become important as well. The gun becomes an equalizer in Dave's eyes when he says "Could kill a man with a gun like this. Kill anybody, black or white. And if he were holding his gun in his hand, nobody could run over him; they would have to respect him." The gun blurs the color line and all Dave can see is the prospect of having others respect him. When it comes down to it, Dave is bound to his debt and has no choice but to pay Jim Hawkins. The mention of skin color makes this about more than just that debt, but about the ideas of bondage.
Symbolism[edit]
The Gun: The gun symbolizes several things in the eyes of Dave from the achievement of power or control, to independence, and the desire of masculinity, while in reality it symbolizes his struggle and failure to achieve such aspirations. “Dave felt he wasn’t a man without a gun,”[8] on his way home from work he struggles with finding a way to prove to everyone that he was no longer a boy, feeling that the buying of a gun was the only way to get his point across to those who have been doubting him. In purchasing the gun Dave feels he has acquired masculinity, giving him a newfound sense of independence. With the gun Dave feels invincible, like no one can pass judgment upon him, tell him what to do, or harm him in any way. In the scene in which Dave kills Jenny, Dave exposes his immaturity and lack of control by misusing the weapon. Usually a boy kills an animal on an early morning hunting trip as a right of passage; Dave’s kill however, was a result of him “sneaking his gun along with him into the field he is supposed to plow for his boss,”[9] much like a child would do. His misuse of the gun and the killing of the mule demonstrated to those around him that he was in fact still an irresponsible boy. The gun was supposed to have made him an independent masculine individual but in reality it simply symbolized his struggle to achieve such goals.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Wright, Richard (2011). The Man Who Was Almost a Man. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. p. 878.
Jump up ^ Wright, Richard (2011). The Man Who Was Almost a Man. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. p. 878.
Jump up ^ Wright, Richard (2011). The Man Who Was Almost a Man. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. p. 878.
Jump up ^ Wright, Richard (2011). The Man Who Was Almost a Man. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. p. 880.
Jump up ^ Wright, Richard (2011). The Man Who Was Almost a Man. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. p. 881.
Jump up ^ Wright, Richard (2011). The Man Who Was Almost a Man. Bedford/ St. Martin’s. p. 883.
Jump up ^ John E. Loftis (2002). "Domestic Prey: Richard Wright's Parody of the Hunt Tradition in "The Man Who Was Almost a Man."" (PDF). tripod.com. EBSCO Publishing. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Junior C. ""The Man Who Was Almost a Man" by Richard Wright". teenink.com. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ John E. Loftis (2002). "Domestic Prey: Richard Wright's Parody of the Hunt Tradition in "The Man Who Was Almost a Man."" (PDF). tripod.com. EBSCO Publishing. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
References[edit]
Baym, Nina, ed.. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Shorter seventh edition. Volume 1. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 736–747. ISBN 978-0-393-93056-6.
C, Junior. "The Man Who Was Almost a Man," by Richard Wright." Teen Ink. Web. 21 Oct. 2011.<http://www.teenink.com/nonfiction/academic/article/310005/The-Man-Who-was-Almost-a-Man-by-Richard-Wright/>.
Loftis, John E. "Domestic Prey: Richard Wright's Parody of the Hunt Tradition in "The Man Who Was Almost a Man." tripod.com. EBSCO Publishing, 2002. Web. 21 Oct 2011. <http://nneacsu.tripod.com/Lofti.pdf>.
Reilly, John. Richard Wright: The Critical Reception. Ayer Publishing, 1978. ISBN 0-89102-126-4
Wright, Richard. “The Man Who Was Almost a Man.” The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Compact 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 878-87. Print.
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Blue blood
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Look up blue blood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Blue blood may refer to:
Hemolymph, circulatory fluid colored blue by hemocyanin, a respiratory protein evident in most molluscs and some arthropods
Nobility, a social class
Contents
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1 Books
2 Film and TV
3 Music
4 Other
5 See also
Books[edit]
Blue Blood, novel by Craig Unger, American journalist and writer
Blue Blood, novel by Edward Conlon (born 1965), New York police officer and author
Blue Blood, a play by Georgia Douglas Johnson
Blue Blood and Mutiny, a 2007 book about bank Morgan Stanley
Blue Bloods (novel series), a series of vampire novels by Melissa de la Cruz, and the first book in the series
Film and TV[edit]
Blue Blood (1914 film), a 1914 Italian silent drama film
Blue Blood (1925 film), a 1925 silent film
Blue Blood (1973 film), a British horror film directed by Andrew Sinclair
Blue Blood (2006 film), a 2006 documentary film directed by Stevan Riley
Blue Blood (2008 film), a 2008 film directed by Brett Ratner
Blue Blood (2014 film), a 2014 Brazilian film
Blue Bloods (TV series), a 2010 drama series on CBS
Music[edit]
Blue Blood (James Blood Ulmer album), 2001
Blue Blood (X Japan album), 1989
Blue Blood, an EP by Atrocity
Blueblood (album), a 1998 album by Silkworm
Other[edit]
Prince Blueblood, a character from My Little Pony
The Blue Bloods, a wrestling "stable" from World Championship Wrestling in the 1990s and early 2000s
See also[edit]
Blue Bloods (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Blue blood.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Doordarshan
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This article is about the Indian public service broadcaster. For the terrestrial television channel, see DD National.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Doordarshan
Type
Broadcast, radio, television network and online
Country
India
Availability
Nationwide
Motto
Satyam Shivam Sundaram
Headquarters
New Delhi, Delhi
Owner
Government of India
Key people
Supriya Sahu, Director-General
Launch date
15 September 1959; 58 years ago (1959-09-15)
Former names
All India Radio
Picture format
576i (4:3 SDTV)
1080i (16:9 HDTV)
Official website
www.ddindia.gov.in
Doordarshan (abbreviated in English as DD) is an autonomous[1] public service broadcaster founded by the Government of India, which is owned by the Broadcasting Ministry of India and is one of two divisions of Prasar Bharati.[2] It is one of India's largest broadcasting organisations in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure, having been established on 15 September 1959.[3] It also broadcasts on digital terrestrial transmitters. DD provides television, radio, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional India, as well as overseas, through the Indian Network and Radio India.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Nationwide transmission and colour television
2 Programming
3 Channels
3.1 List of Doordarshan channels
3.2 Closed or renamed Doordarshan channels
4 Active Doordarshan
5 International broadcasting
6 Criticism
6.1 Allegations of the state control
6.2 Commercial viability
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Doordarshan had a modest beginning as an experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959, with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. Doordarshan began a five-minute news bulletin in the same year. Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972.
Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated from radio on 1 April 1976.[4] Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan was placed under the management of two separate Director Generals in New Delhi.
Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.[5]
Nationwide transmission and colour television[edit]
Doordarshan Bhawan, Mandi House, Copernicus Marg, Delhi
National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.[6][7] Now more than 90 percent of the Indian population can receive Doordarshan (DD National) programmes through a network of nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters. There are about 46 Doordarshan studios producing TV programmes.[8]
For the 2012 Summer Olympics, live telecasts of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games were broadcast on its national channel. DD Sports provided round-the-clock coverage of sport events.[9]
On 17 November 2014, Doordarshan relaunched with a new theme of pink and purple, accompanied by a new punchline, Desh Ka Apna Channel, meaning "the country's own channel". It was announced by Vijayalaxmi Chhabra, Director General of Doordarshan.[10]
Programming[edit]
See also: List of programs broadcast by DD National
The first TV serial, in 1976, was Ladoosingh Taxiwala, starring Paintal as Sardaar, a taxi driver.
The 1980s were noted for shows such as Hum Log (1984), Buniyaad (1986–87) and Nukkad, and comedy shows like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984).
Mythological shows such as Ramayan (1987–88) and Mahabharat (1989–90) paved the way for mythological and historical shows. Such was their popularity that roads would be empty when they were aired.
Bollywood film songs based programmes like Chitrahaar, Rangoli, Ek Se Badh Kar Ek and Superhit Muqabla
Crime thrillers like Barrister Vinod (starring Parikshit Sahni), Karamchand (starring Pankaj Kapoor), Aparadhi Kaun, PC 1008 (starring Kanwaljit), Police File Se, Byomkesh Bakshi (starring Rajit Kapur), Reporter (Shekhar Suman), Tehkikaat, Janki Jasoos, and Suraag (starring Sudesh Berry)
Shows targeted at children included the ever-popular Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Tom and Jerry cartoons, and also He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Talespin, Duck Tales, Winnie the Pooh and Arabian Knights. The dubbed Hindi version of the Japanese anime Jungle Book was hugely popular, especially it's introductory track, Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai, whose music was composed by Vishal Bhardwaj. Shows catering to kids also included Faerie Tale Theatre, Dada Dadi ki Kahaniyan, Ek Do Teen Chaar, Vikram Aur Betaal, Space City Sigma, The Stone Boy, Malgudi Days, Tenali Rama, Potli Baba Ki (puppet show), Superhuman Samurai Cyber Squad, Knight Rider, Teletubbies, Street Hawk, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (a dubbed English version of a Japanese anime), Batman, and The Green Hornet, Spider-Man, Giant Robo, Ghayab Aya, Kahaniyon ke Guchhae and the horror serial Kile ka Rahasya (1989). There were also comic plays of Charlie Chaplin, Laurel & Hardy and Didi's Comedy Show.
Shaktimaan (1998–2005), India's first superhero, glued millions to Doordarshan as did many other shows.
Other popular shows included Oshin, a Japanese drama series, Rajani, dealing with social issues, Trishna, Mr. Yogi, Neem ka Ped, Circus, Dil Dariya, Doosra Keval, Shyam Benegal's Bharat Ek Khoj, Sanjay Khan's The Sword of Tipu Sultan, Rani Lakshmibai, Dastan-E-Hatim Tai, Alif Laila, Gul Gulshan Gulfaam, Mulla Nasiruddin, Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne, Udaan, Talaash, Phir Wahi Talash, Katha Saagar, Nupur, Mirza Ghalib, Wagle Ki Duniya, Subah, Bano Begum, Phulvanti, Kshitij Ye Nahi, Paying Guest, Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan, Show theme, Sangharsh, Farmaan, Lifeline, Kashish, Shrimaan Shrimati, Tu Tu Mein Mein, Junoon, Ajnabi (starring Danny Denzongpa), Zabaan Sambhalke, Dekh Bhai Dekh, Shrikant, Sansaar, Swabhimaan, Yug, Chanakya, Shanti (launching Mandira Bedi), Sea Hawks (starring R. Madhavan), Surabhi, Aarohan, Tana Bana, Mujrim Hazir (launching Navni Parihar), Jaspal Bhatti's Flop Show, reality singing show Meri Awaaz Suno, Captain Vyom, Chandrakanta, and Tootne Ke Baad.
There were many acclaimed shows on Indian armed forces which aired on Doordarshan - Param Vir Chakra, Samandar, Fauji (launching Shahrukh Khan).
Serials like Dadi Maa Jagi, Bibi Natiyonwali and Aur Bhi Ghum Hai Zamane Mein were also popular.
Sarab Sanji Gurbani was the first sponsored programme on Doordarshan, sponsored by Texla TV.
Among the earliest documentary films produced by Doordarshan in Delhi are The Peacock Calls [Mor Machay Shor] (1968), TRS-FRS (1968), The Floods May Come and Go (1969), and University Girls (1971).[11]
Some of the Transtel-Cologne shows that were popularly played on Doordarshan include Telematch, The Old Fox, Derrick, Didi's Comedy Show, The Investigator, and Scene of Crime. Doordarshan also played NBC's Knight Rider starring David Hasselhoff and ABC's Street Hawk as part of its Sunday afternoon broadcast during the mid- and late 1980s.
Doordarshan brought to Indian viewers geographical documentaries made by the great marine explorer Jacques Cousteau (Secrets of the Sea) and the British naturalist David Attenborough (The Living Planet)
Doordarshan also brought to the Indian viewers the English political comedy series Yes Minister, and the American family comedy serial Diff'rent Strokes. During 1994–95, Doordarshan for four hours aired programs from MTV which had the sensational Rahul Khanna as the VJ.
Ekta Kapoor's Kayamat, Ithihaas and many other shows from Balaji Telefilms were broadcast on this channel.
Channels[edit]
Doordarshan operates 34 channels:
Two All India channels (available terrestrially), DD National and DD News[12]
16 regional language satellite channels (RLSC), 11 state networks (SN), an international channel, a sports channel, DD Sports, DD Bharati, DD Urdu & DD Kisan.
On DD National aka (DD-1), regional programs and local programs are carried on time-sharing basis. DD News channel, launched on 3 November 2003, which replaced the DD Metro formerly known as DD-2 entertainment channel, provides 24-hour news service.
The regional languages satellite channels have two components – the regional service for the particular state relayed by all terrestrial transmitters in the state and additional programs in the regional language in prime time and non-prime time available only through cable operators. DD-Sports Channel is exclusively devoted to the broadcasting of sporting events of national and international importance. This is the only sports channel which telecasts rural sports like kho-kho and kabbadi, something which private broadcasters will not attempt to telecast as it will not attract any revenue.
List of Doordarshan channels[edit]
Name
Genres
Language
Area
DD National Entertainment Hindi & English National
DD News News Hindi & English National
DD Sports Sports Hindi & English National
DD Bharati Cultural, Infotainment Hindi & English National
DD Kisan Agricultural, Infotainment Hindi National
DD Urdu Entertainment Urdu National
DD India International, Entertainment English & Hindi International
DD Bangla Entertainment Bengali West Bangal
DD Bihar Entertainment Hindi & Bhojpuri Bihar
DD Chandana Entertainment Kannada Karnataka
DD Girnar Entertainment Gujarati Gujarat
DD Kashir Entertainment Kashmiri, Dogri, Hindi & Urdu Jammu & Kashmir
DD Madhya Pradesh Entertainment Hindi Madhya Pradesh
DD Malayalam Entertainment Malayalam Kerala
DD North-East Entertainment Assamese, Hindi & English North-East
DD Odia Entertainment Odia Odisha
DD Podhigai Entertainment Tamil Tamil Nadu
DD Punjabi Entertainment Punjabi Punjab
DD Sahyadri Entertainment Marathi Maharashtra
DD Saptagiri Entertainment Telugu Andhra Pradesh
DD Rajasthan Entertainment Hindi & Rajasthani Rajasthan
DD Uttar Pradesh Entertainment Hindi & Urdu Uttar Pradesh
DD Yadagiri Entertainment Telugu Telangana
Closed or renamed Doordarshan channels[edit]
DD 2 (from 1984 to 1993) - later renamed to DD Metro
DD Metro (from 1993 to 2003) - later converted to DD News
Metro Gold (from October 2000 to Sep 2001) - aired on DD Metro
DD International (from March 1995 to Sep 2000) - later renamed to DD World
DD World (from Sep 2000 to Jan 2002) - later renamed to DD India
DD CNNi (from 30 June 1995 to 31 May 1997)
DD 3 (from 1995 to 1996) - later merged With DD Movie Club, and the new channel was named as DD3-Movie Club
DD Movie Club (from 1995 to 1996) - later merged with DD 3, and the new channel was named DD3-Movie Club[13]
DD3-Movie Club (from 1996 to 1998) - later converted to DD Sports
Active Doordarshan[edit]
This is an interactive service of Tata Sky to show TV channels of Doordarshan which are not available on Tata sky as normal channels. Active Doordarshan channels are DD Kashir, DD Podhigai, DD Malayalam, DD Punjabi, DD Sahyadri, DD Chandana and DD Girnar.
DD has its own DTH service called DD Free Dish.
International broadcasting[edit]
DD India is broadcast internationally via satellite. It is available in 146 countries worldwide; however, information on receiving this channel in other countries is not easily available. In the UK, DD India was available through the Eurobird Satellite on the Sky system on Channel 833 (the logo is shown as Rayat TV). The timing and programming of DD-India international is different from that of India. Transmissions via Sky Digital ceased in June 2008 and those via DirecTV in the United States in July 2008.
Criticism[edit]
Allegations of the state control[edit]
Prasar Bharati is the parent body of Doordarshan, and has all board members appointed by the Government of India acting through the Information and Broadcasting Ministry.[14]
It had been actively used especially during the Emergency for government propaganda.[15]
During Operation Blue Star in 1984, only government sources were used for reporting the story. Here, Doordarshan was complicit in the production of a video that claimed acts of violence which when investigated by independent journalists were found to be false.[16]
In 2004, it censored the airing of a controversial documentary on Jayaprakash Narayan, one of the opposition leaders during the Emergency.[17]
When Doordarshan broadcast the 70-minute-long Vijayadashami speech of Mohan Bhagwat, the leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Narendra Modi administration and the BJP were criticized for "misusing" the public broadcaster. While Director General of DD, Archana Datta issued a clarification on speech and said, "Speech was like any other news event therefore we covered it."[18][19][20]
Commercial viability[edit]
After private television channels were allowed in 1991, Doordarshan has seen a steep decline in viewership in homes, due to general public acceptance of cable and satellite television, which in 2002 was just at 2.38% for DD National.[21]
While it earns significant advertising revenue due to the compulsory feed given to it by the highest bidder to national events, including cricket tournaments,[21] there has been a proposal to give it funds by imposing a license fee to own a television in India.[22]
See also[edit]
List of programs broadcast by DD National
All India Radio
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)
DD Free Dish
Lok Sabha TV
Rajya Sabha TV
DD News
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Govt plans own channel, real autonomy for Doordarshan - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Jump up ^ "The future of Doordarshan is on the block".
Jump up ^ "Doordarshan turns 57; watch video of its first telecast plus 7 lesser-known facts about DD".
Jump up ^ Kamat, Payal. "Short essay on Development of Television in India". Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Sharmila Mitra Deb, Indian Democracy: Problems and Prospects, Anthem Press, 2009, ISBN 978-81-907570-4-1, the well-known program Krishi Darshan, which started its telecast on January 26, 1967... 'informing' and 'educating' the farmers about improving agricultural productivity
Jump up ^ Flashback 1982: The Asian Games that transformed Delhi
Jump up ^ 1982-Colour television is introduced: Out of the dark ages
Jump up ^ Doordarshan Channel List (2017). DD Free Dish Channels, 17 February 2017
Jump up ^ "Doordarshan to live telecast London Olympics opening and closing ceremonies". The Times of India. 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "DD National to be relaunched as 'Desh Ka Apna Channel'". 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ SCREEN, New Delhi, 19 March 1971, & The Sunday Standard, Bombay, 10 June 1973.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irregular-doordarshan-appointments-quashed/article634149.ece
Jump up ^ "'We Have To Air The Government's Plans'". Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ http://ddbhopal.nic.in/RTI/32.pdf
Jump up ^ "Channel war drives DD to shelve bias". New Delhi: The Telegraph. 26 January 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Kuldip Nayar Posted: 9 November 2004 at 0012 hrs IST (9 November 2004). "Censoring his own past". Indian Express. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Doordarshan telecasts RSS chief's speech live, stirs controversy". The Times of India. 3 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Kalbag, Chaitanya (3 October 2014). "A dangerous line was crossed when Doordarshan telecast Bhagwat's speech live". Quartz.
Jump up ^ "RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat's speech covered just like a news event: Doordarshan". The Indian Express. 3 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "DD leads viewership sweepstakes &#151 Tops among all homes nationwide, but lowest in C&S". The Hindu Business Line. 23 July 2002. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Himanshi Dhawan (10 July 2007). "Govt mulls 'licence fee' on every colour TV". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doordarshan.
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Monopolistic competition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Short-run equilibrium of the firm under monopolistic competition. The firm maximizes its profits and produces a quantity where the firm's marginal revenue (MR) is equal to its marginal cost (MC). The firm is able to collect a price based on the average revenue (AR) curve. The difference between the firm's average revenue and average cost, multiplied by the quantity sold (Qs), gives the total profit.
Long-run equilibrium of the firm under monopolistic competition. The firm still produces where marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal; however, the demand curve (and AR) has shifted as other firms entered the market and increased competition. The firm no longer sells its goods above average cost and can no longer claim an economic profit.
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A supply and demand diagram, illustrating
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Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms.[1][2] In the presence of coercive government, monopolistic competition will fall into government-granted monopoly. Unlike perfect competition, the firm maintains spare capacity. Models of monopolistic competition are often used to model industries. Textbook examples of industries with market structures similar to monopolistic competition include restaurants, cereal, clothing, shoes, and service industries in large cities. The "founding father" of the theory of monopolistic competition is Edward Hastings Chamberlin, who wrote a pioneering book on the subject, Theory of Monopolistic Competition (1933).[3] Joan Robinson published a book The Economics of Imperfect Competition with a comparable theme of distinguishing perfect from imperfect competition.
Monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics:
There are many producers and many consumers in the market, and no business has total control over the market price.
Consumers perceive that there are non-price differences among the competitors' products.
There are few barriers to entry and exit.[4]
Producers have a degree of control over price.
The long-run characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market are almost the same as a perfectly competitive market. Two differences between the two are that monopolistic competition produces heterogeneous products and that monopolistic competition involves a great deal of non-price competition, which is based on subtle product differentiation. A firm making profits in the short run will nonetheless only break even in the long run because demand will decrease and average total cost will increase. This means in the long run, a monopolistically competitive firm will make zero economic profit. This illustrates the amount of influence the firm has over the market; because of brand loyalty, it can raise its prices without losing all of its customers. This means that an individual firm's demand curve is downward sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a perfectly elastic demand schedule.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics of monopolistic competition
1.1 Product Differentiation
1.2 Many firms
1.3 Freedom of Entry and Exit
1.4 Independent decision making
1.5 Market power
1.6 Imperfect information
2 Inefficiency
2.1 Socially undesirable aspects compared to perfect competition
3 Problems
4 Examples
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Characteristics of monopolistic competition[edit]
There are six characteristics of monopolistic competition (MC):
Product differentiation
Many firms
Freedom of Entry and Exit
Independent decision making
Some degree of market power
Buyers and sellers do not have perfect information (Imperfect Information)[5][6]
Product Differentiation[edit]
MC firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive. In fact, the XED would be high.[7] MC goods are best described as close but imperfect substitutes.[7] The goods perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as type, style, quality, reputation, appearance, and location that tend to distinguish them from each other. For example, the basic function of motor vehicles is the same—to move people and objects from point to point in reasonable comfort and safety. Yet there are many different types of motor vehicles such as motor scooters, motor cycles, trucks and cars, and many variations even within these categories.
Many firms[edit]
There are many firms in each MC product group and many firms on the side lines prepared to enter the market. A product group is a "collection of similar products".[8] The fact that there are "many firms" gives each MC firm the freedom to set prices without engaging in strategic decision making regarding the prices of other firms and each firm's actions have a negligible impact on the market. For example, a firm could cut prices and increase sales without fear that its actions will prompt retaliatory responses from competitors.
How many firms will an MC market structure support at market equilibrium? The answer depends on factors such as fixed costs, economies of scale and the degree of product differentiation. For example, the higher the fixed costs, the fewer firms the market will support.[9]
Freedom of Entry and Exit[edit]
Like perfect competition, under monopolistic competition also, the firms can enter or exit freely. The firms will enter when the existing firms are making super-normal profits. With the entry of new firms, the supply would increase which would reduce the price and hence the existing firms will be left only with normal profits. Similarly, if the existing firms are sustaining losses, some of the marginal firms will exit. It will reduce the supply due to which price would rise and the existing firms will be left only with normal profit.
Independent decision making[edit]
Each MC firm independently sets the terms of exchange for its product.[10] The firm gives no consideration to what effect its decision may have on competitors.[10] The theory is that any action will have such a negligible effect on the overall market demand that an MC firm can act without fear of prompting heightened competition. In other words, each firm feels free to set prices as if it were a monopoly rather than an oligopoly.
Market power[edit]
MC firms have some degree of market power. Market power means that the firm has control over the terms and conditions of exchange. An MC firm can raise its prices without losing all its customers. The firm can also lower prices without triggering a potentially ruinous price war with competitors. The source of an MC firm's market power is not barriers to entry since they are low. Rather, an MC firm has market power because it has relatively few competitors, those competitors do not engage in strategic decision making and the firms sells differentiated product.[11] Market power also means that an MC firm faces a downward sloping demand curve. The demand curve is highly elastic although not "flat".
Imperfect information[edit]
No sellers or buyers have complete market information, like market demand or market supply.[12]
Market Structure comparison
Number of firms
Market power
Elasticity of demand
Product differentiation
Excess profits
Efficiency
Profit maximization condition
Pricing power
Perfect Competition Infinite None Perfectly elastic None Yes/No (Short/Long) Yes[13] P=MR=MC[14] Price taker[14]
Monopolistic competition Many Low Highly elastic (long run)[15] High[16] Yes/No (Short/Long)[17] No[18] MR=MC[14] Price setter[14]
Monopoly One High Relatively inelastic Absolute (across industries) Yes No MR=MC[14] Price setter[14]
Inefficiency[edit]
There are two sources of inefficiency in the MC market structure. First, at its optimum output the firm charges a price that exceeds marginal costs, The MC firm maximizes profits where marginal revenue = marginal cost. Since the MC firm's demand curve is downward sloping this means that the firm will be charging a price that exceeds marginal costs. The monopoly power possessed by a MC firm means that at its profit maximizing level of production there will be a net loss of consumer (and producer) surplus. The second source of inefficiency is the fact that MC firms operate with excess capacity. That is, the MC firm's profit maximizing output is less than the output associated with minimum average cost. Both a PC and MC firm will operate at a point where demand or price equals average cost. For a PC firm this equilibrium condition occurs where the perfectly elastic demand curve equals minimum average cost. A MC firm’s demand curve is not flat but is downward sloping. Thus in the long run the demand curve will be tangential to the long run average cost curve at a point to the left of its minimum. The result is excess capacity.[19]
Socially undesirable aspects compared to perfect competition[edit]
Selling costs: Products under monopolistic competition are spending huge amounts on advertising and publicity. Much of this expenditure is wasteful from the social point of view. The producer can reduce the price of the product instead of spending on publicity.
Excess Capacity: Under Imperfect competition, the installed capacity of every firm is large, but not fully utilized. Total output is, therefore, less than the output which is socially desirable. Since production capacity is not fully utilized, the resources lie idle. Therefore, the production under monopolistic competition is below the full capacity level.
Unemployment: Idle capacity under monopolistic competition expenditure leads to unemployment. In particular, unemployment of workers leads to poverty and misery in the society. If idle capacity is fully used, the problem of unemployment can be solved to some extent.
Cross Transport: Under monopolistic competition expenditure is incurred on cross transportation. If the goods are sold locally, wasteful expenditure on cross transport could be avoided.
Lack of Specialization: Under monopolistic competition, there is little scope for specialization or standardization. Product differentiation practiced under this competition leads to wasteful expenditure. It is argued that instead of producing too many similar products, only a few standardized products may be produced. This would ensure better allocation of resources and would promote economic welfare of the society.
Inefficiency: Under perfect competition, an inefficient firm is thrown out of the industry. But under monopolistic competition inefficient firms continue to survive.
Problems[edit]
Monopolistically competitive firms are inefficient, it is usually the case that the costs of regulating prices for products sold in monopolistic competition exceed the benefits of such regulation.[citation needed] . A monopolistically competitive firm might be said to be marginally inefficient because the firm produces at an output where average total cost is not a minimum. A monopolistically competitive market is productively inefficient market structure because marginal cost is less than price in the long run. Monopolistically competitive markets are also allocatively inefficient, as the price given is higher than Marginal cost. Product differentiation increases total utility by better meeting people's wants than homogenous products in a perfectly competitive market.[citation needed]
Another concern is that monopolistic competition fosters advertising and the creation of brand names. Advertising induces customers into spending more on products because of the name associated with them rather than because of rational factors. Defenders of advertising dispute this, arguing that brand names can represent a guarantee of quality and that advertising helps reduce the cost to consumers of weighing the tradeoffs of numerous competing brands. There are unique information and information processing costs associated with selecting a brand in a monopolistically competitive environment. In a monopoly market, the consumer is faced with a single brand, making information gathering relatively inexpensive. In a perfectly competitive industry, the consumer is faced with many brands, but because the brands are virtually identical information gathering is also relatively inexpensive. In a monopolistically competitive market, the consumer must collect and process information on a large number of different brands to be able to select the best of them. In many cases, the cost of gathering information necessary to selecting the best brand can exceed the benefit of consuming the best brand instead of a randomly selected brand. The result is that the consumer is confused. Some brands gain prestige value and can extract an additional price for that.
Evidence suggests that consumers use information obtained from advertising not only to assess the single brand advertised, but also to infer the possible existence of brands that the consumer has, heretofore, not observed, as well as to infer consumer satisfaction with brands similar to the advertised brand.[20]
Examples[edit]
In many markets, such as toothpaste, soap, air conditioning, smartphones and toilet paper, producers practice product differentiation by altering the physical composition of products, using special packaging, or simply claiming to have superior products based on brand images or advertising.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Economics portal
Atomistic market
Government-granted monopoly
Imperfect competition
Microeconomics
Monopolistic competition in international trade
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Oligopoly
Perfect competition
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul; Obstfeld, Maurice (2008). International Economics: Theory and Policy. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-55398-5.
Jump up ^ Poiesz, Theo B. C. (2004). "The Free Market Illusion Psychological Limitations of Consumer Choice" (PDF). Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management. 49 (2): 309–338.
Jump up ^ "Monopolistic Competition". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Gans, Joshua; King, Stephen; Stonecash, Robin; Mankiw, N. Gregory (2003). Principles of Economics. Thomson Learning. ISBN 0-17-011441-4.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, N.; Nelson, J.; Ackerman, F.; Weisskopf, T. (2009). Microeconomics in Context (2nd ed.). Sharpe. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-7656-2301-0.
Jump up ^ Hirschey, M. (2000). Managerial Economics (Rev. ed.). Fort Worth: Dryden. p. 443. ISBN 0-03-025649-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Krugman; Wells (2009). Microeconomics (2nd ed.). New York: Worth. ISBN 978-0-7167-7159-3.
Jump up ^ Samuelson, W.; Marks, S. (2003). Managerial Economics (4th ed.). Wiley. p. 379. ISBN 0-470-00044-9.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J. (2008). Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Boston: Pearson. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-321-27794-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Colander, David C. (2008). Microeconomics (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-07-334365-5.
Jump up ^ Perloff, J. (2008). Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Boston: Pearson. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-321-27794-7.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, N.; Nelson, J.; Ackerman, F.; Weisskopf, T. (2009). Microeconomics in Context (2nd ed.). Sharpe. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-7656-2301-0.
Jump up ^ Ayers, R.; Collinge, R. (2003). Microeconomics: Explore & Apply. Pearson. pp. 224–225. ISBN 0-13-177714-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Perloff, J. (2008). Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Boston: Pearson. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-321-27794-7.
Jump up ^ Ayers, R.; Collinge, R. (2003). Microeconomics: Explore & Apply. Pearson. p. 280. ISBN 0-13-177714-9.
Jump up ^ Pindyck, R.; Rubinfeld, D. (2001). Microeconomics (5th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall. p. 424. ISBN 0-13-030472-7.
Jump up ^ Pindyck, R.; Rubinfeld, D. (2001). Microeconomics (5th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall. p. 425. ISBN 0-13-030472-7.
Jump up ^ Pindyck, R.; Rubinfeld, D. (2001). Microeconomics (5th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall. p. 427. ISBN 0-13-030472-7.
Jump up ^ The firm has not reached full capacity or minimum efficient scale. Minimum efficient scale is the level of production at which the long run average cost curve first reaches its minimum. It is the point where the LRATC curve "begins to bottom out." Perloff, J. (2008). Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Boston: Pearson. pp. 483–484. ISBN 978-0-321-27794-7.
Jump up ^ Antony Davies & Thomas Cline (2005). "A Consumer Behavior Approach to Modeling Monopolistic Competition". Journal of Economic Psychology. 26 (6): 797–826. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2005.05.003.
External links[edit]
Monopolistic Competition by Elmer G. Wiens
Monopolistic Competition Video Explanation by Prof. Vinod Kumar on YouTube
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