text:
Bit rate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For disk drives, see data transfer rate (disk drive).
Bit rates
Name
Symbol
Multiple
bit per second bit/s 1 1
Decimal prefixes (SI)
kilobit per second kbit/s 103 10001
megabit per second Mbit/s 106 10002
gigabit per second Gbit/s 109 10003
terabit per second Tbit/s 1012 10004
Binary prefixes (IEC 80000-13)
kibibit per second Kibit/s 210 10241
mebibit per second Mibit/s 220 10242
gibibit per second Gibit/s 230 10243
tebibit per second Tibit/s 240 10244
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.[1]
The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second unit (symbol: "bit/s"), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as "kilo" (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), "mega" (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), "giga" (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or "tera" (1 Tbit/s = 1000 Gbit/s).[2] The non-standard abbreviation "bps" is often used to replace the standard symbol "bit/s", so that, for example, "1 Mbps" is used to mean one million bits per second.
In most environments, one byte per second (1 B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s.
Contents
1 Prefixes
2 In data communications
2.1 Gross bit rate
2.2 Information rate
2.3 Network throughput
2.4 Goodput (data transfer rate)
2.5 Progress trends
3 Multimedia
4 Encoding bit rate
4.1 Audio
4.1.1 CD-DA
4.1.2 MP3
4.1.3 Other audio
4.2 Video
4.3 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Prefixes[edit]
When quantifying large bit rates, SI prefixes (also known as metric prefixes or decimal prefixes) are used, thus:
1,000 bit/s rate = 1 kbit/s (one kilobit or one thousand bits per second)
1,000,000 bit/s rate = 1 Mbit/s (one megabit or one million bits per second)
1,000,000,000 bit/s rate = 1 Gbit/s (one gigabit or one billion bits per second)
Binary prefixes are sometimes used for bit rates.[3][4] The International Standard (IEC 80000-13) specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1 KiB/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB/s = 1024 KiB/s).
In data communications [edit]
Gross bit rate[edit]
In digital communication systems, the physical layer gross bitrate,[5] raw bitrate,[6] data signaling rate,[7] gross data transfer rate[8] or uncoded transmission rate[6] (sometimes written as a variable Rb[5][6] or fb[9]) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.
In case of serial communications, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time T b {\displaystyle T_{b}} as:
R b = 1 T b , {\displaystyle R_{b}={1 \over T_{b}},}
The gross bit rate is related to the symbol rate or modulation rate, which is expressed in bauds or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal only when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a data transmission system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems used in modems and LAN equipment.[10]
For most line codes and modulation methods:
Symbol rate ≤ Gross bit rate {\displaystyle {\text{Symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Gross bit rate}}}
More specifically, a line code (or baseband transmission scheme) representing the data using pulse-amplitude modulation with 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} different voltage levels, can transfer N bit/pulse {\displaystyle N{\text{ bit/pulse}}} . A digital modulation method (or passband transmission scheme) using 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} different symbols, for example 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{N}} amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer N bit/symbol {\displaystyle N{\text{ bit/symbol}}} . This results in:
Gross bit rate = Symbol rate × N {\displaystyle {\text{Gross bit rate}}={\text{Symbol rate}}\times N}
An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example Manchester coding and return-to-zero (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in:
Gross bit rate = Symbol rate/2 {\displaystyle {\text{Gross bit rate = Symbol rate/2}}}
A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain spectral bandwidth in hertz is given by the Nyquist law:
Symbol rate ≤ Nyquist rate = 2 × bandwidth {\displaystyle {\text{Symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Nyquist rate}}=2\times {\text{bandwidth}}}
In practice this upper bound can only be approached for line coding schemes and for so-called vestigal sideband digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example ASK, PSK, QAM and OFDM, can be characterized as double sideband modulation, resulting in the following relation:
Symbol rate ≤ Bandwidth {\displaystyle {\text{Symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Bandwidth}}}
In case of parallel communication, the gross bit rate is given by
∑ i = 1 n log 2  M i T i {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\log _{2}{M_{i}}}{T_{i}}}}
where n is the number of parallel channels, Mi is the number of symbols or levels of the modulation in the i-th channel, and Ti is the symbol duration time, expressed in seconds, for the i-th channel.
Information rate[edit]
The physical layer net bitrate,[11] information rate,[5] useful bit rate,[12] payload rate,[13] net data transfer rate,[8] coded transmission rate,[6] effective data rate[6] or wire speed (informal language) of a digital communication channel is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex (TDM) framing bits, redundant forward error correction (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other channel coding. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the datalink layer and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead.
In modems and wireless systems, link adaptation (automatic adaption of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term peak bitrate denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter.[14] Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the "connection speed"[15] (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. Note that the term line rate in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,[13] in others as net bit rate.
The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC code rate according to the following.
Net bit rate ≤ Gross bit rate · code rate
The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition.
For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes.
The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s.
The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/second, due to the 4B5B (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the NRZI line code.
In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10Base-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the Manchester line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud.
The "connection speed" of a V.92 voiceband modem typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s downstreams and 48,000 bit/s upstreams. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to adaptive modulation – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor signal-to-noise ratio. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher.
The channel capacity, also known as the Shannon capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node communication link.
net bit rate ≤ channel capacity
The channel capacity is proportional to the analog bandwidth in hertz. This proportionality is called Hartley's law. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called digital bandwidth capacity in bit/s.
Network throughput[edit]
Main article: Throughput
The term throughput, essentially the same thing as digital bandwidth consumption, denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the datalink layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also measuring network throughput.
Goodput (data transfer rate)[edit]
Main article: Goodput
Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight.
As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to V.44 data compression, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and automatic repeat request retransmissions.
If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation:
goodput ≤ throughput ≤ maximum throughput ≤ net bit rate
for a certain communication path.
Progress trends[edit]
These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices:
WAN modems
Ethernet LAN
WiFi WLAN
Mobile data
1972: Acoustic coupler 300 baud
1977: 1200 baud Vadic and Bell 212A
1986: ISDN introduced with two 64 kbit/s channels (144 kbit/s gross bit rate)
1990: V.32bis modems: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s
1994: V.34 modems with 28.8 kbit/s
1995: V.90 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 33.6 kbit/s upstreams
1999: V.92 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 48 kbit/s upstreams
1998: ADSL (ITU G.992.1) up to 10 Mbit/s
2003: ADSL2 (ITU G.992.3) up to 12 Mbit/s
2005: ADSL2+ (ITU G.992.5) up to 26 Mbit/s
2005: VDSL2 (ITU G.993.2) up to 200 Mbit/s
2014: G.fast (ITU G.9701) up to 1000 Mbit/s
1975: Experimental 2.94 Mbit/s
1981: 10 Mbit/s 10BASE5 (coaxial cable)
1990: 10 Mbit/s 10BASE-T (twisted pair)
1995: 100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet
1999: Gigabit Ethernet
2003: 10 Gigabit Ethernet
2010: 100 Gigabit Ethernet
2017: 200/400 Gigabit Ethernet
1997: 802.11 2 Mbit/s
1999: 802.11b 11 Mbit/s
1999: 802.11a 54 Mbit/s
2003: 802.11g 54 Mbit/s
2007: 802.11n 600 Mbit/s
2012: 802.11ac ~1000 Mbit/s
1G:
1981: NMT 1200 bit/s
2G:
1991: GSM CSD and D-AMPS 14.4 kbit/s
2003: GSM EDGE 296 kbit/s down, 118.4 kbit/s up
3G:
2001: UMTS-FDD (WCDMA) 384 kbit/s
2007: UMTS HSDPA 14.4 Mbit/s
2008: UMTS HSPA 14.4 Mbit/s down, 5.76 Mbit/s up
2009: HSPA+ (Without MIMO) 28 Mbit/s downstreams (56 Mbit/s with 2×2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s upstreams
2010: CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams
2011: HSPA+ accelerated (With MIMO) 42 Mbit/s downstreams
Pre-4G:
2007: Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) 144 Mbit/s down, 35 Mbit/s up
2009: LTE 100 Mbit/s downstreams (360 Mbit/s with MIMO 2×2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams
See also comparison of mobile phone standards
For more examples, see list of device bit rates, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
Multimedia [edit]
In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:
The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.
The samples may use different numbers of bits.
The data may be encoded by different schemes.
The information may be digitally compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees.
Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.
If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener’s perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.
The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard:
Encoding bit rate [edit]
In digital multimedia, bit rate often refers to the number of bits used per unit of playback time to represent a continuous medium such as audio or video after source coding (data compression). The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is the size of a multimedia file in bytes divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight.
For realtime streaming multimedia, the encoding bit rate is the goodput that is required to avoid interrupt:
encoding bit rate = required goodput
The term average bitrate is used in case of variable bitrate multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the peak bit rate is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.[16]
A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for lossless data compression is the source information rate, also known as the entropy rate.
entropy rate ≤ multimedia bit rate
Audio[edit]
CD-DA[edit]
CD-DA, the standard audio CD, is said to have a data rate of 44.1 kHz/16, meaning that the audio data was sampled 44,100 times per second and with a bit depth of 16. CD-DA is also stereo, using a left and right channel, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used.
The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:
bit rate = sample rate × bit depth × channels {\displaystyle {\text{bit rate}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}}
For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows:
44 , 100 × 16 × 2 = 1 , 411 , 200 bit/s = 1 , 411.2 kbit/s {\displaystyle 44,100\times 16\times 2=1,411,200\ {\text{bit/s}}=1,411.2\ {\text{kbit/s}}}
The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file header or other metadata) can be calculated using the following formula:
size in bits = sample rate × bit depth × channels × length of time . {\displaystyle {\text{size in bits}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}\times {\text{length of time}}.}
The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight:
size in bytes = size in bits 8 {\displaystyle {\text{size in bytes}}={\frac {\text{size in bits}}{8}}}
Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:
44 , 100 × 16 × 2 × 4 , 800 8 = 846 , 720 , 000 bytes ≈ 847 MB {\displaystyle {\frac {44,100\times 16\times 2\times 4,800}{8}}=846,720,000\ {\text{bytes}}\approx 847\ {\text{MB}}}
MP3[edit]
The MP3 audio format provides lossy data compression. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate:
32 kbit/s – generally acceptable only for speech
96 kbit/s – generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
128 or 160 kbit/s – mid-range bitrate quality
192 kbit/s – medium quality bitrate
256 kbit/s – a commonly used high-quality bitrate
320 kbit/s – highest level supported by the MP3 standard
Other audio[edit]
700 bit/s – lowest bitrate open-source speech codec Codec2, but barely recognizable yet, sounds much better at 1.2 kbit/s
800 bit/s – minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose FS-1015 speech codecs
2.15 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source Speex codec
6 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source Opus codec
8 kbit/s – telephone quality using speech codecs
32–500 kbit/s – lossy audio as used in Ogg Vorbis
256 kbit/s – Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) MP2 bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal[17]
400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s – lossless audio as used in formats such as Free Lossless Audio Codec, WavPack, or Monkey's Audio to compress CD audio
1,411.2 kbit/s – Linear PCM sound format of CD-DA
5,644.8 kbit/s – DSD, which is a trademarked implementation of PDM sound format used on Super Audio CD.[18]
6.144 Mbit/s – E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec
9.6 Mbit/s – DVD-Audio, a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without DVD-Audio logo.[19]
18 Mbit/s – advanced lossless audio codec based on Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP)
Video[edit]
16 kbit/s – videophone quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)
128–384 kbit/s – business-oriented videoconferencing quality using video compression
400 kbit/s YouTube 240p videos (using H.264)[20]
750 kbit/s YouTube 360p videos (using H.264)[20]
1 Mbit/s YouTube 480p videos (using H.264)[20]
1.15 Mbit/s max – VCD quality (using MPEG1 compression)[21]
2.5 Mbit/s YouTube 720p videos (using H.264)[20]
3.5 Mbit/s typ – Standard-definition television quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)
3.8 Mbit/s YouTube 720p (at 60fps mode) videos (using H.264)[20]
4.5 Mbit/s YouTube 1080p videos (using H.264)[20]
6.8 Mbit/s YouTube 1080p (at 60 fps mode) videos (using H.264)[20]
9.8 Mbit/s max – DVD (using MPEG2 compression)[22]
8 to 15 Mbit/s typ – HDTV quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
19 Mbit/s approximate – HDV 720p (using MPEG2 compression)[23]
24 Mbit/s max – AVCHD (using MPEG4 AVC compression)[24]
25 Mbit/s approximate – HDV 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)[23]
29.4 Mbit/s max – HD DVD
40 Mbit/s max – 1080p Blu-ray Disc (using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or VC-1 compression)[25]
250 Mbit/s max – DCP (using JPEG 2000 compression)
1.4 Gbit/s – 10-bit 4:4:4 Uncompressed 1080p at 24fps
Notes[edit]
For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the actual bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s.
See also[edit]
Dolby AC-3
Audio bit depth
Average bitrate
Bandwidth (computing)
Baud (symbol rate)
Bit-synchronous operation
Clock rate
Code rate
Constant bitrate
Data rate units
Data signaling rate
List of device bit rates
Measuring network throughput
Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
Spectral efficiency
Variable bitrate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gupta, Prakash C (2006). Data Communications and Computer Networks. PHI Learning. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Jump up ^ International Electrotechnical Commission (2007). "Prefixes for binary multiples". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Schlosser, S. W., Griffin, J. L., Nagle, D. F., & Ganger, G. R. (1999). Filling the memory access gap: A case for on-chip magnetic storage (No. CMU-CS-99-174). CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.
Jump up ^ "Monitoring file transfers that are in progress from WebSphere MQ Explorer". Retrieved 10 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Guimarães, Dayan Adionel (2009). "section 8.1.1.3 Gross Bit Rate and Information Rate". Digital Transmission: A Simulation-Aided Introduction with VisSim/Comm. Springer. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy (2009). Networking Fundamentals. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Network Dictionary. Javvin Technologies. 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Harte, Lawrence; Kikta, Roman; Levine, Richard (2002). 3G wireless demystified. McGraw-Hill Professional. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Jump up ^ J.S. Chitode (2008). Principles of Digital Communication. Technical Publication. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Lou Frenzel. "What’s The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?". Electronic Design. 2012.
Jump up ^ Theodory S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: principles and practice, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002
Jump up ^ Lajos Hanzo, Peter J. Cherriman, Jürgen Streit, Video compression and communications: from basics to H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-style adaptive turbo-transceivers, Wiley-IEEE, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre, Data Communication Systems, Technical Publications, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sudhir Dixit, Ramjee Prasad Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet, Artech House
Jump up ^ Guy Hart-Davis,Mastering Microsoft Windows Vista home: premium and basic, John Wiley and Sons, 2007
Jump up ^ Khalid Sayood, Lossless compression handbook, Academic Press, 2003.
Jump up ^ Page 26 of BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB: An introduction to the DAB Eureka system and how it works http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf
Jump up ^ Extremetech.com, Leslie Shapiro, 2 July 2001. Surround Sound: The High-End: SACD and DVD-Audio. Archived 30 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 2 channels, 1-bit, 2822.4 kHz DSD audio (2×1×2,822,400)= 5,644,800 bits/s
Jump up ^ "Understanding DVD-Audio" (PDF). Sonic Solutions. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "YouTube bit rates". Retrieved 10 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "MPEG1 Specifications". UK: ICDia. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "DVD-MPEG differences". Sourceforge. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b HDV Specifications (PDF), HDV Information, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-08 .
Jump up ^ "Avchd Information". AVCHD Info. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "3.3 Video Streams", Blu-ray Disc Format 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4 (PDF) (white paper), May 2010, p. 17 .
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).
External links[edit]
DVD-HQ bit rate calculator Calculate bit rate for various types of digital video media.
Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?
Valid8 Data Rate Calculator
hide
v
t
e
Data compression methods
Lossless
Entropy type
Unary
Arithmetic
Asymmetric numeral systems
Golomb
Huffman
Adaptive
Canonical
Modified
Range
Shannon
Shannon–Fano
Shannon–Fano–Elias
Tunstall
Universal
Exp-Golomb
Fibonacci
Gamma
Levenshtein
Dictionary type
Byte pair encoding
DEFLATE
Snappy
Lempel–Ziv
LZ77 / LZ78 (LZ1 / LZ2)
LZFSE
LZJB
LZMA
LZO
LZRW
LZS
LZSS
LZW
LZWL
LZX
LZ4
Brotli
Zstandard
Other types
BWT
CTW
Delta
DMC
MTF
PAQ
PPM
RLE
Audio
Concepts
Bit rate
average (ABR)
constant (CBR)
variable (VBR)
Companding
Convolution
Dynamic range
Latency
Nyquist–Shannon theorem
Sampling
Sound quality
Speech coding
Sub-band coding
Codec parts
A-law
μ-law
ACELP
ADPCM
CELP
DPCM
Fourier transform
LPC
LAR
LSP
MDCT
Psychoacoustic model
WLPC
Image
Concepts
Chroma subsampling
Coding tree unit
Color space
Compression artifact
Image resolution
Macroblock
Pixel
PSNR
Quantization
Standard test image
Methods
Chain code
DCT
EZW
Fractal
KLT
LP
RLE
SPIHT
Wavelet
Video
Concepts
Bit rate
average (ABR)
constant (CBR)
variable (VBR)
Display resolution
Frame
Frame rate
Frame types
Interlace
Video characteristics
Video quality
Codec parts
Lapped transform
DCT
Deblocking filter
Motion compensation
Theory
Entropy
Kolmogorov complexity
Lossy
Quantization
Rate–distortion
Redundancy
Timeline of information theory
Compression formats
Compression software (codecs)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&oldid=863052842"
Categories:
Data transmission
Temporal rates
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from August 2012
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from MIL-STD-188
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Seeltersk
Simple English
Slovenčina
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
25 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 October 2018, at 12:04 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
/wiki/Data_transfer_rate_(disk_drive)
mw-redirect
Data transfer rate (disk drive)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

values:
/wiki/Bit_per_second
mw-redirect
Bit per second

values:
/wiki/Decimal_prefix
mw-redirect
Decimal prefix

values:
/wiki/Kilobit_per_second
mw-redirect
Kilobit per second

values:
/wiki/Megabit_per_second
mw-redirect
Megabit per second

values:
/wiki/1000000_(number)
mw-redirect
1000000 (number)

values:
/wiki/Gigabit_per_second
mw-redirect
Gigabit per second

values:
/wiki/Terabit_per_second
mw-redirect
Terabit per second

values:
/wiki/IEC_80000-13
mw-redirect
IEC 80000-13

values:
/wiki/Kibibit_per_second
mw-redirect
Kibibit per second

values:
/wiki/Mebibit_per_second
mw-redirect
Mebibit per second

values:
/wiki/1048576_(number)
mw-redirect
1048576 (number)

values:
/wiki/Gibibit_per_second
mw-redirect
Gibibit per second

values:
/wiki/Tebibit_per_second
mw-redirect
Tebibit per second

values:
/wiki/Data_rate_units
mw-redirect
Data rate units

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.295ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.578ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.995ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Baseband_transmission
mw-redirect
Baseband transmission

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.854ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.831ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Digital_modulation
mw-redirect
Digital modulation

values: Passband transmission (page does not exist)

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.832ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:33.899ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Manchester_coding
mw-redirect
Manchester coding

values: {\displaystyle {\text{Gross bit rate  =  Symbol rate/2}}}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.353ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:45.754ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Line_coding
mw-redirect
Line coding

values:
/wiki/Vestigal_sideband
mw-redirect
Vestigal sideband

values:
/wiki/Double_sideband
mw-redirect
Double sideband

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:26.456ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.045ex; height:6.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Channel_(communications)
mw-redirect
Channel (communications)

values:
/wiki/Symbol_duration_time
mw-redirect
Symbol duration time

values:
/wiki/Time_division_multiplex
mw-redirect
Time division multiplex

values:
/wiki/Framing_bits
mw-redirect
Framing bits

values:
/wiki/Channel_coding
mw-redirect
Channel coding

values:
/wiki/IEEE_802.11a
mw-redirect
IEEE 802.11a

values:
/wiki/Downstream_(computer_science)
mw-redirect
Downstream (computer science)

values:
/wiki/Adaptive_modulation
mw-redirect
Adaptive modulation

values:
/wiki/Communication_link
mw-redirect
Communication link

values:
/wiki/Analog_bandwidth
mw-redirect
Analog bandwidth

values:
/wiki/Hartley%27s_law
mw-redirect
Hartley's law

values:
/wiki/Digital_bandwidth
mw-redirect
Digital bandwidth

values:
/wiki/Datalink_layer
mw-redirect
Datalink layer

values: Edit section: Goodput (data transfer rate)

values:
/wiki/V.34_(recommendation)
mw-redirect
V.34 (recommendation)

values:
/wiki/V.90_(recommendation)
mw-redirect
V.90 (recommendation)

values: Circuit switched data (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX
mw-redirect
Mobile WiMAX

values:
/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution
mw-redirect
3GPP Long Term Evolution

values:
/wiki/List_of_device_bit_rates
mw-redirect
List of device bit rates

values:
/wiki/OFDM_system_comparison_table
mw-redirect
OFDM system comparison table

values:
/wiki/Lossy_data_compression
mw-redirect
Lossy data compression

values:
/wiki/Sound_recording
mw-redirect
Sound recording

values:
/wiki/Source_coding
mw-redirect
Source coding

values:
/wiki/Streaming_multimedia
mw-redirect
Streaming multimedia

values:
/wiki/Lossless_data_compression
mw-redirect
Lossless data compression

values:
/wiki/Source_information_rate
mw-redirect
Source information rate

values:
/wiki/Audio_channel
mw-redirect
Audio channel

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:45.7ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.144ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:66.127ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:26.525ex; height:5.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:57.9ex; height:5.343ex;

values:
/wiki/Speech_encoding
mw-redirect
Speech encoding

values:
/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting
mw-redirect
Digital Audio Broadcasting

values:
/wiki/Free_Lossless_Audio_Codec
mw-redirect
Free Lossless Audio Codec

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc
mw-redirect
Blu-ray Disc

values:
/wiki/Mu-law_algorithm
mw-redirect
Mu-law algorithm

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iec.ch/si/binary.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.avchd-info.org/format/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Copyright status of work by the U.S. government

values:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.valid8.com/#dataRate

values: Algebraic code-excited linear prediction

values: Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation

values: Embedded Zerotrees of Wavelet transforms

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from MIL-STD-188

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bit_rate
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
/w/index.php?title=Bit_rate&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: معدل نقل البيانات – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Побитова скорост – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate
Bitrate – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate
Bitrate – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ρυθμός μετάδοσης – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: 비트레이트 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קצב נתונים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadar_bit
Kadar bit – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate
Bit rate – Burmese
my
my
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate
Bitrate – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate
Bitrate – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate
Bit rate – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Битрейт – Russian

values: Doatenuurdreegengsrate – Saterland Frisian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: อัตราบิต – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Бітова швидкість – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate
Bit rate – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bit_rate rootpage-Bit_rate skin-vector action-view