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Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows
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Sherlock Holmes:
A Game of Shadows
British film poster
Directed by
Guy Ritchie
Produced by
Joel Silver
Lionel Wigram
Susan Downey
Dan Lin
Written by
Michele Mulroney
Kieran Mulroney
Based on
Characters
by Arthur Conan Doyle
Starring
Robert Downey Jr.
Jude Law
Noomi Rapace
Jared Harris
Eddie Marsan
Rachel McAdams
Music by
Hans Zimmer
Cinematography
Philippe Rousselot
Edited by
James Herbert
Production
company
Village Roadshow Pictures
Silver Pictures
Wigram Productions
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
16 December 2011 (2011-12-16)
Running time
129 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
United States
Language
English
Budget
$125 million[2]
Box office
$545.4 million[3]
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a 2011 British-American period action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, Lionel Wigram, Susan Downey and Dan Lin. It is the sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, and likewise features the Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The film's screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney. Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law reprise their roles as Holmes and Watson, and were joined by Noomi Rapace as Simza, Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes and Jared Harris as Professor Moriarty. The film follows an original premise incorporating elements of Conan Doyle's short stories "The Final Problem" and "The Empty House".[4] In the film, Holmes and Watson travel across Europe with a Gypsy adventuress to foil an intricate plot by their cunning nemesis, Professor Moriarty, to instigate a war.
Upon its release, the film received mixed to positive reviews from critics[5] and was commercially successful, with a worldwide gross of over $545 million.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Music
4 Distribution
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 Sequel
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1891, Irene Adler delivers a package to Dr. Hoffmanstahl, payment for a letter he was to deliver. Hoffmanstahl opens the package, triggering a hidden bomb that is prevented from detonating by the intervention of Sherlock Holmes. Holmes takes the letter while Adler and Hoffmanstahl escape. Holmes finds Hoffmanstahl assassinated moments later. Adler meets with Professor Moriarty to explain the events, but Moriarty, deeming her position compromised by her love for Holmes, poisons and kills her.
Later, Dr. Watson arrives at 221B Baker Street, where Holmes discloses that he is investigating a series of seemingly unrelated murders, terrorist attacks and business acquisitions around the globe that he has connected to Moriarty. After meeting up with his brother Mycroft at Watson's bachelor party, Holmes meets with Gypsy fortune-teller Simza, the intended recipient of the letter he took from Adler, sent by her brother Rene. Holmes defeats an assassin sent to kill Simza, but she flees before Holmes can interrogate her. After the wedding of Watson and Mary Morstan, Holmes meets Moriarty for the first time. Voicing his respect for Holmes' perseverance, Moriarty informs Holmes that he murdered Adler. Holmes vengefully vows to defeat him and subtly requests Watson and Mary be left alone now that Watson is no longer working with him, but Moriarty indicates he will kill them if Holmes continues to interfere.
Moriarty's men attack Watson and Mary on a train to their honeymoon. Holmes, having followed the pair to protect them, throws Mary from the train into a river below where she is rescued by Mycroft. After defeating Moriarty's men, Holmes and Watson travel to Paris to locate Simza. When she is found, Holmes tells Simza that she has been targeted because Rene is working for Moriarty and may have told her about his plans. Simza takes the pair to the headquarters of an anarchist group to which she and Rene had formerly belonged. They learn that the anarchists have been forced to plant bombs for Moriarty.
The trio follows Holmes' deduction that the bomb is in the Paris Opera. However, Holmes realizes too late that he has been tricked and that the bomb is in a nearby hotel; the bomb kills a number of assembled businessmen. Holmes discovers that the bomb was a cover for the specific assassination of Alfred Meinhard, one of the attendees, by Moriarty's henchman, Sebastian Moran. Meinhard's death grants Moriarty ownership of Meinhard's arms factory in Germany. Holmes, Watson, and Simza travel there, following clues in Rene's letters.
At the factory, Moriarty captures, interrogates, and tortures Holmes while Watson fights Moran. Holmes spells out Moriarty's plot, revealing that the Professor secretly acquired shares in multiple war profiteering companies using various pseudonyms to conceal his identity and intends to instigate a world war to make himself a fortune. Meanwhile, Watson uses the cannon he had been hiding behind to destroy the watchtower in which Moran is concealed. The structure collapses into the warehouse where Moriarty is holding Holmes captive. Watson, Simza, and an injured Holmes reunite and escape aboard a moving train. Holmes deduces that Moriarty's final target will be a peace summit in Switzerland, creating an international incident.
At the summit, Holmes deduces that Rene is the assassin and that he is disguised as one of the ambassadors, having been given radical reconstructive surgery by Hoffmanstahl. Holmes and Moriarty, who is also in attendance, retreat upon a balcony to discuss their competing plans over a game of chess. Watson and Simza find Rene and stop his assassination attempt, but Rene is discreetly killed by Moran. Despite his war being averted, Moriarty remains confident in his victory, warning Holmes that the nations of Europe will inevitably go to war with one another regardless of Moriarty's manipulations. Holmes then reveals that, while being tortured by Moriarty, he replaced the professor's personal diary that contained all his plans and financing with a duplicate. The original was sent to Mary in London, who decrypted the code using a book that Holmes had noticed in Moriarty's office during their first meeting, before passing the information to Inspector Lestrade, who seizes Moriarty's assets and donates his fortune to anti-war charities. Holmes and Moriarty anticipate an impending physical altercation, and both realise that Moriarty would win due to Holmes' injured shoulder. Out of options and with the vindictive Moriarty promising to torture and kill Watson and Mary afterward, Holmes grabs Moriarty and throws them both over the balcony and into the Reichenbach Falls below.
Following Holmes' funeral, Watson and Mary prepare to have their belated honeymoon when Watson receives a package containing a breathing device of Mycroft's that Holmes had noticed and expressed a liking for before the summit. Realizing that Holmes may still be alive, Watson leaves his office to find the delivery man. Holmes, having concealed himself in Watson's office, reads Watson's memoirs on the typewriter and adds a question mark after the words "The End".
Cast[edit]
Robert Downey Jr. as Sherlock Holmes[6]
Jude Law as Dr. John Watson[6]
Jared Harris as Professor James Moriarty[7][8]
Noomi Rapace as Madame Simza Heron[9]
Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes[7][10]
Kelly Reilly as Mary Morstan[6]
Rachel McAdams as Irene Adler[11]
Eddie Marsan as Inspector Lestrade[12]
Paul Anderson as Sebastian Moran[13]
Geraldine James as Mrs. Hudson[7]
Thierry Neuvic as Claude Ravache
Fatima Adoum[14] as a Manouche
Wolf Kahler as Dr. Hoffmanstahl
Affif Ben Badra as Tamas Morato
Production[edit]
After the success of the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, a sequel was fast-tracked by Warner Bros. with director Guy Ritchie dropping out of an adaptation of Lobo and Robert Downey Jr. leaving Cowboys & Aliens.[15] It was unclear if Rachel McAdams would appear in the film. McAdams said, "If I do, it won't be a very big thing. It's not a lead part".[16] Warner Bros. later confirmed to Entertainment Weekly that McAdams would play a part in the sequel but that it would be a cameo.[11] The female lead role was played by Noomi Rapace. Joel Silver, the film's producer, has said that "we always intended to have a different kind of girl for each movie" in the vein of Bond girls.[17] He found it "complicated" to persuade McAdams to return in a smaller role: "She loved being with us, but she hoped to have a bigger role."[17] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt "she vanishes all too soon in this overproduced, self-enchanted sequel, and so does the spirit of bright invention that made the previous film such a pleasant surprise."[18] Scott Mendelson of The Huffington Post remarked that she "exhibits far more personality and roguish charm in her few moments here than she did in all of the previous film. Freed from the constraints of being the de-facto love interest, McAdams relishes the chance to go full-villain."[19]
The film, then under the running title of Sherlock Holmes 2, was reported to be influenced by Conan Doyle's "The Final Problem".[4] While the film took place a year after the events of the first film,[4] Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows was intended to be a stand-alone film that did not require knowledge of the previous movie.[4]
In October 2010, Downey Jr. and Jude Law were seen rehearsing a fight scene as shooting took place in Richmond Park, in southwest London.[20] In October 2010, the steamship PS Waverley was chartered on the English Channel for filming, and a large green screen was erected at Didcot Railway Centre with a large action scene filmed there in mid-November.[7] In late November, a scene was filmed at Victoria Bridge, which is part of the Severn Valley Railway. In January 2011, scenes were also filmed at Hampton Court Palace and areas in Oxford University, Oxford, England. Filming also took place in September 2011 in Greenwich at the Royal Naval College.[21]
In early February 2011, principal photography moved for two days to Strasbourg, France. Shooting took place on, around, and inside Strasbourg Cathedral. The scene was said to be the opening scene of the film, as it covered an assassination/bombing in a German-speaking town.[22]
The production also filmed at several locations in Kent including Fort Amherst, Knole in Sevenoaks, and The Historic Dockyard Chatham. The White Cliffs of Dover can also be seen in the background of the scene where Watson and Sherlock travel by boat to France.[23]
The slow-motion work in the film was done by Gavin Free, an English filmmaker who works for Rooster Teeth Productions and is known for his web series The Slow Mo Guys.
Music[edit]
Main article: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (soundtrack)
The score was composed by Hans Zimmer. Zimmer and director Guy Ritchie traveled to Slovakia, Italy, and France to research the authentic Roma music. Zimmer and his core musicians all with National Democratic Institute members, visited seven Roma villages to learn about the Roma people and "listen to as many musicians as we could." Deeply impressed, Zimmer arranged for 13 of the Roma musicians with their violins and accordions to join him in Vienna at a studio for a recording session. Zimmer wove this Roma music into the score for Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Besides discovering the wonderful cultural music, Zimmer also said he had never seen such poverty in Central Europe. A portion of proceeds from the soundtrack will help the Roma pay for necessities like water, heating and bus fare to get their children to school.[24] The soundtrack also contains works of Johann Strauss II, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ennio Morricone and Franz Schubert.
Distribution[edit]
The film was released on 16 December 2011 in Canada, Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mexico; on 25 December 2011 in most other countries; and on 5 January 2012 in Australia, Poland and Spain.[6]
Home media[edit]
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 12 June 2012 for Region 1[25][26] and 14 May 2012 for Region 2[27][28] and Region 4.[29]
Reception[edit]
Jude Law in January 2012 at the film's French premiere in Paris.
Box office[edit]
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows earned $186.8 million in North America as well as $357 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $543.4 million.[3] It is the 12th highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide.[30]
In North America, it topped the box office on its opening day with $14.6 million,[31][32] down from the opening-day gross of the previous film ($24.6 million).[33] During the weekend, it grossed $39.6 million, leading the box office but earning much less than the opening weekend of its predecessor ($62.3 million).[34] By the end of its theatrical run, it became the 9th highest-grossing film of 2011 in the US.[35]
Outside North America, the film earned $14.6 million on its opening weekend, finishing in third place.[36] It topped the overseas box office during three consecutive weekends in January 2012.[37][38][39] It eventually surpassed its predecessor's foreign total ($315.0 million). In the UK, Ireland and Malta, its highest-grossing market after North America, the film achieved a first-place opening of £3.83 million[40] ($5.95 million),[41] over a three-day period, compared to the £3.08 million earned in two days by the original film.[42] It earned $42.2 million in total. Following in largest totals were Russia and the CIS ($28.4 million) and Italy ($24.5 million).[43]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 60% of 205 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6 out of 10. The consensus is "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is a good yarn thanks to its well-matched leading men but overall stumbles duplicating the well-oiled thrills of the original".[5] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 48 based on 38 reviews.[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[45]
Roger Ebert, who gave the first film three stars, was even more positive in his review for A Game of Shadows, awarding it three-and-a-half stars and calling it "high-caliber entertainment" that "add[s] a degree of refinement and invention" to the formula, and that the "writers…wisely devote some of their best scenes to one-on-ones between Holmes and Moriarty."[46] James Berardinelli gave the film three stars out of four, writing: "A Game of Shadows is a stronger, better realized movie that builds upon the strengths of the original and jettisons some of the weaknesses."[47] Conversely, Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club felt that the film "aims lower than its predecessor's modest ambition, and still misses the mark."[48]
On November 24, 2015, film critic Scout Tafoya of RogerEbert.com included A Game of Shadows in his video series "The Unloved", where he highlights films which received mixed to negative reviews yet he believes to have artistic value. He praised the film's deconstruction of action scenes through stylistic editing, one inspired by Soviet montage which was exemplified in Sergei Eisenstein's 1925 film Battleship Potemkin, as well as the friendship and constant banter between Holmes and Watson at the center of the film, which "highlight[s] the difficulty in achieving lyrical deftness of dialogue in films of this budget", with their friendship reminding Tafoya of how "we can invite danger and fun into our lives in equal measure all the time, but once in a blue moon, they make life worth living."[49] Tafoya considers A Game of Shadows to be his eighth favorite film of the 21st century.[50]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
2012 Saturn Awards Best Action/Adventure Film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Nominated [51]
Best Costume Jenny Beavan Nominated
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Action Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows Nominated [52]
Choice Movie Actor: Action Robert Downey Jr. Nominated
Choice Movie Actress: Action Noomi Rapace Nominated
Sequel[edit]
Warner Bros. Pictures announced in October 2011 that the first draft for Sherlock Holmes 3 was being produced with screenwriter Drew Pearce writing the script;[53] he was replaced by Justin Haythe.[54] Jude Law commented on the project in late 2013, "We had a meeting earlier this year, the three of us, and I think it's being written now. Warner Bros. have still got to agree to pay for it... I think they want to!"[55] He also said of the delay in getting into production, "I think Warner Bros. wants it, and there's a lot of want from us as a team. We want it to be better than the other two. We want to make sure it's smarter and cleverer, but in the same realm. It's a slow process. We're all busy. So getting us together to try to nail that has taken a little bit longer than we had hoped... I hate celebrating anything I've done, but I'm so proud of those films. I think it was Joel Silver who said, 'Take it out of that dusty room and put it on the street'."[56]
In October 2014, Susan Downey stated that a third film was in development: "There's an idea, there's an outline, there is not a script yet. Trust me, the studio would love there to be a script. But our feeling is, we gotta get it right." When asked whether the film would realistically be out within the "next few years", she expressed confidence that it would be, saying, "Yeah. At a certain point it's going to be too long— we've waited too long. We're working as fast and responsibly as we can to get a great script."[57] In May 2015, when asked of the progress of the third film in an interview, Law stated: "There is apparently still a will [to do it], there is a script being written, but I'm not sure."[58]
On August 5, 2015, while promoting Ritchie's film The Man from U.N.C.L.E., producer Lionel Wigram said that a script for a third film was still being written. Wigram also claimed that both Downey Jr. and Law would reprise their roles from the first two films.[59] In April 2016, Downey confirmed that the film would begin shooting later in the year.[60] That same month, it was announced that James Coyne was hired to rewrite the script.[61] Silver, who will produce the sequel, stated that he hoped it would begin filming in the fall, and that there may be more sequels.[62]
On October 27, 2016, Variety reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow and Team Downey had put together a writers' room with several top names, including Nicole Perlman, Justin Malen, Gary Whitta, Geneve Dworet-Robertson and Kieran Fitzgerald.[63]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows on IMDb
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows at AllMovie
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows at Box Office Mojo
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows at Rotten Tomatoes
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Guy Ritchie
The Hard Case (1995)
Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998)
Snatch (2000)
Swept Away (2002)
Revolver (2005)
RocknRolla (2008)
Sherlock Holmes (2009)
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011)
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015)
King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017)
Aladdin (2019)
[show]
v
t
e
Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes
Silent films
Sherlock Holmes Baffled (1900)
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom (1905)
Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery (1908)
Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes (1910)
Der Hund von Baskerville (1914)
Detektiv Braun (1914)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 British film)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 US film)
The Valley of Fear (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1922)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1929)
Stoll series
The Dying Detective (1921)
The Devil's Foot (1921)
The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921)
The Sign of Four (1923)
Wontner series
The Sleeping Cardinal (1931)
The Missing Rembrandt (1932, lost)
The Sign of Four (1932)
The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935)
Silver Blaze (1937)
Rathbone-Bruce
series
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)
Voice of Terror (1942)
Secret Weapon (1942)
Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943)
Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943)
The Spider Woman (1944)
The Scarlet Claw (1944)
The Pearl of Death (1944)
The House of Fear (1945)
The Woman in Green (1945)
Pursuit to Algiers (1945)
Terror by Night (1946)
Dressed to Kill (1946)
By actor
Clive Brook
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1929)
Sherlock Holmes (1932)
Peter Cushing
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959)
The Masks of Death (1984) (TV)
Christopher Plummer
Silver Blaze (1977) (TV)
Murder by Decree (1979)
Christopher Lee
The Deadly Necklace (1962)
The Leading Lady (1991) (TV)
Incident at Victoria Falls (1991) (TV)
Robert Downey Jr.
Sherlock Holmes (2009)
A Game of Shadows (2011)
Other films
The Speckled Band (1931)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
A Study in Scarlet (1933)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1937)
A Study in Terror (1965)
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
The Case of Marcel Duchamp (1984)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
Sherlock Holmes (2010)
Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days (2012)
Mr. Holmes (2015)
Television films
Ian Richardson
The Sign of Four (1983)
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Murder Rooms (2000)
Maslennikov
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Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1980)
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The Treasures of Agra (1983)
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The Case of the Screaming Bishop (1944)
Deduce, You Say! (1956)
They Might Be Giants (1971)
The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother (1975)
The Return of the World's Greatest Detective (1976)
Sherlock Pink (1976)
The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978)
The Private Eyes (1980)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Without a Clue (1988)
The Adventures of Shirley Holmes (1997)
Zero Effect (1998)
A Samba for Sherlock (2001)
Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler (2006)
Aria the Scarlet Ammo (2008)
Tantei Opera Milky Holmes (2009)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010)
The Empire of Corpses (2015)
Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Holmes and Watson (2018)
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Young Sherlock: The Mystery of the Manor House (1982)
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episodes
Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999–2001)
Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes (2000)
Sherlock (2010–present)
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Elementary (2012–present)
Sherlock Holmes (2013)
Sherlock Holmes (2014)
others articles
List of Sherlock Holmes cast members, Minor Sherlock Holmes characters
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Candy Crush Saga
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Candy Crush" redirects here. For the game show, see Candy Crush (game show).
Candy Crush Saga
Developer(s)
King
Publisher(s)
King
Platform(s)
App Store, Google Play, Windows Phone Store, Amazon Appstore, Microsoft Windows, Linux
Release
Browser:
April 12, 2012
iOS:
November 14, 2012
Android:
December 14, 2012
Fire OS:
December 11, 2014
Windows Phone:
September 6, 2012
Microsoft Windows:
July 29, 2015
Genre(s)
Puzzle
Candy Crush Saga is a free-to-play match-three puzzle video game released by King on April 12, 2012, for Facebook; other versions for iOS, Android, Windows Phone, and Windows 10 followed. It is a variation on their browser game Candy Crush.[1]
In the game, players complete levels by swapping coloured pieces of candy on a game board to make a match of three or more of the same color, eliminating those candies from the board and replacing them with new ones, which could potentially create further matches. Matches of four or more candies create unique candies that act as power-ups with larger board-clearing abilities. Boards have various goals that must be completed within a fixed number of moves or limited amount of time, such as a certain score or collecting a specific number of a type of candy.
Candy Crush Saga is considered one of the first and most successful uses of a freemium model; while the game can be played completely through without spending money, players can buy special actions to help clear more difficult boards, from which King makes its revenues. Around 2014, over 93 million people were playing Candy Crush Saga, while revenue over a three-month period as reported by King was over $493 million.[2] Five years after its release on mobile, the title has been downloaded over 2.7 billion times, and has been one of the top-ten grossing mobile apps for four years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 In-app purchases
2 Characters
3 Development
4 Reception
4.1 Commercial
5 Controversy
6 Sequels
7 Television
8 In popular culture
9 References
10 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Candy Crush Saga gameplay on iOS, with candy, striped candies, jelly, licorice, and chocolate
Candy Crush Saga is a "match three" game, where the core gameplay is based on swapping two adjacent candies among several on the gameboard as to make a row or column of at least 3 matching-colored candies. On this match, the matched candies are removed from the board, and candies above them fall into the empty spaces, with new candies appearing from the top of the board. This may create a new matched set of candies, which is automatically cleared in the same manner. The player scores points for these matches and gains progressively more points for chain reactions.[3] Additionally, creating matches of four or more candies will create a special candy that, when matched, can clear a row, column, or other section of the board.[3]
The game is split among many levels, which must be completed in sequence. Each level poses a different challenge to the user, such as achieving a minimum score in a fixed number of moves or clearing candies in a fixed number of moves to bring special ingredients to the bottom of the board. Boards have a number of different configurations and may include special spaces that have their own unique rules, such as spaces covered with jelly that must be cleared by making a match on that space.[3] If the player meets the level's goal, they will be given from one to three stars based on their score and can proceed onto the next level. Otherwise, they will lose one life and must try again. If the player runs out of lives, they have to wait for some period of real-world time while their lives regenerate before attempting the level again.[3] Completed levels can be replayed if desired.
The game has been expanded with a number of episodes, adding a few dozen new levels per episode as well as new gameplay mechanics. In the game's first major expansion, the game added a separate set of levels in the Dreamworld, not accessible any more. While levels had the same goals, the players had to balance matches of candies of two randomly selected colors to avoid disrupting the sleeping Odus the Owl; if they did, the level was considered lost and the player had to try again. If they collected enough matched candies to fill a meter, the player actived the Moon Struck power: the board was cleared of all candies of those two colors, and the player gained a few turns of additional matches without having to balance colors. After this, Odus returned to sleeping and two new colors were randomly selected for the balance. This continued until the player completed the level or ran out of turns as in the main game. Dreamworld levels used a different set of lives from the main game, allowing the player to switch back and forth between these modes.[4]
In-app purchases[edit]
The game is primarily monetized through in-app purchases (through either a credit card, iTunes credits or Google Play credits); players begin with five "lives", lost whenever a level is failed. This applies to all of King's games. When they are exhausted, users can either send requests to their Facebook friends for more lives, wait for them to replenish themselves (a life is restored every half-hour), or purchase them. Initially when a player makes a purchase for new lives, he/she receives five new lives for a specific dollar amount. In a recent update, when a player makes a purchase for new lives, the player receives gold bars, the quantity depending on how much money he/she spends. Gold bars can be used for new lives, extra moves, boosters or to unlock a new episode. At certain points, primarily at the start of new "episodes", users must also either purchase or receive a request from at least three friends before they may access the next set of levels. An update meant players only waited for 3 days to unlock the next episode.
Boosters, to make the levels easier, can be bought using in-app purchases.[5] While the game includes freemium content, 97.7% of those playing the game do so for free, while only 2.3% pay.[6]
Characters[edit]
Throughout the game, the player solves puzzles so Tiffi (short for Toffette) can solve problems plaguing the residents of the Candy Kingdom. These include tutorial guide Mr. Toffee, whose voice was changed from an over-the-top French accent in the original version of the game into a more modest deep male voice,[7] the Easter Bunny, the shop owner Mr. Yeti, Odus the owl from Dreamworld levels, the villainous Bubblegum Troll, and many others.
In the Candy Crush Jelly Saga, the two main characters that the player plays against are the Jelly Queen and Cupcake Carl.
Development[edit]
Prior to the release of Candy Crush Saga, most of King's games were browser games offered through their website or partner portals such as Yahoo!. Several of their games featured tournament-style gameplay, where players could spend money to enter competitive tourneys for in-game boosts, which served as one of the main form of revenue for the company in addition to in-game item sale microtransactions and advertisements.[8] Around 2009, Facebook began to pull in developers, in particular Zynga, to offer social network games that could be built on its fundamental services; for King, this resulting in a large drop in players that they saw from their game portals within a year. At this point, King started to determine how it could enter the Facebook and the associated mobile game markets, breaking up its web development department to work on Facebook and mobile games in 2010, including bringing several of their existing browser games to those platforms.[9] Most of these existing games were introduced as beta versions to Facebook users, and the company used player counts and feedback to determine which of these titles had the most prospect for moving forward, allowing them to focus more intensive development on those titles while dropping the rest, in the style of a rapid prototyping approach.[10] The Facebook platform allowed them to explore expansion of their existing tournament-style games and the ability to include microtransactions within the game.[11]
In April 2011, King released its first cross-platform (Facebook and mobile) game, Miner Speed,[12] which had a simple match-3 concept that borrowed concepts from Bejeweled that helped the company figure out the transition between Facebook and mobile games for this new direction.[9] King's first major success in this area followed with Bubble Witch Saga, released in October 2011; by January 2012 it has attracted over 10 million players and was one of fastest rising Facebook games at that time.[13] Bubble Witch Saga introduced the "saga" approach in contrast to typical tile-matching games, where instead of having the game continue through a fixed amount of time or until the player reached an unplayable state, the game was divided into discrete levels that required the player to complete certain goals within a fixed set of moves, and where the next level could only be reached after completing the previous level. These saga elements allowed for the basics of social gameplay, but did not require the time investment that then-popular titles like Zynga's Farmville required; players could play just for a few minutes each day through the saga model.[14] The success of Bubble Witch Saga establishing King as a viable developer in this arena, becoming the second-largest developer by daily player count on the Facebook platform by April 2012, trailing only Zynga.[9][8]
Candy Crush Saga was selected as King's next Facebook game based on the popularity of the portal version of Candy Crush, first released in 2011 and which was one of the five most popular games by 2012.[15] The basic ideas from Miner Speed were used to craft the foundation of Candy Crush Saga, adding the "saga" elements from Bubble Witch Saga. Initial ideas for Candy Crush Saga were proposed by King's chief creative officer, Sebastian Knutsson, around 2011.[9] The game was first released for Facebook in April 2012, at the time featuring only 65 levels.[16] The game quickly gained popularity, gaining more than 4 million players within a few weeks of release.[17]
King later released mobile versions for iOS and Android that same year, adding a feature that allowed mobile users to synchronize their progress with the Facebook version. Knutsson stated that at that time, with Candy Crush Saga as popular as it was on Facebook, they knew that they "had to get it right" in the transition process.[9] King had previously discussed the nature of games that kept their state between a PC and mobile version with Fabrication Games, believing this was a necessary trend in the future of gaming, Both recognized several of the difficulties that would have to be addressed to provide both the progress synchronization and gameplay interface between mouse-driven PC computers and touch-driven mobile devices.[15] King found that one issue with transiting Bubble Witch Saga to mobile was that the gameplay elements were too small for mobile devices, and aimed to correct that for Candy Crush Saga on mobile. The mobile release delay for Candy Crush Saga was in part due to adding the ability to play the mobile version in an offline mode that would still synchronize once the player returned online.[15]
The mobile version helped to boost popularity of the game, attributed to the nature of the game being able to be played in a pick-up-and-go manner ideally suited for mobile devices. Tommy Palm, one of the four developers for Candy Crush Saga, stated that the first weekend numbers after the game's mobile release were over ten times greater than the estimates they expected.[15] By January 2013, Candy Crush Saga overtook Zynga's Farmville 2 as the top-played game on the Facebook platform.[18]
Candy Crush Saga was expanded over the years by adding new episodes, each containing a number of new levels. This enabled King to also introduce new gameplay features alongside other game improvements.[9] New features were first tested on King's own portal to see how players there responded and allowing them to tweak these as needed, then pushed these into the episodes on the Facebook/mobile version.[19] By September 2016, King released its 2000th level for the game to celebrate the milestone of over 1 trillion Candy Crush Saga games having been played.[20][21] More recently, with the game offered as a free-to-play model, King seeks to provide new content on weekly or biweekly basis, including time-limited content. Zacconi saw this approach as a means to keep players, who otherwise have not purchased anything, to keep coming back and playing the game.[22]
Reception[edit]
According to review aggregator website Metacritic, the game received an average review score of 79/100, indicating generally positive reviews.[23] Ellie Gibson of Eurogamer referred to Candy Crush Saga as 2013's "Game of the Year".[24]
Commercial[edit]
Candy Crush Saga had over ten million downloads in December 2012.[25] By 2013, Candy Crush Saga had been downloaded more than 500 million times across Facebook, iOS, and Android devices and considered the most downloaded app from the Apple App Store,[26][27] and had at least 6.7 million active users on a daily basis; the game had a daily revenue of $633,000 from the United States section of the iOS App Store alone.[28] By 2014, the game had over 245 million active player each month but has since dropped off, with that count falling to around 166 million by 2016.[29]
Though initially released with advertising to help with revenue, King removed the advertising in 2013, and solely has earned money from the game in the form of in-app purchases.[29] Only a small percentage of the player base has purchased in-game items, up to around 4%, but this has led to millions of dollars in monthly revenue for King.[29] In 2014, Candy Crush Saga players spent over $1.33 billion on in-app purchases which was a decline from the previous year, since in the second half of 2013 players spent over $1.04 billion.[6] By 2015, the monthly revenue was estimated at $120 million, but with declining players purchasing in-game items, down to 2% by 2016, that revenue has dropped to just over $53 million per month.[29]
Five years after its release on mobile, Candy Crush Saga has been downloaded over 2.7 billion times. Its revenue for the quarter ending September 2017 was $250 million, having gained significant improvement in year-to-year revenues from 2016.[22] It remains one of the top gross-revenue earnings app for mobile in the four years leading up to 2017.[22]
Candy Crush received particular mention in Hong Kong media, with reports that one in seven Hong Kong citizens plays the game.[30] The game is also featured in Psy's music video "Gentleman".[31] In December 2013, King entered the Japanese market with a series of television commercials in Japan, and by December 4 it had become the 23rd most downloaded game in Japan on Android devices and number 1 most downloaded from the App Store.[32]
Controversy[edit]
King filed for applications for trademarks on the word "candy" in January 2013 with the United Stated Patent and Trademark Office, which became publicly known in January 2014.[33] News of these pending trademarks raised concerns from other developers, fearing that King would use their trademark to intimidate smaller developers.[34] In response to this criticism, King decided not to pursue the trademark.[35]
The mobile game known as CandySwipe created in 2010, two years prior to the release of Candy Crush Saga, had many similarities that independent app developer Albert Ransom and maker of CandySwipe picked up on as Candy Crush Saga became more successful. Following news of the "candy" trademark, Ransom issued a statement in February 2014, claiming that King intentionally copied elements from his own game including the app icon, the art for the candy pieces, and sound effects like the level-completion "Sweet!".[36] While details were not given, Ransom stated that he "amicably" resolved the matter with King by April of that year.[37]
During this same period, it was discovered that King had successfully obtained trademark on the word "saga", and they had taken action against Stoic, the developers of The Banner Saga; King had attempted to block Stoic's registration of "The Banner Saga", and after the game released in January 2014, it issued a cease and desist letter to the developers.[38] Similar to the CandySwipe situation, Stoic announced in April 2014 that the situation with King had been resolved with both sides coming to an agreement allowing Stoic to continue to use their name.[39]
Candy Crush Saga also received mixed reactions when it was announced that King had struck a deal with Microsoft to automatically install the game on devices that have been upgraded to Windows 10 Home.[40]
The game was investigated by the UK Office of Fair Trading concerning exploitative game mechanics with regards to younger users.[41][42]
Sequels[edit]
In May 2014, a sequel titled Candy Crush Soda Saga was soft launched by King, with a similar design but new gameplay dynamics, such as a soda bottle piece that can shift gravity.[43][44] As of October 2016, there are over 1100 "Candy Crush Soda Saga" levels.[citation needed]
On October 20, 2014, the Facebook version of Candy Crush Soda Saga was released worldwide[45] and the mobile app was released in November on the Android and iOS platforms.[46][47][48] The app was subsequently made available for Windows 10 and Windows Phone in October 2015.
In September 2015, another sequel entitled Candy Crush Jelly Saga was soft-launched in various countries for the Android platform.[49] Candy Crush Jelly Saga was released worldwide in January 2016.[49] Initially it was not made available in Facebook unlike in previous titles, but is now available as a game app as of May 2016. The Facebook version appears to no longer require Adobe Flash to play.
Television[edit]
Main article: Candy Crush (game show)
CBS produces a live-action Candy Crush game show in partnership with King that premiered on July 9, 2017.[50] It is an hour-long competition among several two-person teams using interactive games that are based on Candy Crush. The show is produced by Lionsgate with executive producer Matt Kunitz, and with collaboration by Sebastian Knutsson, the creative developer of the first Candy Crush game.[51] Mario Lopez hosts the show.[52]
Four teams play in each episode doing various challenges based on the Candy Crush game, with the winning team earning a guaranteed $100,000.
In popular culture[edit]
Part of The Emoji Movie takes place within Candy Crush Saga.[53]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Candy Crush at Games.com". Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Why is Candy Crush Saga so popular? | Technology | The Guardian
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cabebe, Jaymar (April 3, 2013). "Candy Crush Saga for Android review: Great alternative to Bejeweled". CNet. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fahey, Mike (December 12, 2013). "The First Candy Crush Saga Expansion Changes The Way The Game Is Played". Kotaku. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sugar Coma". Slate. July 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Candy Crush Saga players spent £865m on the game in 2014 alone, theguardian.com, February 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is the appeal of Candy Crush Saga?". Bbc.com. December 18, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pham, Alex (April 17, 2012). "Games publisher King.com topples EA, Wooga on Facebook, for now". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Rooney, Ben (June 19, 2014). "King Saga: The Story Behind The Maker Of Candy Crush Saga". Informilo. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Chris (November 15, 2012). "If social games on Facebook are dying, why is King.com booming?". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean (February 18, 2011). "King.com takes tournament games into Facebook". Venture Beat. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean (April 28, 2011). "King.com launches its first cross-platform mobile game". Venture Beat. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Caoili, Eric (January 10, 2012). "Fastest-growing Facebook games: From Tetris Battle to Words With Friends". Gamasutra. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Takhashi, Dean (April 12, 2012). "At 2.5B games played a month, King.com reaps benefits from its casual Saga titles on Facebook". Venture Beat. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Takihashi, Dean (August 18, 2014). "Lessons from a game guru: Candy Crush Saga creator once survived six months without pay". Venture Beat. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weber, Rachel (July 18, 2013). "Working at the Candy Store". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Caoili, Eric (May 1, 2012). "Candy Crush Saga highlighted in this week's fastest-growing Facebook games". Gamasutra. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lien, Tracey (January 17, 2013). "King.com's Candy Crush Saga takes the top spot on Facebook, but Zynga still dominates". Polygon. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wortham, Jenna (July 2, 2013). "Candy Crush Saga Is This Summer's Sweet Treat". New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kelion, Leo (September 28, 2016). "Candy Crush Saga: Life beyond level 2,000". BBC. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miniotti, Mike (September 28, 2016). "Candy Crush Saga adds 2,000th level to celebrate 1,000,000,000,000 games played". Venture Beat. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Takahashi, Dean (November 17, 2017). "Candy Crush Saga: 2.73 billion downloads in five years and still counting". Venture Beat. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Candy Crush Saga at Metacritic
Jump up ^ Gibson, Ellie (December 24, 2013). "Games of 2013: Candy Crush Saga". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Woollaston, Victoria (May 14, 2013). "Candy Crush Saga soars above Angry Birds to become WORLD'S most popular game". Daily Mail. London, UK: Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Webster, Andrew (November 15, 2013). "Half a billion people have installed 'Candy Crush Saga'". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Musil, Steven (December 16, 2013). "Candy Crush Saga tops iTunes app download list for 2013". CNet. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Joe White (July 9, 2013). "Freemium App Candy Crush Saga Earns A Record-Breaking $500 Each Day". AppAdvice. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d van Dreunen, Joost (October 24, 2016). "Welcome to the New Era: Games as Media". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Buffa, Chris. "Candy Crush Saga: Played By Every Seventh Person In Hong Kong Daily". Modojo.
Jump up ^ Brian Ashcraft (April 17, 2013). "Is PSY's "Gentleman" Video Just a Giant Commercial?". Kotaku.com. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Grubb, Jeffrey (December 6, 2013). "King is running TV commercials for Candy Crush in Japan, and they're working". GamesBea. VentureBeat. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pitcher, Jenna (January 21, 2014). "Candy Crush Saga developer trademarks 'candy'". Polygon. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lien, Tracey (January 21, 2014). "What King's 'candy' trademark really means". Polygon. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 25, 2014). "Candy Crush dev abandons "Candy" trademark in US after controversy". GameSpot. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Good, Owen (February 12, 2014). "Indie Creator of CandySwipe Fumes Over Candy Crush Saga Trademark Move". Kotaku. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maiberg, Emanual (April 19, 2014). "Candy Crush Saga settles dispute with CandySwipe "amicably"". GameSpot. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Welsey (June 26, 2014). "King vs The Banner Saga". Eurogamer. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lien, Tracey (April 17, 2014). "Candy Crush maker King settles trademark disputes with The Banner Saga developer". Polygon. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Walton, Mark (May 15, 2015). "Humanity weeps as Candy Crush Saga comes preinstalled with Windows 10". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Candy Crush Saga Has Trademarked Candy And Apple's App Store Is Helping Enforce It". Forbes.
Jump up ^ "How women blow £400,000 a day playing Candy Crush, the most addictive online game ever". Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ "Candy Crush Game Maker Banks on Soda Saga Sequel". Hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Candy Crush Soda Saga, the sequel to Candy Crush Saga, got soft-launched on Android". phonearena.com.com. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Candy Crush Soda Saga: will it pop King's app store bubble?". Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Can't get Enough of 'Candy Crush'? Say Hello to 'Candy Crush Soda Saga'". Tech Times. November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Candy Crush Soda Saga' from King Finally Launches Worldwide". Touch Arcade. November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Candy Crush Maker Launches Sequel to Hit Mobile Game". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Candy Crush Jelly Saga Levels". Candy Crush Soda Saga Tips. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lawler, Richard (March 17, 2017). "The 'Candy Crush' TV show debuts on CBS July 9th". Engadget. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Larson, Selena (October 18, 2016). "A 'Candy Crush' game show is coming to CBS". CNN. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Leslie (March 23, 2017). "Mario Lopez to Host CBS' 'Candy Crush'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sony Debuts 'Emoji Movie' With Vertical Teaser Trailer". The Hollywood Reporter. December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
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Form factor (electronics)
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In electronics, the form factor of an alternating current waveform (signal) is the ratio of the RMS (root mean square) value to the average value (mathematical mean of absolute values of all points on the waveform).[1] It identifies the ratio of the direct current of equal power relative to the given alternating current. The former can also be defined as the direct current that will produce equivalent heat.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculating the form factor
2 Application
3 Specific form factors
4 References
Calculating the form factor[edit]
For an ideal, continuous wave function over time T, the RMS can be calculated in integral form:[3]
X r m s = 1 T ∫ t 0 t 0 + T [ x ( t ) ] 2 d t {\displaystyle X_{\mathrm {rms} }={\sqrt {{1 \over {T}}{\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T}{[x(t)]}^{2}\,dt}}}}
The rectified average is then the mean of the integral of the function's absolute value:[3]
X a r v = 1 T ∫ t 0 t 0 + T | x ( t ) | d t {\displaystyle X_{\mathrm {arv} }={1 \over {T}}{\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T}{|x(t)|\,dt}}}
The quotient of these two values is the form factor, k f {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {f} }} , or in unambiguous situations, k {\displaystyle k} .
k f = R M S A R V = 1 T ∫ t 0 t 0 + T [ f ( t ) ] 2 d t 1 T ∫ t 0 t 0 + T | x ( t ) | d t = T ∫ t 0 t 0 + T [ f ( t ) ] 2 d t ∫ t 0 t 0 + T | x ( t ) | d t {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {f} }={\frac {\mathrm {RMS} }{\mathrm {ARV} }}={\frac {\sqrt {{1 \over {T}}{\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T}{[f(t)]}^{2}\,dt}}}{{1 \over {T}}{\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T}{|x(t)|\,dt}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {T\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T}{{[f(t)]}^{2}\,dt}}}{\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T}{|x(t)|\,dt}}}}
X r m s {\displaystyle X_{\mathrm {rms} }} reflects the variation in the function's distance from the average, and is disproportionately impacted by large deviations from the unrectified average value.[4] It will always be at least as large as X a r v {\displaystyle X_{\mathrm {arv} }} , which only measures the absolute distance from said average. The form factor thus cannot be smaller than 1 (a square wave where all momentary values are equally far above or below the average value; see below), and has no theoretical upper limit for functions with sufficient deviation.
R M S t o t a l = R M S 1 2 + R M S 2 2 + . . . + R M S n 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {RMS} _{\mathrm {total} }={\sqrt {{{\mathrm {RMS} _{1}}^{2}}+{{\mathrm {RMS} _{2}}^{2}}+...+{{\mathrm {RMS} _{n}}^{2}}}}}
can be used for combining signals of different frequencies (for example, for harmonics[2]), while for the same frequency, R M S t o t a l = R M S 1 + R M S 2 + . . . + R M S n {\displaystyle \mathrm {RMS} _{\mathrm {total} }=\mathrm {RMS} _{1}+\mathrm {RMS} _{2}+...+\mathrm {RMS} _{n}} .
As ARV's on the same domain can be summed as A R V t o t a l = A R V 1 + A R V 2 + . . . + A R V n {\displaystyle \mathrm {ARV} _{\mathrm {total} }=\mathrm {ARV} _{1}+\mathrm {ARV} _{2}+...+\mathrm {ARV} _{n}} , the form factor of a complex wave composed of multiple waves of the same frequency can sometimes be calculated as
k f t o t = R M S t o t A R V t o t = R M S 1 + . . . + R M S n A R V 1 + . . . + A R V n {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {f} _{\mathrm {tot} }}={\frac {\mathrm {RMS} _{\mathrm {tot} }}{\mathrm {ARV} _{\mathrm {tot} }}}={\frac {\mathrm {RMS} _{1}+...+\mathrm {RMS} _{n}}{\mathrm {ARV} _{1}+...+\mathrm {ARV} _{n}}}} .
Application[edit]
Digital AC measuring instruments are often built with specific waveforms in mind. For example, many digital AC multimeters are specifically scaled to display the RMS value of a sine wave. Since the RMS calculation can be difficult to achieve digitally, the absolute average is calculated instead and the result multiplied by the form factor of a sinusoid. This method will give less accurate readings for waveforms other than a sinewave.[5]
The squaring in RMS and the absolute value in ARV mean that both the values and the form factor are independent of the wave function's sign (and thus, the electrical signal's direction) at any point. For this reason, the form factor is the same for a direction-changing wave with a regular average of 0 and its fully rectified version.
The form factor, k f {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {f} }} , is the smallest of the three wave factors, the other two being crest factor k a = X m a x X r m s {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {a} }={\frac {X_{\mathrm {max} }}{X_{\mathrm {rms} }}}} and the lesser-known averaging factor k a v = X m a x X a r v {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {av} }={\frac {X_{\mathrm {max} }}{X_{\mathrm {arv} }}}} .
k a v ≥ k a ≥ k f {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {av} }\geq k_{\mathrm {a} }\geq k_{\mathrm {f} }} [2]
Due to their definitions (all relying on the Root Mean Square, Average rectified value and maximum amplitude of the waveform), the three factors are related by k a v = k a k f {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {av} }=k_{\mathrm {a} }k_{\mathrm {f} }} ,[2] so the form factor can be calculated with k f = k a v k a {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {f} }={\frac {k_{\mathrm {av} }}{k_{\mathrm {a} }}}} .
Specific form factors[edit]
a {\displaystyle a} represents the amplitude of the function, and any other coefficients applied in the vertical dimension. For example, 8 sin  ( t ) {\displaystyle 8\sin(t)} can be analyzed as f ( t ) = a sin  ( t ) , a = 8 {\displaystyle f(t)=a\sin(t),\ a=8} . As both RMS and ARV are directly proportional to it, it has no effect on the form factor, and can be replaced with a normalized 1 for calculating that value.
D = τ T {\displaystyle D={\frac {\tau }{T}}} is the duty cycle, the ratio of the "pulse" time τ {\displaystyle \tau } (when the function's value is not zero) to the full wave period T {\displaystyle T} . Most basic wave functions only achieve 0 for infinitely short instants, and can thus be considered as having τ = T , D = 1 {\displaystyle \tau =T,D=1} . However, any of the non-pulsing functions below can be appended with D D = 1 D = T τ {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {D}}{D}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {D}}}={\sqrt {\frac {T}{\tau }}}}
to allow pulsing. This is illustrated with the half-rectified sine wave, which can be considered a pulsed full-rectified sine wave with D = 1 2 {\displaystyle D={\frac {1}{2}}} , and has k f = k f f r s 2 {\displaystyle k_{\mathrm {f} }=k_{\mathrm {f} _{\mathrm {frs} }}{\sqrt {2}}} .
Waveform
Image
RMS
ARV
Form Factor
Sine wave a 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}} [2] a 2 π {\displaystyle a{\frac {2}{\pi }}} [2] π 2 2 ≈ 1.11072073 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2{\sqrt {2}}}}\approx 1.11072073} [3]
Half-wave rectified sine a 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2}}} a π {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{\pi }}} π 2 ≈ 1.5707963 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}\approx 1.5707963}
Full-wave rectified sine a 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{\sqrt {2}}}} a 2 π {\displaystyle a{\frac {2}{\pi }}} π 2 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2{\sqrt {2}}}}}
Square wave, constant value a {\displaystyle a} a {\displaystyle a} a a = 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{a}}=1}
Pulse wave a D {\displaystyle a{\sqrt {D}}} [6] a D {\displaystyle aD} 1 D = T τ {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {D}}}={\sqrt {\frac {T}{\tau }}}}
Triangle wave a 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{\sqrt {3}}}} [7] a 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2}}} 2 3 ≈ 1.15470054 {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}\approx 1.15470054}
Sawtooth wave a 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{\sqrt {3}}}} a 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{2}}} 2 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Gaussian white noise U(-1,1) 1 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}} [citation needed] 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}} [citation needed] 2 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stutz, Michael. "Measurement of AC Magnitude". BASIC AC THEORY. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dusza, Jacek; Grażyna Gortat; Antoni Leśniewski (2002). Podstawy Miernictwa (Foundations of Measurement) (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Warszawskiej. pp. 136–142, 197–203. ISBN 83-7207-344-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jędrzejewski, Kazimierz (2007). Laboratorium Podstaw Pomiarow (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Warszawskiej. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-83-7207-4.
Jump up ^ "Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)". The European Virtual Organisation for Meteorological Training. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Tanuwijaya, Franky. "True RMS vs AC Average Rectified Multimeter Readings when a Phase Cutting Speed Control is Used" (PDF). Esco Micro Pte Ltd. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Jump up ^ Nastase, Adrian. "How to Derive the RMS Value of Pulse and Square Waveforms". Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Nastase, Adrian. "How to Derive the RMS Value of a Triangle Waveform". Retrieved 9 June 2012.
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values: \mathrm{RMS}_\mathrm{total} = \sqrt{{{\mathrm{RMS}_1}^2} + {{\mathrm{RMS}_2}^2} + ... + {{\mathrm{RMS}_n}^2}}

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values: \frac{\sqrt{D}}{D} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{D}} = \sqrt{\frac{T}{\tau}}

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