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List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
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Below is the list of the 283 Major League Baseball players who have reached the 2,000 hit milestone during their career in MLB.
Pete Rose holds the Major League record for most career hits, with 4,256. Rose and Ty Cobb are the only players with 4,000 career hits. George Davis was the first switch hitter to collect 2,000 hits, doing so during the 1902 season.[1] Ichiro Suzuki is the current active leader.
Contents
[hide]
1 Players with 2,000 or more hits
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Players with 2,000 or more hits[edit]
Bold denotes active player[a]
Current season total in parentheses
† denotes player has been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame
Stats are updated as of the 2017 season.
Rank
Player
Hits
1 Pete Rose 4,256
2 Ty Cobb †[b] 4,191
3 Hank Aaron † 3,771
4 Stan Musial † 3,630
5 Tris Speaker † 3,514
6 Derek Jeter 3,465
7 Honus Wagner † 3,430
8 Carl Yastrzemski † 3,419
9 Paul Molitor † 3,319
10 Eddie Collins † 3,314
11 Willie Mays † 3,283
12 Eddie Murray † 3,255
13 Nap Lajoie † 3,252
14 Cal Ripken, Jr. † 3,184
15 George Brett † 3,154
16 Paul Waner † 3,152
17 Robin Yount † 3,142
18 Tony Gwynn † 3,141
19 Alex Rodriguez 3,115
20 Dave Winfield † 3,110
21 Ichiro Suzuki (50) 3,080
22 Craig Biggio † 3,060
23 Rickey Henderson † 3,055
24 Rod Carew † 3,053
25 Adrián Beltré (106) 3,048
26 Lou Brock † 3,023
27 Rafael Palmeiro 3,020
28 Cap Anson †[c] 3,011
29 Wade Boggs † 3,010
30 Al Kaline † 3,007
31 Roberto Clemente † 3,000
32 Sam Rice † 2,987
33 Albert Pujols (143) 2,968
34 Sam Crawford † 2,961
35 Frank Robinson † 2,943
36 Barry Bonds 2,935
37 Willie Keeler † 2,932
38 Jake Beckley † 2,930
Rogers Hornsby † 2,930
40 Al Simmons † 2,927
41 Zack Wheat † 2,884
42 Frankie Frisch † 2,880
43 Omar Vizquel 2,877
44 Mel Ott † 2,876
45 Babe Ruth † 2,873
46 Harold Baines 2,866
47 Jesse Burkett † 2,850
48 Brooks Robinson † 2,848
49 Iván Rodríguez † 2,844
50 Charlie Gehringer † 2,839
51 George Sisler † 2,812
52 Ken Griffey Jr. † 2,781
53 Andre Dawson † 2,774
54 Johnny Damon 2,769
55 Vada Pinson 2,757
56 Luke Appling † 2,749
57 Al Oliver 2,743
58 Goose Goslin † 2,735
59 Tony Pérez † 2,732
60 Chipper Jones 2,726
61 Carlos Beltrán 2,725
62 Roberto Alomar † 2,724
63 Lou Gehrig † 2,721
64 Rusty Staub 2,716
65 Bill Buckner 2,715
66 Dave Parker 2,712
67 Billy Williams † 2,711
68 Doc Cramer 2,705
69 Gary Sheffield 2,689
70 Luis Aparicio † 2,677
71 Fred Clarke † 2,672
Rank
Player
Hits
72 Max Carey † 2,665
73 Nellie Fox † 2,663
74 George Davis † 2,660
Harry Heilmann † 2,660
76 Ted Williams † 2,654
77 Jimmie Foxx † 2,646
78 Lave Cross 2,645
79 Miguel Cabrera (117) 2,636
80 Rabbit Maranville † 2,605
Tim Raines † 2,605
82 Steve Garvey 2,599
83 Ed Delahanty † 2,596
84 Luis González 2,591
85 Vladimir Guerrero 2,590
86 Julio Franco 2,586
87 Reggie Jackson † 2,584
88 Ernie Banks † 2,583
89 Richie Ashburn † 2,574
Manny Ramirez 2,574
91 Willie Davis 2,561
92 Steve Finley 2,548
93 George Van Haltren 2,539
94 Garret Anderson 2,529
95 Heinie Manush † 2,524
96 Todd Helton 2,519
97 Joe Morgan † 2,517
98 Buddy Bell 2,514
99 Jimmy Ryan 2,512
100 Mickey Vernon 2,495
101 Fred McGriff 2,490
102 David Ortiz 2,472
Ted Simmons 2,472
104 Joe Medwick † 2,471
105 Bobby Abreu 2,470
106 Frank Thomas † 2,468
107 Roger Connor † 2,467
108 Harry Hooper † 2,466
109 Jeff Kent 2,461
110 Ozzie Smith † 2,460
111 Lloyd Waner † 2,459
112 Bill Dahlen 2,457
113 Jimmy Rollins 2,455
114 Jim Rice † 2,452
Torii Hunter 2,452
116 Red Schoendienst † 2,449
117 Dwight Evans 2,446
118 Mark Grace 2,445
119 Kenny Lofton 2,428
120 Pie Traynor 2,416
121 Mickey Mantle † 2,415
122 Sammy Sosa 2,408
123 Miguel Tejada 2,407
124 Stuffy McInnis 2,405
125 Ryne Sandberg † 2,386
126 Enos Slaughter † 2,383
127 Chili Davis 2,380
128 Edd Roush † 2,376
Robinson Canó (166) 2,376
130 Brett Butler 2,375
Michael Young 2,375
132 Lou Whitaker 2,369
133 Alan Trammell † 2,365
134 Carlton Fisk † 2,356
135 Joe Judge 2,352
136 Orlando Cepeda † 2,351
137 Billy Herman † 2,345
138 Joe Torre † 2,342
139 Paul Konerko 2,340
Barry Larkin † 2,340
141 Bernie Williams 2,336
142 Andrés Galarraga 2,333
Rank
Player
Hits
143 Jim Thome 2,328
144 Édgar Rentería 2,327
145 Dave Concepción 2,326
Jake Daubert 2,326
B. J. Surhoff 2,326
148 Eddie Mathews † 2,315
149 Jeff Bagwell † 2,314
150 Jim Bottomley † 2,313
151 Bobby Wallace † 2,309
152 Jim O'Rourke † 2,304
153 Kirby Puckett † 2,304
154 Aramis Ramírez 2,303
155 Charlie Grimm 2,299
Kiki Cuyler † 2,299
157 Dan Brouthers † 2,296
158 Hugh Duffy † 2,292
159 Joe Cronin † 2,285
160 Gary Gaetti 2,280
161 Tony Fernández 2,276
162 Carlos Lee 2,273
163 Jimmy Dykes 2,256
164 Willie McGee 2,254
Ron Santo † 2,254
166 Patsy Donovan 2,253
167 Tommy Corcoran 2,252
168 José Cruz 2,251
Marquis Grissom 2,251
170 Bid McPhee † 2,250
171 Bert Campaneris 2,249
172 Edgar Martínez 2,247
173 John Olerud 2,239
174 Mike Schmidt † 2,234
175 Willie Stargell † 2,232
176 Fred Tenney 2,231
177 Joe Sewell † 2,226
178 Graig Nettles 2,225
179 Darrell Evans 2,223
180 Joe Kelley † 2,220
181 Juan Pierre 2,217
182 Joe DiMaggio † 2,214
183 Joe Kuhel 2,212
184 Willie McCovey † 2,211
185 Willie Randolph 2,210
186 Willie Wilson 2,207
187 Jason Kendall 2,195
188 Stan Hack 2,193
Bill Terry † 2,193
190 Cecil Cooper 2,192
191 Larry Bowa 2,191
192 Joe Carter 2,184
193 Keith Hernández 2,182
194 Will Clark 2,176
195 Pee Wee Reese † 2,170
196 Sherry Magee 2,167
197 Dick Bartell 2,165
198 Larry Walker 2,160
199 Billy Hamilton † 2,159
200 Hal Chase 2,158
201 Magglio Ordóñez 2,156
202 Don Mattingly 2,153
203 Rubén Sierra 2,152
204 Yogi Berra † 2,150
Ed Konetchy 2,150
206 Ken Boyer 2,143
Ken Griffey, Sr. 2,143
Tommy Leach 2,143
209 Plácido Polanco 2,142
210 Dick Groat 2,138
Wally Moses 2,138
212 Don Baylor 2,135
213 Moisés Alou 2,134
Rank
Player
Hits
Maury Wills 2,134
215 Buddy Myer 2,131
216 Herman Long 2,128
217 Mike Piazza † 2,127
218 Tommy Davis 2,121
219 Duke Snider † 2,116
220 Dale Murphy 2,111
221 Chris Chambliss 2,109
222 Ellis Burks 2,107
223 Paul O'Neill 2,105
224 John Montgomery Ward † 2,104
225 Arky Vaughan † 2,103
226 Felipe Alou 2,101
227 Clyde Milan 2,100
228 Brian Downing 2,099
229 Garry Templeton 2,096
230 José Reyes (123) 2,095
Alfonso Soriano 2,095
232 Gary Carter † 2,092
Harvey Kuenn 2,092
234 Hal McRae 2,091
235 Alvin Dark 2,089
236 César Cedeño 2,087
237 Harmon Killebrew † 2,086
238 Tim Wallach 2,085
239 Jimmy Sheckard 2,084
240 Ed McKean 2,083
241 Matt Holliday (86) 2,081
242 Scott Rolen 2,077
George J. Burns 2,077
244 Chuck Klein † 2,076
245 Carney Lansford 2,074
246 Dixie Walker 2,064
247 Del Ennis 2,063
Bobby Veach 2,063
249 Bob Elliott 2,061
250 Wally Joyner 2,060
251 Orlando Cabrera 2,055
252 Ray Durham 2,054
George Kell † 2,054
254 Nick Markakis (163) 2,052
255 Indian Bob Johnson 2,051
256 Johnny Bench 2,048
257 Dummy Hoy 2,045
258 A. J. Pierzynski 2,043
259 Bobby Doerr † 2,042
260 Mark Grudzielanek 2,040
Jack Glasscock 2,040
262 Carlos Delgado 2,038
263 Víctor Martínez (100) 2,036
264 Raúl Ibañez 2,034
265 Lee May 2,031
266 Ken Singleton 2,029
267 Brandon Phillips (163) 2,026
268 Tony Phillips 2,023
269 Amos Otis 2,020
Reggie Smith 2,020
271 Earl Averill † 2,019
272 George H. Burns 2,018
273 Bill Mazeroski † 2,016
274 Gary Matthews 2,011
Johnny Mize † 2,011
276 Bobby Bonilla 2,010
Jason Giambi 2,010
Adrian Gonzalez (56) 2,010
279 Bill Madlock 2,008
280 Tony Taylor 2,007
281 Frank White 2,006
282 Dave Bancroft † 2,004
Todd Zeile 2,004
284 Shawn Green 2,003
Through the 2017 season, these active players have at least 1,800 hits:
Joe Mauer 160 in 2017 (1,986)
Chase Utley 73 in 2017 (1,850)
Ian Kinsler 130 in 2017 (1,826)
Dustin Pedroia 119 in 2017 (1,802)
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Baseball statistics
3,000 hit club
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders
Top 15, and List of active MLB players in the Top 50 in Strikeouts
List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders
List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
List of Nippon Professional Baseball career hits leaders
List of KBO Career Hits leaders
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season.
Jump up ^ Major League Baseball lists Cobb's hit total at 4,191, although some independent baseball historians have revised the total to 4,189 because of double-counting a 2-hit day.
Jump up ^ Cap Anson's hit amounts are different depending on source and what hits are included in various leagues he played in. His total varies from 2995 to 3435. MLB.com credits him with 3,011. Major League Baseball credits him with 3,081 hits, which is verified by Elias Sports Bureau.
References[edit]
General
"Career Leaders & Records for Hits". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Specific
Jump up ^ Pellowski, Michael J. (2007). The Little Giant Book of Baseball Facts. New York: Sterling Publishing Co. p. 21. ISBN 1402742738. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
External links[edit]
MLB official list
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet - Ty Cobb
[hide]
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text:
The Velveteen Rabbit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the children's novel. For the George Winston/Meryl Streep album, see The Velveteen Rabbit (album).
The Velveteen Rabbit
Front cover of the 1922 Heinemann edition
Author
Margery Williams
Illustrator
William Nicholson
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Children's novel
Publisher
George H. Doran Company
Publication date
1922
ISBN
0-380-00255-8
OCLC
3690897
Text
The Velveteen Rabbit at Wikisource
The Velveteen Rabbit (or How Toys Become Real) is a children's book written by Margery Williams (also known as Margery Williams Bianco) and illustrated by William Nicholson. It chronicles the story of a stuffed rabbit's desire to become real through the love of his owner. The book was first published in 1922 and has been republished many times since.
The Velveteen Rabbit was Williams's first children's book.[1] It has been awarded the IRA/CBC Children's Choice award.[2] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Adaptations
3 Notes
4 External links
Plot summary[edit]
A stuffed rabbit sewn from velveteen is given as a Christmas present to a small boy. The boy plays with his other new presents and forgets the velveteen rabbit for a time. These presents are modern and mechanical, and they snub the old-fashioned velveteen rabbit. The wisest and oldest toy in the nursery, the Skin Horse, who was owned by the boy's uncle, tells the rabbit about toys magically becoming real due to love from children. The rabbit is awed by this idea; however, his chances of achieving this wish are slight.
One night, the boy's nana gives the rabbit to the boy to sleep with, in place of a lost toy. The rabbit becomes the boy's favorite toy, enjoying picnics with him in the spring; and the boy regards the rabbit as 'REAL'. Time passes, and the rabbit becomes shabbier but happy. He meets some real rabbits in the summer, and they learn that he cannot hop as they do and say that he is not real.
One day, the boy comes down with scarlet fever, and the rabbit sits with him as he recovers. The doctor orders that the boy should be taken to the seaside and that his room should be disinfected—all his books and toys burnt, including the velveteen rabbit. The rabbit is bundled into a sack and left out in the garden overnight, where he sadly reflects on his life with his boy. The toy rabbit cries, a real tear drops onto the ground, and a marvelous flower appears. A fairy steps out of the flower and comforts the velveteen rabbit, introducing herself as the Nursery Magic Fairy. She says that, because he has become Real to the boy who truly loves him, she will take him away with her and "turn [him] into Real" to everyone.
The fairy takes the rabbit to the forest, where she meets the other rabbits and gives the velveteen rabbit a kiss. The velveteen rabbit changes into a real rabbit and joins the other rabbits in the forest. The next spring, the rabbit returns to look at the boy, and the boy sees a resemblance to his old velveteen rabbit.
Adaptations[edit]
The following adaptations have been made of The Velveteen Rabbit.
In 1973, LSB Productions made the classic, original 16mm film version with a running time of 19 minutes. It won the Chris Plaque Award, the Silver Plaque Award, and the Golden Babe Award, and it appeared at the Columbus Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival, and the Chicagoland Film Festival. It was a finalist at the American Film Festival. This film has been on TV and has been acclaimed by parents and teachers worldwide.
The 1976 Rankin/Bass television special The First Easter Rabbit adapts the plot of the book as first of part of its story of how a toy bunny is recruited as the Easter Bunny.
In 1984, it was part of the Enchanted Musical Playhouse series, where Marie Osmond played the part of the Velveteen Rabbit. Songs were composed by the Sherman Brothers.
The Velveteen Rabbit was adapted into a video recording and soundtrack in 1985 by Rabbit Ears Productions with Random House Video; narrated by Meryl Streep, with music by George Winston. It received a Parents' Choice Award for Multimedia and was a Grammy award nominee.
In 1985, two different animated adaptations were made at almost the same time:
The first, narrated by Christopher Plummer, was produced in Canada by Atkinson Film-Arts for CTV. This version aired in the United States on HBO.
The second was produced by Hanna-Barbera Australia and broadcast as an ABC Weekend Special.
In 2003, it was adapted into a clay-animated film by Xyzoo Animation.
In 2007, a live-action short film adaptation was released by Horse Fly Studios. It was nominated for two Young Artist Awards.
Feature Films for Families, Family1 Films and Believe Pictures released their adaptation in 2009. It is distributed by Anchor Bay Entertainment, Thomas Nelson and Vision Films. The film adaptation was illegally telemarketed to over 500,000 telephone subscribers in the United States. Verizon successfully sued Feature Films For Families for the practice.[4]
In May 2015, Storytime magazine published an extract with new illustrations from UK illustrator Lisa Sheehan
In October 2015, Atlantic Theater Company produced a new musical adaptation of The Velveteen Rabbit at The Linda Gross Theater. This production was adapted by Anya Saffir (book and lyrics) and Cormac Bluestone (book, lyrics, music).[5]
In February 2016, Winning Moves published a Velveteen Rabbit board game (age graded 4+) that combines the spirit of the story with the elements of a children's board game.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Margery Williams - The Velveteen Rabbit at Embracing the Child". Embracingthechild.org. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
Jump up ^ Williams, Margery. "The Velveteen Rabbit, By Margery Williams , Illustrated by William Nicholson: HarperCollins Children's Books". Harpercollinschildrens.com. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
Jump up ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Rick (2009-02-27). "Telemarketer sued for cell-phone calls". JSOnline. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Theater Company Atlantic for Kids presents The Velveteen Rabbit: A New Musical". Atlantic Theater Company.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Velveteen Rabbit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Velveteen Rabbit.
The Velveteen Rabbit Illustrated by William Nicholson. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., c1922 at A Celebration of Women Writers
The Velveteen Rabbit at Project Gutenberg
The Velveteen Rabbit (flip book with original illustrations) at Internet Archive
The Velveteen Rabbit public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Velveteen_Rabbit&oldid=842585406"
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Cabinet Secretary of India
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This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cabinet Secretary
Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva
Emblem of India
Flag of India
Incumbent
Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS
since 13 June 2015
Cabinet Secretariat
Abbreviation
CS
Member of
Civil Services Board (as Chairman)
Strategic Policy Group (as Chairman)
Committee of Secretaries on Administration (as Chairman)
Conference of Chief Secretaries of States (as Chairman)
Senior Selection Board (as Chairman)
Space Commission
Atomic Energy Commission
Reports to
President of India
Vice President of India
Prime Minister of India
Cabinet of India
Parliament of India
Residence
32, Prithviraj Road, New Delhi[1]
Seat
Cabinet Secretariat of India, South Block, New Delhi
Appointer
Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC)
The Cabinet Secretary is usually the senior most IAS officer of the senior most batch. The appointee for the office is approved by Appointments Committee of the Cabinet headed by Prime Minister, based on appointee's ability and strong confidence with Prime Minister.
Term length
Two years[2]
(Term can be extended.)
Inaugural holder
N. R. Pillai, ICS
Formation
6 February 1950; 68 years ago (1950-02-06)
Succession
11th (on the Indian order of precedence)
Salary
₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly[3][4]
Website
Official website
India
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The Cabinet Secretary (IAST: Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva) is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the Government of India. The cabinet secretary is the ex-officio head of the Civil Services Board, the Cabinet Secretariat, the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government.
The cabinet secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The cabinet secretary ranks 11th on the Indian order of precedence.[5][6][7][8] The cabinet secretary is under the direct charge of the prime minister.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origin
2 Functions and power
3 Role
3.1 Head of the All India Civil Services
4 Emolument, accommodation and perquisites
5 List of Cabinet Secretaries of India after 1950
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Origin[edit]
The precursor of the cabinet, the Executive Council of the Viceroy, used to have a Secretariat, which was headed by the Private Secretary of the Viceroy. At first, the role of this Secretariat was merely taking care of the paperwork related to the Executive Council. As work of the individual departments under the Council increased, the work of the Secretariat, too, became more complex. The Private Secretary came to be known as the Secretary of the Secretariat. And this post became more powerful over time as the Secretariat’s main role became coordinating work of departments. In 1946, the secretariat became cabinet secretariat and the secretary became cabinet secretary.
After Independence in 1947, the functions of the Secretariat underwent major changes. A series of committees on economic, defence and intelligence matters were constituted under the Cabinet Secretariat. Most of the departments created after Independence functioned under the Cabinet Secretariat, and were later on shifted to the respective ministries. The position holder is accountable for ensuring that the civil service is equipped with the skills and capability to meet the everyday challenges it faces and that civil servants work in a fair and decent environment. For nearly 25 years after independence of India, the post of the cabinet secretary was occupied by members of the erstwhile Indian Civil Service (ICS). All members of ICS were young since the upper age limit for joining was 24 years.
The retirement age in the Government of India before 1962 was 55 years. Therefore, the ICS officers would become Cabinet Secretaries after about 32 years of service. When the retirement age increased to 58 years in 1962, the Cabinet Secretaries had an experience of about 34–35 years before they occupied that post. With further increase in retirement age to 60 years in 1998, Cabinet Secretaries have generally served for 37–38 years of service before their appointment.
Functions and power[edit]
The following are the functions of The cabinet secretary:
Heads the Cabinet Secretariat.[9][10]
Acts as the chief coordinator of the central government.[9][10][11]
Acts as the chairman of the Civil Services Board, which among other things, recommends empanelment of officers, for the ranks of secretary, additional secretary and joint secretary.[9][10][12]
Act as the chairman of the Committee of Secretaries on Administration.[9][10]
Act as the chairman of the Conference of Chief Secretaries of States.[9]
Acts as the chairman of the Strategic Policy Group.[9]
Recommends postings of officers of the rank of secretary and additional Secretary to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC).[9][12]
Acts as the chairman of Senior Selection Board, which recommends postings of officers of the rank of joint secretary in the Union Government to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC).[9][12]
Acts as a senior adviser to the prime minister.[9]
Provide assistance to the Council of Ministers.[9][10][11]
Prepares the agenda of the cabinet and minutes its meetings.[9][10][11]
Provide an element of continuity and stability to administration during crises.[9][10][11]
Role[edit]
The Cabinet Secretariat of India is the office of Cabinet Secretary of India.
In the Government of India Allocation of Business Rules, 1961, the Cabinet Secretariat finds a place in the First Schedule to the Rules. The subjects allotted to this Secretariat are, firstly, secretarial assistance to Cabinet and Cabinet Committees, and secondly, the Administration of the Rules of Business.
The Cabinet Secretariat is responsible for the administration of the Transaction of Business Rules, 1961 and the Allocation of Business Rules, 1961 of the Government of India, facilitating smooth transaction of business in Ministries/Departments of the Government by ensuring adherence to these rules. The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/Departments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/ad hoc Committees of Secretaries. Through this mechanism new policy initiatives are also promoted.
The Cabinet Secretariat ensures that the President of India, the Vice-President and Ministers are kept informed of the major activities of all Departments by means of a monthly summary of their activities. Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordinating activities of the various Ministries in such a situation is also one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat.
The Cabinet Secretariat comprises three wings: Civil, Military and Intelligence. The Civil wing is considered to be the main wing and provides aid, advice and assistance to the Union Cabinet. The purpose of having the Military wing is have better coordination in Intelligence and to provide secretarial assistance to the Defence Committee of the Cabinet and the National Defence Council. The Military wing is represented by an officer of the rank of Major General, or its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces, who is designated as a Joint Secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat. The Intelligence wing deals with matters pertaining to the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Union Cabinet. The chief of the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) also officially first reports to the cabinet secretary, and is designated Secretary (R) in the Cabinet Secretariat.
The Administrative Reforms Commission (1966–70) found that the average tenure of the cabinet secretary was two years and eight months, which was considered to be inadequate. It recommended a tenure of three to four years. It also wanted that Cabinet Secretary to act as the Principal Staff Officer to the prime minister, the cabinet and the cabinet committees for important matters.
Head of the All India Civil Services[edit]
As head of the Civil Services, the incumbent position holder is accountable for ensuring that the Civil Services are equipped with the skills and capability to meet the everyday challenges it faces and that civil servants work in a fair and decent environment. The cabinet secretary is arguably India's most powerful bureaucrat and right hand of Prime Minister of India.[13][14]
Emolument, accommodation and perquisites[edit]
An Indian Diplomatic Passport, and an Official Passport generally issued to The cabinet secretary.
The cabinet secretary to Government of India is eligible for a Diplomatic passport. The official earmarked residence of the cabinet secretary is 32, Prithviraj Road, New Delhi, a Type-VIII bungalow.[1]
The salary and emolument in this rank is equivalent to Chief of the Army Staff,[15] and its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces.[15]
Cabinet secretary monthly pay
Base salary as per 7th Pay Commission (Per month)
Pay matrix level
Sources
₹250,000 (US$3,800) Pay level 18 [3][4]
List of Cabinet Secretaries of India after 1950[edit]
Cabinet Secretaries of India since 1950[16][hide]
Name
From
To
Tenure
Notes
N. R. Pillai 6 February 1950 13 May 1953 2 years, 7 months, 8 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service. He was the first head of the civil service since Independence of India.
Y. N. Sukthankar 14 May 1953 31 July 1957 4 years, 2 months, 17 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
M. K. Vellodi 1 August 1957 4 June 1958 10 months, 3 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service. He later served as Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. He is the shortest serving Cabinet Secretary ever in history of Independent India.
Vishnu Sahay 1 July 1958 10 November 1960 2 years, 4 months, 9 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
B. N. Jha 10 November 1960 8 March 1961 3 months, 26 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
Vishnu Sahay 9 March 1961 15 April 1962 1 year, 1 month, 6 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
S. S. Khera 15 April 1962 18 November 1964 2 years, 7 months, 3 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service. He is the first Sikh to become Cabinet secretary. He was known for use of tanks against rioters in meerut riots of 1947.
Dharma Vira 18 November 1964 27 June 1966 1 year, 7 months, 9 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
D. S. Joshi 27 June 1966 31 December 1968 2 years, 6 months, 4 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
B. Sivaraman 1 January 1969 30 November 1970 1 year, 10 months, 29 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
T. Swaminathan 1 December 1970 2 November 1972 1 year, 11 months, 1 day He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
B. D. Pande 2 November 1972 31 March 1977 4 years, 4 months, 29 days He was a member of the Indian Civil Service.
N. K. Mukarji 31 March 1977 31 March 1980 3 years He was a member of the Indian Civil Service and the last ICS officer to become head of the civil service of Independent India.
S. S. Grewal 2 April 1980 30 April 1981 1 year, 28 days She belongs to the Indian Administrative Service (PB:1949 batch). She was the first IAS officer to be appointed to this post.
C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao 30 April 1981 8 February 1985 4 years, 9 months, 9 days He belongs to the IAS (AP:1949 batch). He is the longest serving Cabinet Secretary ever in history of Independent India.
P. K. Kaul 8 February 1985 22 August 1986 1 year, 6 months, 14 days He belongs to the IAS (UP:1951 batch).
B. G. Deshmukh 23 August 1986 27 March 1989 2 years, 7 months, 4 days He belongs to the IAS (MH:1951 batch).
T. N. Seshan 27 March 1989 23 December 1989 8 months, 26 days He belongs to the IAS (TN:1955 batch).
V. C. Pande 23 December 1989 11 December 1990 11 months, 18 days He belongs to the IAS (RJ:1955 batch).
Naresh Chandra 11 December 1990 31 July 1992 1 year, 7 months, 20 days He belongs to the IAS (RJ:1956 batch).
S. Rajagopal 1 August 1992 31 July 1993 11 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (MH:1957 batch).
Zafar Saifullah 31 July 1993 31 July 1994 1 year He belongs to the IAS (KA:1958 batch).
Surendra Singh 1 August 1994 31 July 1996 1 year, 11 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (UP:1959 batch).
T. S. R. Subramanian 1 August 1996 31 March 1998 1 year, 7 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (UP:1961 batch).
Prabhat Kumar 1 April 1998 31 October 2000 2 years, 6 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (UP:1963 batch).
T. R. Prasad 1 November 2000 31 October 2002 1 year, 11 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (AP:1963 batch).
Kamal Pande 1 November 2002 14 June 2004 1 year, 7 months, 13 days He belongs to the IAS (UK:1965 batch).
B. K. Chaturvedi 14 June 2004 13 June 2007 2 years, 11 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (UP:1966 batch).
K. M. Chandrasekhar 14 June 2007 13 June 2011 3 years, 11 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (KL:1970 batch).
Ajit Seth 14 June 2011 13 June 2015 3 years, 11 months, 30 days He belongs to the IAS (UP:1974 batch).
P. K. Sinha 14 June 2015 Incumbent — He belongs to the IAS (UP:1977 batch).
See also[edit]
Defence Secretary (India)
Foreign Secretary (India)
Home Secretary (India)
Chief Secretary (India)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "PK Sinha is the top boss". GFiles Magazine. June 15, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/newly-appointed-ministry-secretaries-to-get-longer-2-year-terms-117062200339_1.html
^ Jump up to: a b "Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India" (PDF). Seventh Central Pay Commission, Government of India. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Biswas, Shreya, ed. (June 29, 2016). "7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?". India Today. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Order of Precedence" (PDF). Rajya Sabha. President's Secretariat. July 26, 1979. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table of Precedence" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. July 26, 1979. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table of Precedence". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. President's Secretariat. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maheshwari, S.R. (2000). Indian Administration (6th Edition). New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. ISBN 9788125019886.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Laxmikanth, M. (2014). Governance in India (2nd ed.). Noida: McGraw-Hill Education (published 25 August 2014). pp. 3.16–3.17. ISBN 978-9339204785.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Iype, George (May 31, 2006). "What does the Cabinet Secretary do?". Rediff.com. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Powers & Duties of Officials". Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Current System". Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PK Sinha to be next cabinet secretary: All you should know about India's most powerful bureaucrat". Firstpost. May 29, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "From Power Secretary to the most powerful bureaucrat". Business Line. The Hindu. May 29, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Army Pay Rules, 2017" (PDF). Ministry of Defence, Government of India. May 3, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet Secretaries Since 1950". Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
External links[edit]
Cabinet Secretariat--Government of India
Official Portal of the Indian Government
Union Public Service Commission
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Ruby Falls
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lookout Mountain Caverns and Cavern Castle
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Ruby Falls' Visitors Center (Cavern Castle)
Show map of Tennessee Show map of the US Show all
Location
Scenic Hwy., Chattanooga, Tennessee
Coordinates
35°1′9″N 85°20′22″W / 35.01917°N 85.33944°W / 35.01917; -85.33944Coordinates: 35°1′9″N 85°20′22″W / 35.01917°N 85.33944°W / 35.01917; -85.33944
Area
10 acres (4.0 ha)
Built
1929
Architect
Lambert, Leo B.; Brown Contracting Co.
NRHP reference #
85002969[1]
Added to NRHP
November 26, 1985
Ruby Falls is a 145-foot high underground waterfall located within Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tennessee in the United States.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 History
3 Tourism and advertising
4 Popular culture references
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Geology[edit]
The cave which houses Ruby Falls was formed with the formation of Lookout Mountain. About 200 to 240 million years ago (in the Carboniferous Period, at the end of the Paleozoic Era) the eastern Tennessee area was covered with a shallow sea, the sediments of which eventually formed limestone rock.[3] About 200 million years ago, this area was uplifted and subsequent erosion has created the current topography. The limestone in which the cave is formed is still relatively horizontal, just as it was deposited when it was below sea level. The Lookout Mountain Caverns, which includes Ruby Falls Cave, is a limestone cave. These caves occur when slightly acidic groundwater enters subterranean streams and slowly dissolves the relatively soluble limestone, causing narrow cracks to widen into passages and caves in a process called chemical weathering. The stream which makes up the Falls entered the cave sometime after its formation.
Ruby Falls Cave features many of the more well-known types of cave formations (or speleothems) including stalactites and stalagmites, columns, drapery, and flowstone.[4]
The Falls are located at the end of the main passage of Ruby Falls Cave, in a large vertical shaft. The stream, 1120 feet underground, is fed both by rainwater and natural springs. It collects in a pool in the cave floor and then continues through the mountain until finally joining the Tennessee River at the base of Lookout Mountain.[5]
While Ruby Falls Cave combines with Lookout Mountain Cave to form the Lookout Mountain Caverns, the two caves were not actually connected by any passage. Ruby Falls Cave is the upper of the two and contains a variety of geological formations and curiosities which Lookout Mountain Cave does not have.[3]
History[edit]
Lookout Mountain Castle
Ruby Falls Cave, unlike Lookout Mountain Cave, had no natural openings and could not be entered until the 20th Century; it therefore does not have the various artifacts which are often associated with caves in the southeastern United States. In 1905 the natural entrance to Lookout Mountain Cave was closed during the construction of a railway tunnel. In the 1920s a chemist and cave enthusiast named Leo Lambert thought that he could re-open the cave as a tourist attraction, and formed a company to do so. He planned to make an opening further up the mountain than the original opening and transport tourists to the cave via an elevator. For this purpose, his company purchased land on the side of Lookout Mountain above Lookout Mountain Cave and in 1928 began to drill through the limestone. In doing so, they discovered a small passageway about 18 inches high and four feet wide. Exploring this opening, Lambert discovered the formerly hidden Ruby Falls Cave and its waterfall.[3] On his next trip to visit the cave, Lambert took his wife Ruby, and told her that he would name the falls after her.[6]
In 1954, the pathway around the basin was cut in order to allow tourists a better view of the falls.[2] This began the tour-related quip regarding not drinking the falls' water. Though pure and thus safe to drink, it has large concentrations of magnesium from the strata of the mountain, which makes it a natural laxative.
In 1975, the secondary exit from the falls to the base of the mountain was cut. This was to comply with recreation regulations in Tennessee. The secondary exit is used in the event that the main shaft elevator fails. This secondary exit is used for the popular "Ruby Falls Haunted Cavern" [7] which is an event for late September, through October.
In April 2007, the National Speleological Society (NSS) published "Caves of Chattanooga"[8] by Larry E. Matthews. Chapter 3, "Ruby Falls Cave", covers the history of Ruby Falls Cave from its discovery in 1928 through 2007 (includes 23 illustrations). Chapter 1, "Lookout Mountain Cave", covers the cave Leo Lambert was drilling for when he accidentally discovered Ruby Falls Cave.
Tourism and advertising[edit]
Ruby Falls
Ruby Falls in October 2006.
Lambert decided to open both caves to the public, although Lookout Mountain Cave was closed in 1935 since it was not very popular with tourists, who were much more impressed with the upper cave. Public tours began in 1930. Electric lights were installed in the cave, making it one of the first commercial caves to be so outfitted.[9] Motorists travelling on I-75 in the 1970s and 1980s were subjected to dozens - maybe hundreds - of billboards along their route with the words "SEE RUBY FALLS" beginning hundreds of miles north and south of the falls itself. Ruby Falls remains a staple of Chattanooga tourism, operating daily. Ruby Falls is owned by the Steiner family of Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Ruby Falls and the larger Lookout Mountain Caverns complex have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It is often associated with the nearby Rock City attraction, which lies atop Lookout Mountain.
Popular culture references[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Johnny Cash and Roy Orbison co-wrote a song with the title "See Ruby Fall," in the mid to late 1960s, a reference to the barn roof advertising slogan "See Rock City," ubiquitous throughout the southern United States in the mid 20th Century.
An all-female American indie rock band called Ruby Falls was active during the 1990s. Based in New York City, the group was founded in 1992 and disbanded in 2000.
"Ruby Falls" is also the title of a song by the indie rock band Guster, which appears on their 2006 album Ganging Up on the Sun.
The hard rock band Mastodon filmed the performance footage of the music video for their song "Colony of Birchmen" from the album Blood Mountain inside Ruby Falls. The waterfall itself can be seen in the background.
Ray Stevens performed a song entitled "Ruby Falls".
See also[edit]
Cave waterfall
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruby Falls Trivia.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ruby Falls Geology, Ruby Falls Rocks, accessed 11 June 2006
Jump up ^ "Ruby Falls of Chattanooga, Geology". Retrieved 2006-06-11.
Jump up ^ Geology of Ruby Falls. Jane Derthick and Hu Longmire. Press Release., accessed 11 June 2006
Jump up ^ Ruby Falls History. Jane Derthick and Hu Longmire. Press Release., accessed 11 June 2006
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Available at the NSS Bookstore: http://nssbookstore.org/
Jump up ^ Ruby Falls of Chattanooga, History., accessed 11 June 2006
External links[edit]
Ruby Falls Official Website
Ruby Falls Educational Site
City of Lookout Mountain, TN
Haunted Caverns
[hide]
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text:
List of state and union territory capitals in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Area
Population
Abbreviations
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Electricity penetration
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India is a country located in southern Asia. With over 1.3 billion people, India is the most populous democracy in the world. It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories.[1] All states, as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[2] Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts..
The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to no legislative and judicial capitals. The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located, the legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes, and the judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts. Union territories are marked with a dagger ( ).
Contents
1 List
2 Explanatory notes
3 Citations
4 References
5 External links
List[edit]
No.
State or
union territory
Administrative capitals
Legislative capitals
Judiciary capitals
Year capital was established
The Former capital
1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Port Blair — Kolkata 1955 Calcutta (1945–1955)
2
Andhra Pradesh
Hyderabad (de jure to 2024)
Amaravati (de facto from 2017)[3] [4] [a] Amaravati [3] Hyderabad 1956
2017 Kurnool (1953-1956)
3
Arunachal Pradesh
Itanagar Itanagar Guwahati 1986 —
4
Assam
Dispur Guwahati Guwahati 1975 Shillong[b] (1874–1952)
5
Bihar
Patna Patna Patna 1912 —
6
Chandigarh
Chandigarh[c] — Chandigarh 1966 —
7
Chhattisgarh
Atal Nagar[d] Raipur Bilaspur 2000 —
8
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Silvassa — Mumbai 1945 Mumbai (1954–1961)
Panaji (1961–1987)
9
Daman and Diu
Daman — Mumbai 1987 Ahmedabad (1961–1963)
Panaji (1963–1987)
10
National Capital Territory of Delhi
New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi 1931 —
11
Goa
Panaji[e] Porvorim Mumbai 1961 Panaji (1961–1987)
12
Gujarat
Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1960 Ahmedabad (1960–1970)
13
Haryana
Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 —
14
Himachal Pradesh
Shimla
Dharamshala (W/2nd)[8]
Shimla (Summer)
Dharamsala(Winter)
Shimla 1971
2017
Bilaspur (1950–1956)
15
Jammu and Kashmir
Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 1947 —
16
Jharkhand
Ranchi Ranchi Ranchi 2000 —
17
Karnataka
Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru 1940 (Mysore)
18
Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kochi 1956 —
19
Lakshadweep
Kavaratti — Kochi 1956 —
20
Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal Bhopal Jabalpur 1956 Nagpur[f] (1861–1956)
21
Maharashtra
Mumbai[g]
Nagpur (W/2nd)[h] Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[i] Mumbai 1818
1960 —
22
Manipur
Imphal Imphal Imphal 1947 —
23
Meghalaya
Shillong Shillong Shillong 1970 —
24
Mizoram
Aizawl Aizawl Guwahati 1972 —
25
Nagaland
Kohima Kohima Guwahati 1963 —
26
Odisha
Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Cuttack 1948 Cuttack (1936–1948)
27
Puducherry
Puducherry Puducherry Chennai 1954 Madras (1948–1954)
28
Punjab
Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 —
29
Rajasthan
Jaipur Jaipur Jodhpur 1950 —
30
Sikkim
Gangtok[j] Gangtok Gangtok 1890 —
31
Tamil Nadu
Chennai[k] Chennai Chennai 1956 —
32
Telangana
Hyderabad[l] Hyderabad Hyderabad 2014 —
33
Tripura
Agartala Agartala Agartala 1956 —
34
Uttar Pradesh
Lucknow Lucknow Allahabad 1938 —
35
Uttarakhand
Dehradun[m] Dehradun Nainital 2000 —
36
West Bengal
Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata 1947 —
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana, as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for up to ten years. The new capital of Andhra Pradesh is going to be Amaravati, decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shilong was the joint capital of Assam and Meghalaya until 1971.[5]
Jump up ^ Chandigarh is the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana, and is a Union Territory, separate from the two states.[6]
Jump up ^ Raipur is the interim capital of Chhattisgarh. The town of Atal Nagar 17 km from Raipur is envisaged as the state's new capital.
Jump up ^ Panaji was the capital of Goa from 1843 when it was ruled by the Portuguese.[7]
Jump up ^ Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar which was a province from 1861 until 1950.[9] Central Province became the major constituent of Madhya Pradesh, after it was formed in 1950.[9] Nagpur remained the capital of the new state.[10] In 1956, Berar (Vidarbha) was separated from Madhya Pradesh, and merged with the Bombay State. Nagpur thus lost the status of a capital city. In 1960, under the Nagpur pact, Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra.[11]
Jump up ^ Mumbai / Bombay was the capital of Bombay Presidency which was a province until 1950. After that Bombay became the capital of Bombay State. Subsequently, Bombay State was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960.
Jump up ^ In 1960, under the Nagpur pact, Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra.[11] Although an official notification to this effect was only given in 1988. The India yearbook of the government of India still does not mention Nagpur, being either the second or winter capital of Maharashtra.
Jump up ^ Under the Nagpur pact, one of the preconditions for Vidarbha joining the state of Maharastra was that, at least one of the legislative sessions every year should be held in Nagpur. The winter session is held in Nagpur.[12]
Jump up ^ Gangtok has been the capital of Sikkim since 1890. Sikkim joined the Indian Union in 1975.[13]
Jump up ^ Chennai (Madras) was the capital of the Madras Presidency since 1839, which was redrawn as Madras State in 1956. Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968.
Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana, as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for ten years. The new Andhra Pradesh Capital City capital is going to be Amaravati, decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand. The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state's new capital.[14]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2004.
Jump up ^ Sharma 2007, p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b "After 2200 Years, Amaravati Gets Back Power!". Gulte.com. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "AP Government Portal - Official Andhra Pradesh State Govt. Portal". Ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Baruah 1999, p. xiii.
Jump up ^ Menon & Banerjea 2002, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Ring 1996, p. 288.
Jump up ^ "Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal | Hill Post". www.hillpost.in. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Boland-Crewe & Lea 2002, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Kumāra 1998, p. 136.
^ Jump up to: a b Kini 1974, pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ Khandewale 1989, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Spate 1953, p. 200.
Jump up ^ Sati & Kumar 2004, pp. 9–10.
References[edit]
Baruah, Sanjib (1999). India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3491-6. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David, eds. (15 November 2002). The Territories and States of India. Europa. ISBN 978-1-85743-148-3. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
"Country Profile: India" (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies (5th ed.), Library of Congress Federal Research Division, December 2004, retrieved 30 September 2011
Khandewale, Shrinivas Vishnu (1989). Industrial Area and Regional Resources: A Case Study of Nagpur Industrial Area. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-134-2. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Mathew, George (1995). Status of Panchayati Raj in the States of India, 1994. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-553-9. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Kini, N. G. S. (1974). The City Voter in India: A Study of 1967 General Elections in Nagpur. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-88386-524-8. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1 January 1998). Small States Syndrome In India. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-691-8. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Kippen, James (2006). Gurudev's Drumming Legacy: Music, Theory, and Nationalism in the Mr̥daṅg Aur Tablā Vādanpaddhati of Gurudev Patwardhan. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5424-7. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Menon, N. R. Madhava; Banerjea, D. (2002). Criminal Justice India Series: Haryana, 2002. Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences. ISBN 978-81-7764-518-7. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
"Post-Independence Era", History of Andhra Pradesh, Government of Andhra Pradesh, archived from the original on 20 December 2013, retrieved 4 August 2012
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Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (1953). The Changing Map Of Asia A Political Geography. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
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