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Ferdinand (film)
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Not to be confused with the 1938 Walt Disney cartoon short Ferdinand the Bull (film).
Ferdinand
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Carlos Saldanha
Produced by
John Davis
Lisa Marie Stetler
Lori Forte
Bruce Anderson
Screenplay by
Robert L. Baird
Tim Federle
Brad Copeland
Story by
Ron Burch
David Kidd
Don Rhymer
Based on
The Story of Ferdinand
by Munro Leaf
Robert Lawson
Starring
John Cena
Kate McKinnon
Gina Rodriguez
Daveed Diggs
Gabriel Iglesias
Anthony Anderson
Bobby Cannavale
Peyton Manning
Miguel Ángel Silvestre
David Tennant
Music by
John Powell
Cinematography
Renato Falcão
Edited by
Harry Hitner
Production
company
Blue Sky Studios[1]
20th Century Fox Animation[1]
Davis Entertainment[1]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox[1]
Release date
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) (Dubai)
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15) (United States)
Running time
108 minutes[2]
Country
United States[3]
Language
English
Budget
$111 million[4]
Box office
$294.4 million[4]
Ferdinand is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated comedy-drama adventure film produced by Blue Sky Studios, Davis Entertainment and 20th Century Fox Animation. The film was based on Munro Leaf and Robert Lawson's children's book The Story of Ferdinand, written by Robert L. Baird, Tim Federle and Brad Copeland and directed by Carlos Saldanha. The film features the voice of John Cena as the titular role, along with Kate McKinnon, Anthony Anderson, Bobby Cannavale, Peyton Manning, Gina Rodriguez, Daveed Diggs, Gabriel Iglesias, Miguel Ángel Silvestre and David Tennant. The story, written by Ron Burch, David Kidd and Don Rhymer, follows a gentle pacifist bull named Ferdinand who refuses to participate in bullfighting but is forced back into the arena where his beliefs are challenged by being faced off against the world's greatest bullfighter.
Ferdinand premiered on December 8, 2017 at the Dubai International Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on December 15, 2017, in 3D and 2D by 20th Century Fox. It has grossed $294 million worldwide against a production budget of $111 million.[5][6] Ferdinand received a nomination for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards but lost to Coco. It received nominations for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song ("Home") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In Spain, a ranch owned by Moreno (Raúl Esparza) that trains bulls for bullfighting called Casa del Toro harbours a bull calf named Ferdinand (Colin H. Murphy). He is ridiculed by his fellow calves Bones (Nile Diaz), Guapo (Jet Jurgensmeyer), and Valiente (Jack Gore) for being non-confrontational and his tendency to smell and protect flowers. A saddened Ferdinand runs away from Casa del Toro after his father Raf (Jeremy Sisto) fails to return from a bullfight he was picked for and a flower he was fond of was smashed by Valiente after his own father was defeated by Raf. He eventually winds up at a florist's farm, and is adopted by the owner Juan (Juanes), his dog Paco (Jerrod Carmichael), and his daughter Nina (Julia Saldanha) with whom he shares a bond.
When Ferdinand (John Cena) eventually grows up into an enormous bull, he still retains his non-violent, flower-loving nature. Due to his size, he is left behind when Juan, Nina (Lily Day), and Paco go to Ronda for an annual flower festival. Ferdinand decides to go anyway, resulting in him getting stung by a bee and unintentionally wreaking havoc around town and is taken away back to Casa del Toro, much to his and Nina’s sadness.
Once back there, he finds that Bones (Anthony Anderson), Guapo (Peyton Manning), and Valiente (Bobby Cannavale) have also grown up and have been joined by a Scottish bull named Angus (David Tennant) and a silent but intimidating bull named Maquina (Tim Nordquist). Ferdinand is still disrespected by the bulls, but manages to befriend a crazy goat named Lupe (Kate McKinnon) who wants to be his coach in bullfighting despite his lack of interest and three hedgehogs named Una (Gina Rodriguez), Dos (Daveed Diggs), and Cuatro (Gabriel Iglesias) who frequently invade Casa del Toro to steal food. They used to have another brother named Tres, but they claimed him to be dead.
One day, a legendary but egotistical bullfighter named El Primero (Miguel Ángel Silvestre) arrives at Casa del Toro to choose the biggest, strongest, and most aggressive bull to fight with before he retires. When the bulls fail to impress him on the first try, Guapo is suddenly taken to a nearby slaughterhouse (The Chop House by the bulls) and the other bulls tell Ferdinand that it will eventually be their fate if they are not chosen for a bullfight. Although Ferdinand manages to earn the respect of the other bulls, except Valiente, after a dance-off with three German horses (Sally Phillips, Flula Borg and Boris Kodjoe), they still hold on to the belief that fighting is the only way for them to live. Ferdinand manages to convince Lupe to come back with him to Nina's farm and the hedgehogs help them escape, but when Ferdinand is close to freedom, he sees his dad's picture on a wall with his horns mounted, along with dozens of other horns, making him realize that every bull who is chosen to fight, will be slain by the matador.
Ferdinand tells the other bulls about how they will all eventually be killed even if they're chosen to fight, but Valiente is the only one unconvinced and charges Ferdinand outside where Ferdinand inadvertently beats him in a fight and knocks off his right horn, much to the animals' shock. Primero witnesses the scuffle, and chooses Ferdinand to fight after seeing him defeat Valiente. When Valiente is taken to the slaughterhouse, Ferdinand rallies up the remaining bulls to escape but first goes to the slaughterhouse to break out Valiente. He at first refuses as he believes that the slaughterhouse is his fate now, but they discover that Guapo is still alive, and Ferdinand questions Valiente's courage after Valiente refuses to help him rescue Guapo. When Ferdinand tries to save Guapo, he accidentally activates a series of deadly contraptions, but with the help of a now-friendlier Valiente, they escape the slaughterhouse and the bulls, Lupe, the hedgehogs and a red bunny rabbit steal the training area's company truck to escape, resulting in Moreno and his employees giving chase to them after Primero threatens to fight Moreno in the ring.
The animals try desperately to lose the humans and wind up at Atocha train station in Madrid that Ferdinand sees as his ticket back to Nina. When the bulls push a small railroad cart to catch the train back to Nina's home, Ferdinand sacrifices himself so the other bulls can escape (except for Lupe, who stays behind in shock after Ferdinand's act) and is captured by Moreno and his employees. When news of Ferdinand's upcoming fight with El Primero makes its way to Nina's home, she and Juan set out to Madrid to find and rescue Ferdinand.
At Las Ventas bullfight arena, Lupe tries to urge Ferdinand that he must fight in order to survive, but Ferdinand is silently unsure. When Ferdinand is released into the bullfight ring, he refuses to fight at first but is urged into fighting by El Primero. While being forced to run into Primero’s cape, Ferdinand is able to grab the cape from Primero with his horn and is temporarily blinded by it. Primero attempts to grab his cape back from Ferdinand, but is accidentally tossed out of the ring by Ferdinand. Primero re-enters the ring angrily tries to attack Ferdinand using banderillas and in the process, strikes Ferdinand in the shoulder, who almost retaliates against him, but sees a carnation underneath his hoof and sees that he's being the fighter he was unwilling to be. Regardless, Primero removes his sword in attempts to coerce Ferdinand one last time to fight in order to finish Ferdinand. Ferdinand refuses to fight and instead sits down. As Primero approaches to finish Ferdinand, the crowd begins to cheer for Ferdinand, convincing Primero to spare him. Primero then lets Ferdinand live and leaves with dignity. Ferdinand is reunited with Nina, who embraces him and everyone throws carnations to the ring to praise the bull. The other bulls arrive, thinking they’re too late to save Ferdinand, but instead witness Ferdinand making history as the first bull to ever make it out of a bullfight alive by being himself.
In the end, Ferdinand returns home with Nina, Juan, and Paco. They are joined by the other bulls, the hedgehogs, the bunny, and Lupe, who all move into the farm. The film ends with Ferdinand, his bull friends, and Lupe watching the sunset over Ronda from a field of flowers.
In a brief mid-credits scene, the hedgehogs are confronted by Tres who is revealed to have been alive the whole time, which shocks the other hedgehogs and Cuatro faints in response while Una and Dos cross themselves.
Cast[edit]
John Cena as Ferdinand the Bull[8]
Colin H. Murphy voices a calf Ferdinand.
Kate McKinnon as Lupe, an old goat and Ferdinand's mentor[8]
Anthony Anderson as Bones, a bull[8]
Nile Diaz voices a calf Bones
Bobby Cannavale as Valiente, a bull.
Jack Gore voices a calf Valiente.
Cannavale also voices Valiente's father.
Peyton Manning as Guapo, a bull[9]
Jet Jurgensmeyer voices a calf Guapo
Gina Rodriguez as Una, a hedgehog who is Dos and Cuatro's sister[8]
Miguel Ángel Silvestre as El Primero, a famous bull fighter who is in search of the fiercest bull to fight in his final bull fight.[8]
David Tennant as Angus, a Scottish Highland bull from Scotland who had hair over his eyes until Ferdinand came up with a way to fix it.[10]
Tim Nordquist as Maquina, a cloned Belted Galloway bull made in a laboratory who doesn't talk and mostly makes sounds.
Daveed Diggs as Dos, a hedgehog, Una and Cuatro's brother[8][11]
Gabriel Iglesias as Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una and Dos' brother[12][8][13]
Flula Borg as Hans, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Boris Kodjoe as Klaus, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Sally Phillips as Greta, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Juanes as Juan, the father of Nina and the owner of Ferdinand and Paco.[9]
Jerrod Carmichael as Paco, a dog owned by Nina and Juan[8]
Lily Day as Nina, the original owner of Ferdinand and Paco. In the end, she becomes the new owner of Lupe.
Julia Scarpa Saldanha voices a young Nina.
Jeremy Sisto as Raf, Ferdinand's father who died in the bullfights.
Karla Martínez as Isabella, a village mother.[8]
Raúl Esparza as Moreno, the owner of Casa del Toro[8]
Belita Moreno as the Shopkeeper of a China shop.
Carlos Saldanha as Screaming Matador and additional voices
Cindy Slattery as Bunny, a red rabbit and additional voices.
Production[edit]
In 2011, it was reported that 20th Century Fox Animation had acquired the rights to the children's book The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf to adapt it into a computer-animated feature film with Carlos Saldanha attached to direct it.[14] In May 2013, Fox titled the film simply Ferdinand, which would be produced by Blue Sky Studios.[15] John Powell, a frequent collaborator with Saldanha, would be composing the film's score.[16] In November 2016, it was reported that Gabriel Iglesias would voice a character named Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una and Dos' brother.[12]
Soundtrack[edit]
Ferdinand (Music from the Motion Picture)
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
Genre
Pop, Latin pop
Label
Island Records
Producer
John Powell
On September 19, 2017, it was announced that singer Nick Jonas wrote and recorded a song called "Home" for the movie. It was featured in the third trailer released in the next day and will also appear in the movie and end credits.[17] It was released as the first promotional single of the soundtrack on October 20, 2017.[18] A Second song by Nick Jonas named "Watch Me" was released alongside the film's EP on December 1.[19]
Track listing[edit]
The soundtrack features three original tracks: "Home" and "Watch Me" by Nick Jonas, and "Lay Your Head On Me" by Juanes.[19][20]
No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length
1. "Home" Nick Jonas 3:00
2. "Lay Your Head On Me" Juanes 3:16
3. "Watch Me" Jonas 2:26
4. "Freedom" Pitbull 2:54
5. "Macarena" Los del Rio 4:09
6. "Home (Film Version)" Jonas 2:48
Total length: 18:55
Original Motion Picture Score is composed by John Powell, additional music by Batu Sener, Anthony Willis and Paul Mounsey. The album was released on December 15, 2017.
Most of Albert Hay Malotte's score from Walt Disney's Ferdinand The Bull (1938) were included and recomposed by John Powell, who also created an additional original theme music for the 2017 film.
Release[edit]
In May 2013, Fox scheduled the film for April 7, 2017 release.[15] In February 2016, the release date was pushed back from its original release date of April 7, 2017 to July 21, 2017.[21] In August 2016, the release date was again pushed back, this time from July 21, 2017 to December 22, 2017, taking over the release date of DreamWorks Animation's The Croods 2,[22] before that film was temporarily cancelled.[23] In February 2017, the film was moved up by one week from December 22, 2017 to December 15, 2017.[5] The first trailer premiered on March 28, 2017,[24] followed by the second trailer on June 14, 2017.[25]
Home media[edit]
Ferdinand was released on Digital HD on February 27, 2018, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 13, 2018.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 17, 2018[update], Ferdinand has grossed $84.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $210.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $294.4 million, against a production budget of $111 million.[4]
In the United States and Canada, Ferdinand was released alongside Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,621 theaters in its opening weekend.[26] It made $350,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,385 theaters, which began at 5 P.M. and $3.6 million on its first day. It went on to open to $13.3 million, finishing second behind The Last Jedi.[27]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 103 reviews and an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ferdinand's colorful update on a classic tale doesn't go anywhere unexpected, but its timeless themes – and John Cena's engaging voice work in the title role – make for family-friendly fun."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[29] Audience polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[27]
Spanish bullfighting critic of El País, Antonio Lorca, in a critique of the film said that the film's message is "profoundly unnatural", and that the "renunciation" of the lead character to its "animal nature" is a lie that manipulates children, who will become "tomorrow's anti-bullfighters".[30] El Diario.es commented on this article by Lorca, saying that it had been widely commented on social networks and that the anti-bullfighting narrative of the film "raised hackles" for its message against animal abuse, which can also be interpreted as "fight against school bullying" and "implicit defense of sexual and gender diversity".[31]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Academy Awards March 4, 2018 Best Animated Feature Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte Nominated
Annie Awards February 3, 2018 Design in an Animated Feature Production Thomas Cardone
Arden Chan
Andrew Hickson
Mike Lee
Jason Sadler Nominated
Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Harry Hitner
Tim Nordquist Nominated
Golden Globe Awards January 7, 2018 Best Animated Feature Film Carlos Saldanha Nominated [32]
Best Original Song "Home" Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Awards February 24th 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated Bill Higley, Randy Thom, Lora Hirschberg, Leff Lefferts, Shawn Murphy and Scott Curtis Nominated [33]
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8, 2018 Best Song/Recording Created for a Film "Home" Nominated [34]
Humanitas Prize February 16, 2018 Feature – Family Ron Burch & David Kidd, Don Rhymer, Robert L. Baird and Tim Federle and Brad Copeland Won [35]
Kids' Choice Awards March 24, 2018 Favorite Animated Film Ferdinand Nominated [36]
Producers Guild of America Awards January 20, 2018 Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Lori Forte and Bruce Anderson Nominated [37]
Visual Effects Society Awards February 13, 2018 Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Yaron Canetti, Allan Kadkoy, Danny Speck, Mark Adams Nominated [38]
Movieguide Awards March 2018 Best Movie for Families Ferdinand Nominated [39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Film releases". Variety Insight. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Ferdinand". AMC Theatres. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ferdinand (2017)". AllMovie. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ferdinand (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 9, 2017). "Blue Sky's Bull Toon 'Ferdinand' To Lock Horns With 'Star Wars: The Last Jedi'". Deadline. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Past, present and future releases to Past, Present and Future Releases | UK Recent and Upcoming Movie". Launchingfilms.com. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe Nominations: Complete List". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Phelan, Zehra (March 28, 2017). "Like a bull in a china shop the debut trailer for Ferdinand barges in". HeyUGuys. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McLean, Tom (September 20, 2017). "'Ferdinand' Unveils Role for Manning, a Nick Jonas Tune and a New Trailer". Animation World Network. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Like a bull in a china shop the debut trailer for Ferdinand barges in - HeyUGuys". Heyuguys.com. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
Jump up ^ Diggs, Daveed (March 28, 2017). "Excited for y'all to meet #Dos in the new @ferdinandmovie he's a real good dude. #Ferdinand #HedgehogsRepresent". Twitter. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Anita (November 17, 2016). "Gabriel Iglesias Joins 'Ferdinand' & 'Smurfs' Voice Casts As He Readies Comedy Tour". Deadline. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Diggs, Daveed (March 28, 2017). "Excited for y'all to meet #Dos in the new @ferdinandmovie he's a real good dude. #Ferdinand #HedgehogsRepresent". Twitter. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brodesser-Akner, Claude (February 18, 2011). "Fox, Ice Age Director Bullish on The Story of Ferdinand". New York. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chitwood, Adam (May 16, 2013). "DreamWorks Animation Moves B.O.O. Release Up to June 5, 2015 and TROLLS to November 4, 2016; Fox Dates ANUBIS and FERDINAND". Collider.com. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Powell to Score Blue Sky Studios' 'Ferdinand'". Film Music Reporter. September 14, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "First Look! Peyton Manning and Nick Jonas Lend Their Voices to Ferdinand (and Feel Pretty Bullish About It)". PEOPLE.com. 2017-09-19. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Home (From the Motion Picture "Ferdinand") - Single by Nick Jonas on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Ferdinand' Soundtrack EP Details - Film Music Reporter". Filmmusicreporter.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Watch Me" from Ferdinand (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Various Artists on iTunes". Itunes.apple.com. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gambit, Alien, Predator and Fox / Marvel Release Updates". ComingSoon.net. February 28, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 9, 2016). "'Croods 2' Release Delayed Amid DreamWorks Animation Sale". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rainey, James (November 11, 2016). "DreamWorks Animation and Universal Kill 'Croods 2' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Randee Dawn (March 28, 2017). "Watch the trailer for John Cena's new animated movie Ferdinand". Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL: New 'Ferdinand' Trailer Tomorrow | TrailerTrack". TrailerTrack. 2017-06-13. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 12, 2017). "The Global Box Office Awakens: 'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Could Power To $440M Opening". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 17, 2017). "'The Last Jedi' Opening To $219M: How Disney Continues To Win With The 'Star Wars' Franchise". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ferdinand (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ferdinand Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lorca, Antonio (2018-01-06). "La conmovedora, tierna, sensiblera y mentirosa historia del toro Ferdinand". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "El crítico taurino de 'El País' embiste contra la película 'Ferdinand' porque el toro no muere en la plaza: "Es antinatural"". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Lisa Respers France. "Golden Globe nominations 2018: The list". Cnn.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "54th CAS Awards Nominees". Cinema Audio Society. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sufjan Stevens, 'Greatest Showman,' 'Girls' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees". Variety. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (January 9, 2018). "Humanitas Prize Finalists Announced; Feature Awards Split Into 3 Categories". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (February 26, 2018). "Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards 2018: Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees". E! Online. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (January 5, 2018). "Producers Guild Awards: 'Get Out,' 'Wonder Woman' Among Film Nominees". Variety. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 16, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'Apes,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Lead Feature Nominees". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 Movieguide Awards Nominations". Movieguides Awards. February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Ferdinand on IMDb
Ferdinand at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
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Epic (2013)
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G.I. Bill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the post–World War II legislation. For the modern bill, see Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008.
President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill into law on June 22, 1944
The Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). It was designed by the American Legion, who helped push it through Congress by mobilizing its chapters (along with the Veterans of Foreign Wars); the goal was to provide immediate rewards for practically all World War II veterans.
The act avoided the highly disputed postponed life insurance policy payout for World War I veterans that caused political turmoil for a decade and a half after that war.[1] Benefits included dedicated payments of tuition and living expenses to attend high school, college or vocational/technical school, low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It was available to all veterans who had been on active duty during the war years for at least 90 days and had not been dishonorably discharged—exposure to combat was not required.[2] The recipients did not pay any income tax on the GI benefits, since they were not considered earned income.[3]
By 1956, roughly 7.8 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits, some 2.2 million to attend colleges or universities and an additional 5.6 million for some kind of training program.[4]
Historians and economists judge the G.I. Bill a major political and economic success—especially in contrast to the treatments of World War I veterans—and a major contribution to America's stock of human capital that encouraged long-term economic growth.[5][6][7]
Canada operated a similar program for its World War II veterans, with a similarly beneficial economic impact.[8] Since the original U.S. 1944 law, the term has come to include other benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service.
During the 1940s, "fly-by-night" for-profit colleges sprang up to collect veterans' education grants, because the program provided limited oversight.[9] Similarly, for-profit colleges and their lead generators[10] have taken advantage of the post-9/11 G.I. Bill to target veterans for subpar products and services.[11] According to CBS News, about 40 percent of all GI Bill education funds go to for-profit colleges. [12] The Department of Veterans Affairs, however, does have a GI Bill feedback form for recipients to address their complaints against colleges.[13] In 2012, President Barack Obama also signed Executive Order 13607, which was to ensure that predatory colleges did not aggressively recruit military service members, veterans, and their families.[14] In 2017 President Donald Trump signed the Forever GI Bill extending the allowable time period for veterans to pursue educational opportunities.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 After World War II
2 Issues
2.1 Racial discrimination
2.2 Merchant marine
2.3 Predators who target veterans
3 Content
3.1 Chapter 30 (Montgomery GI Bill)
3.1.1 "Buy-Up" option
3.1.2 Time limit/eligibility
3.1.3 Top-up option
3.1.4 Educational
3.2 Chapter 31 (Vocational Rehabilitation Program)
3.3 Chapter 32 (Veterans Educational Assistance Program)
3.4 Chapter 33 (Post-9/11)
3.5 Chapter 35 (Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program)
3.6 Chapter 1606 (Montgomery GI Bill- Selective Reserve)
3.7 Chapter 1607 (Reserve Educational Assistance Program)
4 MGIB comparison chart
5 Other legal safeguards
6 Deregulation
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Don A. Balfour was "the first recipient of the 1944 GI Bill." Veterans Administration letter to George Washington University.[15]
On June 22, 1944, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights, was signed into law.
During the war, politicians wanted to avoid the postwar confusion about veterans' benefits that became a political football in the 1920s and 1930s.[16][17] Veterans' organizations that had formed after the First World War had millions of members; they mobilized support in Congress for a bill that provided benefits only to veterans of military service, including men and women. Ortiz says their efforts "entrenched the VFW and the Legion as the twin pillars of the American veterans' lobby for decades."[18][19]
Harry W. Colmery, Republican National Committee chairman and a former National Commander of the American Legion, is credited for writing the first draft of the G.I. Bill.[20][21] He reportedly jotted down his ideas on stationery and a napkin at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C.[21] U.S. Senator Ernest McFarland, Democrat-Arizona, was actively involved in the bill's passage and is known, with Warren Atherton, Republican-California, one of the "fathers of the G.I. Bill." One might then term Edith Nourse Rogers, Republican-Mass, who helped write and who co-sponsored the legislation, as the "mother of the G.I. Bill". As with Colmery, her contribution to writing and passing this legislation has been obscured by time.[22]
The bill that President Roosevelt initially proposed had a means test—only poor veterans would get one year of funding; only top-scorers on a written exam would get four years of paid college. The American Legion proposal provided full benefits for all veterans, including women and minorities, regardless of their wealth.
An important provision of the G.I. Bill was low interest, zero down payment home loans for servicemen, with more favorable terms for new construction compared to existing housing.[23] This encouraged millions of American families to move out of urban apartments and into suburban homes.[24]
Another provision was known as the 52–20 clause for unemployment. Unemployed war veterans would receive $20 once a week for 52 weeks for up to one year while they were looking for work. Less than 20 percent of the money set aside for the 52–20 Club was distributed. Rather, most returning servicemen quickly found jobs or pursued higher education.
After World War II[edit]
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A greater percentage of Vietnam veterans used G.I. Bill education benefits (72 percent) than World War II veterans (51 percent) or Korean War veterans (43 percent).[citation needed]
Issues[edit]
Racial discrimination[edit]
See also: African Americans and the G.I. Bill
Although the G.I. Bill did not specifically advocate discrimination, it was interpreted differently for blacks than for whites. Historian Ira Katznelson argued that "the law was deliberately designed to accommodate Jim Crow".[25] Because the programs were directed by local, white officials, many veterans did not benefit. Of the first 67,000 mortgages insured by the G.I. Bill, fewer than 100 were taken out by non-whites.[26]
By 1946, only one fifth of the 100,000 blacks who had applied for educational benefits had registered in college.[27] Furthermore, historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) came under increased pressure as rising enrollments and strained resources forced them to turn away an estimated 20,000 veterans. HBCUs were already the poorest colleges and served, to most whites, only to keep blacks out of white colleges. HBCU resources were stretched even thinner when veterans’ demands necessitated a shift in the curriculum away from the traditional "preach and teach" course of study offered by the HBCUs.[28] Banks and mortgage agencies refused loans to blacks, making the G.I. Bill even less effective for blacks.[28]
Merchant marine[edit]
Congress did not include merchant marine veterans in the original G.I. Bill, even though they are considered military personnel in times of war in accordance with the Merchant Marine Act of 1936. As President Roosevelt (Democrat) signed the G.I. Bill in June 1944 he said: "I trust Congress will soon provide similar opportunities to members of the merchant marine who have risked their lives time and time again during war for the welfare of their country." Now that the youngest veterans are in their 80s, there are efforts to recognize their contributions by giving some benefits to the remaining survivors. In 2007, three different bills related to this issue were introduced in Congress, one of which passed the House of Representatives only.[29]
Predators who target veterans[edit]
After the GI Bill was instituted in the 1940s, several "fly-by-night" vocational schools arose. Subprime for-profit colleges still target vets, who are excluded from the 90-10 rule for federal funding. This loophole encourages for-profit colleges to target and aggressively recruit veterans and their families. [11][30][31] Legislative efforts to close the 90-10 loophole have failed.[32][33]
Lead generators like QuinStreet have also acted as third parties to recruit veterans for subprime colleges. [34][35][36]
Content[edit]
All veteran education programs are found in law in Title 38 of the United States Code. Each specific program is found in its own Chapter in Title 38.
Unlike scholarship programs, the MGIB requires a financial commitment from the service member. However, if the benefit is not used, the service member cannot recoup whatever money was paid into the system.
In some states, the National Guard does offer true scholarship benefits, regardless of past or current MGIB participation.
Chapter 30 (Montgomery GI Bill)[edit]
In 1984, former Mississippi Democratic Congressman Gillespie V. "Sonny" Montgomery revamped the G.I. Bill.[37] From 1984 until 2008, this version of the law was called "The Montgomery G.I. Bill". The Montgomery GI Bill — Active Duty (MGIB) states that active duty members forfeit $100 per month for 12 months; if they use the benefits, they receive as of 2012[update] $1564 monthly as a full-time student (tiered at lower rates for less-than-full-time) for a maximum of 36 months of education benefits. This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs, flight training, apprenticeship/on-the-job training and correspondence courses if the veteran is enrolled full-time. Part-time veteran students receive less, but for a proportionately longer period. This means for every month the veteran received benefits at the half-time, the veterans benefits are only charged for 1/2 of a month. Veterans from the reserve have different eligibility requirements and different rules on receiving benefits (see Ch. 1606, Ch. 1607 and Ch. 33). MGIB may also be used while active, which only reimburses the cost for tuition and fees. Each service has additional educational benefit programs for active duty members. Most delay using MGIB benefits until after separation, discharge or retirement.[citation needed]
"Buy-Up" option[edit]
The "Buy-Up" option, also known as the "kicker", allows active duty members to forfeit up to $600 more toward their MGIB. For every dollar the service member contributes, the federal government contributes $8. Those who forfeit the maximum ($600) will receive, upon approval, an additional $150 per month for 36 months, or a total of $5400. This allows the veteran to receive $4,800 in additional funds ($5400 total minus the $600 contribution to receive it), but not until after leaving active duty. The additional contribution must be made while still on active duty. It is available for G.I. Bill recipients using either Ch. 30 or Ch. 1607, but cannot be extended beyond 36 months if a combination of G.I. Bill programs are used.[38]
Time limit/eligibility[edit]
MGIB benefits may be used up to 10 years from the date of last discharge or release from active duty. The 10-year period can be extended by the amount of time a service member was prevented from training during that period because of a disability or because he/she was held by a foreign government or power.
The 10-year period can also be extended if one reenters active duty for 90 days or more after becoming eligible. The extension ends 10 years from the date of separation from the later period. Periods of active duty of less than 90 days qualify for extensions only if one was separated for one of the following:
A service-connected disability
A medical condition existing before active duty
Hardship
For those eligible based on two years of active duty and four years in the Selected Reserve (also known as "call to service"), they have 10 years from their release from active duty, or 10 years from the completion of the four-year Selected Reserve obligation to use MGIB benefits.
At this time, service members cannot recoup any monies paid into the MGIB program should it not be utilized.
Top-up option[edit]
Service members may use GI bill in conjunction with Military Tuition Assistance (MilTA) to help with payments above the MilTA CAP. This will reduce the total benefit available once the member leaves service. Veterans Educational Assistance Improvements Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-377, 4 January 2011), Section 111, amended Title 38, U.S. Code, by adding section 3322(h), "Bar to Duplication of Eligibility Based on a Single Event or Period of Service," which does not allow the Department of Veterans Affairs to establish eligibility for a Service Member under more than one education benefit. If a service member applies for Montgomery GI Bill benefits (such as the Top-up option to augment Tuition Assistance) and entered service on/after 1 August 2011, then they must incur a subsequent period of service to convert to the Post 9/11 GI Bill. If the service member cannot incur another period of service, they are not eligible to convert. The VA considers a service member has elected a GI Bill upon submission of VA Form 22-1990.and VA approval and issues a Certificate of Eligibility.[39]
Educational[edit]
College, business
Technical or vocational courses
Correspondence courses
Apprenticeship/job training
Flight training (usually limited to 60% for Ch. 30, see Ch. 33 for more flight information)
Under this bill, benefits may be used to pursue an undergraduate or graduate degree at a college or university, a cooperative training program, or an accredited independent study program leading to a degree.
Chapter 31 (Vocational Rehabilitation Program)[edit]
"Chapter 31" is a vocational rehabilitation program that serves eligible active duty servicemembers and veterans with service-connected disabilities. This program promotes the development of suitable, gainful employment by providing vocational and personal adjustment counseling, training assistance, a monthly subsistence allowance during active training, and employment assistance after training. Independent living services may also be provided to advance vocational potential for eventual job seekers, or to enhance the independence of eligible participants who are presently unable to work.
In order to receive an evaluation for Chapter 31 vocational rehabilitation and/or independent living services, those qualifying as a "servicemember" must have a memorandum service-connected disability rating of 20% or greater and apply for vocational rehabilitation services.[40] Those qualifying as "veterans" must have received, or eventually receive, an honorable or other-than-dishonorable discharge, have a VA service-connected disability rating of 10% or more, and apply for services. Law provides for a 12-year basic period of eligibility in which services may be used, which begins on the latter of separation from active military duty or the date the veteran was first notified of a service-connected disability rating. In general, participants have 48 months of program entitlement to complete an individual vocational rehabilitation plan. Participants deemed to have a "serious employment handicap" will generally be granted exemption from the 12-year eligibility period and may receive additional months of entitlement as necessary to complete approved plans.
Chapter 32 (Veterans Educational Assistance Program)[edit]
The Veterans Educational Assistance Program (VEAP) is available for those who first entered active duty between January 1, 1977, and June 30, 1985, and elected to make contributions from their military pay to participate in this education benefit program. Participants' contributions are matched on a $2 for $1 basis by the Government. This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs, flight training, apprenticeship/on-the-job training and correspondence courses.
Chapter 33 (Post-9/11)[edit]
Main article: Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
Congress, in the summer of 2008, approved an expansion of benefits beyond the current G.I. Bill program for military veterans serving since September 11, 2001, originally proposed by Democratic Senator Jim Webb. Beginning in August 2009, recipients became eligible for greatly expanded benefits, or the full cost of any public college in their state. The new bill also provides a housing allowance and $1,000 a year stipend for books, among other benefits.
The VA announced in September 2008 that it would manage the new benefit itself instead of hiring an outside contractor after protests by veteran's organizations and the American Federation of Government Employees. Veterans Affairs Secretary James B. Peake stated that although it was "unfortunate that we will not have the technical expertise from the private sector," the VA "can and will deliver the benefits program on time."[41]
President Obama Launches Post-9/11 GI Bill August 3, 2009 | 12:01
President Obama marks the launch of the Post-9/11 GI Bill, which will provide comprehensive education benefits to our veterans. The bill will provide our veterans the skills and trainings they need to be successful in the future, and is part of the Presidents plan to build a new foundation for the 21st century. August 3, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024308/https://www.whitehouse.gov/video/President-Obama-Launches-Post-9/11-GI-Bill#transcript
In December 2010 Congress passed the Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2010. The new law, often referred to as G.I. Bill 2.0, expands eligibility for members of the National Guard to include time served on Title 32 or in the full-time Active Guard and Reserve (AGR). It does not, however, cover members of the Coast Guard Reserve who have served under Title 14 orders performing duties comparable to those performed by National Guard personnel under Title 32 orders.
The new law also includes:
enrollment periods. In this case if the veteran is full-time, and his or her maximum BAH rate is $1500 per month, then he or she will receive (13/30)x$1500 = $650 for the end of the first period of enrollment, then the veteran will receive (10/30)x$1500 = $500 for the beginning of the second period of enrollment. Effectively, the change in break-pay means the veteran will receive $1150 per month for August instead of $1500 per month. This have a significant impact in December - January BAH payments since most Colleges have 2-4 week breaks.
Another change enables active-duty servicemembers and their G.I. Bill-eligible spouses to receive the annual $1,000 book stipend (pro-rated for their rate of pursuit), adds several vocational, certification and OJT options, and removes the state-by-state tuition caps for veterans enrolled at publicly funded colleges and universities.
Changes to Ch. 33 also includes a new $17,500 annual cap on tuition and fees coverage for veterans attending Private Colleges and foreign colleges and universities.
[42]
Chapter 35 (Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance Program)[edit]
The Survivors' and Dependents' Educational Assistance (DEA) Program delivers education and training advantages to dependents from eligible resources to veterans who have either have a terminal illness due to a service related condition, or who were called to active duty or had a disability related to serving in the American forces in the United States. That program gives around 50 months of education benefits. However, there are still more opportunities. The benefits may be used for degree and certificate programs, apprenticeship, and on the job training. Wives of veterans and former wives are offered free courses occasionally.
Chapter 1606 (Montgomery GI Bill- Selective Reserve)[edit]
The Montgomery G.I. Bill — Selected Reserve (MGIB-SR) program may be available to members of the Selected Reserve, including all military branch reserve components as well as the Army National Guard and Air National Guard. This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs, flight training, apprenticeship/on-the-job training and correspondence courses.
Chapter 1607 (Reserve Educational Assistance Program)[edit]
Main article: Chapter 1607 (G.I. Bill of Rights)
The Reserve Educational Assistance Program (REAP) is available to all reservists who, after September 11, 2001, complete 90 days or more of active duty service "in support of contingency operations." This benefit provides reservists return from active duty with up to 80% of the active duty (Chapter 30) G.I. Bill benefits as long as they remain active participants in the reserves.
MGIB comparison chart[edit]
Type
Active Duty MGIB Chapter 30
Active Duty Chap 30 Top-up
Post-9/11 G.I. Bill Chapter 33
Voc Rehab Chapter 31
VEAP Chapter 32
DEA Chapter 35
Selected Reserve Chapter 1606
Selected Reserve (REAP) Chapter 1607
Additional Benefits Tuition Assistance
Additional Benefits Student Loan Repayment Program
Info Link
[43][44][45]
[46][47]
[45]
[45][48][49]
[50][51]
[45][52]
[53]
[45][54]
[55]
[56][57]
[58]
Time Limit (Eligibility)
10 yrs from last discharge from active duty. While on active duty only. 15 yrs from last discharge from active duty. 12 yrs from discharge or notification of service-connected disability, whichever is later. In cases of "extreme disability", the 12-year timeline can be waived. Entered service for the first time between January 1, 1977, and June 30, 1985; Opened a contribution account before April 1, 1987; Voluntarily contributed from $25 to $2700 While in the Selected Reserve
While in the Selected Reserve. If separated from Ready Reserve for disability which was not result of willful misconduct, for 10 yrs after date of entitlement.
On the day one leaves the Selected Reserve; this include voluntary entry into the IRR. On the day one leaves the Selected Reserve; this include voluntary entry into the IRR.
Months of Benefits (Full Time)
36 months[59] 36 months 36 months 48 months 1 to 36 months depending on the number of monthly contributions up to 45 months[60] 36 months[61] 36 months[62] Contingent as long as one serves as a drilling Reservist. Contingent as long as one serves as a drilling Reservist.
Other legal safeguards[edit]
The State of California has an 85-15 rule that to prevent predatory for-profit colleges and "fly-by-night schools" from targeting veterans.[63]
In 2012, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13607 to ensure that military service members, veterans, and their families would not be aggressively targeted by sub-prime colleges.[14]
Deregulation[edit]
In 2017, the Trump Administration proposed to remove conflict of interest rules between VA officials and for-profit colleges. [64]
See also[edit]
GI Bill Tuition Fairness Act of 2013 (H.R. 357; 113th Congress) - proposed amendments related to in-state versus out-of-state tuition
Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans (2009) pp 54-57
Jump up ^ Altschuler and Blumin, The GI Bill (2009) p 118
Jump up ^ Ellsworth Harvey Plank (1953). Public Finance. p. 234.
Jump up ^ Olson, 1973 and see also Bound and Turner 2002
Jump up ^ Stanley, 2003
Jump up ^ Frydl, 2009
Jump up ^ Suzanne Mettler, Soldiers to citizens: The GI Bill and the making of the greatest generation (2005)
Jump up ^ Lemieux, Thomas; Card, David (2001). "Education, earnings, and the 'Canadian GI Bill'". Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique. 34 (2): 313–344. doi:10.1111/0008-4085.00077.
Jump up ^ "Delivering for Young Families: The Resonance of the GI Bill". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ David Halperin Attorney, advocate (1 February 2016). "Military-Branded Websites Push Veterans to Troubled For-Profit Colleges". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 90-10 Rule: Why Predatory Schools Target Veterans". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/warrior-scholar-project-helps-veterans-transition-to-college-life/
Jump up ^ "GI Bill® Feedback System" (PDF). Veterans Administration. 2014. Retrieved October 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Executive Order 13607 of April 27, 2012 Establishing Principles of Excellence for Educational Institutions Serving Service Members, Veterans, Spouses, and Other Family Members" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. May 2, 2012. Retrieved October 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "The George Washington Uni Profile". DCMilitaryEd.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Jump up ^ David Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (2013) p xiii
Jump up ^ Kathleen Frydl, The G.I. Bill (Cambridge University Press, 2009) pp 47-54.
Jump up ^ Ortiz, Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill: how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era (2009) p xiii
Jump up ^ Frydl, The G.I. Bill (2009) pp 102-44, emphasizes the central role of the American Legion.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "FindArticles.com - CBSi". Archived from the original on 31 December 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ James E. McMillan (2006). Ernest W. McFarland: Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Governor and Chief Justice of the State of Arizona : a biography. Sharlot Hall Museum Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-927579-23-0.
Jump up ^ THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE (2004), A CHRONOLOGY OF HOUSING LEGISLATION AND SELECTED EXECUTIVE ACTIONS, 1892-2003, U.S. Government Printing Office
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985). Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 206.
Jump up ^ Kotz, Nick (28 August 2005). "Review: 'When Affirmative Action Was White': Uncivil Rights". New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Katznelson, Ira (2006). When affirmative action was white : an untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America ([Norton pbk ed.] ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393328516.
Jump up ^ Herbold, Hilary (Winter 1994). "Never a Level Playing Field: Blacks and the GI Bill". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (6): 107. doi:10.2307/2962479.
^ Jump up to: a b Herbold, Hilary (Winter 1994). "Never a Level Playing Field: Blacks and the GI Bill". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (6): 104–108. doi:10.2307/2962479.
Jump up ^ Belated Thank You to the Merchant Mariners of World War II Act of 2007 Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Wong, Alia. "Why For-Profit Colleges Target Military Veterans". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Money Military Heroes: How For-Profit Colleges Target Military Veterans (and Your Tax Dollars)". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "For-profit schools targeted again over GI Bill payouts". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "For-Profit Colleges' 90/10 Loophole Latest Target For Democrats With Military And Veterans Education Protection Act". 24 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2012/04/09/150148966/for-profit-schools-under-fire-for-targeting-veterans
Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/military-branded-websites_b_9131742.html
Jump up ^ https://www.democraticmedia.org/article/private-profit-colleges-and-online-lead-generation
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Good, William. "INFORMATION PAPER" (Information Paper). hrc.army.mil. US Army. p. 2. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
Jump up ^ IIT, Philadelphia. "U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Davenport, Christian, "Expanded GI Bill Too Late For Some", Washington Post, October 21, 2008, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Military.com. "Education". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards." Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Military.com. "GI Bill, Montgomery and Post 9/11 GI Bills". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards." Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards." Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards." Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards." Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ GIbillmaze.webs.com https://web.archive.org/web/20121028044521/http://gibillmaze.webs.com/. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Armyreserveeducation.com". Retrieved 19 June 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Bodapati, Radhika. "Military Tuition Assistance". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Student Loan Repayment". |
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ 223D. "Education and Training Home". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "University of Phoenix barred from enrolling veterans in 7 programs". 30 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/business/veterans-affairs-ethics.html
Further reading[edit]
Abrams, Richard M. “The U.S. Military and Higher Education: A Brief History.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1989) 404 pp. 15-28.
Altschuler, Glenn C. and Stuart M. Blumin. The GI Bill: a new deal for veterans (2009), brief scholarly overview
Bennett, Michael J. When Dreams Came True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America (New York: Brassey's Inc., 1996)
Bound, John, and Sarah Turner. "Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 20#4 (2002), pp. 784–815 in JSTOR
Boulton, Mark. Failing our Veterans: The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam Generation (NYU Press, 2014).
Clark, Daniel A. “'The two joes meet—Joe College, Joe Veteran': The GI Bill, college education, and postwar American culture." History of Education Quarterly (1998). 38#2 pp 165–189.
Frydl, Kathleen. The G.I. Bill (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Humes, Edward (2006). Over Here: How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream. Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-100710-1.
Jennings, Audra. Out of the Horrors of War: Disability Politics in World War II America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). 288 pp.
Mettler, Suzanne. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (Oxford University Press, 2005). online; excerpt
Nagowski, Matthew P. "Inopportunity of Gender: The G.I. Bill and the Higher Education of the American Female, 1939-1954" Cornell Unicersity ILR Collection" (2005) online; statistical approach
Nam, Charles B. “The Impact of the ‘GI Bills’ on the Educational Level of the Male Population” Social Forces 43 (October, 1964): 26-32.
Olson, Keith. "The G. I. Bill and Higher Education: Success and Surprise," American Quarterly Vol. 25, No. 5 (December 1973) 596-610. in JSTORin JSTOR
Olson, Keith, The G.I. Bill, The Veterans, and The Colleges (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974)
Peeps, J. M. Stephen. "A B.A. for the G.I. . . . Why?" History of Education Quarterly 24#4 (1984) pp 513-25.
Ross, David B. Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans During World War II (Columbia University Press, 1969).
Stanley, Marcus (2003). "College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 118 (2): 671–708. doi:10.1162/003355303321675482. JSTOR 25053917.
Van Ells, Mark D. To Hear Only Thunder Again: America's World War II Veterans Come Home. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001.
External links[edit]
GI Bill Forum
The American Legion's MyGIBill.org
The Department of Veteran Affairs' GI Bill website
Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors analysis of the MGIB
Education Fact Sheet for Guard & Reserve Members
Education Benefits Available by States
Web-Enable Education Benefits System[permanent dead link]
GI Bill top up program
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WWE 2K18
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
WWE 2K18
Cover art featuring Seth Rollins
Developer(s)
Yuke's
Visual Concepts[a]
Publisher(s)
2K Sports
Series
WWE 2K
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Nintendo Switch
Release
Deluxe Edition, Cena (Nuff) Edition
WW: October 13, 2017
Standard Edition
WW: October 17, 2017
Nintendo Switch
WW: December 6, 2017
Genre(s)
Sports
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
WWE 2K18 is a professional wrestling video game developed in a collaboration between Yuke's and Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports. It is the nineteenth installment in the WWE game series (fifth under the WWE 2K banner), serving as the following from their previous game WWE 2K17 (released in 2016). It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on October 17, 2017, with the Nintendo Switch version on December 6, 2017. This release marks the return to Nintendo Platforms since WWE '13, as the first title in the series to be released on that platform.[1][2][3] WWE 2K18 is the first video game in the series to only be on eighth generation hardware and also first in the series released on PC alongside its console counterparts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Marketing
1.1 Roster
2 Gameplay
2.1 Game modes
2.2 Commentary and graphics
3 Reception
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Marketing[edit]
On May 23, 2017, 2K Sports announced WWE 2K18 would be released in Q3 2017.[1] On June 19, 2017, 2K released a trailer, revealing that Seth Rollins will be featured as the game's cover star.[4] In the trailer, it features Rollins vandalizing and burning down a fictitious WWE warehouse in Stamford, Connecticut, as well as showing the tagline "Be Like No One". The second trailer features Kurt Angle visiting the ruins of the warehouse and finding a pair of his boots among the ashes, which announced Angle as the game's pre-order.[5] The game's Deluxe Edition was also announced, giving players access to the game four days early, along with the season pass and additional in-game content yet to be announced.[6] On July 10, 2017, a Nintendo Switch version was also confirmed.[2] On July 27, 2K Sports announced the Collector's Edition, called the "Cena (Nuff)" edition. The collector's edition revolves around John Cena, commemorating his 15 years in the WWE, and includes a Cena action figure, a piece of the ring mat from his victory at the 2017 Royal Rumble, and an autographed photo from Cena. Unlike previous years, the Collector's Edition included the game's season pass. The Collector's Edition (as well as the Deluxe Edition) has two additional playable versions of Cena (included with 2006's ECW One Night Stand and WrestleMania XXVI attires), as well as Batista and Rob Van Dam as playable characters.[7]
On August 16, 2K and IGN announced the first 47 playable characters, with a roster reveal special hosted by Corey Graves, Renee Young, and Goldust.[8] Two days later, 2K announced that the soundtrack for the game would be curated by The Rock and will feature a mix of classic rock, modern rock, and hip hop.[9] On September 26, 2K announced that for the first time, the PC version of the game will release alongside its console counterparts on October 17.[10] Season pass details were unveiled on September 27, featuring the Accelerator, MyPlayer kick start, New Moves pack, NXT Generation pack, and the Enduring Icons pack.[11] The NXT Generation pack was released on November 21, 2017, while the pre-order and deluxe edition bonus content was available as a seperate purchase a week earlier. The New Moves pack was released on December 12, 2017.
Roster[edit]
On June 29, 2017, it was announced that Kurt Angle would be the pre-order bonus character for WWE 2K18, making his first WWE video game appearance since WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007.[12] For the third installment in a row, the roster is the largest included in the series with over 200 WWE superstars from the roster.[13] As part of a product placement deal with KFC, WWE 2K18 has Colonel Sanders as a playable character, accessible through the attire templates in the Create-A-Wrestler feature.[14]
WWE 2K18 marks the video game debut of 29 WWE superstars.
Gameplay[edit]
Similar to its predecessors, WWE 2K18 is a professional wrestling game and for the first time since WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It, eight wrestlers will be able to be in a match at once, instead of six (the Nintendo Switch version will only support six wrestlers in the ring).[13] The Royal Rumble match has been retooled, with new mechanics, finishers and elimination sequences.[13] A carry system will be introduced (which is similar to the Ultimate Control Grapple system introduced in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007), allowing players to pick up or drag their opponent and place them in a specific spot.[13] Thousands of new moves and animations have been added to the game.[15]
Game modes[edit]
Improvements have been made to the creation suite, such as new superstar parts and materials. One such material is a glow effect, which gives players the ability to make hair, clothing, and logos on their created superstars to glow.[16] Other new creation suite features include an enhanced highlight system, however the free-roaming camera has been removed when the highlight reel is being used mid-match. Crowd area templates can also be selected in Create-An-Arena, allowing players to select five different templates that have different weapons and objects to use.[17] The Create-A-Match feature, last seen in the last-gen version of WWE 2K17 (WWE 2K14 for next-gen players), has returned. New to the feature includes the ability to create your own custom matches and save them for use in exhibition mode, Universe, and Online through Private matches.[13] MyCareer now allows backstage free roaming, with wrestlers creating alliances and enemies, and fighting styles are introduced in the "MyPlayer" career mode, letting players choose between eight different fighting styles, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.[13]
The new Road To Glory mode enables players to use their MyPlayer characters to qualify and compete in events, similar to the one found in WWE SuperCard.[13] This mode replaces the 2K Tonight online mode from WWE 2K17.
Universe mode has been improved with a new story system, alongside new cut-scenes, power-rankings, and a goal system.[13]
Commentary and graphics[edit]
WWE 2K18 features a new commentary team of Monday Night Raw's Michael Cole, Byron Saxton, and Corey Graves. Crowd sound is also improved and features authentic crowd chants for entrances and during a match. It also features a new graphics engine, which enhance the camera system and improves lighting, textures, and character models.[13]
Reception[edit]
[hide]WWE 2K18
Review scores
Publication
Score
NS
PC
PS4
Xbox One
GameSpot N/A N/A 5/10[21] 5/10[21]
GamesRadar N/A N/A 4/5[23] 4/5[23]
IGN 3.8/10[22] N/A 7/10[22] 7/10[22]
Aggregate score
Metacritic N/A 66/100[20] 66/100[18] 66/100[19]
WWE 2K18 received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[18][19]
The game was consistently praised for its new graphics engine, but frequently criticized for its "MyCareer" mode.[22]
However, the Nintendo Switch version was negatively received.[24][25] It was criticized for its performance by IGN, calling it "nearly unplayable" due to severe framerate issues.[26]
See also[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
Video games portal
List of licensed wrestling video games
List of fighting games
WWE 2K
List of video games in the WWE 2K Games series
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Blind Squirrel Entertainment co-developed the Nintendo Switch version
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "WWE 2K18 Announced, Grand Theft Auto V Hits 80 Million". PlayStation LifeStyle. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Knezevic, Kevin (10 July 2017). "Nintendo Switch Version Of WWE 2K18 Announced". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ 2K18, WWE (19 June 2017). "#WWE2K18 will not be released on PlayStation 3 or Xbox 360". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ WWE 2K (19 June 2017). "WWE 2K18 Seth Rollins Cover Reveal". Retrieved 4 August 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Watch Kurt Angle's official WWE 2K18 trailer that premiered during Raw". Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Pereira, Chris (20 June 2017). "WWE 2K18 Release Date, Cover Star, And Special Editions Revealed". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Fillari, Alessandro (July 27, 2016). "John Cena-Themed WWE 2K18 Collector's Edition Revealed". GameSpot. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Skrebels, Joe (16 August 2017). "WWE 2K18 Roster Reveal: First 47 Playable Superstars Announced". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Mazique, Brian. "'WWE 2K18' Soundtrack Announced And Curated By Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (26 September 2017). "WWE 2K18 PC Release Date Announced". Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Knezevic, Kevin (27 September 2017). "WWE 2K18 Season Pass And DLC Detailed". Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Elfring, Mat (June 29, 2016). "WWE 2K18 Features Kurt Angle As Pre-Order Bonus". GameSpot. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "WWE 2K - WWE 2K18 Features Revealed". wwe.2k.com. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "WWE 2K18 scores the secret recipe for KFC's Colonel Sanders as a playable wrestler - GamesBeat". venturebeat.com. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Badwool, Andy. "WWE 2K18: All NEW Moves and Finishers! - Full List - WWE 2K18 Guides - Guides & Walkthroughs".
Jump up ^ "'WWE 2K18' News: Additional Creation Elements Highlighted in New Video". www.christianpost.com.
Jump up ^ "Arena Creation - WWE 2K18 Wiki Guide - IGN". IGN.
^ Jump up to: a b "WWE 2K18". Metacritic.
^ Jump up to: a b "WWE 2K18". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "WWE 2K18". Metacritic.
^ Jump up to: a b "WWE 2K18". GameSpot.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Saltzman, Michael (17 October 2017). "WWE 2K18 Review". IGN.
^ Jump up to: a b Ben Wilson (October 23, 2017). "WWE 2K18 review: You'll play it relentlessly, but bugs hold it back from five star status". Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Life, Nintendo (11 December 2017). "Review: WWE 2K18 (Switch)".
Jump up ^ "WWE 2k18 Review - Review". Nintendo World Report.
Jump up ^ Saltzman, Mitchell (8 December 2017). "WWE 2K18 for Switch Review".
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