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Fox
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This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Fox (disambiguation). For the media company and its subsidiaries such as Fox Broadcasting Corporation, see 21st Century Fox.
"Foxes" and "Vixen" redirect here. For other uses, see Foxes (disambiguation) and Vixen (disambiguation).
Foxes
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) lying in snow
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genera
Vulpes
Cerdocyon
†Dusicyon
Lycalopex
Otocyon
Urocyon
Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or brush).
Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus Vulpes. Approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of bat-eared fox, gray fox, and island fox.[1] Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. By far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with about 47 recognized subspecies.[2] The global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the British Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Phylogenetic relationships
3 Biology
3.1 General morphology
3.2 Pelage
3.3 Dentition
3.4 Behaviour
3.5 Sexual characteristics
3.6 Vocalization
4 Classification
5 Conservation
5.1 Island fox (Urocyon littoralis)
5.2 Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes)
6 Relationships with humans
6.1 Fox hunting
6.2 Domestication
6.3 Attacks on humans
6.4 In culture
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Etymology
The word fox comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.[nb 1] This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European *puḱ-, meaning ’thick-haired; tail’.[nb 2] Male foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards, females as vixens, and young as cubs, pups, or kits, though the latter name is not to be confused with a distinct species called kit foxes. A group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth.[3][4]
Phylogenetic relationships
Within the Canidae, the results of DNA analysis shows several phylogenetic divisions:
The fox-like canids, which include the kit fox (Vulpes velox), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Cape fox (Vulpes chama), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and fennec fox (Vulpes zerda).[5]
The wolf-like canids, (genus Canis, Cuon and Lycaon) including the dog (Canis lupus familiaris), gray wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), eastern wolf (Canis lycaon), coyote (Canis latrans), golden jackal (Canis aureus), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), side-striped jackal (Canis adustus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus).[5]
The South American canids, including the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), hoary fox (Lycalopex uetulus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and maned wolf.[5]
Various monotypic taxa, including the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides).[5]
Biology
Fox skeleton
General morphology
Foxes are generally smaller than some other members of the family Canidae such as wolves and jackals, while they may be larger than some within the family, such as Raccoon dogs. In the largest species, the red fox, males weigh on average between 4.1 and 8.7 kg (9.0 and 19.2 lb),[6] while the smallest species, the fennec fox, weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg (1.5 to 3.5 lb).[7] Fox-like features typically include a triangular face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum, and a bushy tail. Foxes are digitigrade, and thus, walk on their toes. Unlike most members of the family Canidae, foxes have partially retractable claws.[8] Fox vibrissae, or whiskers, are black. The whiskers on the muzzle, mystaciae vibrissae, average 100–110 mm (3.9–4.3 in) long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers (carpal vibrissae) are also on the forelimbs and average 40 mm (1.6 in) long, pointing downward and backward.[2] Other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and adaptive significance.
Pelage
Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density. Coat colors range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes (and other species of fox adapted to life in the desert, such as kit foxes), for example, have large ears and short fur to aid in keeping the body cool.[2][8] Arctic foxes, on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm.[9] Red foxes, by contrast, have a typical auburn pelt, the tail normally ending with white marking.[10] A fox's coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes moult once a year around April; the process begins from the feet, up the legs, and then along the back.[8] Coat color may also change as the individual ages.[2]
Dentition
A fox's dentition, like all other canids, is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (Bat-eared foxes have six extra molars, totaling in 48 teeth.) Foxes have pronounced carnassial pairs, which is characteristic of a carnivore. These pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar, and work together to shear tough material like flesh. Foxes' canines are pronounced, also characteristic of a carnivore, and are excellent in gripping prey.[11]
Behaviour
Arctic fox curled up in snow
In the wild, the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years. Unlike many canids, foxes are not always pack animals. Typically, they live in small family groups, but some (Arctic foxes) are known to be solitary.[2][8]
Foxes are omnivores.[12][13] The diet of foxes is largely made up of invertebrates such as insects, and small vertebrates such as reptiles and birds, and can include eggs and plants. Many species are generalist predators, but some (such as the crab-eating fox) have more specialized diets. Most species of fox consume around 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food every day. Foxes cache excess food, burying it for later consumption, usually under leaves, snow, or soil.[8][14] Foxes tend to use a pouncing technique where they crouch down to camouflage themselves in the terrain, then using their hind legs, leap up with great force to land on top of their targeted prey.[2] Using their pronounced canine teeth, foxes grip on to their prey's neck and either shake until the prey is dead, or until the animal can be disemboweled.[2]
The gray fox is one of only two canine species known to regularly climb trees; the other is the raccoon dog.[15]
Sexual characteristics
The male fox's scrotum is held up close to the body with the testes inside even after they descend. Like other canines, the male fox has a baculum, or penile bone.[2][16][17] The testes of red foxes are smaller than those of Arctic foxes.[18] Sperm formation in red foxes begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February.[19]
Vixens are in heat for one to six days, making their reproductive cycle twelve months long. As with other canines, the ova are shed during estrus without the need for the stimulation of copulating. Once the egg is fertilized, the vixen enters a period of gestation that can last from 52 to 53 days. Foxes tend to have an average litter size of four to five with an 80 percent success rate in becoming pregnant.[2][20] Litter sizes can vary greatly according to species and environment – the Arctic fox, for example, can have up to eleven kits.[21]
The vixen has four pairs of teats. Each teat has 8 to 20 lactiferous ducts, which connect the mammary gland to the nipple, allowing for milk to be carried to the nipple.[citation needed]
Vocalization
The fox's vocal repertoire is vast:
Whine – Made shortly after birth. Occurs at a high rate when kits are hungry and when their body temperatures are low. Whining stimulates the mother to care for her young; it also has been known to stimulate the male fox into caring for his mate and kits.
Yelp – Made about 19 days later. The kits' whining turns into infantile barks, yelps, which occur heavily during play.
Explosive call – At the age of about one month, the kits can emit an explosive call which is intended to be threatening to intruders or other cubs; a high pitch howl.
Combative call – In adults, the explosive call becomes an open-mouthed combative call during any conflict; a sharper bark.
Growl – An adult fox's indication to their kits to feed or head to the adult's location.
Bark – Adult foxes warn against intruders and in defense by barking.[2][22]
In the case of domesticated foxes, the whining seems to remain in adult individuals as a sign of excitement and submission in the presence of their owners.[2]
Classification
Canids commonly known as foxes include the following genera and species:[2]
Genus
Species
Picture
Canis Ethiopian wolf, sometimes called the Simien fox or Simien jackal
Ethiopian wolf, native to the Ethiopian highlands
Cerdocyon Crab-eating fox
Crab-eating fox, a South American species
† Dusicyon extinct genus, including the Falkland Islands wolf, sometimes known as the Falklands Islands fox
Falkland Islands wolf Illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans (1842–1912)
Lycalopex
Culpeo or Andean fox
Darwin's fox
South American gray fox
Pampas fox
Sechuran fox
Hoary fox
A South American gray fox in Pan de Azúcar National Park along the Pacific coast of the Atacama Desert
Otocyon Bat-eared fox
Bat-eared fox in Kenya
Urocyon
Gray fox
Island fox
Cozumel fox (undescribed)
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), in the Channel Islands of California, US
Vulpes
Arctic fox
Bengal fox
Blanford's fox
Cape fox
Corsac fox
Fennec fox
Kit fox
Pale fox
Rüppell's fox
Red fox
Swift fox
Tibetan sand fox
The fennec fox is the smallest species of fox
Red fox
Conservation
The island fox is a near-threatened species.
Several fox species are endangered in their native environments. Pressures placed on foxes include habitat loss and being hunted for pelts, other trade, or control.[23] Due in part to their opportunistic hunting style and industriousness, foxes are commonly resented as nuisance animals.[24] On the other hand, foxes, while often considered pests themselves, have been successfully employed to control pests on fruit farms while leaving the fruit intact.[25]
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis)
The island fox, though considered a near-threatened species throughout the world, is becoming increasingly endangered in its endemic environment of the California Channel Islands.[26] A population on an island is smaller than those on the mainland because of limited resources like space, food and shelter.[27] Island populations, therefore, are highly susceptible to external threats ranging from introduced predatory species and humans to extreme weather.[27] On the California Channel Islands, it was found that the population of the island fox was so low due to an outbreak of canine distemper virus from 1999 to 2000[28] as well as predation by non-native golden eagles.[29] Since 1993, the eagles have caused the population to decline by as much as 95%.[28] Because of the low number of foxes, the population went through an Allee effect; this is where at low enough densities, an individual's fitness decreases.[26] Conservationists, therefore, had to take healthy breeding pairs out of the wild population to breed them in captivity until they had enough foxes to release back into the wild.[28] Nonnative grazers were also removed so that native plants would be able to grow back to their natural height, thereby providing adequate cover and protection for the foxes against golden eagles.[29]
Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes)
Darwin's fox is considered critically endangered because of their small known population of 250 mature individuals as well as their restricted distribution.[30] On the Chilean mainland, the population is limited to Nahuelbuta National Park and the surrounding Valdivian rainforest.[30] Similarly on Chiloé Island, their population is limited to the forests that extend from the southernmost to the northwestern most part of the island.[30] Though the Nahuelbuta National Park is protected, 90% of the species live on Chiloé Island.[31] A major problem the species faces, therefore, is their dwindling, limited habitat due to the cutting and burning of the unprotected forests.[30] Because of deforestation, the Darwin's fox habitat is shrinking, allowing for their competitor's (chilla fox) preferred habitat of open space, to increase; the Darwin's fox, subsequently, is being outcompeted.[32] Another problem they face is their inability to fight off diseases transmitted by the increasing number of pet dogs.[30] To conserve these animals, researchers suggest the need for the forests that link the Nahuelbuta National Park to the coast of Chile and in turn Chiloé Island and its forests, to be protected.[32] They also suggest that other forests around Chile be examined to determine whether Darwin's foxes have previously existed there or can live there in the future, should the need to reintroduce the species to those areas arise.[32] And finally, the researchers advise for the creation of a captive breeding program, in Chile, because of the limited number of mature individuals in the wild.[32]
Relationships with humans
A red fox on the porch of a house.
Foxes are often considered pests or nuisance creatures for their opportunistic attacks on poultry and other small livestock. Fox attacks on humans are not common.[33] Many foxes adapt well to human environments, with several species classified as "resident urban carnivores" for their ability to sustain populations entirely within urban boundaries.[34] Foxes in urban areas can live longer and can have smaller litter sizes than foxes in non-urban areas.[34] Urban foxes are ubiquitous in Europe, where they show altered behaviors compared to non-urban foxes, including increased population density, smaller territory, and pack foraging.[35] Foxes have been introduced in numerous locations, with varying effects on indigenous flora and fauna.[36]
In some countries, foxes are major predators of rabbits and hens. Population oscillations of these two species were the first nonlinear oscillation studied, and led to the now-famous Lotka-Volterra equation.[37][38]
Fox hunting
Main article: Fox hunting
Fox hunting originated in the United Kingdom in the 16th century. Hunting with dogs is now banned in the United Kingdom,[39][40][41][42] though hunting without dogs is still permitted. Red foxes were introduced into Australia in the early 19th century for sport, and have since become widespread through much of the country. They have caused population decline among many native species and prey on livestock, especially new lambs.[43] Fox hunting is practiced as recreation in several other countries including Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, Russia and the United States.
Domestication
A tame fox in Talysarn, Wales
See also: Domesticated red fox and Red fox § Taming and domestication
There are many records of domesticated red foxes and others, but rarely of sustained domestication. A recent and notable exception is the Russian silver fox,[44] which resulted in visible and behavioral changes, and is a case study of an animal population modeling according to human domestication needs. The current group of domesticated silver foxes are the result of nearly fifty years of experiments in the Soviet Union and Russia to domesticate the silver morph of the red fox. This selective breeding resulted in physical and behavioral traits appearing that are frequently seen in domestic cats, dogs, and other animals, such as pigmentation changes, floppy ears, and curly tails.[45] Notably, the new foxes became more tame, allowing themselves to be petted, whimpering to get attention and sniffing and licking their caretakers.[46]
Attacks on humans
Main article: Animal attacks
In the United Kingdom, a number of cases of non-fatal attacks on humans were reported. They often involved children, or if there were gaps in homes through which foxes could pass.[47]
In culture
Main article: Foxes in popular culture
The fox appears in many cultures, usually in folklore. However, there are slight variations in their depictions in folklore. In Western folklore and also in Persian folklore, foxes are depicted as a symbol of cunning and trickery – a reputation derived especially from their reputed ability to evade hunters. This is usually represented as a character possessing these traits. These traits are used on a wide variety of characters, either making them a nuisance to the story, a misunderstood hero, or a devious villain.
In Asian folklore, foxes are depicted as a familiar spirit possessed of magic powers. Similar to Western folklore, foxes are depicted as mischievous, usually tricking other people, with the ability to disguise as an attractive female human. However, there are other depictions of foxes as a mystical, sacred creature, that can either bring wonder or ruin.[48] Nine-tailed foxes appear in Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology, in which, depending on the tale can be a good or a bad omen.[49] The motif was eventually introduced from Chinese to Japanese and Korean cultures.[50]
The constellation Vulpecula represents a fox.[51]
Notes
Jump up ^ Cf. West Frisian foks, Dutch vos, and German Fuchs.
Jump up ^ Cf. Hindi pū̃ch ‘tail’, Tocharian B päkā ‘tail; chowrie’, and Lithuanian paustìs ‘fur’. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's Welsh name, llwynog, literally meaning ‘bushy’, from llwyn meaning ‘bush’. Likewise, Portuguese: raposa from rabo ‘tail’, Lithuanian uodẽgis from uodegà ‘tail’, and Ojibwa waagosh from waa, which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.
References
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Lloyd, H.G. (1981). The red fox (2. impr. ed.). London: Batsford. p. 21. ISBN 0-7134-11902.
Jump up ^ Fellows, Dave. "Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?". Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fox Cubs and the breeding cycle". New Forest Explorers Guide. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
Jump up ^ Larivière, S.; Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). "Vulpes vulpes". Mammalian Species: No. 537, pp. 1–11. doi:10.2307/3504236.
Jump up ^ Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2007). Foxes. Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Burrows, Roger (1968). Wild fox. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 9780715342176.
Jump up ^ "Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)". ARKive. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Fox, David. "Vulpes vulpes, red fox". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canidae". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Fedriani, J.M.; T. K. Fuller; R. M. Sauvajot; E. C. York (2000-07-05). "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. doi:10.1007/s004420000448. PMID 24595837. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06.
Jump up ^ Fox, David L. (2007). "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, David W. (26 April 2010). "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 42 (2): 170–185. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x.
Jump up ^ Lavigne, Guillaume de (2015-03-19). Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild?. Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781326219529.
Jump up ^ Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia." Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.
Jump up ^ Bijlsma, Rob G. "Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight." Naturalist 80: 45–67.
Jump up ^ Heptner & Naumov 1998, p. 341
Jump up ^ Heptner & Naumov 1998, p. 537
Jump up ^ Parkes, I. W. Rowlands and A. S. (21 August 2009). "The Reproductive Processes of certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 105 (4): 823–841. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x.
Jump up ^ Hildebrand, Milton (1952). "The Integument in Canidae". Journal of Mammalogy. 33 (4): 419–428. doi:10.2307/1376014. JSTOR 1376014.
Jump up ^ Tembrock, Günter. "Canid vocalizations". Behavioural Processes. 1 (1): 57–75. doi:10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3.
Jump up ^ Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs. p.58.
Jump up ^ Bathgate, Michael. The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture. 2004. p.18.
Jump up ^ McCandless, Linda Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms. nysaes.cornell.edu (1997-04-24)
^ Jump up to: a b ANGULO, ELENA; ROEMER, GARY W.; BEREC, LUDĚK; GASCOIGNE, JOANNA; COURCHAMP, FRANCK (29 May 2007). "Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 21 (4): 1082–1091. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Primack, Richard B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology (Sixth ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 143–146. ISBN 9781605352893.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. (10 April 2005). "A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California". Ecological Modelling. 183 (1): 77–94. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022.
^ Jump up to: a b "Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox". National Park Service. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jiménez, J. E. (2006). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile". Journal of Zoology. 271 (1): 63–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Jiménez, J.E.; Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. (2008). "Pseudalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy, Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation Biology. 10 (2): 366–375. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x.
Jump up ^ Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. Practical Quail-keeping. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Iossa, G. et al. A Taxonomic Analysis of Urban Carnivore Ecology, from Urban Carnivores. Stanley Gehrt et al. eds. 2010. p.174.
Jump up ^ Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. Urban Ecosystems 2013. p.126.
Jump up ^ See generally Long, John. Introduced Mammals of the World. 2013.
Jump up ^ Sprott, Julien. Elegant Chaos 2010. p.89.
Jump up ^ Komarova, Natalia. Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences, from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.
Jump up ^ "Hunt campaigners lose legal bid". BBC News Online. 2006-06-23.
Jump up ^ Singh, Anita (2009-09-18). "David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Jump up ^ Fox Hunting. North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk
Jump up ^ "Fox Hunting: For and Against" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government
Jump up ^ "The most affectionate foxes are bred in Novosibirsk – citation needed –". Redhotrussia.com. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
Jump up ^ Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). "Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment" (PDF). American Scientist. 87.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George Johnson(2011)Biology Ninth Edition, p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York.ISBN 978-0-07-353222-6.
Jump up ^ Dunne, J.; Moore-Bridger, B.; Powell, T. (2018-06-21). "Woman mauled in bed by fox in Clapham flat: I'm traumatised and feared I would contract rabies". London: The Evening Standard. Retrieved 2018-06-22. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2006). "The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a "Fictional Animal"". Asian Folklore Studies. 65 (2): 133–160. JSTOR 30030396.
Jump up ^ Kang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15–21. ISBN 0-231-13338-3.
Jump up ^ Wallen, Martin (2006). Fox. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9781861892973.
Jump up ^ "Constellation Names". Constellation Guide. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fox.
Look up fox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fox
BBC Wales Nature: Fox videos
The fox website
Texts on Wikisource:
"Fox". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
"Fox". Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (9th ed.). 1879.
"The Badger and the Fox". Popular Science Monthly. 38. April 1891. Reprinted from Cornhill Magazine.
"Fox". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Fox". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Fox". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
"Fox". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Fox". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
show
v
t
e
Extant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
show
Suborder Feliformia
Nandiniidae
Nandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae
(Mongooses)
Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Galerella
Angolan slender mongoose (G. flavescens)
Black mongoose (G. nigrata)
Somalian slender mongoose (G. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (G. pulverulenta)
Slender mongoose (G. sanguinea)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Short-tailed mongoose (H. brachyurus)
Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (H. fuscus)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)
Long-nosed mongoose (H. naso)
Collared mongoose (H. semitorquatus)
Ruddy mongoose (H. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (H. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (H. vitticollis)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous' mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)
Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Brown hyena (H. brunnea)
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristatus)
Felidae
Large family listed below
Viverridae
Large family listed below
Eupleridae
Small family listed below
show
Family Felidae
Felinae
Acinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
Caracal (C. caracal)
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Leopardus
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Southern tigrina (L. guttulus)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canadian lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sundaland leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Pantherinae
Panthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
show
Family Viverridae (includes Civets)
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Golden wet-zone palm civet (P. aureus)
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Jerdon's palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
Prionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Viverrinae
Civettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Genetta
(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Haussa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
Poiana
African linsang (P. richardsonii)
Leighton's linsang (P. leightoni)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
show
Family Eupleridae
Euplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
Galidiinae
Galidia
Ring-tailed mongoose (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
show
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)
Ursidae
(Bears)
Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae
Conepatus
(Hog-nosed
skunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale
(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae
Bassaricyon
(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ring-tailed cat (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua
(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella
(Coatis inclusive)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
Ailuridae
Ailurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
show
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)
Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)
Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Gray seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga
(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
Canidae
Large family listed below
Mustelidae
Large family listed below
hide
Family Canidae (includes dogs)
Atelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Side-striped jackal (C. adustus)
African golden wolf (C. anthus)
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Coyote (C. latrans)
Gray wolf (C. lupus)
Black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes
(Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan sand fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
show
Family Mustelidae
Lutrinae
(Otters)
Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Oriental small-clawed otter (A. cinerea)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Mustelinae
(including badgers)
Arctonyx
Hog badger (A. collaris)
Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Martes
(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
Mellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Melogale
(Ferret-badgers)
Bornean ferret-badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Mustela
(Weasels and Ferrets)
Amazon weasel (M. africana)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Colombian weasel (M. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (M. frenata)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Egyptian weasel (M. subpalmata)
Neovison
(Minks)
American mink (N. vison)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Taxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Authority control
GND: 4128484-7
LCCN: sh85051130
NARA: 10648553
NDL: 00566039
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox&oldid=847036457"
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text:
To hell in a handbasket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Going to hell in a handbasket", "going to hell in a handcart", "going to hell in a handbag", "go to hell in a bucket",[1] "sending something to hell in a handbasket" and "something being like hell in a handbasket" are variations on an American allegorical locution of unclear origin, which describes a situation headed for disaster inescapably or precipitately.
New Orleans Mardi Gras day: wagon decorated as mini-float "Going to Hell in a Handbasket" with costume-wearing children
I. Windslow Ayer's 1865 polemic[2] alleges, "Judge Morris of the Circuit Court of Illinois at an August meeting of Order of the Sons of Liberty said: "Thousands of our best men were prisoners in Camp Douglas, and if once at liberty would 'send abolitionists to hell in a hand basket.'"[3]
In popular culture[edit]
Hieronymous Bosch painting "The Haywain" (c. 1515) (in the Prado, Madrid) illustrates a large cart of hay heading to Hell. The cart is drawn by 'infernal beings that drag everyone to Hell'.
The phrase also appeared in the title of several published works and other media:
"To Hell in a Handbasket" is the name of humorist H. Allen Smith's 1962 autobiography.
Hell in a Handbasket was the title of a 1988 Star Trek comic book.
Hell in a Handbasket is the title of a 2006 book (ISBN 1585424587) by American cartoonist Tom Tomorrow, who authors the cartoon strip This Modern World.
"Hell in a handbasket" was the name of an undescribed con requiring a trained cat referenced in the 2004 film, Ocean's Twelve.
Hell in a Handbasket is a song from Voltaire's Ooky Spooky album.
Hell in a Handbasket is the title of a 2011 Meat Loaf album
A number of fictional characters have used a name that puns on the phrase, including:
Helena Handbasket is the name of a character in the TV show Friends. It is the stage name for Chandler's crossdressing dad.
Helena Handbasket is also a fictional nymph in the 2011 video game Rayman Origins.
Helena Handbasket is also the pseudonym of the author of Twilight's Last Gleaming: The Decline and Fall of the United States.
2015 video game Fallout 4 in the prequel it includes a "Vault Tec Representative" (Vault Tec is a fictional company in the Fallout franchise) and refers to the phrase "Heck in a handbasket"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Robert (2000). The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. Infobase Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 1438129920.
Jump up ^ Ayer, I. Windslow, The Great North-Western Conspiracy in All Its Startling Details. Chicago: Rounds and James, 1865. p.47 retrieved October 30, 2010
Jump up ^ Martin, Gary. "The meaning and origin of the expression: Going to hell in a handbasket". The Phrase Finder. Retrieved October 30, 2010. The first example of 'hell in a hand basket' that I have found in print comes in I. Winslow Ayer's account of events of the American Civil War The Great North-Western Conspiracy, 1865. A very similar but slightly fuller report of Morris's comments was printed in the House Documents of the U.S. Congress, in 1867
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_hell_in_a_handbasket&oldid=839204320"
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text:
Eiji Yoshikawa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Eiji Yoshikawa
吉川 英治
Born
Hidetsugu Yoshikawa
吉川英次
(1892-08-11)August 11, 1892
Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Died
September 7, 1962(1962-09-07) (aged 70)
Tokyo, Japan
Occupation
Writer
Nationality
Japanese
Citizenship
Japanese
Genre
Historical drama
Subject
Japan History
Notable works
Miyamoto Musashi
Spouse
Yasu Akazawa (m. 1923), Fumiko Ikedo (m. 1937)
Literature portal
Eiji Yoshikawa (吉川 英治, Yoshikawa Eiji, August 11, 1892 – September 7, 1962) was a Japanese historical novelist. Among his best-known novels are revisions of older classics. He was mainly influenced by classics such as The Tale of the Heike, Tale of Genji, Water Margin, and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, many of which he retold in his own style. As an example, Yoshikawa took up Taiko's original manuscript in 15 volumes to retell it in a more accessible tone and reduce it to only two volumes. His other books also serve similar purposes and, although most of his novels are not original works, he created a huge amount of work and a renewed interest in the past. He was awarded the Cultural Order of Merit in 1960 (the highest award for a man of letters in Japan), the Order of the Sacred Treasure and the Mainichi Art Award just before his death from cancer in 1962. He is cited as one of the best historical novelists in Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life
2 English translations
2.1 Miyamoto Musashi, translated as Musashi
2.2 Taiko ki, translated as Taiko: An Epic Novel of War and Glory in Feudal Japan
2.3 Shin Heike monogatari, translated as The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War
2.4 Wasurenokori no ki, translated as Fragments of a Past: A Memoir
3 Works in print in Japanese
4 References
5 External links
Life[edit]
He was born Hidetsugu Yoshikawa (吉川英次, Yoshikawa Hidetsugu) in Kanagawa Prefecture, in what is now a part of Yokohama. Because of his father's failed business, he had to drop out of primary school to work when he was 11 years old. When he was 18, after a near-fatal accident working at the Yokohama docks, he moved to Tokyo and became an apprentice in a gold lacquer workshop. Around this time he became interested in comic haiku. He joined a poetry society and started writing comic haiku under the pseudonym "Kijiro".
In 1914, with The Tale of Enoshima, he won first prize in a novel-writing contest sponsored by the publisher Kodansha. He joined the newspaper Maiyu Shimbun in 1921, and in the following year he began publishing serializations, starting with Life of Shinran.
He married Yasu Akazawa in 1923, the year of the Great Kantō earthquake. His experiences in the earthquake strengthened his resolve to make writing his career. In the following years he published stories in various periodicals published by Kodansha, who recognized him as their number one author.[citation needed] He used 19 pen names before settling on Eiji Yoshikawa.[citation needed] He first used this pen name with the serialization of Sword Trouble, Woman Trouble. His name became a household word after Secret Record of Naruto was serialized in the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun, from then on his writing became much more popular.
In the early 1930s, his writing became introspective, reflecting growing troubles in his personal life. But in 1935, with the serialization of Musashi, about famed swordsman Miyamoto Musashi, in the Asahi Shimbun, his writing settled firmly into the genre of historical adventure fiction.
Upon the outbreak of war with China in 1937 the Asahi Shimbun sent him into the field as a special correspondent. At this time he divorced Yasu Akazawa and married Fumiko Ikedo. During the war he continued writing novels, and became more influenced by Chinese culture. Among the works of this period are Taiko and his re-telling of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
At the end of the war he stopped writing for a while and settled down to enjoy a quiet retirement in Yoshino (present-day Oumeshi) on the outskirts of Tokyo, but by 1947 he had started writing again. His post-war works include New Tale of the Heike, published in the Asahi Weekly (1950), and A Private Record of the Pacific War (1958).
On September 7, 1962, he died from cancer-related complications.
English translations[edit]
Four of his books have been translated into English. They are:
Miyamoto Musashi, translated as Musashi[edit]
Translated by Charles S. Terry
(1981) Musashi. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-859851-0 (cloth)
(1989) Musashi Book I: The Way of the Samurai. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-73483-0 (paper)
(1989) Musashi Book II: The Art of War. New York: Pocket Books ISBN 978-0671677206 (paper)
(1989) Musashi Book III: The Way of the Sword. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-67721-7 (paper)
(1989) Musashi Book IV: The Bushido Code. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-72991-8 (paper)
(1989) Musashi Book V: The Way of Life and Death. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-67723-3 (paper)
(1995) Musashi. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 978-4-7700-1957-8 (cloth)
Taiko ki, translated as Taiko: An Epic Novel of War and Glory in Feudal Japan[edit]
Translated by William Scott Wilson
(1992) Taiko: An Epic Novel of War and Glory in Feudal Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-1570-9 (cloth)
(2000) Taiko: An Epic Novel of War and Glory in Feudal Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-2609-5 (cloth)
Shin Heike monogatari, translated as The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War[edit]
Translated by Fuki Wooyenaka Uramatsu
(1956) The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ASIN B0007BR0W8 (cloth)
(1981) The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-1376-1 (paper)
(2002) The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3318-9 (paper)
Wasurenokori no ki, translated as Fragments of a Past: A Memoir[edit]
Translated by Edwin McClellan
Fragments of a Past: A Memoir (cloth), Tokyo: Kodansha, 1993, ISBN 978-4-7700-1732-1 ; ISBN 978-4-7700-2064-2 (paper)
Works in print in Japanese[edit]
The Japanese publisher Kodansha currently publishes an 80-volume series: Yoshikawa Eiji Rekishi Jidai Bunko (吉川英治歴史時代文庫), or Eiji Yoshikawa's Historical Fiction in Paperback. Kodansha numbers the series from 1 to 80.
1 — 剣難女難 (Kennan Jonan) – Sword Trouble, Woman Trouble
2–4 (in three volumes) – 鳴門秘帖 (Naruto Hitcho) – Secret Record of Naruto
5–7 (in three volumes) – 江戸三國志 (Edo Sangoku-shi) – The Three Kingdoms of Edo
8 – かんかん虫は唄う (Kankan Mushi wa Utau) – "Kan-kan the insect sings" and other stories
9 – 牢獄の花嫁 (Rougoku no Hanayome) – The Jail Bride
10 – 松の露八 (Matsu no Rohachi) – Rohachi of the Pines
11–13 (in three volumes) – 親鸞 (Shinran)
14–21 (in eight volumes) – 宮本武蔵 (Miyamoto Musashi)
22–32 (in eleven volumes) – 新書太閣記 (Shinsho Taiko ki) – paperback Life of the Taiko
33–40 (in eight volumes) – 三國志 (Sangoku shi) – Romance of the Three Kingdoms
41–42 (in two volumes) – 源頼朝 (Minamoto Yoritomo)
43 – 上杉謙信 (Uesugi Kenshin)
44 – 黒田如水 (Kuroda Josui)
45 – 大岡越前 (Ooka Echizen)
46 – 平の将門 (Taira no Masakado)
47–62 (in sixteen volumes) – 新平家物語 (Shin Heike monogatari) – New Tale of the Heike
63–70 (in eight volumes) – 私本太平記 (Shihon Taihei ki) – Private Record of the Pacific War
71–74 (in four volumes) – 新水滸伝 (Shin Suikoden) – New Tales from the Water Margin
75 – 治朗吉格子 (Jirokichi Goshi) – "Jirokichi Goshi" and other stories
76 – 柳生月影抄 (Yagyu Tsukikage sho) – "The Papers of Yagyu Tsukikage" and other stories
77 – 忘れ残りの記 (Wasurenokori no ki) – Record of Things Left Unforgotten
78–80 (in three volumes) – 神州天馬侠 (Shinshu Tenma Kyo)
References[edit]
Yoshikawa Eiji (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 4, 2006.
External links[edit]
The Yoshikawa Eiji House and Museum website (in Japanese)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 76324519
LCCN: n81015343
ISNI: 0000 0001 2140 060X
GND: 119033968
SUDOC: 027201511
BNF: cb119295255 (data)
NDL: 00097414
NKC: ola2002101111
BNE: XX1002000
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Private first class
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Commonwealth equivalent, see lance corporal.
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[show]
Common military ranks in English
Navies
Armies
Air forces
Commissioned officers
Admiral of
the fleet Field marshal or
General of the army Marshal of
the air force
Admiral General Air chief marshal
Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal
Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal
Commodore Brigadier or
brigadier general Air commodore
Captain Colonel Group captain
Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander
Lieutenant
commander Major or
Commandant Squadron leader
Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant
Lieutenant
junior grade or
sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or
first lieutenant Flying officer
Ensign or
midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer
Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet
Enlisted grades
Warrant officer or
chief petty officer Warrant officer or
sergeant major Warrant officer
Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant
Leading seaman Corporal or
bombardier Corporal
Seaman Private or
gunner or
trooper Aircraftman or
airman
Talk·View
Private first class (PFC) is a military rank held by junior enlisted personnel.
Contents
[hide]
1 United States
1.1 United States Army
1.2 United States Marine Corps
2 France
3 Singapore
4 Vietnam
5 Philippines
6 See also
7 References
United States[edit]
United States Army[edit]
U.S. Army private first class insignia
U.S. Army private first class insignia (1956-1968)
In the United States Army, recruits usually enter service as a private in pay grade E-1. Private (E-2), designated by a single chevron, is typically an automatic promotion after six months of service. Private first class (E-3), equivalent to NATO grade OR-3, is designated by a single chevron and a rocker stripe and is more common among soldiers who have served in the U.S. Army for one year or more. Soldiers who have achieved an associate degree or its equivalent are entitled to enter the Army at this pay grade.[1] Advancement from private first class is typically to specialist, although occasionally it may be to corporal.
The rank of private first class has existed since 1846[2] and, prior to 1919, its insignia consisted of the branch of service insignia without any arcs or chevrons. The Secretary of War approved "an arc of one bar" (i.e., a "rocker") under the branch of service or trade insignia for privates first class on 22 July 1919. From August 5, 1920 to May 28, 1968, the rank insignia for private first class was a single chevron, per War Department Circular No. 303. On May 28, 1968, the insignia was changed to its current form, consisting of a single chevron with one arc.[3]
United States Marine Corps[edit]
U.S. Marine Corps private first class insignia.
In the United States Marine Corps, the rank of Private First Class is the second lowest, just under Lance Corporal and just above Private, equivalent to NATO grade OR-2, being pay grade E-2. It was established on June 3, 1916 to match the already existing Army rank, primarily because US Marine units were "often called upon to serve" with US Army organizations, such as in the American Expeditionary Force that served in Europe during World War I (e.g. 4th Marine Brigade of the US Army 2nd Infantry Division). At the time the two ranks were directly equivalent. However, since 1968 when the US Army redesignated the E-3 paygrade as PFC (eliminating lance corporal) and created two grades of Private (PVT and PV2), the USMC rank of PFC is one grade lower (E-2) than the similarly titled US Army rank.[4] Enlistees that complete United States Marine Corps Recruit Training and had obtained the rank of Young Marine sergeant or above in the Young Marines, will graduate from USMC Recruit Training with the rank of PFC.[citation needed]
France[edit]
Soldat de première classe
France has the rank of Soldat de première classe indicated with a single red chevron.
Singapore[edit]
The SAF Private First Class rank insignia.
See also: Singapore Armed Forces ranks
The rank of private first class (PFC) in the Singapore Armed Forces lies between the ranks of private (PTE) and lance-corporal (LCP).[5] Introduced in 1983, it is awarded to hardworking conscript citizen-soldiers who performed well in their National Service term. Privates first class (一等兵) wear a rank insignia of a single chevron pointing down.
The PFC rank is rarely awarded nowadays by the SAF since 2010s. All private enlistees are eligible to be promoted directly to lance corporal should they meet the minimum qualifying requirements and work performance.
Vietnam[edit]
Vietnam People's Army private first class insignia.
In the Vietnam People's Army, private first class (Vietnamese: binh nhất) is the highest junior enlisted rank. Private first class is below corporal and above private second class.
Philippines[edit]
The Philippine Army Private First Class rank insignia.
The rank of private first class is similar to its original American counterpart. The insignia consist of a single chevron with a triangle below. The rank is also in use with the Philippine Marine Corps.
See also[edit]
Comparative military ranks
Gefreiter
U.S. Army enlisted rank insignia
U.S. Marine Corps enlisted rank insignia
U.S. uniformed services pay grades
United States military pay
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Site Moved" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ United States Army Institute of Heraldry (2006). "History of Enlisted Ranks". United States Army. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved December 31, 2006. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Naval; Padgett, Lemuel Phillips (1 January 1918). "Hearings Before Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives, on Estimates Submitted by the Secretary of the Navy, 1918". U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "SAF Rank Insignias".
[show]
v
t
e
United States enlisted ranks
Pay grade →
Branch of service ↓
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9
Army
PVT
PV2
PFC
SPC – CPL
SGT
SSG
SFC
MSG – 1SG
SGM – CSM – SMA
Marine Corps
Pvt
PFC
LCpl
Cpl
Sgt
SSgt
GySgt
MSgt – 1stSgt
MGySgt – SgtMaj – SgtMajMarCor
Navy
SR
SA
SN
PO3
PO2
PO1
CPO
SCPO – CMDCS
MCPO – CMDCM – FORCM, FLTCM – MCPON
Air Force
AB
Amn
A1C
SrA
SSgt
TSgt
MSgt – 1st Sgt
SMSgt – 1st Sgt
CMSgt – 1st Sgt – CCM – CMSAF
Coast Guard

SR

SA

SN
PO3
PO2
PO1
CPO
SCPO
MCPO – CMC – Area CMC, CGRF-MC – MCPOCG
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_first_class&oldid=810739725"
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Private 2

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Private First Class

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Staff Sergeant

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Chief Petty Officer

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values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razvodnik
Razvodnik – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Рядовой первого класса – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menig_1kl
Menig 1kl – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Рядовий першого класу – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Private_first_class rootpage-Private_first_class skin-vector action-view