text:
Going Dutch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Going Dutch" (sometimes written with lower-case dutch) is a term that indicates that each person participating in a paid activity covers their own expenses, rather than any one person in the group defraying the cost for the entire group. The term stems from restaurant dining etiquette in the Western world where each person pays for their meal. It is also called Dutch date, Dutch treat (the oldest form, a pejorative)[1] and doing Dutch.
There are two possible senses—each person paying their own expenses, or the entire bill being split (divided evenly) between all participants. In strict usage, "Going Dutch" refers to the former, paying one's own expenses, and the latter is referred to as "splitting the bill", but in casual usage, these may both be referred to as "going Dutch".
A derivative is "sharing Dutch", which stands for having a joint ownership of luxury goods. For example: four people share the ownership of a plane, boat, car or any other sharable high-end product. This in order to minimize cost, sharing the same passion for that particular product and to have the maximum usage of this product.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 International practices
2.1 Europe
2.2 North America
2.3 Middle East and Near East
2.4 Asia
2.5 Latin and South America
3 References
Etymology[edit]
One suggestion is that the phrase "going Dutch" originates from the concept of a Dutch door, with an upper and lower half that can be opened independently.
The Oxford English Dictionary connects "go Dutch" and "Dutch treat" to other phrases which have "an opprobrious or derisive application, largely due to the rivalry and enmity between the English and Dutch in the 17th century", the period of the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Another example is "Dutch courage".[1]
The gambling term "dutching" may be related to "go Dutch", as it describes a system that shares stakes across a number of bets. Another possible origin is double Dutch, the jump-rope variation in which partners simultaneously participate. A folk etymology is that the "Dutch" reference derives from Dutch Schultz,[citation needed] a New York gangster of the late 1920s to mid-1930s, who may have used dutching to profit from gambling on horseracing, though his nickname derives from Deutsch ('German'), in reference to his German-Jewish background.
International practices[edit]
Europe[edit]
In the Netherlands, going Dutch is not referred to as "going Dutch".
In Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, the practice of splitting the bill in restaurants is common, though often everybody pays for themselves. In a courtship situation where both parties have a similar financial standing, the traditional custom is that the man always pays, though some, including etiquette authorities,[2] consider it old fashioned. Sometimes a romantic couple will take turns paying the bill or split it.
In several southern European countries, such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece or Cyprus, it is rather uncommon for most locals to have separate bills, and is sometimes even regarded as rude, especially when in larger groups. But in urban areas or places frequented by tourists this has changed over the last decades. In Greece, the practice is colloquially called refené.
In Catalonia "going Dutch" is the rule among Catalans. This is referred to in the Spanish language as pagar a la catalana ('to pay as the Catalans [do]', 'to pay Catalan-style').
In some parts of Italy (especially the south), the expression pagare alla romana can be translated as 'to pay like people of Rome' or 'to pay Roman-style' (in reference to modern, urban Rome, not ancient Rome). It has a double and opposite meaning, depending on the tradition followed: the modern and more common meaning is to divide equally the total cost between all the diners; the other is the same as "going Dutch". This can lead to misunderstanding.[3]
In France, faire moitié-moitié (colloquially faire moit'-moit'), literally 'make half-[and]-half', which means each one pays an equal portion of the bill. For romantic dates, the traditional practice is that the man pays. In a business meeting, the hosting party usually pays for all – it is considered rude not to do so.
North America[edit]
In North America, the practice of "going Dutch" is often related to specific situations or events. During meals such as birthdays, first-dates or company business lunches, an expectation develops based on social traditions, personal income, and the strength of relationship between the parties. Moreover, the increase in prevalence for mobile sharing payment platforms such as Venmo or Zelle has resulted in a cultural rethinking of meal payments.[citation needed]
Middle East and Near East[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In Middle Eastern cultures, asking to "go Dutch" is seen as rude. Traditions of hospitality play a great part in determining who pays, therefore an invitation will be given only when the host feels that he or she is able to afford the expenses of all. Similarly, gender roles and age play a more important role than they would in Western societies.
In Egypt, it is called Englizy, meaning 'English-style'.
In Iraq, the expression is Maṣlawiya (مصلاوية), referring to the people of Mosul who are supposedly stingy.
In the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, and Jordan) and some other Arab countries, the expression is shamia (شامية), referring to the people of Damascus in Syria, who are supposedly stingy. Another similar expression is sherke halabieh (meaning 'sharing the Aleppo way'), which bears a similar connotation.
The corresponding phrase in Turkish is hesabı Alman usulü ödemek, which can be translated into English as 'to pay the bill the German way'; in short form, it is Alman usûlü, 'German-style'.
Asia[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Iran it was not the prevailing method due to complex societal pressures. But now-a-days it's quite the convention in most of these countries.
"Going Dutch" is a completely accepted practice in most of urban India. It is most common among friends, colleagues and couples to split the bill or request separate bills. In Mumbai, Delhi and other cities it is commonly called TTMM, for tu tera main mera, literally meaning 'you for yours and me for mine'. It's also not unacceptable to pay for elders among the group if the invitation has been extended by some one younger (say a niece taking her aunts and uncles out for dinner).
In Pakistan, going Dutch is sometimes referred to as the "American system". This practice is more prevalent among the younger age group, friends, colleagues and some family members to request separate bills.. In Urdu, the practice is called apna apna, which means 'each his own'. In a group, going Dutch generally means splitting the bill equally.
In Bangladesh it is common to use the term je je, jar jar (যে যে,যার যার) 'his his, whose whose'.
In North Korea, where rigid social systems are still in place, it is most common for the person of the highest social standing, such as a boss or an elder figure, to pay the bill. This not only applies in a 1 to 1 situation but also in groups. Among the younger generation, it is quite common for friends to alternate when paying the bill, or for one to pay for dinner and another to pay for drinks.
In South Korea, "going Dutch" is called "Dutch pay" (더치페이), a Konglish loan phrase. For romantic dates, men usually pay.
In People's Republic of China, where traditional culture still plays an important role, the bills are generally paid in groups by the person of the highest social standing, such as a boss or an elder figure, the male in a group, the local of the area, or by the one who made the invitation. For a 1 to 1 situation, the younger one (except for students or people with limited income) pays for the elder one to show respect. It is considered rude and less friendly to split the bill. It is very common for a group of friends or colleagues to take turns paying the bill. Men always pay for romantic dates to show generosity and responsibility as a man. It is most common among groups of strangers or sometimes younger generations to split the bill.[citation needed]
In Indonesia, the term is BSS and BMM, as acronym for bayar sendiri-sendiri and bayar masing-masing, and which both means 'pay for yourself'. This term commonly used only in less formal setting among friends. In a more formal setting the commonly accepted convention is person with higher social standing to take the payments. Among equal members of group it is consider polite to offer payments for all the meals and drinks in which the other party have the opportunity to refuse or accept out of respect for the other party.
In India there are many names for the practice, in different languages: it is called TTMM for tu tera mein mera in Hindi; je jaar shey taar in Bengali; tujhe tu majhe mi in Marathi; neenu nindu koodu, nanu nandu kodthini in Kannada; EDVD for evadi dabbulu vaadi dabbule in Telugu; thanakathu, thaan in Tamil); and thantrathu, thaan in Malayalam. These all generally translate to 'you pay yours and I pay mine', though in practice it refers to splitting the bill equally. Since the concept of freely dating is comparatively new in India – a culture with a long history of arranged marriage – going Dutch is primarily not applied to dating but to outings among friends and colleagues. When the expression going Dutch is used, it .
In Japan, it is called warikan (割勘), which translates into 'splitting the cost'.
In the Philippines, it is referred to as KKB, an acronym for kanya-kanyang bayad which means 'pay for your own self'. KKB would generally be the norm among friends or people of similar financial standing. As in most Asian countries, the person footing the bill is generally dictated by gender roles or their standing in the community or work. It is still general practice to have the male answer the bill especially during courtship or when in romantic relationships.
In Thailand, the practice is referred to as อเมริกันแชร์, 'American share'.
Latin and South America[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Some Latin American countries use the Spanish phrase pagar a la americana (literally 'to pay American-style') which refers to a trait attributed to people from the United States or Canada.
In Argentina specifically, a la romana, 'Roman-style' (from Italian pagare alla romana, 'pay Roman-style') is used occasionally, while pagar a la americana ('pay American-style') is the most common way of expressing this idea.[citation needed] Other alternatives are pagar cincuenta cincuenta ('pay fifty-fifty') or hacer mitad y mitad (also, colloquially, pagar miti miti), 'pay half and half'.
In Chile, the phrase used is hacer una vaca ('to make a cow') which means that each participant pays into a common pool to either pay the bill afterwards, or beforehand, when buying for a meeting or party at a home. In this case, a person is designated as the "bank" (the one who collects the money). This system is used either when planning the things to buy for a party, or when paying the bill in a restaurant or pub. It still is splitting the bill, but one person pays for all of it and is reimbursed by the others. In more formal settings (office party) the participants may require to see the supermarket bill to check that the money was spent as agreed.
In Panama, the phrase mita [or miti] y mita (using colloquial contractions of mitad y mitad, with the stress on the first syllable mi); this is literally 'half and half', and refers to both "going Dutch" and to splitting the check equally.
In Guatemala, a sing-song phrase is used: "A la ley de Cristo, cada quien con su pisto", literally 'By the law of Christ, each one with his own stew', more a simple rhyme than having any religious connotation. Pisto is a stewed dish similar to ratatouille, and is used in this phrase as a stand-in for food in general.
It is almost the same in Honduras, where the phrase is "Como dijo Cristo, cada quien con su pisto", 'As Christ said, everyone with their own stew.'
In El Salvador, the a different rhyming phrase is used: "Ley de Esparta: cada quien paga lo que se harta", which means 'Spartan law: each pays [for] what they eat'.
A Costa Rican system is known as ir con Cuyo, literally 'to go with Cuyo' (Cuyo being supposedly a person; this is a stand-in name, like "John Doe" in English). If one of the diners asks "Quien es Cuyo? ('Who is Cuyo?') another may respond that they are (i.e that this person will pay the bill), or may suggest "cada uno con lo suyo", 'each with his own', meaning each person should pay for what they ate.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Dutch". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jump up ^ Magdalena Ribbing (2008-10-05). "Delad nota är delad glädje". DN.SE. Archived from the original on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Pagare alla romana" sul sito dell'Accademia della Crusca.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Going_Dutch&oldid=865790187"
Categories:
English phrases
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from January 2014
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012
Articles containing Greek-language text
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Articles containing Italian-language text
Articles containing French-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018
Articles containing Egyptian Arabic-language text
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles containing Turkish-language text
Articles containing Bengali-language text
Articles containing Korean-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles containing Filipino-language text
Articles containing Thai-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Esperanto
Français
한국어
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
ไทย
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 04:43 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Arab_countries
mw-redirect
Arab countries

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)

values:
/wiki/Kannada_language
mw-redirect
Kannada language

values:
/wiki/Latin_American
mw-redirect
Latin American

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012

values: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Italian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018

values: Category:Articles containing Egyptian Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Bengali-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Korean-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Filipino-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Thai-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Going_Dutch
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: ต่างคนต่างจ่าย – Thai

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Going_Dutch rootpage-Going_Dutch skin-vector action-view


text:
BRICS
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Bric (disambiguation).
BRICS
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)
Brazil (Federative Republic of Brazil)
Russia (Russian Federation)
India (Republic of India)
China (People's Republic of China)
South Africa (Republic of South Africa)
State leaders[show]
Brazil
President: Michel Temer
Russia
President: Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister: Dmitry Medvedev
India
President: Ram Nath Kovind
Prime Minister: Narendra Modi
China
President: Xi Jinping
Premier: Li Keqiang
South Africa
President: Jacob Zuma
Finance ministers[show]
Brazil: Henrique Meirelles
Russia: Anton Siluanov
India: Arun Jaitley
China: Xiao Jie
South Africa: Malusi Gigaba
Central bank governors[show]
Brazil: Ilan Goldfajn
Russia: Elvira Nabiullina
India: Urjit R. Patel
China: Zhou Xiaochuan
South Africa: Lesetja Kganyago
GDP (nominal) in US dollars[show]
Total: US$16.846 trillion (2016 estimate)[1]
Brazil: US$1.798 trillion
Russia: US$1.280 trillion
India: US$2.256 trillion
China: US$11.218 trillion
South Africa: US$294 billion
GDP (PPP) in US dollars[show]
Total: US$37.632 trillion (2016 estimate)[1]
Brazil: US$3.141 trillion
Russia: US$3.799 trillion
India: US$8.662 trillion
China: US$21.291 trillion
South Africa: US$739 billion
Area[show]
Total: 39,716,432 km2[2]
Brazil: 8,514,877 km2
Russia: 17,098,242 km2
India: 3,287,263 km2
China: 9,596,960 km2
South Africa: 1,219,090 km2
Population[show]
Total: 3,135,304,570 (2016 estimate)[3]
Brazil: 207,652,865
Russia: 143,964,513
India: 1,324,171,354
China: 1,403,500,365
South Africa: 56,015,473
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Originally the first four were grouped as "BRIC" (or "the BRICs"), before the induction of South Africa in 2010.[4] The BRICS members are all leading developing or newly industrialized countries, but they are distinguished by their large, sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs; all five are G-20 members.[5] Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. China hosted the 9th BRICS summit in Xiamen on September 3rd, 4th and 5th, 2017.[6] The term does not include countries such as South Korea, Mexico and Turkey for which other acronyms and group associations were later created.
As of 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3.6 billion people, or about 41% of the world population; all five members are in the top 25 of the world by population, and four are in the top 10. The five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$16.6 trillion, equivalent to approximately 22% of the gross world product, combined GDP (PPP) of around US$37 trillion and an estimated US$4 trillion in combined foreign reserves.[7][8] Overall the BRICS are forecasted to expand 4.6% in 2016, from an estimated growth of 3.9% in 2015. The World Bank expects BRICS growth to pick up to 5.3% in 2017.[9] The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators.[10][11][12] Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First BRIC summit
1.2 Entry of South Africa
1.3 Developments
2 Summits
3 Member countries
3.1 Potential additional members
4 Financial structure
4.1 New Development Bank
4.2 BRICS CRA
4.3 BRICS payment system
5 Reception
6 Current leaders of BRICS member states
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The term "BRIC" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication Building Better Global Economic BRICs.[14] The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN General Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[15] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[16]
First BRIC summit[edit]
The BRIC grouping's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[17] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.[18] The summit's focus was on means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.[17][18] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/5 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[18]
In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable".[19] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticise the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticised in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[20]
Entry of South Africa[edit]
In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[21] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by the BRIC countries to join the group.[21] The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.[22] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.[23][24][25]
Developments[edit]
The BRICS leaders in 2016. Left to right: Temer, Modi, Xi, Putin and Zuma.
The BRICS Forum, an independent international organisation encouraging commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011.[26] In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[27] In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[28] After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalise the arrangements for this New Development Bank by 2014.[29] However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.
At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and who is to contribute the bulk of the currency pool, wants a greater managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."[30] On 11 October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that a decision on creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega stated that the fund would be created by March 2014.[31] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[32] One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."
In March 2014, at a meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the BRICS Foreign Ministers issued a communique that "noted with concern, the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be held in Brisbane in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character." In light of the tensions surrounding the 2014 Crimean crisis, the Ministers remarked that "The escalation of hostile language, sanctions and counter-sanctions, and force does not contribute to a sustainable and peaceful solution, according to international law, including the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter."[33] This was in response to the statement of Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who had said earlier that Russian President Vladimir Putin might be barred from attending the G20 Summit in Brisbane.[34]
In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow to transfer resources to one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance."[35]
Over the weekend of 13 July 2014 when the final game of the World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met fellow leader Dilma Rouseff to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defence, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."[36] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced.[37] The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.[37]
On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS 6th summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[38]
At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its US government holdings to US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion; South Africa, US$10.3 billion.[39]
In March 2015, Morgan Stanley stated that India and Indonesia had escaped from the 'fragile five' (the five major emerging markets with the most fragile currencies) by instituting economic reforms. Previously, in August 2013, Morgan Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey and South Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and 65% of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved 15%, Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less.[40]
After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.[41]
Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[42] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed across the US.[43][44]
Summits[edit]
This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS summit took place in Xiamen, China, from 3 to 5 September 2017.[45]
Sr. No.
Date(s)
Host country
Host leader
Location
Notes
1st 16 June 2009 Russia Dmitry Medvedev Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)
2nd 15 April 2010 Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Brasília Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority)
3rd 14 April 2011 China Hu Jintao Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries.
4th 29 March 2012 India Manmohan Singh New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.
5th 26–27 March 2013 South Africa Jacob Zuma Durban (Durban ICC)
6th 14–17 July 2014 Brazil Dilma Rousseff Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)[46]
Brasília BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.
Guest: Leaders of Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)[47][48]
7th 8–9 July 2015 Russia Vladimir Putin Ufa (Congress Hall)[49] Joint summit with SCO-EEU
8th 15–16 October 2016 India Narendra Modi Benaulim (Taj Exotica) Joint summit with BIMSTEC
9th 3–5 September 2017 China Xi Jinping Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center) Joint summit with EMDCD
Member countries[edit]
Country
Population (2016)[3]
Nom. GDP mil. USD (2017 est.)[50]
PPP GDP bil. USD (2017 est.)[50]
Nom. GDP per capita USD (2017 est.)[50]
PPP GDP per capita USD (2017 est.)[50]
GDP Growth
(2017 est.)[51]
Foreign Exchange Reserves (2015)
HFCE (2013)
Government spending
Exports[52]
Imports[53]
Literacy rate[54]
Life expectancy (years, avg.)[55][56]
HDI (2015)
Brazil 207,652,865 2,140.9 Bn 3,216.0 Bn 10,308 15,485 0.2% $362.744 bn $1,401,620 bn $846.6 bn $189.7 bn $143.9 bn 92.6% 75.0 0.754 (high)
Russia 143,964,513 1,560.7 Bn 3,938.0 Bn 10,885 27,466 1.1% $358.500 bn $1,089,144 bn $414.0 bn $259.3 bn $165.1 bn 99.7% 70.5 0.804 (very high)
India 1,324,171,354 2,454.4 Bn 9,489.3 Bn 1,850 7,153 7.2% $352.131 bn $1,106,702 bn $616.0 bn $271.6 bn $402.4 bn 72% 68.3 0.624 (medium)
China 1,403,500,365 11,795.2 Bn 23,194.4 Bn 8,480 16,676 6.5% $3,899.285 bn $3,320,652 bn $2,031.0 bn $2,011.0 bn $1,437.0 bn 96.4% 76.1 0.738 (high)
South Africa 56,015,473 317.5 Bn 761.9 Bn 5,588 13,409 1% $47.190 bn $221,990 bn $95.27 bn $83.1 bn $85.0 bn 94.3% 62.9 0.666 (medium)
Average - 3,653.7 Bn 8,119.9 Bn 7,422 19,041 3,2% $1,003.970 bn $1,428,022 bn $800.574 bn $562.94 bn $446.68 bn 93% 70.56 0.711 (high)
[57]
Potential additional members[edit]
Afghanistan, Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey have expressed strong interest in full membership of the BRICS, while Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria and most recently Bangladesh and Greece have also expressed interest in joining BRICS.[58][59][60][61]
Financial structure[edit]
Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Both of these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.
New Development Bank[edit]
For more details on this topic, see New Development Bank.
The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.
The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[62] is a multilateral development bank operated by the BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects[63][64] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[64] South Africa will be the African Headquarters of the Bank named the "New Development Bank Africa Regional Centre".[65] The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with capital increased to $100 billion over time.[66] Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[65][66]
BRICS CRA[edit]
For more details on this topic, see BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement.
The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil.
The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.[63][66][67] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[63][67] It is found that emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing uncertain macroeconomic environment.[68] The CRA is generally seen as a competitor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and along with the New Development Bank is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[63] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on September 4, 2015, in Ankara, Turkey[69] it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.
BRICS payment system[edit]
At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations, initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov stated in an interview, "The finance ministers and executives of the BRICS central banks are negotiating ... setting up payment systems and moving on to settlements in national currencies. SWIFT or not, in any case we’re talking about ... a transnational multilateral payment system that would provide greater independence, would create a definite guarantee for BRICS."[70]
The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) also started consultations with BRICS nations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The main benefits highlighted were backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system. The Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of the Russia, Olga Skorobogatova stated in an interview, "The only topic that may be of interest to all of us within BRICS is to consider and talk over the possibility of setting up a system that would apply to the BRICS countries, used as a backup."[71]
China has also initiated development of their own payment system called CIPS that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System (CIPS) is a planned alternative payments system to SWIFT which would provide a network that enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions in a secure, standardized and reliable environment.[72]
Reception[edit]
In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then President of China and Paramount leader, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[10] Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[73][74][75][76] disagreements between the members over UN Security Council reform,[77] and India and China's disputes[78] over territorial issues.[11]
In June 2015, Jim Rogers said that he does not see any current alternative to the US dollar and that "The world needs something to compete with the US-dominated institutions, some of them - the World Bank and the IMF. So, if BRICS offer any new structures that can compete with these long-standing…institutions, it will be very good."[79]
On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman from the Council on Foreign Relations, director of CFR's Civil Society, Markets and Democracy Program said that members of BRICS share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from active democracy in Brazil to entrenched Oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of magnitude. Also she states that the great difference in GDP, influences the reserves, for China taking up of over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to bigger political say within the association.[80]
Current leaders of BRICS member states[edit]
Brazil
Michel Temer, President
(Head of State)
Russia
Vladimir Putin, President
(Head of State)
India
Narendra Modi, Prime Minister
(Head of Government)
China
Xi Jinping, President
(Head of State)
(General Secretary as de facto leader
since 15 November 2012)
South Africa
Jacob Zuma, President
(Head of State and Government)
See also[edit]
List of BRICS leaders
List of business region acronyms
List of country groupings
List of multilateral free-trade agreements
Emerging and growth-leading economies
Group of Two
List of potential superpowers
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
References[edit]
"Eighth Annual BRICS Summit in Goa: (Narendra Modi, Vladimir Putin, Michel Temer, and Xi Jinping)", Dainik Bhaskar, 15 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "IMF Outlook for BRICS April 2017". IMF. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "New era as South Africa joins BRICS". SouthAfrica.info. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ China, Brazil, India and Russia were all deemed to be growth-leading countries by the BBVA: "BBVA EAGLEs Annual Report (PPT)". BBVA Research. 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Xiamen, host city of next annual BRICS summit".
Jump up ^ "World Economic Outlook". IMF. April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms". Christian Science Monitor. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "World Bank Issues 2016 ‘Perfect Storm’ Warning Amid BRICS Synchronized Slowdown". EMerging Equity. 2016-01-07. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Asia Times. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; LOPES_PROOF; 13 May 2015" (PDF). migalhas.com.br. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jim O' Neill (2001). "Building Better Global Economic BRICs". Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Information about BRICS". Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Cooperation within BRIC" Archived 19 June 2009 at WebCite. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (June 16, 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit". Reuters. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Graceffo, Antonio (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan". Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh". Times Of India. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM". Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
Jump up ^ BRICS Forum website. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund". Reuters. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank". The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit". Reuters. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 - Russia | Reuters". In.reuters.com. 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (2013-10-10). "Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly' | Reuters". In.reuters.com. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014
Jump up ^ "Chairperson's Statement on the BRICS Foreign Ministers Meeting held on 24 March 2014 in The Hague, Netherlands" 24 Mar 2014
Jump up ^ "BRICS at Hague slam attempts to isolate Putin" 24 Mar 2014
Jump up ^ voiceofrussia.com: "BRICS morphing into anti-dollar alliance" 3 Jul 2014
Jump up ^ yahoo.com: "Brazil, Russia discuss creation of BRICS bank" 14 Jul 2014
^ Jump up to: a b "BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties". Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "BRICS establish $100bn bank and currency reserves to cut out Western dominance". RT.com. 15 July 2014
Jump up ^ "India cuts exposure to US government securities at $77.5 billion in October." The Times of India. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014. Alternative link: [1]
Jump up ^ Simon Kennedy (March 18, 2015). "Fragile Five currencies may soon be three".
Jump up ^ "BRICS countries should challenge American IT monopoly – Russian minister — RT Business". Rt.com. 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa". Bloomberg News. 2012-04-16.
Jump up ^ Rolland, Nadège (2015-04-02). "A Fiber-Optic Silk Road". The Diplomat.
Jump up ^ "BRICS countries are building a "new Internet" hidden from NSA". Sputnik News. 2013-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Africa: Reporter's Notebook – All Systems Go for Brics Summit in SA". AllAfrica.com. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS". Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Los líderes del BRICS, Unasur, Cuba, México y Costa Rica se citan en Brasilia". LaVanguardia.com. LaVanguardia. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015". UfaCity.info. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Imf.org. 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update, January 2017: A Shifting Global Economic Landscape". Imf.org. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Field Listing :: Literacy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Country Comparison :: Life Expectancy". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "WHO | Life expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000, but health inequalities persist". Who.int. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ investopedia
Jump up ^ "Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS – Minister". RIA Novosti. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "India quiere a Argentina en los BRICS, el club de los emergentes". Clarin. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Russia invites Greece to join BRICS". IBtimes.
Jump up ^ "EurActiv Sections".
Jump up ^ "BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency". Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d "What the new bank of BRICS is all about". The Washington Post. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool". Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BRICS Bank ready for launch - Russian Finance Minister". Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility - Russia's top banker". Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko(20 August 2015)The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement South African Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 22 September 2016
Jump up ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
Jump up ^ "BRICS starts examining SWIFT alternative". RT News. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system". Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 - sources". Reuters. March 9, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising". Foreign Affairs. November–December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy". Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles". Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration". The Economist. 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank". New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Global, IndraStra. "EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework". IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652.
Jump up ^ "World Bank & IMF 'corroded' – Jim Rogers to RT". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Isobel. "Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Carmody, Pádraig (2013). The Rise of BRICS in Africa: The Geopolitics of South-South Relations. Zed Books. ISBN 9781780326047.
Chun, Kwang (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate Pub Co. ISBN 9781409468691.
External links[edit]
Official sites
Official BRICS Website - Joint Site of Ministries of Foreign Affairs of BRICS Member States
The official Webpage of BRICS—in 2015 hosted by Russia
BRICS Information Sharing and Exchanging Platform, Fudan University
Information and publications
BRICS Law Journal
BRICS Online Dossier—German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)
Centre for Rising Powers, University of Cambridge
The BRICS Post – News website with a focus on the BRICS.
BRICS Information Centre. University of Toronto. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Articles
"Appendix B :: International Organizations and Groups". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
"What the BRICS Are Building". The Harvard Crimson. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Lopes, Gutemberg P., Jr. (13 May 2015). "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research" (PDF). Wisconsin International Law Journal. 31 (1). Retrieved September 7, 2016.
"Goldman's O'Neill: Time to Move Beyond BRICs". MarketWatch.com. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
"United States should learn from emerging powers such as India and Brazil in the economic arena". Reuters. 14 October 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
"BRICS flame continues to shine". Russia & India Report. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
"BRICS – Multi-format Cooperation". Russian Business Council for Cooperation with India. 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Sidaway, James D. (2012). "Geographies of Development: New Maps, New Visions?" The Professional Geographer. 64:1, pp. 49–62. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Zhang Chunyan (13 April 2011). "BRIC(S) nations have become growth markets for the world economy and are no longer emerging markets". China Daily. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
[show]
Articles related to BRICS
[show]
v
t
e
BRICS
Membership
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
Summits
Yekaterinburg 2009
Brasília 2010
Sanya 2011
New Delhi 2012
Durban 2013
Fortaleza 2014
Ufa 2015
Goa 2016
Xiamen 2017
Johannesburg 2018
Bilateral relations
Brazil–China
Brazil–India
Brazil–Russia
Brazil–South Africa
China–India
China–Russia
China–South Africa
India–Russia
India–South Africa
Russia–South Africa
Leaders
Temer
Putin
Modi
Xi
Zuma
Related
New Development Bank
BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
BRICS Leaders
BRICS Cable
BRICS Universities League
BRICS U-17 Football Cup
2016 Goa
[show]
v
t
e
Power in international relations
Types
Economic
Energy
Food
Hard
National
Power politics
Realpolitik
Smart
Soft
Status
Emerging
Small
Middle
Regional
Great
Super
Hyper
Geopolitics
American
Asian
British
Chinese
Indian
Pacific
History
List of ancient great powers
List of medieval great powers
List of modern great powers
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
Theory
Balance of power
European
Center of power
Hegemonic stability theory
Philosophy of power
Polarity
Power projection
Power transition theory
Second Superpower
Sphere of influence
Superpower collapse
Superpower disengagement
Studies
Composite Index of National Capability
Comprehensive National Power
[show]
Organizations and groups by region or regions affected
Africa
African Union
Union for the Mediterranean
Africa–Asia
Arab League
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Americas
Mercosur
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Union of South American Nations (Unasur)
Asia
Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Europe
Council of Europe (CE)
European Union (EU)
Nordic Council
Visegrád Group
Eurasia
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
Turkic Council
North America–Europe
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Arctic Council
Africa–Asia–Europe
Union for the Mediterranean
Africa–South America
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
Oceania-Pacific
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)
Non-regional
Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
Commonwealth of Nations
Francophonie
Colombia–Indonesia–Vietnam–Egypt–Turkey–South Africa (CIVETS)
E7
E9
G4
G7
G8
G8+5
G20
G24
G77
India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
Mexico–Indonesia–Nigeria–Turkey (MINT)
Next Eleven (N-11)
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Uniting for Consensus
Global
United Nations (UN)
[show]
v
t
e
South–South cooperation and Third Worldism
Global South
Development
Landlocked developing countries
Least Developed Countries
Heavily indebted poor countries
Markets
Emerging markets
Newly industrialized country
Transition economy
Worlds Theory
First World
Second World
Third World
Fourth World
Geopolitics
Decolonization
Cold War
Neocolonialism
Multipolarity
World Conference against Racism
Durban I
Durban II
Durban III
Globalization
BRICS
Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
BASIC (BRICS less Russia)
BRIC (BRICS less South Africa)
India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
Finance
Debt
Asian Clearing Union
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Asian Development Bank
Arab Monetary Fund
BancoSur
Caribbean Development Bank
Common Fund for Commodities
Trade and
development
Developmental state
Flying geese paradigm
Infrastructure-based development
Sustainable development
Global System of Trade Preferences
Protocol on Trade Negotiations
New International Economic Order
New World Information and Communication Order
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Public health
Generic drugs
biosimilar
Pharmaceutical patents
criticism
Test data exclusivity
Doha Declaration
World Health Organization
Organizations
and groups
G-77
G-15
D-8
G20 developing nations (G-20)
G-24
G33 developing countries (G-33)
G-11
G-90
Non-Aligned Movement
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
African Union
Afro–Asian Conference
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Colombo Plan
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
International Solar Alliance
Like Minded Group
Melanesian Spearhead Group
Next Eleven
North–South Summit
Polynesian Leaders Group
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Small Island Developing States
South Centre
Third World Network
North–South
divide
Brandt Report
Global financial system
International Monetary Fund
World Bank
World Trade Organization
Fair trade
Financial regulation
Global digital divide
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of Brazil
Africa
Angola
Cape Verde
DR Congo
Egypt
Kenya
Mozambique
Nigeria
South Africa
Americas
Argentina
Barbados
Canada
Chile
Costa Rica
Cuba
Guyana
Jamaica
Mexico
Paraguay
Suriname
United States
Uruguay
Asia
Armenia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
China
East Timor
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Malaysia
North Korea
Palestine
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
Taiwan
Turkey
Europe
Albania
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
International
organizations
European Union
United Nations
G4
G8+5
G20
BRICS
IBSA
CPLP
Mercosur
Unasul
Related topics
Ministry of External Relations
Diplomatic missions of Brazil
Diplomatic missions in Brazil
UNSC reform
Brazilian Antarctica
Wars involving Brazil
Treaties of Brazil
Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
Presidential visits by Dilma Rousseff
Ministry of External Affairs, Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of Russia
[show]
Bilateral relations
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Libya
Madagascar
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
Seychelles
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
East Timor
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
South Ossetia
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Nauru
New Zealand
Tonga
Vanuatu
[show]
Multilateral relations
Arab League
BRICS
European Union
NATO
United Nations
Arctic policy of Russia
Russia and the Antarctic
[show]
Diplomacy
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
Diplomatic missions of / in Russia
European energy sector
Eurasian Economic Union
Treaties
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of India
[show]
Bilateral relations
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Barbados
Belize
Brazil
Bolivia
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Thailand
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Holy See
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Ukraine
Oceania
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Palau
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
[show]
Multilateral relations
United Nations
ASEAN
G4
G20
BRICS
IBSA
East Asia Summit
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC)
European Union
Indian-Ocean Rim Association
Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
Commonwealth of Nations
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
India-Africa
Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
[show]
Diplomacy
Ministry of External Affairs
Minister
Diplomatic missions of / in India
Foreign Secretary
Ambassador to UN
Look East policy
Foreign aid
ITEC Programme
Pan-African e-Network project
Greater India
Indian diaspora
Overseas Citizens
State visits to India
List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi
Foreign policy of Narendra Modi (Asian)
Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister
[show]
Disputes
Kashmir dispute
Sir Creek dispute
Conflicts with Pakistan
Dispute with China
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of China
[show]
Bilateral relations
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Cuba
Ecuador
Grenada
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Peru
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
East Timor
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
Micronesia
New Zealand
Niue
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Tonga
Vanuatu
[show]
Multilateral relations
Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation
BIMSTEC
Africa
Arab League
BRICS
Caribbean
China–Japan–South Korea
European Union
Latin America
China and the United Nations
Oceania
Third World
Arctic policy of China
China and the Antarctic
[show]
Diplomacy
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
Diplomatic missions of China / in China
Stadium diplomacy
Panda diplomacy
Theater diplomacy
Nine-Dash Line
String of Pearls
Belt and Road Initiative
Confucius Institute
Treaties
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of South Africa
Africa
Angola
Botswana
Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Ghana
Kenya
Lesotho
Libya
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Sahrawi Republic
Swaziland
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Cuba
Mexico
United States
Uruguay
Asia
Bangladesh
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Europe
Bulgaria
Denmark
European Union
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Russia
Serbia
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
International
organisations
Commonwealth of Nations
BRICS
G8+5
G20
IBSA
SACU
Africa–India Forum Summit
Related topics
Department of International Relations and Cooperation
Diplomatic missions of / in South Africa
South African diaspora
Department of International Relations and Cooperation, official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BRICS&oldid=800571945"
Categories:
BRICS
Economic country classifications
Foreign relations of Brazil
Foreign relations of Russia
Foreign relations of India
Foreign relations of China
Foreign relations of South Africa
Multilateral relations of China
Multilateral relations of Russia
Organizations established in 2009
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template webcite links
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Articles with broken or outdated citations from September 2017
All articles with broken or outdated citations
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Patois
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 September 2017, at 10:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Bric_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Bric (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: small

value: span

value: th

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-weight:normal;

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: World map with BRICS countries highlighted

value: td

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-left:2.0em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;

values: President of the People's Republic of China

values: Premier of the People's Republic of China

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Governor_of_Reserve_Bank_of_India
mw-redirect
Governor of Reserve Bank of India

values:
/wiki/Urjit_R._Patel
mw-redirect
Urjit R. Patel

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_area
mw-redirect
List of countries by total area

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Emerging_market
mw-redirect
Emerging market

values:
/wiki/G-20_major_economies
mw-redirect
G-20 major economies

values:
/wiki/Jim_O%27Neill_(economist)
mw-redirect
Jim O'Neill (economist)

values:
/wiki/Late-2000s_recession
mw-redirect
Late-2000s recession

values:
/wiki/Developing_countries
mw-redirect
Developing countries

values:
/wiki/2011_BRICS_summit
mw-redirect
2011 BRICS summit

values:
/wiki/BRICS_Development_Bank
mw-redirect
BRICS Development Bank

values:
/wiki/St_Petersburg
mw-redirect
St Petersburg

values:
/wiki/2014_Crimean_crisis
mw-redirect
2014 Crimean crisis

values:
/wiki/Dilma_Rouseff
mw-redirect
Dilma Rouseff

values:
/wiki/Nikolai_Nikiforov
mw-redirect
Nikolai Nikiforov

values:
/wiki/Optical_fibre
mw-redirect
Optical fibre

values:
/wiki/Submarine_communications
mw-redirect
Submarine communications

values: Text document with red question mark.svg

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: Foreign Affairs Minister of the Palestinian National Authority

values: Inkosi Albert Luthuli International Convention Centre

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of countries by real GDP growth rate

values: List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center

values: Edit section: Potential additional members

values:
/wiki/Multilateral_development_bank
mw-redirect
Multilateral development bank

values: Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication

values:
/wiki/Paramount_leader
mw-redirect
Paramount leader

values: Edit section: Current leaders of BRICS member states

values: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders
mw-redirect
List of BRICS leaders

values: List of multilateral free-trade agreements

values:
/wiki/List_of_potential_superpowers
mw-redirect
List of potential superpowers

values:
/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization
mw-redirect
Shanghai Cooperation Organization

values:
nofollow
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
external text

values: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

values:
/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor
mw-redirect
Christian Science Monitor

values:
/wiki/Times_Of_India
mw-redirect
Times Of India

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bricsforum.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.euractiv.com/sections/euro-f

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2381-3652

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values:
nofollow
http://en.brics2015.ru/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.brics-info.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bricslawjournal.com

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/BRICS

values: German Institute of Global and Area Studies

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.crp.polis.cam.ac.uk

values:
nofollow
external text
http://thebricspost.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

values: Balance of power (international relations)

values:
/wiki/Power_(philosophy)
mw-redirect
Power (philosophy)

values: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

values: China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values: South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

values: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Three-World_Model
mw-redirect
Three-World Model

values: Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries

values: New World Information and Communication Order

values: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

values: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

values:
/wiki/Pharmaceutical_patent
mw-redirect
Pharmaceutical patent

values: D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation

values: African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States

values: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

values:
/wiki/Global_digital_divide
mw-redirect
Global digital divide

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of Brazil

values: Brazil–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

values:
/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg
image
Coat of arms of Brazil

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Community of Portuguese Language Countries

values: Reform of the United Nations Security Council

values: List of presidential trips made by Dilma Rousseff

values:
nofollow
http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of Russia

values: Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations

values: Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Foreign Minister of Russia

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of India

values: Central African Republic–India relations

values: Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations

values: India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations

values:
/wiki/Azerbaijan-India_relations
mw-redirect
Azerbaijan-India relations

values:
/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93India_relations
mw-redirect
Belarus–India relations

values:
/wiki/India-Slovakia_relations
mw-redirect
India-Slovakia relations

values: India–Federated States of Micronesia relations

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: ASEAN–India relations (page does not exist)

values: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

values: Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation

values: Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations

values: Indian foreign aid (page does not exist)

values: Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme

values: Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin

values:
/wiki/List_of_state_visits_to_India
mw-redirect
List of state visits to India

values: List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi

values:
/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Narendra_Modi
mw-redirect
Foreign policy of Narendra Modi

values: Asian foreign policy of Narendra Modi government

values: Sushma Swaraj's tenure as External Affairs Minister

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of China

values: Central African Republic–China relations

values: China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

values: China–Federated States of Micronesia relations

values: National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg

values: Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation

values: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China

values: Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative
mw-redirect
Belt and Road Initiative

values: Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China

values: Template:Foreign relations of South Africa

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of South Africa

values: Republic of the Congo–South Africa relations

values: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–South Africa relations

values:
/wiki/Bangladesh-South_Africa_relations
mw-redirect
Bangladesh-South Africa relations

values: People's Republic of China–South Africa relations

values: Department of International Relations and Cooperation

values: List of diplomatic missions of South Africa

values: List of diplomatic missions in South Africa

values:
nofollow
http://www.dirco.gov.za/
external text

values: Category:Foreign relations of South Africa

values: Category:Multilateral relations of China

values: Category:Multilateral relations of Russia

values: Category:Organizations established in 2009

values: Category:Webarchive template webcite links

values: Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations from September 2017

values: Category:All articles with broken or outdated citations

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/BRICS
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=BRICS&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: بريكس – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: ব্রিক্‌স – Bangla

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du Sud – French

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ब्रिक्स – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಬ್ರಿಕ್ಸ್ ಸಂಘಟನೆ – Kannada

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: ബ്രിക്‌സ് – Malayalam

values: ब्रिक्स – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICs
BRICs – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIKS
BRIKS – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பிரிக்ஸ் – Tamil

values:
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Tatar
tt
tt
interlanguage-link-target

values: బ్రిక్స్ – Telugu

values:
https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Thai
th
th
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS
BRICS – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-BRICS rootpage-BRICS skin-vector action-view