text:
Zack Hample
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Zack Hample
Hample in 2016
Born
Zachary Ben Hample
(1977-09-14) September 14, 1977 (age 40)
New York City
Occupation
Writer
Nationality
American
Genre
Sports
Notable works
"Watching Baseball Smarter" and "The Baseball"
Website
www.zackhample.com
Zachary Ben Hample (born September 14, 1977) is an American ballhawk and author. He is known for his claim that he has collected more than 10,000 baseballs from major league stadiums in North America, including Alex Rodriguez's 3,000th career hit and Mike Trout's first career home run. Hample has faced criticism from fans, players, and sportswriters, one of whom has accused him of attacking children in his efforts to grab baseballs. His father, Stoo Hample, was a writer.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Baseball collection
2 Writing
3 Fundraising activities
4 Helicopter stunt
5 Criticism
5.1 Fort Bragg Game
6 Video games
7 Rubber band ball
8 References
9 External links
Baseball collection[edit]
Hample claims to have collected more than 10,000 baseballs from 53 different Major League stadiums as of April 16, 2018, including 54 game home runs.[2]
He acquired his first ball from a Mets pitcher at Shea Stadium on June 20, 1990
He caught Barry Bonds' 724th career home run at Petco Park on August 16, 2006;[3]
During the final week at the old Yankee Stadium, Hample gained worldwide recognition by catching home run balls on consecutive nights. On September 16, 2008, he made a leaping catch on a Jason Giambi home run and immediately celebrated with a goofy dance that was captured on TV. The following night, in nearly exactly the same spot in the right field bleachers, Hample reached far over a railing to make a backhanded catch on a Johnny Damon home run and celebrated with the same dance.[4] The Yankees' announcers recognized him from the previous game, and within the next 24 hours the story was covered by ESPN, CBS, NBC, FOX, CNN International, Japanese TV, and many other media outlets. Yahoo! Sports initially acknowledged Hample's baseball-snagging skills, but did not know that it was he who had made the catches.[5]
Less than two weeks later, on September 28, 2008, Hample caught the last home run ever hit by a Mets player at Shea Stadium, this one off the bat of Carlos Beltrán.[6]
On October 8, 2008, Hample appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and followed that nearly one year later with an appearance on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, during which O'Brien told Hample "I think you're the worst man in America."[7] Prior to Hample's three home run catches of 2008, he had been featured on The Rosie O'Donnell Show, the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric, and on an episode of the John O'Hurley version of the game show To Tell The Truth, during which he managed to trick the audience and two of the four celebrity panelists.[8]
On May 12, 2011, he caught three foul balls during a single game at Camden Yards.[9]
He caught Mike Trout's first major league home run on July 24, 2011 at Camden Yards;[10][11]
In March 2012, Hample attended MLB's Opening Series at the Tokyo Dome in Japan, snagging a total of 23 balls in two games.[12]
On April 18, 2013, he caught two home run balls in a single game at Yankee Stadium, including the first career homer of Arizona Diamondbacks shortstop Didi Gregorius.[13][14][15]
He snagged Alex Rodriguez's 3,000th hit, a home run, on June 19, 2015;[16][17][18][19]
On September 14, 2015, he caught an Anthony Rendon home run on the first pitch of the game at Citizens Bank Park.[20]
On September 16, 2015, he caught two home runs during the 4th inning at Citizens Bank Park, first grabbing a Jayson Werth home run and later catching a homer by Darin Ruf.[21]
On April 27, 2017, Hample caught two home runs during the same game at Progressive Field. One was hit off the bat of Marwin González and another was hit by Abraham Almonte.[22]
On August 29, 2017, Hample caught his 10,000th lifetime ball at Camden Yards, his lofty ballhawk milestone. The ball, which was tossed up to him by Robinson Cano, ended the 2nd inning.*[23][24]
On May 1, 2018, Hample snagged Reds infielder Alex Blandino's first career home run. Hample returned the ball to Blandino, asking only to be the one to hand it over, as well as a signed bat from Blandino.
Writing[edit]
Hample has written three books. The first, How to Snag Major League Baseballs, was published by Simon & Schuster in 1999 when he was a junior at Guilford College. The second, Watching Baseball Smarter, was published by Random House in 2007. His third book, The Baseball, also published by Random House, was released on March 8, 2011. Hample, a writer for minorleaguebaseball.com from 2005 to 2007, contributed the foreword to Major League Baseball: An Interactive Guide to the World of Sports in 2008 and wrote the introduction for Baseball Scorekeeper in 2011.[citation needed]
Fundraising activities[edit]
Since 2009, Hample has been raising money for Pitch in for Baseball, a non-profit charity that provides baseball and softball equipment to underprivileged children all over the world.[25][26][27] With help from his fans, who pledge money for every baseball that he snags at Major League stadiums, and from BIGS Sunflower Seeds, who sponsored him during the 2013 season,[28] In July 2015, Hample gave Alex Rodriguez the ball from his 3,000th hit in exchange for the Yankees donating $150,000 to Pitch In For Baseball.[29][30][31] According to Pitch in for Baseball, Hample has raised "tens of thousands" of dollars for the organization.[32]
Helicopter stunt[edit]
On July 2, 2012, Hample attempted to break a world record by catching a baseball dropped from a helicopter 1,000 feet above LeLacheur Park in Lowell, Massachusetts.[33] Wearing catcher's gear that was donated by Rawlings, Hample established a record by catching a softball dropped from a height of 312 feet. He then caught baseballs dropped from heights of 312 feet, 562 feet, and 822 feet before the Federal Aviation Administration called off the stunt due to strong winds.[34][35] The 822-foot catch was initially thought to be 762 feet, but a discrepancy in the altimeter settings, which was captured on video and discovered months later, added 60 feet to the altitude. On July 13, 2013, Hample made another attempt at LeLacheur Park and succeeded in catching a baseball dropped from an altitude of 1,050 feet.[36][37][38]
Criticism[edit]
Hample has faced criticism from sportswriters, players, and fans, some of whom have pointed out that he has been seen bumping children out of his way in efforts to grab baseballs.[39][40]
Clayton Kershaw once refused to give Hample a ball; Hample tweeted that when he asked Kershaw for the ball, Kershaw told him no because Hample already had "7000 of 'em."[41]
Fort Bragg Game[edit]
Hample acquired a ticket to the Fort Bragg Game on July 3, 2016 at Fort Bragg Stadium that was meant for active duty military personnel and their friends and families.[42] Despite his pre-game announcement that he would donate money to a veterans charity,[43] this led to a public outcry as Hample is a civilian.[44][45][46] The following day, Hample donated $1,100 to AMVETS and posted an apology on Twitter, acknowledging his "lapse in judgment" and "idiotic behavior" and calling his decision to attend a "terrible mistake"; though denying he did anything illegal, he said that by attending, he "clearly violated the spirit of the game."[47][48]
Video games[edit]
Hample, a competitive video game player, appeared briefly in the 2007 documentary The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters. According to Twin Galaxies, he holds official world records on half a dozen classic video games including Breakout (896 points) and Arkanoid (1,658,110 points).[49][50][51]
Rubber band ball[edit]
Hample owns a large rubber band ball, which, according to the Daily Mail, he started building at the age of three.[52] As stated on Reddit in 2013, the ball had reached a weight of 250 pounds and was still growing.[53] In 2014 Hample appeared with the ball on the Daily Planet show on Discovery Channel Canada. The ball weighed 259 pounds and bounced more than halfway up when rolled off a forklift from a height of eight feet.[citation needed] The ball weighs 305 pounds as of May 2018.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stuart E. Hample, Humorist and Cartoonist, Dies at 84". The New York Times. 24 September 2010.
Jump up ^ http://zackhample.com/baseball_collection/lists/yearly_totals.htm
Jump up ^ MLBlogger snags another ball: No. 724 (MLB.com)
Jump up ^ This Guy's Got Gift of Grab (www.newsday.com)
Jump up ^ Fan In Right Place at Right Time on Two Straight Nights (Yahoo! Sports)
Jump up ^ Another Unlikely (But Not That Unlikely) Home-Run Catch (Wall Street Journal)
Jump up ^ https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/blog/big_league_stew/post/Conan-to-Zack-Hample-I-think-you-re-the-worst-?urn=mlb,195919
Jump up ^ Appearance on "To Tell The Truth" (YouTube)
Jump up ^ Fan's glovework nets three fouls in O's game (MLB.com)
Jump up ^ Angels: Meet the Guy who caught Trout's homer (Orange County Register)
Jump up ^ Mike Trout's first home run ball too precious to keep, fan says (Orange County Register)
Jump up ^ An American Ballhawk Goes to Tokyo (www.nypress.com)
Jump up ^ Zack Hample Catches 2 Home Runs During Yankees-Diamondbacks Game (AP/Huffington Post)
Jump up ^ Good Day for Gregorius, Better Day for Fan (FOX Sports Arizona)
Jump up ^ Famous baseball collector Zack Hample catches home runs by Didi Gregorius and Francisco Cervelli at Thursday night's Yankees game (New York Daily News)
Jump up ^ Notorious ballhawk Zack Hample catches A-Rod's 3,000th hit (Yahoo! Sports)
Jump up ^ Alex Rodriguez gets his 3,000th hit with home run... and who should catch the ball? Zack Hample – author of 'How To Snag Major League Baseballs'... and he won't give it back (www.dailymail.co.uk)
Jump up ^ Zack Hample, who's retrieved 8,000 baseballs, won't give HR back to A-Rod (ESPN.com)
Jump up ^ Holding On to a Special Ball, With No Apology (New York Times)
Jump up ^ [1] (zackhample.com)
Jump up ^ Bryce Harper is lucky he hit his 40th home run where he did (Washington Post)
Jump up ^ https://www.todaysknuckleball.com/mlb-news/watch-zach-hample-foul-ball-guy-catches-marwin-gonzalez-home-run/
Jump up ^ Miller, Doug (September 6, 2017). "Film digs into ballhawk Hample's gift of grab". MLB.com. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/zack_hample/status/902711942929940480
Jump up ^ Charity press release (www.pitchinforbaseball.org)
Jump up ^ Renowned baseball collector gets in the charitable spirit (www.phillyBurbs.com)
Jump up ^ Ballhawks give back by collecting baseballs (MLB.com)
Jump up ^ BIGS® Sunflower Seeds and the Greatest Ballhawk of All-time Go For an Amazing Baseball Record to Benefit Charity (Yahoo! Finance)
Jump up ^ A-Rod, Yanks settle dispute, he gets ball from 3,000th hit (USA Today)
Jump up ^ Yankees get A-Rod's 3,000th hit ball for $150,000 donation (MSN.com)
Jump up ^ Fan presents 3,000th hit ball to A-Rod (MLB.com)
Jump up ^ http://pifb.org/zack-hample/
Jump up ^ This baseball stunt goes way back (www.lowellsun.com)
Jump up ^ Hample tries to catch history in Lowell (www.minorleaguebaseball.com)
Jump up ^ Catching baseballs is in Zack Hample's blood (www.boston.com)
Jump up ^ Zack Hample catches baseball dropped from 1,000 feet (metro.co.uk)
Jump up ^ Zack Hample's helicopter drop catch (Yahoo! Sports)
Jump up ^ Guilford College graduate Zack Hample catches baseball dropped from 1,050 feet (Charlotte News & Observer)
Jump up ^ http://deadspin.com/ballhawk-zack-hample-throws-fit-because-someone-else-wa-1782880838
Jump up ^ http://deadspin.com/against-ballhawking-1782962384
Jump up ^ https://nypost.com/2017/06/20/why-this-ballhawk-is-baseballs-most-hated-fan/
Jump up ^ Ball hawk's presence at Fort Bragg causes stir (ESPN)
Jump up ^ Noted ballhawk donating $100 to charity for each ball caught at Fort Bragg game (CBS Sports)
Jump up ^ Zack Hample apparently gets illegal ticket (Sports Illustrated)
Jump up ^ Civilian got into Fort Bragg baseball game for military members, sparking outrage (The Kansas City Star)
Jump up ^ Notorious ball hawk somehow crashes Fort Bragg game (Yahoo! Sports)
Jump up ^ Donation to AMVETS (Twitter)
Jump up ^ Public apology (Twitter)
Jump up ^ Interview with Zack Hample at Funspot (Twin Galaxies)
Jump up ^ True arcade gaming world records (Classic Arcade Gaming)
Jump up ^ Gaming History: Arkanoid (arcade-history.com)
Jump up ^ The Rubberband Man! New Yorker, 35, has been adding to ball he started when he was just three-years-old... and now it weighs over 250 POUNDS. Daily Mail
Jump up ^ Giant Rubber Ball By Reddit User, Zack Hample, Took 32 YEARS and £920 To Make The Huffington Post, December 14, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official blog
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 4567 8254
LCCN: n98086131
VIAF: 19001144
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zack_Hample&oldid=845157125"
Categories:
1977 births
Guilford College alumni
Living people
American bloggers
Writers from New York (state)
American sportswriters
Baseball writers
Collectors
Baseball spectators
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 June 2018, at 20:19 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Zack Hample Posing With Baseballs In 2016.jpg

attrs: class style

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zackhample.com

values:
/wiki/Pitcher_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Pitcher (baseball)

values:
/wiki/To_Tell_The_Truth
mw-redirect
To Tell The Truth

values:
/wiki/Camden_Yards
mw-redirect
Camden Yards

values:
/wiki/Robinson_Cano
mw-redirect
Robinson Cano

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/LeLacheur_Park
mw-redirect
LeLacheur Park

values:
/wiki/Fort_Bragg_Stadium
mw-redirect
Fort Bragg Stadium

values:
/wiki/Breakout_(arcade_game)
mw-redirect
Breakout (arcade game)

values:
/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(Canada)
mw-redirect
Discovery Channel (Canada)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

values:
nofollow
http://pifb.org/zack-hample/
external free

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://zackhample.mlblogs.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000045678254

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/19001144

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Zack_Hample
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Зек Гемпел – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Zack_Hample rootpage-Zack_Hample skin-vector action-view


text:
Policy entrepreneur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Policy entrepreneur refers to an individual who takes advantage of opportunities to influence policy outcomes to increase their self-interests. The term was first coined by American political scientist John W. Kingdon in his influential work Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies published in 1995.[1] Kingdon created the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) which outlines that the policy process can be situated into problems, policy and politics. Political entrepreneurs are most active in the policy stream, creating solutions to potential problems and bringing them forth to the agenda setting process. The Multiple Streams Framework is a powerful tool to understand policy making and agenda setting. It was first created to analyze and understand agenda setting in the United States.[2] Policy entrepreneurs are the most important actors in the Multiple Streams Framework, as they develop policy alternatives and couple them with problems to present solutions to policy makers at the right time. He himself describes them as "advocates who are willing to invest their resources - time, energy, reputation, money - to promote a position in return for anticipated future gain in the form of material, purposive or solidary benefits" [1] Policy entrepreneurs use innovative ideas and non-traditional strategies to influence society, create opportunities, and promote desired policy outcomes. Policy entrepreneurship usually happens over three phases. It starts with a demand in the political landscape for some form of innovation involving a public good.[3] Secondly, an innovative policy instrument is proposed to supply that demand. Lastly, strategies are used such as team building, problem definition, and leadership by example to make certain that the innovation is placed on the agenda.[4] Unlike a public intellect who strives to assert themselves into many different topics and be publicly vocal, a policy entrepreneur will focus on specific topics and possibly work behind the scenes with state and political elite.
Contents
1 Origin
2 Multiple streams framework
3 Idea to implementation
4 Characteristics
5 Reviews and criticisms
6 Policy entrepreneurs
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origin[edit]
The term entrepreneur is derived from the French word entreprendre, i.e. to undertake. The French economist Jean-Baptiste Say first coined the term in 1803 and defined an entrepreneur as an individual who "shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield". Many decades later, scholars gradually have expanded the use of the idea of entrepreneurship and adapted the concept from business to the public sector. John Kingdon (1984) was one of the earliest scholars to apply the term entrepreneurs to the public sector; he first coined the term "policy entrepreneur" in his work Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies.[1] This new term has been addressed in other works but hasn't been systematically used by other political scientists in theories of policy change.[4]
Multiple streams framework[edit]
Kingdon’s multiple-streams framework (MSF) has been frequently used since the publication of his book Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies in 1984.[1] His model is an interpretation of the garbage can model of organizational choice.[5] In a garbage can model, organization is seen as groups of choices that seek out problems, issues and feelings that look for decisions and solutions and people willing to solve them. The multiple-streams adaption of this sees that policies can be created by joining together problems, policies and politics, all of which are seen as decision aspects in a policy process.
Government agendas are created when problems are recognized that have viable solutions that will be politically correct to make at the time of decision making.[1] Kingdon recognizes when these three aspects join together using the term "policy window". When a policy window is recognized and open, there is a potential for policy making to happen. Policy entrepreneurs function at this time as the action takers who take advantage of these windows while they are open.[6] In the problems stream, conditions are defined as problems based on how an individual values and believes in it and how much of an impact will happen through change. In the policy stream, ideas and solutions are formulated through policy ideas usually developed by specialists to an issue. Policy development has better chance of surviving implementation if it has support from various different communities effected by the policy. The politics stream focuses on different elements that will effect a policy such as national mood, efforts by the people to campaign for change and legislative turnover.[7]
The multiple-streams framework is considered to provide the best conceptual insight in terms of the presence and influence of policy entrepreneurs and their role in emergence of policy windows[8] by using the three 'streams' to explain the gap between a problem getting attention and the adoption of an impactful solution. Kingdon claims these are not linear processes, instead, these three streams are to be treated as separate streams, able to happen in any order. He states that these three streams must come together at the same time.[9] These streams are that a window of opportunity must exist, as well as a viable solution, combined with the motivation and the opportunity of the policy makers to select the solution. Many opportunities for policy change open, but most of them close before anyone even has a chance to take advantage because the attention of the policy agenda shifts dramatically.[9]
Kingdon applied this reasoning to the political system of the United States. Since policy makers do not have the time to devote to detailed policies, they give the responsibility to civil servants who consult with think tanks and interest groups to produce policy solutions.[10] The likelihood of significant policy change is challenging to predict due to it requiring sustained attention, an acceptable solution, and some compromise of the political system. Building on Kingdon's work, Nikolaos Zahariadis defines it as a tool which explains how government policies are created with conditions of ambiguity.[7]
Since 2000, Kingdon's book has been cited over 10,000 through Google Scholar and applied in over 1,900 times in peer reviewed articles.[7]
Idea to implementation[edit]
In the multiple-streams frameworks, policy entrepreneurs do most of their work in the policy stream working on agenda setting ideas. The role of a policy entrepreneur is to first identify demand for innovation in the political landscape when a recognizable policy window is open. When this window is open, a policy entrepreneur has a limited amount of time to undergo the initial launch of proposing policy recommendations to supply the demand by utilizing their personal, network and institutional resources to take action on joining streams together on their idea through the policy stages. This is done by addressing issues and problems and coming up with solutions to them by creating policy alternatives into a product that they can present as a persuasive agenda that policy-makers should examine. They will implement persuasive strategies and techniques on the policy-makers to coerce their innovation onto the agenda. A successful policy entrepreneur will manage to get their issues onto a political agenda and potentially pass and influence a form of legislation that relates to their personal benefit. However, not every attempt will be successful. If unsuccessful, a policy entrepreneur may hold onto their agenda for a later time or even apply it to a different issue that they deem may work.[2]
Characteristics[edit]
These individuals have a credential that allows their opinions to be heard over others. This could be having expert knowledge on a topic or holding an important position of power in a corporation or special interest group that allows them to make decisions. A policy entrepreneur usually will have a large network of people with political influence that they utilize when pushing their idea forward. Persistence is essential for a policy entrepreneur to be successful. Many hours must be dedicated to their idea by giving speeches and talks, writing papers and speaking in front of government committees if they are to have success.[1]
Policy entrepreneurs are crucial actors in policy making, Kingdon himself explained that policy entrepreneurs are "advocates who are willing to invest their resources - time, energy, reputation, money - to promote a position in return for anticipated future gain in the form of material, purposive or solidary benefits".[1] Other political scientists have taken Kingdon's definition and expanded further. Michael Mintrom applied a public policy perspective to the term stating, “they are individuals who through their creativity, strategy, networking, and persuasive argumentation are able to bring new policy ideas into the open and promote policy change".[3] Years later, using a constructivist perspective, Michael Mazarr added to this saying, “policy entrepreneurs can be seen as the human embodiment of the social construction of policy. Advocates determined, for one reason or another, to fight inertia, the bureaucracy, opposing interests, and anything else in their way to get the idea through the window [of opportunity] and into law or policy.”.[11]
Reviews and criticisms[edit]
Reviews of Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy display mixed opinions on the approaches and concepts created by Kingdon. Roger Cobb, former professor of political science at Brown University writes in an article for the Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law that Kingdon's garbage can model approach is a completely random decision-making tool that lacks content. Cobb states that the greatest contribution of the garbage can model is the creation of new terms like policy entrepreneur that help give the sense of focus on policy problems but then argues that Kingdon himself may not fully believe in what he has created. He criticizes that Kingdon makes a legitimate arguments for structure by writing about “predictable policy windows” that are attributable to different political cycles but makes rations that would contradict his whole argument.[12]
Evelyn Brodkin, associate professor at The University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration, writes in Political Science Quarterly that Kingdon's book provides a good analysis of how policy participants see their own role in influencing others, raising issue awareness and framing these issues for debate. She finds that his findings are beneficial for pursuing more empirical investigation and debate on different models of the agenda-setting process. In her criticism, Brodkin argues that the book fails to challenge criticisms of the pluralist theory that focus on discrepancies that illustrate how certain groups and issues systematically are excluded from the political process in which Kingdon's work is modelled on.[13]
The frequent use of Kingdons agenda-setting framework in policy analysis is especially interesting because the book focuses solely on the United States. It can be argued that a framework developed exclusively on the basis of the examination of a single nation should not be able to generate useful insight in comparative research across the globe. Still, the MSF has been used in a large number of studies of subnational politics such as the European Union, the United Nations, and countries beyond the USA. Cairney and Zahariadis explain that this is because Kingdon's MSF possesses a language that is flexible enough to be relevant on a wide range of policy making processes.[9] Its insights are universal enough to apply in most political systems.[9]
Harald Sætren, professor at University of Bergen Department of Administration and Organization Theory, writes in Policy Sciences that one of the problems with the multiple-streams framework is that differing methods of finding issues and solutions potentially can effect how successful a policy entrepreneur can be in coupling policy streams.[6]
Policy entrepreneurs[edit]
As of 2017, "policy entrepreneur" is not a recognized job position. John Kingdon's research consisted of case studies on 23 different people he deemed to be policy entrepreneurs.[1]
Name
Position
Policy Accomplishments
Paul Ellwood Head of Interstudy Promoted the HMO legislation
Abe Bergman Physician Persuaded Senator Warren Magnuson on the positives of having a Health Service Corps, which funded research on sudden infant death syndrome. Helped legislate the regulation of flammable children's sleepwear.
Ralph Nader Consumer Advocate Began successful career pushing ideas about auto safety issues.
Pete Domenici Senator Responsible for pushing a waterway user charge.
Alfred Kahn Economist, Head of Civil Aeronautics Board in the Carter Administration Used political influence to implement legislation and regulation safety for airlines
.[1]
Isambard Kingdom Brunel is a mechanical engineer that engaged in the debate about whether paddle wheels or screw propellors were more powerful for moving boats. He tested this by building one of each and using them in a channel to see which would tug the hardest. The point of his story is that he was engaged on the ground and not just researching in a lab. Policy entrepreneurs need to be practically involved in testing their theories if they want their recommendations to be considered [14]
In a study done by Mark Beeson and Diane Stone, Ross Garnaut was examined in a role of a policy entrepreneur. Garnaut was a highly decorated scholar, recognized economist who was also an ambassador to China and a prime ministerial advisor in Australia. In his role as advisor to Prime Minister Hawke, he wrote to him about problems with fixed exchange rates and instituting labour-market reform. The government went on to implement a radical program of economic liberalisation that included addressing some of the issues Garnaut consulted on.[15]
See also[edit]
Political entrepreneur
Politician
Social entrepreneur
Agenda-setting theory
Lobbyist
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Kingdon, John (2003). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
^ Jump up to: a b Knaggard, Å (2015). "The Multiple Streams Framework and the problem broker". Eur J Polit Res (54): 450–465.
^ Jump up to: a b Mintrom, M (1997). "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation". American Journal of Political Science. 41 (3): 738. doi:10.2307/2111674.
^ Jump up to: a b Mintrom, M; Norman, P (2009). "Policy Entrepreneurship and Policy Change". Policy Studies Journal. 37 (37): 649–67.
Jump up ^ Cohen, M. D.; March, J. G.; Olsen, J. P. (1972). "). Garbage can model of organizational choice". Administrative Science Quarterly. 17 (1). doi:10.2307/2392088.
^ Jump up to: a b Sætren, Harald (2016). "From controversial policy idea to successful program implementation: the role of the policy entrepreneur, manipulation strategy, program design, institutions and open policy windows in relocating Norwegian central agencies". Policy Sciences. 49 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1007/s11077-016-9242-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zahariadis, Nikolaos (November 2014). "The Shield of Heracles: Multiple streams and the emotional endowment effect". European Journal of Political Research. 54: 466–481. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12072.
Jump up ^ Ness, Erik Christian (2010). "The Politics of Determining Merit Aid Eligibility Criteria: An Analysis of the Policy Process". The Journal of Higher Education. 81 (1): 33–60. doi:10.1353/jhe.0.0080.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cairney, Paul; Zahariadis, Nikolaos (2016). "Multiple streams analysis: A flexible metaphor presents an opportunity to operationalize agenda setting processes" (PDF): 1–21.
Jump up ^ Cairney, Paul (October 2013). "Policy Concepts in 1000 Words: Multiple Streams Analysis".
Jump up ^ Mazarr, Michael (2007). "The Iraq War and Agenda-Setting". Foreign Policy Analysis. 3 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2007.00039.x.
Jump up ^ Cobb, Roger (1985). "Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 10 (2): 410–414. doi:10.1215/03616878-10-2-410.
Jump up ^ Brodkin, Evelyn (1985). "Political Science Quarterly". Political Science Quarterly. 100 (1): 165–166. doi:10.2307/2150882.
Jump up ^ "Isambard Kingdom Brunel". Primary History. BBC.
Jump up ^ Beeson, M; Stone, D (2013). "The Changing Fortunes of a Policy Entrepreneur: The Case of Ross Garnaut". Australian Journal of Political Science, 48(1), 1-14. 48 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/10361146.2012.760526.
External links[edit]
Cohen, Nissim (2016) “Policy Entrepreneurs and Agenda Setting”. In Zahariadis, Nikolaos (ed.), Handbook of Public Policy Agenda Setting. Edward Elgar, pp. 180–199.
Cohen, Nissim (2012) “Policy Entrepreneurs and the Design of Public Policy: Conceptual framework and the Case of the National Health Insurance Law in Israel” Journal of Social Research & Policy, 3 (1): 5-26.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy_entrepreneur&oldid=835221982"
Categories:
Public policy
Political science
Public administration
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 09:58 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Political_scientist
mw-redirect
Political scientist

attrs: href title

value: i

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Political_elite
mw-redirect
Political elite

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Multiple streams framework

values:
/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago
mw-redirect
The University of Chicago

values:
/wiki/Paul_Ellwood
mw-redirect
Paul Ellwood

values:
/wiki/Carter_Administration
mw-redirect
Carter Administration

values:
/wiki/Social_entrepreneur
mw-redirect
Social entrepreneur

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/2111674

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/2392088

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0080

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/2150882

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Policy_entrepreneur
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Политический предприниматель – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Policy_entrepreneur rootpage-Policy_entrepreneur skin-vector action-view


text:
Adoption and Safe Families Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997
Enacted by
the 105th United States Congress
Effective
November 19, 1997
Citations
Public law
Pub.L. 105–89
Legislative history
Introduced in the House by Dave Camp (R-MI) on February 27, 1997
Committee consideration by Ways and Means
Passed the House on April 30, 1997 (416–5)
Passed the Senate on November 8, 1997 (Unanimous consent)
Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 19, 1997
The Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA, Public Law 105-89) was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 19, 1997, after having been approved by the United States Congress earlier in the month.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and passage
2 Major provisions and tactics
3 Impact
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background and passage[edit]
ASFA was enacted in an attempt to correct problems inherent within the foster care system that deterred the adoption of children with special needs. Many of these problems had stemmed from an earlier bill, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980,[1] although they had not been anticipated when that law was passed, as states decided to interpret that law as requiring biological families be kept together no matter what.[1] The biggest change to the law was how ASFA amended Title IV-E of the Social Security Act regarding funding.
Moreover, ASFA marked a fundamental change to child welfare thinking, shifting the emphasis towards children's health and safety concerns and away from a policy of reuniting children with their birth parents without regard to prior abusiveness.[1] As such, ASFA was considered the most sweeping change to the U.S. adoption and foster care system in some two decades.[1] One of ASFA's lead sponsors, Republican Senator John H. Chafee of Rhode Island, said, "We will not continue the current system of always putting the needs and rights of the biological parents first. ... It's time we recognize that some families simply cannot and should not be kept together."[1]
Ideas for the bill originated with both Democrats and Republicans.[2] First Lady of the United States Hillary Clinton originally voiced interest in the issue of orphaned children in an article she wrote in 1995.[3] She then held public events to bring the issue exposure,[2][3] and met with U.S. Department of Health and Human Services officials and private foundation executives over policy questions and recommendations. She cited the Act as the achievement which she initiated and shepherded that provided her with the greatest satisfaction.[3] The bill began in Congress with bipartisan support, then became contentious over issues of terminating birth parents' rights to children and funding levels for programs to keep children out of foster care.[2] Hillary Clinton played a key role in finding a compromise between Republicans and Democrats on the latter issue after negotiations first broke down.[2]
In greeting the final measure, Bill Clinton stated that the bill "makes clear that children's health and safety are the paramount concerns."[1]
Major provisions and tactics[edit]
The major provisions of the law include:
Requires that States move to terminate parental rights for children who have been in Foster Care for 15 out of the last 22 months
Exceptions to the 15/22 rule include:[4]
When the child is in a Foster Home with a biological relative (Kinship Care)
When the Agency documents a compelling reason why parental termination is not in the Child's best interest
When the State has failed to provide services necessary for reunification
Requires that Permanency Hearings be held every 12 months
Clarifies cases in which States are not required to reunite Families (Aggravated Circumstances)
Expands family preservation and support services
Extends subsidies for adoptive children
Provides incentives for States to improve adoption rates
Requires States to document efforts to move children toward adoption
Expands health care coverage for adoptive children
Provides funding for efforts at encouraging adoption
Clarifies that interstate boundaries should not delay adoption.
Impact[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2014)
The law required individual states to be in compliance with it in order to continue receiving federal funds for child welfare.[4] Thus, each state had to pass legislation compatible with ASFA; in practice, those legislative actions varied widely.[4] As a result, some states have relied upon the three exceptions in the law more as part of stressing reunification, while other states have stressed adoption.[4]
See also[edit]
Adoption 2002
Uniform Adoption Act
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Seelye, Katherine Q. (November 17, 1997). "Clinton to Approve Sweeping Shift in Adoption". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sengupta, Somini (October 29, 2000). "Campaigns Soft-Pedal On Children and the Poor". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hort, Katherine A. (2000). "Is Twenty-two Months Beyond the Best Interest of the Child? ASFA's Guidelines for the Termination of Parental Rights". Fordham Urban Law Journal. 29 (6).
External links[edit]
Full text of Adoption and Safe Families Act
[hide]
v
t
e
Adoption and foster care
By country
Australia
France
Guatemala
Italy
Philippines
United States
Issues
Adopted child syndrome
Adoption disclosure
Adoption home study
Adoption reunion registry
Adoption tax credit
Aging out
Child abuse
Child laundering
Closed adoption
Cultural variations in adoption
Disruption
Genealogical bewilderment
International adoption
Interracial adoption
Language of adoption
LGBT adoption
Open adoption
Sealed birth records
Laws
Access to Adoption Records Act (Ontario)
Adoption Information Disclosure Act (Ontario)
Adoption and Safe Families Act (USA)
Christian law of adoption (India)
Foster Care Independence Act (USA)
Hague Adoption Convention
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (India)
Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
Uniform Adoption Act (USA)
Putative Father Registry (USA)
Dima Yakovlev Law (Russia)
History
Adoption in ancient Rome
Fosterage
Baby Scoop Era
Home Children
[show]
v
t
e
Hillary Clinton
67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013)
U.S. Senator from New York (2001–2009)
First Lady of the United States (1993–2001)
Secretary of State
Tenure as Secretary
Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review
Foreign policy of the Obama administration
Hillary Doctrine
Email controversy
UN Security Council Resolution 1888
UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict
U.S. Senator
Senate career
Family Entertainment Protection Act
Flag Protection Act of 2005
First Lady
1993 health care reform
Hillaryland
Travel office controversy
FBI files controversy
"Vast right-wing conspiracy"
Vital Voices
Save America's Treasures
State Children's Health Insurance Program
Adoption and Safe Families Act
Foster Care Independence Act
White House Millennium Council
National Millennium Trail
Arkansas
Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families
Rose Law Firm
Legal Services Corporation
Whitewater controversy
Cattle futures controversy
Philanthropic
Clinton Foundation
State Department controversy
Onward Together
Speeches and policies
Political positions
"Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995)
"Basket of deplorables" (2016)
Writings
Bibliography
Senior thesis (1969)
It Takes a Village (1996)
Dear Socks, Dear Buddy (1998)
An Invitation to the White House (2000)
Living History (2003)
Hard Choices (2014)
Stronger Together (2016)
What Happened (2017)
Electoral history
New York senatorial election, 2000
2006
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008
campaign
endorsements
debates
convention
United States presidential election, 2016
campaign
endorsements
political
non-political
Democratic primaries
debates
convention
General election debates
Hillary Victory Fund
Legacy
Awards and honors
Books about
Cultural and political image
Saturday Night Live parodies
Family
Bill Clinton (husband
presidency)
Chelsea Clinton (daughter)
Hugh E. Rodham (father)
Dorothy Howell Rodham (mother)
Hugh Rodham (brother)
Tony Rodham (brother)
Socks (cat)
Buddy (dog)
Whitehaven (house)
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act&oldid=840359855"
Categories:
1997 in law
Acts of the 105th United States Congress
Adoption law in the United States
Foster care in the United States
United States federal child welfare legislation
Hidden categories:
Articles to be expanded from July 2014
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 9 May 2018, at 11:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: rel class href

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-105-89

values: United States House Committee on Ways and Means

values: Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Child_welfare
mw-redirect
Child welfare

values:
/wiki/John_H._Chafee
mw-redirect
John H. Chafee

values: Edit section: Major provisions and tactics

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: List of Secretaries of State of the United States

values: List of United States Senators from New York

values: Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State

values:
/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Barack_Obama
mw-redirect
Foreign policy of Barack Obama

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888

values: United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict

values: United States Senate career of Hillary Clinton

values: Hillary Clinton cattle futures controversy

values: Clinton Foundation–State Department controversy

values: United States Senate election in New York, 2000

values: United States Senate election in New York, 2006

values: Hillary Clinton presidential primary campaign, 2008

values: List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign endorsements, 2008

values: Democratic Party presidential debates and forums, 2008

values: Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016

values: List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016

values: List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign non-political endorsements, 2016

values: Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016

values: Democratic Party presidential debates and forums, 2016

values: United States presidential debates, 2016

values: List of awards and honors received by Hillary Clinton

values: Cultural and political image of Hillary Clinton

values: Saturday Night Live parodies of Hillary Clinton

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Acts of the 105th United States Congress

values: Category:Adoption law in the United States

values: Category:Foster care in the United States

values: Category:United States federal child welfare legislation

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2014

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act rootpage-Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act skin-vector action-view


text:
Heather O'Rourke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Heather Michele O'Rourke
O'Rourke as Carol Anne Freeling in Poltergeist (1982)
Born
(1975-12-27)December 27, 1975
San Diego, California, U.S.
Died
February 1, 1988(1988-02-01) (aged 12)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Cardiac arrest caused by septic shock due to intestinal stenosis
Resting place
Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Other names
Heather Michele O'Rourke[1]
Education
Big Bear Elementary School
Big Bear Middle School
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1981–1988
Notable work
Carol Anne Freeling in the Poltergeist franchise
Television
Happy Days (1982–83)
Parent(s)
Michael O'Rourke (father)
Kathleen O'Rourke (mother)
Relatives
Tammy O'Rourke (older sister)
James A. "Jim" Peele (stepfather)
Charlie Walker (brother-in-law)
Heather Michele O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 – February 1, 1988)[2] was an American child actress. She was discovered by director Steven Spielberg when she was visiting MGM's studios.[3] Spielberg cast her as Carol Anne Freeling in the horror film Poltergeist (1982), where she had the movie's most recognizable line: "They're here!" She reprised the role in the second and third installments.
O'Rourke also had a recurring role on Happy Days from 1982 to 1983, and she made several television guest appearances. She died at the age of 12 of cardiac arrest and septic shock caused by a misdiagnosed intestinal stenosis in early February 1988.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Death
3.1 Lawsuit
3.2 Aftermath
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Heather O'Rourke was born on December 27, 1975, in San Diego, California, to Kathleen and Michael O'Rourke. Her mother worked as a seamstress and her father was a construction worker. She had an older sister, Tammy. Kathleen and Michael divorced in 1981, and O'Rourke's mother married truck driver James A. "Jim" Peele in 1984.[4][5] After her parents' divorce, O'Rourke rarely saw her birth father and called her stepfather "Dad".[6]
Before O'Rourke began acting, the family lived in a trailer park in Anaheim. Her success later allowed the family to purchase a home in Big Bear Lake, California.[5] In between acting jobs, O'Rourke attended Big Bear Elementary School where she was president of her class.[7] At the time of her death, the family was living in Lakeside, California.[8]
Career[edit]
In a contemporary interview with American Premiere magazine, producer Steven Spielberg explained that he was looking for a "'beatific' four-year-old child...every mother's dream" for the lead in his horror film Poltergeist (1982).[9] While eating in the MGM commissary,[3] Spielberg saw five-year-old Heather O'Rourke having lunch with her mother[9] while older sister Tammy was shooting Pennies from Heaven.[10] After his lunch, Spielberg approached the family and offered O'Rourke the Poltergeist role; she was signed the next day, beating Drew Barrymore, who was up for the role.[9][11]
In the Poltergeist trilogy, O'Rourke played Carol Anne Freeling, a young suburban girl who becomes the conduit and target for supernatural entities. The New York Times noted that she had played the key role in the films and commented, "With her wide eyes, long blonde hair and soft voice, she was so striking that the sequel played off her presence."[3] During the production of the original Poltergeist, Spielberg twice accommodated the child actress when frightened. When scared by performing a particular stunt, Spielberg replaced O'Rourke with a stunt double wearing a blonde wig; and when disturbed by the portrayal of child abuse, Spielberg did not require her to perform the take again.[12] For her work in Poltergeist, O'Rourke earned between $35,000 and $100,000.[13] O'Rourke played the role in all three films.[14] O'Rourke and Zelda Rubinstein were the only original cast members to appear in the third film, Poltergeist III.[15]
They're here!
O'Rourke's performance of her famous line from Poltergeist
Problems playing this file? See media help.
O'Rourke's delivery of the lines "They're here!" in the first film, and "They're baa-aack!" in the second (that film's tagline), placed her in the collective pop culture consciousness of the United States.[16] "They're here!" is #69 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes.
After her work in Poltergeist (1982), O'Rourke secured several television and TV movie roles. In April 1983, she starred as herself alongside Morey Amsterdam and well-known Walt Disney animated characters in the hour-long television special, Believe You Can ... and You Can![17][18] She also appeared in CHiPs, Webster, The New Leave It to Beaver, Our House, and had a recurring role on Happy Days as Heather Pfister.[3] In the television movies Massarati and the Brain and 1985's Surviving: A Family in Crisis, she played Skye Henry and Sarah Brogan, respectively.[14]
Death[edit]
O'Rourke became ill in early 1987 and was misdiagnosed by doctors at Kaiser Permanente Hospital as having Crohn's disease. She was prescribed prednisone to treat the disease, which caused her cheeks to appear puffy and large.[19] On January 31, 1988, O'Rourke suddenly became ill again, vomiting and unable to keep anything in her stomach. The next morning, she collapsed while preparing to leave for the hospital and her stepfather called paramedics. O'Rourke suffered a cardiac arrest en route to the hospital, and after resuscitation, she was airlifted by helicopter to Rady Children's Hospital in San Diego,[10] where she died later that day.
Speaking to reporters, O'Rourke's manager David Wardlow initially announced that it was believed she died of influenza.[20][21] However, hospital spokesman Vincent Bond announced that O'Rourke died during surgery to repair an acute bowel obstruction (caused by congenital stenosis of the intestine)[22] complicated by septic shock;[3][23] this report was corroborated by the San Diego County coroner's office on February 3, two days after her death.[24] Later reports changed the specific cause of death to cardiac arrest caused by septic shock brought on by the intestinal stenosis.[22][25]
Plaque marking O'Rourke's interment
O'Rourke was interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery on February 5, 1988.[26]
Lawsuit[edit]
On May 25, 1988, Sanford M. Gage, the O'Rourke family attorney, filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Kaiser Foundation Hospital in San Diego. O'Rourke had been seen by doctors at Kaiser since birth, and the suit claimed that they failed to properly diagnose her long-standing small-bowel obstruction: had they not simply treated her for Crohn's disease with prescription drugs, she could have had a period of remission by means of a major bowel surgery;[27][28] and this misdiagnosis caused O'Rourke's death.[29] Kaiser Permanente spokeswoman Janice Seib responded: "We have reviewed the case extensively, and we believe that the diagnosis and the course of action taken by our physicians was entirely appropriate. It's a very complex case, complicated by a number of factors, and not given to any simple answers."[10] The case went to arbitration and was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum.[30]
Aftermath[edit]
O'Rourke's death complicated Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's marketing for her last work, Poltergeist III, out of fear of appearing to be exploiting her death.[31] Tom Skerritt and Nancy Allen, O'Rourke's co-stars, were discouraged from giving interviews about the film to avoid questions about her death.[32] O'Rourke died four months before the theatrical release of Poltergeist III, which was dedicated to her memory.[33]
On September 26, 2008, DirecTV began airing a national TV advertisement developed by Deutsch Inc.; directed by Erich Joiner and cinematographed by Daniel Mindel,[34] the advert features O'Rourke's famous "They're here!" scene from Poltergeist blended with contemporary footage of her co-star, Craig T. Nelson, intended to mimic the film. After the advertisement drew criticism from bloggers and columnists for exploiting O'Rourke,[35] DirecTV responded in a Q&A session with readers of The New York Times. Jon Gieselman, DirecTV's senior vice president for advertising and public relations, explained that O'Rourke's family "was involved in the spot from start to finish [and that] Heather's mother not only approved, [...] she also commented that Heather's inclusion was a wonderful tribute to her daughter."[36]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1982 Poltergeist Carol Anne Freeling
1986 Poltergeist II: The Other Side Carol Anne Freeling
1988 Poltergeist III Carol Anne Freeling Released posthumously. Dedicated to her memory.
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1981 Fantasy Island Liz Blake (Age 5) Episode: "Elizabeth's Baby / The Artist and the Lady"
1982–83 Happy Days Heather Pfister Recurring role, 12 episodes
1982 Massarati and the Brain Skye Henry Television film
1983 CHiPs Lindsey Episode: "Fun House"
1983 Matt Houston Sunny Kimball Episode: "The Woman in White"
1983 Webster Melanie 3 episodes
1984 Finder of Lost Loves Jillian Marsh Episode: "Yesterday's Child"
1985 Surviving: A Family in Crisis Sarah Brogan Television film
1986 Around the Bend The Daughter Television film
1986–87 The New Leave It to Beaver Heather Episodes: "Material Girl", "Bad Poetry"
1987 Our House Dana Episode: "A Point of View"
1987 Rocky Road Russian Girl Episode: "Moscow on the Boardwalk"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heather O'Rourke at the TCM Movie Database
Jump up ^ "Heather O'Rourke, Star of 'Poltergeist' movies, dies at 12". San Jose Mercury News. February 2, 1988. p. 6A. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Heather O'Rourke, 12; Starred in 'Poltergeist'". The New York Times. February 3, 1988. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stark, John; Hoover, Eleanor; Keogh, Peter (June 13, 1988). "Heather O'Rourke's Grieving Mother Tells Why She's Suing Her Child's Doctors for Wrongful Death". people.com. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Bonnie (June 9, 1986). "Snatched by Poltergeist's Demons, Heather O'Rourke Gets Some Bad News—they're Here Again". people.com. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Death Claims Heather O'Rourke, the Angelic Child Who Chased Away Demons in Poltergeist". people.com. February 15, 1988. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Child actress Heather O'Rourke". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 3, 1988. p. 6. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Child star of 'Poltergeist,' Heather O'Rourke, dies". The Vindicator. February 3, 1988. p. 44. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Spielberg, Steven; Friedman, Lester D.; Notbohm, Brent (2000). Friedman, Lester D.; Notbohm, Brent, eds. Steven Spielberg: Interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 88–89. ISBN 1-578-06113-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c Heather O'Rourke Story (A Current Affair) on YouTube
Jump up ^ Simpson, Paul (2010). The Rough Guide to Cult Movies (3 ed.). Penguin. p. 195. ISBN 1-405-38322-4.
Jump up ^ Brode, Douglas (2000). Films of Steven Spielberg (2 ed.). Citadel Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 0-806-51951-7.
Jump up ^ "Money". Money. Vol. 11. New York City. 1982. p. 140. ISSN 0015-8259.
^ Jump up to: a b "Heather O'Rourke". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
Jump up ^ Geraghty, Lincoln. American Hollywood (5 ed.). Intellect Books. p. 118. ISBN 1-841-50415-7.
Jump up ^ People Magazine (2007). People: Gone Too Soon: Remembering 65 Celebrities Who Died Too Young (illustrated ed.). New York City: Time Home Entertainment. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-933821-17-7.
Jump up ^ Cotter, Bill (May 31, 2009) [1997]. The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History (illustrated ed.). New York City: Disney Hyperion. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7868-6359-4.
Jump up ^ "Miss O'Rourke, Morey Amsterdam in TV special". Indiana Gazette. Indiana, Pennsylvania. Associated Press. March 19, 1983. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Nash, Jay Robert; Ross, Stanley Ralph (1989). The Motion Picture Guide Annual. CineBooks. p. 132.
Jump up ^ "'Poltergeist' Star Heather O'Rourke Becomes Ill, Dies". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York, US. February 3, 1988.
Jump up ^ "Poltergeist` Actress, 12, Dies Heather O`Rourke Thought To Have Flu". The Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, North Carolina. February 3, 1988. p. 3A.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Bob (May 26, 1988). "Suit Blames Doctors in Death of Young Actress". Los Angeles Times. p. 35. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Folkart, Burt A. (February 2, 1988). "`Poltergeist' Star Heather O'Rourke Dies at Age of 12". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California, US. p. 3. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Naunton, Ena (February 4, 1988). "Child Actress's Death A '1-In-Million' Event". Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio, US. p. A14.
Jump up ^ "People". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 26, 1988. p. 2A.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Dan (February 2007). "Access Hollyweird". Revolver. No. 53. San Francisco Bay Area. p. 89. ISSN 1527-408X.
Jump up ^ Baker, Bob (May 26, 1988). "Suit Filed in `Poltergeist' Actress' Death". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237.
Jump up ^ Conconi, Chuck (May 27, 1988). "PERSONALITIES". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
Jump up ^ Speers, W. (May 26, 1988). "Hospital Sued Over Child Star's Death". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. D02. ISSN 0885-6613.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Richard (March 7, 2005). "Battling over culpability, calculating the price of a life". Los Angeles Business Journal (re-published)|format= requires |url= (help). ISSN 0194-2603.
Jump up ^ "Studio Unsure How To Market Latest 'Poltergeist' Movie". Lexington Herald-Leader. Lexington, Kentucky. March 27, 1988. p. J5. ISSN 0745-4260.
Jump up ^ Cieply, Michael (March 21, 1988). "MGM Ponders Selling of `Poltergeist III'". Los Angeles Times. p. 6. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237.
Jump up ^ Van Heerden, Bill (1998). Film and Television In-Jokes: Nearly 2,000 Intentional References, Parodies, Allusions, Personal Touches, Cameos, Spoofs, and Homages (illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-7864-0456-8.
Jump up ^ Stasukevich, Iain (October 2008). "Short Takes: Paying Homage to Hit Films". American Cinematographer. Hollywood. 89 (10): 10–14. ISSN 0002-7928.
Jump up ^ Glover, Anne (October 16, 2008). "Critics cry foul over DirecTV ad featuring dead girl". Cincinnati. Scripps Howard News Service. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Q & A with Stuart Elliott". The New York Times. October 27, 2008. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
External links[edit]
Heather O'Rourke on IMDb
Heather O'Rourke at the TCM Movie Database
Heather O'Rourke at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 59295451
LCCN: no2006035902
BNF: cb14212097z (data)
IATH: w68s5knp
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heather_O%27Rourke&oldid=802200770"
Categories:
1975 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from San Diego
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Deaths from digestive disease
Disease-related deaths in California
People from Anaheim, California
People from Lakeside, California
People from Big Bear Lake, California
Hidden categories:
Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Pages using citations with format and no URL
Articles with hCards
Articles with hAudio microformats
Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Asturianu
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 17:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

values:
/wiki/Happy_Days_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Happy Days (TV series)

values:
/wiki/File:There_here.wav.ogg
mw-redirect
File:There here.wav.ogg

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Daniel_Mindel
mw-redirect
Daniel Mindel

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-8259

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.webcitation.org/5wtlmWJSs

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3638237

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.webcitation.org/5ylIybx3x

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-408X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0885-6613

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0194-2603

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-4260

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7928

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.webcitation.org/60iSc98kv

values:
/wiki/Scripps_Howard_News_Service
mw-redirect
Scripps Howard News Service

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/37177

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.webcitation.org/60iQqjtTh

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001576/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/59295451

values: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

values: Category:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery

values: Category:Disease-related deaths in California

values: Category:People from Anaheim, California

values: Category:People from Lakeside, California

values: Category:People from Big Bear Lake, California

values: Category:Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Heather_O%27Rourke
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: هتر اورورک – Persian

values: הת'ר אורורק – Hebrew

values: ヘザー・オルーク – Japanese

values: О’Рурк, Хезер – Russian

values: 海瑟·歐羅克 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Heather_O_Rourke rootpage-Heather_O_Rourke skin-vector action-view