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Versions of Blade Runner
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This article is about the 1982 film. For other uses, see Blade Runner (disambiguation).
Blade Runner
Directed by
Ridley Scott
Produced by
Michael Deeley
Screenplay by
Hampton Fancher
David Peoples
Based on
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
by Philip K. Dick
Starring
Harrison Ford
Rutger Hauer
Sean Young
Edward James Olmos
Music by
Vangelis
Cinematography
Jordan Cronenweth
Edited by
Terry Rawlings
Marsha Nakashima
Production
company
The Ladd Company
Shaw Brothers
Blade Runner Partnership
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
June 25, 1982 (1982-06-25)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States[2][3]
Language
English
Budget
$28 million[4]
Box office
$33.8 million[5]
Seven different versions of Ridley Scott's 1982 American science fiction film Blade Runner have been shown, either to test audiences or theatrically. The best known are the Workprint, the U.S. Theatrical Cut, the International Cut, the Director's Cut[6] and the Final Cut. These five versions are included in both the 2007 five-disc Ultimate Collectors Edition and 2012 30th-Anniversary Collector's Edition releases. There also exists the San Diego Sneak Preview Cut, which was only shown once at a preview screening and the U.S. Broadcast Cut, which was edited for television broadcast. In the 2007 documentary Dangerous Days: The Making of Blade Runner, there is a reference to director Ridley Scott presenting an eighth version, a nearly four-hour-long "early cut", that was shown only to studio personnel. The following is a timeline of these various versions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Workprint prototype version (1982)
2 San Diego sneak preview version (1982)
3 US theatrical release (1982)
4 International theatrical release (1982)
5 US broadcast version (1986)
6 The Director's Cut (1992)
7 The Final Cut (2007)
8 References
9 External links
Workprint prototype version (1982)[edit]
The workprint version (1982, 113 minutes) was shown to test audiences in Denver and Dallas in March 1982. It was also seen in 1990 and 1991 in Los Angeles and San Francisco as a Director's Cut without the approval of director Ridley Scott. Negative responses to the test previews led to the modifications resulting in the US theatrical version,[7] while positive response to the showings in 1990 and 1991 pushed the studio to approve work on an official director's cut.[8] This version was re-released as part of the five-disc Ultimate Edition in 2007 with a new transfer of the last known print in existence, with the picture and sound quality restored as much as possible. However, the result was still rough. The main differences between the Workprint and most of the other versions (in chronological order) are:
The opening replicant definition defining replicants as "Synthetic human with paraphysical capabilities, having skin/flesh culture," is not in the other four DVD versions.
The opening title sequence and opening crawl explaining the backstory of the replicants is not present in this version.
When Deckard plays the piano in a depressed stupor, there is no unicorn daydream sequence or background music (the unicorn daydream was added to the Director's Cut and the Final Cut).
Different, farther-away shots of Batty as Deckard watches him die are shown. Additionally, there is an alternate narration (the only narration in this version): "I watched him die all night. It was a long, slow thing...and he fought it all the way. He never whimpered, and he never quit. He took all the time he had, as though he loved life very much. Every second of it...even the pain. Then he was dead."
There is no "happy ending"; the film ends when the elevator doors to Deckard's apartment close as he and Rachel leave.
There are no closing credits. The words "The End" are simply shown as exit music plays.
San Diego sneak preview version (1982)[edit]
A San Diego sneak preview shown only once in May 1982.[9] This version is nearly identical to the 1982 US theatrical version, except that it included three additional scenes not shown before or since, including the Final Cut version (2007).[citation needed]
US theatrical release (1982)[edit]
The US theatrical version (1982, 116 minutes), known as the original version or Domestic Cut, was also released on Betamax and VHS in 1983. This version remained unreleased on DVD for many years. This version (with the international cut) was re-released as part of the five-disc Ultimate Edition in 2007, presented in same video and audio transfer as the 2006 remastered Director's Cut.
The 1982 American theatrical version released by the studio included the "happy ending" and with the addition of Harrison Ford's voiceover.[6] Although several different versions of the script had included a narration of some sort, Harrison Ford, and Ridley Scott decided to add scenes to provide the information; but financiers rewrote and reinserted narration during post-production after test audience members indicated difficulty understanding the film. Scott did not have final cut privilege for the version released to cinemas.[10] Ford said in 1999: "I contested it mightily at the time. It was not an organic part of the film."[11] It has been suggested that Ford intentionally performed the voice-over badly, in the hope it would not be used,[6] but in a 2002 interview with Playboy magazine, he said: "I delivered it to the best of my ability, given that I had no input. I never thought they'd use it. But I didn't try and sandbag it. It was simply bad narration."[12] The "happy ending" aerial shots were also not filmed by Scott, but rather were unused aerial helicopter shots from Stanley Kubrick's The Shining which Kubrick allowed the use of.
The "Happy Ending" refers to the scene after Deckard and Rachael leave the apartment. Gaff spares Rachael's life, allowing her and Deckard to escape the nauseating confines of Los Angeles. They drive away into a natural landscape, and Deckard informs us that despite what Gaff had said ("It's too bad she won't live. But then again who does?"), Rachael doesn't have the built-in four-year limit to her lifespan that the other replicants have.[13]
International theatrical release (1982)[edit]
The International Cut (1982, 117 minutes) also known as the "Criterion Edition" or uncut version, included three more violent action scenes than the US theatrical version. Although initially unavailable in the US and distributed in Europe, Australia and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video laserdisc releases, it was later released on VHS and Criterion Collection laserdisc in North America, and re-released in 1992 as a "10th-Anniversary Edition".[14] HBO broadcast this version to U.S. audiences in the 1980s and 1990s and in 2015.
It is similar to the US theatrical release but has more violence in three specific scenes which were later inserted into the Final Cut.
US broadcast version (1986)[edit]
The US broadcast version (1986, 114 minutes) was the U.S. theatrical version edited by television company CBS to tone down the violence, profanity, and nudity to meet broadcasting restrictions.[15] This version is preceded by a CBS "Saturday Night Movie teaser" explaining the premise of the movie, making it clear that Deckard is not a replicant, and declaring "Blade Runner: Where Love Could Be the Deadliest Sin". In this version, the initial text crawl at the start of the movie explaining what a replicant is "Early in the 21st Century..." is read by an anonymous announcer (not Harrison Ford).
The actual text of the opening text crawl is different from the 1982 US theatrical release: "Early in the 21st Century, robots known as Replicants were created as off-world slave labor. Identical to humans [sic], Replicants were superior in strength and agility, and at least equal in intelligence, to the genetic engineers who created them. After a bloody mutiny, Replicants were declared illegal on earth. Special police squads, Blade Runner Units, had orders to shoot to kill trespassing Replicants. This was not called execution. It was called 'retirement'".
The Director's Cut (1992)[edit]
The Ridley Scott-approved Director's Cut (1992, 116 minutes) was prompted by the unauthorized 1990–1991 theatrical release of the workprint version of the movie. The Director's Cut contained significant changes from the theatrical workprint version. Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros., although film preservationist/restorer Michael Arick was put in charge of creating the Director's Cut.[16]
In October 1989, Arick discovered a 70mm print of Blade Runner at the Todd-AO vaults while searching for footage for Gypsy.[17] Some time later, the print was rediscovered by two other film preservationists at the same vault while searching for footage from The Alamo.[18]
When the Cineplex Odeon Fairfax Theater in Los Angeles learned of this discovery, the theater management got permission from Warner Bros. to screen the print for a film festival set for May 1990. Until the screening, no one had been aware that this print was the workprint version. Owing to this surprise, Warner Bros. booked more screenings of the now-advertised "Director's Cut" of Blade Runner in 15 American cities.[17]
Ridley Scott publicly disowned this workprint version of the film as a "director's cut," citing that it was roughly edited, lacked a key scene, and the climax did not feature the score composed for the film by Vangelis. (It featured a temporary track using Jerry Goldsmith's score from Planet of the Apes.) In response to Scott's dissatisfaction, Warner Bros. pulled theatrical screenings of the workprint in some cities, though it played at the NuArt Theater in Los Angeles and the Castro Theatre in San Francisco beginning in late 1991.[17]
In response to the sold-out screenings of the workprint (and to screenings of the theatrical cut in Houston and Washington, D.C.) and to the film's resurgent cult popularity in the early '90s, Warner Bros. decided to assemble a definitive director's cut of the film—with direction from Scott—for an official theatrical re-release in 1992.[17]
Warner Bros. hired Arick, who was already doing consultation work for the company, to head the project with Scott. He started by spending several months in London with Les Healey, who had been the assistant editor on Blade Runner, attempting to compile a list of the changes that Scott wanted made to the film. He also received a number of suggestions/directions directly from the director himself. Four major changes were made to the original theatrical cut:[citation needed]
The removal of Deckard's 13 explanatory voice-overs.
The insertion of a dream sequence of a unicorn running through a forest. The original sequence of the dream—showing Deckard intercut with the running unicorn—was not found in a print of sufficient quality. Arick was thus forced to use a different print that shows only the unicorn running, without any intercutting to Deckard. This unicorn scene suggests a completely different interpretation at the end of the film: Gaff's origami unicorn implies that Deckard's dreams are known to him, implying that Deckard's memories are artificial and that therefore he is a replicant of the same generation as Rachael.
The removal of the studio-imposed "happy ending", including some associated visuals which had originally run under the film's end-credits. This made the film end ambiguously when the elevator doors closed.
Scott has since complained that time and money constraints, along with his obligation to Thelma & Louise, kept him from retooling the film in a completely satisfactory manner. While he is happier with the 1992 release of the film than with the original theatrical version, he has never felt entirely comfortable with it as his definitive director's cut.
In 2000, Harrison Ford gave his view on the director's cut of the film, where he said that although he thought it was "spectacular", it didn’t "move him at all". He gave a brief reason: "They haven't put anything in, so it's still an exercise in design."[19]
The Director's Cut was made available on VHS and laserdisc in 1993 and on DVD in 1997. It was re-released in 2007 as part of the five-disc Ultimate Edition.
The original single-disc DVD released in March 1997, with both pan-and-scan and widescreen versions on different sides of the disc, was one of the first DVDs on the market. The DVD was a basic disc with mediocre video and audio quality, sourced from the 1993 laserdisc, and with no special features.
In 2006, Warner Home Video re-released the Director's Cut with remastered picture and sound quality, with the video sourced from a new 2K master and the audio sourced from a new 5.1 remix. This was the video and audio transfer given to the theatrical, international, and director's cut versions included in the Blade Runner five-disc Ultimate Collector's Edition.
The Final Cut (2007)[edit]
Ridley Scott's Final Cut (2007, 117 minutes), or the 25th-Anniversary Edition, briefly released by Warner Bros. theatrically on October 5, 2007, and subsequently released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray in December 2007 (UK December 3; US December 18)[20] is the only version over which Ridley Scott had complete artistic control, as the Director's Cut production did not place Scott directly in charge.[16] In conjunction with the Final Cut, documentary and other materials were produced for the home video releases, culminating in a five-disc "Ultimate Collector's Edition" release by Charles de Lauzirika.[21]
Scott found time in mid-2000 to help put together a final and definitive version of the film with restoration producer Charles de Lauzirika, which was only partially completed in mid-2001 before legal and financial issues forced a halt to the work.[22]
After several years of legal disputes,[23] Warner Bros. announced in 2006 that it had finally secured full distribution rights to the film, and that there would be a three-stage release of the film:
A digitally remastered single-disc re-release of the 1992 director's cut was released on September 5, 2006 in the United States, on October 9, 2006 in Ireland and the UK, and in the following months in continental Europe. It contained a trailer for the final cut.
Ridley Scott's Final Cut of the film began a limited theatrical release in New York and Los Angeles on October 5, 2007;[23] in Washington, D.C. at the Uptown Theatre on October 26, 2007; Chicago on November 2, 2007; in Toronto on November 9, 2007 at Theatre D Digital's Regent Theatre; Sydney, Australia at the Hayden Orpheum on November 8, 2007; Melbourne, Australia on November 15, 2007 at The Astor Theatre; Boston at the Coolidge Corner Theater on November 16, 2007 and Austin, Texas on November 18, 2007.
A multi-disc box set was released on the DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats.[24][25]
The set included the workprint, the two 1982 original theatrical versions (US domestic and uncensored international cuts), the 2006-remastered director's cut, the 2007 final cut (completely restored from the original negative, and put through a new director approved transfer, with 35mm footage scanned at 4K or 6K resolution depending on which type of panavision camera filmed the scene, and 65mm elements scanned at 8K resolution, and given a completely new 5.1 mix taken from the original track elements but completely restored and put through the latest audio standards), and several hours of bonus features.
The set was released in Europe on December 3, 2007 and in the US on December 18, 2007. Two-disc and four-disc sets were also released, containing some of the features of the five-disc set.[26][27]
On November 10, 2008, The Final Cut premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel.
A DVD featurette titled All Our Variant Futures profiled the making of the Final Cut version, including behind-the-scenes footage of Harrison Ford's son, Ben Ford, and the filming of new scenes for the Final Cut. According to the documentary, actress Joanna Cassidy made the suggestion to re-film Zhora's death scene while being interviewed for the Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner documentary, and footage of her making this suggestion is inter-cut with footage of her attending the later digital recording session.
The Final Cut contains the original full-length version of the unicorn dream, which had never been in any version, and has been restored. Additionally, all of the additional violence and alternate edits from the international cut have been inserted.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BLADE RUNNER". British Board of Film Classification. May 27, 1982. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Blade Runner". American Film Institute. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Blade Runner". British Film Institute. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blade Runner – Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information, The Numbers, retrieved December 11, 2014
Jump up ^ Blade Runner: The Final Cut (2007), Box Office Mojo, retrieved April 12, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Sammon, Paul M. (1996). "XIII. Voice-Overs, San Diego, and a New Happy Ending". Future Noir: the Making of Blade Runner. London: Orion Media. p. 370. ISBN 0-06-105314-7.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Fred (2007-09-30). "A Cult Classic, Restored Again". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
Jump up ^ Bukatman, p. 37
Jump up ^ Sammon, pp. 306 and 309–311
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick (2016-09-13). "Like Ridley Scott, the director of 'Blade Runner 2' does not have final cut". NME. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Harrison Ford's Blade Runner Gripe". Empire. 1999-09-07. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael. "The Playboy Interview". Playboy Magazine. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Blade Runner: What's Up With the Ending?". www.shmoop.com. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sammon, pp. 326–329
Jump up ^ Sammon, pp. 407–408 and 432
^ Jump up to: a b Sammon, pp. 353, 365
^ Jump up to: a b c d Turan, Kenneth (2006). "Now in Theaters Everywhere: A Celebration of a Certain Kind of Blockbuster" (pp. 15-17). New York City: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-395-1
Jump up ^ Kolb, William W. (1997). "Retrofitting Blade Runner" (p. 294). University of Wisconsin Press: . ISBN 0-87972-509-5
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Colin (November 2000). "And beneath lies, the truth". Empire (137): 76. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Blade Runner: The Final Cut. The Digital Bits, Inc. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Bill (2007-12-12). Blade Runner: The Final Cut – All Versions. The Digital Bits, Inc. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
Jump up ^ "'Blade Runner' Countdown, By Kurt Loder - Movie News Story". MTV Movie News. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaplan, Fred (September 30, 2007). "Blade Runner: The Final Cut - Movies - New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
Jump up ^ ""Blade Runner Special Edition News and Views", brmovie.com, Feb. 2, 2006". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
Jump up ^ ""Blade Runner Final Cut Due", SciFi Wire, May 26, 2006". Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
Jump up ^ "BLADE RUNNER: THE FINAL CUT". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Jump up ^ "My Two Cents - Archived Posts (7/25/07 - 6/28/07)". Archived from the original on October 2, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
External links[edit]
Alternative versions for Blade Runner
"Do Filmgoers Dream of Director's Cuts?" SciFi.com article detailing the various cuts of the film.
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Chard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Chard (disambiguation).
"Silverbeet" redirects here. For the album by The Bats, see Silverbeet (album).
Chard
Chard
Species
Beta vulgaris
Subspecies
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
Cultivar group
Cicla Group, Flavescens Group
Origin
Sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima)
Cultivar group members
Many; see text.
Chard
Chard or Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Cicla-Group and Flavescens-Group) (/tʃɑːrd/) is a green leafy vegetable. In the cultivars of the Flavescens-Group, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf blade.[1] The leaf blade can be green or reddish in color; the leaf stalks are usually white, yellow, or red.[2]
Chard, like other green leafy vegetables, has highly nutritious leaves, making it a popular component of healthy diets.[3] Chard has been used in cooking for centuries, but because of its similarity to beets and vegetables like cardoon, the common names that cooks and cultures have used for chard may be confusing.[4]
Contents
1 Classification
2 Etymology
3 Growth and harvesting
4 Cultivars
5 Culinary use
6 Nutritional content
7 References
8 External links
Classification[edit]
Chard was first described in 1753 by Carl von Linné as Beta vulgaris var. cicla.[5] Its taxonomic rank has changed many times, so it was treated as a subspecies, convariety or variety of Beta vulgaris. (Some of the numerous synonyms are Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Cicla Group), B. vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch var. cicla L., B. vulgaris var. cycla (L.) Ulrich, B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Leaf Beet Group), B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Spinach Beet Group), B. vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch (Flavescens Group), B. vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch var. flavescens (Lam.) DC., B. vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (Leaf Beet Group), B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (Swiss Chard Group)).[6] The accepted name for all beet cultivars, like chard, sugar beet and beetroot, is Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.[7][8] They are cultivated descendants of the sea beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima. Chard belongs to the chenopods, which are now mostly included in the family Amaranthaceae (sensu lato).
There are two rankless cultivar groups for chard: the Cicla-Group for the leafy spinach beet, and the Flavescens-Group for the stalky Swiss chard.[6]
Chard is also known by many common names, such as Swiss chard, silver beet, perpetual spinach, beet spinach, seakale beet, or leaf beet.[9][10]
Etymology[edit]
The word "chard" descends from the fourteenth-century French carde, from Latin carduus meaning artichoke thistle (or cardoon, including the artichoke).[11]
The origin of the adjective "Swiss" is unclear, since the Mediterranean plant is not native to Switzerland. Some attribute the name to it having been first described by a Swiss botanist, either Gaspard Bauhin [12] or Karl Heinrich Emil Koch[13] (although the latter was German, not Swiss).
Swiss chard for sale at an outdoor market
Growth and harvesting[edit]
Chard is a biennial. Clusters of chard seeds are usually sown, in the Northern Hemisphere, between June and October, depending on the desired harvesting period. Chard can be harvested while the leaves are young and tender, or after maturity when they are larger and have slightly tougher stems. Harvesting is a continuous process, as most species of chard produce three or more crops.[14] Raw chard is extremely perishable.
Swiss chard, cooked, no salt
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
84 kJ (20 kcal)
Carbohydrates
4.13 g
Sugars
1.1 g
Dietary fiber
2.1 g
Fat
0.08 g
Protein
1.88 g
Vitamins
Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin
38%
306 μg
34%
3652 μg
11015 μg
Vitamin A
6124 IU
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.034 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
7%
0.086 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.36 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.163 mg
Vitamin B6
7%
0.085 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
9 μg
Choline
6%
28.7 mg
Vitamin C
22%
18 mg
Vitamin E
13%
1.89 mg
Vitamin K
312%
327.3 μg
Minerals
Quantity %DV†
Calcium
6%
58 mg
Iron
17%
2.26 mg
Magnesium
24%
86 mg
Manganese
16%
0.334 mg
Phosphorus
5%
33 mg
Potassium
12%
549 mg
Sodium
12%
179 mg
Zinc
3%
0.33 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
92.65 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Cultivars[edit]
Cultivars of chard include green forms, such as 'Lucullus' and 'Fordhook Giant', as well as red-ribbed forms such as 'Ruby Chard' and 'Rhubarb Chard'.[2] The red-ribbed forms are attractive in the garden, but as a general rule, the older green forms tend to outproduce the colorful hybrids. 'Rainbow Chard' is a mix of other colored varieties that is often mistaken for a variety unto itself.[2]
Chard has shiny, green, ribbed leaves, with petioles that range from white to yellow to red, depending on the cultivar.[2]
Chard is a spring harvest plant. In the Northern Hemisphere, chard is typically ready to harvest as early as April and lasts through May. Chard is one of the hardier leafy greens, with a harvest season typically lasting longer than kale, spinach or baby greens. When daytime temperatures start to regularly hit 30 °C (86 °F), the harvest season is coming to an end.
Culinary use[edit]
Fresh young chard can be used raw in salads. Mature chard leaves and stalks are typically cooked (like in pizzoccheri) or sautéed; the bitterness fades with cooking, leaving a refined flavor which is more delicate than that of cooked spinach.[citation needed]
In Egyptian cuisine, chard is commonly cooked with taro root and coriander in a light broth.[15] In Turkish cuisine, chard is cooked as soup, sarma or börek.
Nutritional content[edit]
In a 100-gram serving, raw Swiss chard provides 79 kilojoules (19 kcal) of food energy and has rich content (> 19% of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamins A, K, and C, with 122%, 1038%, and 50%, respectively, of the DV.[3] Also having significant content in raw chard are vitamin E and the dietary minerals, magnesium, manganese, iron and potassium.[3] Carbohydrates, protein, fat and dietary fiber have low content.[3]
When chard is cooked by boiling, vitamin and mineral contents are reduced compared to raw chard, but still supply significant proportions of the DV (table).

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Librarie Larousse, ed. (1984). Larousse Gastronomique: The World's Greatest Cooking Encyclopedia. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Swiss chard varieties". Cornell Garden Based Learning. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Chard per 100 grams, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21". Conde Nast. 2014. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Swiss chard". Growing Guide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. 2006.
Jump up ^ Beta vulgaris var. cicla at Tropicos, accessed 2014-02-27
^ Jump up to: a b Sorting Beta names at MMPND Archived 2013-04-15 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris at Tropicos, accessed, 2015-02-27
Jump up ^ Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris. In: Uotila, P. (2011): Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore). – In: Euro+Med Plantbase, accessed, 2014-02-27
Jump up ^ "Beta vulgaris (Leaf Beet Group)". Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO. 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Production guidelines for Swiss chard" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Chard, Online Etymological Dictionary
Jump up ^ Forget Hip Kale, Get Your Green Fix From Swiss Chard, Clifford Wright, Zester Daily.
Jump up ^ Chard, Centre for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture
Jump up ^ Dobbs, Liz (2012). "It's chard to beet". The Garden. Royal Horticultural Society. 137 (6): 54.
Jump up ^ "Recipe for Colcasia in Egyptian Cuisine". Egyptian Cuisine Recipes. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
External links[edit]
Look up chard in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chard.
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q157954
FoC: 242308346
GBIF: 7219519
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chard&oldid=855625430"
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text:
List of bones of the human skeleton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series of lists about
Human anatomy
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The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones. It is composed of 270 bones at birth, which decreases to 94 bones in the axial skeleton (28 in the skull and 52 in the torso) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton (32 × 2 in the upper extremities including both arms and 31 × 2 in the lower extremities including both legs). Many small and variable supernumerary bones, such as some sesamoid bones, are not included in this count.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Bones
2.1 Spine (vertebral column)
2.2 Chest (thorax)
2.3 Skull (cranium and mandible)
2.4 Arm
2.5 Pelvis (pelvic girdle)
2.6 Leg
2.7 Sesamoid bones
3 References
Introduction[edit]
The bones in a human skeleton will be more as the age will be more, as multiple bones fuse, a process which typically reaches completion in the third decade of life. In addition, the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones, despite being fused naturally. Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted, while others, such as the hallux sesamoids, are not.
Individuals may have more or fewer bones than this owing to anatomical variations. The most common variations include sutural (wormian) bones, which are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull, and sesamoid bones which develop within some tendons, mainly in the hands and feet. Some individuals may also have additional (i.e. supernumerary) cervical ribs or lumbar vertebrae.
Bones[edit]
Spine (vertebral column)[edit]
A fully grown adult features 30 bones in the spine, whereas a child can have 33.
The cervical vertebrae (7)
The thoracic vertebrae (12)
The lumbar vertebrae (5)
The sacral vertebrae (5 at birth, later fused into one)
The coccygeal vertebrae (5 at birth, some or all of the bones fuse together but there seems to be a disagreement between researchers as to what the most common number should be. Some say the most common is 1, others say 2 or 3, with 4 being the least likely. It is counted as 1 in this article.[citation needed])
Chest (thorax)[edit]
There are usually 25 bones in the chest but sometimes there can be additional cervical ribs in humans. Cervical ribs occur naturally in other animals such as reptiles.
The sternum (1)
The ribs (24, in 12 pairs)
It is important to note that three pairs (the 8th, 9th and 10th), also known as false ribs, are attached to each other. They are also attached to the 7th rib by cartilage and synovial joints. Also two pairs of floating ribs (the 11th and 12th), have no anterior attachment.
Cervical ribs are extra ribs that occur in some humans.
Skull (cranium and mandible)[edit]
There are 22 bones in the skull. Including the hyoid and the bones of the middle ear, the head contains 29 bones.
The cranial bones (8)
The occipital bone
The parietal bones (2)
The frontal bone
The temporal bones (2)
The sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
The ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
The facial bones (14)
The nasal bones (2)
The maxillae (upper jaw) (2)
The lacrimal bone (2)
The zygomatic bone or cheekbone (2);
The palatine bone (2)
The inferior nasal concha (2)
The vomer
The mandible (lower jaw)
The hyoid bone (not connected to any other bone)
In the middle ears (6)
malleus (2)
incus (2)
stapes (2)
Arm[edit]
There are a total of 64 bones in the arm.
The upper arm bones (6 bones, 3 on each side)
The humerus
The shoulder (pectoral girdle)
The scapula
The clavicles
The lower arm bones (4 bones, 2 on each side)
The ulna
The radius
The hand (54 bones, 27 in each hand)
The carpals
scaphoid bone (2)
lunate bone (2)
triquetral bone (2)
pisiform bone (2)
trapezium (2)
trapezoid bone (2)
capitate bone (2)
hamate bone (2)
The metacarpals (5 × 2 = 10)
The phalanges of the hand
proximal phalanges (5 × 2 = 10)
intermediate phalanges (4 × 2 = 8)
distal phalanges (5 × 2 = 10)
Pelvis (pelvic girdle)[edit]
The hip bone has three regions: ilium, ischium, and pubis (2)
The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis, but are more important to the spinal column. For this reason it is omitted from the pelvic girdle.
Leg[edit]
The femur (2)
The patella or kneecap (2)
The tibia (2)
The fibula (2)
The foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
The tarsus
calcaneus or heel bone (2)
talus (2)
navicular bone (2)
medial cuneiform bone (2)
intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
lateral cuneiform bone (2)
cuboid bone (2)
The metatarsals (10)
The phalanges of the foot
proximal phalanges (5 × 2 = 10)
intermediate phalanges (4 x 2 = 8)
distal phalanges (5 x 2 = 10)
Sesamoid bones[edit]
Patella
Pisiform bone
Fabella
Sesamoids in the first and second metacarpal bones
Sesamoids in the first metatarsal bone
Lenticular process of the incus

For inconsistent bones, see Accessory bone.
References[edit]
The 206 Bones of the Human Body
[hide]
v
t
e
Bones in the human skeleton
Axial skeleton
Skull
Neurocranium
occipital
parietal
frontal
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
Face
nasal
maxilla
lacrimal
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
mandible
hyoid
Ear
ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
Thorax
sternum
rib cage
rib
Vertebral column
vertebrae
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
Appendicular
Shoulder
clavicle
scapula
Arm
humerus
ulna
radius
Hand
carpals (scaphoid, lunate bone, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)
metacarpals
phalanges (prox, int, dist)
Pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
Leg
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
Foot
tarsals
heelbone
anklebone
navicular
cuneiform
cuboid
metatarsals
phalanges
proximal
intermediate
distal
accessory
accessory navicular
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton&oldid=817133033"
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Spinal vertebra

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values: قائمة العظام في الهيكل العظمي للإنسان – Arabic

values: মানব কঙ্কালে অস্থিসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla

values: Кеше һөлдәһе һөйәктәре – Bashkir

values: Списък на костите в човешкото тяло – Bulgarian

values: Llista d'ossos de l'esquelet humà – Catalan

values: Anexo:Huesos del esqueleto humano – Spanish

values: Giza hezurduraren hezurren zerrenda – Basque

values: Liste des os du squelette humain – French

values: List fan bonken fan it minsklik skelet – Western Frisian

values: Lista de ósos do esqueleto humano – Galician

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values: Lista delle ossa dello scheletro umano – Italian

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values: 人間の骨の一覧 – Japanese

values: Knoklar i menneskeskjelettet – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Lista de ossos do esqueleto humano – Portuguese

values: Lista oaselor scheletului uman – Romanian

values: Перечень костей скелета человека – Russian

values: List of bones of the human skeleton – Simple English

values: Lista över ben i människans skelett – Swedish

values: மனித எலும்புகளின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: รายชื่อกระดูกในร่างกายมนุษย์ – Thai

values: 人体骨骼列表 – Chinese

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