text:
33rd Street station (PATH)
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33rd Street
PATH rapid transit station
Location
33rd Street and Sixth Avenue
Manhattan, New York
Coordinates
40°44′57″N 73°59′18″W / 40.749111°N 73.988240°W / 40.749111; -73.988240Coordinates: 40°44′57″N 73°59′18″W / 40.749111°N 73.988240°W / 40.749111; -73.988240
Owned by
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Line(s)
PATH:
HOB–33
JSQ–33
JSQ–33 (via HOB)
Platforms
2 side platforms, 2 island platforms
Tracks
3
Connections
New York City Subway:
       at 34th Street – Herald Square
NYCT Bus: M7, M34 / M34A SBS, M55
Construction
Disabled access
Yes
History
Opened
1910
Rebuilt
1939
Electrified
600V (DC) Third Rail
Traffic
Passengers (2017)
11,211,675[1]  8.3%
Services
Preceding station
PATH
Following station
Regular service
23rd Street
toward Hoboken
HOB–33 Terminus
Hoboken
Terminus
23rd Street
toward Journal Square
JSQ–33
Newport
toward Journal Square
Nights and weekends
23rd Street
toward Journal Square
JSQ–33 (via HOB) Terminus
Hoboken
toward Journal Square
[show]
Route map
Legend
to 23 St
33rd Street is a terminal station on the PATH system. Located at the intersection of 32nd Street and Sixth Avenue in the Herald Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, it is served by the Hoboken–33rd Street and Journal Square–33rd Street lines on weekdays, and by the Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) line on weekends. 33rd Street serves as the northern terminus of all three lines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Station layout
2 Nearby attractions
3 References
4 External links
Station layout[edit]
G Street Level Exit/Entrance
B1
Platform level Side platform, doors will open on the left Fare control, one-way faregates, transfer to New York City Subway        trains at 34th Street–Herald Square
Southbound ← HOB–33 toward Hoboken Terminal (23rd Street)
← JSQ–33 (via HOB) toward Journal Square (23rd Street)
Island platform, doors will open on the left or right
Southbound ← HOB–33 toward Hoboken Terminal (23rd Street)
← JSQ–33 toward Journal Square (23rd Street)
← JSQ–33 (via HOB) toward Journal Square (23rd Street)
Island platform, doors will open on the left or right
Southbound ← JSQ–33 toward Journal Square (23rd Street)
← JSQ–33 (via HOB) toward Journal Square (23rd Street)
Side platform, doors will open on the right
B2 Southbound local ← do not stop here
Southbound express ← do not stop here
Northbound express → do not stop here →
Northbound local → do not stop here →
The present station has three tracks in a Spanish solution with two island platforms and two side platforms.[2] It is not the original station on the site; the original station opened on November 10, 1910.[3] When the Independent Subway's Sixth Avenue line was being built in 1936 it was necessary to relocate the H & M 33rd Street station. The original station was closed in December 1937, and a temporary terminal was built at 28th Street, one stop south.[4] A new terminal station located at 32nd Street was opened on September 24, 1939, at a cost of $500,000. Although the station is at 32nd Street, the 33rd Street name was retained.[5]
As part of this upgrade, the 28th Street station was closed and demolished. As a partial compensation for the loss of the station, an entrance to the new terminal was opened at 30th Street.[5] A "Gimbels passageway" was formerly used by pedestrians to connect to Penn Station a block to the west under 33rd Street, but was closed in the 1980s for security reasons.[6]
Nearby attractions[edit]
Empire State Building
Herald Square
Koreatown
Macy's
Madison Square Garden
Manhattan Mall
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PATH Ridership Report" (PDF). pathnynj.gov. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dougherty, Peter (2006) [2002]. Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "M'Adoo Tubes Now Reach 33rd Street; First Through Train from the Downtown Terminal to New One in the Shopping Belt". The New York Times. November 3, 1910. p. 11. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Hudson Tube Terminus At 33d St. Closes Today". The New York Times. December 26, 1937. p. 20. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "HUDSON TUBE OPENS TERMINAL TODAY; Remodeled 33d St. Station Cost City $800,000 as Part of 6th Ave. Subway Expense CLOSED FOR TWO YEARS Two Train Platforms and 3 Sets of Tracks Among New Transit Equipment". The New York Times. 1939-09-24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Remembering the Gimbels tunnel". New York Post. 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
External links[edit]
Media related to 33rd Street (PATH station) at Wikimedia Commons
PATH - 33rd Street Station
32nd Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
30th Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Platform from Google Maps Street View
[hide]
v
t
e
PATH (Port Authority Trans-Hudson)
Services
NWK–WTC
Weekdays
HOB–WTC
HOB–33
JSQ–33
Nights and weekends
JSQ–33 (via HOB)
Stations
New Jersey
Exchange Place
Grove Street
Harrison
Hoboken
Journal Square
Newark
Newport
New York
Christopher Street
9th Street
14th Street
23rd Street
33rd Street
World Trade Center
Infrastructure
Dock Bridge
Downtown Hudson Tubes
PATH Lift Bridge
Uptown Hudson Tubes
Historical
Centre Street Bridge
Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse
Hudson Terminal
Park Place
Related
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
SmartLink
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=33rd_Street_station_(PATH)&oldid=826714168"
Categories:
PATH stations in Manhattan
Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)
Railway stations opened in 1910
Railway stations located underground in New York (state)
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Chuck E. Cheese's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Chuck E. Cheese's
Formerly
Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre
Type
Subsidiary of CEC Entertainment, Inc.
Traded as
NYSE: CEC
Industry
Family entertainment centers, fast food
Founded
May 17, 1977; 41 years ago (1977-05-17)
San Jose, California, U.S.
Founder
Nolan Bushnell
Headquarters
Irving, Texas, U.S.
Number of locations
608 (2017)
Area served
North America, South America, Middle East
Key people
Gene Landrum (first president and COO)
Products
Pizza, arcade games, kiddie rides, birthday parties
Parent
ShowBiz Pizza Time, Inc. (1984-1998)
CEC Entertainment, Inc. (1998-present)
Website
www.chuckecheese.com
Chuck E. Cheese's (formerly Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza) is a chain of American family entertainment centers and restaurants. The chain is the primary brand of CEC Entertainment, Inc. and is headquartered in Irving, Texas.[1][2] The establishment serves pizza and other menu items, complemented by arcade games, amusement rides, and animatronic displays as a focus of family entertainment.[3] The brand derives its name from its main animatronic character Chuck E. Cheese, a comedic mouse who sings and interacts with guests.[3][4]
The first location opened in San Jose, California, as Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre, on May 17, 1977.[5][6][7][8] The concept was created by Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, credited with bringing video games such as Pong to the mainstream. The Pizza Time Theatre was the first family restaurant to integrate food, animated entertainment, and an indoor arcade.[3] Following a filing for bankruptcy, the chain was acquired by competitor ShowBiz Pizza Place in 1984, forming ShowBiz Pizza Time, Inc.[9] In 1990, the company began unifying the two brands with the goal of renaming every location to Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza.[10][11] The logo was redesigned in 1994 after pizza was dropped from each store's name.[9] ShowBiz Pizza Time, Inc. became CEC Entertainment, Inc. in 1998, and over 600 Chuck E. Cheese stores are open in 47 states and 15 countries as of 2017[update].[9][1][2]
Contents
1 Chain history
1.1 Foundation
1.2 ShowBiz Pizza Place
1.3 Mergers and restructuring
1.4 International expansion
1.5 Buyout and modern redesign
2 Menu items
3 Entertainment
3.1 Arcade and currency
3.2 Animatronic figures
3.3 Costumed shows
4 References
5 External links
Chain history[edit]
Foundation[edit]
Two children in the Ticket Blaster. This is used whenever a child has a birthday party. The birthday child must collect as many tickets as he/she can before time expires.
A girl playing in the SkyTubes play area.
Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre was founded by Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, who was seeking to expand the purview of video game arcades beyond more adult locations like pool halls to a child- and family-friendly venue.[3][12] Bushnell's experience in the amusement park industry, as well as his fondness for the Walt Disney Company, were influential in the conceptualization of the Pizza Time Theatre concept.[13] The first location opened in San Jose, California, in 1977, and was labeled as the first family restaurant to integrate food, cheap animated entertainment, and an indoor arcade.[3][9] In 1978, Bushnell purchased the Pizza Time Theatre concept from Atari's then-corporate parent, Warner Communications.[14] Gene Landrum then resigned from Atari and was made President and Chief Operating Officer of Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre.[15][16]
Bushnell has said of his decision to open a pizza restaurant, "It was my pet project ... I chose pizza because of the wait time and the build schedule: very few components and not too many ways to screw it up."[17] After finding out from employees working on the animatronics that the costume he bought was a rodent rather than the coyote he thought he was buying, Bushnell says he suggested changing the name of the establishment from the planned "Coyote Pizza" to "Rick Rat's Pizza". Marketing people disliked that and proposed "Chuck E. Cheese" instead, which is what was used.[18]
To expand beyond California and the west coast, Nolan began to franchise, resulting in a co-development agreement between himself and Robert Brock of Topeka Inn Management in 1979. The agreement handed Brock exclusive franchising rights for opening Pizza Time Theatres in sixteen states across the Southern and Midwestern United States,[14] while also forming a company subdivision, "Pizza Show Biz", to develop the Pizza Time Theatres.[14]
ShowBiz Pizza Place[edit]
Main article: ShowBiz Pizza Place
In November 1979, Brock met Aaron Fechter of Creative Engineering, Inc. Concerned that Fechter's animatronics would be too strong a competition for Bushnell's work, Brock requested that Bushnell release him from the co-development agreement, citing misrepresentation.[14] In December 1979, Brock and Fechter formed "Showbiz Pizza Place Inc", severing Brock's business relationship with Bushnell.[14][19] ShowBiz Pizza Place was conceptually identical to Pizza Time Theatre in all aspects except for animation, which would be provided by Creative Engineering.[14] Showbiz Pizza Place opened its first location on March 3, 1980, in Kansas City, Missouri.[9]
Upon the opening of ShowBiz Pizza Place, Bushnell sued Brock and Topeka Inn Management over breach of contract.[14] Brock immediately issued a counter-suit against Bushnell, citing misrepresentation.[14] The court case began in March 1980, eventually settling out of court with Showbiz agreeing to pay Pizza Time Theatre a portion of its profits over the following decade.[14] During this period, Topeka Inn Management also changed its name to Brock Hotel Corporation and moved its headquarters to Irving, Texas.[14] Both restaurants experienced increased success as the video game industry became more robust,[14] and, to maintain competition, both franchises continually modified and diversified their animatronic shows.
Mergers and restructuring[edit]
An older Chuck E. Cheese's facility under the now defunct title of "Chuck E Cheese's Pizza"
In 1981, Pizza Time Theatre went public; however, the evolving video game industry and the video game crash of 1983 resulted in significant losses for Pizza Time Theatre, which lost $15 million in 1983, and by 1984, Bushnell's debts were insurmountable, resulting in the filing of Chapter 11 bankruptcy for Pizza Time Theatre Inc.[9] Showbiz then bought the foundering company, recreating itself as Showbiz Pizza Time Inc.[9]
After the merger, both restaurant chains continued operating under their respective titles, while major financial restructuring had begun.[9] During this period, Creative Engineering began to sever ties with ShowBiz Pizza Time (officially splitting in September 1990), resulting in the unification of the two brands. By 1992, all restaurants assumed the name of Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza.[10] The name was then shortened to Chuck E. Cheese's by March 1995 after a redesigned concept.[9][20] In 1998, Showbiz Pizza Time renamed itself CEC Entertainment, Inc. to reflect the remaining chain brand.[2][9]
International expansion[edit]
In the early 1980s, the restaurant franchise debuted in Australia under the name Charlie Cheese's Pizza Playhouse. The name change had to do with the common meaning of the word "chuck", which in Australia is a reference to the phrase "to throw up".[21] Pizza Time Theater also opened at least one restaurant in Hong Kong, which closed shortly thereafter as a result of the initial company's 1984 bankruptcy.[21]
Further international locations are open in Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guam, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United Arab Emirates.[22]
The company was supposed to open a branch in the Philippines at Glorietta but it was scrapped due to the discrepancies in the mall's design which standards of CEC locations must be followed. The location of the first branch is still being proposed.[23] Further planned markets are in Argentina, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Malaysia, more cities in Mexico, Oman, Poland, more cities in Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Ukraine.[24]
Buyout and modern redesign[edit]
In February 2014, Apollo Global Management acquired CEC Entertainment, Inc. for $54 per share, or about $950 million.[25][26]
In August 2017, the company began to pilot a new design concept at seven remodeled locations (three in Kansas City, three in San Antonio, one in Selma, Texas), branded as Chuck E. Cheese Pizzeria & Games. These locations feature more upscale decor with a "muted" interior color scheme, an open kitchen, the "Play Pass" card system to replace arcade tokens, and the animatronic stage show replaced by a dance floor area. These changes, along with expansions to food offerings, are intended to help the chain provide an experience that can appeal better to adult visitors, and encourage family dining as opposed to primarily parties.[27][28]
Menu items[edit]
While its primary focus is pizza, Chuck E. Cheese's also offers cold-cut sandwiches, chicken wings, salad bars and desserts. Some stores are also used as test locations which feature new Chuck E. Cheese foods.[29] Certain Chuck E. Cheese locations also offer beer and wine.[30]
Starting on November 13, 2012, new gluten-free menu items were available at more than 500 locations in the U.S. and Canada. This currently includes a choice of a personal-size cheese pizza and new items such as chocolate or vanilla sheet cakes and cotton candy.[31]
Entertainment[edit]
Arcade and currency[edit]
A Chuck E. Cheese token.
From the time of the company's inception to today, one of the main draws for the stores has been the arcade.[3][2] The arcade games primarily consist of either redemption games or video arcade games.[32]
The brass tokens issued by the company for use in their arcades exist in numerous varieties, and are collected by exonumia enthusiasts.[33] The company once tested a card access method for use with their arcade and skill games in one location. The test location would no longer use tokens, and instead use a refillable card to access credits, which replace tokens, and points, which replace tickets. However, this was later scrapped. It was tested under different names, including "Chuck E.'s Super Discount Card" and "Chuck E. Token Card".[34][35] This method is currently being tested in some markets again. Instead of electronic tickets like the former cards, patrons still carry paper tickets, and the card just takes the place of the metal tokens. CECE, or CEC Entertainment, has called the new system "Play Pass".
Animatronic figures[edit]
Chuck E. Cheese animatronic in 2014
Along with the arcade, the other main draw for the centers since the beginning was its animatronic show, until the mid-1990s. More recently, less attention has been placed on animatronics. However, there are now several different styles of animatronic shows in use within the company, depending on when the location opened, whether it was renovated, and other factors.[36]
When the first location opened in 1977, the animatronic characters were featured in framed portraits hanging on the walls of the main dining area, but they are no longer in use today. The show featured Crusty The Cat (the first character to face retirement as he was soon replaced with Mr. Munch in 1978), Pasqually the singing chef, Jasper T. Jowls, the Warblettes, and the main focus of the show, Chuck E. Cheese.[37] Later, restaurants also added "Cabaret" shows in separate rooms of each restaurant.[3] They also frequently changed out the sole female character, currently named Helen Henny, in the main show. They achieved this by applying a cosmetic change to the existing robot, as well as a change of stage backdrop, to match the performer. The in-house control system which consisted of a 6502-based controller in a card cage with various driver boards was called "Cyberamics".[38][39]
Beginning in 1998, the company's show installed into new stores, referred to as "Studio C", consists of a single animated Chuck E. Cheese character created by Garner Holt alongside large television monitors, lighting effects, and interactive elements.[40] The other characters appear as puppets on the TV screens. The control system dubbed "Cyberstar" was re-designed from the ground up and produced by Dave Philipsen. In some markets, the company has also tried a new store concept that omits the animated show entirely. This is the Circle of Lights stage which either consists of a live Chuck E. Cheese costume character or an animatronic in a futuristic light stage with large television monitors. In 2017, the chain announced that animatronic shows would be removed in favor of a modernized dance floor.[41] The move is being piloted in a handful of locations prior to being implemented company-wide.[41]
The members that performed in the animatronic shows were:[42]
Chuck E. Cheese — vocals
Helen Henny — vocals
Mr. Munch — vocals, keyboards
Jasper T. Jowls — vocals, guitar
Pasqually P. Pieplate — vocals, drums
Costumed shows[edit]
Chuck E. Cheese walkaround character performing in 2017.
Two types of costumed shows are used by Chuck E. Cheese's: the Live show and the Road show. The Live show is performed at the front of the stage in the showroom, whenever a child is celebrating a birthday. In the live show a customized rendition of "Happy Birthday" is sung to the child that is celebrating the birthday. A costumed Chuck E. Cheese dances with the guests and sings, while being accompanied by the cast members.[43] The Road show is a performance by a costumed Chuck E. Cheese character, and is performed outside the normal showroom. Children are gathered via the public announcement system or by Chuck E. Cheese himself. Chuck E. Cheese wants the children to dance in order to win free tickets. The free tickets are thrown at the end of the performance for all the children that participated. Chuck comes out every hour on the half hour. The songs that he and the children dance to are usually well-known classic songs such as "If You're Happy and You Know It" and "Head, Shoulders, Knees, and Toes".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "CEC Entertainment, Inc. Reports Financial Results for the 2017 First Quarter" (Press release). PR Newswire. 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Investor Relations" (PHP). Chuck E. Cheese's official site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Packer, Linda (October 1979). "Catering To Kids" (PDF). Food Service Marketing. pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment" (PHP). Chuck E. Cheese's official site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "1977 Pizza Time Theatre Grand Opening Ad - Original Winchester Location" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Chuck E. Cheese's 'founder' speaks to mom in campaign from Dallas' Richards Group". The Dallas Morning News. 2012-08-16. Archived from the original on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Chuck E. Cheese fined for violating child-labor laws". San Jose Mercury News. 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Chuck E. Cheese's® Kicks off '40 Years of Fun' Celebration". PR Newswire. 2017-01-17. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Company History". Chuck E. Cheese's Official Site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original (PHP) on January 6, 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Prewitt, Milford (1990-09-10). "ShowBiz Parent Merges Concepts Into One Big Pie" (PDF). Nation's Restaurant News. pp. 12–3.
Jump up ^ "www.showbizpizza.com/info/articles/joint/joint_cuarticle.pdf" (PDF). ShowbizPizza.com. 1990-09-10. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ Kent, Steve L. The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokémon and Beyond: The Story behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World. Roseville, CA: Prima Pub., 2001.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Time's Vaudeville Theatre" (PDF). Western Foodservice. March 1979.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Kinkead, Gwen (July 1982). "High Profits from a Weird Pizza Combination" (PDF). Fortune. pp. 62–68.
Jump up ^ Atari Inc: Business is Fun; Marty Goldberg, Curt Vendel; Syzygy Press, 2012; pp. 325–334
Jump up ^ Ponder, Erica. "Building a Strong Business Network with Dr. Gene Landrum". Houston Style Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Alexis C. Madrigal (July 17, 2013). "Chuck E. Cheese's, Silicon Valley Startup: The Origins of the Best Pizza Chain Ever". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How I Built This / Atari & Chuck E. Cheese's: Nolan Bushnell".
Jump up ^ "Rock-afire Explosion Brochure" (PDF) (Press release). Creative Engineering, Inc. 1980. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ "1994 FORM 10-K". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2009. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
^ Jump up to: a b VegaNova. "Chuck E. Cheese's Collectables". www.showbizpizza.com. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Chuck E. Cheese's Locations Near You". Chuck E. Cheese's. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "What happened to PH opening of Chuck E. Cheese?". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chuck E. Cheese's Franchising Opportunities".
Jump up ^ Chuck E. Cheese Owner Agrees to $950M Buyout; ABC News; January 16, 2014
Jump up ^ Apollo Global Management Announces Completion of Its Acquisition of CEC Entertainment, Inc.; BusinessWire - Press release; February 14, 2014
Jump up ^ Channick, Robert. "Chuck E. Cheese's breaking up the (animatronic) band". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ Whitten, Sarah (2017-08-09). "Chuck E. Cheese's is getting a major redesign". CNBC. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Nutritional Information" (PDF). Chuck E. Cheese's Official Site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. January 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ Lieberman, Al & Esgate, Patricia (2002). "Location-Based Entertainment and Experiential Branding". The Entertainment Marketing Revolution (PDF) (Illustrated ed.). FT Press. p. 272. ISBN 0-13-029350-4. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ "New Gluten-Free Offerings - Chuck E. Cheese's". Chuck E. Cheese's.
Jump up ^ "Games & Rides" (PHP). Chuck E. Cheese's Official Site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ "Chuck E. Cheese Tokens". Forrest's Token Page. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ S., Travis. "CEC Token Cards" (CSS). Showbiz Pizza.com. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ S., Travis. "Super Discount Card Poster 9Irving, TX 2006)" (JPG). Showbiz Pizza.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ S., Travis. "Pizza Time Theatre: Stage Shows" (CSS). Showbiz Pizza.com. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Time Theatre Program" (PDF). ATARI, Inc. 1977. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Time Theatre Balcony Show Photograph #1". 1981. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Time Theatre Balcony Show Photograph #2". 1980s. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Chuck E.'s New Look" (PDF) (Press release). Garner Holt Productions. 1998. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Jennings (17 August 2017). "Chuck E. Cheese's Animatronic Band Is Starting to Break Up and Fans Are Heartbroken". GizModo. GizModo. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Our Promise to Parents". Chuck E. Cheese's.
Jump up ^ "Birthday Parties" (PHP). Chuck E. Cheese's Official Site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
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In God We Trust
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see In God We Trust (disambiguation).
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the reverse of a United States twenty-dollar bill
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the Flag of Florida
"In God We Trust" is the official motto of the United States of America and of the U.S. state of Florida. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as a replacement or alternative to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782.[1][2]
"In God We Trust" first appeared on the two-cent piece in 1864[3] and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared "In God We Trust" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957.[3] The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto.[4][5][6]
Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use, citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[7] These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property. In lawsuits, this argument has so far not overcome the interpretational doctrine of accommodationism, which allows government to endorse religious establishments as long as they are all treated equally.[8] According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[9]
In 2006, "In God We Trust" was designated as the motto of the U.S. state of Florida.[10][11] Its Spanish equivalent, En Dios Confiamos, is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Society and culture
2.1 Religion
2.2 In popular culture
2.3 License plates
3 Criticism
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is our Trust," scratches out "is our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.[13]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" first appeared on the obverse side of the Two-cent piece in 1864[3]
In 1860, the phrase was used in the Coat of arms of New Westminster, Canada. The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religious-patriotic songs. During the American Civil War, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862.[14][15][16] William W. Wallace, coiner, circa August 1862, of the motto "In God We Trust"[17] was Captain of Company C of the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry.
The Reverend Mark R. Watkinson of 'Ridleyville', Pennsylvania, (pastor of Prospect Hill Baptist Church in present-day Prospect Park, Pennsylvania) in a letter dated November 13, 1861, petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing "Almighty God in some form on our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism".[18][19] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War.[20] Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint, James Pollock, to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863.[21]
In December 1863, Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury decided on a new motto, "In God We Trust," to engrave on U.S. coins. Lincoln's involvement in this decision is unclear.[22]
A version of the motto made an early appearance on obverse side of the twenty dollar interest bearing note issued in 1864 along with the motto "God and our Right".
As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress. Such legislation was introduced and passed as the Coinage Act of 1864 on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins.[20]
An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon".[20][23] In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto".
The similar phrase 'In God is our Trust' appears in "The Star-Spangled Banner", adopted as the national anthem of the United States in 1931. Written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, the fourth stanza includes the phrase, "And this be our motto: 'In God is our Trust'", which was adapted as the national motto.[24][better source needed]
The use of "In God We Trust" has been interrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938.[20] However, at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto,[citation needed] including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar. The omission of the motto "In God We Trust" on the Indian Head eagle coin caused public outrage, and prompted Congress to pass a bill mandating its inclusion. Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber added the words and made minor modifications to the design. In 1908, Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto.[25] The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908.[20] Since 1938, all US coins have borne the motto.[3]
A quarter dollar with the United States' official motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" on the obverse side
During the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union, which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation.[26] The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States". The resolution passed both the House and the Senate unanimously and without debate.[27][28] The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956.[29] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto."
The same day, the President signed into law[30] a requirement that "In God We Trust" be printed on all U.S. currency and coins. On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.[20][31] (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)
Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House, saying "In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [32]
Aronow v. United States was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency.[33] The law it challenged was "31 U.S.C. § 324a "the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins".[33] O'Hair v. Blumenthal (1978) challenged the inclusion of the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency. A similar decision was reached by the Fifth Circuit in Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs W. Michael Blumenthal in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular."[34]
In March 2001, Governor of Mississippi Ronnie Musgrove signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every public school classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state.[35][36]
A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms". The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters.[37]
According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[9]
In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official national motto of the United States of America.[38] In Florida House Bill no. 1145, Florida adopted 'In God We Trust' as the official state motto, effective July 1, 2006.[10][11]
In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States, in a 396–9 vote.[39][40]
In 2013, a federal court rejected a challenge, brought by Michael Newdow and the Freedom From Religion Foundation, to remove "In God We Trust" from American currency.[41]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" on the Seal of Mississippi
On January 31, 2014, purporting to defend religious freedom, the Mississippi senate voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal and the change was made effective on July 1, 2014.[42][43]
In 2015 the county police department of Jefferson County, Illinois announced that the words "In God We Trust" will be on police squad cars.[44] In 2015, the Freedom from Religion Foundation demanded that local authorities remove decals of the motto from Childress, Texas Police Department patrol vehicles. In response, Police Chief Adrian Garcia told the organization, in a written letter, to "go fly a kite."[45]
In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by State Rep. Jim Dotson, made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for schools to display posters with the national motto ("In God We Trust").[46][47]
In early 2018, Kimberly Daniels, a pastor[48] who currently serves as the representative for Florida House of Representatives District 14 as a member of the Democratic Party, introduced HB 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On Tuesday, January 23, 2018, the bill received unanimous approval from the House PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee.[49] Later, in a vote on February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House.[50][51] As part of Florida's March 2018 K-12 education law, Gov. Rick Scott mandated that all public schools post the state motto ("In God We Trust") in a prominent location.[52]
In March 2018, a bill requiring Tennessee schools to prominently display the national motto ("In God We Trust") sponsored by Rep. Susan Lynn passed the state House with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it.[53]
Society and culture[edit]
Religion[edit]
In Judaism and Christianity, the official motto "In God We Trust" resounds with several verses from the Bible, including Psalm 118:8, Psalm 40:3, Psalm 73:28, and Proverbs 29:25.[54] In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul; the phrase "In God We Trust" is found in two places of the Koran, in Surah 10 Yunus, as well as Surah 7 Al-A'raf, although several other verses reinforce this concept.[55][not in citation given] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not."[56]
In popular culture[edit]
In the 1994 film Miracle on 34th Street, just as Henry is about to make his decision, Susan walks up to him with a Christmas card containing a $1 bill. On the back, the words "In God We Trust" are circled. He realizes that, since the U.S. Department of Treasury can put its official faith in God with no hard evidence, then the people can believe in Santa in the same way. Left with no choice, an elated Henry dismisses the case and declares that Santa is real, existing in the person of Kris.
In the musical Hamilton, Aaron Burr says the line "My God! In God we trust, but we’ll never know what got discussed" in reaction to Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton making a deal.[citation needed]
An e-mail conspiracy theory is that "In God We Trust" was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007.[57] The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the "In God We Trust" inscription along their edges (along with the "E Pluribus Unum" inscription, the year of production, and the mint mark; these coins, unlike normal dollar coins, had completely blank edges), but these coins, known as "godless dollars", were the result of a minting error, not a deliberate omission.[58][59]
Marty Feldman's satirical comedy In God We Tru$t (1980).
The film They Live (1988) plays on the idea. Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them. Advertising is seen as "OBEY", "CONSUME" and "MARRY AND REPRODUCE". Dollar bills are all marked "THIS IS YOUR GOD".[60]
In January 2006, Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie were offered a place on the Valentine's Day celebrity couples edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? They appeared on the show managing to reach the £1 million question, before answering it incorrectly and dropping from £500,000 all the way down to just £32,000 (a loss of £468,000). For the first time ever, Celador allowed Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife retry the show after the company claimed that the last question "didn't meet their standards".[citation needed] After returning and being shown a different £1 million question, the couple decided not to risk losing £468,000 for the second time and won £500,000 for their chosen charity, The Shooting Star Children's Hospice, of which Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife are both patrons. Their new question was about the first man to travel to space twice, and the correct answer to the question was Gus Grissom. They decided not to risk it this time and walked away with the £500,000. This amount is the highest amount that any celebrity couple has won on any British edition of Who Wants To Be a Millionaire?[61] The £468,000 they originally lost was also the greatest loss ever seen on the show, and no other contestant has ever answered the final question incorrectly in the United Kingdom version.[62][63] The allegedly misleading question was "Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?" The answer given was "In God We Trust" which is originally English and has in fact been the motto of the United States since 1956. The intended answer had been "One Out of Many" which is a translation of the Latin phrase E pluribus unum, which is not actually the current United States motto. E pluribus unum had been the de facto motto but was never legally declared as such.[61]
License plates[edit]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002
As of April 1, 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Ohio [64], Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.[citation needed]
Florida (Which also offers a speciality plate) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of "In God We Trust" in place of the County Name.[citation needed]
Criticism[edit]
Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution, prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting an establishment of religion.[65] Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.[65]
"In God We Trust" as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits.[66] The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled: "It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."[67] In Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), the Supreme Court wrote that acts of "ceremonial deism" are "protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content".[68] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.[69]
In November 2005, Michael Newdow announced he wants to have "In God We Trust" removed from U.S. coins and banknotes. In 2004, he received the special Recognition Freethought Hero Award for his case to remove "In God We Trust" from currency.[70] In a November 14, 2005 interview with Fox News's Neil Cavuto, Newdow compared "In God We Trust" appearing on United States currency with racial segregation (specifically separate drinking fountains), saying, "How can you not compare those? What is the difference there? Both of them [whites and blacks] got equal water. They both had access. It was government saying that it's okay to separate out these two people on the basis of race. Here we're saying it's okay to separate two people on the basis of their religious beliefs."
In June 2006, a federal judge rejected Newdow's Establishment Clause lawsuit on the grounds that the minted words amount to a secular national slogan, and do not dictate anyone's beliefs. Newdow stated that he would appeal the ruling,[71] although it should be noted that Aronow v. United States was decided on the same grounds in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the lower court was required to return the same ruling, likewise the Ninth Circuit does not traditionally overrule previous Ninth Circuit rulings.
On December 4, 2007, Newdow argued before a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit to remove both "under God" from the Pledge of Allegiance (Roe v. Rio Linda Union School District),[citation needed] and "In God We Trust" from United States currency.[72] The Ninth Circuit rejected Newdow's challenge. In a decision published March 11, 2010, the court held that its earlier decision in Aronow, which "held the national motto is of a "patriotic or ceremonial character," has no "theological or ritualistic impact," and does not constitute "governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise," foreclosed Newdow's argument.[73] In an opinion concurring only in the judgment, even the extremely liberal Judge Stephen Reinhardt[74] agreed that Aronow was controlling precedent.[75]
Newdow v. Congress, 598 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2010) cert. denied 131 S. Ct. 1612 (U.S. 2011). AKA: The "In God We Trust Case" – A prominent atheist, Michael Newdow, filed a suit to declare the national motto – In God We Trust – unconstitutional and to have it removed from coins and currency.[76][77][78] Pacific Justice Institute intervened as a defendant and defended the against the suit.[76][77][78] The case was dismissed by the trial court and the Ninth Circuit affirmed that decision.[76][77][78]
In 2015, David F. Bauman dismissed a case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens".[79][80] He noted; "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787."
Aside from constitutional objections, President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God's name on money to be sacrilege.[81]
In September 2014, a proposal to add displays of "In God We Trust" on public property in Ballwin, Missouri was defeated following a plea to a meeting of aldermen by a local atheist.[82][83]
Gallery[edit]
"IN GOD WE TRUST" motto over the tribune in the United States House of Representatives Chamber (between the clock and the flag)
Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Indian Head eagle, revised design of 1908 adding "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto to reverse
Dollar coin stack showing "IN GOD WE TRUST" on edge
United States one-dollar bill, reverse, series 2009 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States two-dollar bill, reverse, series 2003A with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
2013 Lincoln cent obverse, showing "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Saint-Gaudens double eagle, revised design of 1908 adding "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto to reverse
Seal of Florida with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States five-dollar bill, reverse, series 2006 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
Grand Army of the Republic Memorial (Siloam Springs, Arkansas) engraved with the words "IN GOD WE TRUST"
United States twenty-dollar bill, reverse, series 2006 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
United States one hundred-dollar bill, reverse, series 2009 with "IN GOD WE TRUST" motto
See also[edit]
Religion in the United States
Trust in God and keep your powder dry
Dieu et mon droit
God Save the Queen
God zij met ons
May God have mercy upon your soul
So help me God
Gott mit uns
Deus seja louvado
In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Annual report – American Civil Liberties Union, Volume 5. American Civil Liberties Union. 1951. Retrieved 1 May 2012. In 1956, an official national motto was adopted, "In God We Trust," replacing the unofficial "E Pluribus Unum."
Jump up ^ Refiguring Mass Communication: A History. University of Illinois Press. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012. He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, e pluribus unum, even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated.
^ Jump up to: a b c d U.S. Department of the Treasury (2011). "History of 'In God We Trust'". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 National motto
Jump up ^ "U.S. on the History of "In God We Trust"". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
Jump up ^ United States Public Law 84-851, United States Public Law 84-851.
Jump up ^ 12 Mar 2010 (2010-03-12). "Atheist in battle to remove 'In God We Trust' from US currency". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ Drakeman, Donald L. (1 January 1991). Church-state Constitutional Issues: Making Sense of the Establishment Clause. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313276637.
^ Jump up to: a b "USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll results". USA Today. 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. C. The inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; 2003 Sep 19–21; Approve 90; Disapprove 8; No opinion 2
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.n-state.com, NSTATE, LLC:. "Florida State Motto In God We Trust". www.netstate.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "State Motto – Florida Department of State". dos.myflorida.com.
Jump up ^ As shown on the Córdoba (bank notes and coins); see for example Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012-05-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Chase, Salmon P (December 9, 1863). Letter to James Pollock. Document # RG 104_UD 87-A_Folder In God We Trust 1861_Part1. National Archives and Records Administration. p. 11.
Jump up ^ The Regimental Committee, 125th PA Volunteers, 1862–1863 (2009). Regimental History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-1-112-13570-5.
Jump up ^ Alexander, ted (2011). The Battle of Antietam. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-60949-179-6.
Jump up ^ 125th PA Vol. Infantry: IN GOD WE TRUST. YouTube. 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Regimental Committee 1906, p. 151.
Jump up ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
Jump up ^ United States (1897). Congressional Serial Set. US: Government Printing Office, p. 260.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Ann W. (2008). Religion, Rhetoric, and Ritual in the U.S. Government," Church-state Issues in America Today. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 77.
Jump up ^ According to The Congressional Record (1908, House), p. 3387, the motto was adopted "doubtless with his [Lincoln's] knowledge and approval."
Jump up ^ Congressional Record, 1956, p. 13917, via NonBeliever.org
Jump up ^ Begley, Sarah (January 13, 2016). "How 'In God We Trust' Got on the Currency in the First Place". Time. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt". Republicanpresidents.net. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ Merriman, Scott A. Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print. "In 1956, the United States, changed its motto to "In God We Trust," in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union, its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism."
Jump up ^ "New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814". Palladium-Item. Richmond, Indiana. 13 Aug 1956. p. 8. Retrieved 2018-02-15 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Miller, Douglas and Nowak, Marion, The Fifties: The Way We Really Were. 1977, 89. "'In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate."
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-851
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-140
Jump up ^ Steven B. Epstein, "Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism" Columbia Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 8. (Dec., 1996), p. 2083–2174, quoting the peroration (abridged here) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett, sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess, Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs, had approved of the legislation! 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)
Jump up ^ "The legislation placing "In God We Trust" on national currency | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. 1955-07-11. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Aronow v. United States , 432 F.2d 242, 243 (9th Cir. October 6, 1970).
Jump up ^ Duncan, Ann W. (2008). Church-state Issues in America Today. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 88.
Jump up ^ "Page not found". Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Press, The Associated (25 March 2001). "National News Briefs; 'In God We Trust' Motto For Mississippi Schools". Retrieved 20 December 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "USATODAY.com – 'In God We Trust' pressed for schools". usatoday.com. 19 February 2002.
Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez (1 November 2011). "Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2011. In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States," Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. "Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer (3 November 2011). "In God We Trust, With the House's Help". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2011. Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution "reaffirming 'In God We Trust' as the official motto of the United States."
Jump up ^ Todd Starnes (3 November 2011). "See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'". Fox News. Retrieved 7 November 2011. The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).
Jump up ^ "Lawsuit to remove 'In God We Trust' from money gets dismissed - KSL.com". ksl.com.
Jump up ^ Mississippi Legislature (January 2014). "Mississippi Religious Freedom Restoration Act; enact and modify the great seal" (PDF). Senate Bill No. 2681. Mississippi: State of Mississippi. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wagster Pettus, Emily (31 January 2014). "Miss. Senate OKs adding 'In God We Trust' to seal". WorldNow and WLBT. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "'In God We Trust' to be placed on Jefferson Co., IL squad cars" (Archive). KFVS. August 1, 2015. Retrieved on August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Atheist Group Asks Police Remove 'In God We Trust' Car Decal". dailysignal.com.
Jump up ^ http://insider.foxnews.com/2018/03/12/god-we-trust-posters-be-displayed-arkansas-public-schools-after-donations
Jump up ^ http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/mar/11/schools-will-display-in-god-we-trust-20/
Jump up ^ News, Charlene Aaron/CBN. "Apostle Kimberly Daniels Scores Big Win for Prayer in Public Schools". charismanews.com.
Jump up ^ "Schools could be required to display 'In God we trust'". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ CNN, Joe Sterling,. "Florida lawmakers advance a bill that requires 'In God We Trust' displayed on school grounds". cnn.com.
Jump up ^ "Florida lawmakers advance bill that would require 'In God We Trust' to be visible on all school buildings". newsweek.com. 23 February 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/gradebook/2018/03/26/atheist-group-offers-to-provide-in-god-we-trust-signs-to-florida-public-schools/
Jump up ^ https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/religion/2018/03/21/tennessee-lawmakers-pass-bill-requiring-public-schools-post-god-we-trust-motto/442884002/
Jump up ^ "In God We Trust: The Motto". All About History. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Verses including the word Putting One's Trust in Allah (Tawakkul)". Quran Index. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
Jump up ^ Ramaswamy, Melkote (2012-08-11). "Faith/Values | Indianapolis Star". indystar.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ "Historic Change", Snopes, http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/dollarcoin.asp
Jump up ^ David S Morgan (2007-03-07). ""Godless" Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint". CBS News. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
Jump up ^ Associated Press: Dollar Coins Missing 'In God We Trust', By David S Morgan, (Mar. 7, 2007), CBS News Archived March 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rothkopf, Joshua (2014-10-27). ""Empire of the Sunglasses: How 'They Live' Took on Republicans and Won", by Joshua Rothkopf, ''Rolling Stone''". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "TV designer's second shot at £1m". British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Born, Matt (13 January 2006). "Llewelyn-Bowen blows £1m". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Lat, David (25 August 2009). "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? Ken Basin, Harvard Law '08, Sure Does". Above the Law. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4503.763
^ Jump up to: a b Richard H. Fallon (2004). The Dynamic Constitution: an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-60078-1. "Strict separationists" believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way – for example, by providing tax breaks to churches, assisting parochial schools, including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies, or inscribing "In God We Trust" on the currency. Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices (such as the inscription of "In God We Trust" on the currency) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties: The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another.
Jump up ^ Markoe, Lauren (2014-05-29). "Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove 'In God We Trust' From U.S. Currency". huffingtonpost.com. Religion News Service. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
Jump up ^ Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243.
Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY, 465 U.S. 668 (1984) U.S. Supreme Court
Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God.
Jump up ^ "Freethought Hero Award 2004 – Mike Newdow". Archived from the original on 2007-07-29. Retrieved 2007-07-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , Freedom From Religion Foundation 2004-10-30
Jump up ^ "Federal Judge Nixes 'In God We Trust' Lawsuit". Fox News Channel. 2006-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Newdow v. Congress of the United States" (PDF). findlaw.com.
Jump up ^ "Newdow v. Lefevre, No. 06-16344, at 4210 (9th Cir. Mar. 11, 2010) (citing Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243–44)" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Matt Rees, The Judge the Supreme Court Loves to Overturn, The Weekly Standard, May 5, 1997;". compare "David G. Savage, Crusading Liberal Judge Keeps High Court Busy, L.A. Times, Mar. 3, 1996." The Los Angeles Times. 1996-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Newdow, at 4210–11 (Reinhardt, J., concurring)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c Bob Egelko, 'In God We Trust' suit rejected by Supreme Court, San Francisco Chronicle, [1] March 8, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Newdow v. Congress, [2] March 11, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c C-SPAN Video Library, Establishment of Religion Clause Oral Arguments, Part 1, [3] December 7, 2007
Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo. "Hearing 'Under God' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students, NJ judge rules". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools". Forbes. February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ROOSEVELT DROPPED 'IN GOD WE TRUST'; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence, Close to Sacrilege. NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity". The New York Times. November 14, 1907. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.riverfronttimes.com/newsblog/2014/09/24/ballwin-rejects-in-god-we-trust-sign-after-atheist-mothers-passionate-plea-video
Jump up ^ http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/ballwin-rejects-in-god-we-trust-sign/article_ed39ceaf-242c-509d-aed6-1f9892489ae3.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to In God We Trust.
Final answer? Not quite as star gets second chance to play for a million – article in The Guardian about a disputed quiz question about the motto of the United States.
Local documentary on origin of phrase
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