text:
Lima
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the capital of Peru. For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation).
Capital city in Lima Province, Peru
Lima
Capital city
From top, left to right: Costa Verde (Miraflores District), Plaza Mayor of Lima, Cathedral of Lima, Park of the Reserve, Skyline San Isidro District, Monastery of San Francisco, Lima City

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): La Ciudad de los Reyes (The City of Kings)
La Tres Veces Coronada de Villa (The Three Times Crowned Villa)
La Perla del Pacífico (The Pearl of the Pacific)
Lima La Gris (Lima the grey)
Lima
Location within Peru
Lima
Lima (South America)
Lima
Lima (Earth)
Show map of Peru Show map of South America Show map of Earth Show all
Coordinates: 12°2′36″S 77°1′42″W / 12.04333°S 77.02833°W / -12.04333; -77.02833Coordinates: 12°2′36″S 77°1′42″W / 12.04333°S 77.02833°W / -12.04333; -77.02833
Country
Peru
Province
Lima Province
Established
January 18, 1535
Founded by
Francisco Pizarro
Government
• Mayor
Luis Castañeda Lossio
Area
• City
2,672.3 km2 (1,031.8 sq mi)
• Urban
800 km2 (300 sq mi)
• Metro
2,819.3 km2 (1,088.5 sq mi)
Elevation[1]
0-1,550 m (0-5,090 ft)
Population (2017)[2]
• Urban
9,752,000
• Urban density
12,000/km2 (32,000/sq mi)
• Metro
12,140,000
Demonym(s)
Limeño (Male)
Limeña (Female)
Time zone
PET (UTC−5)
Website
Official Website
Lima (/ˈliːmə/, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlima], Quechua: [ˈlɪma], Aymara: [ˈlima]) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population of more than 10 million, Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the second-largest city in the Americas (as defined by "city proper"), behind São Paulo.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as Ciudad de los Reyes. It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551, during the Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games. It also hosted the December 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the Miss Universe 1982 pageant.
In October 2015, Lima hosted the 2015 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Symbols
2.1 Flag
2.2 Anthem
3 History
4 Geography
4.1 Climate
5 Demographics
6 Economy
7 Government
7.1 National
7.2 Local
7.3 Political system
7.4 International organizations
8 Cityscape
9 Society and culture
9.1 Language
9.2 Museums
9.3 Tourism
9.4 Food
9.5 Sports
10 Subdivisions
11 Education
12 Transport
12.1 Air
12.2 Road
12.3 Maritime
12.4 Rail
12.5 Public
12.5.1 Colectivos
12.5.2 Metropolitan Transport System
12.5.3 Metro
12.6 Other transportation issues
13 Challenges
13.1 Environment
13.1.1 Air
13.1.2 Water
13.1.3 Solid waste
13.2 Access to basic services
13.3 Security
14 Notable people from Lima
15 International relations
16 See also
17 References
17.1 Notes
17.2 Further reading
18 External links
Etymology[edit]
According to early Spanish articles the Lima area was once called Itchyma, after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac valley had come to be known by visitors as Limaq (Limaq, pronounced [ˈli.mɑq], which means "talker" or "speaker" in the coastal Quechua that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.[4]
Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. Non-Peruvian Spanish speakers may mistakenly define the city name as the direct Spanish translation of "lime", the citrus fruit.
Lima Foundation by Francisco Pizarro (1535)
The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of the Kings (Spanish: Ciudad de los Reyes) because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany. This name quickly fell into disuse and Lima became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both Lima and Ciudad de los Reyes can be seen together.
The river that feeds Lima is called Rímac and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua in which the word for "talker" was pronounced [ˈrimɑq]).[5] However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua.
Lima Cathedral in 1846
Later, as the original inhabitants died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.[4]
Symbols[edit]
Flag[edit]
Historically, the Flag of Lima has been known as the "Banner of Peru's Kings' City".[6] It is made from a golden-colored silk canvas and embroidered in the center is its coat of arms.[6]
Anthem[edit]
Lima's anthem was heard for the first time on January 18, 2008, in a formal meeting with important politicians, including Peruvian President Alan García, and other authorities. The anthem was created by Luis Enrique Tord (lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (music) and record producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).[7]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Lima and Timeline of Lima
Pachacamac was an important religious centre before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors.
Balconies were a major architectural feature during the colonial period.
In the pre-Columbian era, what is now Lima was inhabited by indigenous groups under the Ychsma policy, which was incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 15th century.[8] In 1532 a group of Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco Pizarro, defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and took over his empire.
Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Founder of Lima
As the Spanish Crown had named Pizarro governor of the lands he conquered,[9] he chose the Rímac Valley to found his capital on January 18, 1535, as Ciudad de los Reyes (City of the Kings).[10] In August 1536, rebel Inca troops led by Manco Inca Yupanqui besieged the city but were defeated by the Spaniards and their native allies.[11]
Lima gained prestige after being designated capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a Real Audiencia in 1543.[12] During the next century it flourished as the centre of an extensive trade network that integrated the Viceroyalty with the rest of the Americas, Europe and the Far East.[13] However, the city was not free from dangers; the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean lead to the building of the Walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687.[14] The 1687 Peru earthquake destroyed most of the city buildings;[15] the earthquake marked a turning point in the city's history as it coincided with a trade recession and growing economic competition with cities such as Buenos Aires.[16]
In 1746, another powerful earthquake severely damaged Lima and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco.[17] In the later half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas on public health and social control shaped development.[18] During this period, Lima was adversely affected by the Bourbon Reforms as it lost its monopoly on overseas trade and its control over the mining region of Upper Peru.[19] The city's economic decline left its elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus, reluctant to advocate independence.[20]
A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean patriots under General José de San Martín landed south of Lima in 1820 but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and the action of guerrillas on land, Viceroy José de la Serna e Hinojosa evacuated its capital in July 1821 to save the Royalist army.[21] Fearing a popular uprising and lacking any means to impose order, the city council invited San Martín to enter Lima and signed a Declaration of Independence at his request.[22] However, the war was not over; in the next two years the city changed hands several times.
The Walls of Lima were built between 1684 and 1687 by viceroy Melchor de Navarra.
After independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru but economic stagnation and political turmoil brought urban development to a halt. This hiatus ended in the 1850s, when increased public and private revenues from guano exports led to a rapid development of the city.[23] The export-led expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, fostering social unrest.[24] During the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific, Chilean troops occupied Lima, looting public museums, libraries and educational institutions.[25] At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian population; sacking their properties and businesses.[26] The city underwent renewal and expansion from the 1890s to the 1920s. During this period the urban layout was modified by the construction of broad avenues that crisscrossed the city and connected it with neighboring towns.[27]
On May 24, 1940[28] an earthquake[29] destroyed most of the city, which at that time was mostly built of adobe and quincha. In the 1940s Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980.[30] At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's historic centre, Callao and Chorrillos; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south.[31] The new migrants, at first confined to slums in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as pueblos jóvenes.[32]
Geography[edit]
Lima as seen from the International Space Station
Lima at night from space
The urban area covers about 800 km2 (310 sq mi). It is located on mostly flat terrain in the Peruvian coastal plain, within the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth.
Metro Lima covers 2,672.28 km2 (1,031.77 sq mi), of which 825.88 km2 (318.87 sq mi) (31%) comprise the actual city and 1,846.40 km2 (712.90 sq mi) (69%) the city outskirts.[citation needed] The urban area extends around 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and around 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of Lima Province, corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic Cercado de Lima district.[citation needed] The city is the core of the Lima Metro Area, one of the ten largest metro areas in the Americas. Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after Karachi, Pakistan and Cairo, Egypt.
Climate[edit]
Weather averages for the Jorge Chávez International Airport
Despite its location in the tropics and in a desert, Lima's proximity to the cool waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to temperatures much lower than those expected for a tropical desert and thus Lima can be classified as a mild desert climate (Köppen: BWn) with subtropical temperature ranges. Temperatures rarely fall below 14 °C (57 °F) or rise above 29 °C (84 °F).[33] Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, from December through April; and winter from June through October. May and November are generally transition months, with a more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition.
Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of 18 °C (64 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F) and highs of 24 °C (75 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). Occasional coastal fogs on some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings can be present. Summer sunsets are colorful, labeled by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since the sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink and red around 7 pm. Winter weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity and cooler temperatures prevail. Long (1-week or more) stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle occurs occasionally from June through September, coating the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of 14 °C (57 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F) and highs of 16 °C (61 °F) to 19 °C (66 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) except in the easternmost districts.[34]
Relative humidity is always very high, particularly in the mornings.[35] High humidity produces brief morning fog in the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally developing in May and persisting into late November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 184 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for the latitude.[36] Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek for sunshine in Andean valleys located at elevations generally above 500 meters above sea level.
While relative humidity is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts on water supply in the city, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the Andes.[37] Inland districts receive anywhere between 1 and 6 cm (2.4 in) of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter months. Coastal districts receive only 1 to 3 cm (1.2 in). As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs in the form of persistent morning drizzle events. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or 'camanchacas'. Summer rain, on the other hand, is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold Humboldt Current and warm air aloft associated with the South Pacific anticyclone.
Lima's climate (like that of most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted in El Niño events. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). Air temperatures rise accordingly.
[hide]Climate data for Lima (Jorge Chávez International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1960–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
32.7
(90.9) 32.5
(90.5) 33.4
(92.1) 31.6
(88.9) 30.3
(86.5) 30.0
(86) 28.3
(82.9) 29.0
(84.2) 28.0
(82.4) 25.2
(77.4) 29.0
(84.2) 30.4
(86.7) 33.4
(92.1)
Average high °C (°F)
26.1
(79) 26.8
(80.2) 26.3
(79.3) 24.5
(76.1) 22.0
(71.6) 20.1
(68.2) 19.1
(66.4) 18.8
(65.8) 19.1
(66.4) 20.3
(68.5) 22.1
(71.8) 24.4
(75.9) 22.5
(72.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
22.1
(71.8) 22.7
(72.9) 22.2
(72) 20.6
(69.1) 18.8
(65.8) 17.5
(63.5) 16.7
(62.1) 16.2
(61.2) 16.4
(61.5) 17.3
(63.1) 18.7
(65.7) 20.7
(69.3) 19.2
(66.6)
Average low °C (°F)
19.4
(66.9) 19.8
(67.6) 19.5
(67.1) 17.9
(64.2) 16.4
(61.5) 15.6
(60.1) 15.2
(59.4) 14.9
(58.8) 14.9
(58.8) 15.5
(59.9) 16.6
(61.9) 18.2
(64.8) 17.2
(63)
Record low °C (°F)
12.0
(53.6) 15.0
(59) 11.0
(51.8) 10.0
(50) 8.0
(46.4) 10.0
(50) 8.9
(48) 10.0
(50) 12.5
(54.5) 11.0
(51.8) 11.1
(52) 13.9
(57) 8.0
(46.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
0.8
(0.031) 0.4
(0.016) 0.4
(0.016) 0.1
(0.004) 0.3
(0.012) 0.7
(0.028) 1.0
(0.039) 1.5
(0.059) 0.7
(0.028) 0.2
(0.008) 0.1
(0.004) 0.2
(0.008) 6.4
(0.252)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.1 2.3 3.0 4.1 3.1 1.2 0.4 0.5 18.2
Average relative humidity (%)
81.6 82.1 82.7 85.0 85.1 85.1 84.8 84.8 85.5 83.5 82.1 81.5 82.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
179.1 169.0 139.2 184.0 116.4 50.6 28.6 32.3 37.3 65.3 89.0 139.2 1,230
Source #1: Deutscher Wetterdienst,[38] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[39]
Source #2: Universidad Complutense de Madrid (sunshine and humidity)[36]
Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Lima
People of Lima.
With a municipal population of 8,852,000 and 9,752,000 for the metropolitan area and a population density of 3,008.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,793/sq mi) as of 2007[update].[40] Lima ranks as the 30th most populous 'agglomeration' in the world, as of 2014[update], and the second biggest city in South America in terms of population within city limits, after São Paulo.[41] Its population features a complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. Mestizos of mixed Amerindian and European (mostly Spanish and Italians) ancestry are the largest ethnic group. European Peruvians (White people) are the second largest group. Many are of Spanish, Italian or German descent; many others are of French, British, or Croatian descent.[42][43] The minorities in Lima include Amerindians (mostly Aymara and Quechua) and Afro-Peruvians, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves. Jews of European descent and Middle Easterners are there. Asians, especially of Chinese (Cantonese) and Japanese descent, came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lima has, by far, the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.[44]
Children at an elementary school in Santiago de Surco.
Pueblos jóvenes on the outskirts.
The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built across the Rímac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% and whites made up around 38%.[45] By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000.[46] In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000 and by 1927, had doubled.[citation needed]
During the early 20th century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including people of European descent. They organized social clubs and built their own schools. Examples are The American-Peruvian school, the Alianza Francesa de Lima, the Lycée Franco-Péruvien and the hospital Maison de Sante; Markham College, the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico, Antonio Raymondi District Italian School, the Pestalozzi Swiss School and also, several German-Peruvian schools.
Chinese and a lesser number of Japanese came to Lima and established themselves in the Barrios Altos neighborhood near downtown Lima. Lima residents refer to their Chinatown as Calle Capon and the city's ubiquitous Chifa restaurants – small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurants serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine – can be found by the dozens in this enclave.
In 2014, the National Institute for Statistics and Information (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica) reported that the population in Lima's 49 districts was 9,752,000 people, including the Constitutional Province of Callao. The city and (metropolitan area) represents around 29% of the national population. Of the city's population 48.7% are men and 51.3% are women. The 49 districts in Metropolitan Lima are divided into 5 areas: Cono Norte (North Lima), Lima Este (East Lima), Constitutional Province of Callao, Lima Centro (Central Lima) and Lima Sur (South Lima). The largest areas are Lima Norte with 2,475,432 people and Lima Este with 2,619,814 people, including the largest single district San Juan de Lurigancho, which hosts 1 million people.[47]
Lima is considered a "young" city. According to INEI, by mid 2014 the age distribution in Lima was: 24.3% between 0 and 14, 27.2% between 15 and 29, 22.5% between 30 and 44, 15.4% between 45 and 59 and 10.6% above 60.[47]
Migration to Lima from the rest of Peru is substantial. In 2013, 3,480,000 people reported arriving from other regions. This represents almost 36% of the entire population of Metropolitan Lima. The three regions that supply most of the migrants are Junin, Ancash and Ayacucho. By contrast only 390,000 emigrated from Lima to other regions.[47]
The annual population growth rate is 1.57%. Some of the 43 metropolitan districts are considerably more populous than others. For example, San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres, Ate, Comas, Villa El Salvador and Villa Maria del Triunfo host more than 400,000, while San Luis, San Isidro, Magdalena del Mar, Lince and Barranco have have less than 60,000 residents.[47]
A 2005 household survey study shows a socio-economic distribution for households in Lima. It used a monthly family income of 6,000 soles (around US$ 1,840) or more for socioeconomic level A; between 2,000 soles (US$ 612) and 6,000 soles (US$ 1,840) for level B; from 840 soles (US$ 257) to 2,000 soles (US$ 612) for level C; from 420 soles (US$ 128) to 1200 soles (US$ 368) for level D; and up to 840 soles (US$ 257) for level E. In Lima, 18% were in level E; 32.3% in level D; 31.7% in level C; 14.6% in level B; and 3.4% in level A. In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households that earn less than 2000 soles (or US$ 612) monthly. Other salient differences between socioeconomic levels include levels of higher education, car ownership and home size.[48]
In Metropolitan Lima in 2013, the percentage of the population living in households in poverty was 12.8%. The level of poverty is measured by households that are unable to access a basic food and other household goods and services, such as clothing, housing, education, transportation and health. The level of poverty has decreased from 2011 (15.6%) and 2012 (14.5%). Lima Sur is the area in Lima with the highest proportion of poverty (17.7%), followed by Lima Este (14.5%), Lima Norte (14.1%) and Lima Centro (6.2%). In addition 0.2% of the population lives in extreme poverty, meaning that they are unable to access a basic food basket.[47]
Economy[edit]
Hotel Westin, Lima.
Lima is the country's industrial and financial centre and one of Latin America's most important financial centers,[49] home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two thirds of Peru's industrial production[50] and most of its tertiary sector.
The Metropolitan area, with around 7,000 factories,[51] leads industrial development, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available workforce, transport and other infrastructure. Products include textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are manufactured and/or processed.[51] The financial district is in San Isidro, while much of the industrial activity takes place west of downtown, extending to the airport in Callao. Lima has the largest export industry in South America and is a regional hub for the cargo industry.
Industrialization began in the 1930s and by 1950, through import substitution policies, manufacturing made up 14% of GNP. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in factories located in Lima.[52]
The Callao seaport is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, covering over 47 hectares (120 acres) and shipping 20.7 million metric tons of cargo in 2007.[53] The main export goods are commodities: oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee.
As of 2003[update], Lima generated 53% of GDP.[54] Most foreign companies in Peru settled in Lima.
Financial center of Lima.
In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in South America.[55] The Lima Stock Exchange rose 185.24% in 2006[56] and in 2007 by another 168.3%,[57] making it then one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the world's most profitable.[58]
The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2008 and the Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit were held there.
Lima is headquarters to banks such as Banco de Crédito del Perú, Scotiabank Perú, Interbank, Bank of the Nation, Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Finaciero, Banco de Comercio and CrediScotia. It is a regional headquarters to Standard Chartered. Insurance corporations based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta and La Positiva.[59]
Government[edit]
National[edit]
Government Palace of Perú
Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru and Lima province. As such, it is home to the three branches of the Government of Peru.
The executive branch is headquartered in the Government Palace, located in the Plaza Mayor. All ministries are located in the city.
The legislative branch is headquartered in the Legislative Palace and is home to the Congress of the Republic of Peru.
The Judicial branch is headquartered in the Palace of Justice and is home to the Supreme Court of Peru. The Palace of Justice in Lima is seat of the Supreme Court of Justice the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is seat of two of the 28 second highest or Superior Courts of Justice. The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the Superior Court of Justice, belonging to the Judicial District and. Due to the judicial organization of Peru, the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district has jurisdiction over only 35 of the 43 districts.[60] The Superior Court of the Cono Norte is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of the Judicial District of North Lima. This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts, all located in northern Lima.[61]
Lima City Hall building at night
Local[edit]
Main article: Metropolitan Municipality of Lima
The city is roughly equivalent to the Province of Lima, which is subdivided into 43 districts. The Metropolitan Municipality has authority over the entire city, while each district has its own local government. Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although a provincial municipality, acts as and has functions similar to a regional government, as it does not belong to any of the 25 regions of Peru. Each of the 43 districts has their own distrital municipality that is in charge of its own district and coordinate with the metropolitan municipality.
Political system[edit]
Courthouse.
Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality has functions of regional government and is not part of any administrative region, according to Article 65. 27867 of the Law of Regional Governments enacted on 16 November 2002, 87 The previous political organization remains in the sense that a Governor is the political authority for the department and the city. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. The same city administration covers the local municipal authority.
International organizations[edit]
Lima is home to the headquarters of the Andean Community of Nations, along with other regional and international organizations.
Cityscape[edit]
Lima's main square, c. 1843
Lima's architecture offers a mix of styles. Examples of early colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Cathedral and the Torre Tagle Palace. These constructions are generally influenced by Spanish Baroque,[62] Spanish Neoclassical[63] and Spanish Colonial styles.[64] After independence, preferences gradually shifted toward neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles. Many of these works were influenced by French architectural styles.[65] Many government buildings and major cultural institutions were constructed in this period. During the 1960s, the brutalist style began appearing in Lima due to the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado.[66] Examples of this architecture include the Museum of the Nation and the Ministry of Defense. The early 21st century added glass skyscrapers, particularly around the financial district.[67]
The largest parks are near the downtown area, including the Park of the Reserve, Park of the Exposition,[68] Campo de Marte and University Park. The Park of the Reserve is home to the largest fountain complex in the world known as the Magical Circuit of Water.[69] Many large parks lie outside the city center, including Reducto Park, Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge, El Golf (San Isidro), Parque de las Leyendas (Lima Zoo), El Malecon de Miraflores and the Golf Los Incas.[70]
The street grid is laid out with a system of plazas that are similar to roundabouts or junctions. In addition to this practical purpose, plazas serve as principal green spaces and contain monuments, statues and water fountains.[71]
Overview of the Historic Centre of Lima
Society and culture[edit]
Woman in White Poncho on Horseback. Cantonese watercolor, sold in Lima mid-19th century. These paintings were copies of works of Francisco Fierro, a popular Afro-Peruvian artist of the time. Collections of the Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe.
Strongly influenced by European, Andean, African and Asian culture, Lima is a melting pot, due to colonization, immigration and indigenous influences.[72] The Historic Centre was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
The city is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas, mixing Spanish, Andean and Asian culinary traditions.[73]
Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer. Restaurants, clubs and hotels serve the beachgoers. Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, including classic theater, cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances and theater for children. Lima is home to the Municipal Theater, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center and the Yuyachkani Theater.[74]
Language[edit]
Known as Peruvian Coast Spanish, Lima's Spanish is characterized by the lack of strong intonations as found in many other Spanish-speaking regions. It is heavily influenced by Castilian Spanish. Throughout the colonial era, most of the Spanish nobility based in Lima were originally from Castile.[75] Limean Castillian is also characterized by the lack of voseo, unlike many other Latin American countries. This is because voseo was primarily used by Spain's lower socioeconomic classes, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.[citation needed]
Limean Spanish is distinguished by its clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents and has been influenced by immigrant groups including Italians, Andalusians, West Africans, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced by anglicisms as a result of globalization, as well as by Andean Spanish and Quechua, due to migration from the Andean highlands.[76]
Museums[edit]
Main article: Museums in Lima
Lima is home to the country's highest concentration of museums, most notably the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú, Museum of Art, the Museo Pedro de Osma, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of the Nation, The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art the Museum of Gold and the Larco Museum. These museums focus on art, pre-Columbian cultures, natural history, science and religion.[77] The Museum of Italian Art shows European art.
Tourism[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Lima
Historic Centre of Lima
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria
Cultural: iv
Reference
500
Inscription
1988 (12th Session)
Extensions
1991
Area
259.36 ha
Buffer zone
766.7 ha
Miraflores Skyline.
The Historic Centre, made up of the districts of Lima and Rímac, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988.[78] Some examples of colonial architecture include the Monastery of San Francisco, the Plaza Mayor, the Cathedral, Convent of Santo Domingo and the Palace of Torre Tagle.
A tour of the city's churches is a popular circuit. A trip through the central district visits churches dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, the most noteworthy of which are the Cathedral and the Monastery of San Francisco, said to be connected by subterranean catacombs.[79] Both contain paintings, Sevilian tile and sculpted wood furnishings.
Also notable is the Sanctuary of Las Nazarenas, the point of origin for the Lord of Miracles, whose festivities in the month of October constitute the city's most important religious event. Some sections of the Walls remain and are frequented by tourists. These examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were built to defend the city from attacks by pirates and privateers.[80]
Beaches are visited during the summer months, located along the Pan-American Highway, to the south of the city in districts such as Lurín, Punta Hermosa, Santa María del Mar (Peru), San Bartolo, Miraflores beach and Asia.[81]
The suburban districts of Cieneguilla, Pachacamac and the city of Chosica, are tourist attractions among locals. Because they are located at a higher elevation than Lima, they receive more sunshine in winter months, something that the city frequently lacks under seasonal fog.[82]
Food[edit]
Main article: Peruvian cuisine
Lima is known as the Gastronomical Capital of the Americas. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, chefs incorporated dishes brought by the conquistadors and waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese and Japanese.[73] Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants were joined by internal migrants from rural areas.[83] Lima cuisines include Creole food, Chifas, Cebicherias and Pollerias.[84]
In the 21st century, its restaurants became recognized internationally.[85]
In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the objective of uniting Peruvian gastronomy to put together activities that would promote Peruvian food and reinforce the Peruvian national identity. The society, called APEGA, gathered chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers and journalists. They worked with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and sellers in food markets.[86] One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, called Mistura ("mixture" in Portuguese). The fair takes place in September every year. The number of attendees has grown from 30,000 to 600,000 in 2014.[87] The fair congregates restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors and cooking institutes from for ten days to celebrate excellent food.[88]
Since 2011, several Lima restaurants have been recognized as among The World's 50 Best Restaurants.[89]
Year
Astrid y Gaston
Central
Maido
2011 42 - -
2012 35 - -
2013 14 50 -
2014 18 15 -
2015 14 4 44
2016 30 4 13
In 2016, Central was awarded #4 (chefs Virgilio Martinez and Pia Leon), Maido was awarded #13 (chef Mitsuharu Tsumura) and Astrid & Gaston was awarded #30 (chef Diego Muñoz and owned by chef Gaston Acurio).[90] In addition, Central was named #1 restaurant in the list of Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 2015. Out of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, we find: Central #1, Astrid & Gaston #3, Maido #5, La Mar #12, Malabar #20, Fiesta #31, Osso Carnicería y Salumería #34, La Picanteria #36 and Rafael #50.[91] These restaurants fuse ideas from across the country and the world.
Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards.[85]
Sports[edit]
Main article: Sport in Lima
The city and has sports venues for football, golf, volleyball and basketball, many within private clubs. A popular sport among Limenos is fronton, a racquet sport similar to squash invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-class golf links. Equestrianism is popular in Lima with private clubs as well as the Hipódromo de Monterrico horse racing track. The most popular sport in Lima is football with professional club teams operating in the city.
Estadio Nacional of Peru
Estadio Monumental "U"
Lima Golf Club (San Isidro District)
The historic Plaza de toros de Acho, located in the Rímac District, a few minutes from the Plaza de Armas, holds bullfights yearly. The season runs from late October to December.
Lima will host the 2019 Pan American Games.[92]
The 131st IOC Session was held in Lima. The meeting saw Paris elected to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and Los Angeles elected to host the 2028 Summer Olympics.
Club
Sport
League
Venue
Peruvian Institute of Sport Various Various Estadio Nacional (Lima)
Club Universitario de Deportes Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Monumental "U"
Alianza Lima Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Alejandro Villanueva
Sporting Cristal Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Alberto Gallardo
Deportivo Municipal Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Iván Elías Moreno
CD Universidad San Martín Football Peruvian Primera División Estadio Alberto Gallardo
Regatas Lima Various Various Regatas Headquarters Chorrillos
Real Club Lima Basketball, Volleyball Various San Isidro
Subdivisions[edit]
Main article: List of districts of Lima
Traditional area
Cono Norte
Cono Sur
Cono Este
Lima is made up of thirty densely populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the thirteen outer districts of the Lima province.
The city's historic centre is located in the Cercado de Lima district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Downtown") and it is home to most of the vestiges the colonial past, the Presidential Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Gobierno), the Metropolitan Municipality and (Spanish: Consejo municipal metropolitano de Lima), Chinatown and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that cater to the national and international elite.
The upscale San Isidro District is the city's financial center. It is home to politicians and celebrities. San Isidro has parks, including Parque El Olivar, which is home to olive trees imported from Spain during the seventeenth century. The Lima Golf Club, a prominent golf club, is located within the district.
Another upscale district is Miraflores, which has luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has parks and green areas, more than most other districts. Larcomar, a popular shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. Nightlife, shopping and entertainment center around Parque Kennedy, a park in the heart of Miraflores.[93]
La Molina, San Borja, Pueblo Libre District, Santiago de Surco -home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima-, and Jesús María - home to one of the largest parks in Lima, El Campo De Marte - are the other five wealthy districts.
The most densely populated districts lie in the northern and southern ends of the city (Spanish: Cono Norte and Cono Sur, respectively) and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid- and late- 20th century looking for a better life and economic opportunity, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the Shining Path during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the case of Cono Norte (now called Lima Norte), shopping malls such as Megaplaza and Royal Plaza were built in the Independencia district, on the border with the Los Olivos district (the most residential neighborhood in the northern part). Most inhabitants are middle or lower middle class.
Barranco, which borders Miraflores by the Pacific Ocean, is the city's bohemian district, home or once home of writers and intellectuals including Mario Vargas Llosa, Chabuca Granda and Alfredo Bryce Echenique. This district has acclaimed restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla") and beautiful Victorian-style chalets. Along with Miraflores it serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene.
Education[edit]
View of the Cultural Center of the National University of San Marcos, to left side is located the University Park, the Clock University and illustrious monuments of San Marcos; the right side of the historical Casona de San Marcos.
Home to universities, institutions and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning on the continent. Lima is home to the oldest continuously operating higher learning institution in the New World, National University of San Marcos, founded in 1551.[94]
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer Edward Habich and is the country's most important engineering school. Other public universities offer teaching and research, such as the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (the second largest), the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (where ex-president Alberto Fujimori once taught) and the National University of Callao.
The Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions include Universidad del Pacifico, Universidad ESAN, Universidad de Lima, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista and Universidad Ricardo Palma.[95]
The city and has a total of 8,047 elementary and high schools, both public and private, which educate more than one and a half million students. The number of private schools is much greater than public schools (6,242 vs 1,805) while the average size of private schools is 100 for elementary and 130 for high school. Public schools average 400 students in elementary and 500 in high school.[96]
Lima has one of the country's highest levels of enrollment in high school and preschool. 86.1% of high school-age students are in school, vs the national average of 80.7%. In early childhood, the enrollment level in Lima is 84.7%, while the national average is 74.5%. Early childhood enrollment has improved by 12.1% since 2005. In elementary school, the enrollment in Lima is 90.7%, while the national average for this level is 92.9%.[97]
The dropout rate for Lima is lower than the national average, except for elementary school, which is higher. In Lima, the dropout rate in elementary is 1.3% and 5.7% in high school, while the national average is 1.2% in elementary and 8.3% in high school.[97]
In Peru, students grade second and fourth students take a test called "Evaluacion Censal de Estudiantes" (ECE). The test assesses skills in reading comprehension and math. Scores are grouped in three levels: Below level 1 means that students were not able to respond to even the most simple questions; level 1 means the students did not achieve the expected level in skills but could respond to simple questions; and level 2 means they achieved/exceeded the expected skills for their grade level. In 2012, 48.7% of students in Lima achieved level 2 in reading comprehension compared to 45.3% in 2011. In math, only 19.3% students achieved level 2, with 46.4% at level 1 and 34.2% less than level 1. Even though the results for Math are lower than for reading, in both subject areas performance increased in 2012 over 2011. The city performs much better than the national average in both disciplines.[98]
The educational system in Lima is organized under the authority of the "Direccion Regional de Educacion (DRE) de Lima Metropolitana", which is in turn divided into 7 sub-directions or "UGEL" (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local): UGEL 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa Maria and Chilca), UGEL 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac and San Martin de Porres), UGEL 03 (Cercado, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria and San Isidro), UGEL 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa and Ancon), UGEL 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho and El Agustino), UGEL 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla and Chaclacayo) and UGEL 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos).[97]
The UGELes with highest results on the ECE 2012 are UGEL 07 and 03 in both reading comprehension and math. UGEL 07 had 60.8% students achieving level 2 in reading comprehension and 28.6% students achieving level 2 in Math. UGEL 03 had 58.5% students achieve level 2 in reading comprehension and 24.9% students achieving level 2 in math. The lowest achieving UGELs are UGEL 01, 04 and 05.[98]
23% of men have completed university education in Lima, compared to 20% of women. Additionally, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education along with 17% of women. The average years of schooling in the city is 11.1 years (11.4 for men and 10.9 for women).[47]
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Lima
Air[edit]
Jorge Chávez International Airport
Lima is served by Jorge Chávez International Airport, located in Callao (LIM). It is the country's largest airport hosting the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth largest hub in the Latin American air network. Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and runways in Santa María del Mar, San Bartolo and Chilca.[99]
Road[edit]
Further information: Highways in Peru
Lima is a major stop on the Pan-American Highway. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is an important junction in Peru's highway system. Three major highways originate in Lima.
The Northern Panamerican Highway extends more than 1,330 kilometers (830 mi) to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern districts and with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast.
The Central Highway (Spanish: Carretera Central) connects the eastern districts and with cities in central Peru. The highway extends 860 kilometers (530 mi) with its terminus at the city of Pucallpa near Brazil.
The Southern Panamerican Highway connects the southern districts and to cities on the southern coast. The highway extends 1,450 kilometers (900 mi) to the border with Chile.
The city has one big bus terminal next to the mall Plaza Norte. This bus station is the point of departure and arrival point for national and international destinations. Other bus stations serve private bus companies around the city. In addition, informal bus stations are located in the south, center and north of the city.
Maritime[edit]
The Port of Callao.
Lima's proximity to the port of Callao allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's major port and one of Latin America's largest. Callao hosts nearly all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. A small port in Lurín serves oil tankers due to a nearby refinery. Maritime transport inside Lima city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao.
Rail[edit]
Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the Ferrocarril Central Andino which runs from Lima through the departments of Junín, Huancavelica, Pasco and Huánuco.[100] Major cities along this line include Huancayo, La Oroya, Huancavelica and Cerro de Pasco. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of Huacho.[101]
Public[edit]
Buses in Avenida Arequipa.
Lima's road network is based mostly on large divided avenues rather than freeways. Lima operates a network of nine freeways - the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.[102][102]
According to a 2012 survey, the majority of the population uses public or collective transportation (75.6%), while 12.3% uses a car, taxi or motorcycle.[97]
The urban transport system is composed of over 652 transit routes[58] that are served by buses, microbuses and combis. The system is unorganized and is characterized by its informality. The service is run by 464 private companies that are poorly regulated by local government. Fares average one sol or US$0.40.
Taxis are mostly informal and unmetered; they are cheap but feature poor driving habits. Fares are agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in size from small four-door compacts to large vans. They account for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, several companies provide on-call taxi service.[103]
Colectivos[edit]
Colectivos render express service on some major roads. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than public transport; however, they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops. This service is informal and is illegal.[104] Some people in the periphery use so-called "mototaxis" for short distances.
Metropolitan Transport System[edit]
El Metropolitano.
The Metropolitan Transport System or El Metropolitano is a new, integrated system, consisting of a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BST). The goal is to reduce passengers' commute times, protect the environment, provide improved security and overall quality of service. Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima and financing from the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank. Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, seeking to reduce air pollution.[105] This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The first phase of this project has 33 kilometres (21 mi) of line (north) to Chorrillos (south). It began commercial operations on July 28, 2010. Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises buses over Avenida Arequipa.[106] By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes. Weekday use averages 437,148 passengers. Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays and 33.3% for Sundays.[97]
Lima Metro.
Metro[edit]
The Lima Metro has twenty six passenger stations, located at an average distance of 1.2 km (0.7 miles). It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos, to Av. Aviación and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost 35 km (22 mi), in the east of the capital in San Juan de Lurigancho The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons. Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people. The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.[97]
Other transportation issues[edit]
Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours. 1 million 397 thousand vehicles were in use by the end of 2012. The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.[97]
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offered economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts. Recreational bike lanes can be found in 39 districts. The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half people used the bike lanes in 2012. The bike lanes ran for 71 km (44 mi). They estimate that the use of the bike lanes prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.[97]
San Borja district was the first to implement a bike-share program called San Borja en Bici. It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro). By December 2012, the program had 2,776 subscribers.[107]
Challenges[edit]
Environment[edit]
Air[edit]
Lima suffers most from air pollution. The sedimentary dust has solid particles that settle as dust on different surfaces or float through the air. The fine particles are the most dangerous given that they are able to damage human respiratory systems. The recommended limit of these particles by the World Health Organization is 5 tons/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.[97][108]
Water[edit]
The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of SEDAPAL was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum. These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum. The values are within the recommended limits.[108]
Solid waste[edit]
The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg (2 lb) per day. In 2012, each resident produced 273.36 kg (603 lb) of solid waste. The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate. The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean. Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.[47]
Access to basic services[edit]
In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems. 99.6% of homes have grid electric service. Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.[97]
Security[edit]
The perception of security varies by district. For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of insecurity (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey. The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.[109]
Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).[47] In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. Interestingly, these districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.[109]
While the Police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district. For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.[47]
The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).[109]
Notable people from Lima[edit]
See also: List of people from Lima
St. Rose of Lima 1586-1617
St. Martin de Porres, 1579-1639
Ricardo Palma,writer, 1833-1919
Mario Testino,celebrity photographer
Gaston Acurio,Chef of Peruvian Cuisine
Claudia Llosa, film director, writer and producer.
Carlos Noriega, US-Peruvian Astronaut
Maria Rostworowski, historian
Jaime Bayly, journalist
Christian Meier, Peruvian actor
Gian Marco Zignago songwriter
Gisela Valcarcel Television Hostess
Juan Diego Florez, Opera Singer
Rose of Lima (the first Catholic in the Americas to be declared a saint)
Martin de Porres (Patron saint of mixed-race people)
José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Count of Vistaflorida Economist, jurist, writer and politician of the Viceroyalty of Peru
Francisco Antonio de Zela(Revolucionary against Spanish domination)
José Olaya(Afro-Peruvian hero)
Ricardo Palma (Writer)
Jose de la Riva Aguero(First Head State of Peru)
Mario Testino (Celebrity Photographer)
Gaston Acurio (Chef Ambassador of Peruvian Cuisine)
Juan Diego Florez (Opera Singer - Tenor)
Carlos Noriega (NASA Astronaut)
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Diplomat, Politician)
Paolo Guerrero (Soccer player)
Saby Kamalich (Actress)
Christian Meier(Actor, singer, model, businessman)
Jaime Cuadra (Music producer, composer, singer and voiceover artist)
María Rostworowski (Historian)
Fernando de Szyszlo (Painter, Sculptor)
Jaime Bayly (Writer, Journalist)
Gian Marco Zignago (Singer-Songwriter)
Iván Thays (Author, professor and television host)
Luis Llosa (Film Director)
Jefferson Farfan (Soccer player)
Madeleine Truel (French-Peruvian who helped people from Nazis)
Gisela Valcarcel (Television hostess)
Alex Valle (Peruvian American professional fighting game player)
International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South America
Twin towns — Sister cities
Lima is twinned with:[110]
Arequipa, Peru
Cusco, Peru
Piura, Peru
Trujillo, Peru
Los Angeles, United States
Austin, United States, since 1981
Cleveland, United States[111]
Miami, United States
Stamford, United States
Oruro, Bolivia
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bordeaux, France. since 1957[112][113]
Beijing, China, since November 1983[114]
Caracas, Venezuela
Manila, Philippines[115]
Madrid, Spain[116]
Mexico City, Mexico
São Paulo, Brazil[117][118][119]
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Akhisar, Turkey
Karaçoban, Turkey
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Guadalajara, Mexico[120]
Bogotá, Colombia
Cairo, Egypt
Cardiff, Wales
Pescara, Italy
Kiev, Ukraine
Brasília, Brazil
See also[edit]
Peru portal
Largest cities in the Americas
List of districts of Lima
List of metropolitan areas of Peru
List of people from Lima
List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Peru Altitude". Retrieved 2014-07-28.
Jump up ^ "INEI: Lima cuenta con 9 millones 752 mil habitantes". larepublica.pe.
Jump up ^ "2015 Annual Meetings". Imf.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Limaq" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/Perú-The-Incas-Country-226473.html
^ Jump up to: a b Heralatin.t35.com (ed.). "Ciudad de Lima". Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Perú.21, ed. (2008). "Lima tiene dos himnos que nadie ha escuchado". Retrieved February 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Conlee et al. 2004, p. 218.
Jump up ^ Hemming 1970, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Klarén2000, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Hemming 1970, p. 203–206.
Jump up ^ Klarén2000, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Andrien 1985, pp. 11–13.
Jump up ^ Higgins 2005, p. 45.
Jump up ^ Andrien 1985, pp. 26.
Jump up ^ Andrien 1985, pp. 28.
Jump up ^ Walker 2003, pp. 53–55.
Jump up ^ Ramón 2002, pp. 173–174.
Jump up ^ Anna 1979, pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ Anna 1979, pp. 23–24.
Jump up ^ Anna 1979, pp. 176–177.
Jump up ^ Anna 1979, pp. 178–180.
Jump up ^ Klarén2000, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Klarén2000, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Higgins 2005, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Klarén2000, p. 192.
Jump up ^ Ramón 2002, pp. 180–182.
Jump up ^ "20th Century Earthquakes: Records about Historical Earthquakes in Peru". Lima Easy: The Lima Guide. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "300 Die in Lima Earthquake". The Advertiser (Adelaide, Australia). Trove. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico. Retrieved on August 12, 2007
Jump up ^ Dietz 1980, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Dietz 1980, p. 36..
Jump up ^ "Average Weather For Callao/Lima, Peru". WeatherSpark. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Weather Information Service – Lima". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "BBC Weather – Lima". BBC. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Capel Molina, José J. (1999). "Lima, un clima de desierto litoral" (PDF). Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense (in Spanish). Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 19: 25–45. ISSN 0211-9803. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Painter, James (2007-03-12). "Americas | Peru's alarming water truth". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Klimatafel von Lima-Callao (Int. Flugh.) / Peru" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Station Jorge Chavez" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú pp. 29–30, 32, 34.
Jump up ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Urban Agglomerations 2014. – note, per the source, "Urban agglomerations included in the chart are those of 1 million inhabitants or more in 2007. An agglomeration contains the population within the contours of contiguous territory inhabited at urban levels of residential density without regard to administrative boundaries."
Jump up ^ Baily, Samuel L; Míguez, Eduardo José (2003). Latin America Since 1930. Google Books. ISBN 978-0-8420-2831-8. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ "The Institute of International Education (IIE)". IIEPassport.org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ ":: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. ::". Ocac.gov.tw. 2004-08-24. Archived from the original on 2004-11-25. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ History of Lima. Lima Info. Archived 2009-08-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa. From Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, A Voyage to South America (1748).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Una Mirada da Lima Metropoplitan
Jump up ^ "NIVELES SOCIOECONÓMICOS EN LIMA METROPOLITANA Y CALLAO - APEIM" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Infoplease. Lima. Retrieved on December 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ AttractionGuide. Lima Attractions. Retrieved on December 8, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Study Abroad Peru". Study Abroad Domain. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ Bethell, Leslie (1991). Latin America Since 1930. Google Books. ISBN 978-0-521-26652-9. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Port Commerce". Port of Callao. World Port Source. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ REPÚBLICA DEL PERÚ EVALUACIÓN DE LA GOBERNABILIDAD DEMOCRÁTICA, pág. 24
Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html CIA Factbook
Jump up ^ "Bolsa de Valores de Lima" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Bolsa de Valores de Lima". Bolsa de Valores de Lima. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Republic Of Peru" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Compañías de Seguros Peru". Oh Perú. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Judicial Power of Peru. Superior Court of Lima. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Judicial Power of Peru. Superior Court of North Lima. Retrieved 3 December 2008. Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Baroque Architecture". Buzzle.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived January 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Story by Cristyane Marusiak / Photos by João Canziani. "Lima, Peru - Travel - dwell.com". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ "ACAP – The American and Canadian Association of Peru". Acap-peru.org. 2005-12-01. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ Bethell, Leslie (1998). A Cultural History of Latin America and Spain. Books.google.com. ISBN 978-0-521-62626-2. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Haydee Sangalli Schaerer:: Bienes Raices". Mira Mar Peru. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Periodo 1821–1872 – El Palacio y Parque de la Exposición". Arqandina.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "LaRepublica.pe | Jornada de Protestas / Último adiós a Michael Jackson / Rómulo León". Larepublica.com.pe. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Lima, Peru – Google Maps". Maps.google.com. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Lima (Peru) :: The city layout – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ Marmon, Johanna (1 December 2003). "Colonial masterpiece: many who visit Peru come for the journey to ancient Macchu Picchu. But the former colonial--and current day--capital city of Lima is an architectural and gastronomic wonderland". South Florida CEO. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Web Design by Avtec Media. "Peruvian Cuisine ~ New Andean ~ Novoandina – Mixtura Restaurant:: The New Andean Cuisine:: Kirkland, Washington: Latin Spanish Peruvian Restaurants". Mixtura.biz. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Theatres in Lima, Peru – LimaEasy (c)". LimaEasy. 2009-06-27. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Articles: Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa". Historical Text Archive. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ Kokotovic, Misha (2007). The Colonial Divide in Peruvian Narrative. Books.google.com. ISBN 978-1-84519-184-9. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Information about Peru". Go2peru.com. Archived from the original on 2003-12-28. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "LIMA – Churches in the Historical Centre of Lima Perú". Enjoyperu.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Lima – Peru". VirtualPeru.Net. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "in". In-lan.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "HowStuffWorks "Geography of Lima"". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Peru's revolution in tastes: innovative chefs in Lima are dishing up a fusion of Andean and European cuisines with seasoning from around the world. (01-MAY-06) Americas (English Edition)". Accessmylibrary.com. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Living Peru" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gastronom铆a en Lima". go2peru.com.
Jump up ^ "APEGA Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía - ¿Qué es Apega?". apega.pe.
Jump up ^ "Mistura Food Fest Gives Peruvian Cuisine A Chance To Shine".
Jump up ^ Aunt Poison S.A.C. "Mistura.pe". mistura.pe.
Jump up ^ "Past List 2011". Theworlds50best.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
Jump up ^ "1-50 The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants". Theworlds50best.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1-50". Theworlds50best.com. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
Jump up ^ Duncan Mackay. "Lima awarded 2019 Pan American and Parapan Games". insidethegames.biz - Olympic, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News.
Jump up ^ "Parque Kennedy - Miraflores - Top Rated Peru City Parks". Vivatravelguides.com. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Historia" (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Lima (Peru) – MSN Encarta. Encarta.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Lima tiene m谩s de 6 mil colegios privados y cerca de 2 mil centros p煤blicos - seg煤n Mapcity - LaRepublica.pe". LaRepublica.pe.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "EVALUANDO LA GESTIÓN EN LIMA AL 2012" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes 2012 (ECE 2012)". minedu.gob.pe. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Great Circle Mapper". Gc.kls2.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A." Ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Bandurria – El sitio – Ferrocarril Lima Huacho". Huacho.info. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Periodo 1945–1965 – Galería de Fotos y Planos". Arqandina.com. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Lima : Planning a Trip: Getting Around". Frommers.com. 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Getting around: Taxis, mototaxis and colectivos". Rough Guides. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Metropolitano".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ ":::.- San Borja en Bici -.:::". munisanborja.gob.pe.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticas-ambientales-febrero-2014.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ciudad Nuestra - Segunda Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Victimización 2012 Perú". ciudadnuestra.org. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Sister Cities International, Online Directory: Peru, Americas. Retrieved July 14, 2007. Archived August 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Sister Cities International (SCI)". Sister-cities.org. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Bordeaux - Rayonnement européen et mondial". Mairie de Bordeaux (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Sister Cities of Manila". City Government of Manila. 2008–2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ Prefeitura.Sp – Descentralized Cooperation Archived December 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Jump up ^ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
General
Nota etimológica: El topónimo Lima, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Lima Monumento Histórico, Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996
History
Andrien, Kenneth J. (1985). Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-0791-0.
Anna, Timothy E. (1979). The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1004-2.
Conlee, Christina; Dulanto, Jalh; Mackay, Carol; Stanish, Charles (2004). "Late Prehispanic sociopolitical complexity". In Silverman, Helaine. Andean archaeology. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 209–236. ISBN 0-631-23400-4.
Dietz, Henry A. (1 January 1980). Poverty and Problem-Solving Under Military Rule: The Urban Poor in Lima, Peru. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76460-6.
Hemming, John (1 January 1970). The Conquest of the Incas. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-122560-6.
Higgins, James (January 2005). Lima: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517891-3.
Higgins, James (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu
(in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico. Lima: INEI, 1996.
Klarén, Peter F. (2000). Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506928-0.
Ramón, Gabriel (2002). "The script of urban surgery: Lima, 1850–1940". In Marte, Arturo Almandoz. Planning Latin America's Capital Cities, 1850-1950. Psychology Press. pp. 170–192. ISBN 978-0-415-27265-0.
Walker, Charles. "The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746". Hispanic American Historical Review. pp. 53–82. doi:10.1215/00182168-83-1-53. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Demographics
(in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú. Lima: INEI, 2008.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Urban Agglomerations 2007. New York (June 2008).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Lima (category)
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lima.
(in Spanish) Municipality of Lima
1.40 gigapixel image of Lima
Geographic data related to Lima at OpenStreetMap
Lima travel guide from Wikivoyage
[show]
v
t
e
Landmarks in Lima
Buildings and
interesting places
Archbishop's Palace
Balconies of Lima
Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Merced
Basilica of San Pedro
Caral
Casa de Correos y Telegrafos
Cathedral of Lima
Chocavento Tower
Cristo del Pacífico
Church of San Agustín
Desamparados station
Government Palace
Hotel Bolivar
Huaca Pucllana
Jorge Chávez International Airport
Legislative Palace
Lima Peru Temple
Lima Stock Exchange
Monastery of San Francisco
Municipal Palace
National Library of Peru
National University of San Marcos (Cultural Center)
Pachacamac
Palace of Justice
Palace of the Union
Panteón de los Próceres
Presbítero Maestro
Puruchuco
Sanctuary of Las Nazarenas
Torre Tagle Palace
Walls of Lima
Streets and squares
Jirón de la Unión
Miraflores District
Plaza Bolivar
Plaza Dos de Mayo
Plaza Mayor
Plaza San Martín
Museums
Casa Museo Miguel Grau
Gold Museum of Peru and Weapons of the World
Larco Museum
Museo de la Electricidad
Museo de la Inmigración Japonesa
Museo del Tribunal de la Santa Inquisición y del Congreso
Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú
Museo Nacional de la Cultura Peruana
Museum of Italian Art
Museum of Natural History
Museum of the Nation
Casa de Osambela
Palacio de la Exposición (Museo de Arte)
Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute
Sports
Coliseo Amauta
Coliseo Eduardo Dibos
Coliseo Mariscal Caceres
Coliseo Polideportivo
Estadio Alberto Gallardo
Estadio Alejandro Villanueva
Estadio Monumental "U"
Estadio Municipal de Chorrillos
Estadio Nacional
Estadio Universidad San Marcos
Hipódromo de Monterrico
Plaza de Sol y Sombra
Plaza de toros de Acho
The arts
Escuela Nacional Superior Autónoma de Bellas Artes
Gran Teatro Nacional
Teatro Manuel Ascencio Segura
Teatro Municipal
Teatro Peruano Japonés
Parks
El Campo de Marte
Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge
Paque de la Exposición
Parque de la Reserva
University Park
Zoos
Parque de las Leyendas
Parque Zoologico Huachipa
Beaches
Ancón
Cerro Azul
Punta Hermosa
[show]
v
t
e
Lima Metropolitan Area
Culture
Demographics
Flag
History
Timeline
Landmarks
Mayors
People
Sport
Transport
Districts
Central Lima
Breña
La Victoria
Lima
Rímac
South Central Lima
Barranco
Jesús María
La Molina
Lince
Magdalena
Miraflores
Pueblo Libre
San Borja
San Isidro
San Miguel
Santiago de Surco
Surquillo
Cono Este
Ate
Chaclacayo
Cieneguilla
El Agustino
Lurigancho-Chosica
San Juan de Lurigancho
San Luis
Santa Anita
Cono Norte
Ancón
Carabayllo
Comas
Independencia
Los Olivos
Puente Piedra
San Martín de Porres
Santa Rosa
Cono Sur
Chorrillos
Lurín
Pachacamac
Pucusana
Punta Hermosa
Punta Negra
San Bartolo
San Juan de Miraflores
Santa María del Mar
Villa el Salvador
Villa María del Triunfo
Callao
Bellavista
Callao
Carmen de la Legua Reynoso
La Perla
La Punta
Mi Perú
Ventanilla
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
Geographic locale
Lat. and Long. 12°2′36″S 77°01′42″W / 12.04333°S 77.02833°W / -12.04333; -77.02833
[show]
v
t
e
Peruvian cities with a population of over 100,000
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Callao
Chiclayo
Chimbote
Chincha
Cusco
Huacho
Huancayo
Huaraz
Ica
Iquitos
Juliaca
Lima
Pisco
Piura
Pucallpa
Puno
Sullana
Tacna
Talara
Tarapoto
Trujillo
[show]
v
t
e
Capitals of South America
Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics
Asunción, Paraguay
Bogotá, Colombia
Brasília, Brazil
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Caracas, Venezuela
Cayenne, French Guiana (France)
Georgetown, Guyana
King Edward Point, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK)
La Paz (de facto)
Sucre (de jure), Bolivia
Lima, Peru
Montevideo, Uruguay
Paramaribo, Suriname
Quito, Ecuador
Santiago, Chile
Stanley, Falkland Islands (UK)
[show]
v
t
e
World's fifty most-populous urban areas
Tokyo–Yokohama (Keihin)
Jakarta (Jabodetabek)
Delhi
Manila (Metro Manila)
Seoul–Incheon (Sudogwon)
Shanghai
Karachi
Beijing
New York City
Guangzhou–Foshan (Guangfo)
São Paulo
Mexico City (Valley of Mexico)
Mumbai
Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto (Keihanshin)
Moscow
Dhaka
Greater Cairo
Los Angeles
Bangkok
Kolkata
Greater Buenos Aires
Tehran
Istanbul
Lagos
Shenzhen
Rio de Janeiro
Kinshasa
Tianjin
Paris
Lima
Chengdu
Greater London
Nagoya (Chūkyō)
Lahore
Chennai
Bangalore
Chicago
Bogotá
Ho Chi Minh City
Hyderabad
Dongguan
Johannesburg
Wuhan
Taipei-Taoyuan
Hangzhou
Hong Kong
Chongqing
Ahmedabad
Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley)
Quanzhou
[show]
v
t
e
Pan American Games host cities
Summer
1951: Buenos Aires
1955: Mexico City
1959: Chicago
1963: São Paulo
1967: Winnipeg
1971: Santiago de Cali
1975: Mexico City
1979: San Juan
1983: Caracas
1987: Indianapolis
1991: Havana
1995: Mar del Plata
1999: Winnipeg
2003: Santo Domingo
2007: Rio de Janeiro
2011: Guadalajara
2015: Toronto
2019: Lima
2023: Santiago
Winter
1990: Las Leñas
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4035742-9
LCCN: n79063382
NARA: 10044608
VIAF: 235469959
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&oldid=843095231"
Categories:
Lima
Capitals in South America
Cities in Peru
Lima Province
Populated coastal places in Peru
Populated places established in 1535
1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Buildings and structures in Lima
Hidden categories:
Articles with Spanish-language external links
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with Portuguese-language external links
Articles with short description
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Spanish-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
Akan
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Аҧсшәа
العربية
Aragonés
Arpetan
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Chavacano de Zamboanga
ChiShona
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gagauz
Gàidhlig
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Hausa
Hawaiʻi
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Қазақша
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Kongo
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Ladino
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Lingála
Livvinkarjala
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Dorerin Naoero
Na Vosa Vakaviti
Nederlands
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Papiamentu
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qırımtatarca
Reo tahiti
Română
Romani
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Sesotho
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Татарча/tatarça
Tetun
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Võro
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Lingua Franca Nova
151 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 21:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Lima_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Lima (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Lima.png
image
Flag of Lima

values:
/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg
image
Official seal of Lima

values:
/wiki/File:Peru_location_map.svg
image
Lima is located in Peru

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: none; width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto width:250px;padding:0

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
nofollow
http://www.munlima.gob.pe/
external text

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area
mw-redirect
Lima Metropolitan Area

values:
/wiki/Spanish_people
mw-redirect
Spanish people

values: 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference

values:
/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Peru
mw-redirect
List of Presidents of Peru

values: José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda

values:
/wiki/Outer_Space
mw-redirect
Outer Space

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: List of metropolitan areas in the Americas

values:
/wiki/Coastal_deserts
mw-redirect
Coastal deserts

values:
/wiki/Subtropical_climate
mw-redirect
Subtropical climate

values:
/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level
mw-redirect
Height above mean sea level

values: background: #FF3700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF8206; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FF9934; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #0000C1; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #AFAF8A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/World%27s_largest_cities
mw-redirect
World's largest cities

values:
/wiki/White_Latin_American
mw-redirect
White Latin American

values:
/wiki/European_Peruvian
mw-redirect
European Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Spanish_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Spanish Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Italian_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Italian Peruvian

values:
/wiki/German_Peruvian
mw-redirect
German Peruvian

values:
/wiki/French_Peruvian
mw-redirect
French Peruvian

values:
/wiki/British_Peruvian
mw-redirect
British Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Croatian_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Croatian Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Asian_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Asian Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Chinese_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Chinese Peruvian

values:
/wiki/Japanese_Peruvian
mw-redirect
Japanese Peruvian

values: Colegio Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The American School of Lima

values:
/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise
mw-redirect
Alliance française

values:
/wiki/Barrios_Altos
mw-redirect
Barrios Altos

values:
/wiki/Chinatown,_Lima
mw-redirect
Chinatown, Lima

values: Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Peru
mw-redirect
Republic of Peru

values:
/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru
mw-redirect
Judicial System of Peru

values:
/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Peru)
mw-redirect
Palace of Justice (Peru)

values:
/wiki/Province_of_Lima
mw-redirect
Province of Lima

values: Edit section: International organizations

values:
/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations
mw-redirect
Andean Community of Nations

values:
/wiki/Cathedral_of_Lima
mw-redirect
Cathedral of Lima

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width: -moz-min-content; width: -webkit-min-content; width: min-content; max-width: 100%;

values:
/wiki/Francisco_Fierro
mw-redirect
Francisco Fierro

values:
/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site
mw-redirect
UNESCO World Heritage Site

values:
/wiki/Peruvian_Coast_Spanish
mw-redirect
Peruvian Coast Spanish

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)

values:
/wiki/Andalusian_people
mw-redirect
Andalusian people

values:
/wiki/Museums_in_Lima
mw-redirect
Museums in Lima

values: Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú

values:
/wiki/Tourism_in_Lima
mw-redirect
Tourism in Lima

values:
/wiki/World_Heritage_Site
mw-redirect
World Heritage Site

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500

values:
/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_(Peru)
mw-redirect
Santa María del Mar (Peru)

values:
/wiki/Racquet_sport
mw-redirect
Racquet sport

values:
/wiki/IOC_Session
mw-redirect
IOC Session

values:
/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)
mw-redirect
Estadio Nacional (Lima)

values:
/wiki/CD_Universidad_San_Mart%C3%ADn
mw-redirect
CD Universidad San Martín

values:
/wiki/Pueblo_Libre_District
mw-redirect
Pueblo Libre District

values: University Park, Lima (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Edward_Habich
mw-redirect
Edward Habich

values: Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal

values:
/wiki/Universidad_ESAN
mw-redirect
Universidad ESAN

values:
/wiki/Universidad_de_Lima
mw-redirect
Universidad de Lima

values:
/wiki/Universidad_Cientifica_del_Sur
mw-redirect
Universidad Cientifica del Sur

values: Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas

values:
/wiki/Peruvian_nuevo_sol
mw-redirect
Peruvian nuevo sol

values: Edit section: Metropolitan Transport System

values: Edit section: Other transportation issues

values:
/wiki/Rosa_de_Lima
mw-redirect
Rosa de Lima

values:
/wiki/St._Martin_de_Porres
mw-redirect
St. Martin de Porres

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Gaston_Acurio
mw-redirect
Gaston Acurio

values:
/wiki/Carlos_Noriega
mw-redirect
Carlos Noriega

values:
/wiki/Maria_Rostworowski
mw-redirect
Maria Rostworowski

values:
/wiki/Gisela_Valcarcel
mw-redirect
Gisela Valcarcel

values:
/wiki/Juan_Diego_Florez
mw-redirect
Juan Diego Florez

values: José Baquíjano y Carrillo, Count of Vistaflorida

values:
/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_de_Zela
mw-redirect
Francisco Antonio de Zela

values:
/wiki/Jose_de_la_Riva_Aguero
mw-redirect
Jose de la Riva Aguero

values:
/wiki/Jefferson_Farfan
mw-redirect
Jefferson Farfan

values: List of twin towns and sister cities in South America

values:
/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities
mw-redirect
Twin towns and sister cities

values:
/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cleveland, Ohio

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area

values:
nofollow
external text
http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3936456

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0211-9803

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iiepassport.org/lima.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.lima.info/history.htm

values:
nofollow
http://attractionguide.com/lima/
external text

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.caminanteschool.org/lima.php

values:
nofollow
http://www.miramar-peru.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list

values:
nofollow
http://mistura.pe/mistura-2014/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://umc.minedu.gob.pe/?p=1405

values:
nofollow
http://gc.kls2.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.metropolitano.com.pe

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.munlima.gob.pe/corredorazul

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.inei.gob.pe/Anexos/libro.pdf

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values:
nofollow
http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/60314/
external text

values:
/wiki/Template:Tourism_in_Lima
mw-redirect
Template:Tourism in Lima

values:
/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism_in_Lima
mw-redirect
Template talk:Tourism in Lima

values: Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Merced (Lima)

values:
/wiki/Hotel_Bolivar
mw-redirect
Hotel Bolivar

values:
/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Lima.png
image
MTR Logo

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Casa Museo Miguel Grau (page does not exist)

values: Gold Museum of Peru and Weapons of the World

values: Museo de la Electricidad (page does not exist)

values: Museo de la Inmigración Japonesa (page does not exist)

values: Museo del Tribunal de la Santa Inquisición y del Congreso (page does not exist)

values: Museo Nacional de la Cultura Peruana (page does not exist)

values: Escuela Nacional Superior Autónoma de Bellas Artes

values: University Park (Lima) (page does not exist)

values: Parque Zoologico Huachipa (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar_District
mw-redirect
Magdalena del Mar District

values:
/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco_District
mw-redirect
Santiago de Surco District

values:
/wiki/Surquillo_District
mw-redirect
Surquillo District

values:
/wiki/Carmen_de_la_Legua_Reynoso
mw-redirect
Carmen de la Legua Reynoso

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg
image
State flag of Peru

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:List of South American capitals

values: Template talk:List of South American capitals

values: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em;

values: nowraplinks plainlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:World's most populous urban areas

values: Template talk:World's most populous urban areas

values: border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Pan American Games host cities

values:
/wiki/Santiago_de_Cali
mw-redirect
Santiago de Cali

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035742-9

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/235469959

values: Category:Populated coastal places in Peru

values: Category:Populated places established in 1535

values: Category:1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire

values: Category:Buildings and structures in Lima

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with Portuguese-language external links

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Lima
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ady
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Akan
ak
ak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ak
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ab
display: none;

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Arpitan
frp
frp
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Ліма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Chavacano
cbk-zam
cbk-zam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam
display: none;

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Λίμα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limo
Limo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Extremaduran
ext
ext
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Gagauz
gag
gag
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gag
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values:
https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Hawaiian
haw
haw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: लीमा – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADma
Líma – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-krc
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Kinyarwanda
rw
rw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kg
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEma
Lîma – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Mirandese
mwl
mwl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-na
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Novial
nov
nov
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Crimean Turkish
crh
crh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-crh
display: none;

values:
https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Tahitian
ty
ty
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ty
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Romani
rmy
rmy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy
display: none;

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limaq
Limaq – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Southern Sotho
st
st
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-st
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: லிமா – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values: Лима – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Tetum
tet
tet
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tet
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim
Lim – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Võro
fiu-vro
fiu-vro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Samogitian
bat-smg
bat-smg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima
Lima – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lima rootpage-Lima skin-vector action-view