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Book of Job
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The Book of Job (/dʒoʊb/; Hebrew: אִיוֹב Iyov) is a book in the Ketuvim ("Writings") section of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and the first poetic book in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1] Addressing the problem of theodicy – the vindication of the justice of God in the light of humanity's suffering[2] – it is a rich theological work setting out a variety of perspectives.[3] It has been widely and often extravagantly praised for its literary qualities, with Alfred, Lord Tennyson calling it "the greatest poem of ancient and modern times".[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Contents
2.1 Prologue on earth and in heaven
2.2 Job's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends
2.3 Three monologues: Poem to Wisdom, Job's closing monologue, and Elihu's speeches
2.4 Two speeches by God
2.5 Epilogue
3 Composition
3.1 Authorship, language, texts
3.2 Job and the wisdom tradition
4 Themes
5 Later interpretation and influence
5.1 History of interpretation
5.2 Liturgical use
5.3 In music, art, literature, and film
5.4 In Islam and Middle Eastern folk tradition
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Citations
7.2 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Scroll of the Book of Job, in Hebrew
The Book of Job consists of a prose prologue and epilogue narrative framing poetic dialogues and monologues.[5] It is common to view the narrative frame as the original core of the book, enlarged later by the poetic dialogues and discourses, and sections of the book such as the Elihu speeches and the wisdom poem of chapter 28 as late insertions, but recent trends have tended to concentrate on the book's underlying editorial unity.[6]
1. Prologue in two scenes, the first on earth, the second in heaven (Job 1–2)
2. Job's opening monologue (Job 3 – seen by some scholars as a bridge between the prologue and the dialogues and by others as the beginning of the dialogues),[7] and three cycles of dialogues between Job and his three friends (Job chapters – the third cycle is not complete, the expected speech of Zophar being replaced by the wisdom poem of chapter 28)[8]
First cycle
Eliphaz (Job 4–5) and Job's response (Job 6–7)
Bildad (8) and Job (Job 9–10)
Zophar (11) and Job (Job 12–14)
Second cycle
Eliphaz (15) and Job (Job 16–17)
Bildad (18) and Job (Job 19)
Zophar (20) and Job (Job 21)
Third cycle
Eliphaz (22) and Job (Job 23–24)
Bildad (25) and Job (Job 26–27)
3. Three monologues:
A Poem to Wisdom (chapter 28, previously read as part of the speech of Job, now regarded by most scholars as a separate interlude in the narrator's voice)[7]
Job's closing monologue (chapters 29–31)
and Elihu's speeches (chapters 32–37)
4. Two speeches by God (chapters 38:1–40:2 and 40:6–41:34, 42:7–8), with Job's responses
5. Epilogue – Job's restoration (chapters 42:9–17).
Contents[edit]
Job's Tormentors' from William Blake's Illustrations for the Book of Job.
Prologue on earth and in heaven[edit]
The prologue on earth shows the righteous Job blessed with wealth and sons and daughters. The scene shifts to heaven, where God asks Satan (ha-satan, literally "the accuser") for his opinion of Job's piety. Satan answers that Job is pious only because God has blessed him; if God were to take away everything that Job had, then he would surely curse God. God gives Satan permission to take Job's wealth and kill all of his children and servants,[9] but Job nonetheless praises God: "Naked I came out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return: the Lord has given, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord." God allows Satan to afflict his body with boils. Job sits in ashes, and his wife prompts him to "curse God, and die," but Job answers: "Shall we receive good from God and shall we not receive evil?"
Job's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends[edit]
Job laments the day of his birth; he would like to die, but even that is denied to him. His three friends Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite, console him. The friends do not waver in their belief that Job's suffering is a punishment for sin, for God causes no one to suffer innocently, and they advise him to repent and seek God's mercy. Job responds with scorn: a just God would not treat him so harshly, patience in suffering is impossible, and the Creator should not take his creatures so lightly, to come against them with such force.[10]
Three monologues: Poem to Wisdom, Job's closing monologue, and Elihu's speeches[edit]
Job and His Friends by Ilya Repin (1869)
The dialogues of Job and his friends are followed by a poem (the "hymn to wisdom") on the inaccessibility of wisdom: "Where is wisdom to be found?" it asks, and concludes that it has been hidden from man (chapter 28).[11] Job contrasts his previous fortune with his present plight, an outcast, mocked and in pain. He protests his innocence, lists the principles he has lived by, and demands that God answer him.[12] Elihu (a character not previously mentioned) intervenes to state that wisdom comes from God, who reveals it through dreams and visions to those who will then declare their knowledge.[11]
Two speeches by God[edit]
God speaks from a whirlwind. His speeches neither explain Job's suffering, nor defend divine justice, nor enter into the courtroom confrontation that Job has demanded, nor respond to his oath of innocence.[13] Instead they contrast Job's weakness with divine wisdom and omnipotence: "Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth?" Job makes a brief response, but God's monologue resumes, never addressing Job directly.[14] In 42:1–6 Job makes his final response, confessing God's power and his own lack of knowledge "of things beyond me which I did not know". Previously he has only heard, but now his eyes have seen God, and "therefore I retract/ And repent in dust and ashes."[15]
Epilogue[edit]
God tells Eliphaz that he and his three friends "have not spoken of me what is right as my servant Job has done". The three (Elihu, the fourth friend introduced in chapter 32 is not mentioned here) are told to make a burnt offering with Job as their intercessor, "for only to him will I show favour". Job is restored to health, riches and family, and lives to see his children to the fourth generation.[16]
Composition[edit]
Anonymous Byzantine illustration.
The pre-incarnate Christ speaks to Job
Authorship, language, texts[edit]
Rabbinic tradition ascribes the authorship of Job to Moses, but scholars generally agree that it was written between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE, with the 6th century BCE as the most likely period for various reasons.[17] The anonymous author was almost certainly an Israelite, although he has set his story outside Israel, in southern Edom or northern Arabia, and makes allusion to places as far apart as Mesopotamia and Egypt.[18] According to the 6th-century BCE prophet Ezekiel, Job was a man of antiquity renowned for his righteousness,[19] and the book's author has chosen this legendary hero for his parable.[20]
The language of Job stands out for its conservative spelling and for its exceptionally large number of words and forms not found elsewhere in the Bible.[21] The 12th century Jewish scholar Ibn Ezra concluded that the book must have been written in some other language and translated into Hebrew, and many later scholars down to the 20th century looked for an Aramaic, Arabic or Edomite original, but a close analysis suggests that the foreign words and foreign-looking forms are literary affectations designed to lend authenticity to the book's distant setting.[22]
Job exists in a number of forms: the Hebrew Masoretic Text, which underlies many modern Bible translations; the Greek Septuagint made in Egypt in the last centuries BCE; and Aramaic and Hebrew manuscripts found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.[23]
Job and the wisdom tradition[edit]
Job, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Proverbs belong to the genre of wisdom literature, sharing a perspective that they themselves call the "way of wisdom".[24] Wisdom means both a way of thinking and a body of knowledge gained through such thinking, as well as the ability to apply it to life. It is attainable in part through human effort and in part as a gift from God, but never in its entirety – except by God.[25] The three books share attitudes and assumptions but differ in their conclusions: Proverbs makes confident statements about the world and its workings that are flatly contradicted by Job and Ecclesiastes.[26] Wisdom literature from Sumeria and Babylonia can be dated to the second millennium BCE.[27] Several texts from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt offer parallels to Job,[28] and while it is impossible to tell whether the author of Job was influenced by any of them, their existence suggests that he was the recipient of a long tradition of reflection on the existence of inexplicable suffering.[29]
Themes[edit]
The Destruction of Leviathan by Gustave Doré (1865)
Job is an investigation of the problem of divine justice.[30] This problem, known in theology as theodicy, can be rephrased as a question: "Why do the righteous suffer?"[2] The conventional answer in ancient Israel was that God rewards virtue and punishes sin (the principle known as "retributive justice").[31] This assumes a world in which human choices and actions are morally significant, but experience demonstrates that suffering is frequently unmerited.[32]
The biblical concept of righteousness was rooted in the covenant-making God who had ordered creation for communal well-being, and the righteous were those who invested in the community, showing special concern for the poor and needy (see Job's description of his life in chapter 31). Their antithesis were the wicked, who were selfish and greedy.[33] Satan raises the question of whether there is such a thing as disinterested righteousness: if God rewards righteousness with prosperity, will men not act righteously from selfish motives? He asks God to test this by removing the prosperity of Job, the most righteous of all God's servants.[34]
The book begins with the frame narrative, giving the reader an omniscient "God's eye perspective" which introduces Job as a man of exemplary faith and piety, "blameless and upright", who "fears God" and "shuns evil".[35][36] God is seen initiating the discussion with Satan and approving Job's suffering, a device which serves three purposes: the usual explanations for suffering, that the sufferer has committed some sin of which he is unaware or that God's actions are inscrutable, are eliminated; it makes clear that it is not Job who is on trial, but God's policy of retribution; and the reader sees that God himself bears responsibility for Job's suffering[37] "without any reason".[38][39] The contrast between the frame and the poetic dialogues and monologues, in which Job never learns of the opening scenes in heaven or of the reason for his suffering, creates a sense of contradictory juxtaposition between the divine and human views of Job's suffering.[36][40]
In the poetic dialogues Job's friends see his suffering and assume he must be guilty, since God is just. Job, knowing he is innocent, concludes that God must be unjust.[41] He retains his piety throughout the story (belying Satan's suspicion that his righteousness is due to the expectation of reward), but makes clear from his first speech that he agrees with his friends that God should and does reward righteousness.[42] Elihu rejects the arguments of both parties: Job is wrong to accuse God of injustice, as God is greater than human beings, and nor are the friends correct; for suffering, far from being a punishment, may "rescue the afflicted from their affliction" and make them more amenable to revelation – literally, "open their ears" (36:15).[41]
Chapter 28, the Hymn to Wisdom, introduces another theme, divine wisdom. The hymn does not place any emphasis on retributive justice, stressing instead the inaccessibility of wisdom.[43] Wisdom cannot be invented or purchased, it says; God alone knows the meaning of the world, and he grants it only to those who live in reverence before him.[44] God possesses wisdom because he grasps the complexities of the world (Job 28:24–26) – a theme which looks forward to God's speech in chapters 38–41 with its repeated refrain "Where were you when...?"[45]
When God finally speaks he neither explains the reason for Job's suffering (revealed to the reader in the prologue in heaven) nor defends his justice. The first speech focuses on his role in maintaining order in the universe: the list of things that God does and Job cannot do demonstrates divine wisdom because order is the heart of wisdom. Job then confesses his lack of wisdom, meaning his lack of understanding of the workings of the cosmos and of the ability to maintain it. The second speech concerns God's role in controlling behemoth and leviathan, sometimes translated as the hippopotamus and crocodile, but more probably representing primeval cosmic creatures, in either case demonstrating God's wisdom and power.[46] Job's reply to God's final speech is longer than his first and more complicated. The usual view is that he admits to being wrong to challenge God and now repents "in dust and ashes" (42:6), but the Hebrew is difficult, and an alternative understanding is that Job says he was wrong to repent and mourn and does not retract any of his arguments.[47] In the concluding part of the frame narrative God restores and increases his prosperity, indicating that the divine policy on retributive justice remains unchanged.[48]
Later interpretation and influence[edit]
Carved wooden figure of Job. Probably from Germany, 1750–1850 CE. The Wellcome Collection, London
History of interpretation[edit]
In the Second Temple period (500 BCE – 70 CE) Job began being transformed into something more patient and steadfast, with his suffering a test of virtue and a vindication of righteousness for the glory of God.[49] The process of "sanctifying" Job began with the Greek Septuagint translation (c. 200 BCE) and was furthered in the Testament of Job (1st century BCE – 1st century CE), which makes him the hero of patience.[50] This reading pays little attention to the Job of the dialogue sections of the book,[51] but it was the tradition taken up by the Epistle of James in the New Testament, which presents Job as one whose patience and endurance should be emulated by believers (James 5:7–11).[52]
Jewish interpretation of Job was initially positive. He was seen as a righteous Gentile who acknowledged God.[53] Very early, however, Christianity began interpreting Job 19:23–29 (verses concerning a "redeemer" whom Job hopes can save him from God) as a prophecy of Christ,[54] although the major view among scholars is that Job's "redeemer" is either an angelic being or God himself.[55] With Job viewed by Christians as a witness to the coming Christ, the predominant Jewish view became "Job the blasphemer", with some rabbis even saying that he was rightly punished by God because he had stood by while Pharaoh massacred the innocent Jewish infants.[56][57]
Saint Augustine recorded that Job had prophesied the coming of Christ, and Gregory the Great offered him as a model of right living worthy of respect. The medieval Jewish scholar Maimonides declared his story a parable, and the medieval Christian Thomas Aquinas wrote a detailed commentary declaring it true history. In the Reformation Martin Luther explained how Job's confession of sinfulness and worthlessness underlay his saintliness, and John Calvin's Job demonstrated the doctrine of the resurrection and the ultimate certainty of divine justice.[58]
The contemporary movement known as creation theology, an ecological theology valuing the needs of all creation, interprets God's speeches in Job 38–41 to imply that his interests and actions are not exclusively focused on humankind.[59]
Liturgical use[edit]
Jewish liturgy does not use readings from the Book of Job in the manner of the Pentateuch, Prophets, or Five Megillot, although it is quoted at funerals and times of mourning. However, there are some Jews, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, who do hold public readings of Job on the Tisha B'Av fast (a day of mourning over the destruction of the First and Second Temples and other tragedies). The cantillation signs for the large poetic section in the middle of the Book of Job differ from those of most of the biblical books, using a system shared with it only by Psalms and Proverbs.
The Eastern Orthodox Church reads from Job and Exodus during Holy Week. Exodus prepares for the understanding of Christ's exodus to his Father, of his fulfillment of the whole history of salvation; Job, the sufferer, is the Old Testament icon of Christ. The Roman Catholic Church reads from Job during Matins in the first two weeks of September and in the Office of the Dead, and in the revised Liturgy of the Hours Job is read during the Eighth and Ninth Weeks in Ordinary Time.[citation needed]
In music, art, literature, and film[edit]
Georges de La Tour,
Job Mocked by his Wife
The Book of Job has been deeply influential in Western culture, to such an extent that no list could be more than representative. Musical settings from Job include Orlande de Lassus's 1565 cycle of motets, the Sacrae Lectiones Novem ex Propheta Job, and George Frideric Handel's use of Job 19:25 ("I know that my redeemer liveth") as an aria in his 1741 oratorio Messiah. Modern works based on the book include Ralph Vaughan Williams's Job: A Masque for Dancing, French composer Darius Milhaud's Cantata From Job, and Joseph Stein's Broadway interpretation The Fiddler on the Roof, based on an earlier Yiddish memoir by Sholem Alchem in 1894. Neil Simon wrote God's Favorite which is a modern retelling of the Book of Job. Breughel and Georges de la Tour depicted Job visited by his wife, and William Blake produced an entire cycle of illustrations for the book. Writers Job has inspired or influenced include[original research?] John Milton (Samson Agonistes), Dostoevsky (The Brothers Karamazov), Franz Kafka (The Trial), Carl Jung (Answer to Job), Joseph Roth (Job), and Bernard Malamud. Archibald MacLeish's drama, JB, one of the most prominent uses of the Book of Job in modern literature, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1959. Job's influence can also be seen in the Coen brothers' 2009 film, A Serious Man, which was nominated for two Academy Awards. Terrence Malick's 2011 film The Tree of Life, which won the Palme d'Or, is heavily influenced by the themes of the Book of Job, as the film starts with a quote from the beginning of God's speech to Job. A 2014 Malayalam film called "Iyobinte Pusthakam" tells the story of a man who is losing everything in his life and also has parallels with Dostoevsky's (The Brothers Karamazov). The Russian film Leviathan also draws themes from the Book of Job. The 2015 critically acclaimed novel, The Suffering of Innocents,[60] by Marc Zirogiannis is loosely based on the Book of Job and asks the question, "Why Do the Righteous Suffer?".[61] In 2015 two Ukrainian composers Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko created opera-requiem IYOV. The premiere of the opera was held on 21 September 2015 on the main stage of the international multidisciplinary festival Gogolfest[62]
In Islam and Middle Eastern folk tradition[edit]
Job (Arabic Ayyub ايوب) is one of the 25 prophets mentioned by name in the Quran, where he is lauded as a steadfast and upright worshiper (Q.38:44). His story has the same basic outline as in the Bible, although the three friends are replaced by his brothers, and his wife stays by his side.[57][63] In Palestinian folklore Job's place of trial is Al-Joura, a village outside the town of Al Majdal (Ashkelon). It was there that God rewarded him with a Fountain of Youth that removed whatever illnesses he had and restored his youth. Al-Joura was a place of annual festivities (four days in all) when people of many faiths gathered and bathed in a natural spring. In Lebanon the Muwahideen (or Druze) community have a shrine built in the Shouf area that allegedly contains Job's tomb. In Turkey, Job is known as Eyüp, and he is supposed to have lived in Şanlıurfa. There is also a tomb of Job outside the city of Salalah in Oman.
See also[edit]
Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
Commentary on Job
Ludlul bēl nēmeqi the "Babylonian Job"
Testament of Job
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Hartley 1988, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawson 2005, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Bullock 2007, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, p. 343.
^ Jump up to: a b Walton 2008, p. 333.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 191.
Jump up ^ Job 1:12
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 190.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2013, pp. 33–34.
Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013, p. 27.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, p. 339.
Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Habel 1985, p. 575.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Fokkelman 2012, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, pp. 21–24.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, pp. 1–16.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, pp. 129–30.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, pp. 130–31.
Jump up ^ Bullock 2007, p. 84.
Jump up ^ Hartley 2008, p. 346.
Jump up ^ Hartley 2008, p. 360.
Jump up ^ Bullock 2007, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002, p. 201.
Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002, pp. 177–78.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, pp. 336–37.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Dowd 2008, pp. 242–43.
Jump up ^ Barton 2008, p. 336.
Jump up ^ Job 2:3
Jump up ^ De Lafayette, Maximillien (2016). The 3 most evil, savage and deceptive inventions in history. God, the Bible and organized religions. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu.com. p. 196. ISBN 1365130045.
Jump up ^ Barton 2008, p. 338.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2013, pp. 97–98.
Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Dell 2003, p. 356.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, pp. 329–30.
Jump up ^ Fiddes 1996, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Walton 2008, p. 338.
Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Barton 2008, pp. 338–39.
Jump up ^ Seow 2013, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, pp. 362–63.
Jump up ^ Dell 1991, pp. 6–7.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, p. 362.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, p. 364.
Jump up ^ Simonetti, Conti & Oden 2006, pp. 105–06.
Jump up ^ Hooks 2006, pp. 250–51.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, pp. 361–62.
^ Jump up to: a b Noegel & Wheeler 2010, p. 171.
Jump up ^ Allen 2008, pp. 368–71.
Jump up ^ Farmer 1998, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Sheri Hoyte. "Book Review: 'The Suffering of Innocents' by Marc Zirogiannis". Blogcritics. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Zirogiannis, Marc (July 2015). The Suffering of Innocents. Chicago, Illinois: Revival Waves of Glory. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-329-31034-6. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ GogolFest. "Program 2015".
Jump up ^ Wheeler 2002, p. 8.
Sources[edit]
Allen, J. (2008). "Job III: History of Interpretation". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664222314.
Bullock, C. Hassell (2007). An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books. Moody Publishers. ISBN 9781575674506.
Dell, Katharine J. (2003). "Job". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Dell, Katherine J. (1991). The Book of Job as Sceptical Literature. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9780899257051.
Farmer, Kathleen A. (1998). "The Wisdom Books". In McKenzie,, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
Fiddes, Paul (1996). "'Where Shall Wisdom be Found?' Job 28 as a Riddle for Ancient and Modern Readers". In Barton, John; Reimer, David. After the Exile, Essays in Honour of Rex Mason. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865545243.
Fokkelman, J.P. (2012). The Book of Job in Form: A Literary Translation with Commentary. BRILL. ISBN 9004231587.
Hartley, John E. (1988). The book of Job. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825285.
Hartley, John E. (2008). "Job II: Ancient Near Eastern Background". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Habel, Norman C (1985). The Book of Job: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664222185.
Hooks, Stephen M. (2006). Job. College Press. ISBN 9780899008868.
Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365.
Lawson, Steven J. (2005). Job. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805494709.
Murphy, Roland Edmund (2002). The Tree of Life: An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802839657.
Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010). The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461718956.
O'Dowd, R. (2008). "FrameNarrative". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830817832.
Sawyer, John F.A. (2013). "Job". In Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan. The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible. Oxford University Press.
Seow, C.L. (2013). Job 1–21: Interpretation and Commentary. Eerdmans.
Simonetti, Manlio; Conti, Marco; Oden, Thomas C. (2006). Job. InterVarsity Press.
Walsh, Jerome T (2001). Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658970.
Walton, J.H. (2008). "Job I: Book of". In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings. InterVarsity Press.
Wilson, Gerald H. (2012). Job. Baker Books.
Wollaston, Isabell (2013). "Post-Holocaust Interpretations of Job". In Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan. The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible. Oxford University Press.
Further reading[edit]
Michael Wise, Martin Abegg, Jr, and Edward Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation, (1996), HarperSanFrancisco paperback 1999, ISBN 0-06-069201-4, (contains the non-biblical portion of the scrolls)
Stella Papadaki-Oekland, Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job, ISBN 2-503-53232-2
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Book of Job
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Job.
Sephardic Cantillations for the Book of Job by David M. Betesh and the Sephardic Pizmonim Project
Translations of The Book of Job at BibleGateway.com
Hebrew and English Parallel and Complete Text of the Book of Job English Translation is the 1917 Old JPS
Job at Chabad.org
Introduction to the Book of Job
Bible: Job public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Book of Job
Wisdom literature
Preceded by
Proverbs Hebrew Bible Succeeded by
Song of Songs
Preceded by
Esther Protestant
Old Testament Succeeded by
Psalms
Preceded by
2 Maccabees Roman Catholic
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List of English football champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Leicester City celebrate winning the Premier League in the 2015–16 season.
The English football champions are the winners of the highest league in English men's football, which since 1992-1993 is the Premier League.
Following the legalisation of professional football by the Football Association in 1885,[1] the English Football League was established in 1888, after a series of meetings initiated by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[2] At the end of the 1888–89 season, Preston North End were the first club to be crowned champions after completing their fixtures unbeaten.[3]
Representing the first fully professional football competition in the world the league saw its early years dominated by teams from the North and Midlands, where professionalism was embraced more readily than in the South.[4] Its status as the country's pre-eminent league was strengthened in 1892, when the rival Football Alliance was absorbed into the Football League.[5] Former Alliance clubs comprised the bulk of a new Second Division, from which promotion to the top level could be gained. It was not until 1931 that a Southern club were crowned champions, when Herbert Chapman's Arsenal secured the title. Arsenal scored 127 goals in the process, a record for a title-winning side (though runners-up Aston Villa scored one goal more, a record for the top division).[6]
Rules stipulating a maximum wage for players were abolished in 1961. This resulted in a shift of power towards bigger clubs.[7] Financial considerations became an even bigger influence from 1992, when the teams then in the First Division defected to form the FA Premier League. This supplanted the Football League First Division as the highest level of football in England,[8] and due to a series of progressively larger television contracts, put wealth into the hands of top flight clubs in a hitherto unprecedented manner.[9] The first five champions in the Premier League era - Arsenal, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City and Manchester United - had all won the title at least once prior to 1992. Leicester City were crowned champions for the first time in 2016, becoming the first (and to date only) team to win the Premier League without having previously won the First Division.
All the clubs which have ever been crowned champions are still in existence today and all take part in the top four tiers of the English football league system - the football pyramid. Sheffield Wednesday are the only club who have ever changed their name after winning a league title having been known as The Wednesday for the first three of their four titles.
Manchester United have won 20 titles, the most of any club.[10] United's rivals Liverpool are second with 18. Liverpool dominated during the 1970s and 1980s, while United dominated in the 1990s and 2000s under Sir Alex Ferguson. Arsenal are third; their 13 titles all came after 1930. Everton (nine) have enjoyed success throughout their history, and both Aston Villa (seven) and Sunderland (six) secured the majority of their titles before World War I. Huddersfield Town in 1924–26, Arsenal in 1933–35, Liverpool in 1982–84 and Manchester United in 1999–2001 and 2007–09 are the only sides to have won the League title in three consecutive seasons.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 List
1.1 Football League (1888–1892)
1.2 Football League First Division (1892–1992)
2 Premier League (1992–present)
3 Total titles won
4 Total titles won by region
4.1 By City / Town
5 Multiple trophy wins
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
List[edit]
Teams in bold are those who won the double of League Championship and FA Cup, or the European Double of League Championship and European Cup in that season.
Football League (1888–1892)[edit]
Year
Champions
(number of titles)
Runners-up
Third place
Leading goalscorer
22Goals
1888–89 Preston North End[1] Aston Villa Wolverhampton Wanderers John Goodall (Preston North End) 21
1889–90 Preston North End (2) Everton Blackburn Rovers Jimmy Ross (Preston North End) 24
1890–91 Everton Preston North End Notts County Jack Southworth (Blackburn Rovers) 26
1891–92 Sunderland Preston North End Bolton Wanderers John Campbell (Sunderland) 32
Football League First Division (1892–1992)[edit]
Year
Champions
(number of titles)
Runners-up
Third place
Leading goalscorer
Goals
1892–93 Sunderland (2) Preston North End Everton John Campbell (Sunderland) 31
1893–94 Aston Villa Sunderland Derby County Jack Southworth (Everton) 27
1894–95 Sunderland (3) Everton Aston Villa John Campbell (Sunderland) 22
1895–96 Aston Villa (2) Derby County Everton Johnny Campbell (Aston Villa)
Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 20
1896–97 Aston Villa (3) Sheffield United Derby County Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 22
1897–98 Sheffield United Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers Fred Wheldon (Aston Villa) 21
1898–99 Aston Villa (4) Liverpool Burnley Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 23
1899–1900 Aston Villa (5) Sheffield United Sunderland Billy Garraty (Aston Villa) 27
1900–01 Liverpool Sunderland Notts County Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 23
1901–02 Sunderland (4) Everton Newcastle United Jimmy Settle (Everton) 18
1902–03 The Wednesday[8] Aston Villa Sunderland Sam Raybould (Liverpool) 31
1903–04 The Wednesday[8] (2) Manchester City Everton Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 20
1904–05 Newcastle United Everton Manchester City Arthur Brown (Sheffield United) 22
1905–06 Liverpool (2) Preston North End The Wednesday Albert Shepherd (Bolton Wanderers) 26
1906–07 Newcastle United (2) Bristol City Everton Alex Young (Everton) 30
1907–08 Manchester United Aston Villa Manchester City Enoch West (Nottingham Forest) 27
1908–09 Newcastle United (3) Everton Sunderland Bert Freeman (Everton) 38
1909–10 Aston Villa (6) Liverpool Blackburn Rovers Jack Parkinson (Liverpool) 30
1910–11 Manchester United (2) Aston Villa Sunderland Albert Shepherd (Newcastle United) 25
1911–12 Blackburn Rovers Everton Newcastle United Harry Hampton (Aston Villa)
George Holley (Sunderland)
David McLean (The Wednesday) 25
1912–13 Sunderland (5) Aston Villa The Wednesday David McLean (The Wednesday) 30
1913–14 Blackburn Rovers (2) Aston Villa Middlesbrough George Elliot (Middlesbrough) 32
1914–15 Everton (2) Oldham Athletic Blackburn Rovers Bobby Parker (Everton) 35
1915/16–1918/19 League suspended owing to the First World War
1919–20 West Bromwich Albion Burnley Chelsea Fred Morris (West Bromwich Albion) 37
1920–21 Burnley Manchester City Bolton Wanderers Joe Smith (Bolton Wanderers) 38
1921–22 Liverpool (3) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Andy Wilson (Middlesbrough) 31
1922–23 Liverpool (4) Sunderland Huddersfield Town Charlie Buchan (Sunderland) 30
1923–24 Huddersfield Town Cardiff City Sunderland Wilf Chadwick (Everton) 28
1924–25 Huddersfield Town (2) West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers Frank Roberts (Manchester City) 31
1925–26 Huddersfield Town (3) Arsenal Sunderland Ted Harper (Blackburn Rovers) 43
1926–27 Newcastle United (4) Huddersfield Town Sunderland Jimmy Trotter (The Wednesday) 37
1927–28 Everton (3) Huddersfield Town Leicester City Dixie Dean (Everton) 60
1928–29 The Wednesday[8] (3) Leicester City Aston Villa Dave Halliday (Sunderland) 43
1929–30 Sheffield Wednesday (4) Derby County Manchester City Vic Watson (West Ham United) 41
1930–31 Arsenal Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Tom Waring (Aston Villa) 49
1931–32 Everton (4) Arsenal Sheffield Wednesday Dixie Dean (Everton) 44
1932–33 Arsenal (2) Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Jack Bowers (Derby County) 35
1933–34 Arsenal (3) Huddersfield Town Tottenham Hotspur Jack Bowers (Derby County) 34
1934–35 Arsenal (4) Sunderland Sheffield Wednesday Ted Drake (Arsenal) 42
1935–36 Sunderland (6) Derby County Huddersfield Town W. G. Richardson (West Bromwich Albion) 39
1936–37 Manchester City Charlton Athletic Arsenal Freddie Steele (Stoke City) 33
1937–38 Arsenal (5) Wolverhampton Wanderers Preston North End Tommy Lawton (Everton) 28
1938–39 Everton (5) Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlton Athletic Tommy Lawton (Everton) 35
1939/40–1945/46 League suspended owing to the Second World War
1946–47 Liverpool (5) Manchester United Wolverhampton Wanderers Dennis Westcott (Wolverhampton Wanderers) 37
1947–48 Arsenal (6) Manchester United Burnley Ronnie Rooke (Arsenal) 33
1948–49 Portsmouth Manchester United Derby County Willie Moir (Bolton Wanderers) 25
1949–50 Portsmouth (2) Wolverhampton Wanderers Sunderland Dickie Davis (Sunderland) 25
1950–51 Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United Blackpool Stan Mortensen (Blackpool) 30
1951–52 Manchester United (3) Tottenham Hotspur Arsenal George Robledo (Newcastle United) 33
1952–53 Arsenal (7) Preston North End Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlie Wayman (Preston North End) 24
1953–54 Wolverhampton Wanderers West Bromwich Albion Huddersfield Town Jimmy Glazzard (Huddersfield Town) 29
1954–55 Chelsea Wolverhampton Wanderers Portsmouth Ronnie Allen (West Bromwich Albion) 27
1955–56 Manchester United (4) Blackpool Wolverhampton Wanderers Nat Lofthouse (Bolton Wanderers) 33
1956–57 Manchester United (5) Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End John Charles (Leeds United) 38
1957–58 Wolverhampton Wanderers (2) Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur Bobby Smith (Tottenham Hotspur) 36
1958–59 Wolverhampton Wanderers (3) Manchester United Arsenal Jimmy Greaves (Chelsea) 33
1959–60 Burnley (2) Wolverhampton Wanderers Tottenham Hotspur Dennis Viollet (Manchester United) 32
1960–61 Tottenham Hotspur (2) Sheffield Wednesday Wolverhampton Wanderers Jimmy Greaves (Chelsea) 41
1961–62 Ipswich Town Burnley Tottenham Hotspur Ray Crawford (Ipswich Town)
Derek Kevan (West Bromwich Albion) 33
1962–63 Everton (6) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 37
1963–64 Liverpool (6) Manchester United Everton Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 35
1964–65 Manchester United (6) Leeds United Chelsea Andy McEvoy (Blackburn Rovers)
Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 29
1965–66 Liverpool (7) Leeds United Burnley Willie Irvine (Burnley) 29
1966–67 Manchester United (7) Nottingham Forest Tottenham Hotspur Ron Davies (Southampton) 37
1967–68 Manchester City (2) Manchester United Liverpool George Best (Manchester United)
Ron Davies (Southampton) 28
1968–69 Leeds United Liverpool Everton Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 27
1969–70 Everton (7) Leeds United Chelsea Jeff Astle (West Bromwich Albion) 25
1970–71 Arsenal (8) Leeds United Tottenham Hotspur Tony Brown (West Bromwich Albion) 28
1971–72 Derby County Leeds United Liverpool Francis Lee (Manchester City) 33
1972–73 Liverpool[2] (8) Arsenal Leeds United Pop Robson (West Ham United) 28
1973–74 Leeds United (2) Liverpool Derby County Mick Channon (Southampton) 21
1974–75 Derby County (2) Liverpool Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald (Newcastle United) 21
1975–76 Liverpool[2] (9) Queens Park Rangers Manchester United Ted MacDougall (Norwich City) 23
1976–77 Liverpool[3] (10) Manchester City Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald (Arsenal)
Andy Gray (Aston Villa) 25
1977–78 Nottingham Forest[4] Liverpool Everton Bob Latchford (Everton) 30
1978–79 Liverpool (11) Nottingham Forest West Bromwich Albion Frank Worthington (Bolton Wanderers) 24
1979–80 Liverpool (12) Manchester United Ipswich Town Phil Boyer (Southampton) 23
1980–81 Aston Villa (7) Ipswich Town Arsenal Peter Withe (Aston Villa)
Steve Archibald (Tottenham Hotspur) 20
1981–82 [5] Liverpool[5](13) Ipswich Town Manchester United Kevin Keegan (Southampton) 26
1982–83 Liverpool[4] (14) Watford Manchester United Luther Blissett (Watford) 27
1983–84 Liverpool[3][4] (15) Southampton Nottingham Forest Ian Rush (Liverpool) 32
1984–85 Everton[6] (8) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Kerry Dixon (Chelsea)
Gary Lineker (Leicester City) 24
1985–86 Liverpool (16) Everton West Ham United Gary Lineker (Everton) 30
1986–87 Everton (9) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Clive Allen (Tottenham Hotspur) 33
1987–88 Liverpool (17) Manchester United Nottingham Forest John Aldridge (Liverpool) 26
1988–89 Arsenal (9) Liverpool Nottingham Forest Alan Smith (Arsenal) 23
1989–90 Liverpool (18) Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur Gary Lineker (Tottenham Hotspur) 24
1990–91 Arsenal (10) Liverpool Crystal Palace Alan Smith (Arsenal) 22
1991–92 Leeds United (3) Manchester United Sheffield Wednesday Ian Wright (Crystal Palace/Arsenal) 29
Premier League (1992–present)[edit]
Year
Champions
(number of titles)
Points
Runners-up
Points
Third place
Points
Top goalscorer
Goals
1992–93 Manchester United (8) 84 Aston Villa 74 Norwich City 72 Teddy Sheringham (Nottingham Forest/Tottenham) 22
1993–94 Manchester United (9) 92 Blackburn Rovers 84 Newcastle United 77 Andrew Cole (Newcastle United) 34
1994–95 Blackburn Rovers (3) 89 Manchester United 88 Nottingham Forest 77 Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers) 34
1995–96 Manchester United (10) 82 Newcastle United 78 Liverpool 71 Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers) 31
1996–97 Manchester United (11) 75 Newcastle United 68 Arsenal 68 Alan Shearer (Newcastle United) 25
1997–98 Arsenal (11) 78 Manchester United 77 Liverpool 65 Chris Sutton (Blackburn Rovers)
Dion Dublin (Coventry City)
Michael Owen (Liverpool) 18
1998–99 Manchester United[7] (12) 79 Arsenal 78 Chelsea 75 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (Leeds United)
Michael Owen (Liverpool)
Dwight Yorke (Manchester United) 18
1999–2000 Manchester United (13) 91 Arsenal 73 Leeds United 69 Kevin Phillips (Sunderland) 30
2000–01 Manchester United (14) 80 Arsenal 70 Liverpool 69 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (Chelsea) 23
2001–02 Arsenal (12) 87 Liverpool 80 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 24
2002–03 Manchester United (15) 83 Arsenal 78 Newcastle United 69 Ruud van Nistelrooy (Manchester United) 25
2003–04 Arsenal[1] (13) 90 Chelsea 79 Manchester United 75 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 30
2004–05 Chelsea[4] (2) 95 Arsenal 83 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 25
2005–06 Chelsea (3) 91 Manchester United 83 Liverpool 82 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 27
2006–07 Manchester United (16) 89 Chelsea 83 Liverpool 68 Didier Drogba (Chelsea) 20
2007–08 Manchester United[3] (17) 87 Chelsea 85 Arsenal 83 Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United) 31
2008–09 Manchester United[4] (18) 90 Liverpool 86 Chelsea 83 Nicolas Anelka (Chelsea) 19
2009–10 Chelsea (4) 86 Manchester United 85 Arsenal 75 Didier Drogba (Chelsea) 29
2010–11 Manchester United (19) 80 Chelsea 71 Manchester City 71 Dimitar Berbatov (Manchester United)
Carlos Tevez (Manchester City) 20
2011–12 Manchester City (3) 89 Manchester United 89 Arsenal 70 Robin van Persie (Arsenal) 30
2012–13 Manchester United (20) 89 Manchester City 78 Chelsea 75 Robin van Persie (Manchester United) 26
2013–14 Manchester City[4] (4) 86 Liverpool 84 Chelsea 82 Luis Suárez (Liverpool) 31
2014–15 Chelsea[4] (5) 87 Manchester City 79 Arsenal 75 Sergio Agüero (Manchester City) 26
2015–16 Leicester City 81 Arsenal 71 Tottenham Hotspur 70 Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur) 25
2016–17 Chelsea (6) 93 Tottenham Hotspur 86 Manchester City 78 Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur) 29
Bold indicates Double winners – i.e. League and FA Cup winners OR League and European Cup winners
Bold Italic indicates Treble winners – i.e. League, FA Cup and European Cup winners
Total titles won[edit]
Teams in bold compete in the Premier League as of the 2017–18 season.
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Winning seasons
Manchester United 20 15 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
Liverpool 18 13 1900–01, 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90
Arsenal 13 9 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04
Everton 9 7 1890–91, 1914–15, 1927–28, 1931–32, 1938–39, 1962–63, 1969–70, 1984–85, 1986–87
Aston Villa 7 10 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
Sunderland 6 5 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
Chelsea 6 4 1954–55, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17
Manchester City 4 5 1936–37, 1967–68, 2011–12, 2013–14
Newcastle United 4 2 1904–05, 1906–07, 1908–09, 1926–27
Sheffield Wednesday 4 1 1902–03, 1903–04, 1928–29, 1929–30
Leeds United 3 5 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 5 1953–54, 1957–58, 1958–59
Huddersfield Town 3 3 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26
Blackburn Rovers 3 1 1911–12, 1913–14, 1994–95
Preston North End 2 6 1888–89, 1889–90
Tottenham Hotspur 2 5 1950–51, 1960–61
Derby County 2 3 1971–72, 1974–75
Burnley 2 2 1920–21, 1959–60
Portsmouth 2 0 1948–49, 1949–50
Ipswich Town 1 2 1961–62
Nottingham Forest 1 2 1977–78
Sheffield United 1 2 1897–98
West Bromwich Albion 1 2 1919–20
Leicester City 1 1 2015–16
Bristol City 0 1
Oldham Athletic 0 1
Cardiff City 0 1
Charlton Athletic 0 1
Blackpool 0 1
Queen's Park Rangers 0 1
Watford 0 1
Southampton 0 1
Total titles won by region[edit]
Region
Number of titles
Clubs
North West 58 Manchester United (20), Liverpool (18), Everton (9), Manchester City (4) Blackburn Rovers (3), Burnley (2), Preston North End (2)
London 21 Arsenal (13), Chelsea (6), Tottenham Hotspur (2)
Yorkshire and the Humber 11 Sheffield Wednesday (4), Huddersfield Town (3), Leeds United (3), Sheffield United (1)
West Midlands 11 Aston Villa (7), Wolverhampton Wanderers (3), West Bromwich Albion (1)
North East 10 Sunderland (6), Newcastle United (4)
East Midlands 4 Derby County (2), Leicester City (1), Nottingham Forest (1)
South East 2 Portsmouth (2)
East of England 1 Ipswich Town (1)
South West –
Wales –
By City / Town[edit]
City / Town
Championships
Clubs
Liverpool 27 Liverpool (18), Everton (9)
Manchester 24 Manchester United (20), Manchester City (4)
London 21 Arsenal (13), Chelsea (6), Tottenham Hotspur (2)
Birmingham 7 Aston Villa (7)
Sunderland 6 Sunderland (6)
Sheffield 5 Sheffield Wednesday (4), Sheffield United (1)
Newcastle 4 Newcastle United (4)
Blackburn 3 Blackburn Rovers (3)
Huddersfield 3 Huddersfield Town (3)
Leeds 3 Leeds United (3)
Wolverhampton 3 Wolverhampton Wanderers (3)
Burnley 2 Burnley (2)
Derby 2 Derby County (2)
Portsmouth 2 Portsmouth (2)
Preston 2 Preston North End (2)
Ipswich 1 Ipswich Town (1)
Leicester 1 Leicester City (1)
Nottingham 1 Nottingham Forest (1)
West Bromwich 1 West Bromwich Albion (1)
Multiple trophy wins[edit]
See The Double and The Treble.
See also[edit]
English football first tier top scorers
For English women's football champions, see FA Women's Premier League National Division: History
List of First Division and Premier League winning managers
List of football players with a Premier League winner's medal
List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won
List of FA Cup winners
Notes[edit]
a b Completed the season unbeaten.
a b Also won the UEFA Cup.
a b Also won the European Cup.
a b c d e f g Also won the League Cup.
a From the 1981–82 season onwards three points were awarded for a win. Prior to this a win gave two points.
a Also won the Cup Winners Cup.
a In addition to the double of League and FA Cup, Manchester United also won the European Cup in 1999. This achievement is referred to as the Treble.
a b c Sheffield Wednesday were known as The Wednesday until 1929.
References[edit]
General
"Past winners–The Football League". Football League website. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
"England - List of Champions". RSSSF. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
"English League Leading Goalscorers". RSSSF. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
Specific
Jump up ^ "The History of the Football League". Football League website. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Inglis, Simon (1988). League Football and the Men Who Made It. Willow Books. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-00-218242-4.
Jump up ^ Titford, Roger (November 2005). "Football League, 1888–89". When Saturday Comes. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Goldblatt, David (2007). The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football. London: Penguin. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-14-101582-8.
Jump up ^ Inglis, League Football and the Men Who Made It, p25
Jump up ^ "Free-scoring Gunners clinch first title". Arsenal.com. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Dart, Tom (25 May 2009). "Burnley: little town, big traditions". The Times. London. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "A History of The Premier League". Premier League. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Harris, Nick (7 February 2009). "£1.78bn: Record Premier League TV deal defies economic slump". Independent. London. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Nurse, Howard (14 May 2011). "Blackburn 1 – 1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sideline". London: The Times. 16 May 2003. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
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