text:
Voyager 1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Voyager 1 (disambiguation).
Voyager 1
Voyager 1, artist's impression
Mission type
Outer planetary, heliosphere, and interstellar medium exploration
Operator
NASA / JPL
COSPAR ID
1977-084A[1]
SATCAT no.
10321[2]
Website
voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
Mission duration
40 years, 4 months and 3 days elapsed
Planetary mission: 3 years, 3 months, 9 days
Interstellar mission: 37 years and 25 days elapsed (continuing)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Launch mass
825.5 kg (1,820 lb)
Power
420 W
Start of mission
Launch date
September 5, 1977, 12:56:00 (1977-09-05UTC12:56Z) UTC
Rocket
Titan IIIE
Launch site
Cape Canaveral LC-41
Flyby of Jupiter
Closest approach
March 5, 1979
Distance
349,000 km (217,000 mi)
Flyby of Saturn
Closest approach
November 12, 1980
Distance
124,000 km (77,000 mi)
Flyby of Titan (atmosphere study)
Closest approach
November 12, 1980
Distance
6,490 km (4,030 mi)
Flagship
← Voyager 2
Galileo →
Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977. Part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System, Voyager 1 launched 16 days after its twin, Voyager 2. Having operated for 40 years, 4 months and 3 days as of January 8, 2018, the spacecraft still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and return data. At a distance of 141 AU (2.11×1010 km), approximately 13 billion miles (21 billion km), from the Sun as of January 2, 2018,[3] it is the farthest spacecraft and human-made object from Earth.
The probe's objectives included flybys of Jupiter, Saturn and Saturn's large moon, Titan. While the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon, which was known to have a substantial atmosphere, took priority.[4][5][6] It studied the weather, magnetic fields and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons.
After completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on November 20, 1980, Voyager 1 became the third of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System. On August 25, 2012, Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the heliopause and enter the interstellar medium.[7]
In a further testament to the robustness of Voyager 1, the Voyager team completed a successful test of the spacecraft's "trajectory correction maneuver" (TCM) thrusters on November 28, 2017. The last time these backup thrusters were fired up was in November of 1980, 37 years prior. Voyager project manager Suzanne Dodd anticipates that successful utilization of the TCM thrusters will extend the Voyager mission by an additional "two to three years".[8]
Voyager 1's extended mission is expected to continue until around 2025 when its radioisotope thermoelectric generators will no longer supply enough electric power to operate its scientific instruments.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mission background
1.1 History
1.2 Spacecraft components
1.2.1 Communication system
1.2.2 Power
1.2.3 Computers
1.2.4 Scientific instruments
2 Mission profile
2.1 Timeline of travel
2.2 Launch and trajectory
2.3 Flyby of Jupiter
2.4 Flyby of Saturn
3 Exit from the heliosphere
3.1 Termination shock
3.2 Heliosheath
3.3 Heliopause
4 Interstellar medium
5 Future of the probe
6 Golden record
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Mission background[edit]
History[edit]
In the 1960s, a Grand Tour to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s.[9] Information gathered by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager's engineers design Voyager to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter.[10]
Initially, Voyager 1 was planned as "Mariner 11" of the Mariner program. Due to budget cuts, the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. As the program progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager, since the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions.[11]
Spacecraft components[edit]
Main article: Voyager program § Spacecraft design
The 3.7 m (12 ft) diameter high gain dish antenna used on the Voyager craft
Voyager 1 was constructed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[12][13][14] It has 16 hydrazine thrusters, three-axis stabilization gyroscopes, and referencing instruments to keep the probe's radio antenna pointed toward Earth. Collectively, these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS), along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters. The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects such as planets as it travels through space.[15]
Communication system[edit]
The radio communication system of Voyager 1 was designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the Solar System. The communication system includes a 3.7-meter (12 ft) diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna to send and receive radio waves via the three Deep Space Network stations on the Earth.[16] The craft normally transmits data to Earth over Deep Space Network Channel 18, using a frequency of either 2.3 GHz or 8.4 GHz, while signals from Earth to Voyager are broadcast at 2.1 GHz.[17]
When Voyager 1 is unable to communicate directly with the Earth, its digital tape recorder (DTR) can record about 64 kilobytes of data for transmission at another time.[18] Signals from Voyager 1 take over 19 hours to reach Earth.[3]
Power[edit]
Voyager 1 has three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) mounted on a boom. Each MHW-RTG contains 24 pressed plutonium-238 oxide spheres.[19] The RTGs generated about 470 W of electric power at the time of launch, with the remainder being dissipated as waste heat.[20] The power output of the RTGs declines over time (due to the 87.7-year half-life of the fuel and degradation of the thermocouples), but the craft's RTGs will continue to support some of its operations until 2025.[15][19]
Diagram of RTG fuel container, showing the plutonium-238 oxide spheres
Diagram of RTG shell, showing the power-producing silicon-germanium thermocouples
Model of an RTG unit
As of January 8, 2018, Voyager 1 has 72.7% of the plutonium-238 that it had at launch. By 2050, it will have 56.5% left.
Computers[edit]
Unlike the other onboard instruments, the operation of the cameras for visible light is not autonomous, but rather it is controlled by an imaging parameter table contained in one of the on-board digital computers, the Flight Data Subsystem (FDS). Since the 1990s, space probes usually have completely autonomous cameras.[21]
The computer command subsystem (CCS) controls the cameras. The CCS contains fixed computer programs such as command decoding, fault detection and correction routines, antenna pointing routines, and spacecraft sequencing routines. This computer is an improved version of the one that was used in the 1970s Viking orbiters.[22] The hardware in both custom-built CCS subsystems in the Voyagers is identical. There is only a minor software modification for one of them that has a scientific subsystem that the other lacks.[citation needed]
The Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) controls the spacecraft orientation (its attitude). It keeps the high-gain antenna pointing towards the Earth, controls attitude changes, and points the scan platform. The custom-built AACS systems on both Voyagers are the same.[23][24]
Scientific instruments[edit]
Main article: Voyager program
Instrument Name
Abr.
Description
Imaging Science System
(disabled) (ISS) Utilized a two-camera system (narrow-angle/wide-angle) to provide imagery of Jupiter, Saturn and other objects along the trajectory. More
[hide]Filters
Narrow Angle Camera Filters[25]
Name
Wavelength
Spectrum
Sensitivity
Clear 280–640 nm
UV 280–370 nm
Violet 350–450 nm
Blue 430–530 nm
' '
'
Green 530–640 nm
' '
'
Orange 590–640 nm
' '
'
Wide Angle Camera Filters[26]
Name
Wavelength
Spectrum
Sensitivity
Clear 280–640 nm
' '
'
Violet 350–450 nm
Blue 430–530 nm
CH4-U 536–546 nm
Green 530–640 nm
Na-D 588–590 nm
Orange 590–640 nm
CH4-JST 614–624 nm
Principal investigator: Bradford Smith / University of Arizona (PDS/PRN website)
Data: PDS/PDI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog
Radio Science System
(disabled) (RSS) Utilized the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields, densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn's rings and the ring dimensions. More
Principal investigator: G. Tyler / Stanford University PDS/PRN overview
Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog (VG_2803), NSSDC data archive
Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer
(disabled) (IRIS) Investigates both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition. Vertical temperature profiles are also obtained from the planets and satellites as well as the composition, thermal properties, and size of particles in Saturn's rings. More
Principal investigator: Rudolf Hanel / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (PDS/PRN website)
Data: PDS/PRN data catalog, PDS/PRN expanded data catalog (VGIRIS_0001, VGIRIS_002), NSSDC Jupiter data archive
Ultraviolet Spectrometer
(disabled) (UVS) Designed to measure atmospheric properties, and to measure radiation. More
Principal investigator: A. Broadfoot / University of Southern California (PDS/PRN website)
Data: PDS/PRN data catalog
Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer
(active) (MAG) Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the magnetic field of interplanetary space out to the boundary between the solar wind and the magnetic field of interstellar space. More
Principal investigator: Norman F. Ness / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (website)
Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Plasma Spectrometer
(defective) (PLS) Investigates the microscopic properties of the plasma ions and measures electrons in the energy range from 5 eV to 1 keV. More
Principal investigator: John Richardson / MIT (website)
Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument
(active) (LECP) Measures the differential in energy fluxes and angular distributions of ions, electrons and the differential in energy ion composition. More
Principal investigator: Stamatios Krimigis / JHU / APL / University of Maryland (JHU/APL website / UMD website / KU website)
Data: UMD data plotting, PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Cosmic Ray System
(active) (CRS) Determines the origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays, the nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic-ray sources, the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium, and the trapped planetary energetic-particle environment. More
Principal investigator: Edward Stone / Caltech / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (website)
Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation
(disabled) (PRA) Utilizes a sweep-frequency radio receiver to study the radio-emission signals from Jupiter and Saturn. More
Principal investigator: James Warwick / University of Colorado
Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Photopolarimeter System
(defective) (PPS) Utilized a telescope with a polarizer to gather information on surface texture and composition of Jupiter and Saturn and information on atmospheric scattering properties and density for both planets. More
Principal investigator: Arthur Lane / JPL (PDS/PRN website)
Data: PDS/PRN data catalog
Plasma Wave System
(active) (PWS) Provides continuous, sheath-independent measurements of the electron-density profiles at Jupiter and Saturn as well as basic information on local wave–particle interaction, useful in studying the magnetospheres. More
Principal investigator: Donald Gurnett / University of Iowa (website)
Data: PDS/PPI data catalog
For more details on the Voyager space probes' identical instrument packages, see the separate article on the overall Voyager Program.
Images of the spacecraft
Voyager 1 in a space simulator chamber
Gold-Plated Record is attached to Voyager 1
Edward C. Stone, former director of NASA JPL, standing in front of a Voyager spacecraft model
Location of the scientific instruments indicated in a diagram
Media related to the Voyager spacecraft at Wikimedia Commons
Mission profile[edit]
Timeline of travel[edit]

Voyager 1's trajectory from the earth, diverging from the ecliptic in 1981 at Saturn and now heading into the constellation Ophiuchus
Date
Event
1977-09-05 Spacecraft launched at 12:56:00 UTC.
1977-12-10 Entered asteroid belt.
1977-12-19 Voyager 1 overtakes Voyager 2. (see diagram)
1978-09-08 Exited asteroid belt.
1979-01-06 Start Jupiter observation phase.
[show]Time
Event
1979-03-05 Encounter with the Jovian system.
0006:54 Amalthea flyby at 420,200 km.
0012:05:26 Jupiter closest approach at 348,890 km from the center of mass.
0015:14 Io flyby at 20,570 km.
0018:19 Europa flyby at 733,760 km.
1979-03-06
0002:15 Ganymede flyby at 114,710 km.
0017:08 Callisto flyby at 126,400 km.
1979-04-13 Phase end
1980-08-22 Start Saturn observation phase.
[show]Time
Event
1980-11-12 Encounter with the Saturnian system.
0005:41:21 Titan flyby at 6,490 km.
0022:16:32 Tethys flyby at 415,670 km.
0023:46:30 Saturn closest approach at 184,300 km from the center of mass.
1980-11-13
0001:43:12 Mimas flyby at 88,440 km.
0001:51:16 Enceladus flyby at 202,040 km.
0006:21:53 Rhea flyby at 73,980 km.
0016:44:41 Hyperion flyby at 880,440 km.
1980-12-14 Phase end
1980-12-14 Begin extended mission.
Extended mission
1990-02-14 Final images of the Voyager program acquired by Voyager 1 to create the Solar System Family Portrait.
1998-02-17 Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from the Sun, at 69.419 AU. Voyager 1 is moving away from the Sun at over 1 AU per year faster than Pioneer 10.
2004-12-17 Passed the termination shock at 94 AU and entered the heliosheath.
2007-02-02 Terminated plasma subsystem operations.
2007-04-11 Terminated plasma subsystem heater.
2008-01-16 Terminated planetary radio astronomy experiment operations.
2012-08-25 Crossed the heliopause at 121 AU and entered interstellar space.
2014-07-07 Further confirmation probe is in interstellar space.
2016-04-19 Terminated Ultraviolet Spectrometer operations.
2017-11-28 "Trajectory correction maneuver" (TCM) thrusters are tested in their first use since November of 1980.[27]
Launch and trajectory[edit]
Voyager 1 lifted off with a Titan IIIE
The Voyager 1 probe was launched on September 5, 1977, from Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, aboard a Titan IIIE launch vehicle. The Voyager 2 probe had been launched two weeks earlier, on August 20, 1977. Despite being launched later, Voyager 1 reached both Jupiter[28] and Saturn sooner, following a shorter trajectory.[29]
Flyby of Jupiter[edit]
Main article: Exploration of Jupiter
Voyager 1 began photographing Jupiter in January 1979. Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at a distance of about 349,000 kilometers (217,000 miles) from the planet's center.[28] Because of the greater photographic resolution allowed by a closer approach, most observations of the moons, rings, magnetic fields, and the radiation belt environment of the Jovian system were made during the 48-hour period that bracketed the closest approach. Voyager 1 finished photographing the Jovian system in April 1979.
Discovery of active volcanic activity on the moon Io was probably the greatest surprise. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the Solar System. It appears that activity on Io affects the entire Jovian system. Io appears to be the primary source of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere – the region of space that surrounds the planet influenced by the planet's strong magnetic field. Sulfur, oxygen, and sodium, apparently erupted by Io's volcanoes and sputtered off the surface by impact of high-energy particles, were detected at the outer edge of the magnetosphere of Jupiter.[28]
The two Voyager space probes made a number of important discoveries about Jupiter, its satellites, its radiation belts, and its never-before-seen planetary rings.
Play media
Voyager 1 time-lapse movie of Jupiter approach (Link to full-size video)
Jupiter's Great Red Spot, an anti-cyclonic storm larger than Earth, as seen from Voyager 1
View of sulfur-rich lava flows radiating from the volcano Ra Patera on Io
The eruption plume of the volcano Loki rises 160 km (100 mi) over the limb of Io
Europa's lineated but un-cratered face, evidence of currently active geology, at a distance of 2.8 million km.
Ganymede's tectonically disrupted surface, marked with bright impact sites, from 253,000 km.
Media related to the Voyager 1 Jupiter encounter at Wikimedia Commons
Flyby of Saturn[edit]
Main article: Exploration of Saturn
The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were successfully carried out by both Voyagers, and the two spacecraft went on to visit Saturn and its system of moons and rings. Voyager 1 encountered Saturn in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12, 1980, when the space probe came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud-tops. The space probe's cameras detected complex structures in the rings of Saturn, and its remote sensing instruments studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its giant moon Titan.[30]
Voyager 1 found that about seven percent of the volume of Saturn's upper atmosphere is helium (compared with 11 percent of Jupiter's atmosphere), while almost all the rest is hydrogen. Since Saturn's internal helium abundance was expected to be the same as Jupiter's and the Sun's, the lower abundance of helium in the upper atmosphere may imply that the heavier helium may be slowly sinking through Saturn's hydrogen; that might explain the excess heat that Saturn radiates over energy it receives from the Sun. Winds blow at high speeds in Saturn. Near the equator, the Voyagers measured winds about 500 m/s (1,100 mph). The wind blows mostly in an easterly direction.[29]
The Voyagers found aurora-like ultraviolet emissions of hydrogen at mid-latitudes in the atmosphere, and auroras at polar latitudes (above 65 degrees). The high-level auroral activity may lead to the formation of complex hydrocarbon molecules that are carried toward the equator. The mid-latitude auroras, which occur only in sunlit regions, remain a puzzle, since bombardment by electrons and ions, known to cause auroras on Earth, occurs primarily at high latitudes. Both Voyagers measured the rotation of Saturn (the length of a day) at 10 hours, 39 minutes, 24 seconds.[30]
Voyager 1's mission included a flyby of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, which had long been known to have an atmosphere. Images taken by Pioneer 11 in 1979 had indicated the atmosphere was substantial and complex, further increasing interest. The Titan flyby occurred as the spacecraft entered the system to avoid any possibility of damage closer to Saturn compromising observations, and approached to within 6,400 km (4,000 mi), passing behind Titan as seen from Earth and the Sun. Voyager's measurement of the atmosphere's effect on sunlight, and Earth-based measurement of its effect on the probe's radio signal were used to determine the atmosphere's composition, density, and pressure. Titan's mass was also measured by observing its effect on the probe's trajectory. Thick haze prevented any visual observation of the surface, but the measurement of the atmosphere's composition, temperature, and pressure led to speculation that lakes of liquid hydrocarbons could exist on the surface.[31]
Because observations of Titan were considered vital, the trajectory chosen for Voyager 1 was designed around the optimum Titan flyby, which took it below the south pole of Saturn and out of the plane of the ecliptic, ending its planetary science mission.[32] Had Voyager 1 failed or been unable to observe Titan, Voyager 2's trajectory would have been altered to incorporate the Titan flyby,[31]:94 precluding any visit to Uranus and Neptune.[4] The trajectory Voyager 1 was launched into would not have allowed it to continue on to Uranus and Neptune,[32]:155 but could have been altered to avoid a Titan flyby and travel from Saturn to Pluto, arriving in 1986.[6]
Crescent Saturn from 5.3 million km, four days after closest approach
Voyager 1 image of Saturn's narrow, twisted and braided F Ring.
Mimas at a range of 425,000 km; the crater Herschel is at upper right
Tethys, with its giant rift valley Ithaca Chasma, from 1.2 million km.
Fractured 'wispy terrain' on Dione's trailing hemisphere.
The icy surface of Rhea is nearly saturated with impact craters.
Titan's thick haze layer is shown in this enhanced Voyager 1 image.
Layers of haze, composed of complex organic compounds, covering Saturn's satellite Titan.
Media related to the Voyager 1 Saturn encounter at Wikimedia Commons
Exit from the heliosphere[edit]
The Family Portrait of the Solar System acquired by Voyager 1
On February 14, 1990, Voyager 1 took the first ever "family portrait" of the Solar System as seen from outside,[33] which includes the image of planet Earth known as Pale Blue Dot. Soon afterward its cameras were deactivated to conserve power and computer resources for other equipment. The camera software has been removed from the spacecraft, so it would now be complex to get them working again. Earth-side software and computers for reading the images are also no longer available.[4]
The Pale Blue Dot image showing Earth from 6 billion kilometers appearing as a tiny dot (the blueish-white speck approximately halfway down the brown band to the right) within the darkness of deep space
On February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 reached a distance of 69 AU from the Sun and overtook Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from Earth.[34][35] Travelling at about 17 kilometers per second (11 mi/s)[36] it has the fastest heliocentric recession speed of any spacecraft.[37]
As Voyager 1 headed for interstellar space, its instruments continued to study the Solar System. Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists used the plasma wave experiments aboard Voyager 1 and 2 to look for the heliopause, the boundary at which the solar wind transitions into the interstellar medium.[38] As of 2013[update], the probe was moving with a relative velocity to the Sun of about 17030 m/s.[39] With the velocity the probe is currently maintaining, Voyager 1 is traveling about 325 million miles per year (520 million kilometers per year),[40] or approximately half a light-year per ten millennia.
Termination shock[edit]
Close flybys of gas giants gave gravity assists to both Voyagers
Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory think that Voyager 1 entered the termination shock in February 2003.[41] This marks the point where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speeds. Some other scientists expressed doubt, discussed in the journal Nature of November 6, 2003.[42] The issue would not be resolved until other data became available, since Voyager 1's solar-wind detector ceased functioning in 1990. This failure meant that termination shock detection would have to be inferred from the data from the other instruments on board.[43][44][45]
In May 2005, a NASA press release said that the consensus was that Voyager 1 was then in the heliosheath.[46] In a scientific session at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans on the morning of May 25, 2005, Dr. Ed Stone presented evidence that the craft crossed the termination shock in late 2004.[47] This event is estimated to have occurred on December 15, 2004 at a distance of 94 AU from the Sun.[47][48]
Heliosheath[edit]
On March 31, 2006, amateur radio operators from AMSAT in Germany tracked and received radio waves from Voyager 1 using the 20-meter (66 ft) dish at Bochum with a long integration technique. Retrieved data was checked and verified against data from the Deep Space Network station at Madrid, Spain.[49] This seems to be the first such amateur tracking of Voyager 1.[49]
It was confirmed on December 13, 2010 that Voyager 1 had passed the reach of the radial outward flow of the solar wind, as measured by the Low Energy Charged Particle device. It is suspected that solar wind at this distance turns sideways because of interstellar wind pushing against the heliosphere. Since June 2010, detection of solar wind had been consistently at zero, providing conclusive evidence of the event.[50][51] On this date, the spacecraft was approximately 116 AU or 10.8 billion miles (17.3 billion kilometers) from the Sun.[52]
Voyager 1 was commanded to change its orientation to measure the sideways motion of the solar wind at that location in space on March 2011. A test roll done in February had confirmed the spacecraft's ability to maneuver and reorient itself. The course of the spacecraft was not changed. It rotated 70 degrees counterclockwise with respect to Earth to detect the solar wind. This was the first time the spacecraft had done any major maneuvering since the Family Portrait photograph of the planets was taken in 1990. After the first roll the spacecraft had no problem in reorienting itself with Alpha Centauri, Voyager 1's guide star, and it resumed sending transmissions back to Earth. Voyager 1 was expected to enter interstellar space "at any time". Voyager 2 was still detecting outward flow of solar wind at that point but it was estimated that in the following months or years it would experience the same conditions as Voyager 1.[53][54]
The spacecraft was reported at 12.44° declination and 17.163 hours right ascension, and at an ecliptic latitude of 34.9° (the ecliptic latitude changes very slowly), placing it in the constellation Ophiuchus as observed from the Earth on May 21, 2011.[4]
On December 1, 2011, it was announced that Voyager 1 had detected the first Lyman-alpha radiation originating from the Milky Way galaxy. Lyman-alpha radiation had previously been detected from other galaxies, but because of interference from the Sun, the radiation from the Milky Way was not detectable.[55]
NASA announced on December 5, 2011, that Voyager 1 had entered a new region referred to as a "cosmic purgatory". Within this stagnation region, charged particles streaming from the Sun slow and turn inward, and the Solar System's magnetic field is doubled in strength as interstellar space appears to be applying pressure. Energetic particles originating in the Solar System decline by nearly half, while the detection of high-energy electrons from outside increases 100-fold. The inner edge of the stagnation region is located approximately 113 AU from the Sun.[56]
Heliopause[edit]
Plot showing a dramatic increase in the rate of cosmic ray particle detection by the Voyager 1 spacecraft (October 2011 through October 2012)
Plot showing a dramatic decrease in the rate of solar wind particle detection by Voyager 1 (October 2011 through October 2012)
NASA announced in June 2012 that the probe was detecting changes in the environment that were suspected to correlate with arrival at the heliopause.[57] Voyager 1 had reported a marked increase in its detection of charged particles from interstellar space, which are normally deflected by the solar winds within the heliosphere from the Sun. The craft thus began to enter the interstellar medium at the edge of the Solar System.[58]
Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the heliopause in August 2012, then at a distance of 121 AU from the Sun, although this was not confirmed for another year.[59][60][61][62][63]
As of September 2012, sunlight took 16.89 hours to get to Voyager 1 which was at a distance of 121 AU. The apparent magnitude of the Sun from the spacecraft was −16.3 (less than 30 times the brightness of the full moon).[64] The spacecraft was traveling at 17.043 km/s (10.590 mi/s) relative to the Sun. It would need about 17,565 years at this speed to travel a light-year.[64] To compare, Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, is about 4.2 light-years (7016396434357355000♠2.65×105 AU) distant. Were the spacecraft traveling in the direction of that star, 73,775 years would pass before Voyager 1 reaches it. (Voyager 1 is heading in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus.[64])
In late 2012, researchers reported that particle data from the spacecraft suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause. Measurements from the spacecraft revealed a steady rise since May in collisions with high energy particles (above 70 MeV), which are thought to be cosmic rays emanating from supernova explosions far beyond the Solar System, with a sharp increase in these collisions in late August. At the same time, in late August, there was a dramatic drop in collisions with low-energy particles, which are thought to originate from the Sun.[65] Ed Roelof, space scientist at Johns Hopkins University and principal investigator for the Low-Energy Charged Particle instrument on the spacecraft declared that "Most scientists involved with Voyager 1 would agree that [these two criteria] have been sufficiently satisfied."[65] However, the last criterion for officially declaring that Voyager 1 had crossed the boundary, the expected change in magnetic field direction (from that of the Sun to that of the interstellar field beyond), had not been observed (the field had changed direction by only 2 degrees[60]), which suggested to some that the nature of the edge of the heliosphere had been misjudged. On December 3, 2012, Voyager project scientist Ed Stone of the California Institute of Technology said, "Voyager has discovered a new region of the heliosphere that we had not realized was there. We're still inside, apparently. But the magnetic field now is connected to the outside. So it's like a highway letting particles in and out."[66] The magnetic field in this region was 10 times more intense than Voyager 1 encountered before the termination shock. It was expected to be the last barrier before the spacecraft exited the Solar System completely and entered interstellar space.[67][68][69]
In March 2013, it was announced that Voyager 1 might have become the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space, having detected a marked change in the plasma environment on August 25, 2012. However, until September 12, 2013, it was still an open question as to whether the new region was interstellar space or an unknown region of the Solar System. At that time, the former alternative was officially confirmed.[70] [71]
In 2013 Voyager 1 was exiting the solar system at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year, while Voyager 2 is going slower, leaving the solar system at 3.3 AU per year.[72] Each year Voyager 1 increases its lead over Voyager 2.
Voyager 1 reached a distance of 135 AU from the Sun on May 18, 2016.[3] By September 5, 2017 that had increased to about 139.64 AU from the Sun, or just over 19 light-hours, and at that time Voyager 2 was 115.32 AU from the Sun.[3]
Its progress can be monitored at NASA's website (see: External links).[3]
Voyager 1 and the other probes that are in or on their way to interstellar space
Interstellar medium[edit]
On September 12, 2013, NASA officially confirmed that Voyager 1 had reached the interstellar medium in August 2012 as previously observed, with a generally accepted date of August 25, 2012, the date durable changes in the density of energetic particles were first detected.[61][62][63] By this point most space scientists had abandoned the hypothesis that a change in magnetic field direction must accompany crossing of the heliopause;[62] a new model of the heliopause predicted that no such change would be found.[73] A key finding that persuaded many scientists that the heliopause had been crossed was an indirect measurement of an 80-fold increase in electron density, based on the frequency of plasma oscillations observed beginning on April 9, 2013,[62] triggered by a solar outburst that had occurred in March 2012[59] (electron density is expected to be two orders of magnitude higher outside the heliopause than within).[61] Weaker sets of oscillations measured in October and November 2012[71][74] provided additional data. An indirect measurement was required because Voyager 1's plasma spectrometer had stopped working in 1980.[63] In September 2013, NASA released audio renditions of these plasma waves. The recordings represent the first sounds to be captured in interstellar space.[75]
While Voyager 1 is commonly spoken of as having left the Solar System simultaneously with having left the heliosphere, the two are not the same. The Solar System is usually defined as the vastly larger region of space populated by bodies that orbit the Sun. The craft is presently less than one seventh the distance to the aphelion of Sedna, and it has not yet entered the Oort cloud, the source region of long-period comets, regarded by astronomers as the outermost zone of the Solar System.[60][71]
Future of the probe[edit]
Image of Voyager 1's radio signal on February 21, 2013[76]
Voyager 1 is expected to reach the theorized Oort cloud in about 300 years[77][78] and take about 30,000 years to pass through it.[60][71] Though it is not heading towards any particular star, in about 40,000 years, it will pass within 1.6 light-years of the star Gliese 445, which is at present in the constellation Camelopardalis.[79] That star is generally moving towards the Solar System at about 119 km/s (430,000 km/h; 270,000 mph).[79] NASA says that "The Voyagers are destined—perhaps eternally—to wander the Milky Way."[80]
Provided Voyager 1 does not collide with anything and is not retrieved, the New Horizons space probe will never pass it, despite being launched from Earth at a faster speed than either Voyager spacecraft. New Horizons is traveling at about 15 km/s, 2 km/s slower than Voyager 1, and is still slowing down. When New Horizons reaches the same distance from the Sun as Voyager 1 is now, its speed will be about 13 km/s (8 mi/s).[81]
In December of 2017 it was announced that NASA had successfully fired up all four of Voyager 1's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters. The TCM thrusters will be used in the place of a degraded set of jets which were used to help keep the probe's antenna pointed towards the Earth. Use of the TCM thrusters will allow Voyager 1 to continue to transmit data to NASA for two to three more years. [82] [83]

Year
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations[84]
2007 Termination of plasma subsystem (PLS)
2008 Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment (PRA)
2016[85] Termination of scan platform and Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) observations
2018 approx Termination of Data Tape Recorder (DTR) operations (limited by ability to capture 1.4 kbit/s data using a 70 m/34 m antenna array; this is the minimum rate at which the DTR can read out data)
2019-2020 approx Termination of gyroscopic operations (previously 2017, but backup thrusters active for continuation of gyroscopic operations.)
2020 Start shutdown of science instruments (as of October 18, 2010[update] the order is undecided but the Low-Energy Charged Particles, Cosmic Ray Subsystem, Magnetometer, and Plasma Wave Subsystem instruments are expected to still be operating)[86]
2025–2030 Will no longer be able to power any single instrument.
Golden record[edit]
A child's greeting in English recorded on the Voyager Golden Record
Voyager Golden Record
Main article: Voyager Golden Record
Each Voyager space probe carries a gold-plated audio-visual disc in case the spacecraft should ever be found by intelligent life forms from other planetary systems.[87] The disc carries photos of the Earth and its lifeforms, a range of scientific information, spoken greetings from people such as the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the United States and a medley, "Sounds of Earth," that includes the sounds of whales, a baby crying, waves breaking on a shore, and a collection of music, including works by Mozart, Blind Willie Johnson, Chuck Berry, and Valya Balkanska. Other Eastern and Western classics are included, as well as various performances of indigenous music from around the world. The record also contains greetings in 55 different languages.[88]
See also[edit]
Spaceflight portal
Solar System portal
Astronomy portal
Interstellar probe
List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System
List of missions to the outer planets
Local Interstellar Cloud
Rings of Jupiter
Space exploration
Space probe
Specific orbital energy of Voyager 1
Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
Voyager 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1". NSSDC Master Catalog. NASA/NSSDC. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1". N2YO. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Voyager - Mission Status". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Voyager – Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. February 14, 1990. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Horizons conducts flyby of Pluto in historic Kuiper Belt encounter". Retrieved September 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "What If Voyager Had Explored Pluto?". Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (September 12, 2013). "In a Breathtaking First, NASA Craft Exits the Solar System". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wall, Mike (December 1, 2017). "Voyager 1 Just Fired Up its Backup Thrusters for the 1st Time in 37 Years". Space.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1960s". JPL. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer missions". NASA. 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mack, Pamela. "Chapter 11". From engineering science to big science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy research project winners. History Office. ISBN 978-0-16-049640-0.
Jump up ^ Landau, Elizabeth (October 2, 2013). "Voyager 1 becomes first human-made object to leave solar system". CNN. CNN. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space". NASA. September 12, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2014. NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft officially is the first human-made object to venture into interstellar space.
Jump up ^ "Viking: Trailblazer for All Mars Research". NASA. June 22, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2014. All of these missions relied on Viking technologies. As it did for the Viking program team in 1976, Mars continues to hold a special fascination. Thanks to the dedication of men and women working at NASA centers across the country, the mysterious Mars of our past is becoming a much more familiar place.
^ Jump up to: a b "VOYAGER 1:Host Information". JPL. 1989. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "High Gain Antenna". JPL. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ludwig, Roger; Taylor, Jim (March 2002). "Voyager Telecommunications" (PDF). DESCANSO Design and Performance Summary Series. NASA/JPL. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "NASA News Press Kit 77–136". JPL/NASA. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Furlong, Richard R.; Wahlquist, Earl J. (1999). "U.S. space missions using radioisotope power systems" (PDF). Nuclear News. 42 (4): 26–34.
Jump up ^ "Spacecraft Lifetime". JPL. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "pds-rings". Retrieved May 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tomayko, James (April 1987). "Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience". NASA. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "au.af". Retrieved May 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "airandspace". Retrieved May 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description". NASA. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 Wide Angle Camera Description". NASA. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Greicius, Tony (2017-12-01). "Voyager 1 Fires Up Thrusters After 37 Years". NASA. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Encounter with Jupiter". NASA. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Planetary voyage". NASA. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Encounter with saturn". NASA. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jim Bell (February 24, 2015). The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-698-18615-6.
^ Jump up to: a b David W. Swift (January 1, 1997). Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour. AIAA. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-56347-252-7.
Jump up ^ "Photo Caption". Public Information Office. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 now most distant man-made object in space". CNN. February 17, 1998. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Clark, Stuart (September 13, 2013). "Voyager 1 leaving solar system matches feats of great human explorers". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Webb, Stephen (October 4, 2002). If the Universe is Teeming with Aliens … WHERE IS EVERYBODY?: Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life. ISBN 978-0-387-95501-8.
Jump up ^ Darling, David. "Fastest Spacecraft". Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 in heliopause". JPL. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Mission Operations Status Report # 2013-09-06, Week Ending September 6, 2013". JPL. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wall, Mike (September 12, 2013). "It's Official! Voyager 1 Spacecraft Has Left Solar System". Space.com. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tobin, Kate (November 5, 2003). "Spacecraft reaches edge of Solar System". CNN. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fisk, Len A. (2003). "Planetary Science: Over the edge?". Nature. 426 (6962): 21–2. Bibcode:2003Natur.426...21F. doi:10.1038/426021a. PMID 14603294.
Jump up ^ Krimigis, S. M.; Decker, R. B.; Hill, M. E.; Armstrong, T. P.; Gloeckler, G.; Hamilton, D. C.; Lanzerotti, L. J.; Roelof, E. C. (2003). "Voyager 1 exited the solar wind at a distance of ∼85 au from the Sun". Nature. 426 (6962): 45–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.426...45K. doi:10.1038/nature02068. PMID 14603311.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Frank B.; Stone, Edward C.; Cummings, Alan C.; Heikkila, Bryant; Lal, Nand; Webber, William R. (2003). "Enhancements of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock". Nature. 426 (6962): 48–51. Bibcode:2003Natur.426...48M. doi:10.1038/nature02066. PMID 14603312.
Jump up ^ Burlaga, L. F. (2003). "Search for the heliosheath with Voyager 1 magnetic field measurements". Geophysical Research Letters. 30 (20). Bibcode:2003GeoRL..30.2072B. doi:10.1029/2003GL018291.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Enters Solar System's Final Frontier". NASA. May 24, 2005. Retrieved August 7, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Voyager crosses termination shock". Retrieved August 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Timeline". NASA/JPL. February 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "ARRL article" (in German). AMSAT-DL. Archived from the original on October 14, 2006. "ARRL article".
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 Sees Solar Wind Decline". NASA. December 13, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Krimigis, S. M.; Roelof, E. C.; Decker, R. B.; Hill, M. E. (2011). "Zero outward flow velocity for plasma in a heliosheath transition layer". Nature. 474 (7351): 359–361. Bibcode:2011Natur.474..359K. doi:10.1038/nature10115. PMID 21677754.
Jump up ^ Amos, Jonathan (December 14, 2010). "Voyager near Solar System's edge". BBC News. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ NASA. "Voyager – The Interstellar Mission". NASA. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager: Still dancing 17 billion km from Earth". BBC News. March 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Probes Detect "invisible" Milky Way Glow". National Geographic. December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Spacecraft enters 'cosmic purgatory'". CNN. December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "NASA Voyager 1 Spacecraft Nears Interstellar Space". Space.com. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Data From NASA's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future". NASA. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cook, J.-R. C.; Agle, D.C.; Brown, D. (September 12, 2013). "NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey into Interstellar Space". NASA. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ghose, Tia (September 13, 2013). "Voyager 1 Really Is in Interstellar Space: How NASA Knows". Space.com. TechMedia Network. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cowen, R. (2013). "Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13735.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kerr, R. A. (2013). "It's Official—Voyager Has Left the Solar System". Science. 341 (6151): 1158–1159. doi:10.1126/science.341.6151.1158. PMID 24030991.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gurnett, D. A.; Kurth, W. S.; Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F. (2013). "In Situ Observations of Interstellar Plasma with Voyager 1". Science. 341: 1489–1492. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1489G. doi:10.1126/science.1241681. PMID 24030496.
^ Jump up to: a b c Peat, Chris (September 9, 2012). "Spacecraft escaping the Solar System". Heavens-Above. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolchover, Natalie. "Did NASA's Voyager 1 Spacecraft Just Exit the Solar System?". livescience. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matson, John (December 4, 2012). "Despite Tantalizing Hints, Voyager 1 Has Not Crossed into the Interstellar Medium". Scientific American. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 Can 'Taste' the Interstellar Shore". Discovery News. Discovery Channel. December 3, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Oakes, Kelly (December 3, 2012). "Voyager 1 is still not out of the Solar System". Basic Space Blog. Scientific American. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 probe leaving Solar System reaches 'magnetic highway' exit". Daily News & Analysis. Reuters. December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Voyager 1 has entered a new region of space, sudden changes in cosmic rays indicate". American Geophysical Union. March 20, 2013. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cook, J.-R (September 12, 2013). "How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?". NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Swisdak, M.; Drake, J. F.; Opher, M. (2013). "A Porous, Layered Heliopause". The Astrophysical Journal. 774: L8. arXiv:1307.0850  . Bibcode:2013ApJ...774L...8S. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/774/1/L8.
Jump up ^ Morin, Monte (September 12, 2013). "NASA confirms Voyager 1 has left the Solar System". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Voyage 1 Records "Sounds" of Interstellar Space". Space.com. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Signal Spotted By Earth Radio Telescopes". NASA. NASA TV. September 5, 2013. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Catalog Page for PIA17046". Photo Journal. NASA. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "It's Official: Voyager 1 Is Now In Interstellar Space". UniverseToday. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Voyager – Mission – Interstellar Mission". NASA. August 9, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Future". NASA. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Horizons Salutes Voyager". New Horizons. August 17, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Irish Times. (Dec. 4, 2017). "Voyager 1 spacecraft thrusters fire up after decades idle", Accessed at: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/voyager-1-spacecraft-thrusters-fire-up-after-decades-idle-1.3315654
Jump up ^ NASA. (Dec. 2, 2017). "Voyager 1 Fires Up Thrusters After 37 Years", Accessed at: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/voyager-1-fires-up-thrusters-after-37
Jump up ^ "Voyger: Spacecraft Lifetime". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. March 3, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
Jump up ^ https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status
Jump up ^ "Voyager – Spacecraft – Spacecraft Lifetime". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. October 18, 2010. Retrieved September 30, 2011. shutdown order has not been determined
Jump up ^ Ferris, Timothy (May 2012). "Timothy Ferris on Voyagers' Never-Ending Journey". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Voyager Golden record". JPL. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voyager 1.
NASA Voyager website
Voyager 1 Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Position of Voyager 1 (Live-Counter)
Voyager 1 (NSSDC Master Catalog)
Heavens-above.com: Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System – current positions and diagrams
We Are Here: The Pale Blue Dot. A short film on the Pale Blue Dot picture taken by Voyager 1. Narrated by Carl Sagan.
JPL Voyager Telecom Manual
Voyager 1 Has Outdistanced the Solar Wind
Gray, Meghan. "Voyager and Interstellar Space". Deep Space Videos. Brady Haran.
WebGL-based 3D artist's view of Voyager @ SPACECRAFTS 3D
[show]
v
t
e
Extremes of motion
Speed
Wave (Light
Sound)
Vehicle
Spacecraft
Aircraft
or propeller-based
transcontinental
FAI records
Water-borne vehicle
or sailing
underwater
transatlantic
Land vehicle (rocket-based
wheel-driven
railed
motorcycle
or production motorcycle (by speed / by acceleration)
production car (by speed / by acceleration)
British)
Distance
Space (furthest spacecraft
furthest landing on another world
furthest travels on another world
furthest humans
closest spacecraft to the Sun)
Aircraft (furthest flight
highest altitude
FAI records)
Deepest Earth ocean dive
Endurance
Space (most enduring spaceflight
most endurance on another world
most time as a person in space
most enduring population of a spacecraft)
Aircraft
See also
Spaceflight records
[show]
v
t
e
Voyager program
Spacecraft
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Components
MHW-RTG
Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS)
Voyager Golden Record (Contents)
Work
Pale Blue Dot
Family Portrait
Voyager team
Stamatios Krimigis
Carolyn Porco
Raymond Heacock
Jim Blinn
Edward C. Stone
Timothy Ferris
Related
Gravity assist
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Specific orbital energy of Voyager 1
Titan IIIE
Grand Tour program
Observation Targets
Enceladus
Masubi (volcano)
Exploration of Jupiter
Exploration of Saturn
Exploration of Uranus
Prometheus (volcano)
Exploration of Io
Rings of Neptune
Dunyazad (crater)
Surt (volcano)
Shahrazad (crater)
Pele (volcano)
[show]
v
t
e
Spacecraft missions to Jupiter
Orbiters
Galileo
Juno
Descent probes
Galileo Probe
Flybys
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 11
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Ulysses
Cassini–Huygens
New Horizons
Planned missions
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
Europa Clipper (2025)
Proposed flybys
Uranus Orbiter
Proposed missions
FIRE (2024)
Io Volcano Observer (2021)
Jupiter Trojan Asteroid Explorer(2027)
Laplace-P (2023)
Smara (2030)
Cancelled / Concepts
Argo (proposed)
Cassini-Huygens (retirement)
Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
Jupiter Europa Orbiter
Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
Jupiter and Trojan Asteroid Explorer
Europa Lander
Europa Orbiter
Innovative Interstellar Explorer
Jovian Europa Orbiter
Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
Neptune Orbiter
New Horizons 2
Pioneer H
Tsiolkovsky mission
Program overviews
Pioneer program
Voyager program
Related topics
Exploration of Jupiter
Atmosphere of Jupiter
Magnetosphere of Jupiter
Moons of Jupiter
Io
Exploration
Europa
Colonization
Ganymede
Callisto
Rings of Jupiter
Deep Space Network
Missions to the outer planets
Colonization of the outer Solar System
[show]
v
t
e
Spacecraft missions to Saturn
Orbiters
Cassini–Huygens
timeline
retirement

Landers
Huygens (Titan)
Flybys
Pioneer 11
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Proposed missions
AVIATR
Dragonfly
Enceladus Life Finder (Enceladus only)
Enceladus Explorer (Enceladus only)
Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
Journey to Enceladus and Titan
Kronos
Life Investigation For Enceladus (Enceladus only)
Oceanus (Titan only)
Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe
Saturn Ring Observer
SPRITE
TALISE (Titan only)
Titan Mare Explorer (Titan only)
Titan Saturn System Mission
Former plans
Soviet mission plan
There are no ongoing missions to Saturn
[show]
v
t
e
NASA
Policy and history
History
NACA (1915)
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
Space Task Group (1958)
Paine (1986)
Rogers (1986)
Ride (1987)
Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
Augustine (1990)
U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
CFUSAI (2002)
CAIB (2003)
Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
Aldridge (2004)
Augustine (2009)
General
Space Race
Administrator and Deputy Administrator
Chief Scientist
Astronaut Corps
Budget
Spin-off technologies
NASA TV
NASA Social
Launch Services Program
Kennedy Space Center
Vehicle Assembly Building
Launch Complex 39
Launch Control Center
Johnson Space Center
Mission Control
Lunar Sample Laboratory
Robotic programs
Past
Hitchhiker
Mariner
Mariner Mark II
MESUR
Mars Surveyor '98
New Millennium
Lunar Orbiter
Pioneer
Planetary Observer
Ranger
Surveyor
Viking
Project Prometheus
Mars Scout
Current
Living With a Star
Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
Earth Observing System
Great Observatories program
Explorer
Small explorer
Voyager
Discovery
New Frontiers
Mars Exploration Rover
Human spaceflight
programs
Past
X-15 (suborbital)
Mercury
Gemini
Apollo
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
Skylab
Space Shuttle
Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
Constellation
Current
International Space Station
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)
Commercial Crew Development (CCDev)
Orion
Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)
Past
COBE
Apollo 11
Mercury 3
Mercury-Atlas 6
Magellan
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 11
Galileo
GALEX
GRAIL
WMAP
Space Shuttle
Sojourner rover
Spirit rover
LADEE
MESSENGER
Aquarius
Cassini
Currently
operating
MRO
2001 Mars Odyssey
Dawn
New Horizons
Kepler
International Space Station
Hubble Space Telescope
Spitzer
RHESSI
SWIFT
THEMIS
Mars Exploration Rover
Curiosity rover
timeline
Opportunity rover
observed
GOES 14
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
GOES 15
Van Allen Probes
SDO
Juno
Mars Science Laboratory
timeline
NuSTAR
Voyager 1/2
WISE
MAVEN
MMS
OSIRIS-REx
Future
JPSS
James Webb Space Telescope
WFIRST
InSight
Mars 2020
NISAR
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
Europa Clipper
Communications
and navigation
Canberra
Deep Space Atomic Clock
Deep Space Network (Goldstone
Madrid
Near Earth Network
Space Flight Operations Facility)
Space Network
NASA lists
Astronauts
by name
by year
Apollo astronauts
List of NASA aircraft
List of NASA missions
unmanned missions
List of NASA contractors
List of United States rockets
List of NASA cancellations
List of Space Shuttle missions
crews
NASA images
and artwork
Earthrise
The Blue Marble
Family Portrait
Pale Blue Dot
Pillars of Creation
Mystic Mountain
Solar System Family Portrait
The Day the Earth Smiled
Fallen Astronaut
Lunar plaques
Pioneer plaques
Voyager Golden Record
NASA insignia
Gemini and Apollo medallions
Mission patches
Category
Commons
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
21st-century space probes
Active space probes
Moon
ARTEMIS
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars
ExoMars TGO
Mangalyaan
Mars Express
2001 Mars Odyssey
MAVEN
MER Opportunity
MRO
MSL Curiosity
Minor planets
Chang'e 2
Dawn
Hayabusa 2 / MASCOT
New Horizons
OSIRIS-REx
PROCYON
Solar science
ACE
DSCOVR
SDO
SOHO
STEREO
WIND
Others
Akatsuki
Gaia
IKAROS
Juno
THEMIS
Voyager 1
Voyager 2
Completed after 2000
by termination date
2001
NEAR Shoemaker
Deep Space 1
2003
Pioneer 10
Galileo
Nozomi
2004
Genesis
2005
Huygens
2006
Mars Global Surveyor
2008
Phoenix
2009
Chang'e 1
Ulysses
Chandrayaan-1
SELENE
LCROSS
2010
Hayabusa
MER Spirit
2011
Stardust
2012
GRAIL
2013
Deep Impact
2014
LADEE
Venus Express
Chang'e 5-T1
2015
MESSENGER
Chang'e 3 / Yutu
2016
Rosetta / Philae
ExoMars Schiaparelli
2017
LISA Pathfinder
Cassini
List of Solar System probes
List of missions to the Moon
List of space telescopes
[show]
v
t
e
← 1976 · Orbital launches in 1977 · 1978 →
Kosmos 888 | Meteor-2 No.2 | Kosmos 889 | Kosmos 890 | NATO 3B | Kosmos 891 | OPS 3151 | Soyuz 24 | Kosmos 892 | Molniya-2-17 | Kosmos 893 | Tansei 3 | Kosmos 894 | Unnamed | Kiku 2 | Kosmos 895 | Kosmos 896 | Kosmos 897 | Palapa A2 | OPS 4915 | Kosmos 898 | Molniya-1-36 | Kosmos 899 | Kosmos 900 | Meteor-M No.39 | Kosmos 901 | Kosmos 902 | Kosmos 903 | Kosmos 904 | GEOS-1 | Kosmos 905 | Kosmos 906 | Molniya-3 No.19 | Kosmos 907 | OPS 9437 · OPS 9438 | Kosmos 908 | Kosmos 909 | Kosmos 910 | OPS 9751 | Kosmos 911 | Kosmos 912 | Intelsat IVA F-4 | Kosmos 913 | Kosmos 914 | OPS 5644 | Kosmos 915 | Kosmos 916 | Kosmos 917 | GOES 2 | Signe 3 | Kosmos 918 | Kosmos 919 | Kosmos 920 | NTS-2 | Molniya-1 No.45 | Kosmos 921 | OPS 4800 | Meteor-Priroda No.2-2 | Kosmos 922 | Kosmos 923 | Kosmos 924 | Kosmos 925 | Kosmos 926 | Kosmos 927 | Kosmos 928 | Himawari 1 | Kosmos 929 | Kosmos 930 | Kosmos 931 | Kosmos 932 | Kosmos 933 | Gran' No.13L | Kosmos 934 | Kosmos 935 | Kosmos 936 | TKS-VA No.009P · TKS-VA No.009A | Unnamed | HEAO-1 | Voyager 2 | Kosmos 937 | Kosmos 938 | Kosmos 939 · Kosmos 940 · Kosmos 941 · Kosmos 942 · Kosmos 943 · Kosmos 944 · Kosmos 945 · Kosmos 946 | Sirio 1 | Kosmos 947 | Molniya-1-38 | Kosmos 948 | Voyager 1 | Kosmos 949 | Kosmos 950 | Kosmos 951 | OTS-1 | Kosmos 952 | Kosmos 953 | Kosmos 954 | Kosmos 955 | Ekran No.12L | Prognoz 6 | OPS 7471 | Kosmos 956 | Interkosmos 17 | Salyut 6 | Intelsat IVA F-5 | Kosmos 957 | Soyuz 25 | Kosmos 958 | Kosmos 959 | ISEE-1 · ISEE-2 | Kosmos 960 | Kosmos 961 | Molniya-3 No.18 | Transat | Kosmos 962 | Meteosat 1 | Kosmos 963 | Unnamed | Kosmos 964 | Kosmos 965 | OPS 8781 · OPS 8781 SSU-1 · OPS 8781 SSU-2 · OPS 8781 SSU-3 | Soyuz 26 | OPS 4258 | Kosmos 966 | Kosmos 967 | Meteor-2 No.3 | Sakura 1 | Kosmos 968 | Kosmos 969 | Kosmos 970 | Kosmos 971 | Kosmos 972 | Kosmos 973
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
Authority control
GND: 4658791-3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyager_1&oldid=818270747"
Categories:
Voyager program
NASA space probes
NASA programs
Missions to Saturn
Missions to Jupiter
Radio frequency propagation
Spacecraft escaping the Solar System
1977 in spaceflight
1977 in the United States
1977 events in the United States
1977 robots
Nuclear-powered robots
Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets
Spacecraft launched in 1977
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Good articles
Use mdy dates from June 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
অসমীয়া
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 16:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Voyager_1_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Voyager 1 (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values:
nofollow
http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/
external text

values: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41

values: width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid

values:
/wiki/Deep_Space_Network
mw-redirect
Deep Space Network

values: List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System

values:
/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Heliopause (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Planetary_Grand_Tour
mw-redirect
Planetary Grand Tour

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Three-axis_stabilization
mw-redirect
Three-axis stabilization

values:
/wiki/Communication_system
mw-redirect
Communication system

values:
/wiki/High-gain_antenna
mw-redirect
High-gain antenna

values:
/wiki/Radio_waves
mw-redirect
Radio waves

values:
/wiki/Visible_light
mw-redirect
Visible light

values:
/wiki/Digital_computer
mw-redirect
Digital computer

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Saturn%27s_rings
mw-redirect
Saturn's rings

values:
/wiki/Interplanetary_space
mw-redirect
Interplanetary space

values:
/wiki/Interstellar_space
mw-redirect
Interstellar space

values:
/wiki/Charged_Particle
mw-redirect
Charged Particle

values:
/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_System
mw-redirect
Cosmic Ray System

values:
/wiki/Cosmic_rays
mw-redirect
Cosmic rays

values:
/wiki/Radio_Astronomy
mw-redirect
Radio Astronomy

values:
/wiki/Voyager_Program#Spacecraft_design
mw-redirect
Voyager Program

values:
/wiki/File:Voyager1_Space_simulator.gif
image
Voyager 1 in a space simulator chamber

values: min-height:4.6em;width:182px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px

values: Voyager 1 in the Space Simulator chamber

values: Gold-Plated Record is attached to Voyager 1

values: Location of the scientific instruments indicated in a diagram

values:
/wiki/Ophiuchus_(constellation)
mw-redirect
Ophiuchus (constellation)

values: File:Voyager 1 - Voyager 2 - Voyager 1 overtakes Voyager 2.png

values:
/wiki/Jovian_system
mw-redirect
Jovian system

values:
/wiki/Saturnian_system
mw-redirect
Saturnian system

values:
/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)
mw-redirect
Enceladus (moon)

values:
/wiki/Termination_shock
mw-redirect
Termination shock

values:
/wiki/Carrier_rocket
mw-redirect
Carrier rocket

values:
/wiki/Radiation_belt
mw-redirect
Radiation belt

values: File:Jupiter from Voyager 1 PIA02855 thumbnail 300px max quality.ogv

values: width: 239.878868994062px; margin: 0px auto; width:180px;

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv/300px--Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:300px;height:300px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="6.6" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 300 × 300 (992 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-bandwidth="991853" data-framerate="10"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="160" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="127880" data-framerate="10"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv/Jupiter_from_Voyager_1_PIA02855_thumbnail_300px_max_quality.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="257056" data-framerate="10"/></video>

values: File:Jupiter from Voyager 1 PIA02855 max quality.ogv

values: The Great Red Spot as seen from Voyager 1

values: View of lava flows radiating from the volcano Ra Patera on Io

values: A volcanic eruption plume rises over the limb of Io

values: Europa as seen from Voyager 1 at a distance of 2.8 million km

values: Icy surface of Ganymede as photographed from 253,000 km

values: commons:Category:Photos of Jupiter system by Voyager 1

values:
/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Aurora (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Sidereal_day
mw-redirect
Sidereal day

values: View of Saturn lit from the right. Saturn's globe casts its shadow over the rings to the left. Part of the lower hemisphere can be seen through the rings. Some of the spoke-like ring features are visible as bright patches.

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: Mimas at a range of 425,000 km from Voyager 1

values: Tethys photographed by Voyager 1 from 1.2 million km

values: Fractured terrain on Dione imaged from a distance of 240,000 km from Voyager 1

values: Impact craters on the surface of Rhea appear similar to Earth's Moon

values: Cream-colored section of a disk is separated from the black space above by a fuzzy blue curve

values: orange coloured area at bottom right is separated from black space at upper left by diagonal series of blue bands

values: commons:Category:Photos of Saturn system by Voyager 1

values: A set of grey squares trace roughly left to right. A few are labeled with single letters associated with a nearby colored square. J is near to a square labeled Jupiter; E to Earth; V to Venus; S to Saturn; U to Uranus; N to Neptune. A small spot appears at the center of each colored square

values:
/wiki/Plasma_wave
mw-redirect
Plasma wave

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Long-period_comet
mw-redirect
Long-period comet

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_record
mw-redirect
Gramophone record

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System

values: Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=10321

values:
nofollow
http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/
external text

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F426021a

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603294

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02068

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603311

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02066

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603312

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2F2003GL018291

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10115

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677754

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13735

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030991

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1241681

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030496

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1307.0850

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/
external text

values:
/wiki/Wheel-driven_land_speed_record
mw-redirect
Wheel-driven land speed record

values: List of fastest production motorcycles by acceleration

values: List of fastest production cars by acceleration

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values: Voyager probes with the outer worlds.jpg

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Uranus_orbiter_and_probe
mw-redirect
Uranus orbiter and probe

values:
/wiki/Smara_(spacecraft)
mw-redirect
Smara (spacecraft)

values:
/wiki/Cassini-Huygens_retirement
mw-redirect
Cassini-Huygens retirement

values:
/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_mission
mw-redirect
Tsiolkovsky mission

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Saturn in natural colors (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;

values: Saturn Ring Observer (page does not exist)

values: Titan Lake In-situ Sampling Propelled Explorer

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

values: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

values: Advisory Committee on the Future of the United States Space Program

values: Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry

values: President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy

values: Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee

values: List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA

values:
/wiki/NASA_spin-off_technologies
mw-redirect
NASA spin-off technologies

values: Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

values: Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory

values: Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

values: Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager

values: List of surface features of Mars seen by Opportunity

values: Space Communications and Navigation Program

values: Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex

values: Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex

values: Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex

values: NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions

values:
navbox-abovebelow
3
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

values:
/wiki/Hayabusa_2#Instruments
mw-redirect
Hayabusa 2

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: February 1977 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)

values: Geostationary Earth Orbit Satellite 1 (page does not exist)

values: Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (page does not exist)

values: Meteor-Priroda No.2-2 (page does not exist)

values: August 1977 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)

values: Orbital Test Satellite 1 (page does not exist)

values: Transat (satellite) (page does not exist)

values: November 1977 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4658791-3

values: Category:Spacecraft escaping the Solar System

values: Category:1977 events in the United States

values: Category:Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Voyager_1
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: فوياجر 1 – Arabic

values: ভয়েজাৰ-১ – Assamese

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyacer_1
Voyacer 1 – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: ভয়েজার ১ – Bangla

values: Вояджэр-1 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Βόγιατζερ 1 – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: وویجر ۱ – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: वॉयेजर प्रथम – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values: व्हॉयेजर १ – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: ဗွိုင်ယေဂျာ ၁ အာကာသယာဉ် – Burmese

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Војаџер 1 – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: வொயேஜர் 1 – Tamil

values: วอยเอจเจอร์ 1 – Thai

values: Вояҷер-1 – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: وائجر اول – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
Voyager 1 – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Voyager_1 rootpage-Voyager_1 skin-vector action-view