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Habsburg Monarchy
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former Central European empire (1526–1804)
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Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburgermonarchie
1526–1804
Flag
Imperial Coat of arms
(current Leopold II and Francis II)
Motto: Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus
"Let justice be done, though the world perish"
The Habsburg Monarchy in 1789
Status
Part of the Holy Roman Empire (partly)
Capital
Vienna
(1526–1583; 1611–1804)
Prague
(1583–1611)
Main languages
Latin, Germanb, Hungarian, Czech, Croatian, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Dutch, Italian, Polish, Ruthenian, Serbian, French
Religion
Official:[citation needed]
Roman Catholic
Recognized:[citation needed]
Calvinism, Lutheranism, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Utraquisma[citation needed]
Government
Feudal Monarchy
Monarch
• 1526–1564
Ferdinand I (first)
• 1792–1804
Francis II (last)
State Chancellor
• 1753–1793
Wenzel Anton
Historical era
Early modern/Napoleonic
• Battle of Mohács
29 August 1526
• Battle of Vienna
14 July 1683
• War of Succession
1740–1748
• Austro–Turkish War
1787–1791
• Treaty of Sistova
4 August 1791
• Empire proclaimed
11 August 1804
Preceded by Succeeded by
Archduchy of Austria
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Croatia
Principality of Transylvania
Austrian Empire
Today part of
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Switzerland
Ukraine
^a Main religion of the Czech people, in the Kingdom of Bohemia recognized until 1627 when it was forbidden.
^b German replaced Latin as the official language of the Empire in 1784.[1]
"Habsburg Monarchy" (German: Habsburgermonarchie) or "Habsburg Empire" is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1526 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918. The Monarchy was a composite state composed of territories within and outside the Holy Roman Empire, united only in the person of the monarch. The dynastic capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611,[2] when it was moved to Prague. From 1804 to 1867 the Habsburg Monarchy was formally unified as the Austrian Empire, and from 1867 to 1918 as the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[3][4]
The head of the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg was often elected Holy Roman Emperor: from 1415 until the Empire's dissolution in 1806, Charles VII of Bavaria (1742–1745) was the only Holy Roman Emperor who was not Habsburg ruler of Austria.[5][6] The two entities were never coterminous, as the Habsburg Monarchy covered many lands beyond the Holy Roman Empire, and most of the Empire was ruled by other dynasties.
This Austrian Habsburg Monarchy must not be confused with the House of Habsburg, existing since the 11th century, whose vast domains were split up in 1521 between this "junior" Austrian branch and the "senior" Spanish branch.
Contents
1 Name
2 Origins and expansion
3 Terminology
4 Characteristics
5 Territories
6 Habsburg territories outside the Habsburg Monarchy
7 History
8 Rulers 1521–1918
8.1 Habsburg
8.2 Habsburg-Lorraine
8.3 Family tree
9 In literature
10 Notes
11 Further reading
12 External links
Name[edit]
The monarchy had no official name. Instead, various names included:
Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie)
Habsburg Empire (Habsburgerreich)
Habsburg/Austrian Hereditary Lands (Habsburgische/Österreichische Erblande)
Austrian Monarchy (Österreichische Monarchie)
Danubian Monarchy (Donaumonarchie)
Origins and expansion[edit]
The Habsburg family originated with the Habsburg Castle in modern Switzerland, and after 1279 came to rule in Austria ("the Habsburg Hereditary Lands"). The Habsburg family grew to European prominence with the marriage and adoption treaty by Emperor Maximilian I at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515, and the subsequent death of adopted Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526.[2]
Following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the Battle of Mohács against the Turks, his brother-in-law Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary.[7]
Terminology[edit]
Names of the territory that (with some exceptions) finally became Austria-Hungary:
Habsburg monarchy or Austrian monarchy (1526–1867): This was an unofficial, but very frequent, name even during that time. The entity had no official name.
Austrian Empire (1804–1867): This was the official name. Note that the German version is Kaisertum Österreich, i.e. the English translation empire refers to a territory ruled by an emperor, not just to a "widespreading domain".
Austria-Hungary (1867–1918): This was the official name.[8][9][10] An unofficial popular name was the Danubian Monarchy (German: Donaumonarchie) also often used was the term Doppel-Monarchie ("Double Monarchy") meaning two states under one crowned ruler.
Crownlands or crown lands (Kronländer) (1849–1918): This is the name of all the individual parts of the Austrian Empire (1849-1867), and then of Austria-Hungary from 1867 on. The Kingdom of Hungary (more exactly the Lands of the Hungarian Crown) was not considered a "crownland" after the establishment of Austria-Hungary 1867, so that the "crownlands" became identical with what was called the Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council (Die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder).
The Hungarian parts of the Empire were called "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen" or "Lands of Holy (St.) Stephen's Crown" (Länder der Heiligen Stephans Krone). The Bohemian (Czech) Lands were called "Lands of the St. Wenceslaus' Crown" (Länder der Wenzels-Krone).
Names of some smaller territories:
Austrian lands (Österreichische Länder) or "Archduchies of Austria" (Erzherzogtümer von Österreich) - Lands up and below the Enns (ober und unter der Enns) (996–1918): This is the historical name of the parts of the Archduchy of Austria that became the present-day Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich) on 12 November 1918 (after Emperor Charles I had abdicated the throne). Modern day Austria is a semi-federal republic of nine states (Bundesländer) that are: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Tyrol, Styria, Salzburg, Carinthia, Vorarlberg and Burgenland and the Capital of Vienna that is a state of its own. Burgenland came to Austria in 1921 from Hungary. Salzburg finally became Austrian in 1816 after the Napoleonic wars (before it was ruled by prince-archbishops of Salzburg as a sovereign territory).
Vienna, Austria's capital became a state 1 January 1922, after being residence and capital of the Austrian Empire (Reichshaupt und Residenzstadt Wien) for the Habsburg monarchs for centuries. Upper and Lower Austria, historically, were split into "Austria above the Enns" and "Austria below the Enns" (the Enns river is the state-border between Upper- and Lower Austria). Upper Austria was enlarged after the Treaty of Teschen (1779) following the "War of the Bavarian Succession" by the so-called Innviertel ("Inn Quarter"), formerly part of Bavaria.
Hereditary Lands (Erblande or Erbländer; mostly used Österreichische Erblande) or German Hereditary Lands (in the Austrian monarchy) or Austrian Hereditary Lands (Middle Ages – 1849/1918): In a narrower sense these were the "original" Habsburg Austrian territories, i.e. basically the Austrian lands and Carniola (not Galicia, Italian territories or the Austrian Netherlands).
In a wider sense the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were also included in (from 1526; definitely from 1620/27) the Hereditary lands. The term was replaced by the term "Crownlands" (see above) in the 1849 March Constitution, but it was also used afterwards.
The Erblande also included lots of small and smallest territories that were principalities, duchies or counties etc. some of them can namely be found in the reigning titles of the Habsburg monarchs like Graf (Earl/Count of) von Tyrol etc.
Characteristics[edit]
Within the early modern Habsburg Monarchy, each province was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa and especially her son Joseph II in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the Metternichian period that followed.
Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various revolutions of 1848. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary, in particular, ceased to exist as a separate entity, being divided into a series of districts. Following the Habsburg defeats in the Wars of 1859 and 1866, this policy of net-absolutist centralization was abandoned.
After experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary was given sovereignty and a parliament, with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands, often, but erroneously, referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat, or Imperial Council) and ministries, as their official name – the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council" – shows that they remained something less than a genuine unitary state. When Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed (after a long period of occupation and administration), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance.
Austria-Hungary collapsed under the weight of the various unsolved ethnic problems that came to a head with its defeat in World War I. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy, new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and Hungary (the Magyar core of the old kingdom) were created, and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia.
Territories[edit]
Growth of the Habsburg Monarchy
The territories ruled by the branch changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs:
The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of Austria and Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern Italy and (before 1797) southwestern Germany. To these were added in 1779 the Inn Quarter of Bavaria; and in 1803 the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen. The Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the peace in 1815, with the exception of the Vorlande. The Hereditary provinces included:
Archduchy of Austria (Upper Austria);
Archduchy of Austria (Lower Austria);
Duchy of Styria;
Duchy of Carinthia;
Duchy of Carniola;
The Adriatic port of Trieste;
Margraviate of Istria (although much of Istria was Venetian territory until 1797);
Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca;
These lands (3–8) were often grouped together as Inner Austria.
County of Tyrol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tyrol before 1803);
Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century);
The Vorlande, a group of territories in Breisgau and elsewhere in southwestern Germany lost in 1801 (although the Alsatian territories (Sundgau) which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648);
Vorarlberg and the Vorlande were often grouped together as Further Austria and mostly ruled jointly with Tyrol.
Grand Duchy of Salzburg (only after 1805);
Coronation of Maria Theresa in Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary, 1741
The Lands of the Bohemian Crown – initially consisting of the five lands: Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, Silesia, and Upper and Lower Lusatia. Bohemian Diet (Czech: zemský sněm) elected Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, as king in 1526.
Lusatia was ceded to Saxony in 1635.
Most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1740–1742 and the remnants which stayed under Habsburg sovereignty were ruled as Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Austrian Silesia).
The Kingdom of Hungary – two thirds of the former territory that was administered by the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and the Princes of vassal Ottoman Transylvania, while the Habsburg administration was restricted to the western and northern territories of the former kingdom, which remained to be officially referred as the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1699, at the end of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, one part of the territories that were administered by the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg administration, with some other areas being picked up in 1718 (some of the territories that were part of medieval kingdom, notably those in the south of the Sava and Danube rivers, remained under Ottoman administration).
Kingdom of Croatia
Europa regina, symbolizing a Habsburg-dominated Europe.
Soldiers of the Military Frontier against the incursions of the Ottoman Turks, 1756
Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were secundogenitures, i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty):
Serbia occupation (1686–1691);
Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868);
Grand Principality of Transylvania, between 1699 (Treaty of Karlowitz) and 1867 (Ausgleich)
Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg (1713–1792);
Duchy of Milan (1713–1797);
Kingdom of Naples (1713–1735);
Kingdom of Sardinia (1713–1720);
Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739);
Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778);
Oltenia (1718–1739; de facto, 1716-1737), as Grand-Voivodate (sometimes designated as Valachia Caesarea);
Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735);
Duchy of Parma (1735–1748);
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918)
Duchy of Bukovina (1774–1918);
Serbia occupation (1788–1792);
New Galicia, the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809);
Venetia (1797–1805);
Kingdom of Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918);
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (1814–1859);
Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (1846–1918);
Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849); de facto entity, officially unrecognized
Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860);
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918);
Sanjak of Novi Pazar occupation (1878–1913);
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918).
The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806.
Habsburg territories outside the Habsburg Monarchy[edit]
See also: Spanish Empire
Habsburg territories in 1700. The Habsburg Monarchy is shown in yellow, while the territories of the senior Spanish Habsburgs are shown in red.
The Habsburg monarchy should not be confused with various other territories ruled at different times by members of the Habsburg dynasty. The senior Spanish line of the Habsburgs ruled over Habsburg Spain and various other territories from 1516 until it became extinct in 1700. As part of the Iberian Union the Spanish Habsburgs also ruled over the Kingdom of Portugal between 1580 and 1640. A junior line ruled over the Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Grand Duchy of Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. Another line ruled the Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis, ruled over the Duchy of Parma between 1814 and 1847. Also, the Second Mexican Empire, from 1863 to 1867, was headed by Maximilian I of Mexico, the brother of Emperor Franz Josef of Austria.
History[edit]
For a historical account, see:
History of Austria in the Habsburg Monarchy
History of Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy
Kingdom of Bohemia: 1526–1648, 1648–1867, 1867–1918.
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg); Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia; Kingdom of Dalmatia
Kingdom of Hungary (1538-1867)
Kingdom of Serbia: 1718–1739, 1788-1791
History of Slovakia within the Habsburg Monarchy
Economy of the Habsburg Monarchy
History of the Balkans
Rulers 1521–1918[edit]
Main article: List of rulers of Austria
Habsburg[edit]
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Infanta Maria of Spain with their children
Ferdinand I 1521–1564
Maximilian II 1564–1576
Rudolf II 1576–1612
Matthias 1612–1619
Ferdinand II 1619–1637
Ferdinand III 1637–1657
Leopold I 1657–1705
Joseph I 1705–1711
Charles VI 1711–1740 "Karl VI."
Maria Theresa 1740–1780 (German: Maria Theresia)
Habsburg-Lorraine[edit]
Joseph II 1780–1790 known as "the great Reformer"
Leopold II 1790–1792 from 1765 to 1790 "Grandduke of Tuscany"
Francis II 1792–1835 correctly written "Franz" (became Emperor Francis I of Austria in 1804, at which point numbering starts anew)
Ferdinand I 1835–1848 known as "Ferdinand the Good" German: "Ferdinand der Gütige"
Francis Joseph I 1848–1916 Brother of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (ruled 1864–1867)
Charles I 1916–1918 last reigning Monarch of Austria-Hungary
Otto von Habsburg-Lothringen or sometimes called Otto von Österreich Crown Prince of Austria to be found as Otto von Habsburg
Family tree[edit]
Habsburg family tree
In literature[edit]
The most famous memoir on the decline of the Habsburg Empire is Stefan Zweig's The World of Yesterday.[11]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Smoldering Embers: Czech-German Cultural Competition, 1848–1948" by C. Brandon Hone. Utah State University.
^ Jump up to: a b "Czech Republic - Historic Centre of Prague (1992)" Heindorffhus, August 2007, HeindorffHus-Czech Archived 2007-03-20 at Archive.is.
Jump up ^ Vienna website; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2011-09-11. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica online article Austria-Hungary; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art; http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/habs/hd_habs.htm
Jump up ^ University of Wisconsin; http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/351/holy%20roman%20empire.htm
Jump up ^ "Ferdinand I". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Simon Adams (30 July 2005). The Balkans. Black Rabbit Books. pp. 1974–. ISBN 978-1-58340-603-8.
Jump up ^ SCOTT LACKEY (30 October 1995). The Rebirth of the Habsburg Army: Friedrich Beck and the Rise of the General Staff. ABC-CLIO. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-313-03131-1.
Jump up ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914: A-K. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-313-33406-1.
Jump up ^ Giorgio Manacorda (2010) Nota bibliografica in Roth La Marcia di Radetzky, Newton Classici quotation:
Stefan Zweig, l'autore del più famoso libro sull'Impero asburgico, Die Welt von Gestern
Further reading[edit]
Ingrao, Charles. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (2000) excerpt and text search
Ingrao, Charles. In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy (1979)
Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History (2016). Downplays the disruptive impact of ethnic nationalism.
Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918 (U of California Press, 1974)
Lieven, Dominic. Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals (Yale UP, 2002), comparisons with Russian, British, & Ottoman empires. excerpt
Macartney, Carlile Aylmer The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, New York, Macmillan 1969.
McCagg, Jr., William O. A History of the Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918 (Indiana University Press, 1989)
Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman. Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (2003)
Robert John Weston Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation, Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-873085-3.
Sked Alan The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918, London: Longman, 1989.
Steed, Henry Wickham; et al. (1914). A short history of Austria-Hungary and Poland.
Taylor, A.J.P. The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, (London: Penguin Books. 2nd ed. 1964) excerpt and text search
External links[edit]
HABSBURG in an email discussion list dealing with the culture and history of the Habsburg Monarchy and its successor states in central Europe since 1500, with discussions, syllabi, book reviews, queries, conferences; edited daily by scholars since 1994.
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Star Wars Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"May the 4th" redirects here. For general information on this date, see May 4.
Star Wars Day
Fan-made animated logo, dedicated to Star Wars Day
Observed by
Star Wars fans
Type
Secular
Significance
Celebrating Star Wars
Date
May 4
Frequency
Annual
First time
2011
Related to
Geek Pride Day
Star Wars Day, May 4, celebrates George Lucas' Star Wars. It is observed by fans of the media franchise. Observance of the commemorative day spread quickly through media and grassroots celebrations.[1][2]
The date was chosen for the pun on the catchphrase "May the Force be with you" as "May the Fourth be with you". Even though the holiday was not created or declared by Lucasfilm, many Star Wars fans across the world have chosen to celebrate the holiday.[3] It has since been embraced by Lucasfilm as an annual celebration of Star Wars.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Revenge of the Fifth
3 May 25
4 References
5 Other reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Apocryphally, the reference was first used on May 4, 1979, the day Margaret Thatcher took office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. An online news article from the Danish public broadcaster says her political party, the Conservatives, placed a congratulatory advertisement in The London Evening News, saying "May the Fourth Be with You, Maggie. Congratulations."[4]
The saying was used in a UK Parliament defence debate on May 4, 1994.[5]
Astrophysicist and author Jeanne Cavelos used the saying on page 94 of her 1999 book The Science of Star Wars.[6]
In 2008, the first Facebook groups appeared, celebrating Luke Skywalker Day, with the same catchphrase.[7] While the initial group never received widespread acclaim, the phenomenon spread to college campuses a few years later, and Star Wars Day was born.
In 2011, the first organized celebration of Star Wars Day took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada at the Toronto Underground Cinema. Produced by Sean Ward and Alice Quinn, festivities included an Original Trilogy Trivia Game Show; a costume contest with celebrity judges; and the web's best tribute films, mash-ups, parodies, and remixes on the big screen. The second annual edition took place on Friday, May 4, 2012.[8][9][10]
Fans (even government officials[11]) have celebrated Star Wars in a variety of ways in social media and on television.
Since 2013, The Walt Disney Company has officially observed the holiday with several Star Wars events and festivities at Disneyland and Walt Disney World.[12][13] Disney had purchased Lucasfilm including the rights to Star Wars in late 2012.[14]
Minor League baseball teams such as the Toledo Mud Hens[15] and the Durham Bulls[16] have worn special uniforms as part of Star Wars Day promotions.
On Star Wars Day 2015, astronauts in the International Space Station watched Star Wars.[17]
Revenge of the Fifth[edit]
Some recognize the following day, May 5, as "Revenge of the Fifth", a play on Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and celebrate the Sith Lords and other villainous characters from the Star Wars series rather than the Jedi.[18]
Others celebrate this one day later, on May 6, citing "Revenge of the Sixth" as a better play on "Sith".[19][20][21]
May 25[edit]
The Los Angeles City Council declared May 25, 2007, as Star Wars Day, in honor of the 30th anniversary release date of Star Wars.[22] A separate initiative for observing Geek Pride Day on May 25 is based on the Star Wars connection along with ties to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Towel Day) and Discworld.[23][24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Painter, Alicia Gray (May 4, 2009). "May the Fourth Be With You". NBCUniversalMedia, LLC. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars day: May the 4th be with you". My Fox Chattanooga. May 4, 2010. Archived from the original on May 8, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Day: May the 4th". Starwars.com. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Danish National Radio on-line news".
Jump up ^ "Hansard, Column 786". UK Parliament Hansard, Column 784. May 4, 1994.
Jump up ^ * Jeanne Cavelos (May 5, 2000). "The science of Star Wars". ISBN 978-0312263874.
Jump up ^ * Dylan Bates (April 30, 2008). "Luke Skywalker Day: May the Fourth". Facebook. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Evan Annett (May 4, 2015). "Star Wars Day: What's going on today in a galaxy not so far, far away". The Globe and Mail.
Jump up ^ "May the Fourth Be With You". Global News.
Jump up ^ "It's Star Wars Day! May the 4th Be With You". O.canada.com.
Jump up ^ "Boris Johnson's acceptance speech in full". ITV News. May 5, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "May the 4th Be with You!". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "May the Fourth Be With You! Two New Star Wars-Themed Character Dining Experiences May 4 – June 15 at Disney's Hollywood Studios". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Disney Bought Lucasfilm—and Its Plans for Star Wars". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Toledo Mud Hens will wear Chewbacca uniforms for 'Star Wars' weekend". New York Daily News. April 28, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Andrew Kenney (March 25, 2014). "Durham Bulls to dress as R2-D2 from 'Star Wars' on May 4". The News & Observer. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey Kluger (May 5, 2015). "A Week on the Space Station: Tacos, 'Star Wars' and Mice". TIME.com. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cady Zalben (May 4, 2017). "A Brief History of 'cady Wars' Celebration May The Fourth". MTV News.
Jump up ^ Levine, Daniel S. (May 6, 2017). "Revenge of the Sixth 2017: See the Best Funny Sith Memes". Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brainiac wants to get nerdy with you for 'Star Wars' and free comic books – Orange County Register". Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'A New Hope.' Jon Ossoff backers embrace 'Star Wars' attack ad - Political Insider blog". Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jan Perry (May 1, 2007). "Resolution: Star Wars". Los Angeles City Council.
Jump up ^ Lauren Orsini (May 23, 2013). "Geek Pride Day Is May 25: Here's How To Celebrate". Say Media, Inc. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Geek Pride Day". ThinkGeek, Inc. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
Other reading[edit]
"Star Wars Day: What to do on May 4 (and why)". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
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