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Far Cry 5
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Far Cry 5
Developer(s)
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft Toronto[a]
Publisher(s)
Ubisoft
Director(s)
Dan Hay
Patrik Methe
Producer(s)
Darryl Long
Programmer(s)
Cedric Decelle
Artist(s)
Jean-Alexis Doyon
Writer(s)
Jean-Sébastien Decant
Drew Holmes
Dan Hay
Composer(s)
Dan Romer
Series
Far Cry
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
March 27, 2018
Genre(s)
Action-adventure, first-person shooter
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Far Cry 5 is an action-adventure first-person shooter game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Toronto and published by Ubisoft for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the eleventh entry and the fifth main title in the Far Cry series, and was released on March 27, 2018.
The game takes place in the fictional Hope County, Montana, where charismatic preacher Joseph Seed and his cult Project at Eden's Gate holds a dictatorial rule over the area. The story follows an unnamed junior deputy sheriff, who becomes trapped in Hope County and works alongside factions of a resistance to liberate the county from Eden's Gate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Map maker/multiplayer
2 Synopsis
2.1 Setting and characters
2.2 Plot
2.2.1 Endings
3 Development
3.1 Writing
3.2 Music
3.3 Live action film
4 Reception
4.1 Controversy
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Similar to its predecessors, Far Cry 5 is an action-adventure first-person shooter set in an open world environment which the player can explore freely on foot or via various vehicles. Unlike previous titles in the series where the player takes on the role of a set character, the game gives the player the opportunity to customize their character's appearance.[1][2] The player has a variety of ranged and explosive weapons to fight against enemies, with the game placing a renewed emphasis on close-quarters combat compared to previous Far Cry titles by introducing a wider range of melee weapons.[3] In addition, Far Cry 5 features a new weapons ballistics system that includes elements like a bullet dropping over a distance to make it more realistic.[4]
Creative director Dan Hay described the design of the open world as being modeled on the outposts from previous titles in the Far Cry series. These outposts represented a small section of the map occupied by enemy forces and the player was tasked with liberating them by killing or neutralizing the enemy presence. The outposts were designed with multiple approaches for the player to take and it was this element that the development team tried to recreate in the wider game world of Far Cry 5. The player is dropped into the game world with little context, direction or objective markers and is instead required to navigate the world on their own. Hay expressed a desire to create what he termed the "anecdote factory", a game where two players could venture out from the same point in opposite directions and have completely different experiences that they would then share with one another anecdotally.[5] To assist with this, most of the game world is accessible to the player after completing the game's introductory missions and they are free to advance through these areas as they choose; by comparison, previous titles in the series gradually opened up the game world to the player with story missions guiding their progress through open areas.
The game also features a recruitment system in which the player can recruit locals in the county to fight alongside them similar to the "Buddy" system used in Far Cry 2 or the "Guns for Hire" system in Far Cry 4. In this Guns for Hire system, the player can recruit locals to join their cause at which point they will fight alongside the player. In addition to these Guns for Hire, the game also includes "Specialists" or non-playable characters with their own unique skills and personalities. The recruitment system replaces the beacon system used in previous titles. For example, Far Cry 3 featured radio towers and Far Cry 4 featured bell towers that the player had to climb in order to open up parts of the map and various activities in the region. Far Cry 5 removed this system and instead rely on the player forging relationships with other characters to discover story missions, events and other characters.[citation needed]
The player has the ability to tame wild animals through the Specialists, which is based on a system that was previously introduced to the series in Far Cry Primal. The tamed wildlife will assist the player in combat and follow the player's orders. Different wildlife have different combat patterns.[6] A fishing mechanic was also introduced and a variety of fish can be caught.[7] The campaign can be played individually or with a partner through the game's cooperative multiplayer mode known as "Friends for Hire".[8]
Map maker/multiplayer[edit]
Far Cry Arcade allows players to build and share small maps that have single player, two-player cooperative, and multiplayer objectives. Players are able to construct maps using assets from Far Cry 5 as well as Far Cry 4, Far Cry Primal, Watch Dogs, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, and Assassin's Creed: Unity.[9] While a separate mode from the main game, the Arcade mode can also be accessed from arcade cabinets scattered around the game's map; successfully completing these maps can earn in-game money and other rewards for the main campaign.
Synopsis[edit]
Setting and characters[edit]
The game is set in the fictional Hope County, Montana, where a preacher named Joseph Seed (portrayed by Greg Bryk)[10] has risen to prominence. Seed believes that he has been chosen by God to protect the people of Hope County from an "inevitable collapse" and has established a congregation called the Project at Eden's Gate. Ostensibly, this is to fulfill his mission of leading the people to salvation;[11] in reality, Seed is a radical preacher and Eden's Gate is a militaristic doomsday cult. Under his rule, Eden's Gate has used both coercion and violence to forcibly convert the residents of Hope County, and intimidation to keep them from contacting the outside world for help. Seed has assumed the title of "the Father" and maintains control over Hope County with the aid of the Heralds: Jacob, "the Soldier" (Mark Pellegrino), a former US Army sniper and Joseph’s older brother who oversees the training and deployment of the cult's armed soldiers; John, "the Baptist" (Seamus Dever), Joseph’s younger brother and a lawyer who has been able to acquire much of the land in Hope County for Eden's Gate who leads the forcible conversion of residents; and Faith, "the Siren" (Jenessa Grant), an early member of the cult who rose up and acts as a pacifist to bring the people to trust in Joseph, but runs forced labour camps for residents who resist the cult.[11]
The player takes on the role of a rookie sheriff's deputy—referred to as "the Deputy"—who is part of a task force sent to arrest Seed. The residents of Hope County opposed to Seed include a cast of characters who join the fight with motives ranging from altruism to revenge, profit and boredom.[12][13]
Plot[edit]
A joint operation between the United States Marshals and the county sheriff's department – consisting of Sheriff Whitehorse (Christopher Heyerdahl), Deputy Marshal Burke (Doug Hutchison), deputies Hudson (Luisa D'Oliveira), Pratt (Julian Bailey) and an unnamed Junior Deputy – arrive at Eden's Gate to serve Joseph Seed with a federal arrest warrant on charges of kidnapping with the intent to harm. Although Joseph offers no resistance, he claims that God will not allow him to be detained. As he is escorted away, cult members attack the task force, causing their helicopter to crash. Joseph escapes and leads the cult in capturing the surviving task force members.[11]
The Deputy survives and escapes with the help of Richard "Dutch" Roosevelt (John Tench), a local survivalist with a deep distrust of government and a history of anti-social behavior. He explains to the Deputy that the cult has interpreted the attempt to arrest Joseph as the fulfilment of his prophecies. Believing the end of the world is upon them, they have begun "The Reaping", a concentrated effort to purge Hope County of sin. As the county is now cut off from the outside world, Dutch tasks the Deputy with contacting the fledgling resistance scattered throughout Hope County to gather allies, rescue the task force and erode the influence of Joseph and the Heralds. As they begin dismantling the cult's operations, the Deputy's influence as a leader of the Resistance grows. Although the Heralds begin to focus their efforts in stopping the Deputy, they maintain interest in recruiting them to their cause.
Joseph's older brother Jacob recruits and trains the cult's members at the Whitetail Mountains, and keeps a mentally damaged Deputy Pratt captive. Upon capturing the Deputy, he indoctrinates and mentally conditions them to The Platters' "Only You (And You Alone)", which he uses to trigger uncontrollable rage to his victims. Jacob manages to fully break the Deputy, who accidentally kills Resistance leader Eli during a lucid state before coming to their senses. In retaliation, the Deputy destroys Jacob's sound devices and eliminates his troops before confronting and defeating Jacob in the mountains. As he dies, Jacob ponders on how empires rise and fall, and how America will be next if they are not prepared. The Deputy retrieves his bunker key and rescues Pratt before destroying it.
Joseph's younger brother John, stationed at Holland Valley, forcibly indoctrinates the cult's beliefs onto the residents by immersing them in water as a "cleansing", engraving their "sins" on their bodies, and then ripping out said marked skin after atoning. John also has Hudson captured. John captures the Deputy several times and concludes that their sin is "Wrath", but the Deputy manages to escape from captivity several times. John eventually takes over safe zone Fall's End and forces the Deputy to confront them to rescue their allies. A counterattack by the Resistance forces John to escape, leading the Deputy to chase after him and engage him in an aerial dogfight before downing and mortally wounding him. Before dying, John remarks that the Deputy will not save anyone, and asserts that Joseph is still right. The Deputy rescues Hudson among other captive survivors and destroys John's bunker.
Faith, a former captive turned "sister" of the Seeds, oversees the production of Bliss, a hallucinatory gas that puts its victims in a trance-like state, at Henbane River. Staying in the Bliss for too long results in permanent mental instability and hypnotic manipulation from Faith. The Deputy joins the Resistance based in the Hope County Jail, where they reunite with Whitehorse, who informs them that Burke has been captured and is now under the influence of the Bliss. With the entire area covered in Bliss, the Deputy encounters Faith several times, where Faith attempts to persuade the Deputy to join them and live in paradise under the Bliss. The Deputy manages to rescue Burke, but a hypnotized Burke opens the jail to Eden's Gate before killing himself. Although the Resistance manages to repel the cult, they receive heavy losses and Whitehorse is captured. The Deputy battles Faith during a Bliss-influenced state and defeats her, and she warns them that Joseph is right about the end of the world, but it is up to the Deputy to decide what happens in the end. The Deputy rescues Whitehorse from Faith's bunker and destroys the production of Bliss alongside her bunker.
Radio broadcasts begin hinting that the world outside is in chaos and a nuclear war is imminent.[14] Killing his Heralds prompts Joseph to call the Deputy for a final confrontation at his church. He has captured Whitehorse, Pratt and Hudson at the gunpoint of several of the Deputy's allies that are hypnotized by the Bliss. Joseph offers the option for the Deputy to walk away with their friends unharmed if they leave him and Eden's Gate alone.[15]
Endings[edit]
If the Deputy decides to walk away, Joseph forgives the Deputy and enters the church with the Deputy's hypnotized allies. The Deputy, Whitehorse, Pratt and Hudson leave on a truck, and Whitehorse assures his comrades that they will call the National Guard to help liberate Hope County from the cult. As Whitehorse turns on the radio, "Only You" plays, and the Deputy is once again put into a trance.
If the Deputy chooses to resist, Joseph spills barrels of Bliss and forces the Deputy to fight and revive their hypnotized friends before defeating and apprehending Joseph. Suddenly, a nuclear bomb explodes in the distance, forcing everybody to flee. As more nuclear explosions rain down on Hope County, the Deputy, Whitehorse, Pratt, Hudson and the captured Joseph flee in a truck to Dutch's bunker, but they crash into a tree, which kills Whitehorse, Pratt, and Hudson. A freed Joseph drags the Deputy to the bunker where he kills Dutch and handcuffs the Deputy to a bed. Joseph laments the loss of his family and land, and asserts this is "the Collapse" that he had prophesied. He tells the Deputy that they are family now.[14][15]
A secret ending is found in the beginning of the game. The Deputy decides to not arrest Joseph during their first encounter. Whitehorse, who was against apprehending him head-on due to knowing that they would be ambushed and possibly killed, lowers Joseph's hands and orders the group to leave. Despite Burke's protests, Whitehorse asserts that it is "better to leave well enough alone" and that no one would leave alive if they arrested Joseph.
Development[edit]
The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Toronto with Ubisoft Kiev, Ubisoft Shanghai, Ubisoft Belgrade, Ubisoft Reflections and Red Storm offering assistance.[16] Dan Hay, who served as lead producer for Far Cry 3, was the lead director, with writing led by Drew Holmes, who had previously worked on BioShock Infinite and its downloadable content.[17] The game continue the series' practice of using the Dunia Engine, a modified version of the CryEngine.[18] The team chose Montana as the game's setting, as the state lies on the frontier of the United States. To create a realistic environment, the development team visited Montana for fourteen days to collect information regarding its biomes, environment, and the "self-reliant" nature of the locals, who do not want any authority or outsider to intervene in their life. The development team had previously carried out a similar research excursion to Nepal during development of Far Cry 4.[19] As the development team was no longer satisfied with having one core antagonist in each game, the cast of antagonists was significantly expanded.[20]
After the release of Far Cry Primal in 2016, Ubisoft stated that the next Far Cry title will take more development time and would not be released in 2017.[21] Far Cry 5 was announced by Ubisoft during the company's financial call, alongside two other major titles, The Crew 2 and Assassin's Creed Origins, which were released in fiscal year 2018.[22] Ubisoft released several teaser trailers and the game's cover art ahead of the game's official reveal on May 26, 2017.[23][24] The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with support for PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X. Free skin packs were made available for PlayStation 4 players at launch due to a marketing deal between Sony Interactive Entertainment and Ubisoft.[16] Though the game was initially set for release on February 27, 2018, Ubisoft pushed the date back a month to March 27, 2018.[25]
Writing[edit]
The setting and the tone of the game originated from separatism. According to Hay, he often felt unsafe when he was young because of the conflicts between the two superpowers during the Cold War. This manifested in the twenty-first century in the form of frequent terrorist attacks such as the September 11 attacks, and financial problems such as the subprime mortgage crisis and in turn caused people to become increasingly protective as they questioned the government. Ultimately the concept of the "global village" began to collapse, which sets the theme of the game and prompted the team to write a story that features a doomsday cult as the game's main antagonist. Hay started writing the story in late 2014; in February 2016, he investigated the details of the occupation and standoff of a wildlife refuge in Oregon, as he wanted to look for evidence that can show the rise of separatism.[11] To create a memorable story, the characters in the game were designed to have different views and opinions on important events, and different ideologies.[26] Despite the dark theme, the team wanted to ensure that the game is still fun and entertaining to play.[27] Therefore, the team implemented a large arsenal of weapons and open-ended gameplay possibilities for players to use.[28]
Music[edit]
The music in the game was written and composed by Dan Romer.[29] According to audio director Tony Gronick, the team desired to have music in the background through much of the game world, but want it to reflect on the nature of the cult, so that the player would be experiencing the cult's messaging throughout the game and tie it to the narrative. To do this, they create hymn-like gospel music, but with lyrics that described the cult's end-of-the-world teachings. Further, extending on the idea of multiple antagonists, the style of the music shifts as the player enters regions of the world controlled by the different cult members, from country to glam rock to industrial music, representing how the hymns of Joseph Seed evolve under his siblings' personal preferences.[29] The game also uses licensed music tracks when the player drives in vehicles, with the type of music played similarly influenced by the area they are in.[29] The ambient/post-rock band, Hammock, used some of the songs Romer produced for the game and reinterpreted them. This resulted in a multi-volume soundtrack release, which consists of the original soundtrack and the three-parter Far Cry 5 Presents series. Far Cry 5 Presents is a thematic compilation of the additional music used in the game: Into the Flames collects cult songs written by Romer and performed by various artists, When the World Falls is a choir version of those songs, and We Will Rise Again is their ambient reinterpretations by Hammock.
Live action film[edit]
Coinciding with the release of the game, Ubisoft released a live action short film called Inside Eden's Gate. The film serves as a prologue to the events of the game, and follows three filmmakers as they travel across Hope County. They meet Mark and his sister, Faith who is in the game being taken in by the Eden's Gate cult.[30] It stars Greg Bryk and Kyle Gallner. Ubisoft made the film available on Amazon Prime. On April 4, the film was released on YouTube.[31]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (XONE) 82/100[32]
(PS4) 81/100[33]
(PC) 78/100[34]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 7.5/10[35]
Edge 6/10[36]
EGM 7.5/10[37]
Game Informer 7.5/10[38]
Game Revolution 3.5/5[39]
GamesRadar+ [40]
Giant Bomb [41]
IGN 8.9/10[43]
Polygon 6.5/10[44]
Far Cry 5 received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[34][33][32]
Daemon Hatfield of IGN gave it a 8.9 rating, saying "Far Cry 5 is another wide-open playground with all the necessary ingredients for causing a real ruckus: loads of enemies and allies, temperamental wildlife, and plenty of explosions."[43] Polygon gave the game 6.5 of 10 possible points, stating "It’s a shame that Far Cry 5 is propped up by a weak story with bland characters, because behind the plot is an open world filled with what Far Cry as a series does best."[45]
Far Cry 5 became the fastest-selling title in the history of the franchise, more than doubling the sales of Far Cry 4. It was the second-biggest launch of an Ubisoft title, behind Tom Clancy's The Division, grossing $310 million in its first week of sales. [46] The PlayStation 4 version sold 75,474 copies within its first week on sale in Japan, placing it at number two on the all format sales chart.[47]
Controversy[edit]
Far Cry 5's announcement in May 2017 came at a time of heightened political and ideological conflict around the world due to current political events such as the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States and the onset of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. Many journalists opined that Far Cry 5's setting and narrative concept, involving themes of religious fanaticism and the emergence of far-right political movements within the borders of the United States—as opposed to the more exotic locales depicted in other Far Cry titles—would likely make the game highly controversial in the current climate.[2][18][48] These journalists noted that due to the long development cycle, it was unlikely that Ubisoft intentionally designed the game's narrative around the political climate at the time of the announcement, adding that Ubisoft had been careful to downplay any perceived connections to then-current real world events.[48][49] Responding to the criticism, game director Dan Hay revealed that the story was written to discuss the consequences of beliefs and ideologies being taken to their most extreme form rather than as a response to a particular political event.[50] Hay stated they had come to setting the game around a cult in Montana as they felt Montana reflected a remote frontier most people were not aware of, comparable to their other Far Cry game settings, and that after visiting the state, found that Montana was a place "where people go to be alone, where they don't want to be messed with", further resonating with past Far Cry themes. However, after three years of development, Hay said: "we could have never imagined, and to be honest I wouldn't have wanted to... that in some ways, it's echoing out in the real world".[51]
Following its announcement, Far Cry 5 was the subject of an online petition lodged at Change.org by individuals objecting to what they called the portrayal of American Christians as villains and calling for the game's antagonists to be recast. The petition suggested followers of Islam, inner-city gang members, and other non-white antagonists as possible replacements. The petition also suggested changing the game's setting to Canada.[52] The petition itself was criticised by industry commentators who highlighted the game's exploration of its themes as being necessary in the contemporary social and political climate, and pointed to video gaming as a medium for social commentary.[49][53] Some publications questioned the authenticity of the petition, suggesting that it may have been intended as satire.[53][54][55]
Conversely, after the game's release, some outlets criticized it for trying to be inoffensive and apolitical rather than directly engaging with contemporary political issues. Polygon's Ben Kuchera described the game as a "defiantly inoffensive mess" which "wants to appeal to everyone, but ultimately says nothing"[56]. William Hughes writing for The A.V. Club disparagingly described the villains as an "easily digestible evil" deliberately crafted so as not to offend gamers of any political persuasion.[57]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Shanghai, Ubisoft Kiev, Red Storm, Ubisoft Belgrade, Ubisoft Bucharest, Blue Byte Ubisoft Pune and Ubisoft Reflections.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Sullivan, Lucas (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 – trailer, villainous cult-leaders, and a 2018 release date: everything you need to know". GamesRadar. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Nathan (March 22, 2018). "A deep dive into what Ubisoft Montreal hopes to achieve with Far Cry 5". Finder.com.au. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walker, Austin (March 2, 2018). "Talking Cults and Culture with the Developers of 'Far Cry 5'". Vice. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Totilo, Stephen (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 is a game about resisting an American militia, will be out in February". Kotaku. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 has a character creator, campaign fully playable in co-op – watch the reveal trailer". VG 247. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Jon (March 6, 2018). "Far Cry 5's Map Editor Offers More Creative Possibilities Than Ever Before". IGN. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Takahashi, Dean (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 focuses a terrifyingly realistic armed cult". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Frushtick, Ryan (April 2, 2018). "Let's Talk About the Ending of Far Cry 5". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tassi, Paul (April 5, 2018). "We Have To Talk About Far Cry 5's Insane And Explosive Ending(s)". Forbes. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
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Jump up ^ McKeand, Kirk (June 8, 2017). "BioShock Infinite writer Drew Holmes is penning Far Cry 5's story". PCGamesN. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackovich, Sam (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 takes series to deadliest land of all: Disenfranchised America". Ars Technica. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Matthew (August 7, 2014). "Exclusive: Far Cry 4 behind-the-scenes trailer sees developers visit a Hindu temple". Digital Spy. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reparaz, Mikel (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 – what awaits you in Hope County, Montana". PlayStation Blog. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy (September 29, 2016). "Assassin's Creed and Far Cry may not return for 2017". PC Gamer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kato, Matthew (May 16, 2017). "Ubisoft announces Far Cry 5 & The Crew 2". Game Informer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Carter, Chris (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 is coming in February, watch the full trailer here". Destructoid. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vazquez, Suriel (May 24, 2017). "Far Cry 5 art reveals more about setting, characters". Game Informer. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schreier, Jason (December 7, 2017). "Ubisoft delays 3 games". Kotaku. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCaffery, Ryan (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 first look: a Montana uprising". IGN. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie (May 26, 2017). "Far Cry 5 asks you to kill thy neighbor". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Takahashi, Dean (May 26, 2017). "The dread, the separatism, and the coming collapse of America that inspired Far Cry 5". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kelly, Andy (September 28, 2017). "The apocalyptic music of Far Cry 5". PC Gamer. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/gaming/2018/04/04/far-cry-5-live-action-film-ubisoft/
Jump up ^ Far Cry 5: Inside Eden’s Gate - Full Live Action Short Film
^ Jump up to: a b "Far Cry 5 for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Far Cry 5 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Far Cry 5 for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porreca, Ray (March 26, 2018). "Review: Far Cry 5". Destructoid. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Far Cry 5". Edge. Future plc (319): 112–113. June 2018.
Jump up ^ Plessas, Nick (March 27, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cork, Jeff (March 26, 2018). "Big Sigh Country - Far Cry 5 - PlayStation 4". Game Informer. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Faulkner, Jason (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 Review - Welcome to No Hope County (PS4)". Game Revolution. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hurley, Leon (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". GamesRadar+. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gerstmann, Jeff (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 Review". Giant Bomb. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/far-cry-5-review-rocky-mountain-high/1900-6416885/
^ Jump up to: a b Hatfield, Daemon (March 27, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". [IGN]]. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 review". Polygon. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://news.ubisoft.com/article/far-cry-5-breaks-franchise-sales-records
Jump up ^ Romano, Sal (April 4, 2017). "Media Create Sales: 3/26/18 – 4/1/18". Gematsu. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Plante, Chris (May 24, 2017). "Far Cry 5 promises to be controversial, but not for the usual reasons". The Verge. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rivera, Joshua (May 30, 2017). "Far Cry 5: the video game controversy America deserves right now". GQ. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Far Cry 5 game causes online outcry". BBC Technology. BBC. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Forward, Jordan (December 1, 2017). "How Far Cry 5 became more political than Ubisoft intended". PCGamesN. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Petition Calls for Ubisoft to Change Far Cry 5 Villains to Muslims or Change Setting to Canada". comicbook.com. May 30, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "There's no way this "Cancel Far Cry 5 petition" is actually real". Forbes.com. May 31, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
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Jump up ^ William, Hughes (March 26, 2018). "Far Cry 5 cares less about politics than being the reinvention this series needed". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
2010s portal
Montana portal
Religion portal
Speculative fiction portal
Video games portal
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text:
Decade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Decade (disambiguation).
A decade is a period of 10 years. The word is derived (via French and Latin) from the Ancient Greek: δεκάς, translit. dekas), which means a group of ten. Other words for spans of years also come from Latin: biennium (2 years), triennium (3 years), quadrennium (4 years), lustrum (5 years), century (100 years), millennium (1000 years).
Contents
1 Distinctions
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Distinctions[edit]
Although any period of ten years is a decade,[1][2] a convenient and frequently referenced interval is based on the tens digit of a calendar year, as in using "1960s" to represent the decade from 1960 to 1969.[3][4] Often, for brevity, only the tens part is mentioned (60s or sixties), although this may leave it uncertain which century is meant. These references are frequently used to encapsulate popular culture or other widespread phenomena that dominated such a decade, as in The Great Depression of the 1930s or "The Roaring Twenties".
However, the Gregorian calendar begins with the year 1. (There is no year "zero", and the year before AD 1 is 1 BC with nothing in between.) Therefore, its first decade is from AD 1 to AD 10, the second decade from AD 11 to AD 20, and so on.[5] So, although "the 1960s" comprises the years 1960 to 1969, "the 197th decade" spans 1961 to 1970.
A decade may also refer to an arbitrary span of ten years. For example, the statement "during his last decade, Mozart explored chromatic harmony to a degree rare at the time", merely refers to the last ten years of Mozart's life without regard to which calendar years are encompassed.
Particularly for the 20th century, a nominal decade is often used to refer not just to a set of ten years but rather to a period roughly approximating those ten years - for example, the phrase the sixties often refers to events that took place between c. 1964 and 1972, and to memories of the counterculture, flower power, protests of 1968 and other things happening at the time. Often, such a nominal decade will come to be known by a title, such as the "Swinging Sixties" (1960s), the "Warring Forties" (1940s) and the "Roaring Twenties" (1920s). This practice is occasionally also used for decades of earlier centuries, for example references to the 1890s as the "Gay Nineties" or "Naughty Nineties".
See also[edit]
Time portal
List of decades
Century
Millennium
Year
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionaries". askoxford.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Webster dictionary definition of "decade"
Jump up ^ The OWL at Purdue: Apostrophe
Jump up ^ "1960s". Memidex/Wordnet Dictionary/Thesaurus. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
Jump up ^ Passim, i.a. Spencer, Donald D. 1989. Invitation to number theory with Pascal. Ormond Beach: Camelot. 46: "The first decade is from one to ten inclusive, the second decade from eleven to twenty inclusive, and so on."
External links[edit]
Look up decade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decades.
Definition from Etymology Online
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text:
Taarzan: The Wonder Car
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Taarzan: The Wonder Car
Directed by
Abbas-Mustan
Produced by
Gordhan Tanwani
Written by
Lalit Mahajan
Sunny Mahajan
Starring
Ayesha Takia
Vatsal Sheth
Ajay Devgn
Farida Jalal
Gulshan Grover
Rajpal Yadav
Music by
Songs:
Himesh Reshammiya
Background Score:
Surinder Sodhi
Cinematography
Ravi Yadav
Edited by
Hussain A. Burmawala
Distributed by
Baba Films
Release date
6 August 2004
Running time
162 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Taarzan: The Wonder Car is a 2004 Indian fantasy thriller film directed by Abbas Burmawalla and Mustan Burmawalla. The film stars Vatsal Sheth, Ajay Devgn and Ayesha Takia in the lead roles, while Farida Jalal, Shakti Kapoor, Amrish Puri, Pankaj Dheer, Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Gulshan Grover and Mukesh Tiwari play supporting roles. It is loosely based on the American film Christine (1983),[1] which was also remade in Marathi as Ek Gadi Baki Anadi in 1989.
The film was released as a part of launching the car named "Tarzan". Due to a huge failure of the movie at the box office, the car was never launched. Producers of the movie and the car faced huge losses.
Ayesha Takia won the Filmfare Best Debut Award for her part in the movie.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Deven Chaudhary (Ajay Devgn) lives with his mother (Farida Jalal) and only son Raj (Vatsal Sheth). Deven spends considerable time designing the perfect car, calling it DC — which is very futuristic and more advanced than any other car in the market — and registering its patent. The SUV car is said to have 400BHP and 500NM of torque, as well as making it from 0-60 in 5.2 seconds. He also looks after an older model car, handed over to him by his late father, and calls it "Taarzan". He meets with Rakesh Kapoor (Pankaj Dheer) and his partners, who praise his design but decline dealing with him, as they do not want to give royalty as part of the deal.
Later, Deven finds that Rakesh and his partners conned him and registered his design under their name. Deven reports this to a police officer, Inspector Sanjay Sharma (Deepak Shirke), but the latter turns out to be on Kapoor's payroll. Kapoor, along with his cronies and Sharma, attack and lock Deven in his car. The car is then pushed into the river, causing a bound and gagged Deven to die. Unaware of the truth behind Deven's death, his mother decides to bring up her grandson alone.
Twelve years later, Raj studies at a college and falls in love with a rich girl named Priya (Ayesha Takia). The young Raj now works in the garage of Kartar Singh (Amrish Puri) as a mechanic. One day, Raj discovers Taarzan and recognizes it immediately. He somehow pools money and buys it at a throwaway price, which was 5000 rupees. Raj wants to update the car that reminds him of his father. Little does he know that with the car, he has also brought back his father, whose soul is trapped inside the car.
Kartar is moved on learning this and aides Raj in repairing Taarzan. Taarzan is totally revamped and Raj decides to rename it DC, to honour his father's memory. Here, Deven's spirit possesses Taarzan and starts killing all the gentlemen responsible for the murder, including Inspector Sanjay Sharma. Since the car now belongs to Raj, he becomes a suspect in eyes of Inspector Khurana (Gulshan Grover), the investigating officer. Here, Kapoor returns to India after learning that all his partners have died. Kapoor is revealed to be Priya's father.
On Priya's insistence, Kapoor goes to meet Raj, but after learning that Raj is Deven's son, Kapoor assumes that Raj has somehow found the truth and is using Priya as a pawn. Kapoor decides to kill Raj and take Priya back with him. Priya and Raj are both clueless, but Raj is shocked when Kapoor tells him the truth. Here, Taarzan comes alive again and in front of disbelieving eyes of Kapoor and Raj, jumps in the ocean to save Raj. Deven's spirit now becomes visible to everybody.
In front of Raj, his grandmother, Priya and Inspector Khurana, a terrified Kapoor confesses the crime. Khurana arrests Kapoor, while Deven says his last goodbye to his mother and son. With Raj, his mother and Priya united, Deven's spirit becomes free and he ascends to heaven, with Raj and Priya living a happy life afterwards.
Cast[edit]
Vatsal Sheth as Raj Chaudhary
Ayesha Takia as Priya Rakesh Kapoor
Ajay Devgn as Deven Chaudhary
Farida Jalal as Mrs. Chaudhary
Pankaj Dheer as Rakesh Kapoor
Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Anthony D'Costa
Shakti Kapoor as Mahesh Saxena
Mukesh Tiwari as Kailash Chopra
Amrish Puri as Kartar "Kaakha" Singh
Gulshan Grover as Inspector Khurana
Rajpal Yadav as Constable Sitaram
Deepak Shirke as Inspector Sanjay Sharma
Sumeet Pathak as Vicky (Friend of Raj Chaudhary).
Jeetu Verma as Jojo
Soundtrack[edit]
The music is composed by Himesh Reshammiya with lyrics by Sameer.
#
Title
Singer(s)
Length
1 "Chura Lo" Shaan, Alka Yagnik 4:29
2 "Dil Se Juda" Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik, Jayesh Gandhi 5:10
3 "Gonna Fall In Love" Kunal Ganjawala, Alka Yagnik, Jayesh Gandhi 4:36
4 "O Lala Re" K.K, Alka Yagnik 5:16
5 "O Sajan" Udit Narayan & Alka Yagnik 6:44
6 "Taarzan" Kumar Sanu, Jayesh Gandhi 6:00
7 "Chura Lo Dil Mera" Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik 4:29
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/taarzan-the-wonder-car/critic-review/
External links[edit]
Taarzan: The Wonder Car on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Abbas–Mustan
Sajan Tara Sambharna (1985)
Moti Verana Chokma (1987)
Agneekaal (1989)
Khiladi (1992)
Baazigar (1993)
Daraar (1996)
Soldier (1998)
Baadshah (1999)
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001)
Ajnabee (2001)
Humraaz (2002)
Taarzan: The Wonder Car (2004)
Aitraaz (2004)
36 China Town (2006)
Naqaab (2007)
Race (2008)
Players (2012)
Race 2 (2013)
Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon (2015)
Machine (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taarzan:_The_Wonder_Car&oldid=831246450"
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Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
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text:
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom[1]
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review.[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms "physiological", "safety", "belonging" and "love", "esteem", "self-actualization", and "self-transcendence" to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. The goal of Maslow's Theory is to attain the sixth level of stage: self transcendent needs.[3]
Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[4]:236 Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[5]
Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.[4] The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, management training[6] and secondary and higher psychology instruction.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hierarchy
1.1 Physiological needs
1.2 Safety needs
1.3 Social belonging
1.4 Esteem
1.5 Self-actualization
1.6 Self-transcendence
2 Application to Nursing
2.1 The Human Dimensions and Basic Human Needs
3 Research
4 Criticism
4.1 Ranking
4.1.1 Global ranking
4.1.2 Ranking of sex
4.1.3 Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance
4.2 Definition of terms
4.2.1 Self-actualization
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Hierarchy[edit]
Alternative illustration as dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of different needs at same time
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization and self-transcendence at the top.[1][7]
The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. If these "deficiency needs" are not met – with the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) need – there may not be a physical indication, but the individual will feel anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term "metamotivation" to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment.[8]
The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time, thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow's hierarchy can occur at the same time. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as "relative", "general", and "primarily". Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time, Maslow stated that a certain need "dominates" the human organism.[4] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind, but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they should be met.
Physiological needs[edit]
Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first.
Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. While maintaining an adequate birth rate shapes the intensity of the human sexual instinct, sexual competition may also shape said instinct.[2]
Safety needs[edit]
Once a person's physiological needs are relatively satisfied, their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people may (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to be found in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe.
Safety and Security needs include:
Personal security
Financial security
Health and well-being
Safety needs against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts
Social belonging[edit]
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy – due to hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. – can adversely affect the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:
Friendships
Intimacy
Family
According to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups, regardless whether these groups are large or small. For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, and gangs. Some examples of small social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and non-sexually – by others.[2] Many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure.
Esteem[edit]
All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build their self-esteem until they accept who they are internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect.
Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for self-respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes precedence over the "lower" version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience. Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex, weakness, and helplessness.
Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines, the "hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated".[4] This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related.
Self-actualization[edit]
Main article: Self-actualization
"What a man can be, he must be."[4]:91 This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.[4]:92 Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions.[4]:93 As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them.
Self-transcendence[edit]
In his later years, Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs, while criticizing his own vision on self-actualization.[9] The self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher goal outside oneself, in altruism and spirituality, which is essentially the desire to reach infinite.[10] "Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness, behaving and relating, as ends rather than means, to oneself, to significant others, to human beings in general, to other species, to nature, and to the cosmos" (Farther Reaches of Human Nature, New York 1971, p. 269).
Application to Nursing[edit]
Nurses can apply Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs in the assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of patient care. It helps the nurse identify unmet needs as they become health care needs, and allows the nurse to locate the patient on the health-illness continuum and to incorporate the human dimensions and health models into meeting needs.
The Human Dimensions and Basic Human Needs[edit]
Physical dimension Physiologic needs Breathing, circulation, temperature, intake of food and fluids, elimination of wastes, movement.
Environmental dimension Safety and security needs Housing, community, climate.
Sociocultural dimension Love and belonging needs Relationships with others, communications with others, support systems, being part of community, feeling loved by others.
Emotional dimension Self-esteem needs Fear, sadness, loneliness, happiness, accepting self.
Intellectual and spiritual dimensions Self-actualization needs Thinking, learning, decision making, values, beliefs, fulfillment, helping others.
All basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time. For example, in caring for a person coming into the emergency department with a heart attack, the nurse’s immediate concern in the patient’s physiologic needs (e.g., oxygen and pain relief). At the same time, safety needs (e.g., for ensuring that the person does not fall off the examining table) and love and belonging needs (e.g., for having a family member nearby if possible) are still major considerations.[11]
Research[edit]
Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question.[12][13]
Following World War II, the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory, which was initially based on Maslow and others' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby.[14] Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs, attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow's hierarchy, from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice.[15]
Criticism[edit]
Ranking[edit]
Global ranking[edit]
In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.[16]
The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[17] Maslow's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the self, with self-actualization being the apex of self-improvement. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.[18]
Ranking of sex[edit]
The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective. For example, sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers "higher" levels of motivation. Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sex within the community, although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs.[19][20]
Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance[edit]
The higher-order (self-esteem and self-actualization) and lower-order (physiological, safety, and love) needs classification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity/country.
In one study,[21] exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and self-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year. Once again, only two levels of needs were identified; therefore, people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs. For citizens in the Middle East (Egypt and Saudi Arabia), three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime. These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens.
Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures (the US vs. the Middle East). For the US citizens, there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important. With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war, in the US there were three levels: physiological needs, safety needs, and psychological needs (social, self-esteem, and self-actualization). During the war, the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime, they were combined as one. For the people of the Middle East, the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime.[22][23]
A 1981 study looked at how Maslow's hierarchy might vary across age groups.[24] A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important. The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups, the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood, the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group, young adults had the highest self-actualization level, and old age had the highest level of security, it was needed across all levels comparably. The authors argued that this suggested Maslow's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self-esteem need should be reversed according to age.
Definition of terms[edit]
Self-actualization[edit]
The term "self-actualization" may not universally convey Maslow's observations; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others.[4] Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level; quite often, when a person is at the level of self-actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others, or "the greater good".
See also[edit]
Energy hierarchy
Engel's law, an economic model for how well basic needs are met
ERG theory, which further expands and explains Maslow's theory
Fundamental human needs, Manfred Max-Neef's model
John Curtis Gowan
Juan Antonio Pérez López, spontaneous and rational motivation
Management innovation
Murray's psychogenic needs
Need theory
Positive disintegration
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c Maslow, A.H. (1943). "A theory of human motivation". Psychological Review. 50 (4): 370–96. doi:10.1037/h0054346 – via psychclassics.yorku.ca.
Jump up ^ M.,, Wills, Evelyn. Theoretical basis for nursing. ISBN 9781451190311. OCLC 857664345.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Maslow, A (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper. ISBN 0-06-041987-3.
Jump up ^ Mittelman, W. (1991). "Maslow's study of self-actualization: A reinterpretation". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 31 (1): 114–135. doi:10.1177/0022167891311010.
Jump up ^ Kremer, William Kremer; Hammond, Claudia (31 August 2013). "Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business". BBC news magazine. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Steere, B. F. (1988). Becoming an effective classroom manager: A resource for teachers. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-620-8.
Jump up ^ Goble, F. (1970). The third force: The psychology of Abraham Maslow. Richmond, CA: Maurice Bassett Publishing. pp. 62.
Jump up ^ A.H. Maslow, "Critique of self-actualization theory", in: E. Hoffman (Ed.), Future visions: The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), pp. 26–32
Jump up ^ Cfr. A.H. Maslow, "The farther reaches of human nature", in: Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1(1969)1, pp. 1-9; A. Maslow, The farther reaches of human nature (New York: The Viking Press, 1971); Mark E. Koltko-Rivera, "Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification", in: Review of General Psychology 10(2006)4, pp. 302-317 (PDF); Albert Garcia-Romeu, "Self-transcendence as a measurable transpersonal construct", in: Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 42(2010)1, p. 26-47 (PDF)
Jump up ^ Taylor, Carol. Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Person-centered Nursing Care. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2015. Print.
Jump up ^ Villarica, H. (August 17, 2011). "Maslow 2.0: A new and improved recipe for happiness". theatlantic.com.
Jump up ^ Tay, L.; Diener, E. (2011). "Needs and subjective well-being around the world". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101 (2): 354–365. doi:10.1037/a0023779.
Jump up ^ Bretherton, I. (1992). "The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth". Developmental Psychology. 28 (5): 759–775. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759.
Jump up ^ Bugental DB (2000). "Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life: A Domain-Based Approach". Psychological Bulletin. 126 (2): 178–219. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.187. PMID 10748640.
Jump up ^ Wahba, M. A.; Bridwell, L. G. (1976). "Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory". Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 15 (2): 212–240. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90038-6.
Jump up ^ Hofstede, G. (1984). "The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept" (PDF). Academy of Management Review. 9 (3): 389–398. doi:10.5465/amr.1984.4279653.
Jump up ^ Cianci, R.; Gambrel, P. A. (2003). "Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Does it apply in a collectivist culture". Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 (2): 143–161.
Jump up ^ Kenrick, D. (May 19, 2010). "Rebuilding Maslow's pyramid on an evolutionary foundation". psychologytoday.com/.
Jump up ^ Kenrick, D. T.; Griskevicius, V.; Neuberg, S. L.; Schaller, M. (2010). "Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 5: 292. doi:10.1177/1745691610369469.
Jump up ^ Tang, T. L.; West, W. B. (1997). "The importance of human needs during peacetime, retrospective peacetime, and the Persian Gulf War". International Journal of Stress Management. 4 (1): 47–62.
Jump up ^ Tang, T. L.; Ibrahim, A. H. (1998). "Importance of human needs during retrospective peacetime and the Persian Gulf War: Mid-eastern employees". International Journal of Stress Management. 5 (1): 25–37.
Jump up ^ Tang, T. L.; Ibrahim, A. H.; West, W. B. (2002). "Effects of war-related stress on the satisfaction of human needs: The United States and the Middle East". International Journal of Management Theory and Practices. 3 (1): 35–53.
Jump up ^ Goebel, B. L.; Brown, D. R. (1981). "Age differences in motivation related to Maslow's need hierarchy". Developmental Psychology. 17: 809–815. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.17.6.809.
Further reading[edit]
Heylighen, Francis (1992). "A cognitive-systemic reconstruction of maslow's theory of self-actualization" (PDF). Behavioral Science. 37 (1): 39–58. doi:10.1002/bs.3830370105.
Kress, Oliver (1993). "A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Cognition. 2 (4): 319–332.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
A Theory of Human Motivation, original 1943 article by Maslow.
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values: تسلسل ماسلو الهرمي للاحتياجات – Arabic

values: Пирамида на потребностите на Маслоу – Bulgarian

values: Piràmid di biśògn ed Maslow – Emiliano-Romagnolo

values: Piramido de bezonoj laŭ Maslov – Esperanto

values: هرم سلسله‌مراتب نیازهای مزلو – Persian

values: Pirámide de necesidades de Maslow – Galician

values: 매슬로의 욕구단계설 – Korean

values: Մասլոուի պահանջմունքների բուրգ – Armenian

values: मास्लो पिरामिड – Hindi

values: Maslowljeva teorija hijerarhija potreba – Croatian

values: Teori hierarki kebutuhan Maslow – Indonesian

values: תאוריית הצרכים – Hebrew

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values: د مزلو د اړتیاوو د مرتبو سلسله – Pashto

values: ឋានានុក្រមនៃតម្រូវការ – Khmer

values: Hierarquia de necessidades de Maslow – Portuguese

values: Пирамида потребностей по Маслоу – Russian

values: Maslow's hierarchy of needs – Simple English

values: Hierarhija potreb po Maslowu – Slovenian

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