text:
Me Talk Pretty One Day
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Me Talk Pretty One Day
Paperback cover
Author
David Sedaris
Cover artist
Jacket design by Chip Kidd
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Essay collection
Publisher
Little, Brown and Company
Publication date
May 2, 2000
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback)
Pages
288 pp (first edition, hardcover)
ISBN
0-316-77772-2 (first edition, hardcover)
OCLC
43562054
Dewey Decimal
814/.54 21
LC Class
PS3569.E314 M4 2000
Preceded by
Holidays on Ice
Followed by
Dress Your Family in Corduroy and Denim
Me Talk Pretty One Day, published in 2000, is a bestselling collection of essays by American humorist David Sedaris. The book is separated into two parts. The first part consists of essays about Sedaris’s life before his move to Normandy, France, including his upbringing in suburban Raleigh, North Carolina, his time working odd jobs in New York City, and a visit to New York from a childhood friend and her bumpkinish girlfriend. The second section, "Deux", tells of Sedaris’s move to Normandy with his partner Hugh, often drawing humor from his efforts to live in France without speaking the French language and his frustrated attempts to learn it. Prior to publication, several of the essays were read by the author on the Public Radio International program, This American Life.
In April 2001, Variety reported that Sedaris had sold the Me Talk Pretty One Day film rights to director Wayne Wang, who was adapting four stories from the book for Columbia Pictures with hopes of beginning shooting in late 2001.[1][2] At the time, Sedaris commented, "It's just one of those things I had never considered. Like, 'What if I de-clawed a kitten?' But I like Wayne Wang a lot."[2] He recommended Jack Lemmon to play his father and Elaine Stritch for his mother.[2] Wang had completed the script and begun casting when Sedaris asked to "get out of it," after a conversation with his sister aroused concerns as to how his family might be portrayed on screen. He wrote about the conversation and its aftermath in the essay "Repeat After Me", published in Dress Your Family in Corduroy and Denim. Sedaris recounted that Wang was "a real prince. I didn't want him to be mad at me, but he was so grown up about it. I never saw how it could be turned into a movie anyway."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Contents
1.1 One
1.2 Deux
2 References
Contents[edit]
One[edit]
"Go Carolina" - David is forced to go to his elementary school speech therapist for his lisp.
"Giant Dreams, Midget Abilities" - Lou enrolls David in guitar lessons taught by a dwarf.
"Genetic Engineering" - David discusses the disparate interests between Lou and the rest of the family.
"Twelve Moments in the Life of the Artist" - David presents his own efforts to establish himself as a performance artist while fueled by methamphetamine.
"You Can't Kill the Rooster" - Despite his horrible language, David's brother, Paul, has a kind heart.
"The Youth in Asia" - David recounts the different pets he grew up and their demises.
"The Learning Curve" - David gets a job as a writing teacher and satirizes his efforts at conducting workshops.
"Big Boy" - While attending a party, David finds himself trying to get rid of a huge turd left in the toilet by the previous visitor.
"The Great Leap Forward" - A woman who lives in a big house hires David as her personal assistant; subsequently he works for a moving company.
"Today's Special" - David pokes fun at over-elaborately prepared foods and their fanciful descriptions on menus.
"City of Angels" - A lesbian childhood friend from North Carolina comes to visit David in New York, and brings along her rather country bumpkin girlfriend she recently met who seems to express culture shock much to the annoyance of David and even her girlfriend.
"A Shiner Like a Diamond" - David's sister, Amy, is to be profiled in a New York magazine, an event that occasions David to recall that Lou is obsessed with the Sedaris sisters looking thin and beautiful; they play a practical joke on him.
"Nutcracker.com" - David recalls his reluctance to join the internet.
Deux[edit]
"See You Again Yesterday" - David recalls his first visits to Normandy with his partner Hugh.
"Me Talk Pretty One Day" - David recalls a French class he took in Paris.
"Jesus Shaves" - David recounts a day in the Parisian French class where the class explained Easter to a Moroccan woman.
"The Tapeworm Is In" - David buys a Walkman to aid learning French.
"Make That a Double" - David explains that he finds gender assignment the most challenging aspect of learning French
"Remembering My Childhood on the Continent of Africa" - David compares the childhood of his partner, Hugh, to his own; where his boyhood had been pedestrian, Hugh's is exotic.
"21 Down" - David talks about his crossword addiction.
"The City of Light in the Dark" - David enjoys going to the movies in Paris more than seeing the usual cultural sights.
"I Pledge Allegiance to the Bag" - David satirizes French ideas of what Americans are like.
"Picka Pocketoni" - American tourists mistake David for a pickpocket while riding the train in Paris.
"I Almost Saw This Girl Get Killed" - David recalls an evening at the county fair near his home in France.
"Smart Guy" - David and Hugh take IQ tests. Hugh outscores David.
"The Late Show" - David lists the different fantasies he mulls over while trying to sleep at night.
"I'll Eat What He's Wearing" - A visit from Lou prompts David to remember Lou's penchant for economizing, buying and storing food past reasonable limits.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael. "'Wave' duo pilot cable; Wang's 'Pretty' deal", Variety, 2001-04-05. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lafreniere, Steve. "Amy and David Sedaris", Index Magazine, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
Jump up ^ Tyrangiel, Josh. "10 Questions for David Sedaris", Time, 2004-06-21. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
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Aftermath of World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, economic, and social change across Eurasia (Europe and Asia), Africa, and even in areas outside those that were directly involved. Four empires collapsed due to the war, old countries were abolished, new ones were formed, boundaries were redrawn, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.
World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict, transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near-universal suffrage for the first time in history, such as Germany (German federal election, 1919), Great Britain (United Kingdom general election, 1918), and Turkey (Turkish general election, 1923).
William Orpen's The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors: the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in 1919
Contents
[hide]
1 Blockade of Germany
2 Treaty of Versailles
3 Influenza epidemic
4 Ethnic minorities
5 Political upheavals
5.1 New nations break free
5.2 Revolutions
5.3 Germany
5.4 Russian Empire
5.5 Austria-Hungary
5.6 Ottoman Empire
5.7 Great Britain
5.8 United States
5.9 France
5.10 Italy
5.11 China
5.12 Japan
6 Territorial gains and losses
6.1 Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World War I
6.2 Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I
7 Social trauma
8 Remains of ammunition
9 Memorials
9.1 War memorials
9.2 Tombs of unknown soldiers
10 See also
11 Notes
12 Further reading
13 External links
Blockade of Germany[edit]
Main article: Blockade of Germany
Through the period from the armistice on 11 November 1918 until the signing of the peace treaty with Germany on 28 June 1919, the Allies maintained the naval blockade of Germany that had begun during the war. As Germany was dependent on imports, it is estimated that 523,000 civilians had lost their lives.[1] N. P. Howard, of the University of Sheffield, claims that a further quarter of a million more died from disease or starvation in the eight-month period following the conclusion of the conflict.[2] The continuation of the blockade after the fighting ended, as author Robert Leckie wrote in Delivered From Evil, did much to "torment the Germans ... driving them with the fury of despair into the arms of the devil."[citation needed] The terms of the Armistice did allow food to be shipped into Germany, but the Allies required that Germany provide the means (the shipping) to do so. The German government was required to use its gold reserves, being unable to secure a loan from the United States.[citation needed]
Historian Sally Marks claims that while "Allied warships remained in place against a possible resumption of hostilities, the Allies offered food and medicine after the armistice, but Germany refused to allow its ships to carry supplies". Further, Marks states that despite the problems facing the Allies, from the German government, "Allied food shipments arrived in Allied ships before the charge made at Versailles".[3] This position is also supported by Elisabeth Gläser who notes that an Allied task force, to help feed the German population, was established in early 1919 and that by May 1919 " Germany [had] became the chief recipient of American and Allied food shipments". Gläser further claims that during the early months of 1919, while the main relief effort was being planned, France provided food shipments to Bavaria and the Rhineland. She further claims that the German government delayed the relief effort by refusing to surrender their merchant fleet to the Allies. Finally, she concludes that "the very success of the relief effort had in effect deprived the [Allies] of a credible threat to induce Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.[4] However, it is also the case that for eight months following the end of hostilities, the blockade was continually in place, with some estimates that a further 100,000 casualties among German civilians due to starvation were caused, on top of the hundreds of thousands which already had occurred. Food shipments, furthermore, had been entirely dependent on Allied goodwill, causing at least in part the post-hostilities irregularity.[5][6]
Treaty of Versailles[edit]
Main article: Treaty of Versailles
Demonstration against the Treaty in front of the Reichstag building
After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919, between Germany on the one side and France, Italy, Britain and other minor allied powers on the other, officially ended war between those countries. Other treaties ended the relationships of the United States and the other Central Powers. Included in the 440 articles of the Treaty of Versailles were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility for starting the war and pay economic reparations. The treaty drastically limited the German military machine: German troops were reduced to 100,000 and the country was prevented from possessing major military armaments such as tanks, warships, armored vehicles and submarines.
Influenza epidemic[edit]
Historians continue to argue about the impact the 1918 flu pandemic had on the outcome of the war. It has been posited that the Central Powers may have been exposed to the viral wave before the Allies. The resulting casualties having greater effect, having been incurred during the war, as opposed to the allies who suffered the brunt of the pandemic after the Armistice. When the extent of the epidemic was realized, the respective censorship programs of the Allies and Central Powers limited the public's knowledge regarding the true extent of the disease. Because Spain was neutral, their media was free to report on the Flu, giving the impression that it began there. This misunderstanding led to contemporary reports naming it the "Spanish flu." Investigative work by a British team led by virologist John Oxford of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital, identified a major troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples, France as almost certainly being the center of the 1918 flu pandemic. A significant precursor virus was harbored in birds, and mutated to pigs that were kept near the front.[7] The exact number of deaths is unknown but about 50 million people are estimated to have died from the influenza outbreak worldwide.[8][9] In 2005, a study found that, "The 1918 virus strain developed in birds and was similar to the 'bird flu' that in the 21st century spurred fears of another worldwide pandemic, yet proved to be a normal treatable virus that did not produce a heavy impact on the world's health."[10]
Ethnic minorities[edit]
The dissolution of the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires created a number of new countries in eastern Europe and the Middle East.[11] Some of them, such as Czechoslovakia and Poland, had substantial ethnic minorities who were sometimes not fully satisfied with the new boundaries that cut them off from fellow ethnics. For example, Czechoslovakia had Germans, Poles, Ruthenians and Ukrainians, Slovaks and Hungarians. The League of Nations sponsored various Minority Treaties in an attempt to deal with the problem, but with the decline of the League in the 1930s, these treaties became increasingly unenforceable. One consequence of the massive redrawing of borders and the political changes in the aftermath of the war was the large number of European refugees. These and the refugees of the Russian Civil War led to the creation of the Nansen passport.
Ethnic minorities made the location of the frontiers generally unstable. Where the frontiers have remained unchanged since 1918, there has often been the expulsion of an ethnic group, such as the Sudeten Germans. Economic and military cooperation amongst these small states was minimal, ensuring that the defeated powers of Germany and the Soviet Union retained a latent capacity to dominate the region. In the immediate aftermath of the war, defeat drove cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union but ultimately these two powers would compete to dominate eastern Europe.
Political upheavals[edit]
Main article: International relations (1919–1939)
New nations break free[edit]
German and Austrian forces in 1918 defeated the Russian armies, and the new communist government in Moscow signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. In that treaty, Russia renounced all claims to Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and the territory of Congress Poland, and it was left to Germany and Austria-Hungary "to determine the future status of these territories in agreement with their population." Later on, Vladimir Lenin's government also renounced the Partition of Poland treaty, making it possible for Poland to claim its 1772 borders. However, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was rendered obsolete when Germany was defeated later in 1918, leaving the status of much of eastern Europe in an uncertain position.
Revolutions[edit]
Main article: Revolutions of 1917–23
Political divisions of Europe in 1919 after the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Versailles and before the treaties of Trianon, Kars, Riga and the creation of the Soviet Union, Irish Free State and Turkish Republic
A far-left and often explicitly Communist revolutionary wave occurred in several European countries in 1917-1920, notably in Germany and Hungary. The single most important event precipitated by the privations of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Germany[edit]
Main articles: German Revolution of 1918–19 and Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
In Germany, there was a socialist revolution which led to the brief establishment of a number of communist political systems in (mainly urban) parts of the country, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and the creation of the Weimar Republic.
On 28 June 1919 the Weimar Republic was forced, under threat of continued Allied advance, to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Germany viewed the one-sided treaty as a humiliation and as blaming it for the entire war. While this was not the intent of the treaty[citation needed], the notion took root in German society and was never accepted by nationalists, although it was argued by some, such as German historian Fritz Fischer. The German government disseminated propaganda to further promote this idea, and funded the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War to this end.
132 billion gold marks ($31.5 billion, 6.6 billion pounds) were demanded from Germany in reparations, of which only 50 billion had to be paid. In order to finance the purchases of foreign currency required to pay off the reparations, the new German republic printed tremendous amounts of money – to disastrous effect. Hyperinflation plagued Germany between 1921 and 1923. In this period the worth of fiat Papiermarks with respect to the earlier commodity Goldmarks was reduced to one trillionth (one million millionth) of its value.[12] In December 1922 the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, and on 11 January 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr until 1925.
The treaty required Germany to permanently reduce the size of its army to 100,000 men, and destroy their tanks, air force, and U-boat fleet (her capital ships, moored in Scapa Flow, were scuttled by their crews to prevent them from falling into Allied hands).
Germany saw relatively small amounts of territory transferred to Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and Belgium, a larger amount to France (including the temporary French occupation of the Rhineland) and the greatest portion as part of a reestablished Poland. Germany's overseas colonies were divided between a number of Allied countries, most notably the United Kingdom in Africa, but it was the loss of the territory that composed the newly independent Polish state, including the German city of Danzig and the separation of East Prussia from the rest of Germany, that caused the greatest outrage. Nazi propaganda would feed on a general German view that the treaty was unfair – many Germans never accepted the treaty as legitimate, and lent their political support to Adolf Hitler.
Russian Empire[edit]
The Soviet Union benefited from Germany's loss, as one of the first terms of the armistice was the abrogation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. At the time of the armistice Russia was in the grips of a civil war which left more than seven million people dead and large areas of the country devastated. The nation as a whole suffered socially and economically. As to her border territories, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia gained independence. They were occupied again by the Soviet Union in 1940. Finland gained a lasting independence, though she repeatedly had to fight the Soviet Union for her borders. Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan were established as independent states in the Caucasus region. These countries were proclaimed as Soviet Republics in 1922 and over time were absorbed into the Soviet Union. During the war, however, Turkey captured the Armenian territory around Artvin, Kars, and Igdir, and these territorial losses became permanent. Romania gained Bessarabia from Russia. The Russian concession in Tianjin was occupied by the Chinese in 1920; in 1924 the Soviet Union renounced its claims to the district.
Austria-Hungary[edit]
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Main articles: Treaty of Trianon and Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
With the war having turned decisively against the Central Powers, the people of Austria-Hungary lost faith in their allied countries, and even before the armistice in November, radical nationalism had already led to several declarations of independence in south-central Europe after November 1918. As the central government had ceased to operate in vast areas, these regions found themselves without a government and many new groups attempted to fill the void. During this same period, the population was facing food shortages and was, for the most part, demoralized by the losses incurred during the war. Various political parties, ranging from ardent nationalists, to social democrats, to communists attempted to set up governments in the names of the different nationalities. In other areas, existing nation states such as Romania engaged regions that they considered to be theirs. These moves created de facto governments that complicated life for diplomats, idealists, and the Western allies.
The Western forces were officially supposed to occupy the old Empire, but rarely had enough troops to do so effectively. They had to deal with local authorities who had their own agenda to fulfill. At the peace conference in Paris the diplomats had to reconcile these authorities with the competing demands of the nationalists who had turned to them for help during the war, the strategic or political desires of the Western allies themselves, and other agendas such as a desire to implement the spirit of the Fourteen Points.
For example, in order to live up to the ideal of self-determination laid out in the Fourteen Points, Germans, whether Austrian or German, should be able to decide their own future and government. However, the French especially were concerned that an expanded Germany would be a huge security risk. Further complicating the situation, delegations such as the Czechs and Slovenians made strong claims on some German-speaking territories.
The result was treaties that compromised many ideals, offended many allies, and set up an entirely new order in the area. Many people hoped that the new nation states would allow for a new era of prosperity and peace in the region, free from the bitter quarrelling between nationalities that had marked the preceding fifty years. This hope proved far too optimistic. Changes in territorial configuration after World War I included:
Establishment of the Republic of German Austria and the Hungarian Democratic Republic, disavowing any continuity with the empire and exiling the Habsburg family in perpetuity.
Borders of newly independent Hungary did not include two-thirds of the lands of the former Kingdom of Hungary, including areas where the ethnic Magyars were in a majority. The new republic of Austria maintained control over most of the predominantly German-controlled areas, but lost various other German majority lands in what was the Austrian Empire.
Division of Austria-Hungary after World War I
Bohemia, Moravia, Opava Silesia and the western part of the Duchy of Cieszyn, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia formed the new Czechoslovakia.
Galicia, the eastern part of the Duchy of Cieszyn, northern County of Orava and northern Spisz were transferred to Poland.
the Southern half of the County of Tyrol and Trieste were granted to Italy.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Slovenia, and Vojvodina were joined with Serbia to form the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later Yugoslavia.
Transylvania and Bukovina became parts of Romania.
The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin was ceded to the Republic of China.
These changes were recognized in, but not caused by, the Treaty of Versailles. They were subsequently further elaborated in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon.
The 1919 treaties generally included guarantees of minority rights, but there was no enforcement mechanism. The new states of eastern Europe mostly all had large ethnic minorities. Millions of Germans found themselves in the newly created countries as minorities. More than two million ethnic Hungarians found themselves living outside of Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. Many of these national minorities found themselves in hostile situations because the modern governments were intent on defining the national character of the countries, often at the expense of the other nationalities. The interwar years were hard for religious minorities in the new states built around ethnic nationalism. The Jews were especially distrusted because of their minority religion and distinct subculture. This was a dramatic come-down from the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although antisemitism had been widespread during Habsburg rule, Jews faced no official discrimination because they were, for the most part, ardent supporters of the multi-national state and the monarchy.[13]
The economic disruption of the war and the end of the Austro-Hungarian customs union created great hardship in many areas. Although many states were set up as democracies after the war, one by one, with the exception of Czechoslovakia, they reverted to some form of authoritarian rule. Many quarreled amongst themselves but were too weak to compete effectively. Later, when Germany rearmed, the nation states of south-central Europe were unable to resist its attacks, and fell under German domination to a much greater extent than had ever existed in Austria-Hungary.
Ottoman Empire[edit]
Main articles: Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and Turkish War of Independence
At the end of the war, the Allies occupied Constantinople (İstanbul) and the Ottoman government collapsed. The Treaty of Sèvres, a plan designed by the Allies to dismember the remaining Ottoman territories, was signed on 10 August 1920, although it was never ratified by the Sultan.
The occupation of Smyrna by Greece on 18 May 1919 triggered a nationalist movement to rescind the terms of the treaty. Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a successful Ottoman commander, rejected the terms enforced at Sèvres and under the guise of General Inspector of the Ottoman Army, left Istanbul for Samsun to organize the remaining Ottoman forces to resist the terms of the treaty. On the eastern front, the Turkish–Armenian War and signing of the Treaty of Kars with the Russian S.F.S.R. took over territory lost to Armenia and post-Imperial Russia.[14]
On the western front, the growing strength of the Turkish nationalist forces led Greece, with the backing of Britain, to invade deep into Anatolia in an attempt to deal a blow to the revolutionaries. At the Battle of Dumlupınar, the Greek army was defeated and forced into retreat, leading to the burning of Smyrna and the withdrawal of Greece from Asia Minor. With the nationalists empowered, the army marched on to reclaim Istanbul, resulting in the Chanak Crisis in which the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, was forced to resign. After Turkish resistance gained control over Anatolia and Istanbul, the Sèvres treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne which formally ended all hostilities and led to the creation of the modern Turkish Republic. As a result, Turkey became the only power of World War I to overturn the terms of its defeat, and negotiate with the Allies as an equal.[15]
Lausanne Treaty formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the Middle East, the cession of their territories on the Arabian Peninsula, and British sovereignty over Cyprus. The League of Nations granted Class A mandates for the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon and British Mandate of Mesopotamia and Palestine, the latter comprising two autonomous regions: Mandate Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan. Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became part of what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire became a pivotal milestone in the creation of the modern Middle East, the result of which bore witness to the creation of new conflicts and hostilities in the region.[16]
Great Britain[edit]
In Britain, funding the war had a severe economic cost. From being the world's largest overseas investor, it became one of its biggest debtors with interest payments forming around 40% of all government spending. Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920, while the value of the Pound Sterling (consumer expenditure[17]) fell by 61.2%. Reparations in the form of free German coal depressed local industry, precipitating the 1926 General Strike.
British private investments abroad were sold, raising £550 million. However, £250 million in new investment also took place during the war. The net financial loss was therefore approximately £300 million; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928.[18] Material loss was "slight": the most significant being 40% of the British merchant fleet sunk by German U-boats. Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war.[19] The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that "in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain" but that the war "crippled the British psychologically but in no other way".[20]
Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations. Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand, and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to Britain, leading to the growth of diplomatic autonomy in the 1920s. These battles were often decorated in propaganda in these nations as symbolic of their power during the war. Colonies such as the British Raj (India) and Nigeria also became increasingly assertive because of their participation in the war. The populations in these countries became increasingly aware of their own power and Britain's fragility.
Cartoon predicting the aftermath of the war by Henry J. Glintenkamp, first published in The Masses in 1914
In Ireland, the delay in finding a resolution to the home rule issue, partly caused by the war, as well as the 1916 Easter Rising and a failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland, increased support for separatist radicals. This led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919. The creation of the Irish Free State that followed this conflict in effect represented a territorial loss for Britain that was all but equal to the loss sustained by Germany, (and furthermore, compared to Germany, a much greater loss in terms of its ratio to the country's prewar territory). Despite this, the Irish Free State remained a dominion within the British Empire.
After World War I women gained the right to vote as, during the war, they had had to fill-in for what were previously categorised as "men's jobs", thus showing the government that women were not as weak and incompetent as they thought. Also, there were several significant developments in medicine and technology as the injured had to be cared for and there were several new illnesses that medicine had to deal with.
United States[edit]
While disillusioned by the war, it having not achieved the high ideals promised by President Woodrow Wilson, American commercial interests did finance Europe's rebuilding and reparation efforts in Germany, at least until the onset of the Great Depression. American opinion on the propriety of providing aid to Germans and Austrians was split, as evidenced by an exchange of correspondence between Edgar Gott, an executive with The Boeing Company and Charles Osner, chairman of the Committee for the Relief of Destitute Women and Children in Germany and Austria. Gott argued that relief should first go to citizens of countries that had suffered at the hands of the Central Powers, while Osner made an appeal for a more universal application of humanitarian ideals.[21] The American economic influence allowed the Great Depression to start a domino effect, pulling Europe in as well.
France[edit]
French cavalry entering Essen during the occupation of the Ruhr.
Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, the region which had been ceded to Prussia in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. At the 1919 Peace Conference, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau's aim was to ensure that Germany would not seek revenge in the following years. To this purpose, the chief commander of the Allied forces, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, had demanded that for the future protection of France the Rhine river should now form the border between France and Germany. Based on history, he was convinced that Germany would again become a threat, and, on hearing the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that had left Germany substantially intact, he observed that "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."
The destruction brought upon French territory was to be indemnified by the reparations negotiated at Versailles. This financial imperative dominated France's foreign policy throughout the 1920s, leading to the 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr in order to force Germany to pay. However, Germany was unable to pay, and obtained support from the United States. Thus, the Dawes Plan was negotiated after Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré's occupation of the Ruhr, and then the Young Plan in 1929.
Also extremely important in the War was the participation of French colonial troops, including the Senegalese tirailleurs, and troops from Indochina, North Africa, and Madagascar. When these soldiers returned to their homelands and continued to be treated as second class citizens, many became the nuclei of pro-independence groups.
Furthermore, under the state of war declared during the hostilities, the French economy had been somewhat centralized in order to be able to shift into a "war economy", leading to a first breach with classical liberalism.
Finally, the socialists' support of the National Union government (including Alexandre Millerand's nomination as Minister of War) marked a shift towards the French Section of the Workers' International's (SFIO) turn towards social democracy and participation in "bourgeois governments", although Léon Blum maintained a socialist rhetoric.
Italy[edit]
Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari, September 1919. At the time, Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants.
In 1882 Italy joined with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to form the Triple Alliance. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal, as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste, parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire populated by Italians.
During World War I Italy aligned with the Allies, instead of joining Germany and Austria. This could happen since the alliance formally had merely defensive prerogatives, while the Central Empires were the ones who started the offensive. With the Treaty of London, Britain secretly offered Italy Trentino and Tyrol as far as Brenner, Trieste and Istria, all the Dalmatian coast except Fiume, full ownership of Albanian Valona and a protectorate over Albania, Antalya in Turkey and a share of the Turkish and German colonial empire, in exchange for Italy siding against the Central Empires[citation needed].
After the victory, Vittorio Orlando, Italy's President of the Council of Ministers, and Sidney Sonnino, its Foreign Minister, were sent as the Italian representatives to Paris with the aim of gaining the promised territories and as much other land as possible. In particular, there was an especially strong opinion about the status of Fiume, which they believed was rightly Italian due to Italian population, in agreement with Wilson's Fourteen Points, the ninth of which read:
"A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality".
Nevertheless, by the end of the war the Allies realized they had made contradictory agreements with other Nations, especially regarding Central Europe and the Middle-East. In the meetings of the "Big Four", in which Orlando's powers of diplomacy were inhibited by his lack of English, the Great powers were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner, the Dalmatian port of Zara, the island of Lagosta and a couple of small German colonies. All other territories were promised to other nations and the great powers were worried about Italy's imperial ambitions; Wilson, in particular, was a staunch supporter of Yugoslav rights on Dalmatia against Italy and despite the Treaty of London which he did not recognize.[22] As a result of this, Orlando left the conference in a rage. This simply favored Britain and France, which divided among themselves the former Ottoman and German territories in Africa.[23]
In Italy, the discontent was relevant: Irredentism (see: irredentismo) claimed Fiume and Dalmatia as Italian lands; many felt the Country had taken part in a meaningless war without getting any serious benefits. This idea of a "mutilated victory" (vittoria mutilata) was the reason which led to the Impresa di Fiume ("Fiume Exploit"). On September 12, 1919, the nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio led around 2,600 troops from the Royal Italian Army (the Granatieri di Sardegna), nationalists and irredentists, into a seizure of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces.
The "mutilated victory" (vittoria mutilata) became an important part of Italian Fascism propaganda.
China[edit]
The Republic of China had been one of the Allies; during the war, it had sent thousands of labourers to France. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Chinese delegation called for an end to Western imperialistic institutions in China, but was rebuffed. China requested at least the formal restoration of its territory of Jiaozhou Bay, under German colonial control since 1898. But the western Allies rejected China's request, instead granting transfer to Japan of all of Germany's pre-war territory and rights in China. Subsequently, China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, instead signing a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921.
The Austro-Hungarian and German concessions in Tianjin were placed under the administration of the Chinese government; in 1920 they occupied the Russian area as well.
The western Allies' substantial accession to Japan's territorial ambitions at China's expense led to the May Fourth Movement in China, a social and political movement that had profound influence over subsequent Chinese history. The May Fourth Movement is often cited as the birth of Chinese nationalism, and both the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party consider the Movement to be an important period in their own histories.
Japan[edit]
Because of the treaty that Japan had signed with Great Britain in 1902, Japan was one of the Allies during the war. With British assistance, Japanese forces attacked Germany's territories in Shandong province in China, including the East Asian coaling base of the Imperial German navy. The German forces were defeated and surrendered to Japan in November 1914. The Japanese navy also succeeded in seizing several of Germany's island possessions in the Western Pacific: the Marianas, Carolines, and Marshall Islands.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Japan was granted all of Germany's pre-war rights in Shandong province in China (despite China also being one of the Allies during the war): outright possession of the territory of Jiaozhou Bay, and favorable commercial rights throughout the rest of the province, as well as a Mandate over the German Pacific island possessions that the Japanese navy had taken. Also, Japan was granted a permanent seat on the Council of the League of Nations. Nevertheless, the Western powers refused Japan's request for the inclusion of a "racial equality" clause as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.[24]
Territorial gains and losses[edit]
A map with the post-war borders in red over the pre-war map of Europe. Note: this map does not show the Irish Free State.
Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World War I[edit]
Note: Countries which only briefly gained independence are not taken up in this list.
Australia: gained control of German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru
Austria: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Belgium: gained control of Eupen-Malmedy and the African territories of Ruanda-Urundi from the German Empire
Czechoslovakia: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Danzig: semi-autonomous free city with independence from the German Empire
Denmark: gained control of Nordschleswig after a referendum from the German Empire
Estonia: independence from the Russian Empire
Finland: independence from the Russian Empire
France: gained Alsace-Lorraine as well as various African colonies from the German Empire, and Middle East territories from the Ottoman Empire. The African and Middle East gains were officially League of Nations Mandates.
Greece: gained Western Thrace from Bulgaria
Hungary: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Ireland: independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire)
Italy: gained South Tyrol, Friuli peninsula, and Zadar from the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Japan: gained Jiaozhou Bay and most of Shandong from China and the South Pacific Mandate (both controlled by German Empire before the war)
Latvia: independence from the Russian Empire
Lithuania: independence from the Russian Empire
New Zealand: gained control of German Samoa
Poland: recreated from parts of the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires
Romania: gained control of Transylvania from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Dobruja from Bulgaria, and Bessarabia from the Russian Empire
South Africa: gained control of South West Africa
United Kingdom: gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle East
Yugoslavia, as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia
Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I[edit]
Austria, as the successor state of Cisleithania and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Bulgaria: lost Western Thrace to Greece also lost a part of Eastern Macedonia to Serbia (Yugoslavia)
China: temporarily lost Jiaozhou Bay and most of Shandong to the Empire of Japan
Germany, as the successor state of the German Empire
Hungary, as the successor state of Transleithania and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Montenegro declared union with Serbia and subsequently became incorporated into Yugoslavia
Russian SFSR, as the successor state of the Russian Empire
Turkey, as the successor state of the day Ottoman Empire
United Kingdom: lost most of Ireland as the Irish Free State, Egypt in 1922
Social trauma[edit]
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The experiences of the war in the west are commonly assumed to have led to a sort of collective national trauma afterward for all of the participating countries. The optimism of 1900 was entirely gone and those who fought became what is known as "the Lost Generation" because they never fully recovered from their suffering. For the next few years, much of Europe mourned privately and publicly; memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns.
So many British men of marriageable age died or were injured that the students of one girls' school were warned that only 10% would marry.[25][26]:20,245 The 1921 United Kingdom Census found 19,803,022 women and 18,082,220 men in England and Wales, a difference of 1.72 million which newspapers called the "Surplus Two Million".[26]:22–23 In the 1921 census there were 1,209 single women aged 25 to 29 for every 1,000 men. In 1931 50% were still single, and 35% of them did not marry while still able to bear children.[25]
As early as 1923, Stanley Baldwin recognized a new strategic reality that faced Britain in a disarmament speech. Poison gas and the aerial bombing of civilians were new developments of the First World War. The British civilian population, for many centuries, had not had any serious reason to fear invasion. So the new threat of poison gas dropped from enemy bombers excited a grossly exaggerated view of the civilian deaths that would occur on the outbreak of any future war. Baldwin expressed this in his statement that "The bomber will always get through." The traditional British policy of a balance of power in Europe no longer safeguarded the British home population. Out of this fear came appeasement. It is notable that neither Baldwin nor Neville Chamberlain fought in the war, but the anti-appeasers Antony Eden, Harold Macmillan and Winston Churchill did.
One gruesome reminder of the sacrifices of the generation was the fact that this was one of the first times in conflict whereby more men died in battle than from disease, which was the main cause of deaths in most previous wars. The Russo-Japanese War was the first conflict where battle deaths outnumbered disease deaths, but it was fought on a much smaller scale between just two nations.
This social trauma made itself manifest in many different ways. Some people were revolted by nationalism and what they believed it had caused, so they began to work toward a more internationalist world through organizations such as the League of Nations. Pacifism became increasingly popular. Others had the opposite reaction, feeling that only military strength could be relied upon for protection in a chaotic and inhumane world that did not respect hypothetical notions of civilization. Certainly a sense of disillusionment and cynicism became pronounced. Nihilism grew in popularity. Many people believed that the war heralded the end of the world as they had known it, including the collapse of capitalism and imperialism. Communist and socialist movements around the world drew strength from this theory, enjoying a level of popularity they had never known before. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or particularly harshly affected by the war, such as central Europe, Russia and France.
Artists such as Otto Dix, George Grosz, Ernst Barlach, and Käthe Kollwitz represented their experiences, or those of their society, in blunt paintings and sculpture. Similarly, authors such as Erich Maria Remarque wrote grim novels detailing their experiences. These works had a strong impact on society, causing a great deal of controversy and highlighting conflicting interpretations of the war. In Germany, nationalists including the Nazis believed that much of this work was degenerate and undermined the cohesion of society as well as dishonoring the dead.
Iron harvest World War I ordnance left beside a field for disposal by the army in 2004 near Ypres in Belgium
Remains of ammunition[edit]
Main article: Iron harvest
Throughout the areas where trenches and fighting lines were located, such as the Champagne region of France, quantities of unexploded ordnance have remained, some of which remains dangerous, continuing to cause injuries and occasional fatalities in the 21st century. Some are found by farmers ploughing their fields and have been called the iron harvest. Some of this ammunition contains toxic chemical products such as mustard gas. Cleanup of major battlefields is a continuing task with no end in sight for decades to come. Squads remove, defuse or destroy hundreds of tons of unexploded ammunition every year in Belgium, France, and Germany.
Memorials[edit]
The Menin Gate Memorial, in Ypres, Belgium
War memorials[edit]
Many towns in the participating countries have war memorials dedicated to local residents who lost their lives. Examples include:
Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia
Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
District of Columbia War Memorial, Washington, DC, United States
Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial
The Cenotaph, London, United Kingdom
Menin Gate Memorial, Ypres, Belgium
Thiepval Memorial
Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing at Passchendaele
Verdun Memorial Museum
Vimy Ridge Memorial, Vimy, France
Gallipoli Memorial, Turkey
Shrine of Remembrance, Melbourne, Australia
Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin, Ireland
Island of Ireland Peace Park, Messines, Belgium
National War Memorial, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
National War Memorial, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
Kriegerdenkmal auf dem Neroberg,[27] Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany
Sacrario militare di Redipuglia, Fogliano Redipuglia, Italy
Mausoleum of Mărășești, Romania
Tombs of unknown soldiers[edit]
The Amar Jawan Jyoti (the flame of the immortal warrior) in Delhi, India
Monument to the Unknown Hero, Belgrade, Serbia
Amar Jawan Jyoti, New Delhi, India
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France
The Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, London, United Kingdom
Tomb of the Unknowns, Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, United States
Tomba del milite ignoto, Rome, Italy
Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia
New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, Wellington, New Zealand
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Syntagma Square, Athens, Greece
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Bucharest, Romania
See also[edit]
World War I portal
International relations (1919–1939)
Revolutions of 1917–1923
Interwar period
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 'german casualties'
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Marks, Sally (1986). "1918 and After: The Postwar Era". In Martel, Gordon. The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. Boston: Allen & Unwin. p. 19. ISBN 0-04-940084-3.
Jump up ^ Gläser (1998). The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 388–391. ISBN 0-521-62132-1.
Jump up ^ Germany. Gesundheits-Amt. Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade. Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes, Dezember 1918. (Parallel English translation) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade. Memorial of the German Board of Public Health, 27 December 1918 [Berlin, Reichsdruckerei,]The report notes on page 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimated based on the first half of 1918.
Jump up ^ "The National Archives: The Blockade of Germany
Jump up ^ ^ Connor, Steve, "Flu epidemic traced to Great War transit camp", The Guardian (UK), Saturday, 8 January 2000. Accessed 2009-05-09. Archived 11 May 2009.
Jump up ^ NAP
Jump up ^ Influenza Report
Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1005_051005_bird_flu.html
Jump up ^ Mark Mazower, "Minorities and the League of Nations in interwar Europe." Daedalus 126.2 (1997): 47-63. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Table IV (page 441) of The Economics of Inflation by Costantino Bresciani-Turroni, published 1937.
Jump up ^ Marsha L. Rozenblit (2004). Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I. Oxford UP. p. 163.
Jump up ^ (in Russian) Text of the Treaty of Kars
Jump up ^ Countrystudies – Turkey
Jump up ^ Fromkin, David (1989). A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East 1914–1922. New York: H. Holt. p. 565. ISBN 0-8050-0857-8.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-19. Retrieved 2006-02-19.
Jump up ^ Taylor, A. J. P. (1976). English History, 1914–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-19-821715-3.
Jump up ^ Taylor, A. J. P. (1976). English History, 1914–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-19-821715-3.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Correlli (2002). The Collapse of British Power. London: Pan. pp. 424 and 426. ISBN 0-330-49181-4.
Jump up ^ Kuhlman, Erika A., Of Little Comfort. 2012. pp. 120–121.
Jump up ^ But perhaps the major hindrance to Italy's aims were the different opinions of Orlando and Sonnino: the first was decided to obtain Fiume and forsake Dalmatia, Sonnino did not mean to abandon Dalmatia and would have willingly left Fiume. This indecision proved fatal for Italy, which did not gain either of the territories.
Jump up ^ (Jackson, 1938)
Jump up ^ Stephen G. Craft, "John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question." Pacific Historical Review 66.2 (1997): 231-249. online
^ Jump up to: a b Cable, Amanda (2007-09-15). "Condemned to be virgins: The two million women robbed by the war". Daily Mail. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholson, Virginia (2008). Singled Out: How Two Million British Women Survived Without Men After the First World War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-537822-9.
Jump up ^ Kriegerdenkmal auf dem Neroberg
Further reading[edit]
Aldcroft, Derek Howard. Europe's third world: the European periphery in the interwar years (2006).
Blom, Philipp. Fracture: Life and Culture in the West, 1918-1938 (2015).
Margaret MacMillan. Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War (2001)
Kallis, Aristotle. "When fascism became mainstream: the challenge of extremism in times of crisis." Fascism 4.1 (2015): 1-24.
Mazower, Mark. Dark continent: Europe's twentieth century (2009).
Mowat, C.L. ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898-1945 (1968) online 25 chapters; 845pp
Overy, R. J. The Inter-War Crisis (2nd ed. 2016) excerpt
Somervell, D.C. The Reign of King George V (1936) online 550pp; wide ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910-35
John Wheeler-Bennett The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932 New York, H. Fertig, 1972.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aftermath of World War I.
FirstWorldWar.com "A multimedia history of World War I"
The war to end all wars on BBC site
"The Heritage of the Great War"
The British Army in the Great War
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James and Oliver Phelps
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James and Oliver Phelps
James and Oliver Phelps at Lucca Comics and Games 2011
Born
James Andrew Eric Phelps
Oliver Martyn John Phelps
(1986-02-25) 25 February 1986 (age 32)
Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, England
Occupation
Actors
Years active
2001–present
James Andrew Eric and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin British actors, best known for playing Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Charity work
5 Filmography
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
James and Oliver were born in the Sutton Coldfield area of Birmingham, England on 25 February 1986. They are the only sons of Susan (née Spare) and Martyn Phelps. James is the younger of the two by 13 minutes. Growing up, they attended Little Sutton Primary School and the Arthur Terry Secondary School. As they spent an extensive amount of time shooting for Harry Potter, the twins were tutored on set, along with their fellow school-age cast friends.
Career[edit]
In 2000, at age 14, the twins skipped school exams to attend an open audition, despite having no previous acting experience, and, after about six auditions, were cast as Fred and George Weasley in the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. They went on to portray their characters in all of the subsequent Harry Potter films.
Outside of acting, James has worked as a runner on the set of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and other film productions, such as The Da Vinci Code.[1] In 2009, the twins appeared as brothers in the fifth episode of the third season of the TV series Kingdom. In 2012, they starred in A Mind's Eye, a short documentary film based on the philosophical ideas of Plato.[2]
The brothers have also been involved in the Harry Potter Exhibition; they were present during its 2009 official opening in Chicago, and have since followed its tour around different cities and countries to promote it. Their second tour was a solo one around Thailand.
In January 2014, both went to the Harry Potter Celebration in Orlando, Florida, with Evanna Lynch, Matthew Lewis, and Devon Murray. They also made a LiveCast, where they answered fans' questions and talked about the expansion at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, where the fans can go to the Diagon Alley, summer 2014.
Personal life[edit]
Both twins enjoy golf and play regularly. Oliver's handicap is 18 and James' is 20.[3] The twins support rival football clubs in Birmingham. Oliver supports Aston Villa, and did so alongside his late grandfather, while James supports Birmingham City with his father. However, both support Gloucester RFC together. They both support Major League Football side, Portland Timbers.[4]
The twins enjoy travelling. Both travel around the world to tour and attend sports games and events; Oliver also maintains his own website called JOP World, where he chronicles the various places he visits and keeps fans updated with the brothers' activities.[5]
James and Oliver are close with several of the Harry Potter cast members, including Rupert Grint, Tom Felton, Daniel Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis. They attended Radcliffe's Broadway performances, and often meet up with Grint, Felton and Lewis to play golf.
In the summer of 2013, the twins moved to Santa Monica, California for a while to look at different film projects. Currently, they spend time in the US and back home in the UK.[6]
Charity work[edit]
In January 2003, the twins planted trees at the National Forest, in Leicestershire. The wood that helped make the Harry Potter broomsticks was replanted by the boys, with the trees being birch and ash.[7]
Both James and Oliver are supporters of Teenage Cancer Trust. They opened one of the charity's specialist units in Birmingham and have continued to support the charity since.
The twins also make public appearances in support of music and sports. Every year, they attend the V Festival, held by Virgin Media each August, as well as attending the Download Festival, a rock music festival managed and arranged by Live Nation UK in Donington Park, England.
In May 2006, they both took part in a celebrity football tournament called the "Celebrity World Cup Soccer Six."[8] They participated alongside other celebrity sports fans.[9]
James and Oliver were part of the Virgin Money Giving drive. Oliver focused on raising money for the RNLI lifeguards and James became involved with the "National Three Peaks Challenge," an event that challenged a climber to climb the three highest peaks in the United Kingdom in a 24-hour span.[10][11][12]
On 22 November 2011, the brothers took part in a skydive for Cancer Research UK in Australia in memory of Harry Moseley, an 11-year-old boy who died on 8 October 2011 after a four-year battle with brain cancer. By December 2011, the amount pledged for their jump stood at £2,525.
On 7 September 2013, the brothers went on Pointless Celebrities to win money for the charity in memory of Harry Moseley, and won £2,500.
Filmography[edit]
Film and television
Year
Title
James' role
Oliver's role
Notes
2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Fred Weasley George Weasley
2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Fred Weasley George Weasley
2004 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Fred Weasley George Weasley
2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Fred Weasley George Weasley
2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Fred Weasley George Weasley
2009 Kingdom Callum Anderson Finlay Anderson Episode: "3.5"
2009 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Fred Weasley/Runner George Weasley
2010 Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Fred Weasley George Weasley Short film
Robocoaster at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Hogsmeade
2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Fred Weasley George Weasley
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Fred Weasley George Weasley
2012 Ward 3 Jimmy N/A
2012 The Turn Morris Talliver N/A Short film
2013 Ears N/A Mr Ears
2014 Own Worst Enemy Constable Berrow Constable Stroyde
2014 Hogwarts Express Fred Weasley George Weasley Short film
Shuttle service between destinations at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley
2015 King of the Nerds Himself Himself Guest Appearance(s) episode 7
2015 Danny and the Human Zoo Mr Brian Carter Mr Barry Carter TV film
Video games
Year
Title
James' role
Oliver's role
Notes
2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Fred Weasley (voice) George Weasley (voice) Video game
2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Fred Weasley (voice) George Weasley (voice) Video game
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter and the magical Midlanders, icBirmingham". Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk. 15 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "friends-funfacts". friends-funfacts.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Twitter". Twitter. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.jopworld.com/
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Potter twins plant trees". BBC News. 19 January 2003. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Actors | James and Oliver Phelps – Pictures, Information, Biography, Quotes". Veritaserum. 25 February 1986. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Biography – Phelps Twins Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Books and Wands (25 February 1986). Retrieved on 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Three Peaks Challenge. Three Peaks Challenge (11 April 2012). Retrieved on 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Virgin Money Giving | Fundraising | James Phelps Three Peak Challenge Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Uk.virginmoneygiving.com (4 June 2011). Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Virgin Money Giving | Fundraising | Oliver Phelps' fundraising page Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Uk.virginmoneygiving.com (6 June 2011). Retrieved 2 May 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James and Oliver Phelps.
James Phelps on IMDb
Oliver Phelps on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_and_Oliver_Phelps&oldid=865054358"
Categories:
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