text:
Bottled water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (August 2014)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bottled mineral water
Bottled water dispensed in a water cooler
Bottled water is drinking water (e.g., well water, distilled water, mineral water, or spring water) packaged in plastic or glass water bottles. Bottled water may be carbonated or not. Sizes range from small single serving bottles to large carboys for water coolers.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Water chemistry
1.2 PET plastic bottles
2 Types
3 Product forms
3.1 Purified water vending machines
3.2 Bottled water service
3.3 Storage
4 PET Recycling
5 Water and Energy Usage
6 Regulation
6.1 Food and Drug Administration
6.2 Food Standards Australia New Zealand
6.3 Industry reform
7 Markets
7.1 Global sales
7.2 Australia
7.3 European Union
7.4 India
7.5 Lebanon
7.6 New Zealand
7.7 Pakistan
7.8 United States
8 Consumer information
8.1 Labeling
8.2 Consumer information
9 Emergency preparedness
9.1 Bottled water in emergency response
10 Concerns
10.1 Bottled water debates
10.2 Perceptions about bottled water
10.3 Pricing
10.4 Bans
10.5 Health concerns
10.6 Safety
10.7 Bottled water versus carbonated beverages
10.8 Bottled water versus tap water
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Although vessels to bottle and transport water were part of the earliest human civilizations,[1] bottling water began in the United Kingdom with the first water bottling at the Holy Well in 1621.[2] The demand for bottled water was fueled in large part by the resurgence in spa-going and water therapy among Europeans and American colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries.[3] The first commercially distributed water in America was bottled and sold by Jackson’s Spa in Boston in 1767.[4] Early drinkers of bottled spa waters believed that the water at these mineral springs had therapeutic properties and that bathing in or drinking the water could help treat many common ailments.[3]
The popularity of bottled mineral waters quickly led to a market for imitation products. Carbonated waters developed as means for approximating the natural effervescence of spring-bottled water, and in 1809 Joseph Hawkins was issued the first U.S. patent for “imitation” mineral water.[5] As technological innovation in nineteenth century lowered the cost of making glass and improved production speed for bottling, bottled water was able to be produced on a larger scale and the beverage grew in popularity.[4] Bottled water was seen by many as a safer alternative to 19th century municipal water supplies that could be contaminated with pathogens like cholera and typhoid.[6] By the middle of the century, one of America’s most popular bottlers, Saratoga Springs, was producing more than 7 million bottles of water annually.[4]
In the United States, the popularity of bottled water declined in the early 20th century, when the advent of water chlorination reduced public concerns about water-borne diseases in municipal water supplies.[4] However, it remained popular in Europe, where it spread to cafes and grocery stores in the second half of the century.[6] In 1977, Perrier launched a successful advertisement campaign in the United States, heralding a rebirth in popularity for bottled water.[4] Today, bottled water is the second most popular commercial beverage in the United States, with about half the domestic consumption as soft drinks.[7]
Water chemistry[edit]
Many of the early developments in the field of chemistry can be attributed to the study of natural mineral waters and attempts to replicate them for commercial sale. Joseph Priestley, who would discover oxygen in 1775, made his first contributions to the field of chemistry by dissolving carbon dioxide in water, for which he was awarded the Copley Medal in 1773. He would go on to work with Jacob Schweppes, founder of Schweppes, in developing “aerated” waters for commercial sale.[8]
PET plastic bottles[edit]
Main article: Polyethylene terephthalate
In 1973, DuPont engineer Nathaniel Wyeth patented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, the first plastic bottle to be able to withstand the pressure of carbonated liquids.[9] Today, PET plastic has replaced glass as the preferred material for single-serving bottled water containers due to its light weight and resistance to breaking.[10][11]
Types[edit]
Distilled, purified water, in Hong Kong
Some of the more common types of bottled water are:[12][13]
Artesian water – this is water that originates from a confined aquifer that has been tapped and in which the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer.
Fluoridated – this type of water contains added fluoride. This category includes water classified as "For Infants" or "Nursery."
Groundwater – this type of water is from an underground source that is under a pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.
Mineral water – water from a mineral spring that contains various minerals, such as salts and sulfur compounds. It comes from a source tapped at one or more bore holes or spring, and originates from a geologically and physically protected underground water source. No minerals may be added to this water.
Purified water – this type of water has been produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis, or other suitable processes. Purified water may also be referred to as "demineralized water".
Sparkling water – Sparkling water contains the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at emergence from the source. The carbon dioxide may be removed and replenished after treatment.
Spring water – this type of water comes from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the Earth's surface.
Sterile water – this type of water meets sterilization requirements, for example, those specified under "sterility tests" in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Well water – well water is taken from a hole tapping, etc. This hole may be bored, drilled, or otherwise constructed in the ground.[14]
Product forms[edit]
The Beverage Marketing Corporation defines the bottled water market segment as "retail PET, retail bulk, home and office delivery, vending, domestic sparkling and imports", but excluding "flavored and enhanced water."[15]
Purified water vending machines[edit]
A bottle-less drinking water vending machine in Pattaya, Thailand. Customers bring their containers
A number of cities and companies worldwide have vending machines that dispense purified water into customer's own containers. All dispensers filter the location's tap water. In North America, these machines are typically located outside of supermarkets.
Of all the water vending companies, Glacier Water is the largest. Since its inception in 1983, Glacier Water has experienced significant growth in machine placements.[citation needed]
Bottled water service[edit]
It is not uncommon for business or individuals to subscribe to a bottled water service. These services deliver water either monthly or weekly, sometimes even daily. Traditionally, water in glass bottles (jugs) was provided to electric coolers in areas of businesses without plumbing. Plastic containers have replaced those glass jugs, however, dispensers at businesses now may stand alongside existing water taps or fountains.
Storage[edit]
Bottled water is often stored as part of an emergency kit in case of natural disaster. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) says the "safest" and "most reliable" source of drinking water is store bought bottled water.[16] Commonly, disaster management experts recommend storing 1-US-gallon (3.8 L) of water per person, per day for at least three days.[17] This amount is intended to include water for drinking and cooking as well as water for hand washing, washing dishes, and personal hygiene. Factory-containers of water have an indefinite shelf life, as long as they remain unopened and undamaged.[18] The sell-by date is voluntarily and individually set by manufacturers to indicate the length of time that they believe the water will taste and smell fresh, rather than to indicate any issue of contamination or food safety.

PET Recycling[edit]
Main article: PET bottle recycling
The most common packaging material for single-serve, non-carbonated bottled water in the United States and Europe is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic.[19][20]] Marked in many countries with resin identification code number “1,” PET is 100% recyclable,[21] though recycling rates vary by region. In 2014, approximately 1.8 billion pounds of post-consumer PET bottles were collected in the United States and 1.75 million metric tons (approximately 3.9 billion pounds) were collected in the European Union, making it the most recycled plastic in both the United States and Europe. [22][23] In the United States, the recycling rate for PET packaging was 31.8% in 2014;[24] in the European Union, the recycling rate for PET packaging for the same period was approximately 52%.[25]
The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), the trade association for the PET plastic packaging industry in the United States and Canada, identifies five major, generic end-use categories for recycled PET plastic: 1) packaging applications, including new bottles; 2) sheet and film applications, including some thermoforming applications; 3) strapping; 4) engineered resins applications; and 5) fiber applications.[26] According to the nonprofit Recycling Across America, five individual serving PET plastic bottles provide enough fiber to make one square foot of carpet or to fill one ski jacket.[27]
In Europe, more than one-third of recovered PET plastic is used to produce polyester fibers, and another quarter is used in the production of preformed plastic containers—such as egg cartons, fruit boxes, and other plastic beverage bottles.[28]
Water and Energy Usage[edit]
On average, it takes 1.32 liters of water to produce 1 liter of bottled water.[29] This includes 1 liter of ingredient water and 0.32 liters of water used in facility processes such as treatment, bottling, and maintenance.[29] Small pack facilities (facilities that package water in containers between 8 oz. and 2.5 gallons) use the least amount of water (1.26 liters per 1 liter), followed by mixed packaging facilities (1.46 liters per 1 liter). Facilities that package water for home and office delivery in sizes of 2.5 gallons to 5 gallons use the most water (1.56 liters per 1 liter).[29]
Bottled water has lower water usage than bottled soft drinks, which average 2.02 liters per 1 liter, as well as beer (4 liters per 1 liter) and wine (4.74 liters per 1 liter). The larger per-liter water consumption of these drinks can be attributed to additional ingredients and production processes, such as flavor mixing and carbonization for soft drinks and fermentation for beer and wine.[30][29] In the United States, bottled water production represents 0.011% of annual water consumption.[31]
Critics of bottled water argue that the industry should take in to account not just water used in its production and packaging process, but the total water footprint of its supply chain, which includes water used in the production of its packaging.[32]
A 2011 IBWA lifecycle inventory study found that the production, packaging, and transportation of bottled water within the United States consumes 107.4 trillion BTUs of energy annually, which represents about .07% of yearly energy consumption in the country.[33] According to the same study, 6.8 million tons of CO2 eq are emitted by the bottled water industry a year in the United States, about .08% of annual emissions.[34] An Aetna Group study in 2015 concluded that each liter of bottled water requires 0.24 megajoules of energy to produce.[29] The lifecycle carbon footprint for a half liter of small pack bottled water is 111 grams CO2 eq.[35] By comparison, the same sized PET plastic-bottled soft drink produces 240 grams CO2 eq. Soft drink bottles require much thicker plastic due to carbonation, and therefore many more grams of CO2 eq.
Regulation[edit]
Food and Drug Administration[edit]
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product.[36] By law, the FDA regulations for bottled water must be at least as stringent as the Environmental Protection Agency standards for tap water.[37]
The FDA has established "Standards of Identity" for bottled water products sold in the U.S. For a product to be considered “bottled water”, it cannot contain sweeteners or chemical additives (other than flavors, extracts or essences) and must be calorie-free and sugar-free. If flavors, extracts and essences—derived from spice or fruit—are added to the water, these additions must comprise less than 1% by weight of the final product. The FDA Code of Federal Regulations establishes limitations for the amount of fluoride that can added to water. Mineral water contains at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS). "Purified water" is defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Food Standards Australia New Zealand[edit]
Food Standards Australia New Zealand's Food Standards Code limits fluoride in bottled water to between 0.6 and 1.0 milligrams per litre, and requires any addition to be specified on the product label.[38]
Industry reform[edit]
The Council of Canadians, a social action organization, stressed the need for bottled water industry reform after launching a boycott of Nestlé in September 2016 after the company outbid a small town aiming to secure a long-term water supply through a local well as the country battles drought and depletion of ground water reserves.[39][40][41][42] Premier Kathleen Wynne stated that her government will look for ways to put community needs ahead of bottled water corporations, saying "as we look at the water bottling industry, that has to be a question because we're talking about what we could argue is our most precious resource" that they have this "discussion about our water, the status of and the treatment of water bottling companies, that needs to be taken into consideration".[43]
Markets[edit]
See also: List of bottled water brands
Global sales[edit]
Global bottled water sales have increased dramatically over the past several decades, reaching a valuation of around $60 billion and a volume of more than 115,000,000 cubic metres (3.0×1010 US gal) in 2006.[44] U.S. sales reached around 30 billion bottles of water in 2008, a slight drop from 2007 levels [45]
The rate of consumption more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2005.[46] Spring water and purified tap water are currently the leading global sellers. By one estimate, approximately 50 billion bottles of water are consumed per year in the U.S. and around 200 billion bottles globally.[47]
Australia[edit]
The Australasian Bottled Water Institute is a regional member of the International Council of Bottled Water Associations. The bottled water industry in Australia is worth approximately $400 million per year,[48]
An upmarket restaurant in Sydney has stopped selling bottled water and started using a machine costing A$5000 to filter, chill and carbonate tap water to get the same quality water.[49]
European Union[edit]
Directive 2009/54/EC[50] deals with the marketing and exploitation of natural mineral waters in the European Union. The two main types of bottled water recognized are mineral water and spring water.
Broadly speaking, "mineral water" is groundwater that has emerged from the ground and flowed over rock. Treatment of mineral water is restricted to removal of unstable elements such as iron and sulfur compounds. Treatment for such minerals may extend only to filtration or decanting with oxygenation. Free carbon dioxide may be removed only by physical methods, and the regulations for introduction (or reintroduction) of CO2 are strictly defined. Disinfection of natural mineral water is completely prohibited, including the addition of any element that is likely to change bacterial colony counts. If natural mineral water is effervescent, it must be labelled accordingly, depending on the origin of the carbon dioxide: naturally carbonated natural mineral water (no introduction of CO2); natural mineral water fortified with gas from the spring (reintroduction of CO2); carbonated natural mineral water (CO2 added following strict guidelines).
Directive 2001/83/EC[51] deals with bottled water that is considered a "medicinal product" and is thus excluded from the scope of the other regulation.
India[edit]
The bottled water industry in India witnessed a boom in the late 1990s soon after Bisleri launched its packaged drinking water in the country. This significant growth was fuelled by a surge in advertising by the industry players that "bottled water was pure and healthy".[52]
The total market was valued at ₹60 billion (US$940 million) in 2013, of which the top five players (Bisleri, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Dhariwal and Parle) accounted for 67% of the market share. This market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 22%, to reach ₹160 billion (US$2.5 billion) in 2018.[52]
In 2016, Sikkim announced restrictions on the usage of plastic water bottles (in government functions and meetings) and styrofoam products as it is associated with adverse health and environment impacts.[53]
Lebanon[edit]
Lebanon has one of the fastest growth rate of per capita consumption of bottled water.[54] Lebanon has seven major brands of bottled mineral water for local consumption and for exportation to the water-starved countries on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf.[55]
New Zealand[edit]
Bottled water in New Zealand is regulated by Food Standards Australia New Zealand and must comply with the Food Act 1981. From July 2009 fluoride was allowed to be present in bottled water as an additive or as a natural occurring mineral.
Pakistan[edit]
Due to contaminated water being widespread, in the mid-1980s urban families started installing filtration units at home. This later developed into companies providing mineral water delivery services at home. Use of these 1-US-gallon (3.8 L) bottles that could be attached to a dispenser is still widespread.
Bottled water was made famous by one of the largest marketing campaigns in Pakistan history undertaken by Nestle. Eventually, other bottlers including dozens of local ones, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Mineral Drops by water icon, Nature, Vey, Nova Pure Water Larkana, Mina Water, Great Water Islamabad, Dew Drop,[56] and other imported brands such as Evian began marketing in the country.
United States[edit]
Main article: Bottled water in the United States
The U.S. is the second largest consumer market for bottled water in the world, followed by Mexico, Indonesia, and Brazil. China surpassed the United States to take the lead in 2013.[57] In 2008, U.S. bottled water sales topped 8.6 billion US gallons (33,000,000 m3) for 28.9% of the U.S. liquid beverage market, exceeding sales of all other beverages except carbonated soft drinks, they are followed by fruit juices, and sports drinks.[15] Americans drink 21 US gallons (79 L) of bottled water per capita per year.[58]
In the United States, bottled water and tap water are regulated by different federal agencies: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the quality of tap water. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is headquartered in Alexandria, VA.
From 1970 (16 brands) over 1998 (50 brands) to 2012 (195 brands), the number of mineral water brands in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[59]
Consumer information[edit]
Labeling[edit]
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates all packaged foods and beverage products, including bottled water, and mandates labeling requirements. FDA labeling requirements include a statement of the type of water in the container, compliance with the applicable definitions in the FDA Standards of Identity, ingredient labeling, name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer or distributor, net weight, and, if required, nutrition labeling.[60]
Consumer information[edit]
Public water systems are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide households in their service territories with a Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) that provides information on the quality of their water during the previous year.[61] Such disclosures are not required by the FDA of any packaged food or beverage product, including bottled water. All packaged foods and beverages, must be manufactured according to FDA regulations and must meet all applicable quality and safety standards.[60]
A bottled water refill station in a Canadian grocery store
In Canada, bottled water must meet the standards in the Food and Drugs Act & Regulations (FDAR) as it is considered a food. The FDAR works in partnership with Health Canada and Canadian in developing the policies regarding bottled water. The CFIA focuses more on regulations pertaining to packaging, labeling, advertising, and other safety practices, whereas the FDAR focuses more on the water itself. For example, the bottled water must meet the Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Regulations in Division 12, Part B of the Act must be met before it is approved for sale. Some of the regulations include: labeling terms, safety standards (i.e.: what is/isn't acceptable), and microbiological standards (i.e.: chlorine).[62] In addition to this, the type of filtration method the water has gone through must be shown on the label, as stated in Section B.12.009 [63] Additional information regarding regulations can be found on the CFIA website.[64] The regulations specific to bottled water is in Division 12 and 15, which specify what can be added, such as the amount of arsenic and lead.[65] Regulations are always being updated to conform with new scientific data, laws, new products, and new improvements.[65] In terms of the types of water sold, spring and mineral water must meet the following criteria:
originate from an underground source which is not part of a community water supply; and[65]
be naturally fit to drink (potable) at the source; and[65]
before bottling, not be treated in any way that changes the original chemical composition of the water. (The allowable treatments are discussed in section 1.2.)[65]
In Canada, there are two categories of bottled water: 1) spring/mineral water, or 2) water other than mineral water or spring water.[citation needed]
Emergency preparedness[edit]
Emergency preparedness refers to the steps taken prior to a natural disaster or emergency to ensure safety throughout the event.[66] The American Red Cross and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommend that individuals and families maintain disaster supply kits in the event that an emergency disrupts food supply or public water systems, blocks roads, or leaves people unable to find essentials.[67][68] Following disasters such as floods, blizzards, or earthquakes, water sources can be cut off or contaminated, limiting access to safe, clean drinking water.[69] For this reason, FEMA recommends that all disaster supply kits include one gallon of water per person per day for at least three days for drinking and sanitation. In hot climates, FEMA recommends doubling this quantity.
For the safest water supply, FEMA recommends commercially bottled water kept in a cool, dark place. As an alternative, FEMA recommends using disinfected food-grade water containers to store tap water and replacing the water every six months.[69]
Bottled water in emergency response[edit]
Hurricanes
Following Hurricane Sandy, FEMA requested 5.4 million bottles of water from Nestle North America to aid in disaster relief efforts.[70] Nestle donated 3 million bottles of water to Haiti following the 2010 earthquake.[71] In the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, FEMA requested 100 tractor trailers’ worth of bottled water (approximately 200,000 cases) from the American Beverage Association.[72]
Tornadoes
AmeriCares, an international disaster relief non-profit, donated 109,000 bottles of water to residents in and around Moore, Oklahoma following the May 2013 tornadoes.[73] Members of the International Bottled Water Association donated more than 400,000 additional bottles of water to the victims of the tornadoes.[74]
Contamination
In August 2014, city officials in Toledo, Ohio banned local tap water after toxins from an algae bloom in Lake Erie were found in the city’s water supply.[75] The American Red Cross and AmeriCares responded by helping coordinate the distribution of bottled water to the 500,000 area residents impacted by the ban.[76][77]
Concerns[edit]
Bottled water debates[edit]
Bottled water is bought for many different reasons including taste, convenience, poor tap water quality and safety concerns, health concerns and as a substitute for sugary drinks.[78] The environmental impact, container safety, water origin, emergency supplies and role of the bottled water industry continue to be areas of concern for many people.
Most bottled water containers are made from recyclable PET plastic, and some of these bottles end up in the waste stream in landfills. The financial and environmental costs of transportation of bottled water has been another concern because of the energy used and the consequent release of carbon dioxide and the potential impact on climate change.[79]
In some cases it can be shown that bottled water is actually tap water.[80] However, it is also argued that the quality specifications for some bottled waters in some jurisdictions are more stringent than the standards for tap-water. In the USA, bottled water that comes from municipal suppliers must be clearly labeled as such unless it has been sufficiently processed to be labeled as “distilled” or “purified”.[81]
It has been argued that bottled water companies should only exist for emergency situations when public water supplies are unsafe, unavailable or overwhelmed.[82] The contrary view is that if regulations are placed on the availability of bottled water, bottled water companies will not have the sufficient supplies when a water system is compromised, and that the only reason bottled water is readily available during emergencies is because the industry is maintained by routine purchases.[83]
One American study showed that "even in areas with safe tap water, African American, Polish American and Latino parents were three times more likely to give their children mostly bottled water compared to non-Latino white children, because of their belief that bottled water is safer, cleaner, better tasting, or more convenient." The economic implications of this also showed serious inequities: as a percentage of household income, whites reported median spending of 0.4% of their income on bottled water; African Americans and Latinos reported median spending to be more than twice as high.”[84] The study volunteers, "For poor families, the use of bottled water may lead to less availability of resources for other health needs.......by the rather striking levels of expenditure on water relative to household income."[84] On a global scale, markets for bottled water in poorer developing countries are growing rapidly due to increased fears of “contaminated tap water, inadequate municipal water systems, and increased marketing on the part of bottled water companies.”[84] Sales of bottled water in Mexico, China, and parts of India are rising steeply.[84]
Perceptions about bottled water[edit]
Bottled water is perceived by many as being a safer alternative to other sources of water such as tap water. Bottled water usage has increased even in countries where clean tap water is present.[85] This may be attributed to consumers disliking the taste of tap water or its organoleptics.[86] Another contributing factor to this shift could be the marketing success of bottled water. The success of bottled water marketing can be seen by Perrier's transformation of a bottle of water into a status symbol.[86] However, while bottled water has grown in both consumption and sales, the industry’s advertising expenses are considerably less than other beverages. According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC), in 2013, the bottled water industry spent $60.6 million on advertising. That same year, sports drinks spent $128 million, sodas spent $564 million, and beer spent $1 billion.
Consumers tend to choose bottled water due to health related reasons.[86] In communities that experience problems with their tap water, bottled water consumption is significantly higher. The International Bottled Water Association guidelines state that bottled water companies cannot compare their product to tap water in marketing operations. Consumers are also affected by memories associated with particular brands.[86] For example, Coca-Cola took their Dasani product off the UK market after finding levels of bromate that were higher than legal standards because consumers in the UK associated this flaw with the Dasani product.[86]
"Bottled water sales are higher amongst African-American, Asians and Hispanic groups, which typically have lower incomes than whites."[86] Some hypothesize that these differences are due to the geographic distribution of ethnic groups. It was theorized that ethnic differences in bottled water usage "mirror the variability of water system quality between urban, suburban and rural areas (Abrahams et al. 2000) and it was also pointed out that they might reflect the memory of past problems caused by deficient tap-water systems in deprived areas (Olson 1999)."[86] In France, a similar geographic study in the early 1970s found that bottled water consumption was found to be much higher in urban areas (Ferrier 2001). This finding was "also explained in terms of the poor quality of urban tap water and of the bad condition of the old lead pipes in French cities. Nonetheless, while poor tap water quality may motivate the public to search for alternative sources, it alone does not necessarily lead to higher consumption of bottled water."[86]
Some surveys "found that bottled water, far from being an alternative to tap water, seems to be mostly consumed as a substitute for alcoholic and traditional soft drinks (e.g. AWWA-RF 1993; FWR 1996) – the exception being when water contamination presents serious health risks and the trust in the tap water company is highly eroded (e.g. Lonnon 2004)."[86] Another explanation for the rise in popularity of bottled water is alternative explanation is that "the consumption of 'pure' and 'natural' bottled water in degraded environments may represent a symbolic purging behavior."[86]
Many low-income families avoid drinking tap water because they fear it may cause sickness.[87] Bottled, filtered, and tap water are all for the most part safe in the United States.[88] The Environmental Protection Agency regulations for tap water are "actually stricter than the Food and Drug Administration regulations for bottled water."[88] A study of drinking water in Cincinnati, Ohio, discovered that bacterial counts in bottled water were often higher than those in tap water and fluoride concentration was inconsistent.[88]
Globally, there is an intensifying environmental backlash against bottled water usage. As global consumption of bottled water soars, environmental groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Greenpeace have warned of the huge environmental footprint of the plastic in which the water is packaged.[89]
In 2001 a WWF study, "Bottled water: understanding a social phenomenon", warned that in many countries, bottled water may be no safer or healthier than tap water and it sold for up to 1,000 times the price. It said the booming market would put severe pressure on recycling plastics and could lead to landfill sites drowning in mountains of plastic bottles.[89] Also, the study discovered that the production of bottled water uses more water than the consumer actually buys in the bottle itself.[89]
Pricing[edit]
A street vendor selling bottled water in Istanbul, Turkey
Bottled water is more expensive than municipally-supplied tap water. Tap water sources and delivery systems (taps and faucets) are fixed in place while bottled water is available at many differing price points and in a variety of size formats.
"The consumption of bottled and filtered water has dramatically increased in the United States during the past decade, with bottled water sales tripling to about $4 billion a year. More than 50% of the US population drinks bottled water and 'people spend from 240 to over 10,000 times more per gallon for bottled water than they typically do for tap water.' An annual supply of bottled water for a person who consumes 8 glasses a day would cost approximately $200; the same amount of tap water would cost approximately $0.33. In general, women are more likely to drink bottled water than men, and Hispanic women are the group most likely to drink bottled water."[88]
The Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC) states that in 2013, the average wholesale price per gallon of domestic non-sparkling bottled water was $1.21. BMC’s research also shows that consumers actually tend to buy bottled water in bulk from supermarkets (25.3%) or large discount retailers (57.9%) because it costs significantly less. Convenience stores are likely to have higher prices (4.5%), as do drug stores (2.8%). The remaining 9.5% is accounted for through vending machines, cafeterias and other food service outlets, and other types of sales.[90]
Bans[edit]
Main article: Bottled water ban
In response to environmental and financial concerns, a few localities and U.S. colleges are banning bottled water sales.
In 2009, the small New South Wales town of Bundanoon voted to become the first town in the world to ban the selling or dispensing of bottled water.[48][91] Bundanoon caught the attention of many other cities around the world.[48][92]
After a Sydney-based beverage company wanted to open a water extraction plant in the New South Wales town Bundanoon, residents outlawed the sale of bottled water. The town continues to fight the company's proposal in court.[89] "In the same week the New South Wales state premier also banned all state departments and agencies from buying bottled water because of its huge environmental footprint, joining more than 70 cities in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom that have banned bottled water in their departments."
In 2012, the town of Concord, Massachusetts became the first in the United States to ban the sale of bottled water. Specifically, sales of non-sparkling, unflavored drinking water in single-serving polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles of 1 liter (34 ounces) or less are prohibited. The ban went into effect on 1 January 2013.
Health concerns[edit]
In the United States, bottled water and tap water are regulated by different federal agencies: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the quality of tap water. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act the EPA has set maximum contaminant levels for approximately 90 contaminants that might be found in drinking water and 15 secondary maximum contaminant levels.[93]
In some areas, tap water may contain added fluoride, which helps prevent tooth decay and cavities.[94] Some bottled water manufacturers in the United States add fluoride to their product, or provide a fluoridated bottled water product. The Food and Drug Administration of the United States does not require bottled water manufacturers to list the fluoride content on the label. However, unlike tap water where the amount of fluoride added by municipalities to drinking water is not federally regulated, the FDA has set specific limits for how much fluoride may be found in bottled water.[95] Water fluoridation remains controversial in countries that require it (the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, and a handful of other countries).
According to a 1999 NRDC study, in which roughly 22 percent of brands were tested, at least one sample of bottled drinking water contained chemical contaminants at levels above strict state health limits. Some of the contaminants found in the study could pose health risks if consumed over a long period of time.[96] The NRDC report conceded that "most waters contained no detectable bacteria, however, and the level of synthetic organic chemicals and inorganic chemicals of concern for which [they] were tested were either below detection limits or well below all applicable standards."[97] Meanwhile, a report by the Drinking Water Research Foundation found that of all samples tested by NRDC, "federal FDA or EPA limits were allegedly exceeded only four times, twice for total coliforms and twice for fluorides."[98]
Studies show that the plastics used for bottles contain chemicals having estrogenic activity, even when they claim otherwise.[99] Although some of the bottled water contained in glass were found polluted with chemicals as well, the researchers believe some of the contamination of water in the plastic containers may have come from the plastic containers.[100] Leaching of chemicals into the water is related to the plastic bottles being exposed to either low or high temperatures.
Safety[edit]
There have been no major outbreaks of illness or serious safety concerns associated with bottled water in the past decade, an FDA official stated in testimony before a 9 July 2009 Congressional hearing.[101] Conversely, as noted in the Drinking Water Research Foundation's (DWRF) 2013 report, Microbial Health Risks of Regulated Drinking Waters in the United States, EPA researchers reported an estimated 16.4 million cases of acute gastrointestinal illness per year are caused by tap water. Subsequent research has estimated that number of illnesses to be closer to 19.5 million cases per year.[102] In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that waterborne diseases, such as Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis, cost the U.S. healthcare system as much as $539 million a year in hospital expenses.[103]
Bottled water versus carbonated beverages[edit]
Bottled noncarbonated drinking water competes in the marketplace with carbonated beverages (including carbonated water) sold in individual plastic bottles.[104] Consumption of water often is considered a healthier substitute for sodas.[105]
According to the Container Recycling Institute, sales of flavored, non-carbonated drinks are expected to surpass soda sales by 2010.[106] In response, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have introduced new carbonated drinks that are fortified with vitamins and minerals, Diet Coke Plus and Tava, marketed as "sparkling beverages."[107]
Bottled water versus tap water[edit]
See also: Water supply network, Water quality, and Water carbonator
Bottled water may have reduced amounts of copper, lead, and other metal contaminants since it does not run through the plumbing pipes where tap water is exposed to metal corrosion, however, this varies by the household and plumbing system.[108]
In much of the developed world, chlorine often is added as a disinfectant to tap water. If the water contains organic matter, this may produce other byproducts in the water such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, which has shown to increase the risk of cancer.[109] The level of residual chlorine found at around 0.0002 g per litre, which is too small to cause any health problems directly.[108] The chlorine concentration recommended by World Health Organization is between 0.0005 and 0.0002 g/L.[110]
The Natural Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, and World Wildlife Fund have urged their supporters to consume less bottled water. Anti-bottled-water-campaigns and organizations, such as Corporate Accountability International, typically argue that bottled water is no better than tap water, and emphasize the detrimental environmental side-effects of disposable plastic bottles.
In a 2003 episode of the Showtime series Penn & Teller: Bullshit! restaurant diners appeared unable to discern between bottled water and water from a garden hose behind the restaurant.[111]
The recent documentary Tapped argues against the bottled water industry, asserting that tap water is healthier, more environmentally sustainable, and more ecologically sound than bottled water. The film focuses on the bottled water industry in the United States. The film has received largely positive reviews, and has spawned college campus groups such as Beyond the Bottle. Yet, as many people remain generally unaware of the negative health and environmental impacts associated with bottled water, recent research in environmental psychology has started to investigate how to reduce the public's consumption of bottled water.[112][113][114]
See also[edit]
Water portal
Canned water
International Bottled Water Association
List of bottled water brands
Reuse of water bottles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rong, Xu Gan; Fa, Bao Tong. "Primitive-Aged Drinking Vessels". Grandiose Survey of Chinese Alcoholic Drinks and Beverages. Jiangnan University. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Great Malvern Conservation Area: Appraisal and Management Strategy" (PDF). Malvern Hills District Council: Planning Services. April 2008. p. 5. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Back, William; Landa, Edward; Meeks, Lisa (1995). Bottled Water, Spas, and Early Years of Water Chemistry (Groundwater Volume 33, Issue 4 ed.). p. 606.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hall, Noah. "A Brief History of Bottled Water in America". Great Lakes Law. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Back, William; Landa, Edward; Meeks, Lisa (1995). Bottled Water, Spas, and Early Years of Water Chemistry (Groundwater Volume 33, Issue 4 ed.). p. 608.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Bottled Water". European Federation of Bottled Waters. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water Market". International Bottled Water Association. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Back, William; Landa, Edward; Meeks, Lisa (1995). Bottled Water, Spas, and Early Years of Water Chemistry (Groundwater Volume 33, Issue 4 ed.). p. 607.
Jump up ^ Wyeth, Nathaniel. "Biaxially Oriented Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Bottle". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Plastic Packaging Resins". American Chemistry Council. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Facts on PET. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Consumer Resources". nsf.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water Regulation and the FDA". Archived from the original on 6 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Types of Water". healthelite.co. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Smaller categories still saw growth as the U.S. liquid refreshment beverage market shrunk by 2.0% in 2008, Beverage Marketing Corporation reports", press release Beverage Marketing Corporation, 30 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Water". ready.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Manjoo, Farhad (11 March 2011). "How To Survive an Earthquake".
Jump up ^ Posnick, Lauren M. and Henry Kim (2002). "February/March 2002 Ask the Regulators – Bottled Water Regulation and the FDA". Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ ""An Introduction to PET"". PET Resin Association. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "“Plastics—the Facts 2014/2015"" (PDF). Plastics Europe. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "“Recycling”". International Bottled Water Association. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "“Report on Postconsumer PET Container Recycling Activity in 2014,”" (PDF). National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR). Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "How to keep a sustainable PET recycling industry in Europe". European PET Bottle Platform. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "2014 United States Postconsumer Plastics Bottle Recycling Report" (PDF). The Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers (APR) and the American Chemistry Council,. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Recycling". PET Resin Association. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Hurd, David. "Best Practices and Industry Standards in PET Plastic Recycling," (PDF). National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR). Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Recycling Facts". Recycle Across America. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Recycling Products". Petcore Europe. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Water and Energy Use Benchmarking Study" (PDF). Antea Group. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Thomas Andrew Gustafson. How Much Water Actually Goes Into Making A Bottle Of Water?, NPR, 30 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water and Water Use". BottledWater.org. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Thomas Andrew Gustafson. How Much Water Actually Goes Into Making A Bottle Of Water?, NPR, 30 October 2013.
Jump up ^ IBWA. LCI Exec Summ FINAL.pdf Life Cycle Inventory of the U.S. Bottled Water Industry, 5 January 2011.
Jump up ^ IBWA. LCI Exec Summ FINAL.pdf Life Cycle Inventory of the U.S. Bottled Water Industry, 5 January 2011.
Jump up ^ IBWA. LCI Exec Summ FINAL.pdf Life Cycle Inventory of the U.S. Bottled Water Industry, 5 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages". fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fluoride in bottled water". Food Standards Australia New Zealand. November 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Petition calls on Canadians to boycott Nestlé over water grab". USA TODAY. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wynne wants new rules for bottled water industry after Nestle outbids town". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Everyone should care' about bottled water, teen says at rally against Nestlé permit". CBC News. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "People are furious at Nestlé for taking over small town's water supply". Business Insider Deutschland. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Leslie, Keith. "Wynne urges changes to Ontario's water bottling practices". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
Jump up ^ King, Mike. Bottled Water Global Industry Guide, PR-inside.com, 7 July 2008. Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Data from the Beverage Marketing Corporation, 2008, and Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water (by Peter H. Gleick), Island Press, DC, published 2010.
Jump up ^ Li, Ling. Bottled Water Consumption Jumps, Worldwatch Institute. 8 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "A Fountain On Every Corner", The New York Times. Find A Fountain, 23 May 2008. Archived 21 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Foley, Meraiah (17 July 2009). "BUNDANOON JOURNAL; Ban on Bottled Water, Apparently a First, Puts a Small Town on a Big Stage". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Sue (21 June 2011). "$5 for a glass of tap water as owner cries pour". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "European Directive 2009/54/EC". eur-lex.europa.eu. 18 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Directive 2001/83/EC". eur-lex.europa.eu. 6 November 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b "India's packaged bottled water industry to reach Rs.160 billion by 2018". Business Standard. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ban on Styrofoam Products and Packaged Water Bottles". Retrieved 2 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Plan B Updates – 51: Bottled Water – Pouring Resources Down the Drain". EPI.
Jump up ^ "Lebanon Suffers Massive Water Shortages". eagleworldnews.com.
Jump up ^ Water, Water. "Dew Drop". Prestige Bottlers. Dew Drop. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "The U.S. Bottled Water Market Reached New Heights in 2013, [1] BWR, Jul/Aug 2014.
Jump up ^ "Learn More: Bottled Water". Columbia Water Center. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Aichner, T.; Coletti, P. (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34.
^ Jump up to: a b "FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Water: Consumer Confidence Rule". United States Environmental Protection Agenccy. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Labelling and Claims. "Labelling Requirements for Prepackaged Water and Ice".
Jump up ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Labelling and Claims. "Labelling Requirements for Prepackaged Water and Ice".
Jump up ^ Directorate, Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Food Labelling and Claims. "Labelling Requirements for Prepackaged Water and Ice".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "ARCHIVED – Making it Clear: Renewing the Federal Regulations on Bottled Water: A Discussion Paper – 2002 Health Canada Consultation Document". hc-sc.gc.ca. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is Emergency Preparedness". New York State Department of Health. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Be Red Cross Ready: Get a kit. Make a plan". American Red Cross. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Basic Disasters Supply Kit". Ready.gov. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Water". Ready.gov. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Press Release: Nestlé Waters North America Sending 5.4 Million Bottles of Water for Hurricane Sandy Victims Additional 775,000 Bottles Donated Including NYC Marathon Water.". Nestle Waters North America. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Disaster Relief". Nestle Waters North America. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet: Hurricane Katrina." (PDF). American Beverage Association. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Safe Water and Sanitation.". Americares.org. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water Industry Provides Clean, Safe Drinking Water to Oklahoma Tornado Victims.". BottledWater.org. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. "Tap Water Ban for Toledo Residents.". New York TImes. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Water Delivery Resupplies Food Bank after Toledo Water Ban.". AmeriCares.org. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Red Cross responding to Toledo Water Emergency.". American Red Cross. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Commercially Bottled Water". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water: How Does Bottled Water Affect the Environment". Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Summary Findings of NRDC's 1999 Bottled Water Reporter". Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tap vs. Bottled Water". Cruising Chemistry: Duke University. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rebuttal to Nestlé Waters North America Statement on "Flow: For the Love of Water"". Food and Water Watch. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Emergency Response". International Bottled Water Association. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gleick, Peter H. "Another Cost of Bottled Water: Environmental Injustice and Inequity." The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post, 9 June 2011. Web. 20 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Ferrier, Catherine. "Bottled water: understanding a social phenomenon." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 30.2 (2001): 118–119.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Doria, M. D. "Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers-preferences." J Water Health 271 (2006): 276.
Jump up ^ "Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children." Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 161.5 (2007): 457–461.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hobson, Wendy L., et al. "Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children." Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 161.5 (2007): 457–461.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mail & Guardian Account Login." The M&G Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Much Does Bottled Water Cost?". IBWA. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Banning the bottle puts Bundy on the map". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Jump up ^ Keen, Judy (17 October 2007). "Bottled water leaves some cities with a bad taste". USA Today. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Drinking Water Contaminants | US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Lalumandier, J.A.; Ayers, L.W. (2000). "Fluoride and bacterial content of bottled water vs tap water". Archives of Family Medicine. 9: 246–250. PMID 10728111. doi:10.1001/archfami.9.3.246. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health (7 January 2011). "Bottled Water and Fluoride". Community Water Fluoridation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "NRDC: Drinking Water FAQ". nrdc.org. March 1999.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water: Pure Drink or Pure Hype?". nrdc.org. March 1999.
Jump up ^ "DWRF Analysis of the February, 1999 Natural Resources Defense Council Report on Bottled Water". dwrf.info. Drinking Water Research Foundation. July 1999. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Yang, CZ; Yaniger, SI; Jordan, VC; Klein, DJ; Bittner, GD (2011). "Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved". Environ. Health Perspect. 119: 989–96. PMC 3222987  . PMID 21367689. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003220.
Jump up ^ "Bottled water in plastic containers contaminated from plastic containers". United Press International.
Jump up ^ "Regulation of Bottled Water". fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.thefactsaboutwater.org/uploads/CSA_FINAL_020414.pdf
Jump up ^ "CDC Newsroom Press Release: July 14, 2010" (Press release). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Hamermesh, Daniel. Ban Water Bottles to Reduce Pollution? Come On!, Freakonomics Blog, The New York Times, 19 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Cutting down on liquid calories: A visual guide, Consumer Reports, August 2006.
Jump up ^ Gitlitz, Jennifer and Pat Franklin. "Water, Water Everywhere: The growth of non-carbonated beverages in the United States", Container Recycling Institute, February 2007.
Jump up ^ Martin, Andrew. Makers of Sodas Try a New Pitch: They're Healthy, The New York Times, 7 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Petraccia, L.; Liberati, G.; Masciullo S.G.; Grassi M.; Fraioli, A. "Water, mineral waters and health". Clinical Nutrition. 25 (3): 377–385. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.10.002.
Jump up ^ "Final Report – Health Risk of the Trihalomethanes Found in Drinking Water Carcinogenic Activity and Interactions – Research Project Database – NCER – ORD – US EPA". epa.gov. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization, "How to measure chlorine residual in water" WHO – Technical Notes for Emergencies, Technical Note No. 11, 4 Draft revised: 7.1.05 (pdf) Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bottled Water. Penn Jillette, Teller. Bullshit!. Showtime. 7 March 2003. No. 7, season 1.
Jump up ^ van der Linden, S. "Exploring Beliefs About Bottled Water and Intentions To Reduce Consumption: The Dual-Effect of Social Norm Activation and Persuasive Information". Environment and Behavior. doi:10.1177/0013916513515239.
Jump up ^ Santos, Jessica; van der Linden, Sander (2016). "Changing Norms by Changing Behavior: The Princeton Drink Local Program" (PDF). Environmental Practice. 18 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1017/S1466046616000144.
Jump up ^ "Persuading the public to reduce bottled water consumption" (pdf). European Commission. 3 September 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Arnold, Emily; Larsen, Janet (2 February 2006). "Plan B Updates – 51: Bottled Water – Pouring Resources Down the Drain". Earth Policy Institute.
Gleick, Peter (5 May 2010). Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Shearwater. ISBN 978-1-59726-528-7. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection. Regulation of Bottled Water: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, July 8, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bottled water.
[hide]
v
t
e
Bottled water
Bottled water
List of bottled water brands
Bottled water ban
Canned water
Carbonated water
Drinking water
International Bottled Water Association
Mineral water
Purified water
Reuse of water bottles
Water portal
Drink portal
Companies portal
Category: Bottled water
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bottled_water&oldid=800999256"
Categories:
Bottled water
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from September 2017
Articles needing POV-check from August 2014
All NPOV disputes
Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Íslenska
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Română
Русский
Suomi
தமிழ்
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 01:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/Water_cure_(therapy)
mw-redirect
Water cure (therapy)

values:
/wiki/Carbonated_waters
mw-redirect
Carbonated waters

values:
/wiki/Sulfur_compounds
mw-redirect
Sulfur compounds

values:
/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)
mw-redirect
Spring (hydrosphere)

values: Edit section: Purified water vending machines

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Personal_hygiene
mw-redirect
Personal hygiene

values:
/wiki/Water_footprint
mw-redirect
Water footprint

values: Edit section: Food and Drug Administration

values: Edit section: Food Standards Australia New Zealand

values:
/wiki/European_Directive
mw-redirect
European Directive

values:
/wiki/Effervescence_(chemistry)
mw-redirect
Effervescence (chemistry)

values:
/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency
mw-redirect
Environmental Protection Agency

values:
/wiki/Alexandria,_VA
mw-redirect
Alexandria, VA

values: Food and Drugs Act & Regulations (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)

values:
/wiki/The_American_Red_Cross
mw-redirect
The American Red Cross

values: Edit section: Bottled water in emergency response

values: Nestle North America (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/2010_earthquake
mw-redirect
2010 earthquake

values: May 2013 tornadoes (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/PET_plastic
mw-redirect
PET plastic

values:
/wiki/Municipal_water
mw-redirect
Municipal water

values: Edit section: Perceptions about bottled water

values: Beverage Marketing Corporation (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Environmental_footprint
mw-redirect
Environmental footprint

values:
/wiki/Estrogenic_activity
mw-redirect
Estrogenic activity

values: Edit section: Bottled water versus carbonated beverages

values: Edit section: Bottled water versus tap water

values:
/wiki/Water_carbonator
mw-redirect
Water carbonator

values:
/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund
mw-redirect
World Wildlife Fund

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Reuse_of_water_bottles
mw-redirect
Reuse of water bottles

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u7-2.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.efbw.eu/index.php?id=39

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.google.com/patents/US3733309

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ready.gov/water

values:
nofollow
http://www.slate.com/id/2288031/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
nofollow
http://www.epbp.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.petresin.org/recycling.asp,

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.napcor.com/pdf/Master.pdf,

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bottledwater.org/water-use

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bottledwater.org/files/IBWA

values:
nofollow
http://www.bottledandsold.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5475

values:
nofollow
external text
http://prestigebottlers.com

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1057%2Fdddmp.2013.34

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ready.gov/kit

values:
nofollow
external text
http://courses.washington.edu

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10728111

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfami.9.3.246

values: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367689

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1003220

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2005.10.002

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo28166

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2017

values: Category:Articles needing POV-check from August 2014

values: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bottled_water
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مياه معبأة – Arabic

values: آب بسته‌بندی‌شده – Persian

values: बोतलबंद पानी – Hindi

values: കുപ്പിവെള്ളം – Malayalam

values: ボトルウォーター – Japanese

values: Бутилированная вода – Russian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullovesi
Pullovesi – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: புட்டித் தண்ணீர் – Tamil

values: Бутильована вода – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bottled_water rootpage-Bottled_water skin-vector action-view


text:
The Dark Tower (comics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Dark Tower
Cover of The Gunslinger Born #1
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
Genre
Fantasy, science fiction, horror, western
Main character(s)
Roland Deschain, Alain Johns, Cuthbert Allgood, Jake Chambers, Eddie Dean, Susannah Dean
Creative team
Created by
Stephen King
Written by
Robin Furth (adaptation)
Peter David (script)
Artist(s)
Jae Lee, Richard Isanove, Dean White, Sean Phillips, Luke Ross, Michael Lark, Stefano Gaudiano, Laurence Campbell, Alex Maleev, Piotr Kowalski, Nick Filardi, Julian Totino Tedesco, Jonathan Marks, Lee Loughridge, Nimit Malavia, Juanan Ramirez, Jay Anacleto
The Dark Tower, first published in 2007, is a series of comic books by Marvel Comics based on Stephen King's The Dark Tower series of novels. Overall, it is plotted by Robin Furth and scripted by Peter David. Stephen King serves as Creative and Executive Director of the project.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Chapter runs and story arcs
3 Other releases
4 Collections
4.1 Story arc collections
4.2 Omnibus collections
5 Related
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
The first chapter run of the series, entitled simply The Dark Tower, consists of thirty issues that make up five volumes illustrated primarily by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove. The first volume, The Gunslinger Born, is based mostly on flashbacks from The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger and The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass; the remaining volumes (The Long Road Home, Treachery, Fall of Gilead, and Battle of Jericho Hill) contain mostly new content which expands upon details and events more briefly referenced throughout the novels. In addition to the five primary story arcs, the chapter run also includes one limited series, The Sorcerer. As stated by Peter David's afterword to The Long Road Home, the chapter run details Roland Deschain's "progress from callow youth to gunslinger," starting with his adventures in Mejis from Wizard and Glass and ending with the Battle of Jericho Hill (as detailed in The Dark Tower V: Wolves of the Calla and The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower).
The second chapter run, under the title of The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, consists of another thirty issues broken up into five additional volumes written by Furth and David. Following Lee's departure from the series, this chapter run featured Isanove teaming with a different artist for each story arc. The first volume, The Journey Begins, takes place twelve years after the Battle of Jericho Hill and mostly details events which occurred between the time of the battle and the start of the novel The Gunslinger. The second volume, The Little Sisters of Eluria, is based mostly upon the short story of the same name (originally published within Legends) found in the Stephen King collection Everything's Eventual. The remaining volumes are largely adaptations of the novellas within The Gunslinger. The third, The Battle of Tull, is based mostly upon content from "The Gunslinger". The fourth, The Way Station, is based mostly upon "The Way Station" and "The Oracle and the Mountains". The fifth, The Man in Black, is based mostly upon "The Slow Mutants" and "The Gunslinger and the Dark Man". In addition to the five primary story arcs, a total of three limited series (Sheemie's Tale, Evil Ground, and So Fell Lord Perth) were released as part of this chapter run.
The Dark Tower comics were planned to be finished after the August 7, 2013, release of So Fell Lord Perth.[1] However, on April 25, 2014, a third chapter run, The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three, was announced.[2] This chapter run, based primarily on the novel The Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three, continued to be written by Furth and David but featured, for the first time, new, rotating artistic teams that did not feature Isanove. The volumes in this chapter run focus on the newly gathered (or 'drawn') members of Roland's ka-tet, as divided in the novel into sections based on the mysterious doors through which Roland must travel. The first and second volumes (The Prisoner and House of Cards) focus on Eddie Dean, who was introduced in the section of the novel also named "The Prisoner". The third and fourth volumes (Lady of Shadows and Bitter Medicine) focus on Odetta Holmes, who was introduced in the section of the novel named "The Lady of Shadows". The fifth volume (The Sailor) focuses on Jake Chambers, who survived his original fate thanks to a change in the timeline (as shown in the section of the novel named "The Pusher") and who now struggles to find a way to return to Mid-World (as depicted in the first half of The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands).
As of November 7, 2007, Marvel has been publishing collections for each story arc, and on September 21, 2011, it began publishing hardcover omnibus editions collecting each chapter run, with bonus materials not contained in the original releases.
Chapter runs and story arcs[edit]
Arc #
Title
Issue(s)
Date(s)
Plot
Script
Interior Art
Cover(s)*
The Dark Tower
1
The Gunslinger Born 7 February 7 - August 1, 2007 Robin Furth Peter David Jae Lee & Richard Isanove Jae Lee & Richard Isanove
2
The Long Road Home 5 March 5 - July 2, 2008 Robin Furth Peter David Jae Lee & Richard Isanove Jae Lee & Richard Isanove
3
Treachery 6 September 10, 2008 - February 25, 2009 Robin Furth Peter David Jae Lee & Richard Isanove Jae Lee & Richard Isanove
*
The Sorcerer 1 April 15, 2009 Robin Furth Robin Furth Richard Isanove Richard Isanove
4
Fall of Gilead 6 May 13 - November 25, 2009 Robin Furth Peter David Richard Isanove, Dean White Richard Isanove, Jae Lee
5
Battle of Jericho Hill 5 December 3, 2009 - April 21, 2010 Robin Furth Peter David Jae Lee & Richard Isanove Jae Lee & Richard Isanove
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger
6
The Journey Begins 5 May 19 - September 22, 2010 Robin Furth Peter David Sean Phillips & Richard Isanove Sean Phillips & Richard Isanove
7
The Little Sisters of Eluria 5 December 8, 2010 - April 13, 2011 Robin Furth Peter David Luke Ross & Richard Isanove Luke Ross & Richard Isanove
8
The Battle of Tull 5 June 1 - October 5, 2011 Robin Furth Peter David Michael Lark, Stefano Gaudiano, Richard Isanove Michael Lark & Richard Isanove
9
The Way Station 5 December 14, 2011 - April 25, 2012 Robin Furth Peter David Laurence Campbell & Richard Isanove Laurence Campbell & Richard Isanove
10
The Man in Black 5 June 20 - October 17, 2012 Robin Furth Peter David Alex Maleev & Richard Isanove Alex Maleev
*
Sheemie's Tale 2 January 9 - February 13, 2013 Robin Furth Robin Furth Richard Isanove Richard Isanove
*
Evil Ground 2 April 3 - June 5, 2013 Robin Furth Peter David Richard Isanove, Dean White Richard Isanove
*
So Fell Lord Perth 1 August 7, 2013 Robin Furth Peter David Richard Isanove Richard Isanove
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three
11
The Prisoner 5 September 17 - November 30, 2014 Robin Furth Peter David Piotr Kowalski & Nick Filardi Julian Totino Tedesco
12
House of Cards 5 March 25 - July 15, 2015 Robin Furth Peter David Piotr Kowalski & Nick Filardi Julian Totino Tedesco
13
Lady of Shadows 5 September 2, 2015 - January 20, 2016 Robin Furth Peter David Jonathan Marks & Lee Loughridge Nimit Malavia
14
Bitter Medicine 5 April 20 - August 31, 2016 Robin Furth Peter David Jonathan Marks & Lee Loughridge Nimit Malavia
15
The Sailor 5 October 12, 2016 - February 8, 2017 Robin Furth Peter David Juanan Ramirez Jay Anacleto
Notes
Cover artists listed are for primary first-printing cover art, not additional printings and/or variant covers.
The Sorcerer is a one-shot that serves as a prelude to Fall of Gilead.
Sheemie's Tale, originally a one-shot that was meant to serve as an interlude between The Journey Begins and The Little Sisters of Eluria, was scheduled for publication in November 2010, then postponed to January 26, 2011, and later put on indefinite hiatus.[3] The final issue of The Man in Black announced that Sheemie's Tale would be next in the series.[4] While it was originally solicited as a one-shot, when finally released in 2013 it was announced as a two-issue limited series.[1][5]
Evil Ground is a two-issue limited series which, chronologically, takes place between The Journey Begins and The Little Sisters of Eluria but also features memories of a journey in the past. It is framed as a story-within-a-story-within-a-story, much like the Dark Tower novel The Wind through the Keyhole, although the plots are not directly related.
So Fell Lord Perth is a one-shot which, when published, concluded the run of releases from The Gunslinger. Its story, featuring the fictitious legend of Arthur Eld and his battle against the towering Lord Perth, mirrors the biblical account of David and Goliath.
Other releases[edit]
Title
Issue(s)
Date(s)
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born Sketchbook 1 December 13, 2006
Marvel Spotlight: The Dark Tower 1 January 27, 2007
The Dark Tower: Gunslinger's Guidebook 1 August 1, 2007
The Dark Tower: End-World Almanac 1 July 2, 2008
The Dark Tower: Guide to Gilead 1 April 8, 2009
Notes
Gunslinger's Guidebook, End-World Almanac, and Guide to Gilead were each one-shot sourcebooks written by Furth and Anthony Flamini with additional interior art by David Yardin. Each publication provided background information on the people, places, and mythology of the Dark Tower series.
Collections[edit]
Story arc collections[edit]
Vol #
Title
Format
ISBN
Release date
Collected material
The Dark Tower
1
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born Hardcover 0785121447 November 7, 2007 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born #1-7
Paperback 0785121455 May 19, 2010
2
The Dark Tower: The Long Road Home Hardcover 0785127097 October 7, 2008 The Dark Tower: The Long Road Home #1-5
Paperback 0785127798 October 20, 2010
3
The Dark Tower: Treachery Hardcover 078513574X April 21, 2009 The Dark Tower: Treachery #1-6
Paperback 0785135758 March 16, 2011
4
The Dark Tower: Fall of Gilead Hardcover 0785129510 February 23, 2010 The Dark Tower: The Sorcerer #1 and Fall of Gilead #1-6
Paperback 0785129529 November 2, 2011
5
The Dark Tower: Battle of Jericho Hill Hardcover 0785129537 August 18, 2010 The Dark Tower: Battle of Jericho Hill #1-5
Paperback 0785129545 May 9, 2012
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger
6
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins Hardcover 0785147098 January 25, 2011 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Journey Begins #1-5
Paperback 0785147101 November 14, 2012
7
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria Hardcover 0785149317 June 22, 2011 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria #1-5
Paperback 0785149325 January 29, 2013
8
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull Hardcover 0785149333 January 25, 2012 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull #1-5
Paperback 0785149341 May 7, 2013
9
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Way Station Hardcover 078514935X June 27, 2012 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Way Station #1-5
Paperback 0785149368 July 30, 2013
10
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Man in Black Hardcover 0785149376 January 15, 2013 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Man in Black #1-5
Paperback 0785149384 October 29, 2013
11
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - Last Shots Paperback 0785149414 October 8, 2013 The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - Sheemie's Tale #1-2, Evil Ground #1-2, and So Fell Lord Perth #1
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three
12
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - The Prisoner Paperback 0785191577 March 10, 2015 The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - The Prisoner #1-5
13
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - House of Cards Paperback 0785192816 September 22, 2015 The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - House of Cards #1-5
14
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - Lady of Shadows Paperback 0785192824 March 29, 2016 The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - Lady of Shadows #1-5
15
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - Bitter Medicine Paperback 0785192808 October 18, 2016 The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - Bitter Medicine #1-5
16
The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - The Sailor Paperback 0785192840 May 9, 2017 The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three - The Sailor #1-5
Omnibus collections[edit]
Vol #
Title
Format
ISBN
Release date
Collected material
The Dark Tower
1
The Dark Tower Omnibus Hardcover 0785155414 September 21, 2011 Story arc collections 1–5
The Dark Tower Omnibus Companion Bonus material not included in the original individual collections (1-5)
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger
2
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Omnibus Hardcover 0785188703 September 3, 2014 Story arc collections 6-11
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Omnibus Companion Bonus material not included in the original individual collections (6-11)
Notes
Story arc collections 1-10 originally were made available in both hardcover and softcover (paperback) formats. Beginning with collection 11, the only printed edition released was a paperback format. (This does not apply to the omnibus editions, which continued to be released solely in hardcover.)
Related[edit]
The Stand (comics)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Marvel official page for 'So fell lord Perth'
Jump up ^ http://popwatch.ew.com/2014/04/27/dark-tower-drawing-of-the-three-comic/
Jump up ^ http://www.cemeterydance.com/extras/news-from-the-dead-zone-137/
Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/10/18/marvel-comics-january-2013-solicitations
Jump up ^ http://www.tfaw.com/Profile/Dark-Tower-Gunslinger-Sheemies-Tale-1-(of-2)___371359
External links[edit]
Official Dark Tower comics site
[show]
v
t
e
Stephen King
Bibliography
Short fiction
Unpublished and uncollected
Awards and nominations
Novels
Carrie (1974)
'Salem's Lot (1975)
The Shining (1977)
The Stand (1978)
The Dead Zone (1979)
Firestarter (1980)
Cujo (1981)
Christine (1983)
Pet Sematary (1983)
Cycle of the Werewolf (1983)
The Talisman (1984)
It (1986)
The Eyes of the Dragon (1987)
Misery (1987)
The Tommyknockers (1987)
The Dark Half (1989)
Needful Things (1991)
Gerald's Game (1992)
Dolores Claiborne (1992)
Insomnia (1994)
Rose Madder (1995)
The Green Mile (1996)
Desperation (1996)
Bag of Bones (1998)
The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon (1999)
The Plant (2000; unfinished)
Dreamcatcher (2001)
Black House (2001)
From a Buick 8 (2002)
The Colorado Kid (2005)
Cell (2006)
Lisey's Story (2006)
Duma Key (2008)
Under the Dome (2009)
11/22/63 (2011)
Joyland (2013)
Doctor Sleep (2013)
Mr. Mercedes (2014)
Revival (2014)
Finders Keepers (2015)
End of Watch (2016)
Gwendy's Button Box (2017)
Sleeping Beauties (2017)
The Outsider (2018)
The Dark Tower series
The Gunslinger (1982)
The Drawing of the Three (1987)
The Waste Lands (1991)
Wizard and Glass (1997)
Wolves of the Calla (2003)
Song of Susannah (2004)
The Dark Tower (2004)
The Wind Through the Keyhole (2012)
Richard Bachman novels
Rage (1977)
The Long Walk (1979)
Roadwork (1981)
The Running Man (1982)
Thinner (1984)
The Bachman Books (1985)
The Regulators (1996)
Blaze (2007)
Short fiction collections
Night Shift (1978)
Different Seasons (1982)
Skeleton Crew (1985)
Four past Midnight (1990)
Nightmares & Dreamscapes (1993)
Hearts in Atlantis (1999)
Everything's Eventual (2002)
Just After Sunset (2008)
Full Dark, No Stars (2010)
The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015)
Non-fiction
Danse Macabre (1981)
Nightmares in the Sky (1988)
On Writing (2000)
Secret Windows (2000)
Faithful (2004)
"Guns" (2013)
Screenplays
Creepshow (1982)
Cat's Eye (1985)
Silver Bullet (1985)
Maximum Overdrive (1986; also director)
Pet Sematary (1989)
Sleepwalkers (1992)
A Good Marriage (2014)
Cell (2016)
Teleplays
"Sorry, Right Number" (1987)
Golden Years (1991)
The Stand (1994)
The Shining (1997)
"Chinga" (1998)
Storm of the Century (1999)
Rose Red (2002)
Kingdom Hospital (2004)
Desperation (2006)
"Heads Will Roll" (2014)
Comics
Creepshow (1982)
Heroes for Hope (1985) (one page only)
The Secretary of Dreams (2006)
The Dark Tower (2007–)
The Stand (2008–12)
The Talisman (2009–10)
American Vampire (2010) (Backup-only)
N. (2010)
Road Rage (2012)
The Dark Man (2013)
Musical collaborations
Michael Jackson's Ghosts (1997)
Black Ribbons (2010)
Ghost Brothers of Darkland County (2012)
Anthologies edited
The Best American Short Stories 2007 (2007)
Six Scary Stories (2016)
Worlds and concepts
Fictional locations of Maine
Jerusalem's Lot
Castle Rock
Derry
Fictional books
Multiverse
All-World
Dollar Baby
Related articles
List of adaptations
Books about Stephen King
Rock Bottom Remainders
Philtrum Press
Six Stories
Stephen King Goes to the Movies
Charlie the Choo-Choo
Hearts in Suspension
Tabitha King
Joe Hill
Owen King
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
The Dark Tower series by Stephen King
Novels
The Gunslinger
The Drawing of the Three
The Waste Lands
Wizard and Glass
Wolves of the Calla
Song of Susannah
The Dark Tower
The Wind Through the Keyhole
Short stories
"The Gunslinger"
"The Way Station"
"The Oracle and the Mountains"
"The Slow Mutants"
"The Gunslinger and the Dark Man"
"The Little Sisters of Eluria"
Comics
The Gunslinger Born
The Long Road Home
Treachery
The Sorcerer
Fall of Gilead
Battle of Jericho Hill
The Journey Begins
The Little Sisters of Eluria
Characters
Roland Deschain
Father Callahan
Randall Flagg
Crimson King
Related books
'Salem's Lot
The Stand
The Talisman
Skeleton Crew
It
The Eyes of the Dragon
Insomnia
Rose Madder
Desperation
The Regulators
Bag of Bones
Hearts in Atlantis
Black House
Everything's Eventual
From a Buick 8
Charlie the Choo-Choo
Other
All-World
Multiverse
Film
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Tower_(comics)&oldid=797046203"
Categories:
2007 comics debuts
The Dark Tower comics
Hidden categories:
Title pop
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
فارسی
Français
Русский
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 August 2017, at 16:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: td

attrs: scope style

values:
row
width: 40%;

values:
/wiki/Alain_Johns
mw-redirect
Alain Johns

values:
/wiki/Cuthbert_Allgood
mw-redirect
Cuthbert Allgood

values:
/wiki/Jake_Chambers
mw-redirect
Jake Chambers

values:
/wiki/Eddie_Dean_(The_Dark_Tower)
mw-redirect
Eddie Dean (The Dark Tower)

values:
/wiki/Susannah_Dean
mw-redirect
Susannah Dean

values:
/wiki/Script_(comic_book)
mw-redirect
Script (comic book)

values: Dean White (comics) (page does not exist)

values: Julian Totino Tedesco (page does not exist)

values: Jonathan Marks (artist) (page does not exist)

values: width:22em;width: 24em; background: #f2f9ff;

values: List of characters from the Dark Tower series

values: Edit section: Chapter runs and story arcs

values: The Dark Tower: The Little Sisters of Eluria

values: The Dark Tower: The Battle of Tull (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: The Way Station (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: The Man in Black (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: Sheemie's Tale (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: Evil Ground (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: So Fell Lord Perth (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: The Prisoner (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: House of Cards (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: Lady of Shadows (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: Bitter Medicine (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: The Sailor (page does not exist)

values: The Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole

values:
/wiki/David_and_Goliath
mw-redirect
David and Goliath

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Unpublished and uncollected works by Stephen King

values: List of awards and nominations received by Stephen King

values: The Outsider (King novel) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/On_Writing_(Stephen_King)
mw-redirect
On Writing (Stephen King)

values: List of fictional books in the works of Stephen King

values: List of adaptations of works by Stephen King

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(comics)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: برج تاریک (کامیک) – Persian

values: Тёмная Башня (комиксы) – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Dark_Tower_comics rootpage-The_Dark_Tower_comics vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view