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Super Bowl LII halftime show
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
Date
February 4, 2018
Location
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Venue
U.S. Bank Stadium
Headliner
Justin Timberlake
Special guests
The Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamilton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
LI
(2017) LII
(2018) LIII
(2019)
The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Background
3 Development
4 Critical response
5 Commercial reception
6 Setlist
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance
Timberlake during halftime show
Timberlake performing "Suit & Tie" with the University of Minnesota Marching Band
The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake, followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing "Filthy" in a club setting below the field level of the stadium. He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field, descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd. Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing "Rock Your Body" with a troupe of female backup dancers, abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to "Señorita" on a small stage with his backing dancers. Upon reaching the main stage, he performed a number of songs, including "SexyBack", "My Love", and "Cry Me a River", which featured a dance break mid-field. Upon reaching the next stage, Timberlake performed his hit song "Suit & Tie" as the University of Minnesota Marching Band, wearing black tuxedos, played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him.[2]
The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake's tribute to Prince
Dancers fill the field during Timberlake's performance of "Can't Stop the Feeling!"
Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing "Until the End of Time", then segued into "I Would Die 4 U" as a tribute to Minneapolis-native Prince. A video of Prince performing the song played in the background, projected onto on a large multi-story sheet. An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince's trademark Love Symbol, with the stadium at the center. He then returned to the main stage to perform "Mirrors", as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors, creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium. Timberlake closed the show with "Can't Stop the Feeling!", entering the stands at the conclusion of the song.[3][4]
For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012, no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance. The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects.[5]
Background[edit]
Field being set up for Timberlake's performance
In July 2017, multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime, but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later. During August and September 2017, several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime, first along with his frequent-collaborator Jay-Z as co-headliner, and then as the solo performer.[6] A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time, "along with Pepsi, we know that we will put on a spectacular show. When it is time to announce her name we will do it. Or his name. Or their names."[7] The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon.[8]
This was Timberlake's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show. As a member of NSYNC, Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV (2001) halftime show, and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004), which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts on national television, described as a wardrobe malfunction. The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance "family-friendly." While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident, they asked him to stay true to his word, saying "we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018," as the singer stated in a prior interview that "we are not going to do that again."[9]
In an interview with Billboard, Pepsi executives expressed:
We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake. We’ve kind of felt that Justin deserves, and has for a number of years, to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he wasn’t the main artist. It was just about the timing. To be honest, we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime, and this year just felt really right to us. He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive, it was a no-brainer. We know he’s gonna bring it.[10]
The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson, who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle.
Development[edit]
The U.S. Bank Stadium, where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held.
During the performance, Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney, which consists of "alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt, featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley," according to a press release. Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales-check and camouflage splatter-print suit and matching jacket. As usual for McCartney, these pieces were made from animal-free leather and organic cotton.[11][12]
Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band, the Tennessee Kids.[13] Regarding the Prince tribute, the performance's creative visual lead, Fireplay's Nick Whitehouse, told Rolling Stone:
Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show, and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy. Ultimately, Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince. The band held 50-hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show.[14]
Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview, citing The Beatles' "Free as a Bird" as an example of a practice he considered to be "demonic." His family granted permission to use Prince's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram, and they approved of the final result.[15][2] Sheila E, a former bandmate of Prince's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness, stated that "a bigger company" (she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake's idea.[16]
Despite the lack of an individual guest artist, the more than 300-member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show. The band's drumline, brass, and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of "Suit & Tie." The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake’s performance of his song "Mirrors", and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show, including the club scene at the show's opening. All members of the band were featured on the field in the show's finale, "Can't Stop the Feeling!". The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI.[4]
Critical response[edit]
Timberlake’s performance received mixed reviews.[17] In a positive review, Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote "Timberlake is a masterful live performer – which made Sunday's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet," he continued commenting the performer "did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other." Although it did not have a moment that "stuck," he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show.[18] In a similarly positive review, Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said "there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining [halftime]", further adding "Timberlake's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing. From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd (and making #SelfieKid an instant superstar) for the ending." She also considered it "is made for a TV experience" rather than for the public in the stadium, mainly for the sound quality difficulties, but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list.[19] From the same magazine, Nina Braca wrote "his moves were on point,"[17] and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were "relatively certain" about the performance. "most of America would love it, and most of the Internet would hate it," and added Timberlake was "in a situation that was both a can't-lose and a can't-win. It would've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he'd alienated over the last couple years."[20] Also from Billboard, Andrew Unterberge wrote, "Timberlake's audio was somewhat lacking throughout...but the choreography, live-band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable".[21]
Chris Willman of Variety stated that, "Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who's done the Bowl show… and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism, you can’t say that’s entirely inappropriate for the occasion."[22] Willman also wrote that the show, "wasn't one for the ages, but was impressive as a show of athleticism"[22]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake's performance was, "heavy on dance spectacle, light on vocal authority".[23] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show, "energetic, but also entirely lacking in live excitement." Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals. Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered, "one of the most over-planned, least surprising performances imaginable."[24] Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake's performance a "C", calling it, "dutiful, and empty". Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance.[25] Similarly, Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote, "Technically speaking, Timberlake’s set was a testament to precision". Guan, however, criticized Timberlake's performance from lacking in personality, and regarded his performance as unmemorable.[26]
The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars, calling his performance forgettable but flashy.[27] In an interview with NPR, Ann Powers said that "the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment — and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it."[28] Daniel D’Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review, criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body, calling the song’s lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood, and said that the only message from Timberlake’s performance was that he loves his back catalog[29] Deadline felt "but you could see the motions more than you felt the music."[30] Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake’s performance as, “unambiguously underwhelming”.[31]
USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake's performance unfavorably to Prince's own 2007 halftime show.[32][26] Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake’s decision to omit the end of "Rock Your Body" (which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime) felt, “less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection”.[33] However, Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake's decision to cut the song short to be wise.[21] Timberlake's Stella McCartney-designed outfit received negative reviews, with some critics regarding it as "tacky".[17][24][19][21] The LA Times also gave a very critical review, one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance, and said that it lacked soul and meaning.[34] The Digital Journal gave him 2/5 stars and called it lackluster.[35]
Commercial reception[edit]
The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States, 9% less than Lady Gaga's in 2017. It had higher average viewership than the game itself, and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole, which had lost 7% compared to the previous year.[36]
According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music, sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534% in the United States on February 4, the day of the Super Bowl, compared to Feb. 3, while his streams on Spotify gained 214%.[37][38] Janet Jackson likewise gained 150% on Spotify.[39]
Setlist[edit]
Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince
"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack" (with elements of "Supplies")
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River" (with elements of "Kashmir")
"Suit & Tie" (with elements of "Pusher Love Girl") (featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (along with a pre-recorded video of Prince, displayed on a projection screen)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"
See also[edit]
2018 in American television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schad, Tom (October 22, 2017). "Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show". USA Today. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "No hologram, but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake's halftime show". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ NFL (February 4, 2018), Justin Timberlake’s FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show! | NFL Highlights, retrieved February 5, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b "U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show". KARE. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake and everything but the football – Super Bowl half-time show as it happened". Guardian. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl halftime show: Here's who Justin Timberlake's guest performers might be". CBS Sports. February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boren, Cindy (September 27, 2017). "Justin Timberlake reportedly 'finalizing' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show". National Football League. October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (January 30, 2018). "The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate'". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (February 3, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver 'Mesmerizing' Super Bowl Halftime Show: Pepsi Execs Reveal It's 'Justin at His Best'". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sebra, Matt (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves". GQ. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Sarah (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights". People. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Legaspi, Althea (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl LII: Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilstein, Matt (February 5, 2018). "Prince's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake wasn't behind Prince hologram idea". TMZ. February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Braca, Nina (February 5, 2018). "From 'Cry Me a River' to 'Can't Stop the Feeling!,' Justin Timberlake's 10 Best Live Performances: Critic's Picks". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bruce R. (February 4, 2018). "REVIEW: Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job, even without NSYNC". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Weatherby, Taylor (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show: 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unterberge, Andrew (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Chris (February 4, 2018). "Halftime Review: Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble-Free After Bad Pre-Game PR". Variety. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe, Seeking Super Bowl Redemption". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Feinberg, Daniel (February 4, 2018). "Critic's Notebook: Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing, Spontaneity". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018. More than one of |website= and |work= specified (help)
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful, and empty: EW review". www.ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Guan, Fran (February 5, 2018). "It Was His Halftime Show, But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl". www.vulture.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nevins, Jake (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl performance: a forgettable but flashy medley of hits". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "As The Pop World Seeks Accountability, Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods".
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show". Time.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely – Review".
Jump up ^ Richards, Chris (February 4, 2018). "This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl". www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve (February 5, 2018). "Compared with Prince's, Justin Timberlake's halftime show was a wimpy joke". www.usatoday. USA Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petrusich, Amanda (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show, Reviewed". www.newyorker.com. The New Yorker. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael. "Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and wouldn't stop saying it". latimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Review: Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance (Includes first-hand account)". February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic. "Eagles' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4M Viewers, Smallest Audience In Nine Years – Update". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Caufield, Keith (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534% Sales Gain". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Krzaczek, Katie (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl Bump: Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Janet Jackson's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII". February 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons
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text:
First white child
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The birth of the first white child is a widely used concept to mark the establishment of a European colony in the New World, especially in the historiography of the United States. In Texas, the birth of the first white child is recorded in local histories on the county level.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Americas
1.1 Continental United States
1.2 British, Dutch and Swedish colonies
1.3 Canada
2 Oceania
2.1 Australia
2.2 New Zealand
2.3 Fiji
3 Africa
3.1 Rhodesia
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Americas[edit]
A 1937 United States stamp honoring Virginia Dare
Snorri Thorfinnsson (probably born between 1005 and 1013) was the son of Thorfinnur Karlsefni and Gudrídur Þorbjarnardottir. Generally known to his contemporaries as Snorri Gudrídsson, as his mother outlived his father, was born in Vinland, making him the first European documented to be born in North America.
Continental United States[edit]
Martín de Argüelles, Jr., born in the Spanish colony of St. Augustine, Florida, was the first white child known to be born in what is now the continental United States.[2] Born in 1566, his father was a hidalgo and one of the expeditioners who went to New Spain with Captain General Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, is also the oldest continuously occupied European-founded city anywhere in the United States excluding Puerto Rico.[3]
British, Dutch and Swedish colonies[edit]
Virginia Dare, born in 1587 at the Roanoke Colony, was the first child born in North America to English parents, and her memory was celebrated in the British colonies. Peregrine White, born aboard the Mayflower at Provincetown Harbor in 1620, was the first Pilgrim birth.[3] Sarah Rapelje, born on June 6, 1625, was the first white child born in New Netherland in what is now New York state.[4][5] Born in 1659, Kristian Gaapstörm was the first white child born in New Sweden.
Canada[edit]
Hélène Desportes is often cited as the first white child born in New France, in what would later be Canada. She was born probably 1620, to Pierre Desportes and Françoise Langlois, although there is some disagreement about whether she was born in Quebec or before her family arrived on the continent in 1614. Hélène's maternal aunt was the mother of Eustache Martin, born in October 1621 in Quebec to Abraham Martin and Marguerite Langlois.[6]
Jonathan Guy, the son of Newfoundland settler Nicholas Guy, was the first child born to Anglophone parents in Canada, and one of the first born in any part of North America within a permanent settlement. He was born on 27 March 1613 in Cuper's Cove, a settlement that has been continuously occupied since 1610 and where his family remained long after his birth[7]
At Port Royal, Acadia in 1636, Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau, who had arrived on the passenger ship Saint Jehan along with 78 other migrants, were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia. The first-born child was Mathieu Martin. In part because of this distinction, Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneur of Cobequid (1699).[8]
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
Seebaer van Nieuwelant (born 27 July 1623), son of Willemtgen and Willem Janszoon, was born south of Dirk Hartog Island, in present-day Western Australia. His father, not to be confused with the earlier Dutch explorer of the same name, was a midshipman from Amsterdam. He and his wife were aboard the Leijden, commanded by Claes Hermanszoon, which was charting the coast at the time. Their son's name in Dutch meant "sea-born (or sea-birth) of new land".[9]
New Zealand[edit]
The first European birth in New Zealand was Thomas Holloway King at the Rangihoua Bay settlement on February 21, 1815.[10][11]
Fiji[edit]
Novelist Joan Lindsay states [12]that her mother-in-law, Janey Lindsay, was the first white child to be born in Fiji. She was born Jane Elizabeth Williams to the missionary Thomas Williams, and became the matriarch of an artistic family, including Daryl Lindsay (born 1889).
Africa[edit]
Rhodesia[edit]
Nada Burnham (May 1894 – May 19, 1896), daughter of the celebrated American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, was the first white child born in Bulawayo and died of fever and starvation during the Siege of Bulawayo in the Second Matabele War.[13][14] She was buried in the Pioneer Cemetery, plot #144, in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).[15] Nada is the Zulu word for lily and she was named after the heroine in Sir H. Rider Haggard’s Zulu tale, Nada the Lily (1892). Three of Haggard's books are posthumously dedicated to her: The Wizard (1896), Elissa: The Doom of Zimbabwe (1899), and Black Heart and White Heart: A Zulu Idyll (1900).[16][17] Haggard's dedication reads: To the Memory of the Child: Nada Burnham, who "bound all to her" and, while her father cut his way through the hordes of the Ingobo Regiment, perished of the hardships of war at Buluwayo on 19 May 1896, I dedicate these tales—and more particularly the last, that of a Faith which triumphed over savagery and death.[16]
The first white baby born in Rhodesia was named Unwin Moffat. He was the son of the missionary John Smith Moffat & his wife Emily, nee Unwin. The child was born on the 18th of December 1858. The Moffats had eleven children between 1858 and 1871. One of their sons, Howard Unwin Moffat, became premier of S. Rhodesia in 1927.
See also[edit]
Emilio Palma, first human to be born on the continent of Antarctica.
King's Daughters
Órfãs do Rei
Casquette girl
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cox, Mike. July 2003. "First Whites". Accessed August 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Time. "First Native White". Accessed August 7, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Word, Ron. July 30, 2007. "St. Augustine celebrates 442nd birthday". Accessed August 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Colonial Ancestors. "This Day in Colonial Times – June". Accessed August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Decoursey, William. "Bill Decoursey's notes on old Dutch families". Accessed August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "Hélène Desportes". Accessed August 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cell, Gillian T. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 1979. "Nicholas Guy". Accessed September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, N. 1600-1650. "Fish, Fur and Folk", in Buckner, P. and Reid J. (eds), The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History, Toronto University Press. 1994. p. 193
Jump up ^ From the journal of the Leijden (or Leyden): "On the 27th do. WILLEMTGEN JANSZ., wedded wife Of WILLEM JANSZ. of Amsterdam, midshipman, was delivered of a son, who got the name of SEEBAER VAN NIEUWELANT." J. E. Heeres (1899). The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia 1606-1765, p. 49. Accessed via Project Gutenberg, 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 1814 Hansen family tree Accessed November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ancestry.com record for Thomas King Accessed November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lindsay, Joan (1962). Time Without Clocks. F. W. Cheshire Pty Ltd. p.82
Jump up ^ West, James E.; Peter O. Lamb (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. illustrated by Robert Baden-Powell. Brewer, Warren and Putnam.
Jump up ^ Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Doubleday, Page & company. OCLC 407686.
Jump up ^ Lott, J. "Jack" P. (March 1977). "Major F. R. Burnham, D.S.O". Rhodesiana Magazine. 36. ISSN 0556-9605.
^ Jump up to: a b Haggard, H. Rider (1926). The Days of My Life Volume II. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Rider Haggard's Tribute". Atlanta Constitution. November 21, 1896. ISSN 0093-1179.
Further reading[edit]
Mollie, Gillen. 1989. A Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet. ISBN 0-908120-69-9
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France–Vietnam relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)
French–Vietnamese relations

France

Vietnam
French–Vietnamese relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit father Alexandre de Rhodes. Various traders would visit Vietnam during the 18th century, until the major involvement of French forces under Pigneau de Béhaine from 1787 to 1789 helped establish the Nguyễn Dynasty. France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century under the pretext of protecting the work of Catholic missionaries in the country. France progressively carved for itself a huge colony, which would form French Indochina in 1887. France continued to rule Vietnam as a colony until France's defeat in the First Indochina War and the proclamation of Vietnam's independence in 1954.
Contents
[hide]
1 First contacts
2 Military collaboration (1787–1820)
3 Religious persecutions
3.1 Attempt at overture
4 Naval interventions (1843–1847)
5 Territorial conquest
5.1 Conquest of Cochinchina (1862–1874)
5.2 Protectorate over Annam and Tonkin (1883)
5.3 Tonkin Campaign (1883–85) and Sino-French War (1884–85)
6 French Indochina (1887-1954)
7 Indochina war and Vietnamese independence (1954)
8 Post war relations (1973-present)
9 Resident diplomatic missions
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
First contacts[edit]
See also: Roman Catholicism in Vietnam
Alexandre de Rhodes.
One of the first Frenchmen to visit Vietnam was the Jesuit father Alexandre de Rhodes,[1] who arrived there in 1620. While he was in Vietnam, he wrote the first Vietnamese Catechism and he went living
Alexandre de Rhodes returned to Europe in 1650, to advocate the dispatch of bishops in order to better accompany the development of Roman Catholicism in Vietnam (at that time around 100,000 converts), and the dispatch of bishops in order to create a strong native clergy and avoid in Vietnam a catastrophic eradication of Christianity, as seen in the case of Christianity in Japan around 1620:[2]
"We have all reason to fear that what happened to the Church of Japan could also happen to the Church of Annam, because these kings, in Tonkin as well as in Cochinchina, are very powerful and accustomed to war... It is necessary that the Holy See, by its own mouvement, give pastors to these Oriental regions where Christians multiply in a marvelous way, lest, without bishops, these men die without sacrament and manifestly risk damnation."
—  Alexandre de Rhodes.[3]
The efforts of Alexander de Rhodes led to the creation of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, marking the involvement of Catholic France as a new missionary power in Asia. From 1660 a base was established in Ayutthaya, Siam, by Mgr Pallu and Mgr Lambert de la Motte, from where numerous attempts were made to send missionaries to Vietnam.
Meanwhile, the Jesuits continued their efforts in Vietnam. In 1658, Fathers Manoel Ferreira and Frenchman Joseph Tissanier arrived in Tonkin,[4] but they were expelled in 1664 under the rule of Trịnh Tạc, and fled to Ayutthaya.[5] In June 1666, the Ayutthaya base of the Paris Foreign Missions Society dispatched Father François Deydier to Tonkin, who was able to reorganize Catholics there, although he remained in hiding.[6] Mgr Lambert de la Motte himself would also visit the mission in Tonkin in 1669 and reinforce the organization there, under cover of trading activities of the French East India Company.[6]
In 1680, the French East India Company opened a factory in Phố Hiến.[7] The famous Frenchman Pierre Poivre visited Vietnam from 1720.[7]
Military collaboration (1787–1820)[edit]
Main articles: French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh, Pigneau de Béhaine, and Gia Long
The Citadel of Saigon was built by Olivier de Puymanel for Nguyễn Phúc Ánh according to the designs of Vauban in 1790.
Towards the end of the 18th century, the Tây Sơn rebellion overthrew the Nguyễn family, but one of its members Nguyễn Ánh, future Emperor Gia Long, with the aid of the French Catholic priest Pigneau de Béhaine, titular bishop of Adran, obtained a treaty of alliance with the French king Louis XVI:[8] the Treaty of Versailles, signed on November 21, 1787.[9] In return Gia Long promised to cede Pulo-Condore to the French and to give a concession to the French in Tourane (modern Da Nang), as well as exclusive trading rights. That treaty marks the beginning of French influence in Indochina, but the Governor in Pondicherry, Count de Conway refused to follow through with the implementation of the treaty, leaving Pigneau de Béhaine to his own means.
In spite of these inconveniences, between 1789 and 1799, a French force mustered by Pigneau de Béhaine managed to support Gia Long in acquiring sway over the whole of Vietnam.[10] The French trained Vietnamese troops, established a navy, and built fortifications in the Vauban style,[8] such as the Citadel of Saigon or the Citadel of Duyên Khanh. Several of these French adventurers would remain in high positions in the government of Gia Long such as Philippe Vannier, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, de Forsans and the doctor Despiau.
Frigate Thétis, 1813 model. Musée National de la Marine (Rochefort).
The death of Gia Long, and the accession of Emperor Minh Mạng in 1820 severely strained relations between France and Vietnam. In an effort to reestablish close contacts, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau was nominated French Consul in Huế. He offered a peace treaty, but remained unsuccessful, and left Vietnam definitively with Philippe Vannier and their families in December 1824. On 12 January 1825, an embassy led by Captains Hyacinthe de Bougainville and Courson de la Ville-Hélio arrived in Đà Nẵng, with the warships Thétis and Espérance.[11] Although they had numerous presents from the Emperor, and a 28 January 1824 letter from Louis XVIII, the ambassadors could not obtain an audience from Minh Mạng.[12]
Religious persecutions[edit]
In 1825, emperor Minh Mạng issued an edict prohibiting foreign missionaries in Vietnam, following the infiltration of Father Regéreau from the Thétis when it was anchored in Đà Nẵng.[13] In his edict, Minh Mạng asserted that Christianity perverted the people:
"The Westerner's perverse religion confuses the hearts of men. For a long time, many Western ships have come to trade with us and to introduce Catholic missionaries into our country. These missionaries make the people's hearts crooked, thus destroying our beautiful customs. Truly this is a great disaster for our land. Our purpose being to prevent our people from abandoning our orthodox way, we must accordingly completely eliminate these abuses."
—  Minh Mạng 1825 Edict against Christianity.[13]
As the prohibition proved largely ineffective, and missionaries continued their activities in Vietnam, especially under the protection of the governor of Cochinchina Lê Văn Duyệt, a total ban on Roman Catholicism as well as French and Vietnamese priests was enacted following their support of the Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–1835), leading to persecutions of French missionaries and the execution of Father Joseph Marchand in 1835.[8][12] These events fed in France a desire to intervene and protect the Roman Catholic faith.
Attempt at overture[edit]
Following the defeat of China by Great Britain in the Opium War, emperor Minh Mạng attempted to build an alliance with European powers by sending a delegation under the mandarin Ton That Tuong in 1840. They were received in Paris by Prime Minister Marshal Soult and the Commerce Minister, but they were shunned by King Louis-Philippe. This came after the Paris Foreign Missions Society and the Vatican had urged a rebuke for an "enemy of the religion". The embassy offered in vain a trade monopoly for France, in exchange for the promise of military support in case of an attack by another country.[14] An attempt to make a treaty with America also failed when Minh Mạng died in 1841.[12]
Minh Mạng's successor, Thiệu Trị, also upheld the anti-Catholic policy of his predecessor but tried to avoid direct confrontations. Captain Favin-Lévêque, arriving in Đà Nẵng in 1840 on board the corvette Héroïne, obtained from Thiệu Trị the release of five imprisoned missionaries.[12]
Naval interventions (1843–1847)[edit]
The first attack by France against Vietnam occurred under the command of Jean-Baptiste Cécille in 1847.
In 1843, the French Foreign Minister, François Guizot, sent a fleet to the East under Admiral Jean-Baptiste Cécille and Captain Charner, together with the diplomat Lagrene.[12] The move responded to the successes of the British in China in 1842, and France hoped to counterbalance these successes by accessing China from the south. The pretext however was to support British efforts in China, and to fight the persecution of French missionaries in Vietnam.[15]
In 1845, Cécille was dispatched to Vietnam in order to obtain the release of Bishop Dominique Lefèbvre, who had been condemned to death (the request for the intervention of the French Navy had been transmitted to Cécille by Captain John Percival of the USS Constitution).[12][16]
In 1847, Cécille sent two warships (Gloire and Victorieuse) under Captains Lapierre and Rigault de Genouilly to Đà Nẵng (Tourane) in Vietnam to obtain the liberation of two imprisoned French missionaries, Bishop Dominique Lefèbvre (imprisoned for a second time as he had re-entered Vietnam secretly) and Duclos, and freedom of worship for Catholics in Vietnam.[17][18] As negotiations drew on without results, on April 15, 1847, a fight named the Bombardment of Đà Nẵng erupted between the French fleet and Vietnamese ships, four Vietnamese ships were sunk as a result. The French fleet then sailed away.[17]
Territorial conquest[edit]
See also: Citadel of Saigon, Cochinchina campaign, and Trương Định
In 1858, Charles Rigault de Genouilly attacked Vietnam under the orders of Napoleon III following the failed mission of diplomat Charles de Montigny. His stated mission was to stop the persecution of Catholic missionaries in the country and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith.[19] Rigault de Genouilly, with 14 French gunships, 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish,[20] attacked the port of Đà Nẵng in 1858, causing significant damages, and occupying the city. After a few months, Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses.[19]
Conquest of Cochinchina (1862–1874)[edit]
See also: French Cochinchina
Capture of Saigon by Charles Rigault de Genouilly on 18 February 1859, painted by Antoine Morel-Fatio.
Sailing south, De Genouilly then accomplished the Capture of Saigon, a poorly defended city, on 18 February 1859. De Genouilly was criticized for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859, with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Roman Catholic faith in Vietnam, but not to try to obtain territorial gains.[19] Due to the resumption of fighting in China during the Second Opium War, Admiral Page had to divert most of his force to China, to support Admiral Charner there. In April 1860, Page was recalled to France and replaced by captain d’Aries.[21] The Franco-Spanish force in Saigon, now only numbering about 1,000, was besieged by about 10,000 Vietnamese forces from March 1860 to February 1861.[21] Finally, following the French victory in China at the Battle of Palikao, reinforcements of 70 ships under Admiral Charner and 3,500 soldiers under General Vassoigne were dispatched to Saigon, so that the French were able to defeat the besieging Vietnamese at the battle of Chin Hoa (Ky Hoa) on 25 February 1861.[22] Admiral Bonnard forced the entrance of the Mekong river, and seized Mỹ Tho.[23]
On 13 April 1862, the Vietnamese government was forced to negotiate and officially cede the territories of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France in the 1862 Treaty of Saigon, confirmed by the Treaty of Huế (1863).
Phan Thanh Giản in Paris in 1863.
An embassy was sent to France under Phan Thanh Giản in 1863, to try to recover the territories lost to France.[24] Although Napoleon III initially accepted Phan Thanh Giản's plea, the agreement was finally canceled in 1864, under pressure from Napoleon's cabinet led by the Minister of the Navy and the Colonies Chasseloup-Laubat.
In 1864, all the French territories in southern Vietnam were declared to be the new French colony of Cochinchina. In 1866, France started the exploration of the Mekong river, with the objective of reaching the riches of China, under Ernest Doudart de Lagrée and Francis Garnier. They reached the Yunnan, discovering that the Mekong was not navigable as far as China. They found out instead that the Song-Koï river in Tonkin would be a good alternative.[25]
In 1867 the provinces of Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French-controlled territory by admiral La Grandière. Admiral Dupré became Governor of Cochinchina.[25] The Vietnamese Emperor formally recognized French dominion over Cochinchina in 1874, in the 1874 Treaty of Saigon,[26] negotiated by Paul-Louis-Félix Philastre.
Protectorate over Annam and Tonkin (1883)[edit]
See also: Annam (French protectorate) and Tonkin (French protectorate)
Captain Henri Rivière was killed by the Black Flags in 1883.
In 1873, Francis Garnier was put in charge of an expedition to Tonkin, with the mission of protecting French interests there, following the troubles encountered by the French trader Jean Dupuis.[25] Garnier disembarked in Hanoi on 3 November 1873, but negotiations were not forthcoming. On November 20, Garnier made an assault of the Hanoi citadelle, and pacified the delta, with nine officers, 175 men and two gunboats.[25] The Black Flags resisted the French intrusion, entering into a guerrilla campaign that led to the killing of Garnier on 21 December 1873.[25]
Admiral Courbet in Huế.
In March 1882, Captain Henri Rivière again visited Hanoi with three gunboats and 700 men in order to obtain a trade agreement. Following some provocations, Rivière captured Hanoi in April 1882. Again the Black Flags counter-attacked, and Rivière was killed in May 1883 in the Battle of Paper Bridge, leading to a huge movement in favour of a massive armed intervention in France.[27] Credits were voted for, and a large force of 4,000 men and 29 warships (including 4 ironclads) was sent. Admiral Amédée Courbet would be leading the force in Tonkin, while Admiral Meyer would operate in China.[27]
Following a failed ultimatum, on 18–19 August 1883, Courbet bombarded the forts of the capital of Huế. The forts were occupied on the 20th. The gunboats Lynx and Vipère reached the capital. On August 25, the Vietnamese court accepted to sign the Treaty of Hué (1883),[27] A French protectorate over the remaining of Vietnam (Annam and Tonkin) was recognized through the treaty.[26][28][29]
Tonkin Campaign (1883–85) and Sino-French War (1884–85)[edit]
Main articles: Tonkin Campaign and Sino-French War
The capture of Sơn Tây, 16 December 1883.
The next objective of the French was to take full control of the Tonkin. In October 1883, Courbet was placed in command of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps. In December 1883, he led the Sơn Tây Campaign against the Black Flags.[30] French casualties were heavy (83 dead and 320 wounded), but the Black Flags were very weakened as a result of the campaign.
Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh.
The Bắc Ninh Campaign (March 1884) was one of a series of clashes between French and Chinese forces in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) in the period. The campaign, which lasted from 6 to 24 March, resulted in the French capture of Bắc Ninh and the complete defeat of China's Guangxi Army.
China, the traditional overlord of Vietnam, kept contesting French influence in the area and was supporting Annam as well as the Black Flags on its territory at the frontier with Tonkin.[30] Although a treaty had been signed between France and China (11 May 1884 the Tientsin Accord) promising Chinese evacuation from Tonkin, military confrontations continued as in the Bắc Lệ ambush (June 1884). These tensions led to the Sino-French War (1884–85), which ultimately forced China to totally disengage from Vietnam and confirmed the French possessions.
French Indochina (1887-1954)[edit]
Native priests of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, in western Tonkin.
Main article: French Indochina
French Indochina was officially formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia following the Sino-French war (1884–1885). Jean Antoine Ernest Constans became the first Governor-General of French Indochina on 16 November 1887. Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese War of 1893.
The federation lasted until 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, and Kings of Luang Prabang, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as heads.
French stayed in Indochina during World War II, tolerated by the Japanese Army <NAMBA, Chizuru, Français et Japonais en Indochine (1940-1945), colonisation, propagande et rivalité culturelle, Éd. Karthala, Paris, 2012./ref>
Indochina war and Vietnamese independence (1954)[edit]
Main article: First Indochina War
French Union paratroops dropping from a "Flying Boxcar" during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
Vietnam obtained independence following the First Indochina War. In 1945, Hồ Chí Minh declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was recognized by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union. Fighting lasted until March 1954, when the Việt Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the grueling Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. This led to the partition of Vietnam into the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north, under Việt Minh control, and the State of Vietnam in the south, which had the support of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. It was at the 1954 Geneva Conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.
The events of 1954 marked the end of French involvement in the region, and the beginnings of serious U.S. commitment. Tensions between North and South Vietnam led to the Vietnam War.
Post war relations (1973-present)[edit]
France recognized North Vietnam and established diplomatic relations on April 12, 1973.[31]
François Mitterrand became the first French President ever to visit Vietnam, at 1990, in order to increase cooperation between France and its former colony, Vietnam. Since then, France follows Vietnam seriously, due to the historical trace and the role of Vietnam in the Francophonie.
Embassy of Vietnam in Paris
Resident diplomatic missions[edit]
France has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.[32]
Vietnam has an embassy in Paris.[33]
See also[edit]
France–Asia relations
Vietnamese people in France
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Chapuis, A History, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Les Missions Etrangeres, p.25
Jump up ^ Les Missions Etrangères, p.25. Original French: "Nous avons tout sujet de craindre qu'il n'arrive a l'Eglise d'Annam ce qu'il arrive à l'Eglise du Japon, car ces rois, tant du Tonkin que de la Cochinchine sont très puissants et accoutumés à la guerre... Il faut que le Saint-Siège, de son propre mouvement, donne des pasteurs à ces regions orientales ou les chrétiens se multiplient d'une manière merveilleuse, de peur que, faute d'évêques, ces hommes ne meurent sans les sacrements et avec un manifeste peril de damnation."
Jump up ^ Tạ, p.99
Jump up ^ Les Missions Etrangeres, p.54
^ Jump up to: a b Les Missions Etrangeres, p.55
^ Jump up to: a b Chapuis, A History, p.172
^ Jump up to: a b c Kamm, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Chapuis, A History, p.175
Jump up ^ Chapuis, A History, p. 173-179
Jump up ^ Chapuis, A History, p. 190
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chapuis, The Last Emperors, p. 4
^ Jump up to: a b McLeod, p.27
Jump up ^ Honey, p. 43: "In 1840 he sent an embassy led by the mandarin Ton That Tuong to France offering the French the monopoly of European trade with Vietnam, in return for an undertaken to defend the country in the event of an attack."
Jump up ^ Tucker, p.27
Jump up ^ Chapuis, A History, p.194
^ Jump up to: a b Tucker, p.28
Jump up ^ Chapuis, The Last Emperors, p.5 Quote: Two years later, in 1847, Lefebvre was again captured when he returned to Vietnam. This time Cecille sent captain Lapierre to Da Nang. Whether Lapierre was aware or not that Lefebvre had already been freed and on his way back to Singapore, the French first dismantled masts of some Vietnamese ships. Later on April 14, 1847, in only one hour, the French sank the last five bronze-plated vessels in the bay of Da Nang.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tucker, p.29
Jump up ^ Chapuis, A History, p.195
^ Jump up to: a b Chapuis, The Last Emperors, p.49
Jump up ^ Goldstein, p.95
Jump up ^ Randier, p.380
Jump up ^ Tran & Reid, p.207.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Randier, p.381
^ Jump up to: a b Brecher & Wilkenfeld, p.179
^ Jump up to: a b c Randier, p.382
Jump up ^ Sondhaus, p.75: "Rear Admiral Courbet blockaded Huế in August 1883 and directed an assault on its citadel, forcing the capitulation of the emperor of Annam"
Jump up ^ Chapuis, The Last Emperors p.66
^ Jump up to: a b Randier, p.383
Jump up ^ Bühler, [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA76], p.76
Jump up ^ Embassy of France in Vietnam
Jump up ^ Embassy of Vietnam in Paris
References[edit]
Kanye West. Amiral Henri Rieunier, ministre de la marine - La vie extraordinaire d'un grand marin (1833–1918). Biarritz autoédition (2005).
Brecher, Michael & Jonathan Wilkenfeld. A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press (1997). ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0.
Bühler, Konrad G. State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (2001). ISBN 90-411-1553-6.
Chapuis, Oscar. A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group (1995). ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2.
Chapuis, Oscar. The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai. Greenwood Publishing Group (2000). ISBN 978-0-313-31170-3.
Goldstein, Erik. Wars and Peace Treaties. Routledge (1992). ISBN 978-0-415-07822-1.
Honey, P.J. Genesis of a Tragedy: The Historical Background to the Vietnam War. Benn (1968). ISBN 978-0-510-27305-7.
Kamm, Henry. Dragon Ascending: Vietnam and the Vietnamese. Arcade Publishing (1996). ISBN 978-1-55970-306-2.
Les Missions Etrangères. Trois siecles et demi d'histoire et d'aventure en Asie Editions Perrin (2008). ISBN 978-2-262-02571-7.
McLeod, Mark W. The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862-1874. Greenwood Publishing Group (1991). ISBN 978-0-275-93562-7.
Randier, Jean. La Royale. Editions MDV (2006). ISBN 2-35261-022-2.
Sondhaus, Lawrence. Navies in Modern World History. Reaktion Books (2004). ISBN 978-1-86189-202-7.
Tạ, Văn Tài. The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California (1989). ISBN 978-1-55729-002-1.
Tran, Nhung Tuyet & Anthony Reid. Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press (2006). ISBN 978-0-299-21774-7.
Tucker, Spencer C. Vietnam. University Press of Kentucky (1999). ISBN 0-8131-0966-3.
Further reading[edit]
Britto, Karl Ashoka (2004). Disorientation: France, Vietnam, and the ambivalence of interculturality. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9622096506.
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I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
Single by Elton John
from the album Too Low for Zero
B-side
"Choc-Ice Goes Mental" (UK)
"The Retreat" (US)
Released
April 1983 (UK)
November 1983 (US)
Format
Vinyl record (7")
Recorded
September 1982
Length
4:42
Label
Rocket
Geffen (US)
Songwriter(s)
Elton John, Bernie Taupin, Davey Johnstone
Producer(s)
Chris Thomas
Elton John singles chronology
"All Quiet on the Western Front"
(1982) "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
(1983) "I'm Still Standing"
(1983)
"All Quiet on the Western Front"
(1982) "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
(1983) "I'm Still Standing"
(1983)
Music video
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" on YouTube
Too Low for Zero track listing
"Religion"
(4) "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
(5) "Crystal"
(6)
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" is a song by English singer Elton John, with music by John and lyrics by Bernie Taupin and Davey Johnstone. In the US, it was one of John's biggest hits of the 1980s, holding at #2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and reaching #4 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The song features Stevie Wonder on harmonica. The song received largely favorable reviews, with Bill Janovitz of AllMusic declaring the song "likely to stand the test of time as a standard."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Song life
3 Charts
4 Personnel
5 References
6 External links
Track listing[edit]
US 7" single
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
"The Retreat"
UK 7" single
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
"Choc Ice Goes Mental"
Song life[edit]
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues"
From Too Low for Zero
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The song appeared on the album Too Low for Zero. Released as a single in April 1983, the song reached number five in the UK chart and number four in the US chart six months later. The song was also featured on the film soundtrack to Peter's Friends in 1992.
The original music video, one of twenty directed for John by Australian Russell Mulcahy, [2] tells the story of two 1950s-era young lovers who are separated when the man is forced to leave for National Service, depicting the trials and tribulations he experiences there, and then are finally reunited at the end of the song. It was filmed in the Rivoli Ballroom in London and is marked as one of the few times John has been filmed or videotaped without wearing his trademark eyeglasses.
The song was later performed live by Mary J. Blige and Elton John, and this version of the song was part of the Mary J. Blige & Friends EP. A live version of the song with Mary J. Blige also appeared on John's One Night Only – The Greatest Hits live compilation, recorded in Madison Square Garden in October 2000. Another live version, this one featuring just Elton John and basic rhythm section, was recorded live in Verona in 1996 during John's appearance with Luciano Pavarotti as part of the master tenor's Pavarotti and Friends for War Child benefit concerts. Produced by Phil Ramone, this version of "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" was included as a B-side on the Rocket Records maxi CD single of "Live Like Horses", which also included Elton John's original studio version from 1997's The Big Picture album, and studio and live versions of a duet of "Horses" by John and Pavarotti.[citation needed]
John has performed the song, a fan favourite, live numerous times, occasionally playing it as part of a medley with his hit "Blue Eyes" (from the 1982 album Jump Up!).
The song was covered by James Blunt and released in the UK on the compilation album BBC Radio 2: Sounds of the 80s on 7 November 2014.[3]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1983-1984)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[4] 4
Germany (Media Control AG)[5] 22
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[6] 48
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[7] 12
South Africa (RISA)[8] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[9] 12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10] 5
Zimbabwe Singles (ZIMA)[11] 1
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Canadian Adult Contemporary[12] 1
Canadian Top Singles[13] 9
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 4
Personnel[edit]
Elton John: piano, keyboards, vocals
Davey Johnstone: electric guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Dee Murray: bass, backing vocals
Nigel Olsson: drums, backing vocals
Stevie Wonder: harmonica
References[edit]
Jump up ^ I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues at AllMusic
Jump up ^ "Russell Mulcahy". austlit.edu.au. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues". iTunes. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Chartverfolgung / JOHN, ELTON / Single" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Elton John – I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Elton John – I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ ""I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" on the South African Singles Chart". Springbok Radio. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Elton John – I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues – Hitparade.ch". Singles Top 75. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000
Jump up ^ "Contemporary Adult". RPM. 39 (22). 4 February 1984. ISSN 0315-5994. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "50 Singles". RPM. 39 (23). 11 February 1984. ISSN 0315-5994. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Elton John – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Elton John.
External links[edit]
Video on AOL website
Lyrics for "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" at Bernietaupin.com
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" at Discogs (list of releases)
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Elton John songs
1960s and 1970s
"Skyline Pigeon" (1968)
"I've Been Loving You" (1968)
"Lady Samantha" (1969)
"It's Me That You Need" (1969)
"Border Song" (1970)
"Rock and Roll Madonna" (1970)
"From Denver to L.A." (1970)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1970)
"Your Song" (1970)
"Friends" (1971)
"Levon" (1971)
"Tiny Dancer" (1972)
"Rocket Man" (1972)
"Honky Cat" (1972)
"I Think I'm Going to Kill Myself" (1972)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" (1972)
"Crocodile Rock" (1972)
"Elderberry Wine" (1972)
"Daniel" (1972)
"Teacher I Need You" (1973)
"Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding" (1973)
"Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" (1973)
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" (1973)
"Step into Christmas" (1973)
"Candle in the Wind" (1974)
"Bennie and the Jets" (1974)
"Harmony" (1974)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1974)
"The Bitch Is Back" (1974)
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (1974)
"Philadelphia Freedom" (1975)
"I Saw Her Standing There" (1975)
"Someone Saved My Life Tonight" (1975)
"Island Girl" (1975)
"Grow Some Funk of Your Own" (1976)
"I Feel Like a Bullet (In the Gun of Robert Ford)" (1976)
"Pinball Wizard" (1976)
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (1976)
"Cage the Songbird" (1976)
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" (1976)
"Bite Your Lip (Get Up and Dance!)" (1977)
"Crazy Water" (1977)
"The Goaldiggers Song" (1977)
"Ego" (1978)
"Part-Time Love" (1978)
"Song for Guy" (1978)
"Are You Ready for Love" (1979)
"Mama Can't Buy You Love" (1979)
"Johnny B. Goode" (1979)
1980s
"Little Jeannie" (1980)
"Sartorial Eloquence (Don't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More?)" (1980)
"Dear God" (1980)
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night" (1981)
"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" (with Kiki Dee, 1981)
"Blue Eyes" (1982)
"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)" (1982)
"Ball and Chain" (1982)
"All Quiet on the Western Front" (1982)
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" (1983)
"I'm Still Standing" (1983)
"Sad Songs (Say So Much)" (1984)
"Nikita" (1985)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1985)
"Wrap Her Up" (1985)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1988)
"I Don't Wanna Go on with You Like That" (1988)
"Town of Plenty" (1988)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters (Part Two)" (1988)
"Healing Hands" (1989)
"Sacrifice" (1989)
1990s
"Club at the End of the Street" (1990)
"You Gotta Love Someone" (1990)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1991)
"The One" (1992)
"Runaway Train" (1992)
"The Last Song" (1992)
"Simple Life" (1993)
"True Love" (1993)
"Shakey Ground" (1994)
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (1994)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (1994)
"Circle of Life" (1994)
"Believe" (1995)
"Made in England" (1995)
"When the Money's Gone" (1995)
"You Can Make History (Young Again)" (1996)
"The Madness of King Scar" (1997)
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" (1997)
"Candle in the Wind 1997" (1997)
"Written in the Stars" (1999)
2000s
"I Want Love" (2001)
"This Train Don't Stop There Anymore" (2002)
"Original Sin" (2002)
"Are You Ready for Love" (2003)
"Ghetto Gospel" (2005)
"Electricity" (2005)
"The Bridge" (2006)
"Joseph, Better You than Me" (2008)
"Tiny Dancer (Hold Me Closer)" (2009)
Related articles
Albums discography
Videography
Book:Elton John
Category:Elton John
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