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Cardiopulmonary bypass
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Cardiopulmonary bypass
A heart–lung machine (upper right) in a coronary artery bypass surgery.
ICD-9-CM
39.61
MeSH
D002318
OPS-301 code
14
Other codes
22570829
[edit on Wikidata]
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the patient's body. The CPB pump itself is often referred to as a heart–lung machine or "the pump". Cardiopulmonary bypass pumps are operated by perfusionists. CPB is a form of extracorporeal circulation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is generally used for longer-term treatment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
1.1 Surgical procedures in which cardiopulmonary bypass is used
2 History
3 Components
3.1 Tubing
3.2 Pumps
3.2.1 Roller pump
3.2.2 Centrifugal pump
3.3 Oxygenator
3.4 Cannulae
3.5 Cardioplegia
4 Operation
5 Complications
6 References
7 External links
Uses[edit]
Illustration of one typical way that a heart-lung machine may be connected to the veins and arteries near the heart. The three implements on the left represent (from top to bottom) the pump, the oxygenator, and the reservoir.
Cardiopulmonary bypass is commonly used in coronary bypass heart surgery because of the difficulty of operating on the beating heart. Operations requiring the opening of the chambers of the heart require the use of CPB to support the circulation during that period. The machine pumps the blood, and, using an oxygenator, allows red blood cells to pick up oxygen, as well as allowing carbon dioxide levels to decrease. This mimics the function of the heart and the lungs, respectively.
CPB can be used for the induction of total body hypothermia, a state in which the body can be maintained for up to 45 minutes without perfusion (blood flow). If blood flow is stopped at normal body temperature, permanent brain damage normally occurs in three to four minutes – death may follow shortly afterward. Similarly, CPB can be used to rewarm individuals suffering from hypothermia.[1]
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of CPB sometimes used as life-support for newborns with serious birth defects, or to oxygenate and maintain recipients for organ transplantation until new organs can be found.
CPB mechanically circulates and oxygenates blood for the body while bypassing the heart and lungs. It uses a heart–lung machine to maintain perfusion to other body organs and tissues while the surgeon works in a bloodless surgical field. The surgeon places a cannula in right atrium, vena cava, or femoral vein to withdraw blood from the body. The cannula is connected to tubing filled with isotonic crystalloid solution. Venous blood that is removed from the body by the cannula is filtered, cooled or warmed, oxygenated, and then returned to the body. The cannula used to return oxygenated blood is usually inserted in the ascending aorta, but it may be inserted in the femoral artery. The patient is administered heparin to prevent clotting, and protamine sulfate is given after to reverse effects of heparin. During the procedure, hypothermia may be maintained; body temperature is usually kept at 28 °C to 32 °C (82.4–89.6 °F). The blood is cooled during CPB and returned to the body. The cooled blood slows the body's basal metabolic rate, decreasing its demand for oxygen. Cooled blood usually has a higher viscosity, but the crystalloid solution used to prime the bypass tubing dilutes the blood.
Surgical procedures in which cardiopulmonary bypass is used[edit]
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Cardiac valve repair and/or replacement (aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve)
Repair of large septal defects (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect)
Repair and/or palliation of congenital heart defects (Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels)
Transplantation (heart transplantation, lung transplantation, heart–lung transplantation)
Repair of some large aneurysms (aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms)
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Pulmonary thrombectomy
History[edit]
A heart lung machine used in London's Middlesex Hospital in 1958. Science Museum, London (2008)
An Austrian-German physiologist Maximilian von Frey constructed an early prototype of a heart-lung machine in 1885 at Carl Ludwig’s Physiological Institute of the University of Leipzig.[2] However, such machines were not feasible before the discovery of heparin in 1916 which prevents blood coagulation. A Soviet scientist Sergei Brukhonenko developed a heart-lung machine for total body perfusion in 1926 which was used in experiments with canines. Dr. Clarence Dennis led the team that conducted the first known operation involving open cardiotomy with temporary mechanical takeover of both heart and lung functions on April 5, 1951 at the University of Minnesota Hospital. The patient did not survive due to an unexpected complex congenital heart defect. This followed four years of laboratory experimentation with dogs with a unit called the Iron Heart. A team of scientists at Birmingham University (including Eric Charles, a Chemical Engineer) were among the pioneers of this technology.[3][4] Another member of the team was Dr. Russell M. Nelson, who performed the first open heart surgery in Utah.
Brukhonenko's Autojektor
During the 1940s, a Russian scientist named Sergei Brukhonenko developed a machine called the Autojektor (or Autojector), capable of substituting the heart of a living organism. In a documentary entitled Experiments in the Revival of Organisms, which showed the Autojektor in use, the severed head of a canine was attached to the Autojektor. The Autojektor then supplied blood and oxygen to the head, keeping it in a basic level of consciousness. While the Autojektor was a primitive system, advanced versions of the technology it used can be found in modern ECMO machines.
The first successful mechanical support of left ventricular function was performed in July 3, 1952 by Forest Dewey Dodrill using a machine, the Dodrill-GMR co-developed with General Motors. The machine was later used to support right ventricular function.[5]
The first successful open heart procedure on a human utilizing the heart lung machine was performed by John Gibbon on May 6, 1953 at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. He repaired an atrial septal defect in an 18-year-old woman.[6] Gibbon's machine was further developed into a reliable instrument by a surgical team led by John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota in the mid-1950s.[7]
The oxygenator was first conceptualized in the 17th century by Robert Hooke and developed into practical extracorporeal oxygenators by French and German experimental physiologists in the 19th century. Bubble oxygenators have no intervening barrier between blood and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators. Much work since the 1960s focused on overcoming the gas exchange handicap of the membrane barrier, leading to the development of high-performance microporous hollow-fibre oxygenators that eventually replaced direct-contact oxygenators in cardiac theatres.[8]
Components[edit]
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Cardiopulmonary bypass consists of two main functional units, the pump and the oxygenator which removes relatively oxygen-depleted blood from a patient's body and replaces it with oxygen-rich blood through a series of tubes (hoses).
Perfusionist operating a modern heart lung machine
Tubing[edit]
The components of the CPB circuit are interconnected by a series of tubes made of silicone rubber or PVC.
Pumps[edit]
Roller pump[edit]
The pump console usually comprises several rotating motor-driven pumps that peristaltically "massage" tubing. This action gently propels the blood through the tubing. This is commonly referred to as a roller pump, or peristaltic pump.
Centrifugal pump[edit]
Many CPB circuits now employ a centrifugal pump for the maintenance and control of blood flow during CPB. By altering the speed of revolution (RPM) of the pump head, blood flow is produced by centrifugal force. This type of pumping action is considered to be superior to the action of the roller pump by many because it is thought to produce less blood damage (hemolysis, etc.), but mostly due to the centrifugal pump being pressure limited, therefore less likely to rupture the system if a sudden occlusion occurs on the high-pressure line system.
Oxygenator[edit]
The oxygenator is designed to add oxygen to infused blood and remove some of the carbon dioxide from the venous blood. Cardiac surgery was made possible by CPB using bubble oxygenators, but membrane oxygenators have supplanted bubble oxygenators since the 1980s. The main reasons for this are that membrane oxygenators tend to generate much fewer micro bubbles, referred to as gaseous microemboli, which is generally considered harmful to the patient [9] and reduce damage to blood cells,[10] compared to bubble oxygenators.
Another type of oxygenator gaining favour recently is the heparin-coated blood oxygenator which is believed to produce less systemic inflammation and decrease the propensity for blood to clot in the CPB circuit.
Cannulae[edit]
Multiple cannulae are sewn into the patient's body in a variety of locations, depending on the type of surgery. A venous cannula removes oxygen depleted venous blood from a patient's body. An arterial cannula infuses oxygen-rich blood into the arterial system. A cardioplegia cannula delivers a cardioplegia solution to cause the heart to stop beating.
Some commonly used cannulation sites:
Venous
Arterial
Cardioplegia
Right atrium Proximal aorta, distal to the cross-clamp Proximal aorta, proximal to the cross-clamp
Vena cavae Femoral artery Coronary sinus (retrograde delivery)
Femoral vein Axillary artery Coronary ostia
Distal aorta Bypass grafts (during CABG)
Apex of the heart
Cardioplegia[edit]
Main article: Cardioplegia
A CPB circuit consists of a systemic circuit for oxygenating blood and reinfusing blood into a patient's body (bypassing the heart); and a separate circuit for infusing a solution into the heart itself to produce cardioplegia (i.e. to stop the heart from beating), therefore providing myocardial protection (i.e. to prevent death of heart tissue).
Operation[edit]
A CPB circuit must be primed with fluid and all air expunged from the arterial line/cannula before connection to the patient. The circuit is primed with a crystalloid solution and sometimes blood products are also added. The patient must be fully anticoagulated with an anticoagulant such as heparin to prevent massive clotting of blood in the circuit.
Complications[edit]
CPB is not benign and there are a number of associated problems:
Postperfusion syndrome (also known as "pumphead")
Hemolysis
Capillary leak syndrome
Clotting of blood in the circuit – can block the circuit (particularly the oxygenator) or send a clot into the patient.
Air embolism
Leakage – a patient can rapidly exsanguinate (lose blood perfusion of tissues) if a line becomes disconnected.
1.5% of patients that undergo CPB are at risk of developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
As a consequence, CPB is only used during the several hours a cardiac surgery may take. Most oxygenators come with a manufacturer's recommendation that they are only used for a maximum of 6 hours, although they are sometimes used for up to 10 hours, with care being taken to ensure they do not clot off and stop working. For longer periods than this, an ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) is used, which can be in operation for up to 31 days – such as in this Taiwanese case, for 16 days, after which the patient received a heart transplant.[11]
CPB may contribute to immediate cognitive decline. The heart-lung blood circulation system and the connection surgery itself release a variety of debris into the bloodstream, including bits of blood cells, tubing, and plaque. For example, when surgeons clamp and connect the aorta to tubing, resulting emboli may block blood flow and cause mini strokes. Other heart surgery factors related to mental damage may be events of hypoxia, high or low body temperature, abnormal blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, and fever after surgery.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McCullough, L.; Arora, S. (Dec 2004). "Diagnosis and treatment of hypothermia.". Am Fam Physician. 70 (12): 2325–32. PMID 15617296.
Jump up ^ Zimmer, Heinz-Gerd (September 2003). "The heart-lung machine was invented twice--the first time by Max von Frey". Clinical cardiology. 26 (9): 443–5. ISSN 0160-9289. PMID 14524605. doi:10.1002/clc.4960261011.
Jump up ^ Dennis C; Spreng DS; Nelson GE; et al. (October 1951). "Development of a Pump-oxygenator to Replace the Heart and Lungs: An Apparatus Applicable to Human Patients and Application to One Case". Ann. Surg. 134 (4): 709–21. PMC 1802968  . PMID 14878382. doi:10.1097/00000658-195110000-00017.
Jump up ^ "Iron Heart" Pinch Hits The Real One by Paul F. Ellis February 1951 Popular Science
Jump up ^ Norton, Jeffrey (2008). Surgery: Basic science and clinical evidence. NY: springer. p. 1473. ISBN 978-0-387-30800-5.
Jump up ^ Cohn LH (May 2003). "Fifty years of open-heart surgery". Circulation. 107 (17): 2168–70. PMID 12732590. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000071746.50876.E2.
Jump up ^ "John Kirklin Cardiac Surgery Pioneer Dead at Age 86." (April 23, 2004) University of Alabama at Birmingham. press release
Jump up ^ Lim M (2006). "The history of extracorporeal oxygenators". Anaesthesia. 61 (10): 984–95. PMID 16978315. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04781.x.
Jump up ^ Pearson, D.T.; Holden M; Poslad S; Murray A; Waterhouse P. (1984). "A clinical comparison of the gas transfer characteristics and gaseous microemboli production of one membrane and five bubble oxygenators: gas transfer characteristics and gaseous microemboli production". Perfusion. 1 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1177/026765918600100103.
Jump up ^ Pearson, D.T.; Holden M; Poslad S; Murray A; Waterhouse P. (1984). "A clinical comparison of the gas transfer characteristics and gaseous microemboli production of one membrane and five bubble oxygenators: haemocompatibility". Perfusion. 1 (1): 81–98. doi:10.1177/026765918600100103.
Jump up ^ Man survives 16 days without a heart united Press International. April 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ Stutz, Bruce "Pumphead: Does the heart-lung machine have a dark side?" Scientific American, January 9, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cardiopulmonary bypass.
International Consortium For Evidence-Based Perfusion
CircuitSurfers: A Perfusion Blog about Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Hessel EA, Edmunds LH (2003). "Extracorporeal Circulation: Perfusion Systems". In Cohn LH, Edmunds LH. Cardiac Surgery in the Adult. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 317–38.
Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass collection.
Profiles in Science: The Clarence Dennis Papers Selected papers of Clarence Dennis, credited with the first attempt at cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
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The Yankee Doodle Boy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the early American song Yankee Doodle.
"The Yankee Doodle Boy", also well known as "(I'm a) Yankee Doodle Dandy" is a patriotic song from the Broadway musical Little Johnny Jones written by George M. Cohan. The play opened at the Liberty Theater on November 7, 1904. The play concerns the trials and tribulations of a fictional American jockey, Johnny Jones (based on the real life jockey Tod Sloan), who rides a horse named Yankee Doodle in the English Derby. Cohan incorporates snippets of several popular traditional American songs into his lyrics of this song, as he often did with his songs. The song was performed by James Cagney in the 1942 film Yankee Doodle Dandy, in which he played Cohan.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Modern performances and covers
2 Lyrics
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Modern performances and covers[edit]
In 2004, the American Film Institute placed the song at No. 71 on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs. A version of the song was recorded by Cohan's contemporary and fellow Irish-American Billy Murray, who sang it as indicated in the lyrics. Also a shortened lyric disco version of the song was sung by Paul Jabara on the 1977 album Shut Out and the 1983 album Greatest Hits and Misses on Casablanca Records.
Lyrics[edit]
James Cagney as George M. Cohan performing "The Yankee Doodle Boy" in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
Verse 1
I'm the kid that's all the candy, 1
I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy,
I'm glad I am,
So's Uncle Sam.
I'm a real live Yankee Doodle,
Made my name and fame and boodle,
Just like Mister Doodle did, by riding on a pony.
I love to listen to the Dixie strain,
I long to see the girl I left behind me;
That ain't a josh,
She's a Yankee, by gosh.
Oh, say can you see,
Anything about a Yankee that's a phony?
Verse 2
Father's name was Hezikiah,
Mother's name was Ann Maria, 2
Yanks through and through.
Red, White and Blue
Father was so Yankee-hearted,
When the Spanish war was started,
He slipped on a uniform and hopped upon a pony.
My mother's mother was a Yankee true,
My father's father was a Yankee too:
That's going some,
For the Yankees, by gum.
Oh, say can you see
Anything about my pedigree that's phony?
Chorus
I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy,
A Yankee Doodle, do or die;
A real live nephew of my Uncle Sam,
Born on the Fourth of July.
I've got a Yankee Doodle sweetheart,
She's my Yankee Doodle joy.
Yankee Doodle came to London, just to ride the ponies;
I am the Yankee Doodle Boy.
Footnotes:
1 "All the candy" was late nineteenth century slang equivalent to "hot stuff".
2 Pronounced the old-fashioned way, "mah-RYE-ah"
Notes[edit]
The fourth line of the chorus inspired the ironic title of Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic's best selling 1976 autobiography, Born on the Fourth of July, and the Academy Award winning 1989 film of the same name that starred Tom Cruise.[citation needed]
The tune for this song is used by the Hawthorn Football Club for their theme song.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collins, Ace. Songs Sung, Red, White, and Blue: The Stories Behind America's Best-Loved Patriotic Songs. HarperResource, 2003, p. 112-120.
External links[edit]
The Yankee Doodle boy performed by Billy Murray (Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project)
Billy Murray's disc recording
Cagney's rendition on YouTube
Library of Congress
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Yankee_Doodle_Boy&oldid=778512258"
Categories:
American patriotic songs
Songs from Little Johnny Jones
Billy Murray (singer) songs
1904 songs
Songs written by George M. Cohan
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JPMorgan EMBI
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The JPMorgan Emerging Market Bond Index (EMBI) are a set of three bond indices to track bonds in emerging markets operated by J P Morgan. The indices are the Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus, the Emerging Markets Bond Index Global and the Emerging Markets Bond Global Diversified Index.
Contents
[hide]
1 Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus
2 Emerging Markets Bond Global Index
3 Emerging Markets Bond Global Diversified Index
4 See also
5 References
Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus[edit]
The Emerging Markets Bond Index Plus (EMBI+) tracks total returns for traded external debt instruments (external meaning foreign currency denominated fixed income) in the emerging markets. The regular EMBI index covers U.S.dollar-denominated Brady bonds, loans and Eurobonds. The EMBI+ expands upon J.P.Morgan's original Emerging Markets Bond Index (EMBI), which was introduced in 1992 and covered only Brady bonds. An external debt version, the EMBI+ is the JPMorgan EMBI Global Index[1]
In addition to serving as a benchmark, the EMBI+ provides investors with a definition of the market for emerging markets external-currency debt, a list of the instruments traded, and a compilation of their terms.
The index comprises a set of broker-traded debt instruments widely followed and quoted by several market makers. Instruments in the EMBI+ must have a minimum face value outstanding of $500 million and must meet strict criteria for secondary market trading liquidity.
Emerging Markets Bond Global Index[edit]
The J.P.Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Global ("EMBI Global") tracks total returns for traded external debt instruments in the emerging markets, and is an expanded version of the JPMorgan EMBI+. As with the EMBI+, the EMBI Global includes U.S.dollar-denominated Brady bonds, loans, and Eurobonds with an outstanding face value of at least $500 million. It covers more of the eligible instruments than the EMBI+ by relaxing somewhat the strict EMBI+ limits on secondary market trading liquidity.[1]
Emerging Markets Bond Global Diversified Index[edit]
The EMBI Global Diversified limits the weights of those index countries with larger debt stocks by only including a specified portion of these countries eligible current face amounts of debt outstanding.[1]
See also[edit]
JPMorgan GBI-EM Index
Emerging market debt
Bond market index
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Financial Times Lexicon
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPMorgan_EMBI&oldid=630614491"
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Bond market indices
Bonds (finance)
JPMorgan Chase
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Stacy's Mom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Stacy's Mom"
Single by Fountains of Wayne
from the album Welcome Interstate Managers
B-side
"Trains and Boats and Planes"
Released
September 29, 2003 (2003-09-29)
Format
CD single
7" single
digital download
Recorded
Stratosphere Sound (New York)
Q Division Studios (Somerville, Massachusetts)
Clubhouse Recording Studios (Rhinebeck, New York)
Genre
Power pop
new wave
pop rock
Length
3:19
Label
S-Curve
Virgin
Songwriter(s)
Adam Schlesinger
Chris Collingwood
Producer(s)
Schlesinger
Collingwood
Mike Denneen
Fountains of Wayne singles chronology
"The Valley of Malls"
(2000) "Stacy's Mom"
(2003) "Mexican Wine"
(2003)
"The Valley of Malls"
(2000) "Stacy's Mom"
(2003) "Mexican Wine"
(2003)
"Stacy's Mom" is a pop rock song recorded by the American rock band Fountains of Wayne for their third studio album, Welcome Interstate Managers. "Stacy's Mom" was released to radio on May 20, 2003.[1] The song was released as the lead single from Welcome Interstate Managers on September 29, 2003 through S-Curve Records and Virgin Records. "Stacy's Mom" was written by bassist Adam Schlesinger and vocalist Chris Collingwood, both of whom produced the song alongside Mike Denneen. Its subject matter was inspired by a friend of Schlesinger's when he was young who had a crush on his grandmother. A power pop song, the group hoped to emulate the sound of the Cars with the track.
"Stacy's Mom" reached number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's highest-charting hit in the United States. Additionally, the song peaked within the top 10 in Ireland, and the top 20 in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 500,000 copies. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Vocal Pop Performance. The song was accompanied with a music video in which model Rachel Hunter plays the titular role. "Stacy's Mom" was the only mainstream hit by Fountains of Wayne.
The song has been frequently misattributed to pop punk band Bowling for Soup, who in 2011 released their own cover version of the song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Chart performance
3 Reception
4 Music video
5 Formats and track listing
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 Release history
8 Bowling for Soup cover
9 In popular culture
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
"Stacy's Mom" was written by Chris Collingwood and Adam Schlesinger. Stylistically it is power pop.[2][3] Part of the song's inspiration was a friend Schlesinger had growing up who thought Schlesinger's grandmother was hot. "One of my best friends, when we were maybe 11 or 12, came to me and announced that he thought my grandmother was hot. And I said, 'Hey, you're stepping over the line,' but at that point in life, I wouldn't put it past anyone," he recalled.[4] He hoped to strike a balance "between humor and personality" with the song.[5] In writing the song, he was hoping to take influence from new wave and power pop music: "I was thinking a little bit about "Mrs. Robinson" and sonically I was thinking about the Cars, a Rick Springfield sort of thing." He acknowledged that stylistically, the song "owes a debt" to the Cars' "Just What I Needed"; its opening guitar riff is similar.[6] Cars frontman Ric Ocasek thought that the intro was a sample from "Just What I Needed"[7] but the band says they performed it in the studio and just "got it right."
Chart performance[edit]
"Stacy's Mom" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of October 11, 2003 at number 59, making this their first song to appear on that chart.[8] It entered the top 40 the week after by moving twenty-one spots to number 38 and moved nine spots to number 31 on the week of October 25, 2003.[9] It peaked at number 21 the week of November 21, 2003 and stayed there for two weeks. It stayed on the chart for seventeen weeks.[10]
It was one of the first songs to reach the No. 1 spot on the "Most Downloaded Songs" list of the iTunes Music Store. It reached No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Vocal Pop Performance at the 2004 awards. The single's sales were last estimated at 888,000, according to Nielsen SoundScan, in 2011.[11]
Reception[edit]
Richard Harrington of The Washington Post dubbed it "nicely naughty."[12] Ben Greenman, writing for The New Yorker, considered it the "second-catchiest song ever written about a girlfriend's parent," after "Mrs. Robinson".[13] The song ranks No. 350 on Blender's 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born[14] and No. 88 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '00s.[15]
Music video[edit]
New Zealand model Rachel Hunter plays the title role in the song's music video.
The music video, directed by Chris Applebaum,[16] features several comedic scenes illustrating the boy's attempts to get closer to Stacy's mother. "We looked at a lot of treatments and some directors were trying to be kind of arty and subtle with it, but Chris Applebaum went completely for the jugular," said Schlesinger.[4] Model Rachel Hunter plays the title role,[16] which she accepted because she was a fan of the band and the song.[12] The group had previously hoped to get Paulina Porizkova for the role.[17] The clip was shot in Los Angeles in late May 2003.[4] "It was 7 a.m., and there was Rachel Hunter doing a striptease on the kitchen counter," remembered Schlesinger.[18] The video was first sent to television in July 2003.[16]
The video begins with the boy (Shane Haboucha), Stacy (Gianna Dispenza) and some other children standing at a school crossing. Stacy's mother (Rachel Hunter) then pulls up in a red convertible in front of them to pick up Stacy. The boy and his friends gaze at her in awe. The boy later goes over to Stacy's house and is seen lying on a pool toy in her backyard swimming pool while wearing large, dark sunglasses. Through a window he sees Stacy's mother, and then watches her undress. Stacy gives the boy a bottle of soda and, as he sees Stacy's mother remove her bra, he spills soda on himself. As his eyes are hidden by his shades, Stacy laughs, thinking that he is just clumsy. After a scene with the band during the chorus, Stacy, in red heart-shaped sunglasses and swimsuit, is shown sunbathing while the boy mows her lawn. Stacy's mother comes out wearing just a towel and is given a massage on both her back and front. The masseur gives the boy a look of amusement, since he gets to look at Stacy's mother naked and the boy does not. The boy is distracted by the massage and ends up knocking over Stacy's birdhouse with the lawnmower. The video then cuts to him and Stacy watching Fountains of Wayne on TV, before the boy imagines Stacy's mother, while scrubbing the floors, as a pole dancer teasing him. Near the end of the video it is implied that the boy begins to masturbate by the bathroom window while Stacy's mother climbs out of the pool in her red bikini.[19] Moments later, Stacy opens the bathroom door, ignoring a sign saying Ocupado, and catches him in the act. This scene is similar to one in the movie Fast Times at Ridgemont High where Linda Barrett (Phoebe Cates) leaves the pool in a red bikini while Brad Hamilton (Judge Reinhold) masturbates while thinking about her. Linda enters the bathroom (looking for a Q-Tip) and catches Brad masturbating. She quickly closes the door in disgust. In contrast, Stacy quickly closes the door and starts smiling, implying that she believes the boy is masturbating to her and not her mother, supported by the fact she shows an obvious attraction to the boy throughout the video.[20]
Fountains of Wayne had asked Ric Ocasek to be in the video for the song. Schlesinger explains that while Ocasek claims that he "politely declined"; he actually just never responded to the request.[21] There are several references to The Cars in the video: a license plate reads "I ♥ RIC", a reference to Ric; one of the boys in the opening scene has dark hair, sunglasses, and clothes such that he looks like an adolescent version of Ocasek; the trademark Elliot Easton "bouncing" (at approximately 1:15 into the video) and hairdo as he plays his guitar for The Cars; and the re-creation of the Fast Times scene, which featured The Cars' "Moving in Stereo". Further links to The Cars and New Wave music are given by the magazine Nu Wave that is featured in the video, the Roland Juno-6 keyboard (a synthesizer of the 1980s), and the record sleeve showing 'Stacy's Mom' in a car.[22] The video reached No. 1 on both MTV's TRL and VH1's VSpot Top 20 Countdown.
Formats and track listing[edit]
Europe 7"[23]
A. "Stacy's Mom" – 3:17
B. "Trains and Boats and Planes" – 3:02
UK CD (Enhanced)[24]
1. "Stacy's Mom" – 3:16
2. "Elevator Up" – 4:02
3. "Trains and Boats and Planes" – 3:02
4. "Stacy's Mom" (Video) – 3:16
US CD (Promo)[25]
1. "Stacy's Mom" – 3:18
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2003–04)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[26] 14
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan)[27] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[28] 9
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[29] 99
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[30] 35
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[31] 6
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[32] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[33] 21
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[34] 20
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[35] 31
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[36] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[37] 121
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[38]
Gold 35,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[39]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[40]
Gold 500,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United States
September 29, 2003 Digital download
S-Curve
Virgin
United Kingdom
October 7, 2003 [41]
United Kingdom
March 8, 2004 7" single [42]
Bowling for Soup cover[edit]
"Stacy's Mom"
Song by Bowling for Soup
from the album I've Never Done Anything Like This
Released
October 10, 2011
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop punk
Length
3:13
Label
Que-so Records
Brando Records
Songwriter(s)
Adam Schlesinger
Chris Collingwood
Producer(s)
Jarinus
In 2011, pop punk band Bowling for Soup released a cover version of "Stacy's Mom" as a B-side to their single "I've Never Done Anything Like This".[43]
The cover version came about because the original Fountains of Wayne song was often misattributed to Bowling For Soup. The song was misidentified as a Bowling for Soup song on YouTube and other video sites.[43] In multiple interviews, BFS bandleader Jaret Reddick has said that he regularly encountered fans at their concerts who mistakenly thought "Stacy's Mom" was a Bowling for Soup song.[43][44] In 2011, BFS recorded and released a cover version of the song.[45] Jaret said that by finally releasing their own version of the song, "I’ve basically just taken care of a large part of the population that’s been wrong for years, and I’ve made them right."[44] Alluding to the mistaken identity issue, the cover art for the song release reads: "Finally you can say this is your favorite song by BFS and not look like an idiot!"[43]
Bowling for Soup has since made the song part of their live set list.[46]
In popular culture[edit]
The song was included on the setlist for Guitar Hero: Van Halen as a guest act. It also appeared in the 4th episode of the 1st season of the television series Psych, Woman Seeking Dead Husband, Smokers Ok, No Pets. The song was parodied on The Howard Stern Show to mock Wack Pack character Hanzi (Imran Kahn). It has also been performed by Postmodern Jukebox ft. Casey Abrams. A cover of the song by the Northeastern University pep band has become an unofficial theme song for the Northeastern Huskies men's ice hockey team. At each game, the pep band plays the song during a stoppage of play with the fan sections continuing to sing through the chorus without accompaniment once gameplay begins again.[47]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "FMQB Airplay Archive: Modern Rock". Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Incorporated. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Beth (June 13, 2003). "Welcome Interstate Managers (2003) – Fountains of Wayne". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Layman, Will (April 15, 2007). "Fountains of Wayne: Too Smart to Be a Rock Band, Too Smart to Be Anything Else". PopMatters. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joe D'Angelo (June 16, 2003). "'Your Mom's Hot!': Fountains Of Wayne Nab Rachel Hunter For Smokin'-Mama Homage". MTV News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Greg Barr (October 9, 2003). "Stacy's Mom's Got It Going On". Houston Press. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dan Weiss (May 20, 2014). "Single Again: Fountains Of Wayne – ‘Stacy’s Mom’ / The Wonders – ‘That Thing You Do’". Radio.com. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] (This is more likely similar to the intro of "Best Friend's Girl", and "Just What I Needed" combined). Fountains of Wayne US, "February 8, 2006 – Ric Ocasek"
Jump up ^ Martens, Todd (October 2, 2003). "'Baby Boy' Holds Down Singles Chart Lead". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martens, Todd (October 16, 2003). "'Baby Boy' Fends Off Singles Chart Challenges". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fountains of Wayne - Stacy's Mom". aCharts.us. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jill Menze (July 30, 2011). "Fountains of Wayne Move Past 'Stacy's Mom' With Fifth Album". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Harrington (July 4, 2003). "Fountains of Wayne Pops Up Again". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ben Greenman (June 23, 2003). "Pop Notes". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 20, 2004. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born - Blender". Archived from the original on December 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Kyle (September 29, 2011). "U2, Rihanna, Amy Winehouse, Foo Fighters fill out VH1's '100 Greatest Songs of the '00s'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Melinda Newman (July 12, 2003). "The Beat". Billboard. 115 (28). Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 11. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ C. Bottomley (August 28, 2003). "Fountains of Wayne: Mothers I'd Like To...Fantasize About". VH1.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2004. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kate Rockland (July 31, 2005). "The Fountains of Wayne Will Always Have New Jersey". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fountains of Wayne. Stacy's Mom. Virgin Records/EMI Music. Event occurs at 3:00–3:08.
Jump up ^ Fountains of Wayne. Stacy's Mom. Virgin Records/EMI Music. Event occurs at 3:08–3:17.
Jump up ^ Interview with Adam Schlesinger, May 2007 =)
Jump up ^ "Left of The Dial". Retrieved 2006-08-16.
Jump up ^ "Fountains Of Wayne - Stacy's Mom (Vinyl)". Discogs. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fountains Of Wayne - Stacy's Mom (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fountains Of Wayne - Stacy's Mom (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Fountains of Wayne – Stacy's Mom". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ Andrew Leahey. "Fountains of Wayne - Awards". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "Irish Singles Chart - Fountains of Wayne - Stacy's Mom". IRMA.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Fountains of Wayne – Stacy's Mom" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Fountains of Wayne – Stacy's Mom". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Fountains of Wayne – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Fountains of Wayne. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fountains of Wayne – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Fountains of Wayne. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fountains of Wayne – Chart history" Billboard Alternative Songs for Fountains of Wayne. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fountains of Wayne – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Fountains of Wayne. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts: 2004" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Fountains of Wayne – Stacy's Mom". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Stacy's Mom in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Fountains of Wayne – Stacy's Mom". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Music – Stacy's Mom – Single by Fountains of Wayne". iTunes Store (GB). Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "45Cat – Fountains of Wayne – Stacy's Mom / Trains And Boats And Planes". 45Cat. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ten of the Best Song Covers and Remakes". KNIN-FM. June 16, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview: Bowling For Soup". Journalismo (blog). November 16, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frankie Genchi (October 12, 2011). "Yey! Bowling For Soup cover Stacy’s Mom – Flecking Records". Fleckingrecords.co.uk. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bowling For Soup "Finally Legal Tour" - Show Review". Shameless Promotions & Media. September 25, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "At hockey games, ‘Stacy’s Mom’ has got it goin’ on - news @ Northeastern".
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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Fountains of Wayne
Adam Schlesinger
Chris Collingwood
Brian Young
Jody Porter
Albums
Fountains of Wayne (1996)
Utopia Parkway (1999)
Welcome Interstate Managers (2003)
Traffic and Weather (2007)
Sky Full of Holes (2011)
Compilation
Out-of-State Plates (2005)
Singles
"Radiation Vibe"
"Sink to the Bottom"
"Survival Car"
"Stacy's Mom"
"Someone to Love"
Discography
Fountains of Wayne discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stacy%27s_Mom&oldid=802804411"
Categories:
2003 songs
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DHCPD
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
ISC DHCP
Developer(s)
Internet Systems Consortium
Initial release
1999; 19 years ago (1999)
Stable release
Extended Support Version: 4.1-ESV-R15 (July 31, 2017; 6 months ago (2017-07-31)) [±][1]
Current-stable: 4.3.6 (July 31, 2017; 6 months ago (2017-07-31)) [±][2]
[3]
Preview release
4.3.0rc1 (January 27, 2014; 4 years ago (2014-01-27)) [±][4]
Written in
C
Operating system
BSD, Linux, Solaris
Type
DHCP server
License
ISC License
Website
www.isc.org
dhcpd (an abbreviation for "DHCP daemon") is the name of a program that operates as a daemon on a server to provide Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) service to a network.[5]
Clients may solicit an IP address from a DHCP server when they need one. The DHCP server then offers the "lease" of an IP address to the client, which the client is free to request or ignore. If the client requests it and the server acknowledges it, then the client is permitted to use that IP address for the "lease time" specified by the server. At some point before the lease expires, the client must re-request the same IP address if it wishes to continue to use it.[6]
Issued IP addresses are tracked by dhcpd through a record in the dhcpd.leases file.[7] This allows the server to maintain state over restarts of the dhcp service, which could otherwise lead to duplicate IP addresses being issued when server issued the same IP address again while another client still has the right to use it.[5]
This reference implementation of DHCP is developed by the Internet Systems Consortium[8] and is supported on Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Solaris, AIX and HP-UX.[9]
Remote access to a running instance of dhcpd is provided by the Object Management Application Programming Interface (OMAPI).[10][11] On the server side, this interface allows editing of registration information for managed nodes. Uses on the client include fetching configuration information, releasing and renewing leases, and changing which interfaces are managed by the DHCP client.
ISC DHCP is in wide distribution; however, it is very mature software. ISC is developing a new DHCP software system, which is intended to eventually replace it.[12] This software, Kea, includes a DHCP server only (so, no client or relay yet) and is supported on the same platforms as ISC DHCP. It is distributed under a different open-source license, the Mozilla Public License (MPL2.0).[13]
See also[edit]
Comparison of DHCP server software
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "DHCP 4.1-ESV-R15 Release Notes". 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
Jump up ^ "DHCP 4.3.6 Release Notes". 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Downloads; Internet Systems Consortium". isc.org. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Release Notes 4.3.0rc1". 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Lemon, Ted (2012). "dhcpd – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server". Canonical Systems. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Droms, Ralph (March 1997). "RFC 2131 – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol". Network Working Group. Internet Engineering Task Force.
Jump up ^ Lemon, Ted (2012). "dhcpd.leases – DHCP Client Lease File". Canonical Systems. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "DHCP – Internet Systems Consortium". Internet Systems Consortium. 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "README" (PDF). Internet Systems Consortium. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "ISC DHCP API Interface". IPAM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Ralph Droms and Ted Lemon (2003). The DHCP handbook. Sams. pp. 239, 316. ISBN 9780672323270.
Jump up ^ "MOSS supports four more open source projects in Q3 2016 with $300k". Mozilla Foundation. October 3, 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kea wiki page". Kea.isc.org. Internet Systems Consortium. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
External links[edit]
Configuring dhcpd on a wireless access point
dhcpd section in the ISC website
Official FTP repository
This network-related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DHCPD&oldid=825047298"
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