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Tropic of Cancer
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This article is about the circle of latitude. For other uses, see Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 23°26′14″N 0°0′0″W / 23.43722°N -0.00000°E / 23.43722; -0.00000 (Prime Meridian)
World map showing the Tropic of Cancer
Carretera 83 (Vía Corta) Zaragoza-Victoria, km 27+800. Of all crossings of the Tropic of Cancer with Mexican federal highways, this is the only place where the latitude is marked with precision and where the annual drift between the years 2005 and 2010 can be appreciated.
The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern Tropic, is currently 23°26′13.1″ (or 23.43697°) north of the Equator. It is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead. This occurs on the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.[1]
Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth; which also includes the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these two circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Circumnavigation
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Name[edit]
When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab) at the June solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction, or circumstances), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Geography[edit]
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The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but varies in a complicated manner over time. Currently, it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 metres, per year (it was at exactly 23° 27′ in 1917 and will be at 23° 26' in 2045).[2] See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information.
North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone. The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics.
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
23°26′N 0°0′E / 23.433°N 0.000°E / 23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Algeria
23°26′N 11°51′E / 23.433°N 11.850°E / 23.433; 11.850 (Niger)
Niger
23°26′N 12°17′E / 23.433°N 12.283°E / 23.433; 12.283 (Libya)
Libya
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at 23°26′N 15°59′E / 23.433°N 15.983°E / 23.433; 15.983 (Northernmost point of Chad)
23°26′N 25°0′E / 23.433°N 25.000°E / 23.433; 25.000 (Egypt)
Egypt
The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser
23°26′N 35°30′E / 23.433°N 35.500°E / 23.433; 35.500 (Red Sea)
Red Sea
23°26′N 38°38′E / 23.433°N 38.633°E / 23.433; 38.633 (Saudi Arabia)
Saudi Arabia
23°26′N 52°10′E / 23.433°N 52.167°E / 23.433; 52.167 (United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi emirate only
23°26′N 55°24′E / 23.433°N 55.400°E / 23.433; 55.400 (Oman)
Oman
23°26′N 58°46′E / 23.433°N 58.767°E / 23.433; 58.767 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
23°26′N 68°23′E / 23.433°N 68.383°E / 23.433; 68.383 (India)
India
States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal
23°26′N 88°47′E / 23.433°N 88.783°E / 23.433; 88.783 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Khulna, Dhaka, and Chittagong Divisions
23°26′N 91°14′E / 23.433°N 91.233°E / 23.433; 91.233 (India)
India
State of Tripura
23°26′N 91°56′E / 23.433°N 91.933°E / 23.433; 91.933 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Chittagong Division
23°26′N 92°19′E / 23.433°N 92.317°E / 23.433; 92.317 (India)
India
State of Mizoram
23°26′N 93°23′E / 23.433°N 93.383°E / 23.433; 93.383 (Myanmar)
Myanmar
Chin State, Sagaing Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State
23°26′N 98°54′E / 23.433°N 98.900°E / 23.433; 98.900 (China)
China
Provinces of Yunnan (passing about 7 km north of the border with Vietnam), Guangxi, and Guangdong
23°26′N 117°8′E / 23.433°N 117.133°E / 23.433; 117.133 (Taiwan Strait)
Taiwan Strait
23°26′N 120°8′E / 23.433°N 120.133°E / 23.433; 120.133 (Taiwan)
Taiwan
Chiayi County, Hualien County
23°26′N 121°29′E / 23.433°N 121.483°E / 23.433; 121.483 (Philippine Sea)
Philippine Sea
23°26′N 142°00′E / 23.433°N 142.000°E / 23.433; 142.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just south of Necker Island, Hawaii, United States
23°26′N 110°15′W / 23.433°N 110.250°W / 23.433; -110.250 (Mexico)
Mexico
State of Baja California Sur
23°26′N 109°24′W / 23.433°N 109.400°W / 23.433; -109.400 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California
23°26′N 106°35′W / 23.433°N 106.583°W / 23.433; -106.583 (Mexico)
Mexico
States of Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas
23°26′N 97°45′W / 23.433°N 97.750°W / 23.433; -97.750 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico
23°26′N 83°0′W / 23.433°N 83.000°W / 23.433; -83.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel
Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas)
Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean
23°26′N 76°0′W / 23.433°N 76.000°W / 23.433; -76.000 (Bahamas)
Bahamas
Exuma Islands and Long Island
23°26′N 75°10′W / 23.433°N 75.167°W / 23.433; -75.167 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
23°26′N 15°57′W / 23.433°N 15.950°W / 23.433; -15.950 (Western Sahara)
Western Sahara
Claimed by Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
23°26′N 12°0′W / 23.433°N 12.000°W / 23.433; -12.000 (Mauritania)
Mauritania
23°26′N 6°23′W / 23.433°N 6.383°W / 23.433; -6.383 (Mali)
Mali
23°26′N 2°23′W / 23.433°N 2.383°W / 23.433; -2.383 (Algeria)
Algeria
Climate[edit]
Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
Excluding cooler highland regions in China, the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in). Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert, whilst to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.
The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum, none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres (290 mi) of the Tropic of Cancer; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south.
Circumnavigation[edit]
According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians, and end on the same airfield where it started.
Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015, at 23°26′14″N is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[3]
For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).
Gallery[edit]
Road sign south of Dakhla, Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian.
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District, West Bengal, India
Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township, Hualien County, Taiwan
See also[edit]
23rd parallel north
24th parallel north
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Arctic Circle
Axial tilt
Equator
Milankovitch cycles
Ducking and shaving
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PHP Science Labs". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ Montana State University: Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator.
External links[edit]
Look up tropic of cancer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Article on the Tropic of Cancer in Oman
Temporal Epoch Calculations
Useful constants See: Obliquity of the ecliptic
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The Lincoln Lawyer (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the original novel, see The Lincoln Lawyer.
The Lincoln Lawyer
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Brad Furman
Produced by
Sidney Kimmel
Tom Rosenberg
Gary Lucchesi
Richard Wright
Scott Steindorff
Screenplay by
John Romano
Based on
The Lincoln Lawyer
by Michael Connelly
Starring
Matthew McConaughey
Marisa Tomei
Ryan Phillippe
Josh Lucas
John Leguizamo
Michael Peña
Bob Gunton
Frances Fisher
Bryan Cranston
William H. Macy
Trace Adkins
Music by
Cliff Martinez
Cinematography
Lukas Ettlin
Edited by
Jeff McEvoy
Production
company
Lakeshore Entertainment
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment
Stone Village Pictures
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
March 10, 2011 (2011-03-10) (Hollywood premiere)
March 18, 2011 (2011-03-18)
Running time
118 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[1]
Box office
$87.1 million[2]
The Lincoln Lawyer is a 2011 American neo noir legal thriller film adapted from the novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. The film is directed by Brad Furman, with a screenplay written by John Romano, and stars Matthew McConaughey as the titular lawyer, Mickey Haller. The film co-stars Ryan Phillippe, Marisa Tomei, and Josh Lucas, and features William H. Macy and Bryan Cranston in supporting roles.
The story is adapted from the first of several novels featuring the character of Mickey Haller, who works out of a chauffeur-driven Lincoln Town Car rather than an office. Haller is hired to defend the son of a wealthy Los Angeles businesswoman in an assault case. Details of the crime bring up uncomfortable parallels with a former case, and Haller discovers the two cases are intertwined.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Criminal defense attorney Mickey Haller (Matthew McConaughey) operates around Los Angeles County, mostly from the back seat of his black Lincoln Town Car, chauffeured by Earl (Laurence Mason). Most of Haller's career has been defending garden-variety criminals, including a local biker club led by Eddie Vogel (Trace Adkins).
A high-profile case comes his way and Haller is hired to represent wealthy Louis Roulet (Ryan Phillippe), a Beverly Hills playboy and son of real estate mogul Mary Windsor (Frances Fisher). Roulet is accused of brutally beating prostitute Regina Campo (Margarita Levieva). Roulet insists he is the innocent victim of a frame-up. Haller and his investigator, Frank Levin (William H. Macy) analyze photos and evidence and find it similar to one of Haller's past cases that resulted in a life-sentence for his client, Jesus Martinez (Michael Peña), for murdering a woman, despite his repeatedly proclaiming his innocence.
Haller's ex-wife, prosecutor Maggie McPherson (Marisa Tomei), has never appreciated Haller representing guilty clients, though they remain close. Haller wonders if he should have done more for Martinez rather than persuading him to plead guilty to avoid the death penalty. Haller visits the prison, where Martinez becomes agitated when Haller shows him Roulet's photo. Haller now believes Roulet is the killer in the Martinez case, but, bound by attorney–client confidentiality rules, is unable to reveal what he knows.
Roulet breaks into Haller's house and nonchalantly admits to committing the murder for which Martinez was convicted. He makes veiled threats toward Haller's ex-wife and their daughter. Levin is found shot to death after leaving Haller a voicemail message claiming that he found Martinez's "ticket out of jail." Levin was shot with a .22 caliber pistol, and Haller discovers that his late father's .22 Colt Woodsman is missing from its box.
Detective Lankford (Bryan Cranston), who dislikes Haller, discovers the gun's registration and suspects Haller's involvement in Levin's murder. Haller is certain that Roulet stole the weapon when he broke into Haller's home.
Obliged to do his best for his client, guilty or not, Haller ruthlessly cross-examines Campo and discredits her in the jury's eyes. Haller then sets up a known prison informant with information on the previous murder. When the informant testifies, Haller discredits him, and the state's attorney (Josh Lucas) can only move to dismiss all charges. Roulet is set free, to his mother's delight, but the police arrest him immediately for the previous murder, based upon testimony Haller coaxed from the informant.
Haller acquires a pistol from his driver, Earl, for protection. Roulet is released due to lack of evidence and intends to kill Haller's ex-wife and daughter. Haller is waiting at Maggie's house when Roulet arrives. He mockingly tells Haller that he cannot guard his family all the time. The bikers whom Haller previously represented suddenly arrive and brutally beat Roulet.
Maggie discovers that Levin had found a parking ticket that was issued to Roulet near the previous murder victim's house. It is strong evidence against Roulet in his pending murder trial and will support Martinez's innocence. Upon arriving home, Haller discovers Roulet's mother, Mary Windsor, waiting inside. She shoots him with the Colt Woodsman, confessing that she murdered Levin to protect her son. A wounded Haller shoots her.
When Haller is released from the hospital, he learns that Martinez has been released, and that the District Attorney will seek the death penalty against Roulet. As Haller rides off to his next case, he is pulled over by Vogel and the biker gang, whose next case he takes pro bono due to their previous help.
Cast[edit]
Matthew McConaughey as Mickey Haller
Marisa Tomei as Margaret McPherson
Ryan Phillippe as Louis Ross Roulet
Josh Lucas as Ted Minton
John Leguizamo as Val Valenzuela
Michael Peña as Jesus Martinez
Bob Gunton as Cecil Dobbs
Frances Fisher as Mary Windsor
Bryan Cranston as Detective Lankford
William H. Macy as Frank Levin
Trace Adkins as Eddie Vogel
Laurence Mason as Earl
Margarita Levieva as Regina "Reggie" Campo
Pell James as Lorna Taylor
Shea Whigham as Dwayne Jeffrey "DJ" Corliss
Katherine Moennig as Gloria
Michael Paré as Detective Kurlen
Michaela Conlin as Detective Heidi Sobel
Mackenzie Aladjem as Hayley Haller
Reception[edit]
After watching a rough cut of the film on November 12, 2010, Michael Connelly, author of the book The Lincoln Lawyer, said:[3]
The movie comes out March 18. A couple days ago I saw an unfinished cut of it and could not be happier. I thought it was very loyal to the story and the character of Mickey Haller. Matthew McConaughey nails him. Those who loved the book will love the movie, I think. Those who don't know the book will love it just the same. The casting and acting is really superb. Like I said, I could not be happier. I'm very excited and can't wait to see what fans of the book think.
The film received positive reviews, scoring an 83% "certified fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 166 reviews with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "It doesn't offer any twists on the predictable courtroom thriller formula, but with a charming Matthew McConaughey leading its solid cast, The Lincoln Lawyer offers briskly enjoyable entertainment." At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 63, based on 30 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews."[4]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of a possible 4, saying, "The plotting seems like half-realized stabs in various directions made familiar by other crime stories. But for what it is, The Lincoln Lawyer is workmanlike, engagingly acted and entertaining."
Home media[edit]
The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on July 12, 2011.[5] It was later released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on August 15, 2017.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (2011-03-17). "Movie Projector: Matthew McConaughey, Bradley Cooper and an alien battle for No. 1". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
Jump up ^ "The Lincoln Lawyer: Total Lifetime Grosses". The Numbers. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
Jump up ^ The Lincoln Lawyer Movie Adaptation. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
Jump up ^ "The Lincoln Lawyer". Metacritic.com. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Metacritic. Retrieved on 2011-03-19.
Jump up ^ "The Lincoln Lawyer Blu-ray and DVD Arrive July 12th". MovieWeb. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
External links[edit]
The Lincoln Lawyer at AllMovie
The Lincoln Lawyer at Box Office Mojo
The Lincoln Lawyer on IMDb
The Lincoln Lawyer at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
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Novels by Michael Connelly
Harry Bosch series
The Black Echo (1992)
The Black Ice (1993)
The Concrete Blonde (1994)
The Last Coyote (1995)
Trunk Music (1997)
Angels Flight (1999)
A Darkness More Than Night (2001)
City of Bones (2002)
Lost Light (2003)
The Narrows (2004)
The Closers (2005)
Echo Park (2006)
The Overlook (2007)
9 Dragons (2009)
The Drop (2011)
The Black Box (2012)
The Burning Room (2014)
The Crossing (2015)
The Wrong Side of Goodbye (2016)
Mickey Haller series
The Lincoln Lawyer (2005)
The Brass Verdict (2008)
The Reversal (2010)
The Fifth Witness (2011)
The Gods of Guilt (2013)
Jack McEvoy series
The Poet (1996)
The Scarecrow (2009)
Other novels
Blood Work (1998)
Void Moon (2000)
Chasing the Dime (2002)
Adaptations
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The Lincoln Lawyer (2011)
Bosch (2015)
[show]
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Films directed by Brad Furman
The Take (2007)
The Lincoln Lawyer (2011)
Runner Runner (2013)
The Infiltrator (2016)
LAbyrinth (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lincoln_Lawyer_(film)&oldid=836176780"
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Mahr
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the unit of electric charge mAHr, see Ampere-hour.
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In Islam, a mahr (in Arabic: مهر; Persian: مهريه; Turkish: Mehir also transliterated mehr, meher, mehrieh or mahriyeh) is a mandatory payment, in the form of money or possessions paid by the groom, or by groom's father, to the bride at the time of marriage, that legally becomes her property.[1] While the mahr is often money, it can also be anything agreed upon by the bride such as jewelry, home goods, furniture, a dwelling or some land. Mahr is typically specified in the marriage contract signed during an Islamic marriage.
"Dower" is the English translation that comes closest to Islamic meaning of mahr, as "dower" refers to the payment from the husband or his family to the wife, especially to support her in the event of his death. However, mahr is distinct from dower in two ways: 1) mahr is legally required for all Islamic marriages while dower was optional, and 2) mahr is required to be specified at the time of marriage (when a certain amount is promised, if not paid immediately), while dower is not paid until the death of the husband. Mahr also can be classified as a form of "bridewealth", described by anthropologists as payments made from the kin of the groom to the kin of the bride; however, mahr is paid directly to the bride and not her parents.[2] In fact, as her legal property, mahr establishes the bride's financial independence from her parents and in many cases from her husband, who has no legal claims to his wife's mahr.
The terms "dowry" and "bride price" are sometimes incorrectly used to translate mahr, but mahr differs from dowries in many other cultures. A dowry traditionally refers to money or possessions a woman brings forth to the marriage, usually provided by her parents or family; bride price to money or property paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman (but not to the woman herself) upon the marriage.
In the event the marriage contract does not contain an exact, specified mahr, the husband must still pay the wife an equitable sum.[3] The requirement of a mahr is mentioned several times in the Quran and Hadith.[4]
The mahr is often paid to the bride in parts. The mahr amount given to the bride at the signing of the marriage contract is called a 'muajjal(معجل) (which is paid at time of marriage (nikah), and the portion that is promised but deferred is called a ghaire mu’ajjal(غیر معجل) (which is paid after completion of merriage). A deferred promise to pay does not make the full amount of the mahr any less legally required.[5] There are differences between the nature of mahr, definition of proper contract and conditions of enforceability depending on the regional fiqh and school of Islamic jurisprudence.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and history
2 Structure of mahr
3 Differences and issues
4 References in Islamic texts
4.1 Modern purposes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Etymology and history[edit]
The word mahr is related to the Hebrew word "mohar" and the Syriac word "mahrā", meaning “bridal gift”, which originally meant “purchase-money”. The word implies a gift given voluntarily and not as a result of a contract, but in Muslim religious law it was declared a gift which the bridegroom has to give the bride when the contract of marriage is made and which becomes the property of the wife.[1]
Among pre-Islamic Arabs, a bride price called mahr was an essential condition for a legal marriage. The mahr was given to the guardian (wali) of the bride, such as her father, brother or another relative. In earlier times, the bride received no portion of the mahr.[1] Some scholars believe that in the period shortly before Muhammad, the mahr, or at least a part of it, was already given to the bride,[1] while others regard its transformation into wife's property as a "revolutionary" Quranic innovation.[7]
Structure of mahr[edit]
A mahr is part of every Muslim marriage contract. The mahr may be separated into two parts. First, there is the muqaddam, or the prompt mahr, which the wife must receive at or immediately after the marriage ceremony. The second part of the mahr, called the mu'akhar, is a deferred and promised amount, payable at any agreed upon date following the consummation of the marriage. Often the deferred amount is larger than the amount paid at marriage. In theory, the deferred amount is supposed to provide the wife with a means of support, and is associated with the death or divorce of the husband, however this is a more traditional rather than Islamic stance on the matter. The muqaddam should be viewed as importantly as the initial dowry payment as it is an obligation to be fulfilled by the husband and is considered debt if it is not given to the wife within the timeframe agreed upon between the couple.[8]
The mahr in any Islamic marriage contract is a fundamental religious right of the wife, and the husband may not reduce the mahr. Even upon the husband's death, the deferred mahr is paid from his estate before all other debts, because it is a religious requirement.
According to a hadith, the Muslim Prophet Muhammad stated the mahr should be "one gold piece",[9] but the mahr amount is often negotiated between the parents or guardians of the bride and groom (also called wali), and the parties often draft mahr agreements by filling in the blanks of form contracts that employ standard boilerplate terms. The typical mahr containing marriage contract consists of the names of the parties, the amount of the mahr, a cleric's signature, the signature of two male witnesses, and a disclaimer that Islamic law will govern the marriage contract.[6] In Islamic marriages, assets brought into the union by the wife may only be accepted by the husband after the mahr has been paid by him to her.[citation needed]
In Arabian world, there are varying interpretations of mahr containing marriage contracts, highlighting the differences between Maliki, Hanbali, Hanafi, Shafi, and Jafari schools of Islamic jurisprudence.[6] For example, the Hanafi School holds that if the woman initiates the divorce (khulʿ) she cannot receive her mahr regardless of whether the husband is or is not at fault, while the Maliki School holds that when the husband is at fault for the divorce, the wife does not forfeit her right to the mahr even if she initiates the divorce. The schools also differ over the requisite number of witnesses to the contract. The Hanafi School requires two witnesses on the document for a mahr containing contract to be valid, while the Maliki School holds that witnesses are only needed at marriage's publication but not the document.[10]
Differences and issues[edit]
Mahr is similar in legal enforceability to donatio propter nuptias of Eastern Roman law, except some critical differences.[11] Donatio propter nuptias was optional and voluntary, while mahr is mandatory and required for all Muslim marriages. Mahr is not an optional gift.[12][13] The other difference was that donatio propter nuptias was a security the groom delivered to bride or registered in her name, at the time of marriage, in exchange for dos (dowry) that came with the bride.[14][15] Mahr is a religious requirement according to Sharia.
Under Islamic law, there is no concept of marital property. In Islam, marriage is a contract between a man and his wives. A Muslim man and woman do not merge their legal identity upon marriage. The assets of the man before the marriage, and earned after the marriage, remain his during marriage, and in case of a divorce.[16]
A divorce under Islamic law does not require redistribution of property. Rather, each spouse walks away from the marriage with his or her individual property. Divorcing Muslim women who did not work outside their home after marriage, except for the deferred mahr, are left with little or no claim on the collective wealth of the couple. The deferred mahr is considered a debt owed by the man to the woman, and is owed even if he has no assets.[17][18]
Divorce under Islamic law may take many forms. If a woman wishes to divorce her husband she has two options: seek a tafriq, or seek a khulʿ. A tafriq is a divorce for certain allowable reasons. This divorce is granted by a qadi, a religious judge, in cases where the qadi accepts her claims of abuse or abandonment. If a tafriq is granted, the marriage is dissolved and the husband is obligated to pay her the deferred mahr in their marriage contract. The second method, by far more common in wife-initiated divorces, khulʿ is a divorce without cause, by mutual consent. This divorce requires a husband's consent and it must be supported by consideration that passes from the wife to the husband. Often, this consideration almost always consists of the wife relinquishing her claim to the deferred mahr. In contrast to allowable methods of divorce to a woman, a husband may unilaterally divorce his wife, as talaq, with no requirement to show cause, nor is there any intervention by a qadi. However, upon talaq, the husband must pay the wife her deferred mahr.[19]
Western courts have treated mahr provisions in a manner similar to pre-marital contracts; however, in many cases the courts have considered the validity of the marriage contract in cases such as where proper disclosures were not made at the time of marriage, the bride and groom did not separately consent without duress, and in case the bride or both spouses entered into a child marriage prior to a legal age of consent.[20][21]
References in Islamic texts[edit]
The Encyclopaedia of Islam's entry on mahr states: "According to a tradition in Bukhari, the mahr is an essential condition for the legality of the marriage: 'Every marriage without mahr is null and void'."[22]
According to Islamic teachings in the hadith (sayings of Muhammad), mahr is the amount to be paid by the groom to the bride at the time of marriage, some of which may be delayed according to what is agreed upon by the spouses. The mahr is for her to spend as she wishes.[23] It can be cash, jewellery or any other valuable gift. In some cases, per Sahih al-Bukhari (Volume 7, Book 62, Number 72), even an iron ring can be mahr.[24]
Sura 4.4, 4.19, 4.20, 4.24, 60.10 and 60.11 of Qur'an require a groom to give a dower to a bride.[25][26]
Modern purposes[edit]
In 2003, Rubya Mehdi published an article in which the culture of mahr among Muslims was thoroughly reviewed.[27][28]
Mahr is a means of sustenance in case of a sudden death, divorce or other emergency.[29]
See also[edit]
Dower
Dowry (an overlapping concept)
Islamic marital jurisprudence
Women and Islam
WHAT IS MAHRE IN IRAN
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Spies, O. (2012). "Mahr". In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 78–79. (Subscription required (help)). CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Goody, Jack; Tambiah, Stanley (1973). Bridewealth and Dowry. Cambridge University Press. p. 1-4.
Jump up ^ DAVID PEARL & WERNER MENSKI, MUSLIM FAMILY LAW ¶ 7-10, at 178-81 (3d ed. 1998)
Jump up ^ "Islams Women - Fiqh of Marriage - Dowry". islamswomen.com.
Jump up ^ Freeland, Richard. "The Islamic Institution of Mahr and American Law" (PDF). Gonzaga University.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lindsey E. Blenkhorn, Note, Islamic Marriage Contracts in American Courts: Interpreting Mahr Agreements as Prenuptials and Their Effect on Muslim Women, 76 S. CAL. L. REV. 189, 210-11 (2002)
Jump up ^ Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. 3. Brill. p. 281.
Jump up ^ Tracie Rogalin Siddiqui, Interpretation of Islamic Marriage Contracts by American Courts, 41 FAM. L.Q. 639, 639 (2007)
Jump up ^ DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 159. ISBN 0-19-516991-3.
Jump up ^ Mona Rafeeq, Rethinking Islamic Law Arbitration Tribunals: Are They Compatible with Traditional American Notions of Justice?, 28 WIS. INT‟L Law Journal, 108, 138-39 (2010)
Jump up ^ The Personal Law of the Mahommedans: According to All the Schools, Syed Ameer Ali, WH Allen & Company, London, pp. 299-300
Jump up ^ Kecia Ali, "Marriage in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence: A Survey of Doctrines", in The Islamic Marriage Contract: Case Studies in Islamic Family Law 11, 19 (Asifa Quraishi & Frank E. Vogel eds., 2008).
Jump up ^ "Donatio Propter Nuptias". legaldictionary.lawin.org.
Jump up ^ Long, Georg. "Donatio propter Nuptias in William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875".
Jump up ^ Ortolan, Explication Historique des Instituts, vol. I, page 478-480
Jump up ^ Ahmad v. Ahmad, No. L-00-1391, 2001 WL 1518116 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2001)
Jump up ^ Jamal Nasir, The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation, 3d edition, 2009
Jump up ^ Sameena Nazir and Leigh Tomppert, Ed., Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005)
Jump up ^ WAEL B. HALLAQ, SHARIA: THEORY, PRACTICE, TRANSFORMATIONS 271 (2009)
Jump up ^ Bargaining in the Shadow of God's Law: Islamic Mahr Contracts and the Perils of Legal Specialization, Nathan B. Oman, William & Mary Law School (2010)
Jump up ^ Freeland, Richard (2000), Islamic Institution of Mahr and American Law, The. Gonz. Journal Int'l Law, 4, 31
Jump up ^ M. Th Houtsma (31 December 1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Schacht, Joseph (1982). An Introduction to Islamic Law (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 167.
Jump up ^ Shahih Bukhari Archived 2012-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. University of Southern California, Hadith 7.62.72
Jump up ^ Teipen, A. H. (2007). Submission and dissent: Some observations on children’s rights within the Islamic edifice’. The given child: The religions’ contribution to children’s citizenship, pages 51-70
Jump up ^ Qur'an Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. University of Southern California, AN-NISA (WOMEN)
Jump up ^ Mehdi, R (2014). "Danish law and the practice of mahr among Muslim Pakistanis in Denmark". International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 31 (2): 115–129. doi:10.1016/j.ijsl.2003.02.002.
Jump up ^ "Mahr". oxfordislamicstudies.com.
Jump up ^ L-Moriscos - Page 137, M. Th. Houtsma
External links[edit]
Look up mahr in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Kelly Kruger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kelly Kruger
Born
(1982-11-12) November 12, 1982 (age 34)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2000–present
Spouse(s)
Darin Brooks (m. 2016)
Website
http://www.kelly-kruger.com
Kelly Kruger (born November 12, 1982) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for playing Mackenzie Browning on The Young and the Restless. She currently portrays the recurring role of Eva on The Bold and the Beautiful.
Contents
[hide]
1 Private life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Private life[edit]
She was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, and speaks French fluently.[1]
In 2010, Kruger began dating former Days of Our Lives actor Darin Brooks.[2] In February 2014, they partnered with an organization called Aid Still Required.[3] On March 21, 2016, Kruger married Brooks in a wedding ceremony in Brooks' home state of Hawaii.[4]
In August 2014, Kelly launched a Beauty & Lifestyle Blog called Madison Charles.
Career[edit]
At 17, Kelly was discovered by Elite Models while visiting her family in Los Angeles. She worked with multiple teen magazines, Macy’s, Sebastian hair & more. After working as a model she began pursuing her real passion which was acting. Kelly landed a lead role in the feature film Vampire Clan. Kruger appeared on the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless as Mackenzie Browning, from February 2002 to July 2003.[5][6] Kruger also appeared in several movies, as well as one episode each of the TV series Knight Rider and Blue Mountain State. Kelly has appeared on Hit shows such as Entourage, Bones, Criminal Minds and Castle.
In 2014, it was announced that Kruger had joined the cast of The Bold and the Beautiful, as a day player. Kruger will make her debut as Eva, in an episode as part of the show's location shoot in Paris, in August 2014.[7] Kelly Kruger continues to recur as Eva.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 Vampire Clan Heather Ann Wendorf
2004 Mysterious Skin Deborah
2005 Self Medicated Tori
2008 I Heart Veronica Martin Virginia Short film
2008 Infamous Cowgirl Carrie Video
2010 Wreckage Jessica
2011 1 Out of 7 Tasha
2013 Nevermind the Dawn Anne Short film
2015 Blue Mountain State: The Rise of Thadland Julia King Completed
2016 Resurrecting McGinn(s) Anastasie McGinn Completed
2016 Broken Strings Girl Short film, filming
2016 Girls Night Out Joelle TV film
2017 Untitled 3D Horror Taylor Announced
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002-2003 Young and the Restless, TheThe Young and the Restless Mackenzie Browning Regular role
2006 Criminal Minds Kelly Seymour "North Mammon"
2007 Bones Abigail Sims "The Girl in the Gator"
2007 Entourage Lori "The Young and the Stoned"
2008 Knight Rider Nikki Childress "I Wanna Rock and Roll All Knight"
2010 How to Make It in America Charlie "Keep on Truck'n"
2011 Prayer Hour Abby TV film
2010 Blue Mountain State Julia King "Bowl Game"
2011 Blue Mountain State Julia King "Riot"
2013 Brodowski & Company Heather TV film
2013 Thirtyish Kelsey Crawford TV film
2013 Rizzoli & Isles Jenny Cabot "Partners in Crime"
2014 Republic of Doyle Felicity Shepherd "If the Shoe Fits"
2014 Castle Laura Westbourne "Room 147"
2014-present Bold and the Beautiful, TheThe Bold and the Beautiful Eva Recurring role
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "IMDB - Kelly Kruger Biography". Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Jump up ^ Di Lauro, Janet. "Catching up with Darin Brooks". About.com. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Parziale, Dan (February 6, 2014). "Tag Archives: Darin Brooks". Aidstillrequired.org. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Seaver, Maggie (April 7, 2016). "Actors Kelly Kruger and Darin Brooks Had a Gorgeous Wedding in Hawaii". Theknot.com. United States: XO Group Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Dan J. (January 18, 2002). "New Mackenzie named". Soapcentral. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Dan J. (June 11, 2003). "Y&R trims cast of three contract roles". Soapcentral. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Newcomb, Roger (June 30, 2014). "Kelly Kruger To Appear on 'The Bold and the Beautiful'". We Love Soaps. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Soapcentral.com biography
Kelly Kruger on IMDb
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