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Kristin Bauer van Straten
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Kristin Bauer van Straten
Bauer van Straten at the 2012 Toulouse Game Show
Born
Kristin Neubauer[1]
(1966-11-26) November 26, 1966 (age 51)
Racine, Wisconsin, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1994-present
Spouse(s)
Abri van Straten[2]
Website
www.kristinbauer.com
Kristin Bauer van Straten (born November 26, 1966) is an American film and television actress, perhaps best known for her roles as vampire Pamela Swynford De Beaufort on the HBO television series True Blood, Jerry's girlfriend Gillian on Seinfeld, and as sorceress Maleficent in the ABC series Once Upon a Time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Acting career
3 Activism
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Personal life[edit]
Van Straten was born Kristin Neubauer [3] in Racine, Wisconsin. She is of German descent.[4] During childhood, she played sports, rode horses, and fired shotguns. She graduated from The Prairie School in Racine.[1] Van Straten studied fine arts at Washington University in St. Louis as well as in Boston and New York (Parsons The New School for Design) in her youth, but decided to become an actress and moved to Los Angeles, where she has been living since she began acting in 1994. She continues to draw and paint. Her works include commissioned portraits. Van Straten carries out conservation work to improve the treatment of animals.
Acting career[edit]
Van Straten at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International
In 1995, van Straten had her first regular role in a television series, as Maggie Reynolds on The Crew. Other recurring roles include Geneva Renault in Total Security, Candy Cooper in That's Life, Rebecca Colfax in Dirty Sexy Money, and Belinda Slypich in Hidden Hills. Perhaps her best known film role was in Dancing at the Blue Iguana in 2000. Van Straten played a porn star appearing as the featured act at a Los Angeles strip club and performed an extended nude dance. In 2001, she starred in the award-winning short film Room 302, and in 2004 she had a minor role in the film 50 First Dates, which starred Adam Sandler. In the animated series Justice League, she supplied the voice of the superhero Mera.
She has also made a number of guest appearances in several television shows, including LA Law, Seinfeld, Everybody Loves Raymond, Dark Angel, Two and a Half Men, Star Trek: Enterprise, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Desperate Housewives, and George Lopez. She famously appeared in a Seinfeld episode (The Bizarro Jerry) as Gillian, Jerry's girlfriend with "man hands".
From 2008 to its conclusion in 2014, van Straten played the vampire Pamela Swynford De Beaufort on the HBO fantasy drama series True Blood.[5] On December 8, 2009, TV Guide confirmed she had been promoted from recurring status to a series regular.[6] In 2011, van Straten was cast in the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time as the evil fairy Maleficent (the wicked fairy godmother, using the name from Disney's Sleeping Beauty), the rival of the Evil Queen of Snow White.[7][8]
Activism[edit]
In 2011, van Straten teamed with the Animal Legal Defense Fund in an unsuccessful fight to release Tony, a Siberian-Bengal tiger who has been kept as a roadside attraction at the Tiger Truck Stop in Grosse Tete, Louisiana since 2000.[9] She has also worked with Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine to promote cosmetics that are not tested on animals.[10]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995 Galaxis Commander
1995 Glory Daze Dina
1997 Romy and Michele's High School Reunion Kelly
1998 My Little Havana Carmen Short film
2000 Dancing at the Blue Iguana Nico
2001 Hollywood Palms Kathleen
2001 Room 302 Karen Short film
2004 50 First Dates Female Firefighter
2004 Living with Lou Jean Short film
2005 Life of the Party Caroline
2011 Subject: I Love You Sarah Drake
2012 Gotten Mother Video short
2012 The Story of Luke Cindy
2014 Teen Lust Mary
2016 Nocturnal Animals Samantha Van Helsing
2018 Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay Crystal Frost/Killer Frost
2018 Happy Anniversary Willa
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993 Star Trek Deep Space Nine Blond Girl (uncredited) Episode: "If Wishes Were Horses"
1994 L.A. Law Miss English Episode: "McKenzie, Brackman, Barnum & Bailey"
1994 Columbo Suzie Endicott Episode: "Undercover"
1994 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Mrs. Loomis Episode: "The Prankster"
1994 Silk Stalkings Heather St. Clair Episode: "Red Flag"
1995 Cybill Kirsten Episode: "The Curse of Zoey"
1995 Pointman Ellie Episodes: "That's Amore", "Father Connie" and "Business and Pleasure"
1995–1996 The Crew Maggie Reynolds Main role; 21 episodes
1996 Seinfeld Gillian Episode: "The Bizarro Jerry"
1997 Everybody Loves Raymond Lisa Episode: "The Car"
1997 Men Behaving Badly Robin Episode: "I Am What I Am"
1997 Total Security Geneva Renault Main role; 13 episodes
1998 Fantasy Island Tamara Stevens Episode: "Estrogen"
1998 Chicago Hope Melody Cacaci Episode: "Viagra-Vated Assault"
2000 Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye Katy Scott Television film
2000 Dark Angel Lydia Meyerson Episode: "Pilot"
2000–2001 That's Life Candy Cooper Recurring role; 12 episodes
2001 Dharma & Greg Stephanie Episode: "Dharma Does Dallas"
2001 Just Shoot Me! Allie Episodes: "At Long Last Allie" and "Finch in the Dogg House"
2001 Justice League Mera / Various (voice) Episode: "The Enemy Below: Parts 1 & 2"
2002 Boomtown Prostitute Episode: "Pilot"
2002 Hidden Hills Belinda Slypich Recurring role; 10 episodes
2003 Gary the Rat Unknown (voice) Episode: "Manrattan"
2003 Two and a Half Men Laura Episodes: "Pilot" and "Most Chicks Won't Eat Veal: Original Pilot"
2003 Justice League Mera (voice) Episodes: "The Terror Beyond: Parts 1 & 2"
2004 Dr. Vegas Portia Episode: "Pilot"
2004 Commando Nanny Lizzie Winter Television series
2004 Quintuplets Ms. Kilcoyne Episode: "Teacher's Pet"
2004 Crossing Jordan Molly Greene Episode: "Fire in the Sky"
2005 Crazy Unknown Television film
2005 JAG Megan Ransford Episode: "Automatic for the People"
2005 Star Trek: Enterprise Lt. Laneth Episode: "Divergence"
2005 Less than Perfect Kaye Buchinski Episode: "Casey V. Kronsky"
2005 Close to Home Shannon Cooke Episode: "Suburban Prostitution"
2005 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Kenli Johnson Episode: "Secrets & Flies"
2005 Boston Legal Tori Pines Episode: "The Ass Fat Jungle"
2006 Pink Collar Eve Television film
2006 Crossing Jordan Molly Greene Episode: "Death Toll"
2006 Desperate Housewives Veronica Episode: "Could I Leave You?"
2006 Cold Case Paula '04/'06 Episode: "The War at Home"
2007 George Lopez Cris Watson Episode: "George Joins the Neighborhood Wha-tcha and Raises the Vigil-ante"
2007 Dirty Sexy Money Rebecca Colfax Episodes: "The Lions" and "The Italian Banker"
2007 Bones Janelle Stinson Episode: "Boy in the Time Capsule"
2008 Emily's Reasons Why Not Bethany Episode: "Why Not to Cheat on Your Best Friend"
2008–2014 True Blood Pamela Swynford De Beaufort Recurring role (seasons 1-2), Main role (season 3-7); 59 episodes
2009 House Rules Kathy McAdams Television film
2009 Private Practice Susanna Episode: "Pushing the Limits"
2009 Three Rivers Val O'Leary Episode: "Where We Lie"
2010 Justified Shirley Kelso Episode: "Riverbrook"
2010 A Drop of True Blood Pamela Swynford De Beaufort Episode: "Eric & Pam"
2010–2013 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Didi Stone Recurring role; 11 episodes
2011 The Soup Pam the Intern Episode: "8.25"
2011–2015 Once Upon a Time Maleficent Season 1 (2 episodes), season 4 (8 episodes)
2013 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Maleficent (voice) Episode: "Forget Me Not"
2017 Lore Minnie Otto Episode: "Unboxed"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Racine native flying high in Hollywood". The Journal Times.com. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
Jump up ^ Won, Christine (August 1, 2009). "From TV screen to Racine streets". The Journal Times.com.
Jump up ^ "Kristin Neubauer birth reference". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://ew.com/article/2009/09/11/true-blood-kristin-bauer-pam-eric-skarsgard/
Jump up ^ "Kristin Bauer Becomes a True Blood Regular". Dread Central.
Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams. "True Blood's Kristin Bauer Becomes Series Regular". TVGuide.com.
Jump up ^ "Kristin Bauer Gets Once Upon a Time". KristinBauer.net.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (November 19, 2014). "Once Upon a Time casts Alias vet Merrin Dungey". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kristin Bauer Takes a Bite out of Animal Cruelty". aldf.org.
Jump up ^ "Expanding Efforts to Keep Cosmetics Testing from Animals". The New York Times. December 28, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristin Bauer.
Kristin Bauer van Straten on IMDb
Official website
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See also
The Southern Vampire Mysteries
"Bad Things"
Alan Ball
Charlaine Harris
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2013126670
VIAF: 305452146
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Mitochondrial matrix
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cell biology
The mitochondrion
Components of a typical mitochondrion
1 Outer membrane
1.1 Porin
2 Intermembrane space
2.1 Intracristal space
2.2 Peripheral space
3 Lamella
3.1 Inner membrane
3.11 Inner boundary membrane
3.12 Cristal membrane
3.2 Matrix ◄ You are here
3.3 Cristæ
4 Mitochondrial DNA
5 Matrix granule
6 Ribosome
7 ATP synthase

In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane. The word "matrix" stems from the fact that this space is viscous, compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondria's DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and inorganic ions.[1] The enzymes in the matrix facilitate reactions responsible for the production of ATP, such as the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of pyruvate and the beta oxidation of fatty acids.[1]
The composition of the matrix based on its structures and contents produce an environment that allows the anabolic and catabolic pathways to proceed favorably for. The electron transport chain and enzymes in the matrix play a large role in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.[2][3]
The cytosolic, intermembrane space, compartment has a water content of 3.8 μl/mg protein, while the mitochondrial matrix 0.8 μl/mg protein.[4] It is not known how mitochondria maintain osmotic balance across the inner mitochondrial membrane, although the membrane contains aquaporins that are believed to be conduits for regulated water transport. Mitochondrial matrix has a pH of about 7.8.[5] Mitochondrial DNA was discovered by Nash and Margit in 1963. One to many double stranded mainly circular DNA is present in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial DNA is 1% of total DNA of a cell. It is rich in Guanine and Cytosine content. Mitochondria of mammals have 55s ribosomes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
1.1 Metabolites
1.2 Enzymes
1.3 Inner Membrane Components
1.4 Inner Membrane Control Over Matrix Composition
2 Processes In the Mitochondrial Matrix
2.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
2.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
2.3 Urea Cycle
2.4 Transamination
2.5 Regulation
2.6 Protein Synthesis
3 See also
4 References
Composition[edit]
Metabolites[edit]
The matrix is host to a wide variety of metabolites involved in processes within the matrix. The Citric Acid Cycle involves acyl-CoA, Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Fumarate, Succinate, L-Malate, and Oxaloacetate.[2] The Urea Cycle makes use of L-Ornithine, Carbamoyl Phosphate, and L-Citrulline.[4] The electron transport chain oxidizes coenzymes NADH, FADH2. Protein synthesis makes use of mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and tRNA.[5] Regulation of processes makes use of ions(Ca2+/K+/Mg+).[6] Additional metabolites present in the matrix are CO2, H2O, O2, ATP, ADP, and Pi.[1]
Enzymes[edit]
Enzymes from processes that take place in the matrix. The Citric Acid Cycle is facilitated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Citrate synthase, Aconitase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Succinyl-CoA Synthetase, Fumarase, and Malate dehydrogenase.[2] The Urea Cycle is facilitated by Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and Ornithine transcarbamylase.[4] β-Oxidation uses pyruvate carboxylase, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 𝛽-Ketothiolase.[1] Amino acid production is facilitated by transaminases.[7]
Inner Membrane Components[edit]
The inner membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that contains the complexes of oxidative phosphorylation. which contains the electron transport chain that is found on the cristae of the inner membrane and consists of four protein complexes and ATP synthase. These complexes are Protein complex I (NADH:Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase), protein complex II (Succinate:Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase), protein complex III (Coenzyme Q: Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase), and protein complex IV (Cytochrome C Oxidase).[6]
Inner Membrane Control Over Matrix Composition[edit]
The electron transport chain is responsible for establishing a pH and electrochemical gradient that facilitates the production of ATP through the pumping of protons. The gradient also provides control of the concentration of ions such as Ca2+ driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential.[1] The membrane only allows nonpolar molecules such as CO2 and O2 and small non charged polar molecules such as H2O to enter the matrix. Molecules enter and exit the mitochondrial matrix through transport proteins and ion transporters. Molecules are then able to leave the mitochondria through porin.[8] These attributed characteristics allow for control over concentrations of ions and metabolites necessary for regulation and determines the rate of ATP production.[9][10]
Processes In the Mitochondrial Matrix[edit]
The Citric Acid Cycle[edit]
Following glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is activated by the production of acetyl-CoA. The oxidation of pyruvate by Pyruvate dehydrogenase in the matrix produces CO2, acetyl-CoA, and NADH. Beta oxidation of fatty acids serves as an alternate catabolic pathway that produces acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.[1] The production of acetyl-CoA begins the citric acid cycle while the co-enzymes produced are used in the electron transport chain.[10]
ATP Synthesis as seen from the perspective of the matrix. Conditions produced by the relationships between the catabolic pathways (Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation) and structural makeup ( Lipid Bilayer and electron transport chain) of matrix facilitate ATP synthesis.
All of the enzymes for the citric acid cycle are in the matrix (e.g. citrate synthase, iso-citrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase) except for succinate dehydrogenase which is on the inner membrane and is part of protein complex II in the electron transport chain. The cycle produces coenzymes NADH and FADH2 through the oxidation of carbons in two cycles. The oxidation of NADH and FADH2 produces GTP from succinyl-CoA synthetase.[2]
Oxidative Phosphorylation[edit]
NADH and FADH2 are produced in the matrix or transported in through porin and transport proteins in order to undergo oxidation through oxidative phosphorylation.[1] NADH and FADH2 undergo oxidation in the electron transport chain by transferring a electrons to regenerate NAD+and FAD. Protons are pulled into the intermembrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain. Four electrons are finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix to complete the electron transport chain. The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the protein ATP synthase.The energy is used in order to rotate ATP synthase which facilitates the passage of a proton, producing ATP. A pH difference in the matrix and intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient by which ATP synthase can pass a proton into the matrix favorably.[6]
Urea Cycle[edit]
The first two steps of the Urea Cycle take place within the mitochondrial matrix of liver and kidney cells. In the first step Ammonia is converted into carbamoyl phosphate through the investment of two ATP molecules. This step is facilitated by Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. The second step facilitated by Ornithine transcarbamylase converts carbamoyl phosphate and Ornithine into citrulline. After these initial steps the Urea Cycle continues in the inner membrane space until ornithine once again enters the matrix through a transport channel to continue the first to steps within matrix.[11]
Transamination[edit]
α-Ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate can be converted into amino acids within the matrix through the process of transamination. These reactions are facilitated by transaminases in order to produce aspartate and asparagine from oxaloacetate. Transamination of α-ketoglutarate produces glutamate, proline and arginine. These amino acids are then used either within the matrix or transported into the cytosol to produce proteins.[7][12]
Regulation[edit]
Regulation within the matrix is primarily controlled by ion concentration, metabolite concentration and energy charge. Availability of ions such as Ca2+ control various functions of the Citric Acid Cycle. in the matrix activates pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase which increases the reaction rate in the cycle.[13] Concentration of intermediates and coenzymes in the matrix also increase or decrease the rate of ATP production due to anaplerotic and cataplerotic effects. NADH can act as an inhibitor for α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The concentration of oxaloacetate in particular is kept low, so any fluctuations in this concentrations serve to drive the Citric Acid cycle forward.[2] The production of ATP also serves as a means of regulation by acting as an inhibitor for Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, the electron transport chain protein complexes, and ATP syntahase. While ADP acts as an activator.[1]
Protein Synthesis[edit]
The mitochondria contains its own set of DNA used to produce proteins found in the electron transport chain. The mitochondrial DNA only codes for about thirteen proteins that are used in processing mitochondrial transcripts, ribosomal proteins, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and protein subunits found in the protein complexes of the electron transport chain.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Matrix (biology)
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrion
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith; Pratt, Charlotte (2013). Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level. New York City: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 582–584. ISBN 1118129180.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stryer, L; Berg, J; Tymoczko, JL (2002). Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. pp. 509–527, 569–579, 614–616, 638–641, 732–735, 739–748, 770–773. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Peter; Moyle, Jennifer (1967-01-14). "Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of Oxidative Phosphorylation". Nature. 213 (5072): 137–139. doi:10.1038/213137a0. PMID 4291593.
^ Jump up to: a b c Soboll, S; Scholz, R; Freisl, M; Elbers, R; Heldt, H.W. (1976). Distribution of metabolites between mitochondria and cytosol of perfused liver. New york: Elsevier. pp. 29–40. ISBN 978-0-444-10925-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Porcelli, Anna Maria; Ghelli, Anna; Zanna, Claudia; Pinton, Paolo; Rizzuto, Rosario; Rugolo, Michela (2005-01-28). "pH difference across the outer mitochondrial membrane measured with a green fluorescent protein mutant". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 326 (4): 799–804. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.105. PMID 15607740.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dimroth, P.; Kaim, G.; Matthey, U. (2000-01-01). "Crucial role of the membrane potential for ATP synthesis by F(1)F(o) ATP synthases". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 1): 51–59. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 10600673.
^ Jump up to: a b Karmen, A.; Wroblewski, F.; Ladue, J. S. (1955-01-01). "Transaminase activity in human blood". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 34 (1): 126–131. doi:10.1172/JCI103055. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 438594  . PMID 13221663.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, julian; Roberts, Keith; Peters, Walter; Raff, Martin (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New york: Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
Jump up ^ Anderson, S.; Bankier, A. T.; Barrell, B. G.; de Bruijn, M. H. L.; Coulson, A. R.; Drouin, J.; Eperon, I. C.; Nierlich, D. P.; Roe, B. A. (1981-04-09). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome". Nature. 290 (5806): 457–465. doi:10.1038/290457a0. PMID 7219534.
^ Jump up to: a b Iuchi, S.; Lin, E. C. C. (1993-07-01). "Adaptation of Escherichia coli to redox environments by gene expression". Molecular Microbiology. 9 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01664.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 8412675.
Jump up ^ Tuchman, Mendel; Plante, Robert J. (1995-01-01). "Mutations and polymorphisms in the human ornithine transcarbamylase gene: Mutation update addendum". Human Mutation. 5 (4): 293–295. doi:10.1002/humu.1380050404. ISSN 1098-1004. PMID 7627182.
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Jack F.; Eichele, Gregor; Ford, Geoffrey C.; Vincent, Michael G.; Jansonius, Johan N.; Gehring, Heinz; Christen, Philipp (1984-04-15). "Mechanism of action of aspartate aminotransferase proposed on the basis of its spatial structure". Journal of Molecular Biology. 174 (3): 497–525. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(84)90333-4. PMID 6143829.
Jump up ^ Denton, Richard M.; Randle, Philip J.; Bridges, Barbara J.; Cooper, Ronald H.; Kerbey, Alan L.; Pask, Helen T.; Severson, David L.; Stansbie, David; Whitehouse, Susan (1975-10-01). "Regulation of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 9 (1): 27–53. doi:10.1007/BF01731731. ISSN 0300-8177. PMID 171557.
Jump up ^ Fox, Thomas D. (2012-12-01). "Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis, Import, and Assembly". Genetics. 192 (4): 1203–1234. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.141267. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 3512135  . PMID 23212899.
Jump up ^ Grivell, L.A.; Pel, H.J. (1994). "Protein synthesis in mitochondria". Mol. Biol. Rep. Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (19).
[hide]
v
t
e
Mitochondrial proteins
Outer membrane
fatty acid degradation
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase
tryptophan metabolism
Kynureninase
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metabolism
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Inner membrane
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Matrix
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Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
Fumarase
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Aspartate transaminase
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
urea cycle
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PMPCB
Other/to be sorted
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Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase
Aldosterone synthase
Frataxin
Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Mitochondrial carrier
Mitochondrial DNA
Complex I
MT-ND1
MT-ND2
MT-ND3
MT-ND4
MT-ND4L
MT-ND5
MT-ND6
Complex III
MT-CYB
Complex IV
MT-CO1
MT-CO2
MT-CO3
ATP synthase
MT-ATP6
MT-ATP8
tRNA
MT-TA
MT-TC
MT-TD
MT-TE
MT-TF
MT-TG
MT-TH
MT-TI
MT-TK
MT-TL1
MT-TL2
MT-TM
MT-TN
MT-TP
MT-TQ
MT-TR
MT-TS1
MT-TS2
MT-TT
MT-TV
MT-TW
MT-TY
see also mitochondrial diseases
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitochondrial_matrix&oldid=805647401"
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Younger (season 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Younger (season 4)
Promotional poster
Starring
Sutton Foster
Debi Mazar
Miriam Shor
Nico Tortorella
Peter Hermann
Molly Bernard
Hilary Duff
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
12
Release
Original network
TV Land
Original release
June 28 (2017-06-28) – September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
List of Younger episodes
The fourth season of the American single-camera comedy-drama television series Younger, which is based on Pamela Redmond Satran's novel of the same name, premiered on June 28, 2017,[1] and concluded on September 13, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season on June 14, 2016.[2]
The season consisted of 12 episodes.[3] Just like the previous season, the fourth year stars Sutton Foster as the lead character, with Debi Mazar, Miriam Shor, Nico Tortorella, Hilary Duff, Molly Bernard and Peter Hermann co-starring in other main roles.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest stars
2 Episodes
3 References
4 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Sutton Foster as Liza Miller
Hilary Duff as Kelsey Peters
Debi Mazar as Maggie Amato
Miriam Shor as Diana Trout
Nico Tortorella as Josh
Peter Hermann as Charles Brooks
Molly Bernard as Lauren Heller
Recurring[edit]
Mather Zickel as Dr. Richard Caldwell
Meredith Hagner as Montana Goldberg / Amy
Ben Rappaport as Max Horowitz
Aasif Mandvi as Jay Malick
Charles Michael Davis as Zane Anders
Burke Moses as Lachlan Flynn
Jennifer Westfeldt as Pauline Turner-Brooks
Phoebe Dynevor as Clare
Guest stars[edit]
Kristin Chenoweth as Marylynne Keller
Jay Wilkison as Colin McNichol
Michael Urie as Redmond
Lois Smith as Belinda Lacroix
Victor Webster as Diego
Michelle Hurd as Donna
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Younger episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)
37
1 "Post Truth" Steven Tsuchida Darren Star June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28) 0.80[5]
Kelsey says she needs time alone to think after Liza's confession. At work, Kelsey insists that Liza keep up the ruse for the sake of their imprint and they find a way to deal with Emily's blackmail. Meanwhile, Kelsey looks for a new place to stay. After striking out on several options, she accepts an invitation to move in with Josh.
38
2 "Gettin’ Hygge With It" Steven Tsuchida Dottie Dartland Zicklin & Eric Zicklin July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05) 0.66[6]
Kelsey continues to give Liza the cold shoulder, while she and Josh bond over their mutual betrayal by Liza. Colin comes back into Kelsey's life after Random House messes up his first book release and rejects his second book. At a party thrown by Diana for a new Danish author, Colin is Kelsey's date, but he goes straight to Charles with his book idea. Liza pulls Kelsey aside and tells her that Colin will only let her down again, but Kelsey says that Liza has no business talking about breaking her heart. Elsewhere, Maggie meets a cute barista who is a big fan of her art, but she misinterprets the young woman's signals.
39
3 "Forged in Fire" Todd Biermann Alison Brown July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) 0.71[7]
Charles informs the ladies that Millennial has been invited to a super-VIP publishing retreat called Bonfire. Afterwards, he calls Diana and Kelsey privately into his office to discuss giving Liza a promotion. Kelsey, still giving Liza the cold shoulder, says she'd rather have someone with more experience than Liza. While out at lunch with Liza, Diana spots Richard's ex-wife, who she informs that she is dating Richard only to have the woman laugh at her. At the retreat, which is in the woods of Maine, Kelsey harshly tells Liza to look like a 27-year-old by associating with the other publishers and drinking and partying with them all night. After a couple rounds of drinking, Liza takes a stand and leaves against Kelsey's wishes. Fed up, Liza gives her business card to the editor from another publishing company who's been trying to recruit her for their new imprint. The next day, Liza and Kelsey head home only to have Liza receive phone calls from Caitlin that she's in the emergency room due to her appendix bursting. Kelsey realizes why Liza had to lie about her age in the beginning and tells Charles that Liza deserves the promotion. Also, Maggie meets up with Josh and gives him back the belongings that he left at her apartment. At this time, Josh is introduced to and soon hooks up with Montana, the barista friend of Maggie's.
40
4 "In the Pink" Todd Biermann Grant Sloss July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 0.67[8]
Charles announces Liza's promotion to associate editor for Millennial, but says they can't afford a new assistant for Diana, so Liza must continue to fill that role also. One of Empirical's most successful romance novelists, Belinda Lacroix, dies suddenly. The staff attends her funeral, all dressed in pink per Lacroix's wishes, where a number of other authors and publishers are present. Kelsey introduces herself to spy novelist Lachlan Flynn and attempts to poach him, only to be approached by Zane, an editor from Flynn's publisher, who asks Kelsey out on a date. Liza learns about Josh sleeping with Montana, but she soon meets Diego, an Argentinian architect on assignment in New York, and later sleeps with him. It turns out to be a one night stand after Liza discovers that Diego is married. Elsewhere, Lauren claims her relationship with Max has become traditional and boring, leading to their breakup, while Montana decides to resign as Maggie's assistant, saying she has just scheduled a show of her own.
41
5 "The Gift of the Maggie" Brennan Shroff Ashley Skidmore & Lyle Friedman July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26) 0.67[9]
Montana asks Josh to help transport some canvases to her parents' home in Croton-on-Hudson, where he meets Montana's mother and sees the studio Montana uses. In the studio are a number of paintings by other artists that Montana has painted over with her "mark" (an outline of the state of Montana), including the painting Maggie just gave to Montana as a gift. Montana (whose real name is Amy) plans to sell all the works at her show, claiming what she does is no different than rap artists sampling other people's songs. Josh still feels compelled to tell Maggie, who goes to Montana's show and makes her anger known to all. At Empirical, Liza and Charles try to find an author who will complete the remaining books in Belinda Lacroix's contract under her name. Meanwhile, Kelsey successfully brings Lachlan Flynn on board and is surprised when Zane still wants to date her.
42
6 "A Close Shave" Brennan Shroff Don Roos August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02) 0.74[10]
Emily's poodle book, which Liza was blackmailed into publishing, becomes a surprisingly big seller for Millennial. This gives Charles the funds he needs to make an offer to keep Edward L.L. Moore at Empirical, but Kelsey's seemingly fun Twitter feud with Zane leads to the latter making a better offer and stealing Moore. Diana starts to realize she is finally losing romantic interest in Charles, making her believe she is falling in love with Richard. After Liza's daughter outs her age in front of Jay, the editor from Bonfire, they later have dinner together and he vows to keep her secret. Charles shows up at the restaurant and tries to act unfazed, but he clearly isn't. Meanwhile, Maggie meets a woman named Donna in a bar. While Maggie thinks Donna is beautiful in almost every way, she can't get past one physical feature.
43
7 "Fever Pitch" Peter Lauer Joe Murphy August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) 0.70[11]
Liza meets an author named Pauline at a pitch event and finds her work promising. Even though Pauline is in her 40s, Liza finds that the theme of a housewife losing her identity might serve as a good cautionary tale for millennials. In the wake of the Edward L.L. Moore crisis, Kelsey heads upstate to de-stress with Lauren and Josh. Kelsey and Josh share a drunken kiss, but Kelsey stops it before it goes any further. After hours at the office, Liza and Charles have a conversation about his reaction to seeing her with Jay, which leads to them making out, but they are soon interrupted by the janitor. Liza then tells Charles about the promising author she met, only to learn that Pauline is Charles' ex-wife and that the book is a thinly-veiled tell-all about their marriage and breakup.
44
8 "The Gelato and the Pube" Peter Lauer Dottie Dartland Zicklin & Eric Zicklin August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16) 0.70[12]
Despite the embarrassing details contained in Pauline's book, Charles thinks Millennial should still publish it and asks Liza to be the editor. In a meeting with Pauline, Liza learns that, despite bailing on Charles and their daughters to find herself, Pauline is clearly still in love and looking to get back together with her ex. Charles himself then has a meeting with Pauline to discuss details in the book while Liza babysits their girls. Charles stays out way later than planned, which concerns Liza. Josh and Kelsey joke about each other's romantic partners, each saying they can find someone better for the other. They go to a bar to test their theory, but it is Liza who shows up later and successfully sets up Josh with Clare, a sexy Irish bartender. Elsewhere, Diana has to deal with Richard's son living in their apartment, as he takes a "pause" in his college studies.
45
9 "The Incident at Pound Ridge" Dottie Dartland Zicklin Dottie Dartland Zicklin & Eric Zicklin & Alison Brown August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23) 0.76[13]
Josh takes Clare on a "proper date." When the date is over, Kelsey arrives at the apartment and offers Josh $10,000 to develop an adult coloring book for Millennial featuring his tattoo designs. Liza has an editing meeting with Pauline, but Pauline can't concentrate on the work because she's convinced that Charles is seeing someone. Liza's worlds soon collide at the annual Empirical picnic, held at Charles' home. Josh arrives with Clare and later has a mishap with Charles, punching him during the sack race. Charles deduces that Josh caught him and Liza in The Hamptons. Pauline asks Liza to help her find out whom Charles is seeing. Kelsey meets Lachlan Flynn's wife, who is not happy that Kelsey and her husband will be spending a lot of time together. Charles has a moment alone with Liza and asks her to stay the night after the picnic is done. Flustered over Pauline's suspicions, Liza declines. Kelsey later tells Liza she should stay away from Charles, for the sake of everyone in their circle.
46
10 "A Novel Marriage" Andrew Fleming Alison Brown August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) 0.83[14]
Through Pauline, Liza learns that Charles had considered removing her as editor of Pauline's book. Lauren invites Kelsey, Liza, and Pauline to an exclusive women-only club. Kelsey later learns that Lauren has been secretly sleeping at the club because she lost her job. While at the club, Pauline runs into an old friend named Louise (Alysia Reiner), who invites Liza and her to a highbrow party. Pauline confesses to Liza that Louise inspired the unflattering character "Lois" in the book. At the party, Liza is almost outed by her daughter's friend's parents, but is rescued by Jay, who is also there. Jay takes Liza home and, before saying goodnight, they share a kiss. Elsewhere, Diana gives Richard one week to get his son out of their apartment and Josh learns that Clare's work visa expires in a week.
47
11 "It's Love, Actually" Andrew Fleming Grant Sloss September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06) 0.76[15]
Diana and Charles propose that Pauline's Marriage Vacation be released under the Empirical brand, rather than Millennial, which upsets Kelsey. Kelsey later entertains an offer from Zane to join him in founding a new independent publishing company after he claims that Edward L.L. Moore will move with him. When Liza cautions her, Kelsey digs into the fine print and learns that Zane does not have a contract with Moore. In a later twist, Charles announces that Moore has returned to Empirical and that Zane has been hired as a senior editor. Liza deals with Pauline and Charles getting close again and Jay realizes that she's in love with Charles. Elsewhere, a crestfallen Josh holds a good-bye party for Clare, while Diana learns that Richard has been keeping secrets from her.
48
12 "Irish Goodbye" Todd Biermann Darren Star & Don Roos & Joe Murphy September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) 0.83[16]
Josh travels to Ireland to marry Clare so that she can get an American green card and asks Liza to be his best "man." After meeting Clare's mother in Ireland, Liza realizes that they haven't told her that it's just a marriage of convenience. Clare uses a shopping spree with Liza to convince her to speak favourably about her relationship with Josh, in case the immigration department asks her, and insists that Liza owes this to Josh. Josh told Clare about Liza having lied about her age to get her job. Liza tells Josh she is uncomfortable lying to Homeland Security, causing Josh to get offended and tell her to just go home if she can't do it. Clare's friend later exposes the real reason for the marriage at the rehearsal dinner, but Liza steps in and saves the day. Later that night, Josh shows up drunk in Liza's room and kisses her, saying, "It's always been you." She tells him she can't give him the life he wants, but Josh says he wants any life that includes her. He plans how to call off the wedding, then passes out on her bed. The next morning, before the wedding ceremony, Josh tells Liza he needs to marry Clare or he'll keep coming back to her when he should be moving on. Liza cries at the wedding ceremony. At Empirical, Zane wants to promote Pauline's book with TV appearances by Charles and Pauline talking about their reconciliation, but Charles says no. Later, Zane cons Charles into appearing live on air. Charles calls Liza just as the bride and groom seal their marriage with a kiss.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "When Will 'Younger' Season 4 Premiere? The New Season Has A Lot To Address". Bustle. Bustle. December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Younger' Gets Early Season 4 Renewal at TV Land". TheWrap. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
Jump up ^ "'Younger' Renewed for Season 4 Ahead of Season 3 Premiere". Variety. Variety. December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 7, 2014). "Debi Mazar Joins TV Land Pilot 'Younger', Set For 'Entourage' Movie". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (June 29, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.28.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 7, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 13, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 27, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.26.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 3, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.2.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.9.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 17, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.16.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.23.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.30.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.6.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Television portal
Television in the United States portal
2010s portal
Official website
List of Younger episodes on IMDb
Younger at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
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Younger
Episodes
season 1
2
3
4
Pamela Redmond Satran
Darren Star
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/wiki/Television_program
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Television program

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/wiki/Liza_Miller
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Liza Miller

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/wiki/Kelsey_Peters
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Kelsey Peters

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/wiki/Maggie_(Younger)
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Maggie (Younger)

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Diana Trout

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/wiki/Josh_(Younger)
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Josh (Younger)

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/wiki/Charles_Brooks_(Younger)
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Charles Brooks (Younger)

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Lauren Heller

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http://www.tvland.com/shows/younger

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http://www.tv.com/shows/younger/
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values: Episodi di Younger (quarta stagione) – Italian

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