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The Halal Guys
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The Halal Guys
A line at the cart (2007)
Restaurant information
Established
1990
Current owner(s)
Mohamed Abouelenein
Food type
Halal, Middle Eastern cuisine
Street address
Corners of 53rd St and 6th Avenue (main and second locations)
City
Manhattan, New York City
State
New York
Postal/ZIP Code
10019
Country
United States
Coordinates
40°45′42″N 73°58′45″W / 40.76180°N 73.97928°W / 40.76180; -73.97928Coordinates: 40°45′42″N 73°58′45″W / 40.76180°N 73.97928°W / 40.76180; -73.97928
Website
thehalalguys.com
The Halal Guys is a halal fast casual restaurant franchise that began as a food cart on the south-east corner of 53rd Street and Sixth Avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The franchise also has a cart on the south-west corner of the same intersection. New locations, both food cart and storefront, are being added throughout New York (including a storefront on 14th Street and Second Avenue) and around the world.[1]
The franchise is most recognized by its primary dish which is a platter of chicken or gyro meat with rice[2], though it also serves a chicken or gyro wrap sandwich.[3][2][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Food
3 Locations
4 Franchising
5 Reception
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Halal Guys was founded in 1990 by Egyptian-descendent Mohamed Abouelenein,[5] along with compatriots Ahmed Elsaka and Abdelbaset Elsayed, as a hot dog cart located on 53rd and 6th.[4][6] Abouelenein, however, believed that a hot dog was not a satisfying meal, and switched to the current menu of chicken, gyro meat, rice, and pita in 1992.[4] As a result, New York City’s Muslim cab drivers flocked to the cart for its ability to provide a quick, relatively inexpensive halal meal. As word of the cart spread via these chatty cabbies, the now-famous platter of chicken and rice was born, and popularized within the Muslim community in the city.[7]
The cart has caused a decline in the popularity of hot dog vendors in New York City and has influenced many imitation carts.[4] A cart called 'New York's Best Halal Food' is also located on 53rd and 6th on the SW corner. It is unknown which cart was located at the intersection first. [8]
On October 28, 2006, a fight that started in line ended with 23-year-old Ziad Tayeh stabbing and killing 19-year-old Tyrone Gibbons.[9] Tayeh was later found not guilty, as the jury found that he acted in self-defense. The fight began after one accused the other of cutting in line.[10] The New York Times once reported that the owners had hired bouncers.[4]
The Halal Guys donated $30,000 to LaGuardia Community College in 2016 with the money intended to fund scholarships for students experiencing financial hardships.[11][12]
Food[edit]
The Halal Guys serves "American halal" platters and sandwiches, prepared using ingredients such as chicken, gyro meat, falafel and rice.[13] The taste has been described as entailing a complex melting pot of flavors originating from the Mediterranean and Middle East.[14] The Halal Guys also serve a white sauce condiment which patrons cite as a favorite and has been described as "famous".[15][16][17] A “distant cousin of tzatziki”, the Halal Guys’ white sauce has been the subject of multiple recreations based off of ingredients on to-go packets, but to no avail.[18][19][20] A similar condiment is found at all or most other halal carts in New York City, but the recipe likely often varies from cart to cart.[21] The Halal Guys also prepares a red hot sauce.[15]
Locations[edit]
A view of The Halal Guys food cart in New York City
Tattoo created as a tribute to the Halal Guys' first location on 53rd St. & 6th Avenue, New York
The main cart is located on 53rd Street and 6th Avenue during weekday evenings (7pm–4am) and weekends, across from the Hilton Hotel on the southwest corner.
A second cart is located across the street from the original cart, on the southeast corner of that intersection, and is open both during the daytime and at night.[22]
A third cart exists on the southwest corner of 53rd Street and 7th Avenue, and begins serving food at lunch time.[23]
In November 2013, the Halal Guys announced its intentions to open a restaurant located on 14th Street and 2nd Avenue, according to general manager Hesham Hegazy.[6]
In December 2014, the Halal Guys opened a restaurant on Amsterdam Avenue and West 95th Street.[24]
The Halal Guys opened their first Chicago location on August 20, 2015. The restaurant is located in Chicago's Gold Coast neighborhood. Four more locations are expected to open in the city.[25]
On October 2, 2015, the Halal Guys opened a restaurant in Costa Mesa, California, the first location on the West Coast. The business plans to expand in Southern California with 50 franchised units sold already.[26]
In October 2015, the Halal Guys opened up shop in Megamall Manila in the Philippines. More locations has been added since in the Philippines.[27]
On January 2, 2016, a second California location opened in Long Beach at 1804 Ximeno Avenue.[28]
In May 2016 a store opened in East Brunswick, New Jersey.[29]
In May 2016 a store was opened in San Jose, California.[30]
On August 12, 2016, a store was opened in Las Vegas, Nevada.[31]
On September 2, 2016, a store was opened in Springfield, Virginia.[32]
On September 2, 2016, a store was opened in Fairfax, Virginia.[32]
On September 8, 2016, customers in Montreal, Quebec, lined up at Mackay Street and de Maisonneuve Boulevard West for the grand opening of the first Canadian location.[33][34] As of May 2018, the two locations closed down, with a source citing that diners preferred local favorite Boustan instead of the NYC favorite.[35]
On December 17, 2016, Halal Guys opened the first store in East Asia on exit 2 of Itaewon station, Seoul, South Korea.[36]
On January 27, 2017, a store was opened in Tempe, Arizona.[37]
In April 2017, a store was opened in Union, New Jersey located on Route 22.
In April 2017, The Halal Guys opened the first store in Jakarta, Indonesia at Senayan City
In April 2017, a store was opened in Shreveport, Louisiana.[38]
On May 5, 2017, Toronto restaurant was opened.[39]
On September 1, 2017, a store was opened in Orlando, Florida.[40]
On September 15, 2017, a store was opened in Boston Theater District.[41]
On September 30, 2017, a store was opened at The District (Tustin).[42]
On January 13, 2018, a store was opened at Puentes Hills Mall in Rowland Heights.[43]
In January 2018, the 2nd store in Jakarta, Indonesia opened in the Grand Indonesia mall.
On February 16, 2018, a store was opened in Rockville, Maryland[44]
Franchising[edit]
After being approached numerous times, holding off franchising to await a company that would respect their origins and core values, the Halal Guys hired Fransmart In June 2014, the franchise development company behind the success and explosive growth of Qdoba Mexican Grill and Five Guys.[45] Within the first year of launching their franchise expansion campaign they closed deals for California; New Jersey; Connecticut; Virginia; Washington, DC; Houston and Austin, Texas ; Chicago, Illinois, as well as international deals for Canada, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia.[46] In total this represents over 200 locations under development.
Despite initial concern that the company’s name or its association with Muslim culture wouldn’t sit well with many Americans, Fransmart CEO Dan Rowe said that he has confidence in the company, and envisions that ”by the time they’re in Chattanooga, there will be so much good buzz, they’ll be excited to try it."[47]
Reception[edit]
In 2005, Chicken and Rice was one of four finalists for the "Vendy Award" presented by a New York City street vendor advocacy group known as the Street Vendor Project. Chicken and Rice eventually lost out to Rolf Babiel from Hallo Berlin, a sausage cart on 54th and 5th.[48][49]
In addition, the popularity of the cart has been further aided by high-profile customers. Chef Christopher Lee, who was one of Food & Wine Magazine's best new chefs of 2006, mentioned in an interview with the magazine that he "can't stay away from it" and once was there on Christmas Eve waiting two and a half hours in the cold.[50]
The cart has since become a prominent cuisine throughout New York City and has been heard as far as Hawaii. It has caused an increase in competition among street meat carts in Midtown Manhattan.[51][52] Lines commonly grow to over an hour's wait.[53] There is also a student club at New York University dedicated to the food cart.[54]
The Halal Guys was awarded the 2014 Multicultural Award by the American Muslim Consumer Consortium for their promotion of diversity and multiculturalism, and their inclusivity to all minorities in America.[55]
The original cart on 53rd and 6th is the 3rd most reviewed eatery on Yelp in the United States.
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Food portal
New York City portal
List of chicken restaurants
List of restaurants in New York City
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys". Yelp.
^ Jump up to: a b "53RDand6TH We Are Different". Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ask Midtown Lunch: Best Chicken and Rice Cart". Midtown Lunch. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Saki Knafo (July 29, 2007). "Decline of the Dog". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Vadukul, Alex (2014-06-15). "The Halal Guys: Cashing In on Street Cred". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Carol Kuruvilla (2013-10-02). "Halal Guys food cart to open restaurant in East Village". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Our Story | The Halal Guys". thehalalguys.com. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
Jump up ^ Max Falkowitz. "Taste Test: The 53rd and 6th Halal Street Food Showdown". Serious Eats. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
Jump up ^ Jen Chung (2006-10-29). "Street Food Stabbing". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
Jump up ^ Shayna Jacobs (2013-04-24). "Brooklyn man who beat 2009 murder rap for killing line cutter arrested for heroin possession". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Halal Guys to Donate $30,000 to LaGuardia Community College". The New York Times. 2016-05-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
Jump up ^ McKibben, Beth (December 14, 2017). "The Halal Guys Are Coming to Midtown Atlanta". Eater Atlanta. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Halal | The Halal Guys". thehalalguys.com. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Evie (February 7, 2017). "The White Sauce at The Halal Guys is Magic, But Is Anything Else?". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys is leading the restaurant industry in global domination". Metro US. August 3, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Delgado, Lauren (August 30, 2017). "First Bite: Halal Guys in east Orlando". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New To-Go Packets Reveal That Halal Guys' Top Secret White Sauce Is Basically Just Flavored Mayo". Eater NY. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
Jump up ^ Santanachote, Perry (2015-05-15). "My Quest to Reverse Engineer The Halal Guys' White Sauce Recipe". Thrillist. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
Jump up ^ "How The Halal Guys Made it From New York's Streets to Southern California". KCET. 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
Jump up ^ Krishna, Priya (October 1, 2017). "How Street Meat Conquered New York". New York Magazine. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robin Raisfeld and Rob Patronite (June 18, 2007). "The Concrete Elite New York's twenty best food carts ranked in order". New York Restaurants. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Famous Halal Cart on 53rd & 6th, Adds Another Cart on 7th". Midtown Lunch. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
Jump up ^ "Restaurant Openings: Halal Guys, Maharaja, Voila Chocolat, Sushi Spot". Westside Rag. Retrieved 2015-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Chicago's First of Five Planned Halal Guys Opens Tonight in Gold Coast". Eater Chicago. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Brown (September 29, 2015). "New York food phenom Halal Guys to open first West Coast eatery in Costa Mesa". The Orange County Register. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys: New York's Most Famous Street Cart now in Manila! @HalalGuys". Our Awesome Planet. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Yee, Greg (2 January 2016). "The Halal Guys celebrates grand opening in Long Beach". Press-Telegram. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys open first New Jersey location, more to follow". Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "NYC Halal Guys now open in San Jose – Eat, Drink, Play". 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys are here". Retrieved 2016-08-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Halal Guys is opening in Springfield and Fairfax on Friday". Retrieved 2016-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Montrealers line up for taste of Big Apple as Halal Guys opens". Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys, famous for a New York food cart, are coming to Toronto". Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Name NYC Street Meat Purveyors Bow out of Montreal". Eater Montreal. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
Jump up ^ "NYC street grub finds a home in Seoul". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Halal guys open first Arizona restaurant in Tempe". Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Shreveport made the cut for The Halal Guys". Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Aksich, Caroline. "What's on the menu at The Halal Guys, Toronto's first location of the New York food-cart favourite". Toronto Life. St. Joseph Media. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys in Waterford Lakes is now in soft opening mode". Retrieved 29 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arrival of the Halal Guys Makes Boston's Dreams Come True Today". Retrieved 19 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys". The District at Tustin Legacy. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Halal Guys (The) Announces Openings of New Southern California Locations", great-taste.net
Jump up ^ http://www.bethesdamagazine.com/Bethesda-Beat/2018/The-Halal-Guys-Opens-Next-Week-in-Rockville/
Jump up ^ "INTERVIEW-It's a Halal Guys' world: New York City's favorite food cart goes global". Retrieved 2018-05-21.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys inks 5-unit deal for Toronto". www.fastcasual.com.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys: Cashing In on Street Cred". The New York Times. 2014-06-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Vendy Awards Past Winners". Retrieved 2014-02-25.
Jump up ^ Dana Bowen (2005-11-11). "In a Battle of Street-Food Vendors, the Wurst Wins". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Best New Chef Christopher Lee". Food & Wine. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Halal Guys". Islamic Business & Finance. 2011-09-27.
Jump up ^ Julia Moskin (2009-06-02). "A Tour Guide Tames Lunch in Midtown". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
Jump up ^ Michelle Won (2011-06-02). "Making NYC Street Meat: Chicken and Rice Recipe". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Yang, Emily. "Chicken, rice and a side of culture | NYU's Daily Student Newspaper". Nyunews.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Alawa, Laila (2014-11-14). "What Is it With That White Sauce?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
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Transmission (medicine)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Transmission (medicine). For other uses, see Transmission.
In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.[1]
The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means:
droplet contact – coughing or sneezing on another individual
direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact
indirect physical contact – usually by touching a contaminated surface, including soil (fomite)
airborne transmission – if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods
fecal-oral transmission – usually from unwashed hands, contaminated food or water sources due to lack of sanitation and hygiene, an important transmission route in pediatrics, veterinary medicine and developing countries.
Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism, either a vector (e.g. a mosquito or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g. tapeworm in pigs can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked pork). Indirect transmission could involve zoonoses or, more typically, larger pathogens like macroparasites with more complex life cycles. Transmissions can be autochthonous (i.e. between two individuals in the same place) or may involve travel of the microorganism or the affected hosts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition and related terms
2 Routes
2.1 Airborne
2.2 Droplet
2.3 Fecal–oral
2.4 Sexual
2.4.1 Oral sexual
2.5 Oral
2.6 Direct contact
2.7 Vertical
2.8 Iatrogenic
2.9 Vector-borne
3 Tracking
4 Relationship with virulence and survival
5 Beneficial microorganisms
5.1 Vertical transmission
5.2 Horizontal transmission
5.3 Mixed-mode transmission
6 See also
7 References
Definition and related terms[edit]
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group)[2] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical contact)[3] or by vertical disease transmission, passing the agent causing the disease from parent to offspring, such as in prenatal or perinatal transmission.[4]
The term infectivity describes the ability of an organism to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the infectiousness of a disease agent indicates the comparative ease with which the disease agent is transmitted to other hosts.[5] Transmission of pathogen can occur in various ways including physical contact, contaminated food, body fluids, objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector organisms.[6]
Routes[edit]
The route of transmission is important to epidemiologists because patterns of contact vary between different populations and different groups of populations depending on socio-economic, cultural and other features. For example, low personal and food hygiene due to the lack of a clean water supply may result in increased transmission of diseases by the fecal-oral route, such as cholera. Differences in incidence of such diseases between different groups can also throw light on the routes of transmission of the disease. For example, if it is noted that polio is more common in cities in underdeveloped countries, without a clean water supply, than in cities with a good plumbing system, we might advance the theory that polio is spread by the fecal-oral route.
Airborne[edit]
Further information: Airborne disease
"Airborne transmission refers to infectious agents that are spread via droplet nuclei (residue from evaporated droplets) containing infective microorganisms. These organisms can survive outside the body and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. They infect others via the upper and lower respiratory tracts." [7] Diseases that are commonly spread by coughing or sneezing include bacterial meningitis, chickenpox, common cold, influenza, mumps, strep throat, tuberculosis, measles, rubella, whooping cough, SARS and leprosy.[citation needed]
Droplet[edit]
"Droplet transmission occurs when respiratory droplets generated via coughing, sneezing or talking contact susceptible mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes, nose or mouth. Transmission may also occur indirectly via contact with contaminated formites with hands and then mucosal surfaces. Respiratory droplets are large and are not able to remain suspended in the air thus they are usually dispersed over short distances."[8]
The pathogen-containing particles, also called Flügge droplets (after Carl Flügge), are 0,1–2 mm in diameter, and are reduced by evaporation to droplet nuclei – small (smaller than 100 μ in diameter), dry particles that can remain airborne for long periods.[9]
Organisms spread by droplet transmission include respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus), Bordetella pertussis, pneumococci, diphtheria, and rubella.[10]
Fecal–oral[edit]
Main article: Fecal–oral route
In the fecal-oral route, pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate sanitation and poor hygiene practices - which can take various forms.
Fecal oral transmission can be via foodstuffs or water that has become contaminated. This can happen when people do not adequately wash their hands after using the toilet and before preparing food or tending to patients.
The fecal-oral route of transmission can be a public health risk for people in developing countries who live in urban slums without access to adequate sanitation. Here, excreta or untreated sewage can pollute drinking water sources (groundwater or surface water). The people who drink the polluted water can become infected. Another problem in some developing countries, such as India, is open defecation which leads to disease transmission via the fecal-oral route.
Even in developed countries there are periodic system failures resulting in a sanitary sewer overflow. This is the typical mode of transmission for the infectious agents of for example: cholera, hepatitis A, polio, Rotavirus, Salmonella, and parasites (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides).
Sexual[edit]
Main article: Sexually transmitted disease
This refers to any disease that can be caught during sexual activity with another person, including vaginal or anal sex or (less commonly) through oral sex (see below). Transmission is either directly between surfaces in contact during intercourse (the usual route for bacterial infections and those infections causing sores) or from secretions (semen or the fluid secreted by the excited female) which carry infectious agents that get into the partner's blood stream through tiny tears in the penis, vagina or rectum (this is a more usual route for viruses). In this second case, anal sex is considerably more hazardous since the penis opens more tears in the rectum than the vagina, as the vagina is more elastic and more accommodating.[citation needed]
Some diseases transmissible by the sexual route include HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, syphilis, herpes, and trichomoniasis.
Oral sexual[edit]
Sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B are thought to not normally be transmitted through mouth-to-mouth contact, although it is possible to transmit some STDs between the genitals and the mouth, during oral sex. In the case of HIV this possibility has been established. It is also responsible for the increased incidence of herpes simplex virus 1 (which is usually responsible for oral infections) in genital infections and the increased incidence of the type 2 virus (more common genitally) in oral infections.[citation needed]
Oral[edit]
Diseases that are transmitted primarily by oral means may be caught through direct oral contact such as kissing, or by indirect contact such as by sharing a drinking glass or a cigarette. Diseases that are known to be transmissible by kissing or by other direct or indirect oral contact include all of the diseases transmissible by droplet contact and (at least) all forms of herpes viruses, namely Cytomegalovirus infections herpes simplex virus (especially HSV-1) and infectious mononucleosis.[citation needed]
Direct contact[edit]
Further information: Contagious disease
Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact are called contagious (contagious is not the same as infectious; although all contagious diseases are infectious, not all infectious diseases are contagious). These diseases can also be transmitted by sharing a towel (where the towel is rubbed vigorously on both bodies) or items of clothing in close contact with the body (socks, for example) if they are not washed thoroughly between uses. For this reason, contagious diseases often break out in schools, where towels are shared and personal items of clothing accidentally swapped in the changing rooms.
Some diseases that are transmissible by direct contact include athlete's foot, impetigo, syphilis (on rare occasions, if an uninfected person touches a chancre), warts, and conjunctivitis.[citation needed]
Vertical[edit]
Main article: Vertically transmitted disease
This is from mother to child (more rarely father to child), often in utero, during childbirth (also referred to as perinatal infection) or during postnatal physical contact between parents and offspring. In mammals, including humans, it occurs also via breast milk. Infectious diseases that can be transmitted in this way include: HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis. Many mutualistic organisms are transmitted vertically.[11]
Iatrogenic[edit]
Transmission due to medical procedures, such as touching a wound, an injection or transplantation of infected material. Some diseases that can be transmitted iatrogenically include: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease by injection of contaminated human growth hormone, MRSA and many more.[citation needed]
Vector-borne[edit]
Further information: Vector (epidemiology)
A vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.[12]
Vectors may be mechanical or biological. A mechanical vector picks up an infectious agent on the outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner. An example of a mechanical vector is a housefly, which lands on cow dung, contaminating its appendages with bacteria from the feces, and then lands on food prior to consumption. The pathogen never enters the body of the fly. In contrast, biological vectors harbor pathogens within their bodies and deliver pathogens to new hosts in an active manner, usually a bite. Biological vectors are often responsible for serious blood-borne diseases, such as malaria, viral encephalitis, Chagas disease, Lyme disease and African sleeping sickness. Biological vectors are usually, though not exclusively, arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and lice. Vectors are often required in the life cycle of a pathogen. A common strategy used to control vector borne infectious diseases is to interrupt the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the vector.[citation needed]
Tracking[edit]
See also: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
Tracking the transmission of infectious diseases is called disease surveillance. Surveillance of infectious diseases in the public realm traditionally has been the responsibility of public health agencies, either on the (inter)national or a local level. Public health staff rely on health care workers and microbiology laboratories to report cases of reportable diseases to them. The analysis of aggregate data can show the spread of a disease and is at the core of the specialty of epidemiology. To understand the spread of the vast majority of non-notifiable diseases, data either need to be collected in a particular study, or existing data collections can be mined, such as insurance company data or antimicrobial drug sales for example.
For diseases transmitted within an institution, such as a hospital, prison, nursing home, boarding school, orphanage, refugee camp etc., infection control specialists are employed, who will review medical records to analyze transmission as part of a hospital epidemiology program, for example.
Because these traditional methods are slow, time-consuming, and labor-intensive, proxies of transmission have been sought. One proxy in the case of influenza is tracking of influenza-like illness at certain sentinel sites of health care practitioners within a state, for example.[13] Tools have been developed to help track influenza epidemics by finding patterns in certain web search query activity. It was found that the frequency of influenza-related web searches as a whole rises as the number of people sick with influenza rises. Examining space-time relationships of web queries has been shown to approximate the spread of influenza[14] and dengue.[15]
Computer simulations of infectious disease spread have been used.[16] Human aggregation can drive transmission, seasonal variation and outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as the annual start of school, bootcamp, the annual Hajj etc. Most recently, data from cell phones have been shown to be able to capture population movements well enough to predict the transmission of certain infectious diseases, like rubella.[17]
Relationship with virulence and survival[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pathogens must have a way to be transmitted from one host to another to ensure their species' survival. Infectious agents are generally specialized for a particular method of transmission. Taking an example from the respiratory route, from an evolutionary perspective viruses or bacteria that cause their host to develop coughing and sneezing symptoms have a great survival advantage, as they are much more likely to be ejected from one host and carried to another. This is also the reason that many microorganisms cause diarrhea.
The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen. Since it takes many generations for a microbe and a new host species to co-evolve, an emerging pathogen may hit its earliest victims especially hard. It is usually in the first wave of a new disease that death rates are highest. If a disease is rapidly fatal, the host may die before the microbe can be passed along to another host. However, this cost may be overwhelmed by the short term benefit of higher infectiousness if transmission is linked to virulence, as it is for instance in the case of cholera (the explosive diarrhea aids the bacterium in finding new hosts) or many respiratory infections (sneezing and coughing create infectious aerosols).
Beneficial microorganisms[edit]
The mode of transmission is also an important aspect of the biology of beneficial microbial symbionts, such as coral-associated dinoflagellates or human microbiota. Organisms can form symbioses with microbes transmitted from their parents, from the environment or unrelated individuals, or both.
Vertical transmission[edit]
Vertical transmission refers to acquisition of symbionts from parents (usually mothers). Vertical transmission can be intracellular (e.g. transovarial), or extracellular (for example through post-embryonic contact between parents and offspring). Both intracellular and extracellular vertical transmission can be considered a form of non-genetic inheritance or parental effect. It has been argued that most organisms experience some form of vertical transmission of symbionts.[18] Canonical examples of vertically transmitted symbionts include the nutritional symbiont Buchnera in aphids (transovarially transmitted intracellular symbiont) and some components of the human microbiota (transmitted during passage of infants through the birth canal and also through breastfeeding).
Horizontal transmission[edit]
Some beneficial symbionts are acquired horizontally, from the environment or unrelated individuals. This requires that host and symbiont have some method of recognizing each other or each other’s products or services. Often, horizontally acquired symbionts are relevant to secondary rather than primary metabolism, for example for use in defense against pathogens,[19] but some primary nutritional symbionts are also horizontally (environmentally) acquired.[20] Additional examples of horizontally transmitted beneficial symbionts include bioluminescent bacteria associated with bobtail squid and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants.
Mixed-mode transmission[edit]
Many microbial symbionts, including human microbiota, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Mixed-mode transmission can allow symbionts to have the “best of both worlds” – they can vertically infect host offspring when host density is low, and horizontally infect diverse additional hosts when a number of additional hosts are available. Mixed-mode transmission make the outcome (degree of harm or benefit) of the relationship more difficult to predict, because the evolutionary success of the symbiont is sometimes but not always tied to the success of the host.[21]
See also[edit]
Bioaerosol
Bugchasing
Infectious disease: Transmission
Transmission risks and rates
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bush, A.O. et al. (2001) Parasitism: the diversity and ecology of animal parasites. Cambridge University Press. Pp 391-399.
Jump up ^ Horizontal Disease Transmission, online-medical-dictionary.org. date ?
Jump up ^ Routes of transmission of infectious diseases agents from Modes of Introduction of Exotic Animal Disease Agents by Katharine M. Kurkjian & Susan E. Little of The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, date?
Jump up ^ Vertical transmission (definition -- medterms.com) date?
Jump up ^ "Glossary of Notifiable Conditions". Washington State Department of Health. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
Jump up ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/cd33_icg_clinical_ed_guide_web.pdf
Jump up ^ "Clinical Educators Guide for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare" (PDF). NHMRC, Commonwealth of Australia. 2010. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
Jump up ^ HARE R (1964). "THE TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 57: 221–30. PMC 1897886  . PMID 14130877.
Jump up ^ "What is Diseases contagious from droplets?".
Jump up ^ Ebert, Dieter (2013). "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44: 623–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555.
Jump up ^ Pathogens and vectors. MetaPathogen.com.
Jump up ^ P.M. Polgreen, E. Chen, A.M. Segre, M. Harris, M. Pentella, G. Rushton. Optimizing Influenza Sentinel Surveillance at the State Level American Journal of Epidemiology, 170 (November 2009), pp 1300–1306. doi:10.1093/aje/kwp270, PMID 19822570
Jump up ^ J. Ginsberg, M.H. Mohebbi, R.S. Patel, L. Brammer, M.S. Smolinski, L. Brilliant Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data Nature, 457 (2008), pp. 1012–1014, doi:10.1038/nature07634. PMID 19020500
Jump up ^ E.H. Chan, V. Sahai, C. Conrad, J.S. Brownstein Using web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5 (2011), p. e1206, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206
Jump up ^ Siettos CI, Russo L (15 May 2013). "Mathematical modeling of infectious disease dynamics". Virulence. 4 (4): 295–306. doi:10.4161/viru.24041. PMC 3710332  . PMID 23552814.
Jump up ^ Wesolowski A, Metcalf CJ, Eagle N, Kombich J, Grenfell BT, Bjørnstad ON, Lessler J, Tatem AJ, Buckee CO. (September 1, 2015). "Quantifying seasonal population fluxes driving rubella transmission dynamics using mobile phone data". PNAS. 112 (35): 11114–11119. doi:10.1073/pnas.1423542112. PMC 4568255  . PMID 26283349. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Funkhouser, Lisa; Bordenstein, Seth (2013). "Mom Knows Best: The Universality of Maternal Microbial Transmission". PLoS Biology. 11 (8): e1001631. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631. PMC 3747981  . PMID 23976878.
Jump up ^ Kaltenpoth, Martin; Engl, Tobias (2013). "Defensive microbial symbionts in Hymenoptera". Functional Ecology. 28 (2): 315–327. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12089.
Jump up ^ Nussbaumer, Andrea; Fisher, Charles; Bright, Monika (2006). "Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms". Nature. 441: 345–348. doi:10.1038/nature04793. PMID 16710420.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Dieter (2013). "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44: 623–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555.
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Bubble and squeak
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the video game, see Bubble and Squeak (video game). For the album, see Bubble and Squeak (album).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bubble and squeak
A small portion of bubble and squeak (left), as part of an English breakfast
Place of origin
United Kingdom
Main ingredients
Potatoes, Cabbage, Brussels sprouts, vegetables
Cookbook: Bubble and Squeak Media: Bubble and squeak
Bubble and squeak topped with poached egg
Bubble and squeak is a traditional English dish made with the shallow-fried leftover vegetables from a roast dinner. The main ingredients are potato and cabbage, but carrots, peas, Brussels sprouts, or any other leftover vegetables can be added. The chopped vegetables (and cold chopped meat if used) are fried in a pan together with mashed potatoes or crushed roast potatoes until the mixture is well-cooked and brown on the sides. The dish is so named because the cabbage makes bubbling and squeaking sounds during the cooking process.[1] It is often served with cold meat from the Sunday roast, and pickles or brown sauce, or as an accompaniment to a full English breakfast.
The meat was traditionally added to the bubble and squeak itself, although nowadays it is more commonly made without meat. The earliest known recipe was in Mrs Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery in 1806.[2]
The name bubble and squeak is used primarily in England (for Scotland and Ireland[3] see 'Similar dishes'), and it may also be understood in parts of some other Commonwealth countries and the United States.[4][5]
Bubble and squeak was a popular dish during the Second World War, as it was an easy way of using leftovers during a period when most foods were subject to rationing. In more recent times, prepared frozen and tinned versions have become available.
Similar dishes[edit]
Panackelty, from North East England
Rumbledethumps, stovies and clapshot from Scotland
Colcannon, from Ireland
Stoemp from Belgium
Calentao, from Colombia
Biksemad, from Denmark
Stemmelkort, from Germany
Stamppot, from the Netherlands
Trinxat, from the La Cerdanya region of Catalonia, northeast Spain and ￼￼￼￼Andorra￼￼￼￼
￼Tortilla de verduras, from Chile
Pyttipanna, Pyttipanne & Pyttipannu (from the Swedish "pytt i panna"="small pieces in pan") from Sweden, Norway and Finland
Hash, from the United States
Pav bhaji, from West India
References[edit]
Food portal
Jump up ^ Pickett, Joseph P.; et al. (2000), American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin
Jump up ^ Rundell, Maria Eliza Ketelby (1808). Bubble and Squeak. In A new system of domestic cookery:Third edition. p. 42. Google Book Search. Retrieved on January 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Scottish Recipes: Rumbledethumps Recipe
Jump up ^ Hearty Luncheon and Supper Dishes Reading Eagle, Jul 17, 1913
Jump up ^ Forbes Lifestyle, Wine and Food Forbes, Nov 17, 2004
External links[edit]
Media related to Bubble and squeak at Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Bubble and Squeak
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Baeckeoffe
Baked potato
Bangers and mash
Batata harra
Batata vada
Bengal potatoes
Bonda
Boxty
Bryndzové halušky
Brændende kærlighed
Bubble and squeak
Canarian wrinkly potatoes
Carapulcra
Carne asada fries
Cepelinai
Champ
Chip butty
Chorrillana
Chuño
Clapshot
Coddle
Colcannon
Cottage pie
Crisp sandwich
Croquette
Curly fries
Duchess potatoes
Fondant potatoes
French fries (Freedom fries)
Fritter roll
Funeral potatoes
Gamja-jeon
Gamja-ongsimi
Gamja-tang
German fries
Gnocchi
Gratin
Gratin dauphinois
Hachis Parmentier
Halal snack pack
Hash browns
Hasselback potatoes
Himmel und Erde
Home fries
Homity pie
Hutspot
Janssons frestelse
Kapsalon
Kartoffelkäse
Knish
Kouign patatez
Kroppkaka
Kugel
Kugelis
Lancashire hotpot
Lefse
Llapingacho
Lyonnaise potatoes
Mashed potato
Munini-imo
Nikujaga
Ocopa
Olivier salad
Panackelty
Papa a la Huancaína
Papa rellena
Papas chorreadas
Patatas bravas
Patatnik
Péla
Pickert
Pitepalt
Pommes Anna
Pommes dauphine
Pommes soufflées
Potato chip
Potato babka
Potato bread
Potato cake
Potato doughnut
Potato pancake
Potato salad
Potato scone
Potato skins
Potato waffle
Potato wedges
Potatoes O'Brien
Potatonik
Poutine
Poutine râpée
Pâté aux pommes de terre
Ragda pattice
Rappie pie
Raspeball
Reibekuchen
Rewena bread
Rösti
Rumbledethumps
Salchipapas
Salt potatoes
Skomakarlåda
Spanish omelette
Spice bag
Stamppot
Stoemp
Stovies
Szałot
Szilvásgombóc
Tartiflette
Tater tots
Trinxat
Truffade
Tombet
Tornado potato
Vada
Vada pav
Waffle fries
Wrap roti
[show]
v
t
e
English cuisine
Periods
Roman times
Dishes
Sausages
Middle Ages
Exemplars
The Forme of Cury (c. 1390)
Dishes
Apple pie
Bacon
Banbury cake
Cheesecake
Custard
Game pie
Gingerbread
Kippers
Mince pie
Mortis
Pasty
Pease pudding
Pie
Pottage
16th century
Exemplars
Thomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585)
Dishes
Black pudding
Fruit fool
Pancake
Scones
Syllabub
Trifle (without jelly)
17th century
Exemplars
Elinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604)
Gervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615)
Robert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660)
Hannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670)
John Evelyn (Acetaria a Discourse of Sallets 1699)
Kenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699)
Dishes
Battalia pie
Currant bun
Queen of Puddings
Sponge cake
Sussex pond pudding
Sweet and sour
Tea
18th century
Exemplars
Mary Kettilby (A Collection of above Three Hundred Receipts 1714)
John Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723)
Eliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727)
Hannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery made Plain and Easy 1747)
Elizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769)
Richard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788)
William Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791)
Dishes
Bread and butter pudding
Christmas pudding
Chutney
Cottage or Shepherd's pie
Eccles cake
Jellied eels
Jugged hare
Ketchup
Marmalade
Parkin
Piccalilli
Pork pie
Roast beef
Sandwich
Scouse
Suet pudding
Toad in the hole
Trifle (with jelly)
Welsh rabbit
Yorkshire pudding
19th century
Exemplars
Mrs Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806)
Eliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845)
Charles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846)
Isabella Beeton (Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861)
Dishes
Bubble and squeak
Cauliflower cheese
Cobbler
Devilled kidneys
Faggots
Fish and chips
Full English breakfast
HP Sauce
Ice cream cone
Lancashire hotpot
Potted shrimps
Sausage roll
Steak and kidney pudding
Battenberg cake
Eton mess
Eve's pudding
Jam roly-poly
Lardy cake
Madeira cake
Summer pudding
Worcestershire sauce
20th century
Exemplars
Elizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950)
Dorothy Hartley (Food in England 1954)
Constance Spry & Rosemary Hume (The Constance Spry Cookery Book 1956)
Marguerite Patten (Everyday Cook Book in Colour 1968)
Jane Grigson (Vegetable Book 1978)
Delia Smith (How to Cheat at Cooking 1971)
Rick Stein (English Seafood Cookery 1988)
Nigel Slater (Real Fast Food 1992, Kitchen Diaries 2005)
Keith Floyd (Floyd on Britain and Ireland 1988)
Marco Pierre White (White Heat 1990)
Nigella Lawson (How to Eat 1998)
Jamie Oliver (The Naked Chef 1999)
Fergus Henderson (Nose to Tail Eating, 1999)
Gordon Ramsay
Gary Rhodes (New British Classics 1999)
Dishes
Bakewell tart
Beef Wellington
Carrot cake
Chicken tikka masala
Crumble
Knickerbocker glory
Ploughman's lunch
Salad cream
21st century
Exemplars
Michel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche)
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage)
Antony Worrall Thompson (GI Diet 2005)
Heston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck)
Mary Berry (Baking Bible 2009)
Clarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011)
Nadiya Hussain (Nadiya's British Food Adventure 2017)
Related
List of English dishes
List of English cheeses
List of puddings
Rationing in the United Kingdom
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubble_and_squeak&oldid=798000335"
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English cuisine
Potato dishes
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Brassica oleracea dishes
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