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Anne of Green Gables (1985 film)
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Anne of Green Gables
DVD cover
Written by
Lucy Maud Montgomery (original novels)
Kevin Sullivan (adaptation)
Joe Wiesenfeld (adaptation)
Directed by
Kevin Sullivan
Starring
Megan Follows
Colleen Dewhurst
Richard Farnsworth
Patricia Hamilton
Marilyn Lightstone
Schuyler Grant
Jonathan Crombie
Theme music composer
Hagood Hardy
Country of origin
Canada
Original language(s)
English
Production
Producer(s)
Ian McDougall
Kevin Sullivan
Running time
199 minutes (approx.)
Release
Original network
CBC
Original release
December 5, 1985 (Canada)
February 17, 1986 (U.S.)
Chronology
Followed by
Anne of Avonlea
Anne of Green Gables is a 1985 Canadian television mini-series drama film based on the novel of the same name by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery, and is the first in a series of four films. The film starred Megan Follows and was produced and directed by Kevin Sullivan for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It was released theatrically in Iran, Israel, Europe, and Japan.
The film aired on CBC Television as a two-part miniseries on December 1, 1985. Both parts of the film were among the highest-rated programs of any genre ever to air on a Canadian television network. On February 17, 1986, the film aired on PBS in the United States on the series WonderWorks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Sequels and spin-off TV series
4.1 Film series
4.2 TV series
4.3 Other productions
5 Awards and nominations
6 Home media
7 Lawsuits
8 Trademark and copyright
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
13-year-old orphan Anne Shirley is living in servitude with the cruel Hammond family in Nova Scotia. However, when Mr. Hammond dies, Anne is sent to an orphanage where she eventually receives the wonderful news that she has been adopted by a couple on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I). Upon arriving in P.E.I, Anne is met at the train station by the elderly Matthew Cuthbert who is surprised to find a girl there instead of a boy.
Matthew and his sister Marilla had requested a boy to help them with the farm chores. He decides that he couldn’t very well just leave the girl at the train station. Matthew takes Anne to meet Marilla and on the buggy ride home becomes completely smitten with the red-haired orphan girl.
When Anne Shirley arrives at the Cuthberts' farm, called "Green Gables", she is a precocious, romantic child desperate to be loved and highly sensitive about her red hair and homely looks. In her own unique headstrong manner, Anne manages to insult the town gossip, Rachel Lynde, in a dispute over her looks; smash her slate over Gilbert Blythe’s head when he calls her "Carrots" on her first day of school; and accidentally dyes her hair green in an effort to turn her red hair black and salvage her wounded pride.
Marilla Cuthbert is shocked and beside herself to know how she will ever cope with this sensitive, headstrong child so desperate to fit in. But shy, gentle Matthew is always there to defend Anne and hold her up on a pedestal.
It seems like Anne is destined to cultivate disaster. She becomes "bosom" friends with Diana Barry from across the pond and succeeds in getting Diana drunk by accidentally serving currant wine instead of raspberry cordial at a tea party. Diana’s mother and Rachel Lynde turn on Marilla for making wine in the first place. Anne moves from one mishap to the next as her wild imagination and far-fetched antics combine to constantly land her in trouble.
Anne finds her element in the academic world, ultimately competing neck and neck with Gilbert Blythe who becomes her arch opponent. Anne and Gilbert go on to win the highest academic accolades, constantly vying for honors at every level. Eventually their fierce rivalry turns to a secret affection, which blossoms into love.
Marilla tries to prevent Anne from seeing Gilbert because Anne is still quite young and Marilla wants Anne to continue her education. In the end, however, when Matthew dies and forces Marilla into considering selling Green Gables, Gilbert gives Anne his teaching post in nearby Avonlea so she can stay at Green Gables and continue to support Marilla.
Cast[edit]
Megan Follows – Anne Shirley
Colleen Dewhurst – Marilla Cuthbert
Richard Farnsworth – Matthew Cuthbert
Patricia Hamilton – Rachel Lynde
Marilyn Lightstone – Miss Stacy
Schuyler Grant – Diana Barry
Jonathan Crombie – Gilbert Blythe
Charmion King – Aunt Josephine Barry
Jackie Burroughs – Amelia Evans
Rosemary Radcliffe – Mrs. Barry
Joachim Hansen – John Sadler
Christiane Kruger – Mrs. Allan
Cedric Smith – Rev. Allan
Paul Brown – Mr. Phillips
Miranda de Pencier – Josie Pye
Trish Nettleton – Jane Andrews
Jennifer Inch – Ruby Gillis
Jayne Eastwood – Mrs. Hammond
Dawn Greenhalgh – Mrs. Cadbury
Jack Mather – Station Master
Samantha Langevin – Mrs. Blewett
Vivian Reis – Mrs. Spencer
Mag Ruffman – Alice Lawson
Sean McCann – Dr. O'Reilly
Roxolana Roslak – Madame Selitsky
Robert Haley – Professor
Robert Collins – Mr. Barry
Morgan Chapman – Minne May Barry
David Roberts – Tom
Nancy Beatty – Essie
David Hughes – Thomas Lynde
Wendy Lyon – Prissy Andrews
Zack Ward – Moody Spurgeon MacPherson
Anna Ferguson – Punch Woman
Rex Southgate – Section Head
Julianna Saxton – Pink Woman
Molly Thom – Lace Woman
Jennifer Irwin – Student
Sandra Scott – Mrs. Harrington
Peter Sturgess – Porter
Ray Ireland – Mr. Hammond
Martha Maloney – Fairview Nurse
Stuart Hamilton – Mme. Selitsky's Accompanist
Production[edit]
Kevin Sullivan adapted the novel into his own screenplay, collaborating with industry veteran Joe Wiesenfeld. Sullivan developed a co-production between the CBC and PBS in order to film Anne of Green Gables. Sullivan amalgamated many of Montgomery’s episodes into the film's plot. While the film diverged from Montgomery’s original, he relied on strong characterizations and visuals in order to render the story for a contemporary audience.
Primary locations for filming the movie included Prince Edward Island, Stouffville, Ontario, Jacksons Point, Ontario, and Westfield Heritage Village in the Hamilton, Ontario neighbourhood of Rockton. Filming was done over a consecutive ten-week shoot. Sullivan used several locations as Green Gables farm and combined them to appear as one property.
The original film and sequels (including Road to Avonlea and the animated Anne films and series covering over 130 hours of production) have been seen in almost every country around the world. The films have now been translated and seen in more places than even the original novels.
During filming of the original movies an open casting call was held throughout Canada in order to find a young actress to play Anne Shirley. Katharine Hepburn recommended that her great niece, Schuyler Grant, play the role of Anne Shirley. Director Kevin Sullivan liked Grant’s performance and wanted to give her the role. However, broadcast executives were resistant to cast an American as a Canadian icon. Schuyler Grant ended up playing Anne’s best friend, Diana, and Anne Shirley was ultimately played by Megan Follows.
In her first audition, Megan Follows came highly recommended. But, she was quickly dismissed by Kevin Sullivan. For her second audition, after a turbulent morning leading up to her audition, a frantic Megan made a much better impression and was given the role.[1]
Sequels and spin-off TV series[edit]
Film series[edit]
Main articles: Anne of Avonlea (1987 film), Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story, and Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning
Anne of Green Gables is the first film in a series of four based on the titular character. In 1987, the film's sequel, Anne of Avonlea, was released. (It was subsequently retitled Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel on home video.) The final movie, Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story, was aired on March 5, 2000 in Canada and on July 23, 2000 in the United States. The final film passed over Anne's House of Dreams – the corresponding Anne novel – in favor of a plot not featured in Montgomery's series, and did not receive the same critical praise as the first two films. In 2008, the fourth in the series, titled Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning was completed. The film stars Barbara Hershey, Shirley MacLaine, and Rachel Blanchard and it introduces Hannah Endicott Douglas as the new Anne Shirley. The film is both a sequel and a prequel to Sullivan's trilogy.
TV series[edit]
The first two Anne films generated a spin-off television series which aired from 1989 to 1996 and starred Sarah Polley. The Road to Avonlea series featured characters and episodes from several of Montgomery's books. Anne herself did not appear in the episodes, but Gilbert Blythe, Marilla Cuthbert, and other characters from the Anne books were included.
Other productions[edit]
In 2000 – 2001, Sullivan Animation produced Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series consisting of 26 half-hour episodes. The series was developed for PBS and each episode contained an educational and/or moral component. In 2005, Sullivan Animation also produced the feature-length animated film Anne: Journey to Green Gables which is an imaginative, whimsical prequel to Sullivan's live action Anne of Green Gables film.
A year after the mini-series originally aired, Canadian comedy duo Wayne and Shuster created and starred in a parody entitled Sam of Green Gables, in which a curmudgeonly old man named Sam is sent to Green Gables instead of Anne.
Awards and nominations[edit]
The film swept the 1986 Gemini Awards, winning the following:
Best Dramatic Miniseries
Best Actress in a Single Dramatic Program or Miniseries: Megan Follows
Best Supporting Actor: Richard Farnsworth
Best Supporting Actress: Colleen Dewhurst
Best Writing (TV Adaptation): Kevin Sullivan and Joe Wiesenfeld
Best Music Composition: Hagood Hardy
Best Costume Design: Martha Mann
Best Photography: René Ohashi
Best Production Design/Art Direction: Carol Spier
Most Popular Program
The film was also nominated for Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series and Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Program or Series.
The series also won an Emmy Award in 1986, for Outstanding Children's Program.
Other Awards
Peabody Award – to Kevin Sullivan for Outstanding Contribution to Broadcasting in the United States, 1986
Prix Jeunesse: Best Drama, 1988 (Germany)
TV Guide Award: Most Popular Program, 1986
Grand Award – International Film and Television, New York
Emily Award – American Film and Video Festival, 1986
Macleans Medal of Merit – Macleans Magazine, 1986
Chris Award – Columbus International Film Festival, 1986
Silver Hugo Award – Chicago International Film Festival, 1986
International TV Movie Festival: Nomination for Movie of the Year, 1986
American TV Critics Award: Best Drama, 1986
Grant Award: Best TV Program, Houston International Film Festival, 1987
Golden Gate Award – San Francisco Film Festival, 1986
CRTA Award: Outstanding Personal Achievement in TV, 1986
Ohio State Award – Performing Arts and Humanities Award, 1987
First Prize – Odyssey Institute Media Award, 1987
The Ruby Slipper: Best Television Special, 1987
Parents Choice Award – Parents Choice for TV Programmings, 1987
Excellence in Programming – Award from Association of Catholic Communications in Canada, 1987
Golden Apple Award – Best of National Educational Film and Video Festival, 1987
Home media[edit]
The Anne of Green Gables series was released on DVD in a collector's edition set on February 5, 2008 in the U.S., April 29, 2008 in Canada and Japan and on September 22, 2010 in Hungary. The set is the most comprehensive edition of all three movies ever released. In addition to the series, it also includes several DVD extras such as feature length commentary from director Kevin Sullivan and Stefan Scaini, 2 New Documentaries: L.M. Montgomery's Island and Kevin Sullivan's Classic featuring new cast and crew interviews, missing scenes, lost footage and a condensed, 10-minute version of the missing "Road to Avonlea" episode "Marilla Cuthbert's Death".
In 2016, Sullivan Entertainment announced it would launch their own streaming service called Gazebo TV. It will feature the Anne of Green Gables series among other titles produced by the company. It is slated to launch in early 2017.[2]
Lawsuits[edit]
In 1908 Lucy Maude Montgomery signed a contract with the LC Page Co. in Boston that permitted them to publish all of her books for 5 years on the same terms: the main terms were a 10% royalty and world rights to all of the author's books;part it also included the right to publish all of her future works. The relationship with Pageant actually spanned nearly ten years and resulted in the publication of nine novels and collections of short stories. However, when Montgomery contracted with a Canadian publisher (McClelland, Goodchild and Stewart), LC Page claimed that they had the exclusive rights to her new books and threatened to sue her. Montgomery instead took LC Page to court to recover withheld royalties.[3]
The lawsuit resulted in a settlement in 1919 whereby LC Page bought out all of Montgomery's rights to all of her novels published by them. The settlement excluded any reversionary rights that might become due for the benefit of either her or her heirs if such rights were to become enacted.[4][5] The settlement paid Montgomery a flat sum of $18,000; at the time an amount she would have expected to see earned from her works during her lifetime.[3]
Sullivan purchased dramatic rights from the Montgomery's heirs in 1984, believing that they owned reversionary rights that had come into place as a result of changes to the copyright act subsequent to Montgomery's death.[6]
After Sullivan's films were successful around the world and brought legions of tourists to Prince Edward Island the Montgomery heirs established an Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority with the Province of Prince Edward Island to control trademarks to preserve Montgomery's works, through the mechanism of official trademarks.[3][7] The heirs and the AGGLA became successful at asserting control over the booming Anne-themed tourist industry that the province enjoyed, because of the lack of clarity about the different protections afforded by copyright, trademark and official marks in Canada.[7]
AGGLA and the heirs tried to assert control over trademarks Sullivan had established to their various Anne movies (Anne of Green Gables, Anne of Avonlea, Anne of Green Gables—the Continuing Story) and Road to Avonlea properties both in Canada, the US and Japan.[7]
A Japanese court then determined that the heirs were not entitled to the reversionary rights that they claimed they had sold to Sullivan and that the AGGLA was set up for pursuing private interests and not for serving public interests such as maintaining or managing the value, fame or reputation of the literary work, the author or even the main character of Anne. The Court determined that the AGGLA was the heirs' private profit-seeking enterprise as far as its activities were concerned.[4][5]
Sullivan and the heirs came into further conflict during the 1990s. Sullivan was sued by the heirs. Their contractual agreement with Sullivan said that he would pay them a flat $425,000 (CAD) fee for the right to adapt the first book (and another $100,000 to do the second movie, Anne of Avonlea), plus 10% of the profits of Anne 1 and 5% of the profits of Anne 2. The contract also gave them the right to examine Sullivan Entertainment's financial records. However, when Sullivan claimed that neither of the movies had earned a net profit and (the heirs assert) refused to allow them to audit his books[citation needed], they served a claim against him.[8][9] Sullivan argued that the heirs and the AGGLA had enjoined the films by usurping the Sullivan trademarks and drastically reduced the profitability of the ventures.[7][9] The heirs staged a press conference in 1998 at exactly the time when Sullivan was about to close a public offering to take his company public, to force Sullivan to pay them further receipts. The offering however was pulled by the underwriters and Sullivan counter-sued for libel, insisting that the heirs should pay damages of $55 million to all parties involved.[8][9] A Superior Court of Ontario judge dismissed his suit on January 19, 2004.[10][11][12] The Montgomery heirs subsequently dropped their claim for Sullivan to pay them any royalties however a settlement between Sullivan, the Montgomery heirs and the AGGLA was reached in 2006 to deal with all of their outstanding disagreements.[5] Although Kevin Sullivan's works were initially based upon the works of Montgomery, Sullivan developed most of his successful Anne-related film properties (Anne of Avonlea, Anne -the Continuing Story, Anne – A New Beginning and Road to Avonlea) based on original material, not directly adapted from Montgomery's books.[3] Many questions have been raised in court as to the author’s heirs’ rights in her copyright. The heirs have tried to extend the copyright in Montgomery's unpublished works until 2017 but lost that opportunity in 2004 when the Canadian Parliament rejected the provision they had pursued so ardently for the unpublished works of dead authors.[13] In a Japanese court decision which addressed the heir’s challenge to the validity of Sullivan’s ownership of Japanese trademark’s in the movie property, the Japanese High Court commented on the heirs' entitlement to reversionary copyright which formed the basis of the rights that the family claimed to have sold to Sullivan. The Court stated that the heirs' reversionary copyright was non-existent and that there was no need for Sullivan or any other entity to account to the heirs for the use of the trademark in Japan.[4][5]
The Court stated: "It is not clear from a legal point of view why permission from the heirs of the author or its related entity the Anne of Green Gables Licensing (AGGLA) authority was necessary."[4]
The Japanese Court also extensively scrutinized whether the copyright in the book Anne of Green Gables had ever devolved to the heirs and called for extensive filing of evidence on this point. Sullivan filed an original 1919 agreement between Montgomery and L.C. Page & Co. which specifically excluded the heirs’ reversionary claims. Montgomery sold all of her publishing and copyright to her series of novels, in perpetuity, to her original American publisher in 1919, to the exclusion of her heirs.[4][5]
The Court further questioned whether the heirs' licensing authority was engaged in activities of sufficient public interest as to qualify as a controlling body of Montgomery's works. The Court stated: "...the possibility cannot be denied that the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority is the heirs' private profit-seeking enterprise as far as the activities with which the heirs of the subject case are involved are concerned. It is not proved from the evidence submitted in the subject case that the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority is involved in activities of public interest that are sufficient for the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority to be qualified as the owner of the registration of the subject mark as a controlling body of the subject literary work."[4][5]
Trademark and copyright[edit]
After recent speculation as to who owned the copyrights and trademarks concerning Anne of Green Gables today, there are principally two entities that control rights relating to Anne of Green Gables. The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority (AGGLA – which includes Lucy Maude Montgomery’s heirs and the Province of Prince Edward Island)[14] and Sullivan Entertainment (the producers of the well-known films and TV series based on Montgomery’s novels).[15]
The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority controls certain exclusive trademarks relating to Anne of Green Gables commercial merchandise and service related to Montgomery's literary works and any copyright in the Montgomery books which have not reverted to the public domain.[14]
Sullivan Entertainment Inc, under agreement with the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority, retains all of the dramatic copyright and motion picture copyright in over 125 hours of their original movies, mini-series and television series based on both the Anne and Avonlea series of novels and certain trade-marks relating to Sullivan sourced Anne of Green Gables merchandise and services. Sullivan's use of the Anne of Green Gables trademarks extends from motion picture products and books, DVDs, CDs etc. to all commercial merchandise related to Sullivan’s films and television series based on their visual images, costume and production designs, settings, themes and original characters. Sullivan Entertainment also solely controls the commercial trademarks to Anne of Avonlea, Anne of the Island, and Road to Avonlea.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heilbron, Alexandra (1999). Lucy Maud Montgomery Album. pp. 346–347. ASIN 1550413864. ISBN 978-1550413861. CS1 maint: ASIN uses ISBN (link)
Jump up ^ "RoadToAvonlea.com - Watch Road to Avonlea Full Episodes, Including the Entire Anne of Green Gables Library". RoadToAvonlea.com. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McCabe, Kevin. The Lucy Maud Montgomery Album. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p. 544. ASIN 1550413864. CS1 maint: ASIN uses ISBN (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Japanese court verdict
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f C21 report on court case
Jump up ^ Hall, Lucie (October 1985). "The Stubbornness of Kevin Sullivan". Cinema Canada (123).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Slane, Andrea (2011). "Sullivan Entertainment Inc. v Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc" (PDF). McGill Law Journal. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Chidley, Joe (August 1999). "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off". Canadian Business. 72 (13).
^ Jump up to: a b c Tony Atherton (July 21, 1999). "Anne of Red Ink". Ottawa Citizen.
Jump up ^ Judge throws out case against Montgomery's heirs, The Globe and Mail, January 20, 2004
Jump up ^ Sullivan Entertainment Group Inc. v. MacDonald Butler, 2004 CanLII 8939 (ON S.C.)
Jump up ^ The case can be found here [1].
Jump up ^ Girard, Michael (April 26, 2004). "Canadian Parliament rejects Copyright extension" (PDF). E-Lawg-IP. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc." "The Government of Prince Edward Island". Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority Inc." "Innovation PEI". Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Trademark & Copyright Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine.", Sullivan Entertainment. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
External links[edit]
The L.M. Montgomery Literary Society This site includes information about Montgomery's actual works (not reinterpreted), her life, and new research in the newsletter, The Shining Scroll.
The Official Anne of Green Gables Movie Website – The official website of Sullivan series of Anne of Green Gables movies
Watch Anne of Green Gables online – The official Streaming Platform for Anne of Green Gables movies
Sullivan Entertainment Website – The Official website of Sullivan Entertainment. Includes a wealth of information on the Anne movies and it's spinoffs
Road to Avonlea Website – The official website for Road to Avonlea, the spinoff to the Green Gables series of movies
L.M. Montgomery Online This scholarly site includes a blog, a bibliography of reference materials, and a complete filmography of all adaptations of Montgomery texts. See, in particular, the page for Anne of Green Gables.
The Anne Shirley Homepage – A great resource for all Anne fans with galleries, fan art, timelines, recipes and calendars.
An L.M. Montgomery Resource Page[permanent dead link] – excellent resource on L.M. Montgomery and her legacy in film and television
Anne of Green Gables on IMDb
Anne of Green Gables at AllMovie
Anne of Green Gables Centenary – This site includes information about the centenary anniversary of Lucy Maud Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables.

[show]
v
t
e
The Anne of Green Gables series by L. M. Montgomery
Characters
Anne Shirley
Gilbert Blythe
Walter Blythe
Original novels
Anne of Green Gables (1908)
Anne of Avonlea (1909)
Anne of the Island (1915)
Anne of Windy Poplars (1936)
Anne's House of Dreams (1917)
Anne of Ingleside (1939)
Rainbow Valley (1919)
Rilla of Ingleside (1921)
Companion books
Chronicles of Avonlea (1912)
Further Chronicles of Avonlea (1920)
Before Green Gables (authorised prequel by Budge Wilson, 2008)
The Blythes Are Quoted (2009)
Films
Anne of Green Gables (1919)
Anne of Green Gables (1934)
Anne of Windy Poplars (1940)
Anne of Green Gables (1956)
Anne of Green Gables (1985)
Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (1987)
Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (2000)
Anne: Journey to Green Gables (2005)
Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2008)
L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (2016)
Television series
Anne of Green Gables (1972)
Anne of Avonlea (1975)
Anne of Green Gables (1979)
Road to Avonlea (1990-1996)
Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000)
Kon'nichiwa Anne: Before Green Gables (2009)
Anne (2017)
Stage
Anne of Green Gables: The Musical (since 1965)
Anne & Gilbert (since 2005)
Related articles
Avonlea
Green Gables
[show]
v
t
e
Sullivan Entertainment
People
Kevin Sullivan
Trudy Grant
Anne of Green Gables films
Anne of Green Gables (1985)
Anne of Avonlea (1987)
Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (2000)
Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2009)
Anne of Green Gables series
Road to Avonlea (1990–1996)
Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000)
Films
The Wild Pony (1983)
Looking for Miracles (1989)
Lantern Hill (1990)
The Piano Man's Daughter (1995)
Under the Piano (1995)
Butterbox Babies (1995)
Sleeping Dogs Lie (1998)
Magic Flute Diaries (2008)
Series
By Way of the Stars (miniseries, 1992)
Wind at My Back (1996–2001)
Seasons of Love (miniseries, 1999)
P.R. (2000)
Documentaries
Out of the Shadows (2012)
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Heptagon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Regular heptagon
A regular heptagon
Type
Regular polygon
Edges and vertices
7
Schläfli symbol
{7}
Coxeter diagram
Symmetry group
Dihedral (D7), order 2×7
Internal angle (degrees)
≈128.571°
Dual polygon
Self
Properties
Convex, cyclic, equilateral, isogonal, isotoxal
In geometry, a heptagon is a seven-sided polygon or 7-gon.
The heptagon is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the septagon, using "sept-" (an elision of septua-, a Latin-derived numerical prefix, rather than hepta-, a Greek-derived numerical prefix) together with the Greek suffix "-agon" meaning angle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regular heptagon
1.1 Area
1.2 Construction
1.3 Approximation
1.4 Symmetry
1.5 Diagonals and heptagonal triangle
2 Star heptagons
3 Uses
4 Graphs
5 Heptagon in natural structures
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Regular heptagon[edit]
A regular heptagon, in which all sides and all angles are equal, has internal angles of 5π/7 radians (1284⁄7 degrees). Its Schläfli symbol is {7}.
Area[edit]
The area (A) of a regular heptagon of side length a is given by:
A = 7 4 a 2 cot  π 7 ≃ 3.634 a 2 . {\displaystyle A={\frac {7}{4}}a^{2}\cot {\frac {\pi }{7}}\simeq 3.634a^{2}.}
This can be seen by subdividing the unit-sided heptagon into seven triangular "pie slices" with vertices at the center and at the heptagon's vertices, and then halving each triangle using the apothem as the common side. The apothem is half the cotangent of π / 7 , {\displaystyle \pi /7,} and the area of each of the 14 small triangles is one-fourth of the apothem.
The exact algebraic expression, starting from the cubic polynomial x3 + x2 − 2x − 1 (one of whose roots is 2 cos  2 π 7 {\displaystyle 2\cos {\tfrac {2\pi }{7}}} )[1] is given in complex numbers by:
A = a 2 4 7 3 ( 35 + 2 14 2 ( 13 − 3 − 3 ) 3 + 2 14 2 ( 13 + 3 − 3 ) 3 ) , {\displaystyle A={\frac {a^{2}}{4}}{\sqrt {{\frac {7}{3}}\left(35+2{\sqrt[{3}]{14^{2}(13-3{\sqrt {-3}})}}+2{\sqrt[{3}]{14^{2}(13+3{\sqrt {-3}})}}\right)}},}
in which the imaginary parts offset each other leaving a real-valued expression. This expression cannot be algebraically rewritten without complex components, since the indicated cubic function is casus irreducibilis.
The area of a regular heptagon inscribed in a circle of radius R is 7 R 2 2 sin  2 π 7 , {\displaystyle {\tfrac {7R^{2}}{2}}\sin {\tfrac {2\pi }{7}},} while the area of the circle itself is π R 2 ; {\displaystyle \pi R^{2};} thus the regular heptagon fills approximately 0.8710 of its circumscribed circle.
Construction[edit]
As 7 is a Pierpont prime but not a Fermat prime, the regular heptagon is not constructible with compass and straightedge but is constructible with a marked ruler and compass. This type of construction is called a neusis construction. It is also constructible with compass, straightedge and angle trisector. The impossibility of straightedge and compass construction follows from the observation that 2 cos  2 π 7 ≈ 1.247 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {2\cos {\tfrac {2\pi }{7}}\approx 1.247}} is a zero of the irreducible cubic x3 + x2 − 2x − 1. Consequently, this polynomial is the minimal polynomial of 2cos(2π⁄7), whereas the degree of the minimal polynomial for a constructible number must be a power of 2.

A neusis construction of the interior angle in a regular heptagon.
An animation from a neusis construction with radius of circumcircle O A ¯ = 6 {\displaystyle {\overline {OA}}=6} , according to Andrew M. Gleason[1] based on the angle trisection by means of the Tomahawk, pause at the end of 30 s.
Heptagon with given side length:
An animation from a neusis construction with marked ruler, according to David Johnson Leisk (Crockett Johnson),[2] pause at the end of 30 s.
Approximation[edit]
An approximation for practical use with an error of about 0.2% is shown in the drawing. It is attributed to Albrecht Dürer.[3] Let A lie on the circumference of the circumcircle. Draw arc BOC. Then B D = 1 2 B C {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {BD={1 \over 2}BC}} gives an approximation for the edge of the heptagon.
This approximation uses 3 2 ≈ 0.86603 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\approx 0.86603} for the side of the heptagon inscribed in the unit circle while the exact value is 2 sin  π 7 ≈ 0.86777 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle 2\sin {\pi \over 7}\approx 0.86777} .
Example to illustrate the error:
At a circumscribed circle radius r = 1 m, the absolute error of the 1st side would be approximately -1.7 mm
Symmetry[edit]
Symmetries of a regular heptagon. Vertices are colored by their symmetry positions. Blue mirror lines are drawn through vertices and edges. Gyration orders are given in the center.[4]
The regular heptagon belongs to the D7h point group (Schoenflies notation), order 28. The symmetry elements are: a 7-fold proper rotation axis C7, a 7-fold improper rotation axis,S7, 7 vertical mirror planes, σv, 7 2-fold rotation axes, C2, in the plane of the heptagon and a horizontal mirror plane, σh, also in the heptagon's plane.[5]

Diagonals and heptagonal triangle[edit]
The regular heptagon's side a, shorter diagonal b, and longer diagonal c, with a<b<c, satisfy[6]:Lemma 1
a 2 = c ( c − b ) , {\displaystyle a^{2}=c(c-b),}
b 2 = a ( c + a ) , {\displaystyle b^{2}=a(c+a),}
c 2 = b ( a + b ) , {\displaystyle c^{2}=b(a+b),}
1 a = 1 b + 1 c {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{a}}={\frac {1}{b}}+{\frac {1}{c}}} (the optic equation)
and hence
a b + a c = b c , {\displaystyle ab+ac=bc,}
and[6]:Coro. 2
b 3 + 2 b 2 c − b c 2 − c 3 = 0 , {\displaystyle b^{3}+2b^{2}c-bc^{2}-c^{3}=0,}
c 3 − 2 c 2 a − c a 2 + a 3 = 0 , {\displaystyle c^{3}-2c^{2}a-ca^{2}+a^{3}=0,}
a 3 − 2 a 2 b − a b 2 + b 3 = 0 , {\displaystyle a^{3}-2a^{2}b-ab^{2}+b^{3}=0,}
Thus –b/c, c/a, and a/b all satisfy the cubic equation t 3 − 2 t 2 − t + 1 = 0. {\displaystyle t^{3}-2t^{2}-t+1=0.} However, no algebraic expressions with purely real terms exist for the solutions of this equation, because it is an example of casus irreducibilis.
We also have[7]
b 2 − a 2 = a c , {\displaystyle b^{2}-a^{2}=ac,}
c 2 − b 2 = a b , {\displaystyle c^{2}-b^{2}=ab,}
a 2 − c 2 = − b c , {\displaystyle a^{2}-c^{2}=-bc,}
and
b 2 a 2 + c 2 b 2 + a 2 c 2 = 5. {\displaystyle {\frac {b^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {c^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {a^{2}}{c^{2}}}=5.}
A heptagonal triangle has vertices coinciding with the first, second, and fourth vertices of a regular heptagon (from an arbitrary starting vertex) and angles π / 7 , 2 π / 7 , {\displaystyle \pi /7,2\pi /7,} and 4 π / 7. {\displaystyle 4\pi /7.} Thus its sides coincide with one side and two particular diagonals of the regular heptagon.[6]
Star heptagons[edit]
Two kinds of star heptagons (heptagrams) can be constructed from regular heptagons, labeled by Schläfli symbols {7/2}, and {7/3}, with the divisor being the interval of connection.

Blue, {7/2} and green {7/3} star heptagons inside a red heptagon.
Uses[edit]
Geometry problem of the surface of a heptagon divided into triangles, on a clay tablet belonging to a school for scribes; Susa, first half of the 2nd millennium BCE
The United Kingdom currently (2011) has two heptagonal coins, the 50p and 20p pieces, and the Barbados Dollar is also heptagonal. The 20-eurocent coin has cavities placed similarly. Strictly, the shape of the coins is a Reuleaux heptagon, a curvilinear heptagon to make them curves of constant width: the sides are curved outwards so that the coin will roll smoothly in vending machines. Botswana pula coins in the denominations of 2 Pula, 1 Pula, 50 Thebe and 5 Thebe are also shaped as equilateral-curve heptagons. Coins in the shape of Reuleaux heptagons are also in circulation in Mauritius, U.A.E., Tanzania, Samoa, Papua New Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Haiti, Jamaica, Liberia, Ghana, the Gambia, Jordan, Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Guyana, Solomon Islands, Falkland Islands and Saint Helena. The 1000 Kwacha coin of Zambia is a true heptagon.
The Brazilian 25-cent coin has a heptagon inscribed in the coin's disk. Some old versions of the coat of arms of Georgia, including in Soviet days, used a {7/2} heptagram as an element.
In architecture, heptagonal floor plans are very rare. A remarkable example is the Mausoleum of Prince Ernst in Stadthagen, Germany.
Many police badges in the US have a {7/2} heptagram outline.
Apart from the heptagonal prism and heptagonal antiprism, no convex polyhedron made entirely out of regular polygons contains a heptagon as a face.
Regular heptagons can tile the hyperbolic plane, as shown in this Poincaré disk model projection:

heptagonal tiling
Graphs[edit]
The K7 complete graph is often drawn as a regular heptagon with all 21 edges connected. This graph also represents an orthographic projection of the 7 vertices and 21 edges of the 6-simplex. The regular skew polygon around the perimeter is called the petrie polygon.

6-simplex (6D)
Heptagon in natural structures[edit]
Cactus
See also[edit]
Heptagram
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gleason, Andrew Mattei (March 1988). "Angle trisection, the heptagon, and the triskaidecagon p. 186 (Fig.1) –187" (PDF). The American Mathematical Monthly. 95 (3): 185–194. doi:10.2307/2323624. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-19.
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Heptagon." From MathWorld, A Wolfram Web Resource.
Jump up ^ G.H. Hughes, "The Polygons of Albrecht Dürer-1525, The Regular Heptagon", Fig. 11 the side of the Heptagon (7) Fig. 15, image on the left side, retrieved on 4th December 2015
Jump up ^ John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon pp. 275-278)
Jump up ^ Salthouse, J.A; Ware, M.J. (1972). Point group character tables and related data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 08139 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abdilkadir Altintas, "Some Collinearities in the Heptagonal Triangle", Forum Geometricorum 16, 2016, 249–256.http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2016volume16/FG201630.pdf
Jump up ^ Leon Bankoff and Jack Garfunkel, "The heptagonal triangle", Mathematics Magazine 46 (1), January 1973, 7–19.
External links[edit]
Look up Heptagon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Definition and properties of a heptagon With interactive animation
Heptagon according Johnson
Another approximate construction method
Polygons – Heptagons
Recently discovered and highly accurate approximation for the construction of a regular heptagon.
Heptagon, an approximating construction as an animation
A heptagon with a given side, an approximating construction as an animation
[hide]
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National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
NUM
Full name
National Union of Mineworkers
Founded
1982
Members
300,000
Affiliation
ICEM
Key people
David Kolekile Sipunzi, general secretary
Office location
Johannesburg, South Africa
Country
South Africa
Website
www.num.org.za
The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) is a trade union in South Africa. With a membership of 300,000 it is the largest affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions. It was founded in 1982 as a black mine workers union by Cyril Ramaphosa and grew rapidly, winning bargaining recognition from the Chamber of Mines in 1983.[1]:51
NUM campaigned successfully in the 1980s for the end of the job reservation system, a system which ensured that the best-paid jobs were allocated to whites.
NUM is affiliated internationally with the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions.
Contents
[hide]
1 2007 strike
2 2012 wildcat strikes
3 Loss of support
4 Further reading
5 References
6 External links
2007 strike[edit]
Main article: 2007 South Africa miners' strike
On 4 December 2007, the Union went on strike to protest working conditions in South Africa's mines. The strike was spurred on by a rise in worker fatalities from 2006 to 2007, despite a government plan in October to reduce fatalities. Less than 5% of mineworkers came to work on that day.[2]
2012 wildcat strikes[edit]
NUM leaflet calling for a general rally near Matlosana.
Main article: Marikana miner strike
On 10 August 2012, thousands of NUM members began a series of wildcat strikes at Lonmin's Marikana mines linked to demands for increased pay. The following day, NUM leaders allegedly opened fire on striking NUM members who were marching to their offices to demand support from their union - an incident now acknowledge as the first violent incident during the strikes.[3][4][5][6] It is said in the media that the killing of two striking miners was a central reason for the breakdown in trust within the union amongst workers.[7][8] In a submission to the Farlam Commission, NUM has said that lethal force on this day was justified.[9][10]
It is estimated that between the 12th and the 14th of August about nine people (at least four miners, two police officers and two security guards) were killed in the area around Marikana - though there is conflicting reports on who killed whom during these dates.[11][12][13][14]
On 16 August, police opened fire on a group of miners who had gathered on a hill near Nkaneng,at least 34 people were killed at Marikana, 78 were injured and 259 were arrested.[15] The miners were carrying machetes and had refused a request to disarm. According to the Congress of South African Trade Unions, police had first used tear gas, water cannons and then used "live ammunition".[16] The killings have been labelled a massacre throughout the media with police, Lonmin and NUM itself being blamed.[17][18][19]
Revelations on the incident starting with academic investigations[20] and then followed up by reporting by Greg Marinovich[21] has shown that most of the killings happened off camera many minutes after some of the murders were recorded on television.
According to the New York Times, "Frans Baleni, general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers, defended the police in an interview with Kaya FM, a radio station" saying that "The police were patient, but these people were extremely armed with dangerous weapons."[22]
The shooting was one of the worst by the South African authorities since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa.[23] Baleni and other NUM officials have also accused 'third forces' of being behind the Marikana strikes.[24][25]
Loss of support[edit]
It has been argued that there has been an exodus from NUM.[26] According to Justice Malala, writing in The Guardian, "The NUM has lost all credibility and is bleeding members. Its already well-paid secretary, Baleni, was awarded a salary increase of more than 40% last year and his total salary package is just more than R105 000 a month. NUM leaders have refused to get out of police armoured vehicles to address workers."[27] Others have also argued that NUM's membership numbers are inflated and, now, as a result of the strikes in the North West, its membership likely stands at around 150,000.[28]
Others praised the organisation. An editorial in Business Day newspaper said "The NUM is the thoughtful, considered heart of the union movement here... It appreciates and values private capital and strong companies."[29]
The rival union the AMCU has increased in membership since the Marikana shootings and now represents over 40% of employees at Amplats[30] and 70% at Lonmin.[31]
Further reading[edit]
ICTUR et al.,, ed. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pretorius, Fransjohan (2014). A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day. Hatsfield, Pretoria: Protea Book House. ISBN 978-1-86919-908-1.
Jump up ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/11AF1913-30B2-42C7-8BFA-406CF0412E81.htm
Jump up ^ "Marikana Prequel - NUM and the murders that started it all". Daily Maverick. 12 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "South Africa: Marikana massacre – a turning point?". Links. 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "NUM shot at us - witness". Independent Online. 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-lonmin-caused-problem-at-marikana-say-police/
Jump up ^ http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all
Jump up ^ "Marikana 20 years in the making". Business Report. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Jump up ^ http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-lonmin-caused-problem-at-marikana-say-police
Jump up ^ http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/22/marikana-inquiry-updates-22-october-2012
Jump up ^ "Miners killed like possessed vermin". Mail & Guardian. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Tau, Poloko (14 August 2012). "Cops killed as conflict spirals at Lonmin". iol.co.za. Retrieved 19 Aig 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "South African platinum mine union riots 'kill nine'". BBC News. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Marikana inquiry updates". Times Live. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/lonmin-massacre-a-timeline-1.1364646#.UC4vAKArKVI
Jump up ^ "270 miners charged in co-workers' deaths". CNN. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Strike until NUM leaders step down, Malema tells SA's miners". M&G.
Jump up ^ "SAPS blames Lonmin for Marikana strikers deaths". Business Day.
Jump up ^ "Finger pointing key at Marikana inquiry". IOL.
Jump up ^ "Marikana massacre a premeditated killing?". Counterpunch. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana". Daily Maverick. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire, Lydia Polgreen, New York Times, 16 August 2012
Jump up ^ "South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers". The Washington Post. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all, Jared Sacks, Daily Maverick, 12 October 2012
Jump up ^ Activists decry talk of third force at Marikana, Mail & Guardian, 24 August 2012
Jump up ^ Ramaphosa can't stop exodus from the NUM, Jan de Lange, Mining MX, 6 May 2013,
Jump up ^ The Marikana action is a strike by the poor against the state and the haves, Justice Malala, The Guardian, 17 August 2012
Jump up ^ A NUM sized headache and no one else to blame, Mandy de Waal, The Daily Maverick, 24 of October, 2012
Jump up ^ A failure of our society on many levels, Editorial, Business Day, 17 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Amcu seals place as top dog platinum union".
Jump up ^ "Amcu and NUM face off on issues". Archived from the original on 23 June 2013.
External links[edit]
NUM official site.
[hide]
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