text:
Caroline Munro
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Caroline Munro
Caroline Munro at the 3rd Norwich Sci-Fi Film, Comic, Toy & Collectors Fair on 1 November 2009
Born
(1949-01-16) 16 January 1949 (age 69)[1]
Windsor, Berkshire, England
Occupation
Actress, model, singer
Years active
1966–present
Spouse(s)
Judd Hamilton (1970–1982) (divorced)
George Dugdale (1990–present) (2 children)
Children
Georgina and Iona Dugdale
Website
CarolineMunro.org
Caroline Munro (born 16 January 1949)[1] is an English actress and model known for her many appearances in horror, science fiction and action films of the 1970s and 1980s.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early career
2 Hammer Horror films
3 The Golden Voyage of Sinbad
4 James Bond
5 Late 1970s and 1980s
6 Music and television
7 Later years
8 Filmography
9 References
10 External links
Early career[edit]
Munro's career commenced in 1966 when her mother and a photographer friend entered some headshots of her in The Evening News's "Face of the Year" contest. As she said:
I wanted to do art. Art was my love. I went to art school in Brighton but I was not very good at it. I just did not know what to do. I had a friend at the college who was studying photography and he needed somebody to photograph and he asked me. Unbeknownst to me, he sent the photographs to a big newspaper in London. The fashion photographer, David Bailey, was conducting a photo contest and my picture won.[3]
This led to modelling work for Vogue magazine at the age of 17.[3] She moved to London to pursue modelling work and became a cover girl for fashion and TV advertisements while there. She had bit parts in films such as Casino Royale[2] and Where's Jack?.[3] One of her photo ads lead to a screen test and a one-year contract at Paramount[4] where she was cast as Richard Widmark's daughter in the comedy western A Talent for Loving.[4]
In 1971 she appeared alongside Vincent Price in The Abominable Dr Phibes, playing the deceased Victoria Regina Phibes. She recalled:
The most challenging scenes involved lying in the coffin with Vincent ... You see, I’m allergic to feathers and I was attired in this beautiful negligee – but it was covered with feathers! It took a great deal of willpower not to sneeze or sniffle. On occasion, I would simply have to sneeze and this would result in having to do another take.
She reprised the role in the 1972 sequel, Dr Phibes Rises Again. Also in 1972 she was mentioned in Colin Blunstone's song "Caroline Goodbye", a song about the break-up of their relationship.[5]
Hammer Horror films[edit]
Hammer Films CEO, Sir James Carreras, spotted Munro on a Lamb's Navy Rum poster/billboard. He asked his assistant, James Liggett, to find and screen test her. She was promptly signed to a one-year contract. Her first film for Hammer proved to be a turning point in her career. It was during the making of Dracula AD 1972[6] that she decided from this film onward she was a full-fledged actress.[7]
In 1974 Munro acted in Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter.[6] Directed by Brian Clemens, she played the barefoot gypsy girl Carla. In Paramount Pictures DVD commentary, Clemens explains that he envisioned the role as a fiery, Raquel Welch-type, redhead.
Munro has the distinction of being the only actor ever signed to a long-term contract by Hammer Films. She would later turn down the lead female roles in Hammer's Dr Jekyll and Sister Hyde, Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell, and the unmade Vampirella because they required nudity.[8]
The Golden Voyage of Sinbad[edit]
Munro with Charles H. Schneer in 1974 in Amsterdam during the premiere of The Golden Voyage of Sinbad
Munro in Amsterdam in 1974
Brian Clemens later helped her get the role of Margiana, the slave girl in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad.
I got the part – I had been signed by Hammer, for one year, for a contract, out of which I did two films, one being Dracula AD 1972, and the second one being Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter, which, kind of, would come full-circle, to Sinbad. It was written and directed by Brian Clemens, who wrote the screenplay for The Golden Voyage of Sinbad, so, I was lucky enough to be chosen for Captain Kronos, and they were searching for somebody to do Sinbad, and they wanted a big name, somebody American, or well-known, but Brian said "No". He kept lobbying Charles Schneer [producer] and Ray Harryhausen — saying: 'I think you should come and look at the rushes, and see what you think, because I think she's right'. So, they said "No", but, eventually, Brian persuaded them to do that, and they saw the rushes, and that was how I got the part. So, it was lovely, like work-out-of-work. I was very lucky to have done that.[9]
Today Caroline is a Trustee of the Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation.[10]
Other appearances during this time included I Don't Want to Be Born with Joan Collins, and At the Earth's Core with Peter Cushing and Doug McClure. She appeared also as Tammy, a nursing employee of a sinister health farm, in "The Angels of Death", [11] an episode of the TV series The New Avengers that featured also rising stars Pamela Stephenson and Lindsay Duncan. This was notable, among other things, for a vicious fight between Munro and Joanna Lumley's character of Purdey.
James Bond[edit]
In 1977, Munro turned down the opportunity to play villainess Ursa in Superman in favour of Naomi in The Spy Who Loved Me.[2]
Late 1970s and 1980s[edit]
Munro continued to work in numerous British and European horror and science fiction films through the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Starcrash with David Hasselhoff, Christopher Plummer and Marjoe Gortner.
Munro's career continued to thrive well in the 1980s, appearing in many slasher and Eurotrash productions. Her first film shot on American soil was the William Lustig production Maniac.[12] This was soon followed by the "multi-award winning, shot during the Cannes Film Festival" shocker The Last Horror Film[6] (directed by David Winters), in which she was reunited with her Maniac co-star Joe Spinell. She had a cameo role in the film Don't Open Till Christmas,[6] Slaughter High,[6] Paul Naschy's Howl of the Devil, and Jess Franco's Faceless, followed in rapid succession. She reteamed with Starcrash director, Luigi Cozzi, for Demons 6: De Profundis (aka Il gatto nero) in 1989, though this would be her last major film appearance.
Throughout the 1980s, Munro was reported as being a candidate for the co-starring role in a rumoured, but never produced, feature film based upon Doctor Who. The feature was reported to be co-produced by her second husband George Dugdale.
Music and television[edit]
Between 1984 and 1987, Munro was also a hostess on the Yorkshire Television game show 3-2-1. Munro was also a popular pin-up girl during this time, though she refused to pose nude. In the early 1980s, she appeared in music videos for Adam Ant's "Goody Two Shoes" and Meat Loaf's "If You Really Want To".[4]
In 1984, Munro collaborated with Gary Numan for the single Pump Me Up, which was released on Numan's Numa record label.[13]
Later years[edit]
Her film roles were confined to performing cameos as herself in Night Owl (1993),[2] as Mrs. Pignon in To Die For (1994),[2] as the counsellor in her friend Jeffrey Arsenault's film Domestic Strangers (1996), and as Carla the Gypsy in Flesh for the Beast (2003).
Filmography[edit]
Casino Royale (1967) as Guard Girl (uncredited)
Joanna (1968) as Extra (uncredited)
Where's Jack? (1969) as Madame Vendonne
A Talent for Loving (1969) as Evalina Patten
Fumo di Londra (1971) as Beautiful Brunette
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971) as Victoria Regina Phibes (uncredited)
Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972) as Laura
Dr. Phibes Rises Again (1972) as Victoria Regina Phibes (uncredited)
The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973) as Margiana
Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter (1974) as Carla
I Don't Want to Be Born (1975) as Mandy Gregory
At the Earth's Core (1976) as Dia
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) as Naomi
Starcrash (1979) as Stella Star
Maniac (1980) as Anna D'Antoni
The Last Horror Film (1982) as Jana Bates
Don't Open Till Christmas (1984) as Herself
Slaughter High (1986) as Carol Manning
Howl of the Devil (1987) as Carmen
Faceless (1988) as Barbara Hallen
Demons 6: De Profundis (1989) as Nora
Night Owl (1993) as Herself
To Die For (1994) as Mrs. Pignon
Flesh for the Beast (2003) as Carla, the Gypsy
Domestic Strangers (2005) as Counselor
The Absence of Light (2006) as Abbey Church
Aqua Tales (2012) as Marina (voice)
Vampyres (2015) [14] as Hotel Owner
Cute Little Buggers (2015) as Mystic Mary
Crying Wolf 3D (2015)[15] as Shopkeeper
GirlForce (2016)[16]
315 Wicked Way (2017) as Nora
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Ancestry.com. England & Wales, Birth Index: 1916–2005 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2008. Original data: General Register Office. England and Wales Civil Registration Indexes. London, England: General Register Office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Caroline Munro". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chasing After Caroline Munro". Dr. Shatterhand's Botanical Garden.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Caroline Munro - Caroline Munro's Official Website". www.carolinemunro.org.
Jump up ^ Jones, Rob (26 March 2012). "Colin Blunstone Sings "Caroline Goodbye"".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Caroline Munro Filmography". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Redfield, Mark (21 September 2009). "An Actor's Notebook by Mark Redfield: THE CAROLINE MUNRO INTERVIEW (2007)".
Jump up ^ Whale, Robin. "Caroline Munro : Vampirella Model".
Jump up ^ [dead link]Caroline Munro Interview Archived 27 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine.. Margiana.freeservers.com (23 November 2002). Retrieved on 9 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation".
Jump up ^ "Caroline Munro Official Fansite". Carolinemunro.org. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Vincent Canby (1981-01-31). "Maniac". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
Jump up ^ Cotter, Robert Michael Bobb. "Caroline Munro, First Lady of Fantasy: A Complete Annotated Record of Film", McFarland & Co 2012. Retrieved on 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vampyres (2015)".
Jump up ^ "Crying Wolf 3D (2015)".
Jump up ^ [dead link] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caroline Munro.
Official website
Caroline Munro on IMDb
Caroline Munro at the TCM Movie Database
Caroline Munro at AllMovie
Caroline Munro at HorrorStars
Interview (2007) at Den Of Geek
Interview (2008) at Zani
The Caroline Munro Diaries
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 119890048
LCCN: no97033482
ISNI: 0000 0001 1463 4897
GND: 1042780137
BNF: cb14036072n (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Munro&oldid=825676635"
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Grease trap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Grease trap for greywater in Lima, Peru
A grease trap (also known as grease interceptor, grease recovery device and grease converter) is a plumbing device (a type of trap) designed to intercept most greases and solids before they enter a wastewater disposal system. Common wastewater contains small amounts of oils which enter into septic tanks and treatment facilities to form a floating scum layer. This scum layer is very slowly digested and broken down by microorganisms in the anaerobic digestion process. Large amounts of oil from food preparation in restaurants can overwhelm a septic tank or treatment facility, causing release of untreated sewage into the environment. High-viscosity fats and cooking grease such as lard solidify when cooled, and can combine with other disposed solids to block drain pipes.
Grease traps have been used since Victorian days. Nathaniel Whiting obtained the first patent for a grease trap in the late 1800s. These reduce the amount of fats, oils and greases (FOGs) that enter sewers. They are boxes within the drain run that flows between the sinks in a kitchen the sewer system. They only have kitchen waste water flowing through them, and do not serve any other drainage system, such as toilets. They can be made from many different materials, such as stainless steel, plastics, concrete & cast iron. They range from 35 liter capacity to 45,000 liters and greater. They can be located above ground, below ground, inside the kitchen or outside the building.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Uses
3 Method of operation
4 Disposal of trapped grease
5 References
6 External links
Types[edit]
Manhole covers of a grease trap outside of a restaurant.
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There are three primary types of devices. The most common are the types specified by ASME (American Society Of Mechanical Engineers), utilizing baffles, or a proprietary inlet diffuser.
Grease trap sizing is based on the size of the 2- or 3-compartment sink, dishwasher, pot sinks, and mop sinks. The cumulative flow rates of these devices, as well as overall grease retention capacity (in pounds or kilograms) are considered. Currently, ASME Standard (ASME A112.14.3) is being adopted by both of the National Model Plumbing Codes that cover most of the US. This standard requires that grease interceptors remove a minimum of 90% of incoming FOGS (fats, oils and greases). It also requires that grease interceptors are third-party tested and certified to 90 days compliance with the standard pumping. This third-party testing must be conducted by a recognized and approved third-party testing laboratory.
The most common passive grease traps are smaller, point-of-use units used under three-compartment sinks or adjacent to dishwashers in the kitchen.
The second most common type of interceptor is the large in-ground tank, which is usually 500–2,000 US gallons (1,900–7,600 l; 420–1,670 imp gal). These units are constructed of concrete, fiberglass, or steel. By nature of their larger size, they have larger grease and solid storage capacities for high-flow applications such as a restaurant or hospital store. They are commonly called gravity interceptors. Interceptors require a retention time of 30 minutes to allow the fats, oils, grease and food solids to settle in the tank. As more waste water enters the tank, the grease-free water is pushed out of the tank. The rotting brown grease inside a grease trap or grease interceptor must be pumped out on a scheduled basis. The brown grease is not recycled and goes to landfill. On average 300 to 400 pounds (140 to 180 kg) of brown grease goes to landfill annually from each restaurant.
A third system type, GRDs (grease recovery devices), removes the grease automatically when trapped. The recovered grease or "yellow grease" is recycled with the waste vegetable oil from the kitchen's deep-fryers. Restaurants must not pay for grease trap pumping as do restaurants with conventional grease traps or grease interceptors.
Passive grease traps and passive grease interceptors must be emptied and cleaned when 25% full. As the passive devices fill with fats, oils, and grease, they become less productive for grease recovery. A full grease trap does not stop any FOG from entering the sanitary sewer system. The emptied contents or "brown grease" is considered hazardous waste in many jurisdictions. "Brown grease" is generally not recycled and goes to landfill waste.
Uses[edit]
In-ground grease trap outside of a shop
Restaurant and foodservice kitchens produce much waste grease which is present in the drain lines from various sinks, dishwashers and cooking equipment such as combi ovens and commercial woks. If not removed, the grease can clump and cause blockage and back-up in the sewer.
In the US, sewers back up annually “an estimated 400,000 times, and municipal sewer overflows on 40,000 occasions”.[1] The EPA has determined that sewer pipe blockages are the leading cause of sewer overflows, and grease is the primary cause of sewer blockages.[2] Even if accumulated FOG does not escalate into blockages and sanitary sewer overflows, it can disrupt wastewater utility operations and increase operations and maintenance requirements” [3]
For these reasons, depending on the country, nearly all municipalities require commercial kitchen operations to use some type of interceptor device to collect grease before it enters sewers. Where FOG is a concern in the local wastewater system, communities have established inspection programs to ensure that these grease traps and/or interceptors are being routinely maintained.
It is estimated 50% of all sewer overflows are caused by grease blockages, with over 10 billion US gallons (3.8×1010 l; 8.3×109 imp gal) of raw sewage spills annually.
Method of operation[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
When the outflow from the kitchen sink enters the grease trap, the solid food particles sink to the bottom, while lighter grease and oil floats to the top. The relatively grease-free water is then fed into the normal septic system. The food solids at the bottom and floating oil and grease must be periodically removed in a manner similar to septic tank pumping. A traditional grease trap is not a food disposal unit. Unfinished food must be scraped into the garbage or food recycling bin. Milkshakes, gravy, sauces and food solids must be scraped off dishes before entering the sink or dishwasher.
To maintain some degree of efficiency, there has been a trend to specify larger traps. Unfortunately, providing a large tank for the effluent to stand also means that food waste has time to settle to the bottom of the tank, reducing available volume and adding to clean-out problems. Also, rotting food contained within an interceptor breaks down, producing toxic waste (such as sulfur gases) - hydrogen sulfide combines with the water present to create sulfuric acid. This attacks mild steel and concrete materials, resulting in "rot out", On the other hand, polyethylene has acid-resisting properties. A bigger interceptor is not a better interceptor. In most cases, multiple interceptors in series will separate grease much better.
Because it has been in the trap for some time, grease thus collected will be contaminated and is unsuitable for further use. This type of grease is called brown grease.
Disposal of trapped grease[edit]
Waste from passive grease traps and gravity interceptors is called brown grease. Brown grease is rotted food solids in combination with fats, oils, and grease (FOG). Brown grease is pumped from the traps and interceptors by grease pumping trucks. Unlike the collected yellow grease, the majority of brown grease goes to landfill sites. New facilities (2012) and new technology are beginning to allow brown grease to be recycled.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitman, D. (2000). The sickening sewer crisis. U.S. News & World Report, 128(23), 16. Retrieved Friday, May 04, 2007 from the Business Source Corporate database.
Jump up ^ EPA. (2004). Report to Congress: impacts and control of CSOs and SSOs (EPA 833-R-04-001). Washington, DC; United State Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, p. 4-28. http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cso/cpolicy_report2004.cfm
Jump up ^ Mero, C. & Wilkerson, J. (2007). Reduce Sewer Congestion. Water Environment & Technology, 19(7), 44-52.
External links[edit]
A112.14.3 Grease Interceptors Standard and A112.14.6 FOG (Fats, Oils, & Greases) Disposal Systems Standard, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

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Septic tanks

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Brown grease

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Lift station

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Blocked Sewer

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Industrial wastewater

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http://d-nb.info/gnd/4398197-5

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