text:
Equipment losses in World War II
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Equipment losses in World War II or Matériel losses in World War II refers to military equipment destroyed during World War II, the deadliest and most costly war in the history of the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Air
2 Land
3 Total material, arms and equipment losses
4 Sea
5 References
6 Bibliography
Air[edit]
An American C-47 aircraft burning after being shot down during operation Market Garden
China: Total losses of the Nationalist Air Force were 2,468 aircraft (According to Chinese and Taiwanese Sources).
Finland: Reported losses during the Winter War totaled 67, of which 42 were operational, while 536 aircraft were lost during the Continuation War, of which 209 were operational losses (137 fighters, 51 bombers and 21 other). 327 aircraft were disabled ("attrition", too old, non-combat accidents) (Overall 603).[1]
France: From the beginning of the war until the cease-fire in 1940, 892 aircraft were lost, of which 413 were in action and 234 were on the ground. Losses included 508 fighters and 218 bombers.[1]
Germany produced 119,907 aircraft of all types, including bomber, transport, reconnaissance, gliders, training, seaplanes and flying boats. Most of them were either destroyed, damaged, captured or sold.[2] Estimated total number of destroyed and damaged for the war totaled 76,875 aircraft, of which 40,000 were total losses and the remainder significantly damaged. By type, losses totaled 21,452 fighters, 12,037 bombers, 15,428 trainers, 10,221 twin-engine fighters, 5,548 ground attack, 6,733 reconnaissance, and 6,141 transports.[1]
Italy: Total losses were 5,272 aircraft, of which 3,269 were lost in combat.
Japan: Estimates vary from 35,000 to 50,000 total losses, with about 20,000 lost operationally.[3]
Netherlands: Total losses were 81 aircraft during the May 1940 campaign.[3]
Poland: Total losses were 398 lost, 112 flew to then neutral Romania, 286 destroyed, 1 missing and unaccounted for, including 116 fighters, 112 dive bombers, 81 reconnaissance aircraft, 36 bombers, 21 sea planes, and 9 transports. The Polish Air Force evacuated one day after the Soviet Invasion of Poland, September 18, 1939. However, some trainer aircraft kept on flying as scout planes. The last two were grounded on October 2, 1939 by the order of General Franciszek Kleeberg. The losses after the evacuation are not known (September 19-October 2, 1939).[3]
Soviet Union: Total losses were 17,900 bombers, 23,600 ground attacker, 46,800 fighter aircraft, and 18,100 training, transport and other aircraft; an overall loss of over 106,400 aircraft; 46,100 in combat and 60,300 non-combat. Of which, 18,300 Lend-Lease aircraft were lost. Grigori F. Krivosheev states: "A high percentage of combat aircraft were lost in relation to the number available on 22 June 1941: 442% (total losses) or 216% (combat losses). In the air force over a half of losses were non-combat losses."[4]
British Empire
United Kingdom: Europe 42,010 (including 30,045 fighters and 11,965 bombers)[3]
Australia, Pacific and South East Asia: 250[5]
United States: Total losses were nearly 95,000, including 52,951 operational losses (38,418 in Europe and 14,533 in the Pacific).[3]
Land[edit]
French: 6,126 tanks (~3,000 destroyed, ~3,000 captured by Germans). 946 armoured cars and half-track.
UK : 15,844 tanks and 1,957 armoured cars lost.[6] On the Western Front in 1944–1945, 4,477 British Commonwealth tanks were destroyed, including 2,712 M4 Sherman tanks, 656 Churchill tanks, 609 Cromwell tanks, 433 M3 Stuart tanks, 39 Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger tanks, 26 Comet tanks, 2 M24 Chaffee tanks.[7]
USA: ~10,000 tanks/SPGs/tank destroyers lost.
From June 6, 1944 through May 15, 1945 for US tank and tank destroyer losses in the European Theater of Operations, United States Army (Western Front): around 7,000 (including 4,295–4,399 M4 tanks, 178 M4 (105mm howitzer), 1,507 M3 Stuart tanks and 909–919 tank destroyers, of which 540 M10 tank destroyers, 217 M18 Hellcat and 152 M36 tank destroyers).[8][9]
Losses of 5th Army (Sicily, Italy): 3,377 armored vehicles, including 1,171 M4s.[10][11][12]
Several hundred tanks lost in the Pacific Theater.
Germany:
According to Grigori F. Krivosheev: Total 42,700 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, 379,400 guns and mortars and 75,700 combat aircraft.[13]
According to Heinz Guderian (supplied by Q.M.G of the General Staff of the Army): Total 33,324 tanks, assault guns, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns, armored personnel carriers and armored cars lost on the Eastern Front from 22/6/1941 until November 1944[14]
Around 87,329 half-track trucks; 36,703 half-track tractors; 21,880 half-track armoured personnel carriers destroyed or captured.
226,300 Military cars and 97,470 Military motor-cycles destroyed or captured.
159,144 Anti-tank guns and Artillery destroyed or captured.
86,400 Mortars destroyed or captured.
Italy: Around 3,500 tanks
Poland: 880 tanks and tankettes destroyed and captured; some crossed into Hungary. Moreover, all armored cars were destroyed within the first two weeks of fighting.
Japan: Around 3,000 tanks/self-propelled guns
Soviet Union:
According to Grigori F. Krivosheev: "All losses of arms and equipment are counted as irrecoverable losses, i.e. beyond economic repair or no longer serviceable"[15]
83,500 tanks lost: 5,200 heavy tanks, 44,900 medium tanks, 33,400 light tanks (including 11,900 Lend-Lease tanks and self-propelled guns lost[16])
13,000 SPGs lost: 2,300 heavy SPGs, 2,100 medium SPGs, 8,600 light SPGs
37,600 Armoured car and half-track (including 5,000 Lend-Lease armoured personnel carriers lost[16])
Soviet tank losses [17]
Received
Total stock
Losses
% of Total
stock loss
Tanks 86,100 108,700 83,500 76.8
Heavy 10,000 10,500 5,200 49.5
Medium 55,000 55,900 44,900 80.3
Light 21,100 42,300 33,400 79.1
SP Guns 23,100 23,100 13,000 56.3
Heavy 5,000 5,000 2,300 46.0
Medium 4,000 4,000 2.100 52.5
Light 14,000 14,000 8,600 61.4
Tanks and SP Guns 109,100 131,700 96,500 73.3
Armored cars, tractors,
other armoured vehicles 59,100 72,200 37,600 52.1
Comparative figures from Germany and Soviet Union:
Comparative figures [18]
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
Total
Soviet Tank strength(¹) 22,600 7,700 20,600 21,100 25,400
German Tank strength(¹) 5,262 4,896 5,648 5,266 6,284
Soviet Tank Production 6,274 24,639 19,959 16,975 4,384 72,231
German Tank Production 3,256 4,278 5,966 9,161 1,098 23,759
Production Ratio 1:2 1:5.6 1:3.3 1:1.85 1:4 1:3
Soviet Tank losses 20,500 15,000 22,400 16,900 8,700 83,500
German Tank losses 2,758 2,648 6,362 6,434 7,382 25,584
Tank exchange ratio(²)
(German:Soviet) 1:7 1:6 1:4 1:4 1:1.2 1:4.4
Note: Table does not include assault guns or any other type of SPG.
According to Steven Zaloga:
(¹) "As of January each year, except for 1941 which is as of 22 June 1941. German strength is entire strength, not only the Eastern Front. In July 1944 the Germans had over 1,500 tanks in Normandy and several hundred in other theatres such as Italy and the Balkans. Likewise, the Soviet kept about 3,000 tanks in the Far East through much of the war."
(²) "German tank losses here include all fronts; the tank exchange ratio deletes estimated German losses to Anglo-American forces and so reflects only the Soviet-German loss."
Total material, arms and equipment losses[edit]
Grigori F. Krivosheev concludes: "Losses during strategic operations accounted for 61.48% of small-arms losses, 65.52% of tank and SP gun losses, 56.89% of gun and mortar losses and 58.6% of combat aircraft losses during the war. On average 11,000 small arms, 68 tanks, and 30 aircraft were lost each day. In such as the Baltic, Beyelorussian, Kiev and Voronezh-Voroshilovgrad defensive operations, 20-30,000 small arms, 90-290 tanks, 200-520 guns and mortars and 30-100 combat aircraft were lost daily. Losses were also high during the Battle of Kursk and Berlin offensive, with 70-90 tanks, 90-210 guns and mortars and 25-40 aircraft lost each day." [19]
Sea[edit]
Used Sources:
Complete Allied Warship Losses
British Aircraft Carrier losses
Country
Carriers & S. Tenders
Battleships & Battlecruisers
Cruisers
Destroyers
Escorts & Frigates
Submarines
Other Warships
Auxiliary
Total
Notes
Australia 3 4 2 3 3 15
Canada 6 11 9 5 31
France 2 8 36 33 14 2 94
Free France 2 3 1 4 9
Germany 4 7 37 785 833 Includes scuttled ships
Greece 3 4 4 10 5 26 Kilkis & Lemnos considered cruisers by displacement but were US Battleships sold to Greece
Italy 2 11 84 84 181
Empire of Japan 19 8 37 134 130 328 3 Further battleships foundered
Netherlands 2 9 0 14 6 26 57
Norway 2 3 4 4 8 2 23 2 Coastal defence ship of Eidsvold class considered as cruisers by Displacement
Soviet Union 1 2 30 4 102 1 140 Battleship Marat sunk & scrapped
Sweden 1 1 Submarine HMS Ulven
United Kingdom 10 5 31 138 47 75 187 572 1,065
United States 14 3 10 83 11 52 85 188 446
Poland 1 3 1 2 1 3 11
According to Grigori F. Krivosheev, the Soviet Union lost 1,014 ships of various classes, 314 were 1st, 2nd or 3rd class surface ships and submarines, 139 motor torpedo boats, 128 submarine-chasers, 77 armoured launches, 168 minesweepers and 188 patrol and other boats.[20]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ellis, John (1993). World War II - A statistical survey. Facts on File. p. 258. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7.
Jump up ^ Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft, 1914-1980 (1988) p.546
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ellis p. 259
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. pp. 255, 258, 259. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
Jump up ^ Odgers, G. (1957). Air war against Japan. Australian War Memorial.
Jump up ^ RAC Directorate of the War Office listed AFV losses as an estimated.
Jump up ^ Zaloga 2015, p. 277.
Jump up ^ Zaloga 2015, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Zaloga 2015, p. 276.
Jump up ^ Zaloga 2006, p. 44, 424 M5 light tanks, 7 M24 light tanks, 1,072 M4, M4A1 medium tanks, 78 M4/M4A1 (76mm), 21 M4 (105mm), 71 T2 recovery vehicles, 53 M3A1 scout cars, 111 M8 armored cars, 72 M20 utility cars, 15 T30 75mm HMC, 61 M8 75mm HMC, 5 TI9 105mm HMC, 108 M7 105mm HMC, 8 M6 37mm GMC, 10 M3 75mm GMC, 219 M1O 3in.GMC, 17 M18 76mm GMC, 576 M2 half-tracks, 348 M3 half-tracks, 1 M9 half-track, 27 M4 81mm MC, 8 M13 MGMC, 24 M15 MGMC and 41 M16 MGMC destroyed.
Jump up ^ Zaloga, Steven. "Armored Thunderbolt: The U.S. Army Sherman in World War II". Stackpole Books, May 14, 2014. Pages 339-345.
Jump up ^ SHAEF, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. p. 272. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
Jump up ^ Paul Winter. "Defeating Hitler: Whitehall's Secret Report on Why Hitler Lost the War". October 13, 2012
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. p. 3. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. p. 258. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. p. 253. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
Jump up ^ Zaloga, Steven J.; Ness, Leland S. (2003). The Red Army Handbook 1939-1945. Sutton. p. 181. ISBN 0750932090.
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. p. 264. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
Jump up ^ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill. p. 265. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
Bibliography[edit]
Zaloga, Steven (2015). Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II. Stackpole. ISBN 978-0811714372.
Zaloga, Steven (2006). US Armored Units in the North African and Italian Campaigns 1942-45. Osprey. ISBN 978 1 84176 966 0.
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text:
The Message (Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Message"
Single by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five featuring Melle Mel and Duke Bootee
from the album The Message
B-side
"The Message" (Instrumental)
Released
July 1, 1982
Format
12-inch single
Recorded
1981
Genre
Electro[1]
old-school hip hop
Length
7:10
Label
Sugar Hill
Songwriter(s)
Ed "Duke Bootee" Fletcher
Grandmaster Melle Mel
Sylvia Robinson
Clifton "Jiggs" Chase
Producer(s)
Sylvia Robinson
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five singles chronology
"Scorpio"
(1981) "The Message"
(1982) "New York, New York"
(1982)
"Scorpio"
(1981) "The Message"
(1982) "New York, New York"
(1982)
Music video
"The Message" on YouTube
"The Message" is a song by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. It was released as a single by Sugar Hill Records on July 1, 1982 and was later featured on the group's first studio album, The Message.
"The Message" was the first prominent hip hop song to provide a social commentary rather than the self-congratulatory boasting or party chants of earlier hip hop. Featuring alternating lead vocals by Melle Mel and Ed "Duke Bootee" Fletcher, the song's lyrics describe the stress of inner city poverty:
Rats in the front room, roaches in the back
Junkies in the alley with the baseball bat
I tried to get away but I couldn't get far
Cause a man with a tow truck repossessed my car
The chorus includes the repeated refrain "It's like a jungle sometimes / It makes me wonder how I keep from going under."
"The Message" took rap music from the house parties of its origin, to the social platforms later developed by groups like Public Enemy, N.W.A, and Rage Against the Machine.[2] Melle Mel said in an interview with NPR: "Our group, like Flash and the Furious Five, we didn't actually want to do "The Message" because we was used to doing party raps and boasting how good we are and all that."[3]
The song was written and performed by Sugar Hill session musician Ed "Duke Bootee" Fletcher and Furious Five MC Melle Mel.[4][unreliable source?]
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses in popular culture
2 Reception
2.1 Accolades and usage in media
2.2 Music and structure
2.3 Critical reception
3 Chart positions
4 Remixes
5 References
5.1 Further reading
6 External links
Uses in popular culture[edit]
The rhythm track was sampled in various hip-hop songs, including the remix for the 1993 song "Check Yo Self" by Ice Cube[5] and the 1997 song "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" by Puff Daddy.[6]
This song was featured in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.[7]
The second and last verses of "The Message" are sung by Mushroomhead in the song "Born of Desire" off their XX album. American singer-songwriter Willy Mason also covered this song for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on February 25, 2005. Canadian band Crystal Castles sampled parts of this song for their track titled "Magic Spells".
Genesis drummer and lead singer Phil Collins, along with Grammy Award winning producer Hugh Padgham, described in the 2001 release The Genesis Songbook how "The Message" helped shape the hook of the band's 1983 hit single "Mama".[citation needed] Padgham said that "At the time The Message was one of my favorite records". Collins thought "The laugh thing" was "Fantastic...what a great sound" and he experimented with it and incorporated it into the song. During live shows, his version, usually using their signature Vari-Lite technology, became a highlight of the performance. Collins quipped that "Rap has influenced Genesis".[citation needed]
In the 2006 computer animated film Happy Feet, Seymour raps the chorus line from this song to impress Miss Viola and other penguin students.[8]
In 2007, the 25th anniversary of "The Message", Melle Mel changed the spelling of his first name to Mele Mel and released "M3 - The New Message" as the first single to his first ever solo album, Muscles. 2007 was also the year that Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five became the first hip-hop act ever to be inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[9]
In 2010, Melle Mel and Scorpio appeared in an Australian commercial for the Kia Sportage in which they perform "The Message".
On November 30, 2011, Melle Mel, Scorpio, and Grandmaster Flash joined Common, Lupe Fiasco, and LL Cool J as they performed a tribute of this song at the 54th Grammy nominations.
A Swedish translation/adaption of the song, "Budskapet", was released by Timbuktu in May 2013, following the riots in Husby and other suburbs of Stockholm.[10][11][12]
The chorus is sampled in the hip-hop musical Hamilton by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as "Such a blunder, sometimes it makes me wonder why I even bring the thunder."
Dave Gahan raps a verse of the song during every live performance of Barrel of a Gun as part of Depeche Mode's ongoing Global Spirit Tour.
Reception[edit]
Accolades and usage in media[edit]
Rolling Stone ranked "The Message" #51 in its List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, (9 December 2004). It had the highest position for any 1980s release and was the highest ranking hip-hop song on the list. In 2012 it was named the greatest hip-hop song of all time.[13]
It was voted #3 on About.com's Top 100 Rap Songs, after Common's "I Used to Love H.E.R." and The Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight".[14]
In 2002, its first year of archival, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry,[15] the first hip hop recording ever to receive this honor.
"The Message" was number 5 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.
WatchMojo.com ranked "The Message" #1 on Top 10 Decade Defining Rap Songs of the 1980s,[16][17] and #1 on Top 10 Ultimate Decade Defining Rap Songs.[18][19]
It was used, with altered lyrics, in a 1983 British Government commissioned public information film on road safety.[20]
The song has been used in adverts for clothing company Lacoste.
Music and structure[edit]
"The Message" has been reused and re-sampled in so many different ways that it would be easy to reduce its legacy to cliché. Music critic Dan Carins described it in a 2008 edition of The Sunday Times: "Where it was inarguably innovative, was in slowing the beat right down, and opening up space in the instrumentation—the music isn't so much hip-hop as noirish, nightmarish slow-funk, stifling and claustrophobic, with electro, dub and disco also jostling for room in the genre mix—and thereby letting the lyrics speak loud and clear". Not only does the song utilize an ingenious mix of musical genres to great effect, but it also allows the slow and pulsating beat to take a backseat to the stark and haunting lyrical content.[21]
Critical reception[edit]
In addition to being widely regarded as an all-time rap anthem, "The Message" has been credited by many critics as the song that catapulted emcees from the background to the forefront of hip hop. Thus, shifting the focus from the mixing and scratching of the grandmaster as the star, to the thoughts and lyrics of the emcee playing the star role. David Hickley wrote in 2004 that ""The Message" also crystallized a critical shift within rap itself. It confirmed that emcees, or rappers, had vaulted past the deejays as the stars of the music".[22]
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1982–83)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[23] 9
Dutch Singles Chart[24] 10
New Zealand Singles Chart[25] 2
Swiss Singles Chart[26] 11
UK Singles Chart[27] 8
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 62
U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles 4
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 12
[28]
Remixes[edit]
"The Message '95" (Die Fantastischen Vier Remix) (1995, East West Records)[29]
"The Message" – 1997, Deepbeats Records (DEEPCD001)[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Electro Music Genre Overview - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five - The Message (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ Gross, Terry. "The History of Hip-Hop".
Jump up ^ "Old School Feature – "The Message": A Classic That Almost Never Was". Oldschoolhiphop.com. 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ Serrano, Shea (October 10, 2015). "Why Puff Daddy's 'Can't Nobody Hold Me Down' Was the Most Important Rap Song of 1997". The Muse. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael (October 5, 2010). "'You ever seen history?': Puff Daddy brings Bad Boy — and some famous friends — to the Forum". latimes.com. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Federico (November 17, 2014). "Grand Theft Auto V, dal pop al funk la musica è importante - Videogiochi - Passioni - Lifestyle". ANSA.it - Lifestyle (in Italian). Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Tyson (December 1, 2006). "Movie Review: Dancing Penguin Saves the World - The Tech". tech.mit.edu. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum - Inductee List". Rockhall.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Timbuktu - Budskapet". YouTube. 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-08. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Timbuktu rappar om Husby - HD". Hd.se. 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Rap Songs: 100-91". Rap.about.com. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "The National Recording Registry 2002". Loc.gov. 2011-05-13. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Decade Defining Rap Songs of the 1980s". WatchMojo.com. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Decade Defining Rap Songs of the 1980s". YouTube. 2014-06-28. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Ultimate Decade Defining Rap Songs". WatchMojo.com. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Ultimate Decade Defining Rap Songs". YouTube. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Green Cross Code - Close To The Edge".
Jump up ^ Cairns, Dan. "1982: Grandmaster Flash: The Message." Sunday Times: 25. Proquest Newsstand. 28 Sep 2008. Web. 1 Apr 2012.
Jump up ^ Hinckley, David. "Message from the Bronx the History of Rap in the City." New York Daily News: 67. Proquest Newsstand. 07 Dec 2004. Web. 01 Apr 2012.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five feat. Melle Mel & Duke Bootee – The Message" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "The Message (Netherlands)". MegaCharts. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "The Message (New Zealand)". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "The Message (Switzerland)". Retrieved 2014-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Official Charts - Grandmaster Flash And The Furious Five". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-04-07.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Mark. "Editor in Chief". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 4, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five – The Message '95 (Die Fantastischen Vier Remix) (CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Jump up ^ ""The Message" - 1997 remix". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Further reading[edit]
Chang, Jeff. (2005) Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Loder, Kurt (September 16, 1982). "The Message : Grandmaster Flash : Review". Rolling Stone. New York. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
External links[edit]
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: The Message at Discogs (list of releases)
How we made: Jiggs Chase and Ed Fletcher on The Message
[show]
v
t
e
Grandmaster Flash
Studio albums
They Said It Couldn't Be Done
The Source
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Flash Is Back
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Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five
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Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
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Oakland–Alameda Coliseum before a football game.
The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders (Mark Davis) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland, California to Paradise, Nevada. The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season, playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium, although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium. NFL team owners voted 31–1 to approve the move, which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona on March 27, 2017.[1][2] The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016,[3] and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017.[4] The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The hunt for a home
2.1 2011: Levi's Stadium
2.2 2012−2013: Coliseum City
2.3 2013: Concord, California
2.4 2014: San Antonio, Texas
2.5 2015: Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics
2.6 2015: Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams
3 2015−2017: Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort
3.1 2015: Exploring Las Vegas
3.2 2016
3.3 2017
4 Relocation to Las Vegas
4.1 2018
5 Popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970. From 1966 until 1981, it played home games at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, which it shared with Major League Baseball's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968. In 1980 Al Davis, dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles. The NFL had refused to let the team move, but a court over-ruled the league, clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders.[7] In 1982, the Raiders (then owned by Al Davis) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles. The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994. In 1995, after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area and after a proposed move to Sacramento that involved Davis taking ownership of the Sacramento Kings fell apart the Raiders moved back to Oakland.[8][9]
Meanwhile, Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders' arrival, none of which were particularly successful. The Las Vegas Posse, part of the Canadian Football League's effort to enter the U.S. market, lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on-field product and worse attendance figures.[10] The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season; its attendance and on-field performance were respectable, and the team embraced the city's culture,[11] but the Outlaws' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL. The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on-field success and were one of the UFL's best teams; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans.[12] The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history: the Las Vegas Sting (1994 and 1995), Las Vegas Gladiators (2003 to 2007, now the Cleveland Gladiators), and another Las Vegas Outlaws (2015). The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League (now the Legends Football League) played in the city from 2011 to 2014.
The hunt for a home[edit]
Raiders owner Mark Davis
Recent efforts to either renovate the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum or replace it with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18, 2009.[13] In 2011, Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the three-decade-long stadium problem a top priority. The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season, when its lease on the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum expired. While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates, the Raiders signed one-year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum.
2011: Levi's Stadium[edit]
There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California with the San Francisco 49ers.[14] However, the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19, 2012[15] and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70% of club and luxury suites, making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites.[16]
Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland.[17] When Levi's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17, 2014, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that the team had to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum.[18]
2012−2013: Coliseum City[edit]
On March 7, 2012, then-mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city (the Raiders, Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Athletics and the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Golden State Warriors), as well as attract new businesses to the city. The project, dubbed Coliseum City, had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum complex. The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location, a baseball-only stadium and a football-only stadium, while Oracle Arena, home of the Warriors, would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations. A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project. However, no officials from either of Oakland's major league teams were present at the media conference.
According to the San Francisco Business Times, Oakland's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC, an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC, Rashid Al Malik (chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings), and the city, had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project, which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland–Alameda Coliseum Complex. The development team also included JRDV Urban International, HKS Architects, and Forest City Real Estate Services. In an ideal situation, construction could have started by the end of 2014.[19] Meanwhile, the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay, not far from AT&T Park, and move back across the Bay from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019.
2013: Concord, California[edit]
The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station, 26.6 miles from Oakland, was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize.[20]
2014: San Antonio, Texas[edit]
In July 2014, San Antonio, Texas, emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team, after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city. San Antonio, while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area, had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL-ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition.[21] On July 29, 2014, it was reported by the San Antonio Express-News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014–15 NFL season. Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch's induction into a local Hall of Fame, but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio.[22] The Raiders would have played at the 65,000-seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built. San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014, when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials.[23]
2015: Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics[edit]
It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums (one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics) would have been built on the coliseum site. The Athletics balked at the deal.[24] In an interview with J. T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4, 2017, Davis revealed that he offered Wolff 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done. Davis further elaborated that the closest the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital, before the Athletics agreed to a 10-year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland.[25]
2015: Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams[edit]
Main articles: National Football League in Los Angeles, Carson Stadium, Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles
On February 19, 2015, the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson, California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market.[26] Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.[27] The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3–0.[28] The council voted without having clarified several issues, including who would finance the stadium, how the required three-way land swap would be performed, and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant.[29] On January 12, 2016, the NFL rejected the Raiders' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood, California. However, the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2020 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams. The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium, the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017.[30] The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017, shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market.[4]
Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders. For example Duluth, Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team, a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area's small size, proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal.[31]
Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles, Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders.
2015−2017: Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort[edit]
Main article: Las Vegas Stadium
2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site, adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15
2015: Exploring Las Vegas[edit]
On February 23, 2015, while still involved in the Carson project, Mark Davis attended a secret meeting at the UNLV International Gaming Research Center to look at Las Vegas sports betting, its effect on pro sports, how it could effect a pro sports team in Vegas and how the Raiders and the NFL could possibly work in Las Vegas. At the time Las Vegas was seen as a long shot candidate for the Raiders. The meeting was set up by Napoleon McCallum, former Raiders player and current Las Vegas Sands employee. McCallum approached Davis about moving the team to Las Vegas before a Broncos-Raiders game on November 9, 2014 in Oakland. McCallum was the first to suggest meeting with UNLV about the idea. Previously Las Vegas officials notably Mayor Carolyn Goodman had suggested building a stadium near Las Vegas Motor Speedway. In attendance at the meeting was Davis and McCallum along with then UNLV president Don Snyder and Bo Bernhard, executive director of the International Gaming Institute. The meeting would not be known about until two years later.[32]
2016[edit]
On January 29, 2016, Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion, 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas, Nevada. During Davis' meeting with Adelson, he also visited the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), which included a contingent consisting of the university's president Len Jessup, former university president Donald Snyder, Steve Wynn, and former Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) owner Lorenzo Fertitta. The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program. A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long-term proposal, as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional-caliber stadiums in Nevada. Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home; they were also on the 42-acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site.
Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News, Davis said that he had a "great" visit in the city he described it as interesting. Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that "it's absolutely an NFL city," as well as saying that "the Raider brand would do well" and "I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly."[33]
On March 21, 2016, when asked about Las Vegas, Davis said, "I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan," and "it's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan," referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas. Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan. On April 1, 2016, Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez, athletic director Tina Kunzer-Murphy, adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas.
On April 28, 2016, Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium.[34][35] "Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state," Davis said.[34][36]
At a media conference in UNLV's Stan Fulton Building, Davis also said the club had "made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that's where it stands." In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland–San Francisco Bay Area, how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why (as he told Sandoval) he hopes to turn Nevada into the "Silver and Black State"; he also spoke of the meeting saying, "It was a positive, well-organized presentation that I believe was well-received", and stating, "It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home."
On May 20, 2016, New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas, stating, "I think it would be good for the NFL."[37]
On May 23, 2016, the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety (and Pro Football Hall of Fame member) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders.[38] The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal. They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf. The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the "price and terms of sale" for the 120-acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena.
Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas, Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson,[39] and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three-quarters majority of all NFL owners, and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible.[40] However, it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had.
On August 11, 2016, Raiders' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp/practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada, Reno, Reno area high schools, and sports complexes.[41] On August 25, 2016, the Raiders filed a trademark application for "Las Vegas Raiders" on the same day renderings of a new stadium (located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas) were released to the public.[42]
On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[43]
On October 11, 2016, the Nevada Senate voted 16–5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal.[44] The Nevada Assembly voted 28–13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal; two days later, Sandoval signed the funding bill into law.[45]
Davis told ESPN on October 15, 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area, the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018, stating "We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area."[46] The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires. Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas, at Sam Boyd Stadium, as early as the 2018 season.[40] (The Raiders' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland.)
On October 17, 2016, Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room tax rate increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium.[47][48]
On November 12, 2016, a report from the NFL's own in-house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal. The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability. The vast majority of the NFL's revenue comes from TV contracts. So because of that, it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd.[49]
On November 30, 2016, a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced.[50] In addition to the public land, the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area. The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium, while Lott's group would contribute $400 million; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015.[51] Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake (reportedly around 20 percent) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal, a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis.
The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016,[52] and called for a $1.3 billion, football-only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site. It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space, hotel or residential living and parking, as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball-only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A's so desired. The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on, with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season.
The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13, 2016[51] and approved by Oakland in a 7–0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3–1 vote.[53][54]
2017[edit]
The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland, California, to Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 19, 2017.[55] The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas.[56]
On January 30, 2017, it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project, also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands' proposed $650 million contribution from the project. Instead, the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion.[57] One day after Adelson's announcement, Goldman Sachs (the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium) announced its intent to withdraw from the project.[58]
On January 31, 2017, in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone. The Union-Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer-specific stadium and mixed development. NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated, during his State of the NFL address, that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility. Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams. Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California, especially if that team is the Raiders (given the team's continued popularity in the region). San Diego, as an option for the Raiders, was remote.
San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 (when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area); a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city. On February 16, 2017, the San Diego Union-Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had "assembled a powerful group of associates" who would develop a 70,000-seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium; the letter also stated the project would provide "a viable alternative" to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through; the group also stated that they were "open to working with the Chargers, Raiders, other NFL owners, or a new ownership group"; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant: "Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium's expeditious construction. Accordingly it will not require voter approval." It also said they would provide "new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed". On March 1, 2017, Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL.
Relocation to Las Vegas[edit]
On March 6, 2017, the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas.[59][60] On March 27, 2017, the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31–1 vote, ensuring them a new stadium in the process.[1][2] However, even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas, the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area. The team expects the new stadium to open in 2020. As of April 2018[update] they have not determined where they will play in 2019.
About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced. Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours, and the Raiders' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May.[61][62]
The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders, which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019. This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles.[63]
On November 13, 2017, the Raiders officially broke ground on Las Vegas Stadium.[64][65]
2018[edit]
On January 2, 2018, the Henderson city council approved the sale of 55 vacant acres of land to the Raiders for their new headquarters and practice facility near Henderson Executive Airport.[66] In January, construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl.[67] As of April 2018, more than 30 Raiders employees had already relocated to Las Vegas from Oakland.[68]
Popular culture[edit]
In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers, which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017, Spencer Strasmore (Dwayne Johnson) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas.[69]
See also[edit]
Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
National Football League franchise moves and mergers
Relocation of professional sports teams
National Football League controversies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Gregg (March 27, 2017). "NFL team owners approve Raiders' move to Las Vegas". National Football League. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Raiders Media Relations (March 27, 2017). "Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation". Oakland Raiders. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hanzus, Dan (January 12, 2016). "Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles". National Football League. January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chase, Chris (October 16, 2015). "Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums, from No. 1 (Lambeau) to 31 (Soldier)". USA Today. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ranking the NFL's Best and Worst Stadiums". Athlon Sports. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Puma, Mike (December 1, 2003). "Good guys wear black". ESPN Classic. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ Smith, Timothy W. (June 24, 1995). "PRO FOOTBALL; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Raiders? 'It was a done deal'". NBCS Bay Area. 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
Jump up ^ Kantowski, Ron (December 2, 2009). "Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kantowski, Ron (January 28, 2017). "New ESPN film examines XFL's short life, legacy". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved May 1, 2017. I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago," said Charlie Ebersol, son of Dick Ebersol, the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon. "I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about.
Jump up ^ Dewey, Todd (October 4, 2012). "Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff (March 27, 2017). "Raiders relocation to Las Vegas: Timeline of events". National Football League. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kukura, Joe (August 18, 2013). "NFL May Bribe Raiders, 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding". KNTV. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Price, Taylor (April 19, 2012). "49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium". San Francisco 49ers. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Florio, Mike (September 10, 2012). "Niners strike gold with new stadium". Profootballtalk.com. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers". National Football League. October 16, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Goodell: Levi's might fit Raiders". ESPN. July 18, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Torres, Bianca (October 3, 2013). "Oakland's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matier & Ross (October 7, 2013). "Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Baugh, Josh; Orsborn, Tom (July 29, 2014). "Raiders look at potential home deep in heart of Texas". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio". Associated Press (AP). 2014-07-30. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Mark Davis, San Antonio group meet". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ @DailyNewsVinny (March 30, 2017). "2. To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams. But A's declined" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ J. T. the Brick (April 4, 2017). "Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT "the Brick"". KGMZ. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, Eric D. (February 20, 2015). "Chargers, Raiders reveal L.A. plan". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rapoport, Ian (February 20, 2015). "Chargers, Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles". NFL.com. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jablon, Robert (April 22, 2015). "City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
Jump up ^ Logan, Tim; Nathan Fenno (April 21, 2015). "Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium, sight unseen". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Source: Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components". ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "An NFL team in Duluth-Superior? Proctor is going long". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. May 17, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How the Raiders got comfortable with sports betting". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV, possibly Raiders". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. January 28, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Raiders owner willing to give $20M toward Las Vegas stadium". National Football League. Associated Press. April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gutierrez, Paul (April 28, 2016). "Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas". ESPN.com. ESPN. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas". Fox News. Associated Press. April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Knoblauch, Austin (May 20, 2016). "Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas". National Football League. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Matier & Ross (May 23, 2016). "Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pelissero, Tom (October 19, 2016). "Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland 'disrespect,' has sole focus on Las Vegas". USA Today. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Breech, John (October 19, 2016). "Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland, while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017". CBS Sports. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Seth (August 11, 2016). "Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Perez, A.J. (August 25, 2016). "Oakland Raiders file to trademark 'Las Vegas Raiders' name". USA Today. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote". National Football League. Associated Press. September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chereb, Sandra; Whaley, Sean (October 11, 2016). "Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16–5 vote". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature". National Football League. Associated Press. October 14, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gutierrez, Paul (October 15, 2016). "Mark Davis: Raiders' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK'd". ESPN. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan". National Football League. Associated Press. October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Spousta, Tom (October 17, 2016). "Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill — VIDEO". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Boilard, Kevin (November 12, 2016). "Report: NFL against Las Vegas, wants to keep Raiders in Oakland". CBS Sports. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Matier & Ross (November 30, 2016). "Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oakland, Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders". KPIX-TV. Associated Press. December 9, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vergara, Andre. "Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders". Fox Sports. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Ryan (December 14, 2016). "Oakland, Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders". CBS Sports. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Will the Raiders stay in Oakland? Negotiations on $1.3-billion stadium OK'd". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. December 13, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork". National Football League. January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation". USA Today. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Adelson no longer involved in Raiders' Las Vegas stadium plan". National Football League. January 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sources: Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders' stadium deal". ESPN. January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium". National Football League. March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno (March 6, 2017). "Raiders' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Michael David (May 23, 2017). "Raiders' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds". Profootballtalk.com. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leuty, Ron (May 24, 2017). "Raiders' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Skurski, Jay (July 13, 2017). "Bills' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million". The Buffalo News. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff (November 13, 2017). "Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas". National Football League. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Velotta, Richard N. (November 14, 2017). "Raiders launch work on stadium in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Sandy (January 3, 2018). "Henderson City Council votes to sell land to Raiders". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sapienza, Vince (January 5, 2018). "Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site". KVVU-TV. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Velotta, Richard. "Financing, parking on to-do list for Las Vegas Raiders Stadium". ReviewJournal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Dodson, Aaron (August 7, 2017). "'Ballers' recap: Meet Candace Brewer, the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas". The Undefeated. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Sin City Or Bust – A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN's Outside the Lines
Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders' official website
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