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Angel of the Morning
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"Angel of the Morning"
A-side label of U.S. vinyl single
Single by Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts
from the album Angel of the Morning
B-side
"Reap What You Sow"[1]
Released
February 7, 1968
Format
7" single
Recorded
American Sound Studios Memphis
January 1968
Genre
Pop, country
Length
3:19
Label
Bell
Songwriter(s)
Chip Taylor
Producer(s)
Chips Moman
Merrilee Rush singles chronology
"How's the Weather on Your Street"
(1967) "Angel of the Morning"
(1968) "That Kind of Woman"
(1968)
"Angel of the Morning" is a popular song, written and composed by Chip Taylor, that has been recorded numerous times by, or has been a hit single for, various artists including Evie Sands, Merrilee Rush, Juice Newton, Nina Simone, P. P. Arnold, Olivia Newton-John, The Pretenders/Chrissie Hynde, Dusty Springfield, Mary Mason, Melba Montgomery, Vagiant, Billie Davis, Bonnie Tyler, Rita Wilson, The New Seekers, Skeeter Davis, Crystal Gayle.
Contents
1 Origins, the original recording, and subsequent versions
2 Versions by Chip Taylor
3 Non-charting versions
4 Translated versions
5 Film, television and literature
6 Versions (English language-chronology)
7 Chart history
7.1 Weekly charts
7.1.1 Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version
7.2 Year-end charts
7.2.1 Juice Newton version
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Origins, the original recording, and subsequent versions[edit]
Written and composed by New York City-born songwriter Chip Taylor, actor Jonathan "Jon" Voight's brother, "Angel of the Morning" was originally offered to Connie Francis to sing, but she turned it down because she thought that it was too risqué for her career.[citation needed] The song's narrator describes her feelings about a one-night stand: "If morning's echo says we've sinned, well, it was what I wanted now."
Taylor produced a recording of the song with Evie Sands, but the financial straits of Cameo-Parkway Records, which had Sands on their roster, reportedly prevented either that version's release or its distribution.
Other early recordings of the song were made in 1967 by Danny Michaels for Lee Hazlewood's LHI label and by UK vocalist Billie Davis.
The song finally became a hit in 1968 through a recording by Merrilee Rush, made that January at American Sound Studios in Memphis, with Chips Moman and Tommy Cogbill producing. Rush had come to Memphis through the group she fronted, the Turnabouts, being the opening act for a Paul Revere and the Raiders tour. While in Memphis, the Raiders recorded the album Going to Memphis at American Sound Studios, an association which led to Rush's discovery by Tommy Cogbill, who had been hoping to find the right voice for "Angel of the Morning"—he had kept a tape of the demo of that song constantly in his pocket for several months.
Rush recorded the song and the tracks which would comprise her Angel of the Morning album with the American Sound house band, even though the single and the album would be credited to the group "Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts."[2]
The single version was released in February 1968, and reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 that June, peaking at No. 7. A No. 1 hit in Canada,[3] Australia and New Zealand, and also gave Rush a hit in the Netherlands (No. 4). The song earned Rush a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance, Female.
Rush recorded a new version of the song for her 1977 eponymous album release. (Rush's version of "Angel of the Morning" would be featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 film Girl, Interrupted, whose time frame is 1967 and 1968, in which author-composer Chip Taylor's niece Angelina Jolie had a starring role.)
In the United Kingdom, where Rush's version stalled at No. 55, a rendition by P. P. Arnold,[4] who had sung background on the 1967 Billie Davis version, reached No. 29 in August 1968.
In 1970 a rendition by Connie Eaton reached No. 34 on the Billboard C&W charts.
In 1977, Mary Mason also had a UK Top 30 hit with her version, which was actually a medley of two Chip Taylor songs, "Angel of the Morning" and "Any Way That You Want Me," reaching No. 27.[5]
Also in 1977 the British act Guys 'n' Dolls had a hit in the Netherlands with the song, and their version reached No. 11 on the Dutch charts.
In 1978 a release by Melba Montgomery reached No. 22 on the Billboard C&W chart.
"Angel of the Morning"
Single by Juice Newton
from the album Juice
B-side
"Headin' for a Heartache"
Released
February 1981
Format
7" (45 rpm)
Recorded
September 4, 1980
Genre
Soft rock[6]
Length
3:49
3:57 (7")
Label
Capitol 4976
Songwriter(s)
Chip Taylor
Producer(s)
Richard Landis
Juice Newton singles chronology
"You Fill My Life"
(1980) "Angel of the Morning"
(1981) "Queen of Hearts"
(1981)
The highest-charting and best-selling version in the United States was recorded and released in 1981 by country-rock singer Juice Newton for her album Juice. Newton re-interpreted the song at the suggestion of Steve Meyer, who promoted Capitol Records singles and albums to radio stations and felt a version of "Angel of the Morning" by Newton would be a strong candidate for airplay.[7] Newton would state that she would never have herself thought of recording "Angel of the Morning," and even though she immediately recognized the song when Meyer played it for her (quote): "I [hadn't been] really aware of that song because...when [it] was popular I was listening to folk music and R&B and not Pop, and that was a very Pop song." [8]
Newton's version reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 22 on the Billboard country music chart, and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in April of that year.[9][10] The recording also earned Newton a Grammy nomination, and in the same category as Rush's 1968 hit. More than 1 million units of Newton's single of the song were sold in the United States, and the single reached the Top 10 in a number of other countries, including Canada and Australia. Notably, Newton's video for "Angel of the Morning" was the first country-music music video aired on MTV; it first aired in 1981. In the UK, this recording reached No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart, marking the song's third appearance on that chart without becoming a truly major hit.[11] (Newton recorded the song again in 1998 for her The Trouble with Angels album.)
The song "Angel," released by reggae artist Shaggy, heavily samples "Angel of the Morning," using the melody, but with different words, for the sung refrain. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 31, 2001.
Swedish singer Jill Johnson released "Angel of the Morning," with lyrics in English, in 2007 from her album of cover versions, Music Row. This version peaked at No. 30 at the Swedish singles chart.
Versions by Chip Taylor[edit]
In 1972, Taylor released a version on Buddah 325. It reached #101 in the Record World survey.
In 1996, Taylor released a version on the album Hit Man.[12]
In 1999, a version by Taylor appeared on the KGSR fundraiser CD Broadcasts Vol. 7.[13]
In 2004, Taylor released a version of the song with his singer/songwriter partner Carrie Rodriguez on the album of the same name.[14]
Non-charting versions[edit]
In 1968, the American singer Joya Landis recorded a late rocksteady/early reggae version of this song in Jamaica for producer Arthur "Duke" Reid and his Treasure Isle label. The UK release (Trojan TR-622) had "Love Letters" by Phyllis Dillon and Alton Ellis as the B-side. It also appeared on the compilation album Soul Of Jamaica a.k.a. Come Rock With Me In Jamaica, and on the Trojan compilation album, Tighten Up, Volume 1 (both 1968).
The Chicks, a female New Zealand pop duo, released their version on their 1968 album C'mon Chicks.
Allison Durbin, who was dubbed "Australia's Queen of Pop" in the 1960s, released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man.
Soul singer Bettye Swann had a single release of "Angel of the Morning" in 1969.
The New Seekers included "Angel of the Morning" on their self-titled debut album (1969).
Nina Simone recorded the song in 1971 on Here Comes the Sun.
Norwegian singer Ellen Nikolaysen recorded the song for her 1973 English language album Freckles.
Soul singer Thelma Jones recorded the song for her eponymous 1978 album.
Reggae singer Samantha Rose recorded a Lover's rock version on the In Person LP in 1979.
Vintage British Invasion group The Tremeloes recorded the song in 1987 as an attempted comeback single.
In 1991, horror punk band Haunted Garage included the chorus of "Angel of the Morning" in the bridge of their song "Theme" on the album Possession Park, changing the lyrics to "Satan of the morning".
In 1995, Chrissie Hynde and The Pretenders sang their own version on the Friends soundtrack album. The song was released as a single, but it did not chart.
The short-lived British girl band Thunderbugs recorded an upbeat version of the song for their 1999 debut album, Delicious.
In 2003 Maggie Reilly recorded "Angel of the Morning" for her album Save It for a Rainy Day.
The Boston-based band Tijuana Sweetheart (then named VAGIANT) released a cover on their debut album, Public Display of Infection.
The Atlanta-based band Girlyman released a cover on its 2007 live album Somewhere Different Now.
Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country, which they released in 2014.
Ray Conniff recorded a version found on the album "Turn Around Look at Me" in 1968.
Translated versions[edit]
A number of non-English versions of "Angel of the Morning" have been recorded including the following:
In Czech as "Dál jen vejdi" a 1989 single by Věra Martinová
In Dutch as "Vlinder van een zomer" a 1968 single by Willeke Alberti.
In French as "Au revoir et à demain" (literally: "goodbye and see you tomorrow") a 1967 single by Liliane Saint-Pierre.
In Finnish as "Kaipuu" a 1968 single by Pepe Willberg and also as "Jos Itket Silloin" recorded by Pirjo Lehti for her 1985 Se On Rakkautta Oikeaa album.
In Italian as "Gli occhi verdi dell'amore" (literally: "the green eyes of love") which was a 1968 hit in Italy at No. 9 for I Profeti.
In German as "Der Engel der Verdammten" by Juliane Werding on her 1975 album Wenn du denkst, dass du denkst, dann denkst du nur, du denkst and also as " "Ich bin dein Engel bis zum Morgen" a 1981 single by Suzanne Klee.
In Spanish as "Ángel de la Mañana" by Enrique Guzmán in 1975.
In Swedish as "En enda morgon" recorded by Elisabeth Andreassen for her 1981 album Angel of the Morning and also as "Nattens sista ängel" recorded by Wizex for their 1982 album Nattfjäril. These respective lyricists for these versions were Mats Rådberg and Roine Carlsson.
In Russian as "Нелегальный Ангел" (Nelegal'nyj Angel) by Julia Kova in 2005.
Film, television and literature[edit]
The Merrilee Rush version of the song is featured in the soundtrack of the films Girl, Interrupted (as noted above) and Violet and Daisy.
Rush's version is also played during a scene in the 1978 film Fingers, where it is used to accentuate the conflicted nature of the main character played by Harvey Keitel.
The song was performed live by Chrissie Hynde in a 1995 episode of Friends titled "The One with the Baby on the Bus," and that version also appears in that show's soundtrack album. (As noted above, though released as a single, it did not chart.)
The song also makes an appearance in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire, with Tom Cruise's titular character singing what appears to be the original version, enthusiastically if badly.
More recently, Conan O'Brien has referenced the track, during periodic ironic pledges to cease his show's use of arbitrary and stupid humor in which he presents a gorilla dressed as a nurse who uses an old-fashioned abdominal exerciser while enjoying the song.
In "Branch Closing", an episode of The Office, Michael Scott sings "Levinson in the morning" to his supervisor, Jan Levinson.
The song plays a central role in Graeme Simsion's 2016 novel The Best of Adam Sharp[15] (optioned to Vocab Films in 2017).[16]
Juice Newton's version is heard during Drew Barrymore's first scene in the film Charlie's Angels, in the film Charlie Wilson's War (in which it is also sung by Emily Blunt), the opening titles of Deadpool, and the ending of The Meddler. It is also featured in Season 1 of HBO's True Detective.
The Toyota Highlander "Kid Cave" commercial, aired from late 2010, features a young boy who is embarrassed by his parents's singing of the song while he is riding with them in a car.[17]
The song features in an episode of ABC's sitcom Modern Family, "Regrets Only" (Series/Season 2, Ep 16), when Gloria, portrayed by Sofia Vergara, is singing along to it on a karaoke machine. A karaoke version of the song is also featured in the second-season finale of the HBO series The Leftovers.
The song also features a parody version in Family Guy with Peter Griffin portraying himself as Deadpool.
Versions (English language-chronology)[edit]
1967: Evie Sands (original recording), Billie Davis
1968: Merrilee Rush and The Turnabouts, Asha Puthli and The Surfers,[18] P. P. Arnold, Percy Faith, Ray Conniff
1969: Dusty Springfield (TV performance on Decidedly Dusty), Skeeter Davis, Bettye Swann, the New Seekers, the Tremeloes, Connie Eaton
1970: The Aggressors, on their album Reggae Steadae Go
1971: Nina Simone
1973: Olivia Newton-John
1977: Merrilee Rush (re-recording for United Artists Records), Guys 'n' Dolls, Mary Mason ("Angel of the Morning"/"Any Way That You Want Me" medley)
1978: Melba Montgomery, Thelma Jones, Pat Kelly
1981: Elisabeth Andreassen, Juice Newton, the States[19]
1987: The Tremeloes
1995: The Pretenders
1995: Annie Schilder BZN
1998: Juice Newton (re-recording), Bonnie Tyler
1998: Gitte Haenning (Gitte Hænning) WEA Records Warner music Germany
1998: Bonnie Tyler
1999: Thunderbugs
2000: Joya Landis
2001: Maggie Reilly
2003: The Shocker
2006: Chip Taylor & Carrie Rodriguez
2007: Girlyman, Jill Johnson, Vagiant
2008: Barb Jungr, Randy Crawford (with Joe Sample)
2011: Hanne Boel
2012: Rita Wilson
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version[edit]
Chart (1968)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles [20] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 7
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[23] 32
US Cash Box Top 100[24] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Rank
Canada [25] 70
US Billboard Hot 100[26] 28
US Cash Box [27] 45
Juice Newton version[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[28] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[29] 7
Canada RPM Top Singles [30] 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[31] 23
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[32] 3
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[33] 4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[34] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[35] 43
US Billboard Hot 100[36] 4
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[37] 1
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[38] 22
US Cash Box Top 100[39] 2
Chart (1981)
Rank
Australia [40] 26
Canada [41] 8
New Zealand [42] 50
US Billboard Hot 100[26] 25
US Cash Box [43] 21
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1960s
List of number-one singles in 1968 (New Zealand)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1981 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts -- "Angel of the Morning"/"Reap What You Sow"". Discogs. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Jones, Roben (2010). Memphis Boys: the story of American Studios (1st ed.). Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 126–130. ISBN 1-60473-401-9.
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM v Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ Arnold UK Singles Chart info Archived August 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Chartstats.com. Retrieved 12 September 2009
Jump up ^ Mason UK Singles Chart info Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Chartstats.com. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum. SpinMedia. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewiston Daily Sun April 15, 1981 p. 4
Jump up ^ Kentucky New Era p.2
Jump up ^ Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications), page 250.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 454.
Jump up ^ Newton UK Singles Chart info Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Chartstats.com. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Hit Man – Chip Taylor. Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ KGSR BROADCASTS CDS – Volume 7 Archived December 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. KGSR.com.
Jump up ^ Angel of the Morning – Chip Taylor, Carrie Rodriguez Amazon.com.
Jump up ^ Best of Adam Sharp Playlist, Penguin
Jump up ^ Anita Busch. Toni Collette Options Graeme Simsion Novel ‘The Best of Adam Sharp’ For Her Vocab Films, Deadline Hollywood
Jump up ^ Beth Harpaz. What Embarrasses a Teen? A Parent's Mere Existence, Associated Press, 2010-12-20
Jump up ^ "Discography". Asha Puthli official website. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "MusicMight :: Artists :: THE STATES". Rockdetector.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Merrilee Rush – Angel of the Morning" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Merrilee Rush Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Merrilee Rush Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles, July 13, 1968".
Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.5867&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 100 Hits of 1981/Top 100 Songs of 1981". www.musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1968". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Sydney: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Juice Newton – Angel of the Morning" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Juice Newton – Angel of the Morning". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ {http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html%7Caccessdate=17 January 2018}
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Juice Newton – Angel of the Morning". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Juice Newton – Angel of the Morning". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Juice Newton: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Juice Newton Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Juice Newton Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Juice Newton Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 5/16/81". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1980s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4689&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062
Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3870
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1981". tropicalglen.com.
External links[edit]
Newton 1981 U.S. single release info Discogs
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Juice Newton
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After the Dust Settles
Come to Me
Well Kept Secret
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Notable singles
"It's a Heartache"
"Hey! Baby"
"Sunshine"
"Angel of the Morning"
"Queen of Hearts"
"The Sweetest Thing (I've Ever Known)"
"Love's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me"
"Break It to Me Gently"
"Tell Her No"
"You Make Me Want to Make You Mine"
"Hurt"
"Old Flame"
"Both to Each Other (Friends and Lovers)" (with Eddie Rabbitt)
"Cheap Love"
"What Can I Do with My Heart"
"First Time Caller"
"Tell Me True"
"When Love Comes Around the Bend"
"Funny How Time Slips Away" (with Willie Nelson)
Guest appearances
"Ebony Eyes" (Bob Welch song)
Have Harmony, Will Travel (Carla Olson album)
Related topics
Discography
Otha Young
Book:Juice Newton
show
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Melba Montgomery
Discography
Collaborative and solo studio albums
What's in Our Heart
Bluegrass Hootenanny
Don't Let the Good Times Fool You
Compilation albums
A King & Two Queens
Famous Country Duets
Collaborative singles
"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds"
"Let's Invite Them Over"
"What's in Our Heart"
"Blue Moon of Kentucky"
"Baby Ain't That Fine"
"Something to Brag About"
Solo singles
"No Charge"
"Don't Let the Good Times Fool You"
"Angel of the Morning"
See also
George Jones
Gene Pitney
Charlie Louvin
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_of_the_Morning&oldid=854470334"
Categories:
1967 songs
1968 singles
1981 singles
1993 singles
2001 singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
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Connie Eaton songs
Elisabeth Andreassen songs
Jill Johnson songs
Juice Newton songs
Melba Montgomery songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Pop ballads
Song recordings produced by Chips Moman
Song recordings produced by Richard Landis
Songs about casual sex
Songs written by Chip Taylor
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Bowman's capsule
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Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus. (Bowman's capsule not labeled, but visible at top.)
Details
Precursor
Metanephric blastema
Identifiers
Latin
capsula glomeruli
MeSH
Bowman+Capsule
Dorlands
/Elsevier
12211408
FMA
15626
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Bowman's capsule (or the Bowman capsule, capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule) is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule (i.e., glomerular filtrate) and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration.[citation needed] The Bowman's capsule is named after Sir William Bowman, who identified it in 1842.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anatomy
2 Physiology
3 Clinical significance
4 Eponym
5 See also
6 Additional images
7 References
8 External links
Anatomy[edit]
Outside the capsule, there are two "poles":
The vascular pole is the side with the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.
The urinary pole is the side with the proximal convoluted tubule.
Inside the capsule, the layers are as follows, from outside to inside:[citation needed]
Parietal layer—A single layer of simple squamous epithelium. Does not function in filtration.
Bowman's space (or "urinary space", or "capsular space")—Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the filtration slits.[1]
Visceral layer—Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries.[citation needed]
Filtration barrier—The filtration barrier is composed of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of the endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. The barrier permits the passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into the Bowman's space. The barrier prevents the passage of large and/or negatively charged proteins (such as albumin). The basal lamina of the filtration barrier is composed of three layers. The first layer is the lamina rara externa, adjacent to the podocyte processes. The second layer is the lamina rara interna, adjacent to the endothelial cells. The final layer is the lamina densa which is a darker central zone of the basal lamina. It consists of the meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin which act as a selective macromolecular filter.[citation needed]
A - Renal corpuscle
B - Proximal tubule
C - Distal convoluted tubule
D - Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. Basement membrane (Basal lamina)
2. Bowman's capsule - parietal layer
3. Bowman's capsule - visceral layer
3a. Pedicels (podocytes)
3b. Podocyte or sometimes called Bowman's cells
4. Bowman's space (urinary space)
5a. Mesangium - Intraglomerular cell
5b. Mesangium - Extraglomerular cell
6. Granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells)
7. Macula densa
8. Myocytes (smooth muscle)
9. Afferent arteriole
10. Glomerulus Capillaries
11. Efferent arteriole
Physiology[edit]
The process of filtration of the blood in the Bowman's capsule is ultrafiltration (or glomerular filtration), and the normal rate of filtration is 125 ml/min, equivalent to 80 times the daily blood volume.[citation needed]
Any proteins under roughly 30 kilodaltons can pass freely through the membrane, although there is some extra hindrance for negatively charged molecules due to the negative charge of the basement membrane and the podocytes.[citation needed]
Any small molecules such as water, glucose, salt (NaCl), amino acids, and urea pass freely into Bowman's space, but cells, platelets and large proteins do not.[citation needed]
As a result, the filtrate leaving the Bowman's capsule is very similar to blood plasma (filtrate or glomerular filtrate is composed of blood plasma minus plasma protein i.e. it contains all the components of blood plasma except the proteins) in composition as it passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Measuring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a diagnostic test of kidney function.[citation needed]
A decreased GFR may be a sign of renal failure.[citation needed]
A number of diseases can result in various problems within the glomerulus. Examples include acute proliferative (endocapillary) glomerulonephritis, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis, acute crescentic glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulonephritis, and diabetic glomerulosclerosis.[citation needed]
Eponym[edit]
Bowman's capsule is named after Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), a British surgeon and anatomist.[2] However, thorough microscopical anatomy of kidney including the nephronic capsule was described by the Ukrainian surgeon and anatomist from the Russian Empire, Prof. Alexander Shumliansky (1748–1795), in his 1788 doctoral thesis "De structura renum: Tractatus physiologico-anatomicus" ("About Kidney Structure: an Physiological-Anatomical Treatise", in Latin); thus, much prior to Bowman.[3]
Together with the glomerulus it is known as a renal corpuscle, or a Malpighian corpuscle, named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist. This name is not used widely anymore, probably to avoid confusion with Malpighian bodies of the spleen.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Mesangium
Additional images[edit]
Glomerulus.
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Histology image:22401lba from Vaughan, Deborah (2002). A Learning System in Histology: CD-ROM and Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195151732.
Jump up ^ Bowman, William; Royal Society of London. Philosophical transactions, v. 32, p. 57-80, 1842 (1842). On the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney: with observations on the circulation through that gland. London: Taylor.
Jump up ^ Šumlanskij, Aleksandr; Würtz, Georg Christoph, ed. (1788). De structura renum tractatus physiologico-anatomicus: cum 2 Tab. aenis (in Latin). Argentorati: Treuttel. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Histology image: 16006loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Diagram at ircc.edu
[hide]
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Gandiva
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Arjuna abandoning Gandiva after the Kurukshetra war
Gandiva (IAST: Gāṇḍīva; Sanskrit: गाण्डीव) is the bow of Arjuna, one of the pandavas from Hindu epic Mahabharata and was made by Brahma.[1][2]Agni gave it to Arjuna along with a Kapi/ Hanuman bannered chariot, and two inexhaustible quivers, as requested during the Khandava-daha Parva.After the war, in the Svargarohanika Parva, Agni reappears before Arjuna and asks him to return the Gandiva along with the quivers to Varuna.
Contents
1 Mythology
2 Features
3 Return to the gods
4 References
5 External links
Mythology[edit]
Agni, the God of fire, wanted to devour the Khandava forest, to regain his power and splendour. He had enlisted the help of the two heroes, Krishna and Arjuna. The latter was one of the greatest archers of all time, and demanded Agni for a bow which would suit his strength, skill and the power of celestial weapons.
Agni provided the heroes with the desired weapons. He gave the Gandiva bow to Arjuna, as well as two quivers which would provide an inexhaustible number of arrows.[3][4]
The weapon was dreaded by many during the Kurukshetra war, having defeated and killed many great warriors and the gods themselves.
Features[edit]
The Gandiva represents the wielder's self confidence, self belief in themselves that comes from their hard work and toil[5]. The bow was well adorned and endued with great energy and is said to equivalent to a hundred thousand bows, it was also incapable of being damaged and was worshiped by the celestials and the Gandharvas.[6]
Return to the gods[edit]
At the end of the dwapar yuga, Krishna departed the mortal world and left for Vaikuntha. Arjuna could not string the bow, or remember the spells necessary in order to summon his celestial weapons. Later the pandavas retired and journeyed to the himalayas. On their route, Agni came and asked Arjuna to return the Gandiva to varuna. Arjuna obliged and dropped them in the waters of the sea. Thus the celestial bow was returned to the gods.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Vyasa's Mahabharatam. Academic Publishers. 2008. ISBN 9788189781682.
Jump up ^ The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: Adi parva. Sabha parva. Bharata Press. 1883. p. 624.
Jump up ^ The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: Adi parva. Sabha parva. Bharata Press. 1883. p. 623.
Jump up ^ Vyasa's Mahabharatam. Academic Publishers. 2008. ISBN 9788189781682.
Jump up ^ Srivastava, Diwaker Ikshit (2017). Decoding the Metaphor Mahabharata. Leadstart Publishing PvtLtd. ISBN 9789352010004.
Jump up ^ The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: Adi parva. Sabha parva. Bharata Press. 1883. p. 624.
Jump up ^ Vyasa's Mahabharatam. Academic Publishers. 2008. ISBN 9788189781682.
External links[edit]
http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01228.htm
http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04043.htm
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Historical financial statements
Financial statements (or financial report) is a formal record of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity.
Relevant financial information is presented in a structured manner and in a form easy to understand. They typically include basic financial statements, accompanied by a management discussion and analysis:[2]
A balance sheet or statement of financial position, reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and owners equity at a given point in time.
An income statement or statement of comprehensive income, statement of revenue & expense, P&L or profit and loss report, reports on a company's income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. A profit and loss statement provides information on the operation of the enterprise. These include sales and the various expenses incurred during the stated period.
A Statement of changes in equity or equity statement or statement of retained earnings, reports on the changes in equity of the company during the stated period.
A cash flow statement reports on a company's cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities.
For large corporations, these statements may be complex and may include an extensive set of footnotes to the financial statements and management discussion and analysis. The notes typically describe each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement in further detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose for business entities
2 Consolidated
3 Government
4 Personal
5 Audit and legal implications
6 Standards and regulations
7 Inclusion in annual reports
8 Notes
9 Management discussion and analysis
10 Move to electronic statements
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Purpose for business entities[edit]
"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions."[3] Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position.
Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have "a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently."[3] Financial statements may be used by users for different purposes:
Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. Financial analysis is then performed on these statements to provide management with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of management's annual report to the stockholders.
Employees also need these reports in making collective bargaining agreements (CBA) with the management, in the case of labor unions or for individuals in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings.
Prospective investors make use of financial statements to assess the viability of investing in a business. Financial analyses are often used by investors and are prepared by professionals (financial analysts), thus providing them with the basis for making investment decisions.
Financial institutions (banks and other lending companies) use them to decide whether to grant a company with fresh working capital or extend debt securities (such as a long-term bank loan or debentures) to finance expansion and other significant expenditures.
Consolidated[edit]
Main article: Consolidated financial statement
Consolidated financial statements are defined as "Financial statements of a group in which the assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows of the parent (company) and its subsidiaries are presented as those of a single economic entity", according to International Accounting Standard 27 "Consolidated and separate financial statements", and International Financial Reporting Standard 10 "Consolidated financial statements".[4][5]
Government[edit]
See also: Fund accounting
The rules for the recording, measurement and presentation of government financial statements may be different from those required for business and even for non-profit organizations. They may use either of two accounting methods: accrual accounting, or cost accounting, or a combination of the two (OCBOA). A complete set of chart of accounts is also used that is substantially different from the chart of a profit-oriented business.
Personal[edit]
Personal financial statements may be required from persons applying for a personal loan or financial aid. Typically, a personal financial statement consists of a single form for reporting personally held assets and liabilities (debts), or personal sources of income and expenses, or both. The form to be filled out is determined by the organization supplying the loan or aid.
Audit and legal implications[edit]
Although laws differ from country to country, an audit of the financial statements of a public company is usually required for investment, financing, and tax purposes. These are usually performed by independent accountants or auditing firms. Results of the audit are summarized in an audit report that either provide an unqualified opinion on the financial statements or qualifications as to its fairness and accuracy. The audit opinion on the financial statements is usually included in the annual report.
There has been much legal debate over who an auditor is liable to. Since audit reports tend to be addressed to the current shareholders, it is commonly thought that they owe a legal duty of care to them. But this may not be the case as determined by common law precedent. In Canada, auditors are liable only to investors using a prospectus to buy shares in the primary market. In the United Kingdom, they have been held liable to potential investors when the auditor was aware of the potential investor and how they would use the information in the financial statements. Nowadays auditors tend to include in their report liability restricting language, discouraging anyone other than the addressees of their report from relying on it. Liability is an important issue: in the UK, for example, auditors have unlimited liability.
In the United States, especially in the post-Enron era there has been substantial concern about the accuracy of financial statements. Corporate officers - the chief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO) - are personally responsible for fair financial reporting allowing those reading the report to have a good sense of the organization.
Standards and regulations[edit]
Different countries have developed their own accounting principles over time, making international comparisons of companies difficult. To ensure uniformity and comparability between financial statements prepared by different companies, a set of guidelines and rules are used. Commonly referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), these set of guidelines provide the basis in the preparation of financial statements, although many companies voluntarily disclose information beyond the scope of such requirements.[6]
Recently there has been a push towards standardizing accounting rules made by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB"). IASB develops International Financial Reporting Standards that have been adopted by Australia, Canada and the European Union (for publicly quoted companies only), are under consideration in South Africa and other countries. The United States Financial Accounting Standards Board has made a commitment to converge the U.S. GAAP and IFRS over time.
Inclusion in annual reports[edit]
To entice new investors, public companies assemble their financial statements on fine paper with pleasing graphics and photos in an annual report to shareholders, attempting to capture the excitement and culture of the organization in a "marketing brochure" of sorts. Usually the company's chief executive will write a letter to shareholders, describing management's performance and the company's financial highlights.
In the United States, prior to the advent of the internet, the annual report was considered the most effective way for corporations to communicate with individual shareholders. Blue chip companies went to great expense to produce and mail out attractive annual reports to every shareholder. The annual report was often prepared in the style of a coffee table book.
Notes[edit]
Notes to financial statements (notes) are additional information added to the end of financial statements that help explain specific items in the statements as well as provide a more comprehensive assessment of a company's financial condition. Notes to financial statements can include information on debt, going concern criteria, accounts, contingent liabilities or contextual information explaining the financial numbers (e.g. to indicate a lawsuit).
The notes clarify individual statement line-items. For example, if a company lists a loss on a fixed asset impairment line in their income statement, notes could state the reason for the impairment by describing how the asset became impaired. Notes are also used to explain the accounting methods used to prepare the statements and they support valuations for how particular accounts have been computed.
In consolidated financial statements, all subsidiaries are listed as well as the amount of ownership (controlling interest) that the parent company has in the subsidiaries. Any items within the financial statements that are valuated by estimation are part of the notes if a substantial difference exists between the amount of the estimate previously reported and the actual result. Full disclosure of the effects of the differences between the estimate and actual results should be included.
Management discussion and analysis[edit]
Management discussion and analysis or MD&A is an integrated part of a company's annual financial statements. The purpose of the MD&A is to provide a narrative explanation, through the eyes of management, of how an entity has performed in the past, its financial condition, and its future prospects. In so doing, the MD&A attempt to provide investors with complete, fair, and balanced information to help them decide whether to invest or continue to invest in an entity.[7]
The section contains a description of the year gone by and some of the key factors that influenced the business of the company in that year, as well as a fair and unbiased overview of the company's past, present, and future.
MD&A typically describes the corporation's liquidity position, capital resources,[8] results of its operations, underlying causes of material changes in financial statement items (such as asset impairment and restructuring charges), events of unusual or infrequent nature (such as mergers and acquisitions or share buybacks), positive and negative trends, effects of inflation, domestic and international market risks,[9] and significant uncertainties.
Move to electronic statements[edit]
Financial statements have been created on paper for hundreds of years. The growth of the Web has seen more and more financial statements created in an electronic form which is exchangeable over the Web. Common forms of electronic financial statements are PDF and HTML. These types of electronic financial statements have their drawbacks in that it still takes a human to read the information in order to reuse the information contained in a financial statement.
More recently a market driven global standard, XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language), which can be used for creating financial statements in a structured and computer readable format, has become more popular as a format for creating financial statements. Many regulators around the world such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission have mandated XBRL for the submission of financial information.
The UN/CEFACT created, with respect to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, (GAAP), internal or external financial reporting XML messages to be used between enterprises and their partners, such as private interested parties (e.g. bank) and public collecting bodies (e.g. taxation authorities). Many regulators use such messages to collect financial and economic information.
See also[edit]
Accountable Fundraising
Center for Audit Quality (CAQ)
Corporate finance
Financial statement analysis
Comprehensive annual financial report
Model audit
References[edit]
Jump up ^ EHLERS, RICARDO S.; BROOKS, STEPHEN P. (2008-07-30). "Adaptive Proposal Construction for Reversible Jump MCMC". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. 35 (4): 677–690. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9469.2008.00606.x. ISSN 0303-6898.
Jump up ^ "Presentation of Financial Statements" Standard IAS 1, International Accounting Standards Board. Accessed 24 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements" International Accounting Standards Board. Accessed 24 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "IAS 27 — Separate Financial Statements (2011)". www.iasplus.com. IAS Plus (This material is provided by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), or a member firm of DTTL, or one of their related entities. This material is provided “AS IS” and without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Without limiting the foregoing, neither Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), nor any member firm of DTTL (a “DTTL Member Firm”), nor any of their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte Network”) warrants that this material will be error-free or will meet any particular criteria of performance or quality, and each entity of the Deloitte Network expressly disclaims all implied warranties, including without limitation warranties of merchantability, title, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, and accuracy.). Retrieved 2013-11-29.
Jump up ^ "IFRS 10 — Consolidated Financial Statements". www.iasplus.com. IAS Plus (This material is provided by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), or a member firm of DTTL, or one of their related entities. This material is provided “AS IS” and without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Without limiting the foregoing, neither Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), nor any member firm of DTTL (a “DTTL Member Firm”), nor any of their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte Network”) warrants that this material will be error-free or will meet any particular criteria of performance or quality, and each entity of the Deloitte Network expressly disclaims all implied warranties, including without limitation warranties of merchantability, title, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, and accuracy.). Retrieved 2013-11-29.
Jump up ^ FASB, 2001. Improving Business Reporting: Insights into Enhancing Voluntary Disclosures. Retrieved on April 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ MD&A & Other Performance Reporting
Jump up ^ Nico Resources Management's Discussion and Analysis
Jump up ^ PepsiCo Management's Discussion and Analysis
Further reading[edit]
Alexander, D., Britton, A., Jorissen, A., "International Financial Reporting and Analysis", Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84480-201-2
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Financial statement
Resources in your library
IFRS Foundation & International Accounting Standards Board
Financial Accounting Standards Board (U.S.)
UN/CEFACT
UN/CEFACT Trade And Business Group Accounting And Audit
Mańko, Rafał. "New legal framework for financial statements" (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Fundamental Analysis: Notes To The Financial Statements by Investopedia.com
The Notes to the Financial Statements May Be Worth Noting by Googobits.com
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