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Energy transformation
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Energy Transformation in Energy Systems Language.
Energy transformation, also termed as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one of its forms into another. In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform many actions—think of lifting or warming an object. In addition to being convertible, energy is transferable to a different location or object, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy in many of its forms may be used in natural processes, or to provide some service to society such as heating, refrigeration, lightening or performing mechanical work to operate machines. For example, in order to heat your home, your furnace can burn fuel, whose chemical potential energy is thus converted into thermal energy, which is then transferred to your home's air in order to raise its temperature.
In another example, an internal combustion engine burns gasoline of cause pressure that pushes the pistons, thus performing work in order to accelerate your vehicle, ultimately converting the fuel's chemical energy to your vehicle's additional kinetic energy corresponding to its increase in speed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Entropy and limitations in conversion of thermal energy to other types
2 Transformation of kinetic energy of charged particles to electric energy
3 History of energy transformation from the early universe
4 Examples
4.1 Examples of sets of energy conversions in machines
4.2 Other energy conversions
5 See also
6 References
Entropy and limitations in conversion of thermal energy to other types[edit]
Conversions to thermal energy (thus raising the temperature) from other forms of energy, may occur with essentially 100% efficiency[citation needed] (many types %, such as when potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as an object falls in vacuum, or when an object orbits nearer or farther from another object, in space.
Though, conversion of thermal energy to other forms, thus reducing the temperature of a system, has strict limitations, often keeping its efficiency much less than 100% (even when energy is not allowed to escape from the system). This is because thermal energy has already been partly spread out among many available states of a collection of microscopic particles constituting the system, which can have enormous numbers of possible combinations of momentum and position (these combinations are said to form a phase space). In such circumstances, a measure called entropy, or evening-out of energy distributions, dictates that future states of an isolated system must be of at least equal evenness in energy distribution. In other words, there is no way to concentrate energy without spreading out energy somewhere else.
Thermal energy in equilibrium at a given temperature already represents the maximal evening-out of energy between all possible states. Such energy is sometimes considered "degraded energy," because it is not entirely convertible a "useful" form, i.e. one that can do more than just affect temperature. The second law of thermodynamics is a way of stating that, for this reason, thermal energy in a system may be converted to other kinds of energy with efficiencies approaching 100%, only if the entropy (even-ness or disorder) of the universe is increased by other means, to compensate for the decrease in entropy associated with the disappearance of the thermal energy and its entropy content. Otherwise, only a part of thermal energy may be converted to other kinds of energy (and thus, useful work), since the remainder of the heat must be reserved to be transferred to a thermal reservoir at a lower temperature, in such a way that the increase in Entropy for this process more than compensates for the entropy decrease associated with transformation of the rest of the heat into other types of energy...... Examples
Transformation of kinetic energy of charged particles to electric energy[edit]
In order to make the energy transformation more efficient, it is desirable to avoid the thermal conversion. For example, the efficiency of nuclear energy reactors, where kinetic energy of nuclei is first converted to thermal energy and then to electric energy, lies around 35%.[1][2] By direct conversion of kinetic energy to electric, i.e. by eliminating the thermal energy transformation, the efficiency of energy transformation process can be dramatically improved.[3]
History of energy transformation from the early universe[edit]
Energy transformations in the universe over time are (generally) characterized by various kinds of energy which has been available since the Big Bang, later being "released" (that is, transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy), when a triggering mechanism is available to do it.
Release of energy from gravitational potential: A direct transformation of energy occurs when hydrogen produced in the big bang collects into structures such as planets, in a process during which part of the gravitational potential is to be converted directly into heat. In Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, for example, such heat from continued collapse of the planets' large gas atmospheres continues to drive most of the planets' weather systems, with atmospheric bands, winds, and powerful storms which are only partly powered by sunlight, however, on Uranus, little of this process occurs.
On Earth a significant portion of heat output from interior of the planet, estimated at a third to half of the total, is caused by slow collapse of planetary materials to a smaller size, with output of gravitationally driven heat.
Release of energy from radioactive potential: Familiar examples of other such processes transforming energy from the Big Bang include nuclear decay, in which energy is released which was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes, such as uranium and thorium. This energy was stored at the time of these elements' nucleosynthesis, a process which ultimately uses the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of type IIa supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. Such energy locked into uranium is triggered for sudden-release in nuclear fission bombs, and similar stored energies in atomic nuclei are released spontaneously, during most types of radioactive decay. In such processes, heat from decay of these atoms of radioisotope in the core of the Earth is transformed immediately to heat. This heat in turn may lift mountains, via plate tectonics and orogenesis. This slow lifting of terrain thus represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the heat energy. The stored potential energy may be released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a kind of mechanical potential energy which has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources.
Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy which has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field, or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, the energy represented by these events had been stored in heavy atoms (or in the gravitational potential of the Earth). The energy stored in heat atoms had been stored as potential ever since the time that gravitational potentials transforming energy in the collapse of long-destroyed stars (supernovae) created these atoms, and in doing so, stored the energy within.
Release of energy from hydrogen fusion potential: In other similar chain of transformations beginning at the dawn of the universe, nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This resulted in hydrogen representing a store of potential energy which can be released by nuclear fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. Such sunlight may again be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) snow-avalanches, or when water evaporates from oceans and is deposited high above sea level (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbine/generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena on Earth. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement. Sunlight is also captured by green plants as chemical potential energy, when carbon dioxide and water are converted into a combustible combination of carbohydrates, lipids, and oxygen. Release of this energy as heat and light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire; or it may be available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.
Through all of these transformation chains, potential energy stored at the time of the Big Bang is later released by intermediate events, sometimes being stored in a number of ways over time between releases, as more active energy. In all these events, one kind of energy is converted to other types of energy, including heat.
Examples[edit]
Examples of sets of energy conversions in machines[edit]
For instance, a coal-fired power plant involves these energy transformations:
Chemical energy in the coal converted to thermal energy in the exhaust gases of combustion.
Thermal energy of the exhaust gases converted into thermal energy of steam through the heat exchanger.
Thermal energy of steam converted to mechanical energy in the turbine.
Mechanical energy of the turbine converted to electrical energy by the generator, which is the ultimate output
In such a system, the first and fourth step are highly efficient, but the second and third steps are less efficient. The most efficient gas-fired electrical power stations can achieve 50% conversion efficiency. Oil- and coal-fired stations achieve less.
In a conventional automobile, these energy transformations are involved:
Chemical energy in the fuel converted to kinetic energy of expanding gas via combustion
Kinetic energy of expanding gas converted to linear piston movement
Linear piston movement converted to rotary crankshaft movement
Rotary crankshaft movement passed into transmission assembly
Rotary movement passed out of transmission assembly
Rotary movement passed through differential
Rotary movement passed out of differential to drive wheels
Rotary movement of drive wheels converted to linear motion of the vehicle.
Other energy conversions[edit]
There are many different machines and transducers that convert one energy form into another. A short list of examples follows:
Thermoelectric (Heat → Electric energy)
Geothermal power (Heat→ Electric energy)
Heat engines, such as the internal combustion engine used in cars, or the steam engine (Heat → Mechanical energy)
Ocean thermal power (Heat → Electric energy)
Hydroelectric dams (Gravitational potential energy → Electric energy)
Electric generator (Kinetic energy or Mechanical work → Electric energy)
Fuel cells (Chemical energy → Electric energy)
Battery (electricity) (Chemical energy → Electric energy)
Fire (Chemical energy → Heat and Light)
Electric lamp (Electric energy → Heat and Light)
Microphone (Sound → Electric energy)
Wave power (Mechanical energy → Electric energy)
Windmills (Wind energy → Electric energy or Mechanical energy)
Piezoelectrics (Strain → Electric energy)
Friction (Kinetic energy → Heat)
Electric heater (Electric energy → Heat)
See also[edit]
Chaos theory
Conservation law
Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
Groundwater energy balance
Laws of thermodynamics
Noether's theorem
Principles of energetics
Uncertainty principle
Energy quality
Thermoeconomics
Energy Accounting
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GND: 4152239-4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dunbar, W.; Mooby, S.; et., al. (1995). "Exergy analysis of an operating boiling-water-reactor nuclear power station". Energy Conversion and Management. 36. doi:10.1016/0196-8904(94)00054-4.
Jump up ^ Wilson, P.D. (1996). .The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: From Ore to Waste. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Shinn, E.; et., al. (2012). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors". Complexity. Bibcode:2013Cmplx..18c..24S. doi:10.1002/cplx.21427.
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Wireless ad hoc network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that Mobile ad hoc network be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2018.
A wireless ad hoc network[1] (WANET) or MANET (Mobile ad hoc network) is a decentralised type of wireless network.[2][3] The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure) wireless networks.[4] Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, so the determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis of network connectivity and the routing algorithm in use.[5]
In the Windows operating system, ad-hoc is a communication mode (setting) that allows computers to directly communicate with each other without a router.
Wireless mobile ad hoc networks are self-configuring, dynamic networks in which nodes are free to move. Wireless networks lack the complexities of infrastructure setup and administration, enabling devices to create and join networks "on the fly" – anywhere, anytime.[6]
Contents
1 History on packet radio
2 Early work on MANET
3 Applications
3.1 Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
3.1.1 Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)
3.1.2 Smart phone ad hoc networks (SPANs)
3.1.3 Wireless mesh networks
3.1.4 Army tactical MANETs
3.1.5 Air Force UAV Ad hoc networks
3.1.6 Navy ad hoc networks
3.1.7 Wireless sensor networks
3.1.8 Ad hoc home smart lighting
3.1.9 Ad hoc street light networks
3.1.10 Ad hoc networked of robots
3.1.11 Disaster rescue ad hoc network
3.1.12 Hospital ad hoc network
4 Challenges
4.1 Advantages
4.2 Disadvantages
5 Radios for ad hoc
6 Protocol stack
7 Routing
7.1 Proactive routing
7.1.1 Distance vector routing
7.2 Reactive routing
7.2.1 Flooding
7.3 Hybrid routing
7.4 Position-based routing
8 Technical requirements for implementation
9 Medium-access control
10 Software reprogramming
11 Mathematical models
12 Security
13 Simulation
14 See also
15 References
History on packet radio[edit]
The earliest wireless data network is called "packet radio" network, and was sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the early 1970s. Bolt, Beranek and Newman Technologies (BBN) and SRI International designed, built, and experimented with these earliest systems. Experimenters included Robert Kahn,[7] Jerry Burchfiel, and Ray Tomlinson.[8] Similar experiments took place in the amateur radio community with the x25 protocol. These early packet radio systems predated the Internet, and indeed were part of the motivation of the original Internet Protocol suite. Later DARPA experiments included the Survivable Radio Network (SURAN) project,[9] which took place in the 1980s. Another third wave of academic and research activity started in the mid-1990s with the advent of inexpensive 802.11 radio cards for personal computers. Current wireless ad-hoc networks are designed primarily for military utility.[10] Problems with packet radios are: (1) bulky elements, (2) slow data rate, (3) unable to maintain links if mobility is high. The project did not proceed much further until the early 1990s when wireless ad hoc networks are born.
Early work on MANET[edit]
In the early 1990s, Charles Perkins from SUN Microsystems USA, and Chai Keong Toh from Cambridge University separately started to work on a different Internet, that of a wireless ad hoc network. Perkins was working on the dynamic addressing issues. Toh worked on a new routing protocol, which was known as ABR – associativity-based routing.[11] Perkins eventually proposed DSDV – Destination Sequence Distance Vector routing, which was based on distributed distance vector routing. Toh's proposal was an on-demand based routing, i.e. routes are discovered on-the-fly in real-time as and when needed. ABR[12] was submitted to IETF as RFCs. ABR was implemented successfully into Linux OS on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a enabled laptops and a practical ad hoc mobile network was therefore proven[2][13][14] to be possible in 1999. Another routing protocol known as AODV was subsequently introduced and later proven and implemented in 2005.[15] In 2007, David Johnson and Dave Maltz proposed DSR – Dynamic Source Routing.[16]
Applications[edit]
The decentralized nature of wireless ad-hoc networks makes them suitable for a variety of applications where central nodes can't be relied on and may improve the scalability of networks compared to wireless managed networks, though theoretical and practical limits to the overall capacity of such networks have been identified. Minimal configuration and quick deployment make ad hoc networks suitable for emergency situations like natural disasters or military conflicts. The presence of dynamic and adaptive routing protocols enables ad hoc networks to be formed quickly. Wireless ad-hoc networks can be further classified by their applications:
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)[edit]
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a continuously self-configuring, self-organizing, infrastructure-less[17] network of mobile devices connected without wires. It is sometimes known as "on-the-fly" networks or "spontaneous networks".[18]
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)[edit]
VANETs are used for communication between vehicles and roadside equipment. Intelligent vehicular ad hoc networks (InVANETs) are a kind of artificial intelligence that helps vehicles to behave in intelligent manners during vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, accidents. Vehicles are using radio waves to communicate with each other, creating communication networks instantly on-the-fly while vehicles are moving on the roads.
Smart phone ad hoc networks (SPANs)[edit]
A SPAN leverages existing hardware (primarily Wi-Fi and Bluetooth) and software (protocols) in commercially available smartphones to create peer-to-peer networks without relying on cellular carrier networks, wireless access points, or traditional network infrastructure. Most recently, Apple's iPhone with version 7.0 iOS and higher have been enabled with multi-peer ad hoc mesh networking capability,[19] in iPhones, allowing millions of smart phones to create ad hoc networks without relying on cellular communications. It has been claimed that this is going to "change the world".[20]
Wireless mesh networks[edit]
Mesh networks take their name from the topology of the resultant network. In a fully connected mesh, each node is connected to every other node, forming a "mesh". A partial mesh, by contrast, has a topology in which some nodes are not connected to others, although this term is seldom in use. Wireless ad hoc networks can take the form of a mesh networks or others. A wireless ad hoc network does not have fixed topology, and its connectivity among nodes is totally dependent on the behavior of the devices, their mobility patterns, distance with each other, etc. Hence, wireless mesh networks are a particular type of wireless ad hoc networks, with special emphasis on the resultant network topology. While some wireless mesh networks (particularly those within a home) have relatively infrequent mobility and thus infrequent link breaks, other more mobile mesh networks require frequent routing adjustments to account for lost links. Google Home, Google Wi-Fi, and Google OnHub all support Wi-Fi mesh (i.e., Wi-Fi ad hoc) networking.[21] Apple's AirPort allows the formation of wireless mesh networks at home, connecting various Wi-Fi devices together and providing good wireless coverage and connectivity at home.[22]
Army tactical MANETs[edit]
Army has been in need of "on-the-move" communications for a long time. Ad hoc mobile communications[23] come in well to fulfill this need, especially its infrastructureless nature, fast deployment and operation. Military MANETs are used by military units with emphasis on rapid deployment, infrastructureless, all-wireless networks (no fixed radio towers), robustness (link breaks are no problem), security, range, and instant operation. MANETs can be used in army "hopping" mines,[24] in platoons where soldiers communicate in foreign terrains, giving them superiority in the battlefield. Tactical MANETs can be formed automatically during the mission and the network "disappears" when the mission is over or decommissioned. It is sometimes called "on-the-fly" wireless tactical network.
Air Force UAV Ad hoc networks[edit]
Unmanned aerial vehicle, is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remotely controlled (i.e., flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans. Civilian usage of UAV include modeling 3D terrains, package delivery (Amazon), etc.[25]
UAVs have also been used by US Air Force[26] for data collection and situation sensing, without risking the pilot in a foreign unfriendly environment. With wireless ad hoc network technology embedded into the UAVs, multiple UAVs can communicate with each other and work as a team, collaboratively to complete a task and mission. If a UAV is destroyed by an enemy, its data can be quickly offloaded wirelessly to other neighboring UAVs. The UAV ad hoc communication network is also sometimes referred to UAV instant sky network.
Navy ad hoc networks[edit]
Navy ships traditionally use satellite communications and other maritime radios to communicate with each other or with ground station back on land. However, such communications are restricted by delays and limited bandwidth. Wireless ad hoc networks enable ship-area-networks to be formed while at sea, enabling high speed wireless communications among ships, enhancing their sharing of imaging and multimedia data, and better co-ordination in battlefield operations.[27] Some defense companies (such as Rockwell Collins and Rohde & Schwartz) have produced products that enhance ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications.[28]
Wireless sensor networks[edit]
Sensors are useful devices that collect information related to a specific parameter, such as noise, temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. Sensors are increasingly connected via wireless to allow large scale collection of sensor data. With a large sample of sensor data, analytics processing can be used to make sense out of these data. The connectivity of wireless sensor networks rely on the principles behind wireless ad hoc networks, since sensors can now be deploy without any fixed radio towers, and they can now form networks on-the-fly. "Smart Dust" was one of the early projects done at U C Berkeley, where tiny radios were used to interconnect smart dust.[29] More recently, mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have also become an area of academic interest.
Ad hoc home smart lighting[edit]
ZigBee is a low power form of wireless ad hoc networks that is now finding their way in home automation. Its low power consumption, robustness and extended range inherent in mesh networking can deliver several advantages for smart lighting in homes and in offices. The control includes adjusting dimmable lights, color lights, and color or scene. The networks allow a set or subset of lights to be controlled over a smart phone or via a computer.[30] The home automation market is tipped to exceed $16 billion by 2019.
Ad hoc street light networks[edit]
Wireless ad hoc smart street light networks are beginning to evolve. The concept is to use wireless control of city street lights for better energy efficiency, as part of a smart city architectural feature.[31] Multiple street lights form a wireless ad hoc network. A single gateway device can control up to 500 street lights. Using the gateway device, one can turn individual lights ON, OFF or dim them, as well as find out which individual light is faulty and in need of maintenance.[32]
Ad hoc networked of robots[edit]
Robots are mechanical systems that drive automation and perform chores that would seem difficult for man. Efforts have been made to co-ordinate and control a group of robots to undertake collaborative work to complete a task. Centralized control is often based on a "star" approach, where robots take turns to talk to the controller station. However, with wireless ad hoc networks, robots can form a communication network on-the-fly, i.e., robots can now "talk" to each other and collaborate in a distributed fashion.[33] With a network of robots, the robots can communicate among themselves, share local information, and distributively decide how to resolve a task in the most effective and efficient way.[34]
Disaster rescue ad hoc network[edit]
Another civilian use of wireless ad hoc network is public safety. At times of disasters (floods, storms, earthquakes, fires, etc.), a quick and instant wireless communication network is necessary. Especially at times of earthquakes when radio towers had collapsed or were destroyed, wireless ad hoc networks can be formed independently. Firemen and rescue workers can use ad hoc networks to communicate and rescue those injured. Commercial radios with such capability are available on the market.[35][36]
Hospital ad hoc network[edit]
Wireless ad hoc networks allow sensors, videos, instruments, and other devices to be deployed and interconnected wirelessly for clinic and hospital patient monitoring, doctor and nurses alert notification, and also making senses of such data quickly at fusion points, so that lives can be saved.[37][38]
Challenges[edit]
Several books[3][39] and works have revealed the technical and research challenges[40][41] facing wireless ad hoc networks or MANETs. The advantages and challenges (cons) can be briefly summarized below:
Advantages[edit]
Highly performing network.
No expensive infrastructure must be installed
Use of unlicensed frequency spectrum
Quick distribution of information around sender
No single point of failure.
Disadvantages[edit]
All network entities may be mobile ⇒ very dynamic topology
Network functions must have high degree of adaptability
No central entities ⇒ operation in completely distributed manner.
Radios for ad hoc[edit]
Wireless ad hoc networks can operate over different types of radios. They can be UHF (300 – 3000 MHz), SHF (3 – 30 GHz), and EHF (30 – 300 GHz). Wi-Fi ad hoc uses the unlicensed ISM 2.4 GHz radios. They can also be used on 5.8 GHz radios.
Next generation Wi-Fi known as 802.11ax provides low delay, high capacity (up to 10Gbit/s) and low packet loss rate, offering 12 streams – 8 streams at 5 GHz and 4 streams at 2.4 GHz. IEEE 802.11ax uses 8x8 MU-MIMO, OFDMA, and 80 MHz channels. Hence, 802.11ax has the ability to form high capacity Wi-Fi ad hoc networks.
At 60 GHz, there is another form of Wi-Fi known as WiGi – wireless gigabit. This has the ability to offer up to 7Gbit/s throughput. Currently, WiGi is targeted to work with 5G cellular networks.[42]
The higher the frequency, such as those of 300 GHz, absorption of the signal will be more predominant. Army tactical radios usually employ a variety of UHF and SHF radios, including those of VHF to provide a variety of communication modes. At the 800, 900, 1200, 1800 MHz range, cellular radios are predominant. Some cellular radios use ad hoc communications to extend cellular range to areas and devices not reachable by the cellular base station.
Protocol stack[edit]
The challenges[3][43] affecting MANETs span from various layers of the OSI protocol stack. The media access layer (MAC) has to be improved to resolve collisions and hidden terminal problems. The network layer routing protocol has to be improved to resolve dynamically changing network topologies and broken routes. The transport layer protocol has to be improved to handle lost or broken connections. The session layer protocol has to deal with discovery of servers and services.
A major limitation with mobile nodes is that they have high mobility, causing links to be frequently broken and reestablished. Moreover, the bandwidth of a wireless channel is also limited, and nodes operate on limited battery power, which will eventually be exhausted. Therefore, the design of a mobile ad hoc network is highly challenging, but this technology has high prospects to be able to manage communication protocols of the future.
The cross-layer design deviates from the traditional network design approach in which each layer of the stack would be made to operate independently. The modified transmission power will help that node to dynamically vary its propagation range at the physical layer. This is because the propagation distance is always directly proportional to transmission power. This information is passed from the physical layer to the network layer so that it can take optimal decisions in routing protocols. A major advantage of this protocol is that it allows access of information between physical layer and top layers (MAC and network layer).
Some elements of the software stack were developed to allow code updates in situ, i.e., with the nodes embedded in their physical environment and without needing to bring the nodes back into the lab facility.[44] Such software updating relied on epidemic mode of dissemination of information and had to be done both efficiently (few network transmissions) and fast.
Routing[edit]
Routing[45] in wireless ad hoc networks or MANETs generally falls into three categories, namely: (a) proactive routing, (b) reacting routing, and (c) hybrid routing.
Proactive routing[edit]
This type of protocols maintains fresh lists of destinations and their routes by periodically distributing routing tables throughout the network. The main disadvantages of such algorithms are:
Respective amount of data for maintenance.
Slow reaction on restructuring and failures.
Example: Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)
Distance vector routing[edit]
As in a fix net nodes maintain routing tables. Distance-vector protocols are based on calculating the direction and distance to any link in a network. "Direction" usually means the next hop address and the exit interface. "Distance" is a measure of the cost to reach a certain node. The least cost route between any two nodes is the route with minimum distance. Each node maintains a vector (table) of minimum distance to every node. The cost of reaching a destination is calculated using various route metrics. RIP uses the hop count of the destination whereas IGRP takes into account other information such as node delay and available bandwidth.
Reactive routing[edit]
This type of protocol finds a route based on user and traffic demand by flooding the network with Route Request or Discovery packets. The main disadvantages of such algorithms are:
High latency time in route finding.
Excessive flooding can lead to network clogging.[46]
However, clustering can be used to limit flooding. The latency incurred during route discovery is not significant compared to periodic route update exchanges by all nodes in the network.
Example: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)
Flooding[edit]
Is a simple routing algorithm in which every incoming packet is sent through every outgoing link except the one it arrived on. Flooding is used in bridging and in systems such as Usenet and peer-to-peer file sharing and as part of some routing protocols, including OSPF, DVMRP, and those used in wireless ad hoc networks.
Hybrid routing[edit]
This type of protocol combines the advantages of proactive and reactive routing. The routing is initially established with some proactively prospected routes and then serves the demand from additionally activated nodes through reactive flooding. The choice of one or the other method requires predetermination for typical cases. The main disadvantages of such algorithms are:
Advantage depends on number of other nodes activated.
Reaction to traffic demand depends on gradient of traffic volume.[47]
Example: Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
Position-based routing[edit]
Position-based routing methods use information on the exact locations of the nodes. This information is obtained for example via a GPS receiver. Based on the exact location the best path between source and destination nodes can be determined.
Example: "Location-Aided Routing in mobile ad hoc networks" (LAR)
Technical requirements for implementation[edit]
An ad hoc network is made up of multiple "nodes" connected by "links."
Links are influenced by the node's resources (e.g., transmitter power, computing power and memory) and behavioral properties (e.g., reliability), as well as link properties (e.g. length-of-link and signal loss, interference and noise). Since links can be connected or disconnected at any time, a functioning network must be able to cope with this dynamic restructuring, preferably in a way that is timely, efficient, reliable, robust, and scalable.
The network must allow any two nodes to communicate by relaying the information via other nodes. A "path" is a series of links that connects two nodes. Various routing methods use one or two paths between any two nodes; flooding methods use all or most of the available paths.[48]
Medium-access control[edit]
Main article: Media access control
In most wireless ad hoc networks, the nodes compete for access to shared wireless medium, often resulting in collisions (interference).[49] Collisions can be handled using centralized scheduling or distributed contention access protocols.[49] Using cooperative wireless communications improves immunity to interference by having the destination node combine self-interference and other-node interference to improve decoding of the desired signals.
Software reprogramming[edit]
Large-scale ad hoc wireless networks may be deployed for long periods of time. During this time the requirements from the network or the environment in which the nodes are deployed may change. This can require modifying the application executing on the sensor nodes, or providing the application with a different set of parameters. It may be very difficult to manually reprogram the nodes because of the scale (possibly hundreds of nodes) and the embedded nature of the deployment, since the nodes may be located in places that are difficult to access physically. Therefore, the most relevant form of reprogramming is remote multihop reprogramming using the wireless medium which reprograms the nodes as they are embedded in their sensing environment. Specialized protocols have been developed for the embedded nodes which minimize the energy consumption of the process as well as reaching the entire network with high probability in as short a time as possible.[44][50]
Mathematical models[edit]
The traditional model is the random geometric graph. Early work included simulating ad hoc mobile networks on sparse and densely connected topologies. Nodes are firstly scattered in a constrained physical space randomly. Each node then has a predefined fixed cell size (radio range). A node is said to be connected to another node if this neighbor is within its radio range. Nodes are then moved (migrated away) based on a random model, using random walk or brownian motion. Different mobility and number of nodes present yield different route length and hence different number of multi-hops.
A randomly constructed geometric graph drawn inside a square
These are graphs consisting of a set of nodes placed according to a point process in some usually bounded subset of the n-dimensional plane, mutually coupled according to a boolean probability mass function of their spatial separation (see e.g. unit disk graphs). The connections between nodes may have different weights to model the difference in channel attenuations.[49] One can then study network observables (such as connectivity,[51] centrality[52] or the degree distribution[53]) from a graph-theoretic perspective. One can further study network protocols and algorithms to improve network throughput and fairness.[49]
Security[edit]
Most wireless ad hoc networks do not implement any network access control, leaving these networks vulnerable to resource consumption attacks where a malicious node injects packets into the network with the goal of depleting the resources of the nodes relaying the packets.[54]
To thwart or prevent such attacks, it was necessary to employ authentication mechanisms that ensure that only authorized nodes can inject traffic into the network.[55] Even with authentication, these networks are vulnerable to packet dropping or delaying attacks, whereby an intermediate node drops the packet or delays it, rather than promptly sending it to the next hop.
Simulation[edit]
One key problem in wireless ad hoc networks is foreseeing the variety of possible situations that can occur. As a result, modeling and simulation (M&S) using extensive parameter sweeping and what-if analysis becomes an extremely important paradigm for use in ad hoc networks. Traditional M&S tools include OPNET, and NetSim.
See also[edit]
Independent basic service set (IBSS)
Mobile wireless sensor network
List of ad hoc routing protocols
Personal area network (PAN)
Wi-Fi Direct
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wireless ATM & Ad Hoc Networks, 1997, Kluwer Academic Press".
^ Jump up to: a b Chai Keong Toh Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-13-007817-9
^ Jump up to: a b c C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj, Ad hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols, Prentice Hall PTR, May 2004. ISBN 978-0-13-300706-0
Jump up ^ Morteza M. Zanjireh; Hadi Larijani (May 2015). A Survey on Centralised and Distributed Clustering Routing Algorithms for WSNs (PDF). IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference. Glasgow, Scotland. doi:10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7145650.
Jump up ^ Morteza M. Zanjireh; Ali Shahrabi; Hadi Larijani (2013). ANCH: A New Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks (PDF). 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops. WAINA 2013. doi:10.1109/WAINA.2013.242.
Jump up ^ Chai Keong Toh. Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks. United States: Prentice Hall Publishers, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Robert ("Bob") Elliot Kahn". A.M. Turing Award. Association for Computing Machinery.
Jump up ^ J. Burchfiel; R. Tomlinson; M. Beeler (May 1975). Functions and structure of a packet radio station (PDF). National Computer Conference and Exhibition. pp. 245–251. doi:10.1145/1499949.1499989.
Jump up ^ Beyer, Dave (October 1990). "Accomplishments of the DARPA SURAN Program - IEEE Conference Publication". ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
Jump up ^ American Radio Relay League. "ARRL's VHF Digital Handbook", p 1-2, American Radio Relay League,2008
Jump up ^ Chai Keong Toh Associativity-Based Routing for Ad Hoc Mobile Networks, Wireless Personal Communications Journal, 1997.
Jump up ^ Chai Keong Toh IETF MANET DRAFT: Long-lived Ad Hoc Routing based on the Concept of Associativity
Jump up ^ "Experimenting with an Ad Hoc Wireless Network on Campus: Insights & Experiences", ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2001".
Jump up ^ ""Implementation of Ad Hoc Mobile Networks", Chapter 7 of BOOK: Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, Prentice Hall, 2001, ISBN 0-13-007817-4".
Jump up ^ "AODV Implementation Design and Performance Evaluation" by Ian D. Chakeres
Jump up ^ The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for IPv4
Jump up ^ "Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks:Protocols and Systems, 2001".
Jump up ^ "Spontaneous Networking by Laura Feeney, IEEE Communications, 2001".
Jump up ^ "MultipeerConnectivity from Apple".
Jump up ^ "How an Underappreciated iOS 7 Feature Will Change the World by Mike Elgan".
Jump up ^ ""Everyone is a node: How Wi-Fi Mesh Networking Works by Jerry Hildenbrand, 2016".
Jump up ^ "Apple's AirPort in the age of mesh networking by Rene Ritchie, 2016".
Jump up ^ "Soldier Link System (SLS) using Ad hoc networks by Northrop Grumman".
Jump up ^ "DARPA Hopping Mines using Ad Hoc Networking Technology".
Jump up ^ "The future is here: Five applications of UAV technology".
Jump up ^ "U.S. Air Force Chief Scientist: Stealth Drones and Killer Swarms Could Be Coming Soon".
Jump up ^ "We connect your naval forces by Rohde & schwartz" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The first fully mobile, cross-platform ad hoc IP network utilizing legacy radio systems".
Jump up ^ "A Study on Smart Dust Networks, Linkoping University, 2011".
Jump up ^ "Mesh Networking, the Critical Open Sesame for Smart Lighting Success, 2016".
Jump up ^ "Smart Street Lights Wireless Mesh Networks, Telensa, UK".
Jump up ^ "Smart Street Lights from Maven".
Jump up ^ "Protocols and Applications of Ad-hoc Robot Wireless Communication Networks: An Overview" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Ad-hoc Wireless Network Coverage with Networked Robots that cannot Localize, 2009" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "GoTenna Militrary-Grade Mesh Networking" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "GoTenna Pro meshing radio aspires to deploy next to rescue, fire and security teams".
Jump up ^ "BigNurse: A Wireless Ad Hoc Network for Patient Monitoring, 2006".
Jump up ^ "The home health care with the ad-hoc network system, 2007".
Jump up ^ "Wireless ATM & Ad Hoc Networks, 1997, Kluwer Academic Press".
Jump up ^ "Research Challenges for Ad hoc mobile wireless networks, University of Essex, 2005".
Jump up ^ "An Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Applications and Challenges" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Making Sense on what's happening on Wi-Fi".
Jump up ^ "Wireless ATM & Ad Hoc Networks, 1997, Kluwer Academic Press".
^ Jump up to: a b Panta, Rajesh Krishna; Bagchi, Saurabh; Midkiff, Samuel P. (February 2011). "Efficient Incremental Code Update for Sensor Networks". ACM Trans. Sen. Netw. 7 (4): 30:1–30:32. doi:10.1145/1921621.1921624. ISSN 1550-4859.
Jump up ^ "A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks by EM Royer, CK Toh in IEEE Personal Communications, 1999".
Jump up ^ C. Perkins, E. Royer and S. Das: Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, RFC 3561
Jump up ^ Roger Wattenhofer. Algorithms for Ad Hoc Networks.
Jump up ^ Wu S.L., Tseng Y.C., "Wireless Ad Hoc Networking, Auerbach Publications", 2007 ISBN 978-0-8493-9254-2
^ Jump up to: a b c d Guowang Miao; Guocong Song (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107039886.
Jump up ^ Hui, Jonathan W.; Culler, David (2004). "The Dynamic Behavior of a Data Dissemination Protocol for Network Programming at Scale". Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. SenSys '04. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 81–94. doi:10.1145/1031495.1031506. ISBN 1581138792.
Jump up ^ M.D. Penrose. "Connectivity of Soft Random Geometric Graphs". The Annals of Applied Probability. 26: 986–1028. arXiv:1311.3897. doi:10.1214/15-AAP1110.
Jump up ^ A.P. Giles; O. Georgiou; C.P. Dettmann. "Betweenness Centrality in Dense Random Geometric Networks". 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). arXiv:1410.8521. doi:10.1109/ICC.2015.7249352.
Jump up ^ M.D. Penrose (2003). "Random Geometric Graphs". Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "The Resurrecting Duckling: Security Issues for Ad-hoc Wireless Networks by Stajano and Anderson, International Workshop on Security Protocols, 1999".
Jump up ^ Sencun Zhu; Shouhuai Xu; Sanjeev Setia; Sushil Jajodia (2003). "LHAP: A Lightweight Hop-by-Hop Authentication Protocol For Ad-Hoc Networks" (PDF). doi:10.1109/ICDCSW.2003.1203642.
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Olive Kitteridge (miniseries)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the TV miniseries. For the novel, see Olive Kitteridge.
Olive Kitteridge
Genre
Drama
Based on
Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout
Screenplay by
Jane Anderson
Directed by
Lisa Cholodenko
Starring
Frances McDormand
Richard Jenkins
Zoe Kazan
Rosemarie DeWitt
Martha Wainwright
John Gallagher Jr.
Devin Druid
Jesse Plemons
Bill Murray
Peter Mullan
Theme music composer
Carter Burwell
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
4
Production
Producer(s)
Gary Goetzman
Tom Hanks
Frances McDormand
Jane Anderson
Steve Shareshian
David Coatsworth
Cinematography
Frederick Elmes
Editor(s)
Jeffrey M. Werner
Running time
233 minutes
Production company(s)
HBO Miniseries
Playtone
As Is
Release
Original network
HBO
Original release
November 2 (2014-11-02) – November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
External links
Website
Olive Kitteridge is a 2014 four-hour miniseries based on the 2008 novel of the same name by Elizabeth Strout. Set in Maine,[1] the HBO miniseries features Frances McDormand as the title character, Richard Jenkins as Olive's loving husband Henry Kitteridge, Zoe Kazan as Denise Thibodeau, and Bill Murray as Jack Kennison.[2] The miniseries is divided into four parts, each depicting a certain point of time in the novel.[3]
Olive Kitteridge debuted in the United States on November 2, 2014, on the American premium TV network HBO, which aired the show's first two episodes back-to-back that evening; the third and fourth episodes aired back-to-back the following evening. The miniseries was shown in a similar format in the United Kingdom on Sky Atlantic, on December 14 and December 15, 2014.[4] It premiered in Australia on showcase from 13 January 2015.[5] At the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, the miniseries won eight awards including Outstanding Limited Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Episodes
3.1 Series 1 (2014)
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Accolades
5 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
Olive Kitteridge is a misanthropic and strict, but well-meaning, retired schoolteacher who lives in the fictional seaside town of Crosby, Maine. She is married to Henry Kitteridge, a kind, considerate man who runs a pharmacy downtown, and has a troubled son named Christopher, who grows up to be a podiatrist. For 25 years, Olive has experienced problems of depression, bereavement, jealousy, and friction with family members and friends.
Cast[edit]
Frances McDormand as Olive Kitteridge
Richard Jenkins as Henry Kitteridge
Zoe Kazan as Denise Thibodeau
Rosemarie DeWitt as Rachel Coulson
Martha Wainwright as Angela O'Meara
John Gallagher Jr. as Christopher Kitteridge (adult)
Devin Druid as Christopher Kitteridge (age 13)
John Mullen as Kevin Coulson (age 13)
Cory Michael Smith as Kevin Coulson (adult)
Ann Dowd as Bonnie Newton
Jesse Plemons as Jerry McCarthy
Bill Murray as Jack Kennison
Peter Mullan as Jim O'Casey
Rachel Brosnahan as Patty Howe
Brady Corbet as Henry Thibodeau
Maryann Urbano as Linda Kennison
Libby Winters as Suzanne
Patricia Kalember as Joyce
Audrey Marie Anderson as Ann
Donna Mitchell as Louise Larkin
Frank L. Ridley as Mr. Thibodeau
Episodes[edit]
Series 1 (2014)[edit]
No.
Title
Original Air Date
(United States)
1
"Pharmacy" 2 November 2014 (2014-11-02)
An elderly Olive walks into the forest, planning to commit suicide. As she kneels on a blanket and thinks about her life, the episode flashes back 25 years earlier to early 1980, when Henry's assistant at the pharmacy suffers a stroke and dies during her lunch break. To replace the deceased woman, he hires Denise Thibodeau, who is innocent and outgoing, but insecure. Henry finds Denise intelligent and cute, and they enjoy each other's company. For her part, Olive, unappreciative of Henry's kind and romantic gestures toward her, shares a mutual attraction with a fellow teacher, Jim O'Casey, although the two do not act on it. Olive takes an interest in the well-being of 13-year-old Kevin Coulson, one of her students at the school whose mother Rachel suffers from depression, and counsels Rachel on her behavior and responsibilities to Kevin. Thirteen-year-old Christopher finds Olive's parenting style harsh, demanding, and unforgiving, and resents the attention she pays to Kevin's welfare. Both Olive and Christopher also begin to resent Denise, who they call "the mouse," because of Henry's strong fatherly interest in her, and are rude to Denise and her husband when, at Henry's invitation, they have dinner at the Kitteridges' home. After Denise's husband is killed in a hunting accident, Henry's interest in Denise intensifies, and he begins to treat her as his child, comforting her, teaching her how to drive and how to care for her late husband's truck, giving her a kitten, advising her on who she should associate with, inviting her to dinner at the Kitteridges' house, and even feeding her like a baby at the dinner table when she says she has no appetite as Olive and Christopher look on in astonishment and consternation. Henry begins to ignore his other employee, stockboy Jerry McCarthy, overlooking his accomplishments, and eventually even angers Denise with his overprotectiveness, although they soon reconcile. After she accidentally runs over and kills her kitten, he tucks her into bed at her home and promises to take care of her. Henry is attracted to Denise, but does not act on it. Concerned that she has no friends her own age or social life, he asks Jerry to take Denise to the movies, which Jerry agrees to do, and gives Jerry money with which to pay for the date. Late one evening, Olive and Henry drive past a car accident along the side of the road in which Jim O'Casey has been killed, and after they arrive home, Henry finds a grieving Olive weeping bitterly in their bedroom.
2
"Incoming Tide" 2 November 2014 (2014-11-02)
A number of years later, Henry has sold the pharmacy to a chain store and retired. Denise and Jerry have married and moved to Houston, Texas, where they have started a family. Visiting Crosby, they stop by the Kitteridges' home for coffee. Jerry has become smug and extremely critical of Denise. After they leave, Henry opines that had Denise's first husband lived, she would have been loved and cherished; Olive admonishes him, suggesting that he actually is wishing that he had had a romantic relationship with Denise. Three weeks later, Kevin Coulson, now a medical student in New York City suffering from depression and hallucinations, as his mother Rachel did, returns to Crosby to commit suicide. His former teacher Olive chances upon him in his car in a parking lot; as they talk, she discerns that he is planning suicide, and their discussion reveals that both Olive's father and Rachel had killed themselves. As they talk, Olive sees another of Olive's former students and Kevin's former schoolmates, Patty Howe, slip off a cliff while picking flowers and fall into the ocean. Kevin rescues her. Olive invites a reluctant Kevin to attend a rehearsal dinner that evening for the wedding of Christopher, who is now a podiatrist in Crosby, and Suzanne, a proctologist from California. Olive finds Suzanne and her mother Joyce to be status-conscious, self-absorbed, and condescending toward Maine and its people, and they find Olive abrasive; Suzanne and Joyce have taken a dislike to Olive, as she has to them. Kevin talks with Christopher and Suzanne, who offend him by criticizing Olive, and he withdraws to the restaurant's bar, where he recalls Jim O'Casey advising him about women and marriage when he was a child. After the Kitteridges return home with Kevin, who spends the night at their house, Olive makes Kevin throw the shotgun and ammunition he planned to use for his suicide into the bay. Although the Kitteridges invite him to the wedding the following day, he chooses instead to visit Patty to ask if she had jumped off the cliff; she assures him that, although she was sad, she found that picking flowers cheered her up and had fallen off accidentally while doing so, and he is amazed that merely picking flowers can make her happy. Meanwhile, Olive and Henry go to the wedding, held at Christopher's and Suzanne's house in Crosby, where Olive is rude to Christopher, Suzanne, Joyce, and the caterers, trades veiled insults with Joyce constantly, and disapproves of virtually everything. While taking a nap in Christopher's and Suzanne's bedroom at the house during the reception, Olive overhears Suzanne expressing dislike for her and criticizing the dress Olive wore to the wedding, which she had made herself for the occasion. Seeking revenge, Olive marks up one of Suzanne's sweaters with a highlighter and steals one of Suzanne's shoes and one of her earrings. That evening, Suzanne awakens a dozing Christopher while urgently and angrily searching for her missing earring in the bedroom.
3
"A Different Road" 3 November 2014 (2014-11-03)
Several more years have passed. Olive and Henry now own a dog named Clancy. Christopher and Suzanne have moved to California, and Olive and Henry now rent Christopher and Suzanne's former house to summer visitors. Christopher calls to tell them that Suzanne has had an affair and he and Suzanne are getting divorced, and he rejects Henry's suggestion that he move back to Crosby and declines even to visit Maine for the time being. Olive is abrupt with Christopher and tells Henry that they should sell Christopher's former house instead of renting it out and tells him to snap out of his sentimentality about Christopher and Suzanne. Henry visits his former pharmacy and encounters his former customers Jack and Linda Kennison there; Linda remembers Henry, but Jack does not. Henry strikes up a conversation with a young woman stocking a display with Father's Day cards; she disagrees with him that Father's Day is an important holiday or that her father would want a card from her. Olive and Henry go out to dinner with friends, who tell them that their daughter and grandchildren are rude to them. On the way home from dinner, Olive is stricken with an attack of diarrhea, and the Kittredges stop at a hospital emergency room so that Olive can use the toilet. The emergency room doctor and nurse decide to examine Olive for a shellfish allergy, so Henry comes inside to wait for Olive. Armed robbers burst in and take Olive, Henry, the doctor, and the nurse hostage while searching for drugs to steal. Henry criticizes the robbers for their vulgarity and aggressiveness and tries to comfort the panicky nurse, and he and Olive argue about what she says is his need to comfort "little mice" like the nurse; in contrast Olive tells the nurse to stop praying out loud, and while arguing with Henry tells him that she planned to leave him for Jim O'Casey years ago. Henry tells Olive she would not have lasted two weeks with Jim and she says he would not have lasted two weeks with Denise. Security personnel arrive and rescue them, but they have trouble dealing with what they said to one another. Eight months later, Henry suffers a debilitating stroke that leaves him permanently unresponsive to anyone around him. He is placed in a nursing home, where Olive dotes on him and talks to him, insisting that he can understand. Christopher comes to visit from California, and concludes that Henry is unaware of his surroundings after snapping his fingers in front of Henry's face and getting no response. This offends Olive, who insists that Henry can understand what is going on around him, and their discussion leads to an argument in which Olive accuses Christopher of not caring enough about Henry and her and Christopher accuses her of being a horrible mother. After dropping Christopher off at the airport, Olive visits Henry and, after Henry mutters something for the first time since his stroke, snaps her fingers in front of his face, getting no response. Olive visits Louise Larkin, whose son Doyle, a former student of Olive's, is in prison. Louise had sent Olive a pleasant note, but the visit takes a dark turn when Louise begins to discuss the temptation of committing suicide after the loss of a loved one. Olive quickly leaves Louise's house and goes back to visit Henry, telling him how kind he always was and that it will be okay if he wants to die – and that he will not have to do it alone.
4
"Security" 3 November 2014 (2014-11-03)
Four years later, Christopher lives in New York City with his second wife Ann, who is pregnant with his child and has two other children fathered by two other men. He asks Olive to come and help Ann, who he says is suffering from nausea due to her pregnancy. Olive flies to New York, where Ann greets her warmly and calls her "Mom." Olive disapproves of Ann's housekeeping abilities, cooking, and childrearing philosophy and discovers than Ann is not suffering from nausea at all. Each night of her trip, Olive calls Henry, believing that he can understand her after the nursing staff puts the phone to his ear. Christopher makes a callous joke about their upstairs neighbor, Sean O'Casey, being related to the late Jim O'Casey – which he is not. Insulted by Ann's indirect criticisms of her, and accusing Christopher of breaking Henry's heart by moving away from Crosby, Olive decides to end her visit early. After another bitter argument over Christopher's childhood and their relationship, Olive returns to Crosby and goes to the nursing home, where the staff tells her that they had been unable to reach her to tell her that Henry had died overnight. She discovers that when she called Henry during her trip they had simply taken the phone off the hook and walked away without ensuring that Henry was awake to hear her, and she storms out. Six months later, she is walking the aging Clancy when she finds Jack Kennison collapsed next to a park bench; he has lain down after suffering a dizzy spell. She gets him on his feet and introduces herself. They confide in one another, telling each other that their spouses have died and that they have trouble finding a reason to live each day; Olive says that she is waiting for the dog to die so that she can shoot herself. They establish a gruff rapport. Olive later calls Jack and asks him out to dinner. They share similar experiences in their grief for their deceased spouses, but their date otherwise goes poorly, as Jack criticizes Olive's attitude toward Christopher and expresses conservative political and social views that offend Olive. She walks out of the restaurant and returns home to find Clancy gravely ill, and receives a phone message from Ann letting her know that she had given birth to Christopher's baby. Olive has Clancy euthanized, and soon walks into the woods to shoot herself. Before she can, children playing in the woods interrupt her; after she tells them she is just having a picnic, they tell her not to litter. She changes her mind about killing herself and bursts into tears. She goes to visit Jack; finding him in bed and depressed, she tells him she is now a grandmother, that her troubles with Christopher are her own fault, and that Henry loved her and she had been awful to him in return. She curls up with Jack in bed. Looking out the window at birds flying over the bay, she says, "It baffles me, this world. I don't want to leave it yet."
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Olive Kitteridge was praised for its writing, directing, cinematography, and Frances McDormand's central performance, along with co-stars Richard Jenkins, Bill Murray and John Gallagher Jr. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the miniseries a 96% "fresh" rating based on 47 reviews with an average score of 8.59 out of 10. The critical consensus reads: "Olive Kitteridge's narrative slow burn enhances fascinating performances -- and a story worthy of its source material."[6] On Metacritic, the show has a score of 89 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[7]
Accolades[edit]
The miniseries received nominations at several awards ceremonies including the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, where the series was nominated for Best Miniseries or Television Film, Frances McDormand was nominated for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and Bill Murray was nominated for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film.[8] Frances McDormand was also nominated at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie and Richard Jenkins was nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.[9] McDormand and Jenkins were also nominated in equivalent categories at the 19th Satellite Awards, where Zoe Kazan was also nominated Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film and the series was nominated Best Miniseries or Television Film.
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
2015 American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television Jeffrey M. Werner Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Television Film Lisa Cholodenko Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Frances McDormand Nominated
Best Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Bill Murray Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Richard Jenkins Nominated
Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Frances McDormand Won
Best Miniseries or Television Film Won
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Zoe Kazan Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Frances McDormand Won
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Richard Jenkins Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards Long Form – Adapted Jane Anderson Won
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Limited Series Won
Best Actress – Movie or Limited Miniseries Frances McDormand Won
Best Actor – Movie or Limited Miniseries Richard Jenkins Nominated
Best Supporting Actor – Movie/Miniseries Bill Murray Won
Cory Michael Smith Nominated
TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Limited Series Won
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie Richard Jenkins Won
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie Frances McDormand Won
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie Bill Murray Won
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie Zoe Kazan Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or a Dramatic Special Lisa Cholodenko Won
Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or a Dramatic Special Jane Anderson Won
Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie or a Special Laura Rosenthal & Carolyn Pickman Won
Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series or Movie Jenny Eagan & Debbie Holbrook Nominated
Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or a Movie Cydney Cornell Nominated
Outstanding Main Title Design Garson Yu, Synderela Peng, Michael Lane Parks & Alex Pollini Nominated
Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or a Movie Christien Tinsley, Gerald Quist & Liz Bernstrom Nominated
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or a Movie Jeffrey M. Werner Won
Home media[edit]
Olive Kitteridge was released by HBO on DVD and Blu-ray on February 10, 2015.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rebecca Doyle. "Olive Kitteridge Review HBO: What the Critics Are Saying - The Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Official Website for the HBO Series Olive Kitteridge". Hbo.com. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Doyle. "Olive Kitteridge Review HBO: What the Critics Are Saying - The Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Olive Kitteridge". Find and Watch. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (26 December 2014). "Airdate: Olive Kitteridge". TV Tonight. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Olive Kittridge". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Olive Kittridge". Metacritic. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globe Nominations 2015 – - TVLine". TVLine. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Sagawards.org. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/7276/olive-kitteridge
External links[edit]
Olive Kitteridge on IMDb
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values: أوليف كيتريدج (مسلسل قصير) – Arabic

values: Olive Kitteridge (sèrie de televisió) – Catalan

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values: Olive Kitteridge (serie de televisión) – Spanish

values: آلیو کیتریج – Persian

values: Olive Kitteridge (série télévisée) – French

values: Olive Kitteridge (miniserie televisiva) – Italian

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values: Olive Kitteridge (serial telewizyjny) – Polish

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values: Olive Kitteridge (televisiosarja) – Finnish

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values: Олівія Кіттерідж (телефільм) – Ukrainian

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