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Larceny
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For other uses, see Larceny (disambiguation).
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Larceny is a crime involving the unlawful taking of the personal property of another person or business. It is an offence under the common law of England and became an offence in jurisdictions which incorporated the common law of England into their own law (also Statutory law).
Larceny has been abolished in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland due to breaking up the generalised crime of larceny into the specific crimes of burglary, robbery, fraud, theft, and related crimes. However, larceny remains an offence in parts of the United States and in New South Wales,[1] Australia, involving the taking (caption) and carrying away (asportation) of personal property.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 By nation
2.1 Australia
2.1.1 New South Wales
2.2 Republic of Ireland
2.3 United Kingdom
2.3.1 England and Wales
2.3.2 Northern Ireland
2.4 United States
3 Elements
3.1 Possession versus custody
3.2 Take
3.3 Carry away
3.4 Personal property
3.5 Of another
3.6 Without consent
3.7 Intent to steal (animus furandi)
3.8 Must have value
3.8.1 Grand larceny
4 Problem areas
4.1 Subject matter
4.2 Comparison with embezzlement
4.2.1 By trick
4.2.2 By employees
4.2.3 Aggregation issues
5 See also
6 References
Etymology[edit]
The word larceny is a late Middle English word, from the Anglo-Norman word larcin, or theft. Its probable Latin root is latrocinium, a derivative of latro, robber (originally mercenary soldier).
By nation[edit]
Australia[edit]
New South Wales[edit]
In the state of New South Wales, the common law offence of larceny is punishable with up to 5 years imprisonment.[2] Whilst section 117 of the New South Wales Crimes Act (1900) specifies the punishment for larceny, it is silent on the elements of the offence, leaving them to be articulated by the common law.[3] The leading authority on larceny in NSW is the High Court case of Ilich (1987).[4] This case stipulates the mens rea and actus reas elements required to be proven by the prosecution for a successful conviction.
Republic of Ireland[edit]
The common law offence of larceny was abolished [5] on 1 August 2002.[6] However, proceedings for larceny committed before its abolition are not affected by this.[7]
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
The common law offence of larceny was codified by the Larceny Act 1916. It was abolished [8] on 1 January 1969,[9] for all purposes not relating to offences committed before that date.[10] It has been replaced by the broader offence of theft under section 1(1) of the Theft Act 1968. This offence did incorporate some of the terminology and substance of larceny.
Northern Ireland[edit]
The common law offence of larceny was abolished [11] on 1 August 1969,[12] for all purposes not relating to offences committed before that date.[13] It has been replaced by the broader offence of theft under section 1(1) of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969.
United States[edit]
Chart indicating the distribution of forms of larceny in the 2004 Uniform Crime Report.
Larceny laws in the United States have their roots in common law, pursuant to which larceny involves the trespassory taking (caption) and carrying away (asportation, removal) of the tangible personal property of another with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of its possession.[14] Larceny is now codified as a statutory crime in all U.S. jurisdictions.[15] Under many states' larceny statutes, including California, larceny can include the taking of "money, labor, or real or personal property."[16]
Elements[edit]
Possession versus custody[edit]
Larceny is a crime against possession. Furthermore, it has two elements which must be met, the actual taking of the property, even if momentarily (actus reus) and the culpable intent to deprive another of their property (mens rea). Larceny involves the trespassory taking of property from possession of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of that property.[17]:945 To understand larceny, one must understand the distinction between custody and possession.[18] A person has possession of property when he has actual physical control over the property (actual possession) or he has the right to exercise considerable control over the disposition or use of the property (constructive possession). A person has custody if he has actual physical control of the property but the person who has constructive possession has substantially restricted the custodian's right to use the property.[18] Examples of custody would be a store customer examining the goods of a merchant, or an employee who has been given the property of his employer to be used in his employment. This is to be contrasted to, for example, a person who has obtained actual possession of the property by fraud.
Ancient Roman law (first 50 years of written University law) (possibly borrowing from Greek law there is no copy of), was more lax about "simple possession", it was assumed "borrowing" if there was no one to ask: unless or until other mitigating factors arose (such as refusal to return promptly when asked).
Take[edit]
The taking or caption element requires that the offender take actual physical control of the property, if but for a moment.[19] Under the common law, it was not sufficient if the offender simply deprived the victim of possession; the offender must have gained control over the property. Thus merely knocking an article from a person’s hand was not larceny, as long as the defendant did not thereafter take it.The control must be complete. In a famous case, the defendant removed an overcoat from a department store mannequin and began to walk away with it. The overcoat was secured to the mannequin by a chain, a fact the defendant first discovered when the chain drew taut. These actions were held not to be larceny because the defendant never had complete control over the disposition and use of the coat.[20]
The taking may be only momentary. In another famous case,[21] the defendant snatched an earring from the victim which immediately became entangled in the victim’s hair. The court held that the defendant's control over the property, although momentary, was sufficient to constitute a taking. The taking may be either direct or indirect; that is, accomplished by the criminal himself or an innocent agent.
The equivalent term "deprive" is also sometimes used:
To "deprive" another of property means (a) to withhold it or cause it to be withheld from him permanently or for so extended a period or under such circumstances that the major portion of its economic value or benefit is lost to him, or (b) to dispose of the property in such manner or under such circumstances as to render it unlikely that an owner will recover such property.
—  N.Y. Penal L. § 155.00 (3).[22]
Carry away[edit]
Traditionally, a thief must not only gain dominion over the property, but also must move it from its original position. The slightest movement, a hair's breadth, is sufficient.[23] However, the entirety of the property must be moved. As LaFave noted critically this requirement is the difference between rotating a doughnut (larceny) and rotating a pie (not larceny),[24] as all of the doughnut is moved through rotation while the pie's exact center remains in the same place when rotated. The movement must also be an actual asportation, rather than movement in preparation. For example,[25] in one case the victim had left his wheelbarrow in his yard. As was his custom he turned the wheelbarrow upside down to avoid water collecting in the tub. The defendant intending to steal the wheelbarrow turned it over but was apprehended by the owner before he could push the wheelbarrow away. The court held that the defendant's acts did not satisfy the asportation element of larceny because the movement of the wheelbarrow had merely been preparatory to the carrying away.
Contrary to popular belief, it is not necessary that the property be removed from the owner’s premises or be taken off his property for an asportation to be complete. The slightest movement from its original position with the intent to steal is enough. The problem is proof. If a person picks up a package of steaks intending to steal them then changes her or his mind and puts the steak back in the meat counter, the crime of larceny has been committed but the state will have a difficult time proving it. However, if the thief conceals the steaks by sticking them inside clothing, his or her intent is rather clear. Of course, there could still be an innocent if bizarre explanation.[26]
That said, the asportation requirement is not universally required. In People v. Alamo, for example, the New York Court of Appeals eliminated the asportation requirement. In that case the defendant entered a stranger's car and turned on the car's lights and engine.[27] The Court read asportation as merely a corroborative element of possession and control, and thus not necessary to establish possession and control of a car because transportation is the purpose of a car. Turning it on suffices to establish that the thief has taken possession and control.[28]
Additionally, the Model Penal Code eliminates the asportation requirement and instead requires that the defendant "exercise unlawful control".[29] The drafters noted that historically the asportation requirement distinguished larceny (a felony) and attempted larceny (a misdemeanor).[30] They reasoned, therefore, that asportation was an irrelevant requirement because in modern criminal law, like the Model Penal Code,[31] the sentencing consequences between an attempted and completed crime are negligible.
Personal property[edit]
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From its creation [32] the subject matter of larceny has been tangible personal property,[33] with a physical existence: items that can be seen, held, and felt (or in technical terms, property that has a “corporeal existence”).[34]
This limitation means that acts of common-law larceny cannot be committed against land [35] or items attached to or forming part of land, such as buildings, trees or shrubbery, crops growing in the field, or minerals.[18] Acts of common law larceny cannot be committed against intangible things, such as love or affection, identity (identity theft is a type of fraud), or intellectual property, such as information and ideas. For example, if a person stole the Coca-Cola formula, the crime would be larceny but the grade of the offense would be determined by the value of the paper on which the formula was recorded not the value of the recipe. (Theft of trade secrets would be a different offense).[36]
Services and labor, as well as intangible personal property (incorporeal rights)[18] such as contract rights and choses in action,[37] wills, codicils, or other testamentary documents; wild animals [18] and items having no economic value [38] cannot be the subjects of acts of common-law larceny.
Note: Most states have enacted statutes to expand the coverage of larceny to include most if not all of the items mentioned above.[citation needed] For example, North Carolina has statutes that make it a crime to steal choses in action, growing crops and so on.[39]
The restriction of the scope of larceny to personal property may have practical consequences. For example, a person may "steal" a central air conditioning unit by cutting the connections to the house, removing the unit from its concrete pad and hauling the disconnected unit away in a truck. In most jurisdictions, a central air conditioning unit changes from personal property to real property (a fixture) once it is attached to a building. Modernly, severance of a fixture from the realty would convert the fixture from real property back to personal property. However, the common law stated that if the severance and carrying away of a fixture were one continuous act, no larceny would occur.[40]
The defendant's actions in this example would thus merely constitute damage to real property, and would further not result in possession of stolen property since no larceny had taken place.
Of another[edit]
The property taken must be "of another". Thus wild animals cannot be stolen. Nor can co-owners be guilty of larceny. Larceny is a crime against possession. Therefore, it is possible for the person who has title to the property to steal the property from a person who had lawful possession. For example, states provide that a person who repairs a car had a lien on the car to secure payment for the work. The lien is a possessory lien meaning the repair person has the lien as long as he maintains possession of the car. If the title owner were to take the car from the lienholder this action could be prosecuted as larceny in some jurisdictions.
Without consent[edit]
The taking must be trespassory; that is, it must be without the consent of the owner. This means that the taking must have been accomplished by stealth, force, threat of force, or deceit. If the offender obtained possession lawfully then a subsequent misappropriation is not larceny.
Intent to steal (animus furandi)[edit]
The offender must have taken the property with the intent to steal it. Traditionally intent to steal is defined as the intent to deprive the owner of the possession of the property permanently. "Permanently" means indefinitely that is with no plan to return the property to the rightful owner. However, intent to steal includes other states of mind such as the intent to recklessly deprive the owner of the property permanently.
A person who takes property of another under the mistaken belief that the property belongs to him does not have the requisite intent to steal. Nor does a person "intend to steal" property when he takes property intending to make temporary use of it and then return the property to the owner within a reasonable time.[41] However, it is not a defense that the defendant did not know that the property belonged to the true owner only that he knew that it did not belong to him.
Must have value[edit]
Larceny protects the possession of goods – objects that have economic value. A good has economic value if it has a price; that is, the property can be sold in a market. Thus, if the property taken has no economic value, it is not subject to larceny statutes. Under contemporary larceny laws, it is normally sufficient to support a larceny charge if the item has any value to the owner, even if its market value would be negligible.[42]
Under New York State law, written instruments, utility services, and items of unascertainable value have special rules,[43] and for grand larceny in the fourth degree, a motor vehicle must have value of $100 or greater.[44] Otherwise, value is defined generally as:
the market value of the property at the time and place of the crime, or if such cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, the cost of replacement of the property within a reasonable time after the crime.
—  N.Y. Penal L. § 155.20 (1).[45]
Grand larceny[edit]
Grand larceny is typically defined as larceny of a more significant amount of property. In the US, it is often defined as an amount valued at $400 or more. In New York, grand larceny refers to amounts of $1,000 or more. Grand larceny is often classified as a felony with the concomitant possibility of a harsher sentence. In Virginia the threshold is only $5 if taken from a person, or $200 if not taken from the person.[46] The same penalty applies for stealing checks as for cash or other valuables.[47] Some states (such as North Carolina) use the term "felonious larceny" instead of grand larceny.
The classification of larceny as grand or petit larceny originated in an English statute passed in 1275. ("petit" is a French word for "small"). Both were felonies. However, the punishment for grand larceny was death while the punishment for petit larceny was forfeiture of property to the crown and whipping. The classification was based on the value of the property taken. The offense was grand larceny if the value of the property taken was greater than twelve pence, approximately the value of a sheep in the thirteenth century.[48]
Most jurisdictions have discarded the grand/petit terminology and use value to classify larcenies as felonies or misdemeanors. "Value" means the fair market value of the property at the time and place taken. Most jurisdictions also make certain larcenies felonies regardless of the value of the property taken. For example, North Carolina General Statutes Section 14 - 72 (b)(1) makes the crime of larceny a felony "without regard to value" if the larceny is (1) from the person (2) committed pursuant to certain types of breaking or enterings (3) of any explosive or incendiary device or (4) of any firearm.[49] The modern spelling is petty larceny for the misdemeanor level. Some states may also charge certain types of larceny as "robbery", "burglary", "theft", "shoplifting", "conversion", and other terms.
Problem areas[edit]
Subject matter[edit]
As noted above one cannot steal items “affixed to the earth” because such things are not personal property. However, one of the remarkable qualities of property is its shiftiness; its ability to change its character often and quickly, from real to personal and from personal to real. The principal methods of achieving this transformation are attachment and severance. If personal property is attached to land, it becomes real property. And if real property is severed from the land (rendered unattached) it becomes personal property. Examples abound. A person buys a furnace. The furnace company dispatches a technician to deliver and install the heating system. Before installation the heating system is personal property. It has corporeal presence and it can be moved around as witnessed by the fact that the technician picked it up at the warehouse, loaded it into his truck, drove it to the house, unloaded it, placed it in the basement and hooked it up to the house. The “hooking up” is the act that transformed what was personal property to real property. Once it is installed it has become “attached to the land” (the house) and is now considered real property. The attachment to the house has to be more than casual for personal property to become real property. For example, a table lamp that is plugged into a wall socket is not real property. A window air conditioning unit is not real property.
Comparison with embezzlement[edit]
Embezzlement differs from larceny in two ways. First, in embezzlement, an actual conversion must occur; second, the original taking must not be trespassory.[50] To say that the taking was not trespassory is to say that the person(s) performing the embezzlement had the right to possess, use, and/or access the assets in question, and that such person(s) subsequently secreted and converted the assets for an unintended and/or unsanctioned use. Conversion requires that the secretion interferes with the property, rather than just relocate it. As in larceny, the measure is not the gain to the embezzler, but the loss to the asset stakeholders. An example of conversion is when a person logs checks in a check register or transaction log as being used for one specific purpose and then explicitly uses the funds from the checking account for another and completely different purpose. It is important to make clear that embezzlement is not always a form of theft or an act of stealing, since those definitions specifically deal with taking something that does not belong to the perpetrator(s). Instead, embezzlement is, more generically, an act of deceitfully secreting assets by one or more persons that have been entrusted with such assets. The person(s) entrusted with such assets may or may not have an ownership stake in such assets.
In the case where it is a form of theft, distinguishing between embezzlement and larceny can be tricky.[51] Making the distinction is particularly difficult when dealing with misappropriations of property by employees. To prove embezzlement, the state must show that the employee had possession of the goods "by virtue of her employment"; that is, that the employee had the authority to exercise substantial control over the goods. Typically, in determining whether the employee had sufficient control the courts will look at factors such as the job title, job description and the particular employment practices. For example, the manager of a shoe department at a store would likely have sufficient control over the shoes that if she converted the goods to her own use she would be guilty of embezzlement. On the other hand, if the same employee were to steal cosmetics from the cosmetic counter, so long as they did not convert the product, the crime would not be embezzlement but larceny. For a case that exemplifies the difficulty of distinguishing larceny and embezzlement see State v. Weaver, 359 N.C. 246; 607 S.E.2d 599 (2005).
By trick[edit]
See also: Fraud
Using confidence tricks (deception) to get possession of property is larceny.
Larceny by trick is descriptive of the method used to obtain possession. The concept arose from Pear’s Case decided in 1779.[52] The issue was whether a person who had fraudulently obtained possession of personal property (a horse) could be convicted of larceny. The chief impediment to conviction was the doctrine of possessorial immunity which said that a person who had acquired possession lawfully, that is with the consent of the owner, could not be prosecuted for larceny. Clearly the owner of the horse had given the defendant possession of the animal – he had agreed that the defendant could borrow the horse to ride to Surrey.[53] The case would seem to have been cut and dried – the doctrine of possessorial immunity applied and the defendant was therefore not guilty of larceny. The court held that consent induced by fraud was not consent in the eyes of the law. The fraudulent act that induced the owner to transfer possession “vitiated” the consent. This concept of consent broadened the scope of larceny. Before, consent meant the voluntary relinquishment of possession and thus property was wrongfully taken only if the defendant acquired possession by stealth, force or threat of force.
By employees[edit]
An employee is generally presumed to have custody rather than possession of property of his employer used during his employment. Thus the misappropriation would be larceny. However, officers, managers and employees who have significant authority over the disposition or use of the employer’s property have possession rather than custody and the misappropriation of the property would likely be embezzlement rather than larceny. Determining whether an employee has custody or possession can be difficult. A careful examination of the employee’s duties and responsibilities, his authority over the property and the actual business practices is required.[54]
If a third party transfers possession of property to an employee for delivery to his employer, the employee has possession of the property and his conversion of the property would be embezzlement rather than larceny. For example, if a customer of a bank delivers money to a teller to deposit in the customer’s account, the teller had possession of the property and his misappropriation would be embezzlement rather than larceny. However, once the teller transfers possession of the money to his employer, by placing the money in the till for example, the subsequent taking would be larceny rather than embezzlement. This rule does not apply if the teller intending to steal the property places the money in the till merely as a temporary repository or to hide his peculation.
Aggregation issues[edit]
Thievery may well involve many items of personal property stolen from multiple victims. Questions arise as to whether such situations are to be treated as one large theft or multiple small ones. The answer depends on the circumstances. If a thief steals multiple items from one victim during a single episode the courts doubtlessly would treat the act as one crime. The same result would obtain if the thief stole items from the same victim over a period of time on the grounds that the stealing was pursuant to a common scheme or plan. The effect would be that the state could aggregate the value of the various items taken in determining whether the crime was a felony or misdemeanor. Such a result would not always work to the criminal’s detriment. Aggregation is also generally permitted when the thief steals property from multiple victims at the same time. For example, a thief steals “rims” from several cars parked in the same lot. On the other hand, aggregation is not permitted when a thief steals items from various victims at different times and places.[55]
See also[edit]
Pickpocketing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NSW Crimes Act 1900 No. 40, section 117". Legislation.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
Jump up ^ http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/s117.html
Jump up ^ "CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 117 Punishment for larceny". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ "BarNet Jade - Find recent Australian legal decisions, judgments, case summaries for legal professionals (Judgments And Decisions Enhanced)". jade.io. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ The Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 (No.50), section 3(2) Irishstatutebook.ie
Jump up ^ The Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2002 (S.I. No. 252/2002), article 2(a) Irishstatutebook.ie
Jump up ^ The Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 (No.50), section 3(3)
Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 (c.60), section 32(1)(a) Legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 (c.60), section 35(1) Legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 (c.60), section 32
Jump up ^ The Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c.16) (N.I.), section 30(1)(a) Legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ The Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c.16) (N.I.), section 33(1) Legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ The Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 (c.16), section 30
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (4 June 2016). "Petty Larceny and Grand Larceny Laws". ExpertLaw. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Gayla, Marella (9 August 2017). "What's the Punishment for Theft? Depends On What State You're In". The Marshall Project. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., "California Penal Code, Sec. 487". California Legislative Information. California State Legislature. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Criminal Law - Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder, ISBN 978-1-4548-0698-1, [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (Lexis 2001) ISBN 0-8205-5027-2
Jump up ^ Originally, the caption element required an actual physical taking of the property from the victim's person. Takings accomplished by stealth or deceit were not punishable. This limitation existed because larceny's original purpose was to punish breaches of peace rather than violations of property interests
Jump up ^ People v. Meyer, 75 Cal. 383 (1888).
Jump up ^ King v. Lapier, 1 Leach 320, 168 Eng.Rep. 263 (1784).
Jump up ^ N.Y. Penal L. § 155.00 (3), found at NY State assembly website. Retrieved october 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ West Virginia v. Chambers, 22 W. Va. 779 (1883); see also Wallis v Lane [1964] VR 293 AustLII
Jump up ^ LaFave, Criminal Law 3rd ed. (West 2000) 804 n. 11
Jump up ^ Boyce & Perkins, Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (1992) at 324.
Jump up ^ See State v. Houston, 688 S.W.2d 838, 840 (Tenn.Cr.App. 1984).
Jump up ^ 34 N.Y.2d 453, 358 N.Y.S.2d 375 (1974).
Jump up ^ Id. at 379, 381.
Jump up ^ Section 223.2(1).
Jump up ^ Model Penal Code and Commentaries, Comment to §223.2(1), at 164 (1980).
Jump up ^ §5.01
Jump up ^ Larceny is a common law offense. The definition of the crime, its elements, evolved into its present form by the end of the thirteenth century.
Jump up ^ For example, you can steal a person’s social security card and use the information to obtain a credit card and make transactions. However, using the social security number is not larceny because the information although of substantial value is not tangible personal property. The theft of the card itself is larceny but that would only be a misdemeanor given the minimal value of the paper used to print the card.
Jump up ^ Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (Lexis 2001) ISBN 0-8205-5027-2 at 556.
Jump up ^ 4 Blackstone at 232
Jump up ^ See Singer & LaFond, Criminal Law, Examples and Explanations, 4th ed. Aspen (2005) 256.
Jump up ^ Singer & LaFond, Criminal Law (Aspen 1987), at 256.
Jump up ^ Boyce & Perkins, Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (1992) ISBN 0-88277-067-5
Jump up ^ See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-70 through 14-86.3.
Jump up ^ Thus if the person disconnected the air conditioner, left the premises to find someone to help him move the unit, returned and loaded the unit on his truck and left, the crime would be larceny.
Jump up ^ Lafave, Criminal Law 3rd ed. (West 2000) 812 citing Impson v. State, 47 Ariz. 573, 58 P.2d 523 (1936)
Jump up ^ Bequai, August (1978). Computer Crime. Lexington Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0669017280. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ See N.Y. Penal L. § 155.20 (2), (3), (4), found at N.Y. state Assembly website. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ N.Y. Penal L. § 155.30 (8), found at N.Y. state Assembly website. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ N.Y. Penal L. § 155.20 (1), found at N.Y. state Assembly website. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Code of Virginia, Sec. 18.2-95. Grand larceny defined; how punished". Virginia Law Library. Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ § 18.2-98., Code of Virginia, 1950.
Jump up ^ Boyce & Perkins, Criminal Law 3rd ed. (Foundation Press 1982) 335.
Jump up ^ N.C.G.S. 14 - 72(b)(1)- (6)
Jump up ^ Singer & LaFond, Criminal Law (Aspen 1997) at 213.
Jump up ^ In their book Criminal Law, Singer and LaFond provide an excellent analytical method for making these distinctions. Singer & LaFond, Criminal Law (Aspen 1997) at 221.
Jump up ^ King v. Pear, 1 Leach 212, 168 Eng.Rep. 208 (1779).
Jump up ^ "Browse - Central Criminal Court". Oldbaileyonline.org. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
Jump up ^ North Carolina courts interpreted a statute passed by Parliament in 1528 as creating an offense called "larceny by employee"; an offense that was separate and distinct from common law larceny. [8][9] However, as Perkins notes, the purpose of the statute was not to create a new offense but was merely to confirm that the acts described in the statute met the elements of common law larceny.
Jump up ^ Lafave, Criminal Law 3rd ed. (West 2000) Sec. 8.4[b].
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Isoelectric point
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean. The standard nomenclature to represent the isoelectric point is pH(I),[1] although pI is also commonly seen,[2] and is used in this article for brevity. The net charge on the molecule is affected by pH of its surrounding environment and can become more positively or negatively charged due to the gain or loss, respectively, of protons (H+).
Surfaces naturally charge to form a double layer. In the common case when the surface charge-determining ions are H+/OH−, the net surface charge is affected by the pH of the liquid in which the solid is submerged.
The pI value can affect the solubility of a molecule at a given pH. Such molecules have minimum solubility in water or salt solutions at the pH that corresponds to their pI and often precipitate out of solution. Biological amphoteric molecules such as proteins contain both acidic and basic functional groups. Amino acids that make up proteins may be positive, negative, neutral, or polar in nature, and together give a protein its overall charge. At a pH below their pI, proteins carry a net positive charge; above their pI they carry a net negative charge. Proteins can, thus, be separated by net charge in a polyacrylamide gel using either preparative gel electrophoresis, which uses a constant pH to separate proteins or isoelectric focusing, which uses a pH gradient to separate proteins. Isoelectric focusing is also the first step in 2-D gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
In biomolecules, proteins can be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Biological proteins are made up of zwitterionic amino acid compounds; the net charge of these proteins can be positive or negative depending on the pH of the environment. The specific pI of the target protein can be used to model the process around and the compound can then be purified from the rest of the mixture. Buffers of various pH can be used for this purification process to change the pH of the environment. When a mixture containing a target protein is loaded into an ion exchanger, the stationary matrix can be either positively-charged (for mobile anions) or negatively-charged (for mobile cations). At low pH values, the net charge of most proteins in the mixture is positive - in cation exchangers, these positively-charged proteins bind to the negatively-charged matrix. At high pH values, the net charge of most proteins is negative, where they bind to the positively-charged matrix in anion exchangers. When the environment is at a pH value equal to the protein's pI, the net charge is zero, and the protein is not bound to any exchanger, and therefore, can be eluted out.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculating pI values
1.1 Examples
2 Isoelectric point of peptides and proteins
3 Ceramic materials
4 Isoelectric point versus point of zero charge
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Calculating pI values[edit]
For an amino acid with only one amine and one carboxyl group, the pI can be calculated from the mean of the pKas of this molecule.[4]
p I = p K a 1 + p K a 2 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {pI} ={\frac {\mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a1} }+\mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a2} }}{2}}}
The pH of an electrophoretic gel is determined by the buffer used for that gel. If the pH of the buffer is above the pI of the protein being run, the protein will migrate to the positive pole (negative charge is attracted to a positive pole). If the pH of the buffer is below the pI of the protein being run, the protein will migrate to the negative pole of the gel (positive charge is attracted to the negative pole). If the protein is run with a buffer pH that is equal to the pI, it will not migrate at all. This is also true for individual amino acids.
Examples[edit]
glycine pK = 2.72, 9.60 adenosine monophosphate pK = 0.9, 3.8, 6.1
In the two examples (on the right) the isoelectric point is shown by the green vertical line. In glycine the pK values are separated by nearly 7 units so the concentration of the neutral species, glycine (GlyH), is effectively 100% of the analytical glycine concentration. Glycine may exist as a zwitterion at the isoelectric point, but the equilibrium constant for the isomerization reaction in solution
H2NCH2CO2H ⇌ H3N+CH2CO2−
is not known.
The other example, adenosine monophosphate is shown to illustrate the fact that a third species may, in principle, be involved. In fact the concentration of (AMP)H32+ is negligible at the isoelectric point in this case. If the pI is greater than the pH, the molecule will have a positive charge.
Isoelectric point of peptides and proteins[edit]
A number of algorithms for estimating isoelectric points of peptides and proteins have been developed. Most of them use Henderson–Hasselbalch equation with different pK values. For instance, within the model proposed by Bjellqvist and co-workers the pK's were determined between closely related immobilines, by focusing the same sample in overlapping pH gradients.[5] Some improvements in the methodology (especially in the determination of the pK values for modified amino acids) have been also proposed.[6][7] More advanced methods take into account the effect of adjacent amino acids ±3 residues away from a charged aspartic or glutamic acid, the effects on free C terminus, as well as they apply a correction term to the corresponding pK values using genetic algorithm.[8] Other recent approaches are based on a support vector machine algorithm[9] and pKa optimization against experimentally known protein/peptide isoelectric points.[10]
Moreover, experimentally measured isoelectric point of proteins were aggregated into the databases.[11][12] Recently, a database of isoelectric points for all proteins predicted using most of the available methods had been also developed.[13]
Ceramic materials[edit]
The isoelectric points (IEP) of metal oxide ceramics are used extensively in material science in various aqueous processing steps (synthesis, modification, etc.). In the absence of chemisorbed or physisorbed species particle surfaces in aqueous suspension are generally assumed to be covered with surface hydroxyl species, M-OH (where M is a metal such as Al, Si, etc.).[14] At pH values above the IEP, the predominate surface species is M-O−, while at pH values below the IEP, M-OH2+ species predominate. Some approximate values of common ceramics are listed below:[15][16]
Material
IEP
Material
IEP
Material
IEP
Material
IEP
Material
IEP
Material
IEP
WO3[17] 0.2-0.5 Ta2O5[17] 2.7-3.0 δ-MnO2 1.5 Fe2O3[17] 3.3-6.7 Fe2O3[17] 8.4-8.5 ZnO[17] 8.7-10.3
Sb2O5[17] <0.4-1.9 SnO2[18] 4-5.5 (7.3) β-MnO2[19] 7.3 CeO2[17] 6.7-8.6 α Al2O3 8-9 NiO[18] 10-11
V2O5[17][19] 1-2 (3) ZrO2[17] 4-11 TiO2[17] 3.9-8.2 Cr2O3[17][19] 6.2-8.1 (7) Si3N4[18] 9 PbO[17] 10.7-11.6
SiO2[17] 1.7-3.5 MnO2 4-5 Si3N4 6-7 γ Al2O3 7-8 Y2O3[17] 7.15-8.95 La2O3 10
SiC[20] 2-3.5 ITO[21] 6 Fe3O4[17] 6.5-6.8 Tl2O[22] 8 CuO[18] 9.5 MgO[17] 12-13 (9.8-12.7)
Note: The following list gives the isoelectric point at 25 °C for selected materials in water. The exact value can vary widely, depending on material factors such as purity and phase as well as physical parameters such as temperature. Moreover, the precise measurement of isoelectric points can be difficult, thus many sources often cite differing values for isoelectric points of these materials.
Mixed oxides may exhibit isoelectric point values that are intermediate to those of the corresponding pure oxides. For example, a synthetically prepared amorphous aluminosilicate (Al2O3-SiO2) was initially measured as having IEP of 4.5 (the electrokinetic behavior of the surface was dominated by surface Si-OH species, thus explaining the relatively low IEP value).[23] Significantly higher IEP values (pH 6 to 8) have been reported for 3Al2O3-2SiO2 by others.[18] Similarly, also IEP of barium titanate, BaTiO3 was reported in the range 5-6[18] while others got a value of 3.[24]
Isoelectric point versus point of zero charge[edit]
The terms isoelectric point (IEP) and point of zero charge (PZC) are often used interchangeably, although under certain circumstances, it may be productive to make the distinction.
In systems in which H+/OH− are the interface potential-determining ions, the point of zero charge is given in terms of pH. The pH at which the surface exhibits a neutral net electrical charge is the point of zero charge at the surface. Electrokinetic phenomena generally measure zeta potential, and a zero zeta potential is interpreted as the point of zero net charge at the shear plane. This is termed the isoelectric point.[25] Thus, the isoelectric point is the value of pH at which the colloidal particle remains stationary in an electrical field. The isoelectric point is expected to be somewhat different than the point of zero charge at the particle surface, but this difference is often ignored in practice for so-called pristine surfaces, i.e., surfaces with no specifically adsorbed positive or negative charges.[14] In this context, specific adsorption is understood as adsorption occurring in a Stern layer or chemisorption. Thus, point of zero charge at the surface is taken as equal to isoelectric point in the absence of specific adsorption on that surface.
According to Jolivet,[19] in the absence of positive or negative charges, the surface is best described by the point of zero charge. If positive and negative charges are both present in equal amounts, then this is the isoelectric point. Thus, the PZC refers to the absence of any type of surface charge, while the IEP refers to a state of neutral net surface charge. The difference between the two, therefore, is the quantity of charged sites at the point of net zero charge. Jolivet uses the intrinsic surface equilibrium constants, pK− and pK+ to define the two conditions in terms of the relative number of charged sites:
p K − − p K + = Δ p K = log  [ M O H ] 2 [ M O H 2 + ] [ M O − ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K^{-}-\mathrm {p} K^{+}=\Delta \mathrm {p} K=\log {\frac {\left[\mathrm {MOH} \right]^{2}}{\left[\mathrm {MOH} {_{2}^{+}}\right]\left[\mathrm {MO} ^{-}\right]}}}
For large ΔpK (>4 according to Jolivet), the predominant species is MOH while there are relatively few charged species - so the PZC is relevant. For small values of ΔpK, there are many charged species in approximately equal numbers, so one speaks of the IEP.
See also[edit]
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Isoelectric focusing
Isoionic point
pK acid dissociation constant
QPNC-PAGE
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Acceptable variants on pH(I) would include pHI, pHIEP, etc; the main point is that one cannot take the 'power' of I, rather one measures the pH subject to a nominated condition.
Jump up ^ IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook. Last update: 2014-02-24; version: 2.3.3. DOI of this term: doi:10.1351/goldbook.I03275.
Jump up ^ Dayton, W. R. (1983). "Protein Separation Techniques" (PDF). Reciprocal Meat Conference Proceedings. 36: 98–102.
Jump up ^ For derivation of this expression see acid dissociation constant
Jump up ^ Bjellqvist, B.; Hughes, G. J.; Pasquali, C.; Paquet, N.; Ravier, F.; Sanchez, J. C.; Frutiger, S.; Hochstrasser, D. (1993-10-01). "The focusing positions of polypeptides in immobilized pH gradients can be predicted from their amino acid sequences". Electrophoresis. 14 (10): 1023–1031. doi:10.1002/elps.11501401163. ISSN 0173-0835. PMID 8125050.
Jump up ^ Gauci, Sharon; van Breukelen, Bas; Lemeer, Simone M.; Krijgsveld, Jeroen; Heck, Albert J. R. (2008-12-01). "A versatile peptide pI calculator for phosphorylated and N-terminal acetylated peptides experimentally tested using peptide isoelectric focusing". Proteomics. 8 (23–24): 4898–4906. doi:10.1002/pmic.200800295. ISSN 1615-9861. PMID 19003858.
Jump up ^ Gasteiger, Elisabeth; Gattiker, Alexandre; Hoogland, Christine; Ivanyi, Ivan; Appel, Ron D.; Bairoch, Amos (2003-07-01). "ExPASy: the proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3784–3788. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg563. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 168970  . PMID 12824418.
Jump up ^ Cargile, Benjamin J.; Sevinsky, Joel R.; Essader, Amal S.; Eu, Jerry P.; Stephenson, James L. (2008-07-01). "Calculation of the isoelectric point of tryptic peptides in the pH 3.5-4.5 range based on adjacent amino acid effects". Electrophoresis. 29 (13): 2768–2778. doi:10.1002/elps.200700701. ISSN 0173-0835. PMID 18615785.
Jump up ^ Perez-Riverol, Yasset; Audain, Enrique; Millan, Aleli; Ramos, Yassel; Sanchez, Aniel; Vizcaíno, Juan Antonio; Wang, Rui; Müller, Markus; Machado, Yoan J. (2012-04-03). "Isoelectric point optimization using peptide descriptors and support vector machines". Journal of Proteomics. 75 (7): 2269–2274. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.029. ISSN 1876-7737. PMID 22326964.
Jump up ^ Kozlowski, LP. (2016). "IPC - Isoelectric Point Calculator". Biol Direct. 11 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0159-9. PMC 5075173  . PMID 27769290.
Jump up ^ Hoogland, C.; Mostaguir, K.; Sanchez, JC.; Hochstrasser, DF.; Appel, RD. (2004). "SWISS-2DPAGE, ten years later". Proteomics. 4 (8): 2352–6. doi:10.1002/pmic.200300830. PMID 15274128.
Jump up ^ Bunkute, E.; Cummins, C.; Crofts, FJ.; Bunce, G.; Nabney, IT.; Flower, DR. (2015). "PIP-DB: the Protein Isoelectric Point database". Bioinformatics. 31 (2): 295–6. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu637. PMID 25252779.
Jump up ^ Kozlowski, LP. (2016). "Proteome-pI: proteome isoelectric point database". Nucleic Acids Res. 45: gkw978. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw978. PMC 5210655  . PMID 27789699.
^ Jump up to: a b Hanaor, D.A.H.; Michelazzi, M.; Leonelli, C.; Sorrell, C.C. (2012). "The effects of carboxylic acids on the aqueous dispersion and electrophoretic deposition of ZrO2". Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 32 (1): 235–244. arXiv:1303.2754  . doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.08.015.
Jump up ^ Haruta, M (2004). "Nanoparticulate Gold Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation". Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems. 7: 163–172.
Jump up ^ Brunelle JP (1978). 'Preparation of Catalysts by Metallic Complex Adsorption on Mineral Oxides'. Pure and Applied Chemistry vol. 50, pp. 1211-1229.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Marek Kosmulski, "Chemical Properties of Material Surfaces", Marcel Dekker, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lewis, JA (2000). "Colloidal Processing of Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 83 (10): 2341–2359. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01560.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jolivet J.P., Metal Oxide Chemistry and Synthesis. From Solution to Solid State, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2000, ISBN 0-471-97056-5 (English translation of the original French text, De la Solution à l'Oxyde, InterEditions et CNRS Editions, Paris, 1994).
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 5,165,996
Jump up ^ Daido, T; Akaike, T (1993). "Electrochemistry of cytochrome c: influence of coulombic attraction with indium tin oxide electrode". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 344 (1–2): 91–106. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(93)80048-m.
Jump up ^ Kosmulski, M; Saneluta, C (2004). "Point of zero charge/isoelectric point of exotic oxides: Tl2O3". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 280 (2): 544–545. Bibcode:2004JCIS..280..544K. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.079.
Jump up ^ Jara, A.A.; Goldberg, S.; Mora, M.L. (2005). "Studies of the surface charge of amorphous aluminosilicates using surface complexation models". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 292 (1): 160–170. Bibcode:2005JCIS..292..160J. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.083.
Jump up ^ Vamvakaki, Maria; Billingham, Norman C.; Armes, Steven P.; Watts, John F.; Greaves, Stephen J. (2001). "Controlled structure copolymers for the dispersion of high-performance ceramics in aqueous media". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 11 (10): 2437–2444. doi:10.1039/b101728o. ISSN 0959-9428.
Jump up ^ A.W. Adamson, A.P. Gast, "Physical Chemistry of Surfaces", John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
Further reading[edit]
Nelson DL, Cox MM (2004). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman; 4th edition (Hardcover). ISBN 0-7167-4339-6
Kosmulski M. (2009). Surface Charging and Points of Zero Charge. CRC Press; 1st edition (Hardcover). ISBN 978-1-4200-5188-9
External links[edit]
IPC – Isoelectric Point Calculator — calculate protein isoelectric point using over 15 methods
prot pi - protein isoelectric point — an online program for calculating pI of proteins (include multiple subunits and posttranslational modifications)
CurTiPot — a suite of spreadsheets for computing acid-base equilibria (charge versus pH plot of amphoteric molecules e.g., amino acids)
SWISS-2DPAGE — a database of isoelectric points coming from two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (~ 2,000 proteins)
PIP-DB — a Protein Isoelectric Point database (~ 5,000 proteins)
Proteome-pI — a proteome isoelectric point database (predicted isoelectric point for all proteins)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isoelectric_point&oldid=842454973"
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2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
Date
17 December 2017
Location
Echo Arena, Liverpool
Country
United Kingdom
Presented by
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Hosted by
Gary Lineker
Clare Balding
Gabby Logan
Winner
Mo Farah
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/sports-personality/
Television/radio coverage
Network
BBC One
BBC One HD
BBC Radio 5 Live
← 2016
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
2018 →
The 2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award took place on 17 December 2017 at the Echo Arena in Liverpool.[1] It was the 64th presentation of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. Awarded annually by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the main award honours an individual's British sporting achievement over the past year, with the winner selected by public vote from a twelve-person shortlist.[2]
The event, broadcast live on BBC One, will be hosted by Gary Lineker, Clare Balding and Gabby Logan.[1]
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds opened the ceremony and later performed a cover of "All You Need Is Love" to celebrate camaraderie in sport during 2017. Rebecca Ferguson sang "Halo" in honour of Jessica Ennis-Hill and Rag'n'Bone Man performed Grace during the in memoriam.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nominees
2 Controversy
2.1 Paradise Papers
2.2 Banned substances
3 Other awards
4 References
5 External links
Nominees[edit]
The nominees for the award were revealed by Gabby Logan on 27 November 2017, during BBC One's The One Show.[3]
Nominee
Sport
2017 Achievement
BBC profile
Votes (percentage)[4]
Sir Mo Farah Athletics Won his third consecutive 10,000 metres gold at the IAAF World Championships, along with 5000 metres silver. He is the first athlete to win ten global outdoor long-distance titles on the track and the first Briton to win outdoor titles in four World Championships (both consecutively and outright). [1] 83,524 (15.32%)
Jonathan Rea Motorcycling Won the Superbike World Championship for the third time, making him just the third rider to do so (and the first to achieve a consecutive hat-trick). Also broke the record for most points scored in a season (previously held by Colin Edwards). [2] 80,567 (14.78%)
Jonnie Peacock Athletics Won his second T44 100 metres gold at the World Para Athletics Championships. [3] 73,429 (13.47%)
Anthony Joshua Boxing Added the previously vacant WBA (Super) heavyweight belt to his IBF belt upon defeating Wladimir Klitschko, then retained both upon defeating Carlos Takam. [4] 73,411 (13.47%)
Adam Peaty Swimming Successfully defended his 50 and 100 metres breaststroke titles at the FINA World Championships and twice broke his own 50m world record en-route, making him the first Briton to win four individual world titles. Also helped secure silver in the 4 x 100 metres medley relay. [5] 63,739 (11.69%)
Lewis Hamilton Formula 1 Won the World Drivers' Championship for the fourth time, making him the first Briton (and fifth driver overall) to do so. Also succeeded Michael Schumacher as pole position record holder. [6] 60,627 (11.12%)
Chris Froome Cycling Won the Tour de France for the fourth time (and third in succession), then went on to win the Vuelta a España. He is the first cyclist to win two Grand Tours within a season since Alberto Contador in 2008, as well as the first Briton to claim either achievement. Also won time trial bronze at the UCI Road World Championships. [7] 47,683 (8.75%)
Harry Kane Football Became the Premier League's top scorer for a second consecutive season and as England captain helped secure qualification for the FIFA World Cup. [8] 18,759 (3.44%)
Anya Shrubsole Cricket Part of the English squad that won the Women's Cricket World Cup. Produced World Cup final-best bowling figures of 6-46 (including a 19-delivery 5-11 spell) that were instrumental to the match outcome and was consequently named player of the match. [9] 15,237 (2.80%)
Bianca Walkden Taekwondo Became the first Briton to successfully defend a world title upon winning heavyweight gold at the World Taekwondo Championships. [10] 13,962 (2.56%)
Johanna Konta Tennis Became the first British woman to contest the Wimbledon singles semi-finals since Virginia Wade in 1978, as well as the first to win a Premier Mandatory title (Miami Open). [11] 7,591 (1.39%)
Elise Christie Speed skating Became the first ever female British world champion upon winning overall, 1000 and 1500 metres gold at the ISU World Short Track Championships, as well as 3000 metres bronze. [12] 6,504 (1.19%)
Controversy[edit]
Paradise Papers[edit]
In November 2017, Hamilton was named in the Paradise Papers. It was reported that Hamilton had avoided paying £3.3 million of Value Added Tax on his private jet worth £16.5 million.[5] The leasing deal set up by advisers was said by the BBC to appear to be artificial and not to comply with an EU and UK ban on refunds for private use.[5] Host of the BBC Sports Personality of the year Gary Lineker was also named in the Paradise Papers in November 2017.
Banned substances[edit]
On 13 December 2017, the UCI announced that Froome had returned an "Adverse Analytical Finding" for twice his allowed dose of Salbutamol, a medication against asthma. Both the A and B samples proved positive. The test was taken after stage 18 of the Vuelta a España. In a statement, Froome commented: "My asthma got worse at the Vuelta so I followed the team doctor’s advice to increase my Salbutamol dosage. As always, I took the greatest care to ensure that I did not use more than the permissible dose."[6] Froome later reiterated these comments during the ceremony.
Other awards[edit]
In addition to the main award as "Sports Personality of the Year", several other awards will also be presented:[3]
BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year: Roger Federer was announced as the winner for the fourth time[7]
BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award: England Women's Cricket Team
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award: Jessica Ennis-Hill
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award: Benke Blomkvist, Stephen Maguire and Christian Malcolm
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award: Bradley Lowery[8]
BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year: Phil Foden[9]
BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award: Denise Larrad
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Rag 'n' Bone Man to perform at BBC Sports Personality of the Year in Liverpool". BBC Sport. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ingle, Sean (27 November 2017). "Anthony Joshua leads way as Sports Personality nominees revealed". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2017: Shortlist of 12 revealed for award". BBC Sport. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Caroline (17 December 2017). "Farah wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2017". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 December 2017. 21:46: Here's how you voted
^ Jump up to: a b "Lewis Hamilton 'dodged' VAT on private jet". BBC. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol". Cycling News. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Roger Federer wins 2017 BBC Overseas Sports Personality award for record fourth time". BBC Sport. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bradley Lowery: Award for Sunderland mascot at BBC Sports Personality". BBC Sport. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year 2017: Footballer Phil Foden wins". BBC Sport. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
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BBC Sports Personality of the Year
Main award
Other awards
Coach
Helen Rollason
Lifetime Achievement
Overseas Personality
Team
Young Personality
Unsung Hero
50th awards
Intermittent awards
Annual awards
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=825579900"
Categories:
2017 awards in the United Kingdom
2017 in British sport
2017 in British television
2017 sports awards
BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards
December 2017 events in the United Kingdom
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