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Smiling Buddha
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For the religious figure known as the Laughing Buddha, see Budai.
Pokhran-I
Smiling Buddha
Information
Country
India
Test site
Pokhran Test Range (IA)
Coordinates
27°04′44″N 71°43′21″E / 27.0788°N 71.7224°E / 27.0788; 71.7224Coordinates: 27°04′44″N 71°43′21″E / 27.0788°N 71.7224°E / 27.0788; 71.7224
Period
18 May 1974, 8:05 a.m. (IST)
Number of tests
1
Test type
Underground
Device type
Fission
Max. yield
8 kilotons of TNT (33 TJ)
Test chronology
Pokhran-II →
Smiling Buddha[a] (MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the assigned code name of India's first successful nuclear bomb test on 18 May 1974.[1] The bomb was detonated on the army base, Pokhran Test Range (PTR), in Rajasthan by the Indian Army under the supervision of several key Indian generals.[2]
Pokhran-I was also the first confirmed nuclear weapons test by a nation outside the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[3] Officially, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) claimed this test was a "peaceful nuclear explosion", but it was an accelerated nuclear programme.[1]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early origins, 1944–1960s
1.2 Weapons development, 1967–72
1.3 Secrecy and test preparations, 1972–74
1.4 Development teams and sites
2 Nuclear weapon design
2.1 Cross-section
2.2 Controversy regarding the yield
3 Aftermath
3.1 Domestic reaction
3.2 International reaction
3.2.1 Pakistan
3.2.2 Canada and United States
3.2.3 France
4 Subsequent nuclear explosions
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Early origins, 1944–1960s[edit]
India started its own nuclear programme in 1944 when Homi Jehangir Bhabha founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.[4] Physicist Raja Ramanna played an essential role in nuclear weapons technology research; he expanded and supervised scientific research on nuclear weapons and was the first directing officer of the small team of scientists that supervised and carried out the test.[4]
After Indian independence from the British Empire, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru authorised the development of a nuclear programme headed by Homi Bhabha. The Atomic Energy Act of 1948 focused on peaceful development.[4] India was heavily involved in the development of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but ultimately opted not to sign it.[5]
We must develop this atomic energy quite apart from war – indeed I think we must develop it for the purpose of using it for peaceful purposes. ... Of course, if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes, possibly no pious sentiments of any of us will stop the nation from using it that way.
—  Jawaharalal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, [4]
In 1954, Homi jehangir Bhabha steered the nuclear programme in the direction of weapons design and production. Two important infrastructure projects were commissioned. The first established Trombay Atomic Energy Establishment at Mumbai (Bombay). The other created a governmental secretariat, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), of which Bhabha was the first secretary. From 1954 to 1959, the nuclear programme grew swiftly. By 1958, the DAE had one-third of the defence budget for research purposes.[4] In 1954, India reached a verbal understanding with Canada and the United States under the Atoms for Peace programme; Canada and the United States ultimately agreed to provide and establish the CIRUS research reactor also at Trombay. The acquisition of CIRUS was a watershed event in nuclear proliferation with the understanding between India and the United States that the reactor would be used for peaceful purposes only.[4] CIRUS was an ideal facility to develop a plutonium device, and therefore Nehru refused to accept nuclear fuel from Canada and started the programme to develop an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle.[4]
In July 1958, Nehru authorised "Project Phoenix" to build a reprocessing plant with a capacity of 20 tons of fuel a year – a size to match the production capacity of CIRUS.[4] The plant used the PUREX process and was designed by the American firm Vitro International.[4] Construction of the plutonium plant began at Trombay on 27 March 1961, and it was commissioned in mid-1964.[4]
The nuclear programme continued to mature, and by 1960, Nehru made the critical decision to move the programme into production.[4] At about the same time, Nehru held discussions with the American firm Westinghouse Electric to construct India's first nuclear power plant in Tarapur, Maharashtra.[4] Kenneth Nichols, a US Army engineer, recalls from a meeting[6] with Nehru, "it was that time when Nehru turned to Bhabha and asked Bhabha for the timeline of the development of a nuclear weapon". Bhabha estimated he would need about a year to accomplish the task.[4]
By 1962, the nuclear programme was still developing, but at a slow rate. Nehru was distracted by the Sino-Indian War, during which India lost territory to China.[4] Nehru turned to the Soviet Union for help, but the Soviet Union was preoccupied with the Cuban Missile Crisis.[4] The Soviet Politburo turned down Nehru's request for arms and continued backing the Chinese.[4] India concluded that the Soviet Union was an unreliable ally, and this conclusion strengthened India's determination to create a nuclear deterrent.[4] Design work began in 1965 under Bhabha and proceeded under Raja Ramanna who took over the programme after the former's death.[4]
Weapons development, 1967–72[edit]
Bhabha was now aggressively lobbying for nuclear weapons and made several speeches on Indian radio.[7] In 1964, Bhabha told the Indian public via Indian radio that "such nuclear weapons are remarkably cheap" and supported his arguments by referring to the economical cost of American nuclear testing programme (Plowshare).[7] Bhabha stated to the politicians that a 10 kt device would cost around $350,000, and $600,000 for a 2 mt.[7] From this, he estimated that "a stockpile" of around 50 atomic bombs would cost under $21 million and a stockpile of 50 two-megaton hydrogen bombs would cost around $31.5 million."[7] Bhabha did not realise, however, that the U.S. Plowshare cost-figures were produced by a vast industrial complex costing tens of billions of dollars, which had already manufactured nuclear weapons numbering in the tens of thousands.[7] The delivery systems for nuclear weapons typically cost several times as much as the weapons themselves.[7]
The nuclear programme was partially slowed down when Lal Bahadur Shastri became the prime minister.[8] In 1965, Shastri faced another war with Pakistan. Shastri appointed physicist Vikram Sarabhai as the head of the nuclear programme but because of his Gandhian beliefs Sarabhai directed the programme toward peaceful purposes rather than military development.[8]
In 1967, Indira Gandhi became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed with renewed vigour.[4] Homi Sethna, a chemical engineer, played a significant role in the development of weapon-grade plutonium while Ramanna designed and manufactured the whole nuclear device.[8] The first nuclear bomb project did not employ more than 75 scientists because of its sensitivity.[8] The nuclear weapons programme was now directed towards the production of plutonium rather than uranium.[9]
In 1968–69, P. K. Iyengar visited the Soviet Union with three colleagues and toured the nuclear research facilities at Dubna, Russia.[9] During his visit, Iyengar was impressed by the plutonium-fueled pulsed fast reactor.[9] Upon his return to India, Iyengar set about developing plutonium reactors approved by the Indian political leadership in January 1969.[9] The secret plutonium plant was known as Purnima,[10] and construction began in March 1969. The plant's leadership included Iyengar, Ramanna, Homi Sethna, and Sarabhai. Sarabhai's presence indicates that, with or without formal approval, the work on nuclear weapons at Trombay had been commenced.[9]
Secrecy and test preparations, 1972–74[edit]
India continued to harbour ambivalent feelings about nuclear weapons, and accorded low priority to their production until the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. In December 1971, Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group led by the USS Enterprise (CVN-65) into the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to intimidate India. The Soviet Union responded by sending a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force. The Soviet response demonstrated the deterrent value and significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to Indira Gandhi.[11] India gained the military and political initiative over Pakistan after acceding to the treaty that divided Pakistan into two different political entities.[9]
On 7 September 1972, near the peak of her post-war popularity, Indira Gandhi authorised the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to manufacture a nuclear device and prepare it for a test.[5] Although the Indian Army was not fully involved in the nuclear testing, the army's highest command was kept fully informed of the test preparations.[9] The preparations were carried out under the watchful eyes of the Indian political leadership, with civilian scientists assisting the Indian Army.[2]
The device was formally called the "Peaceful Nuclear Explosive", but it was usually referred to as the Smiling Buddha.[2] The device was detonated on 18 May 1974, Buddha Jayanti (a festival day in India marking the birth of Gautama Buddha).[12] Indira Gandhi maintained tight control of all aspects of the preparations of the Smiling Buddha test, which was conducted in extreme secrecy; besides Gandhi, only advisers Parmeshwar Haksar and Durga Dhar were kept informed.[2] Scholar Raj Chengappa asserts the Indian Defence Minister Jagjivan Ram was not provided with any knowledge of this test and came to learn of it only after it was conducted.[13] Swaran Singh, the Minister of External Affairs, was given 48 hours advance notice.[14] The Indira Gandhi administration employed no more than 75 civilian scientists while General G. G. Bewoor, Indian army chief, and the commander of Indian Western Command were the only military commanders kept informed.[2]
Development teams and sites[edit]
The head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, Raja Ramanna. In later years, his role in the nuclear programme would be more deeply integrated as he remained head of the nuclear programme most of his life. The designer and creator of the bomb was P. K. Iyengar, who was the second in command of this project. Iyengar's work was further assisted by the chief metallurgist, R. Chidambaram, and by Nagapattinam Sambasiva Venkatesan of the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, who developed and manufactured the high explosive implosion system. The explosive materials and the detonation system were developed by Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan of the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory.
The overall project was supervised by chemical engineer Homi Sethna, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India. Chidambaram, who would later coordinate work on the Pokhran-II tests, began work on the equation of state of plutonium in late 1967 or early 1968. To preserve secrecy, the project employed no more than 75 scientists and engineers from 1967–74.[5][15] Abdul Kalam also arrived at the test site as the representative of the DRDO.
The device was of the implosion-type design and had a close resemblance to the American nuclear bomb called the Fat Man.[2] The implosion system was assembled at the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) of the DRDO in Chandigarh.[2] The detonation system was developed at the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) of the DRDO in Pune, Maharashtra State.[2] The 6 kg of plutonium came from the CIRUS reactor at BARC.[2] The neutron initiator was of the polonium–beryllium type and code-named Flower. The complete nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site.[2]
Nuclear weapon design[edit]
Cross-section[edit]
The fully assembled device had a hexagonal cross section, 1.25 metres in diameter, and weighed 1400 kg.[2] The device was mounted on a hexagonal metal tripod, and was transported to the shaft on rails which the army kept covered with sand.[2] The device was detonated when Dastidar pushed the firing button at 8.05 a.m.; it was in a shaft 107 m under the army Pokhran test range in the Thar Desert (or Great Indian Desert), Rajasthan.[2]
Controversy regarding the yield[edit]
The nuclear yield of this test still remains controversial, with unclear data provided by Indian sources, although Indian politicians have given the country's press a range from 2 kt to 20 kt.[2] The official yield was initially set at 12 kt; post-Operation Shakti claims have raised it to 13 kt.[2] Independent seismic data from outside and analysis of the crater features indicate a lower figure.[2] Analysts usually estimate the yield at 4 to 6 kt, using conventional seismic magnitude-to-yield conversion formulas. In recent years, both Homi Sethna and P. K. Iyengar have conceded the official yield to be an exaggeration.[2]
Iyengar has variously stated that the yield was 8–10 kt, that the device was designed to yield 10 kt, and that the yield was 8 kt "exactly as predicted". Although seismic scaling laws lead to an estimated yield range between 3.2 kt and 21 kt,[16] an analysis of hard rock cratering effects suggests a narrow range of around 8 kt for the yield,[2] which is within the uncertainties of the seismic yield estimate.[16]
Aftermath[edit]
Domestic reaction[edit]
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had already gained much popularity and publicity after her successful military campaign against Pakistan in the 1971 war.[17] The test caused an immediate revival of Indira Gandhi's popularity, which had flagged considerably from its high after the 1971 war. The overall popularity and image of the Congress Party was enhanced and the Congress Party was well received in the Indian Parliament.[17] In 1975, Homi Sethna, a chemical engineer and the chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AECI), Raja Ramanna of BARC, and Basanti Nagchaudhuri of DRDO, all were honoured with the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award.[17] Five other project members received the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award.[17] India consistently maintained that this was a peaceful nuclear bomb test and that it had no intentions of militarising its nuclear programme. However, according to independent monitors, this test was part of an accelerated Indian nuclear programme.[1] In 1997 Raja Ramanna, speaking to the Press Trust of India, maintained:
The Pokhran test was a bomb, I can tell you now.... An explosion is an explosion, a gun is a gun, whether you shoot at someone or shoot at the ground.... I just want to make clear that the test was not all that peaceful.
—  Raja Ramanna 1997, giving interview to Press Trust of India in 1997[2]
International reaction[edit]
Main article: Nuclear Suppliers Group
While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes, it encountered opposition from many quarters. The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) was formed in reaction to the Indian tests to check international nuclear proliferation.[18] The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope IAEA safeguards for any new nuclear export deals,[19] which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India, but in 2008 it waived this restriction on nuclear trade with India as part of the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement.[20]
Pakistan[edit]
Pakistan did not view the test as a "peaceful nuclear explosion", and cancelled talks scheduled for 10 June on normalisation of relations.[5] Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto vowed in June 1974 that he would never succumb to "nuclear blackmail" or accept "Indian hegemony or domination over the subcontinent".[21] The chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Munir Ahmed Khan, said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb.[22] Pakistan's leading nuclear physicist, Pervez Hoodbhoy, stated in 2011 that he believed the test "pushed [Pakistan] further into the nuclear arena".[23]
Canada and United States[edit]
The plutonium used in the test was created in the CIRUS reactor supplied by Canada and using heavy water supplied by the United States. Both countries reacted negatively, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the economic aid both countries had provided to India.[5][24] Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction.[5] The United States concluded that the test did not violate any agreement and proceeded with a June 1974 shipment of enriched uranium for the Tarapur reactor.[5]
France[edit]
France sent a congratulatory telegram to India but later withdrew it.[25]
Subsequent nuclear explosions[edit]
Despite many proposals, India did not carry out further nuclear tests until 1998. After the 1998 general elections, Operation Shakti (also known as Pokhran-II) was carried out at the Pokhran test site, using devices designed and built over the preceding two decades.[5][26]
See also[edit]
India and weapons of mass destruction
History of nuclear weapons
List of countries with nuclear weapons
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This test has many code names. Civilian scientists called it "Operation Smiling Buddha" and the Indian Army referred to it as Operation Happy Krishna. According to United States Military Intelligence, Operation Happy Krishna was the code name for the Indian Army's construction of the underground site in which the tests were conducted. The Ministry of External Affairs designated the test as Pokhran-I.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c FIles. "1974 Nuclear files". Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Nuclear files archives. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Smiling Buddha, 1974". India's Nuclear Weapons Program. Nuclear Weapon Archive.
Jump up ^ NSG. "History of the NSG". Nuclear Suppliers Group. Nuclear Suppliers Group. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sublette, Carey. "Origins of Indian nuclear program". Nuclear weapon Archive. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Perkovich, George (2002). India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5.
Jump up ^ "INDIA THE ULTIMATE POWER with Adi Kalita and 4 others". Facebook.com. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 8 Sep 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f et. al 30 March 2001 (30 March 2001). "On to Weapons Development, 1960–67". India's Nuclear Weapons Program. India's Nuclear Weapons Program. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kanavi, Shivanand. "How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs". Shivanand Kanavi. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "India's First Bomb, 1967–74". India's First Bomb, 1967–74. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
Jump up ^ N/A, N/A (1 Sep 2003). "NTI.org and [1] Andrew Koch, "Selected Indian Nuclear Facilities," Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), 1999; http://cns.miis.edu; [2] Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), www.barc.ernet.in; [3] George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: the impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 149–150; [4] 2000 World Nuclear Industry Handbook (Wilmington, UK: Nuclear Engineering International, 2000), p. 198". NTI Building a Safer World. NTI. Retrieved 8 Sep 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arihant: the annihilator". Indian Defence Review. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Pahuja, Om Parkash. India: A Nuclear Weapon State. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-81-87100-69-0. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Chengappa, Raj (2000). Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power. New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers, India. ISBN 81-7223-330-2.
Jump up ^ Perkovich, George (1999). India's nuclear bomb : the impact on global proliferation ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21772-1.
Jump up ^ Richelson, Jefferey T (March 1999). Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea. WW Norton. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-393-05383-8.
^ Jump up to: a b http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaRealYields.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Reaction and Long Pause". Reaction and Long Pause. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "History". Nuclear Suppliers Group. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)" (PDF). Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2003. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nuclear Deal: A chronology of key developments". The Indian Express. 2 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (18 May 1974), Prime minister Secretariat Press Release, Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) and Pakistan Television (PTV), archived from the original on 18 September 2011, India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan...
Jump up ^ Khan, Munir Ahmad (18 May 1974). "India's nuclear explosion: Challenge and Response". International Atomic Energy Agency and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amerali, PhD (Nuclear Physics) (23 January 2011). "Pakistan's nuclear bayonet". The Herald. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ripples in the nuclear pond". The Deseret News. 22 May 1974. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Jump up ^ [1] Anderson, Robert (24 June – 7 July 2000), "Who is smiling now?", Frontline, The Hindu, 17 (13), retrieved 12 March 2012
Jump up ^ Reed, Thomas C; Stillman, Danny B (2009). The nuclear express: a political history of the bomb and its proliferation. Zenith. ISBN 978-0-7603-3502-4.
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Israeli passport
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Israeli passport דרכון ישראלי
The front cover of a contemporary Israeli biometric passport issued since 2013.
Front personal-information page of an Israeli biometric passport.
Date first issued
1948 (first version)
1 January 2012[1] (current version)
Issued by
Israel
Type of document
Passport
Purpose
Identification
Eligibility requirements
Israeli citizenship
Expiration
10 or 5 years after issuance
Cost
₪280 (adult)
₪140 (child)
The Israeli passport (Hebrew: דַּרְכּוֹן יִשְׂרְאֵלִי, Darkon Yisre'eli) is a travel document issued to Israeli citizens to enable them to travel outside Israel,[2] and entitles the bearer to the protection of Israel's consular officials overseas. Israeli citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 152 countries and territories.
Israeli citizens are allowed to hold passports of other countries, but are required to use the Israeli passport when entering and leaving Israel. This regulation was introduced officially in 2002, after having been legally contested on several occasions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Description
2.1 Identity information page
2.2 Passport note
2.3 Back cover
3 Travel document
3.1 Travel document for foreigners
3.2 Travel document in lieu of passport
4 Visa requirements and limitations on passport use
4.1 Visa requirements
4.2 Limitations on use by Israel
4.3 Countries that do not accept Israeli passports
5 Image gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Israeli passports began to be issued in 1948, after the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948, and used Hebrew and French texts. At first they were not defined as a passport but as a travel document, with an initial validity of two years; this changed in 1952 when Israel began to introduce the first travel document as a passport, they began to be issued late that year. The first travel document was issued to Golda Meir, who at the time worked for the Jewish Agency and was soon to become Israel's ambassador to the USSR.[3][4]
The first Israeli passports bore the limitation: "Valid to any country except Germany." An Israeli citizen who wished to visit Germany had to ask that the words "except Germany" be deleted from their passport. This was done manually by drawing a line through these words.[5] After the signing of the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany in 1952, the limitation was withdrawn and passports became "valid to all countries".
On 30 March 1980, the Minister of the Interior issued new regulations which required Israeli passports to use Hebrew and English, instead of Hebrew and French. Subsequently, French texts were replaced by English texts.
In 2006, an Israeli passport became an accepted form of identification in general elections. Previously, only an internal identity card was accepted for this purpose.
Denial or withdrawal of an Israeli passport is one of the sanctions an Israeli rabbinical court may use to enforce divorce upon a husband who chains his wife into marriage against her will.
Since 2013, biometric passports have been introduced, in line with standards used by the United States, European Union and other countries. To obtain a biometric passport, an applicant must appear in an Interior Ministry office "to be photographed by the special camera which records information such as facial bone structure, distance between one's eyes, ears to eyes and ratio of facial features one from another. One will also be fingerprinted and all this information will be contained in the new high-tech electronic passport."[6]
Description[edit]
The front cover of a contemporary
Israeli non-biometric ordinary passport (Corners of cover cut off —
the document revoked / cancelled)
Israeli non-biometric ordinary passport
personal-information page
Israeli passports are navy blue, with the Israeli emblem in the center of the front cover, below the words "מדינת ישראל" and "STATE OF ISRAEL" in Hebrew and English, respectively. The word "דרכון" and "PASSPORT" is inscribed below the emblem. The inner pages are decorated with the Israeli emblem of olive branches and the seven-branched menorah. The regular passport contains 32 pages, and the business passport contains 64 pages.
Israeli passports are valid for up to 10 years for persons over the age of 18. They are bilingual, using both Hebrew and English. Since Hebrew is written from right to left, the passports are opened from their right end and their pages are arranged from right to left. Arabic is not used in Israeli passports, even though it is one of the two official languages of Israel, but is used in internal identity cards.
Identity information page[edit]
Israeli passport information appears on page 2, and includes the following:
Photo of passport holder on the left
Type (P/ד) סוג
Code of State (ISR) סמל המדינה
Passport no. מס דרכון
Israeli ID no. מס זהות
Surname שם משפחה
Given name שם פרטי
Nationality אזרחות
Date of birth תאריך לידה
Sex מין
Place of birth מקום לידה
Date of issue תאריך הוצאה
Date of expiry תאריך פקיעת תוקף
Authority (- I.C. Passport at) סמכות (- ממונה דרכונים ב)
Signature of bearer (in biometric passport) חתימת בעל הדרכון
All information appears both in Hebrew and English. The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone. The signature of bearer follows on page 3 (in a non-biometric passport).
Passport note[edit]
The statement in an Israeli passport declares in Hebrew and English:
שר הפנים של מדינת ישראל מבקש בזה את כל הנוגעים בדבר להרשות לנושא דרכון זה לעבור ללא עכוב והפרעה ולהושיט לו במקרה הצורך את ההגנה והעזרה הדרושה.
The Minister of the Interior of the State of Israel hereby requests all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer of this passport to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford him such assistance and protection as may be necessary.
Back cover[edit]
The information on the inside back cover of an Israeli passport states in Hebrew only (English translation below):
דרכון זה הוא קניינה של מדינת ישראל והינו מסמך בעל ערך שיש לשמור עליו בקפדנות. אסור להוסיף, למחוק פרט כלשהו בדרכון, לתלוש דף או דפים ממנו, להשמיד או להשחית את הדרכון. החוק קובע שהמבצע פעולה כזו וכן מי שמשתמש שלא כחוק בדרכון שאינו שלו או מניח לאדם אחר להשתמש שלא כחוק בדרכונו, עובר עבירה פלילית ועלול להיענש.
אזרח ישראלי שהוא גם אזרח חוץ ובעל דרכון זר חייב להיכנס לישראל ולצאת ממנה בדרכון או בתעודת מעבר ישראליים.
במקרה של אובדן גניבת הדרכון בארץ, על בעל הדרכון להודיע על כך מיד ללשכת רשות האוכלוסין באיזור מגוריו. אבד או נגנב הדרכון החו"ל, יש למסור הודעה על כך לשגרירות או לקונסוליה הישראלית הקרובה למקום הימצאו.
שמור היטב על דרכונך לבל יאבד. בעת השימוש בו, יש להחזיקו בכיס פנימי ובטוח של בגדיך ולא בתיק או במכונית. ביציאתך לחו"ל מומלץ להצטייד בצילום של דף הפרטים.
הדרכון תקף לכל הארצות (אלא אם צוין אחרת) עד לתאריך הרשום בעמוד 2. לאחר תום התוקף, או אם הדרכון נתמלא או נתבלה יש להחליפו בחדש.
לתשומת לבך!! דרכון זה מכיל מעגלים אלקטרוניים רגישים. לתפקוד מיטבי של מעגלים אלה, נא לא לקפל, לנקב ו/או לחשוף את הדרכון לטמפרטורות גבוהות ו/או ללחות מופרזת.
This passport is the property of the State of Israel and is a valuable document which must be preserved carefully. Do not add or delete any information in the passport, tear out a page or pages from it, or destroy or corrupt the passport. The law states that the perpetrator of such action and who uses an illegal passport that is not his or lets anyone else use his passport illegally, has committed an offense and is liable to be punished.
An Israeli citizen who is also a foreign citizen and holds a foreign passport must enter and exit Israel with an Israeli passport or travel document.
In the case of loss or theft of the passport in Israel, the nearest Population Office must be immediately notified. If the passport is lost or stolen overseas, the nearest Israeli embassy or consulate must be notified.
Be careful not to lose your passport. When you use it, keep it secured inside the pocket of your clothes and not in your bag or car. When you travel abroad, it is recommended to bring a photocopy of the information page.
The passport is valid for all countries (unless otherwise noted) until the date listed on page 2. After expiration, or if your passport has worn thin or is filled, it must be replaced with a new one.
Attention!! This passport contains sensitive electronic circuits. For optimal functioning of these circuits, please do not fold, puncture and/or expose your passport to high temperatures and/or excessive moisture.
Travel document[edit]
Israeli travel document front cover
The first page within the Israeli travel document
Israel may issue a travel document (Hebrew: תעודת מעבר teudat ma'avar)[7] to a person who does not have an Israeli or foreign passport which allows the person to enter and leave the country. It may be issued in the following circumstances:
to a non-citizen residents / foreigners, who does not have another passport, for example a stateless person, or their citizenship not defined, to allow them to leave the country, for example in cases of foreigners who infiltrated to Israel and are deported, or foreigners who need to leave the country for any other reason and are unable to obtain a passport from another country.
to Israeli citizens in lieu of a passport, for example for those, who lost their passports overseas.
Holders of a travel document are not entitled to the same visa-free entry to certain countries as holders of a standard Israeli passport, as the travel document is not accepted for travel or identification purposes by many countries. The use of a travel document to leave Israel does not, of itself, entitle the holder to enter another country nor to return to Israel.
Travel document for foreigners[edit]
A travel document (Hebrew: תעודת מעבר ישראלית לזרים "Teudat Ma'avar Israelit Lezarim")[8] may be issued to Arab residents of East-Jerusalem who have neither Israeli nor Jordanian citizenship, and to non-Israeli Arab residents of the Golan Heights.
Travel document in lieu of passport[edit]
A Travel Document in Lieu of National Passport (Hebrew: תעודת מעבר במקום דרכון לאומי Teudat Ma'avar bimkom Darkon Leumi)[9] may be issued to an Israeli citizen by the Ministry of Interior in a number of circumstances:[10]
90 days after immigration to the country, new citizens may apply for a travel document, and are required to use it to enter and exit the country starting 120 days after their immigration. After living 75% of their first year in the country, they are eligible to apply for an Israeli passport. However, after July 25, 2017 new immigrants no longer need to fulfill the residence requirement in order to acquire an Israeli passport.[11]
Foreign or stateless residents, and refugees.
Israeli citizens with criminal record.
Israeli citizens who have lost or destroyed over three passports.
Israeli citizens who have lost their passport during an overseas trip.
Israeli citizens who are returning to Israel by decision of the Israeli government.
They are normally valid for two years, and not for more than five years. The issuance of travel documents instead of passports became prevalent in the 1990s as the Israeli government reacted to a wave of Russian organized crime gangs who immigrated to Israel and began using Israeli passports for their activities.[12]
Visa requirements and limitations on passport use[edit]
Visa requirements[edit]
Main article: Visa requirements for Israeli citizens
Visa requirements for Israeli citizens
Israel
Visa not required
Visa on arrival
Electronic authorization or eVisa
Visa available both on arrival or online
Visa required
Admission refused
According to the 2018 Visa Restrictions Index, Israeli citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 152 countries and territories, ranking the Israeli passport 22nd in terms of travel freedom.[13]
Limitations on use by Israel[edit]
Under Israeli law, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen are designated "enemy states" and an Israeli citizen may not visit them without a special permit issued by the Israeli Interior Ministry. The original list was set in 1954, and was updated only once on 25 July 2007 to include Iran.[citation needed] This does not apply to dual nationality holders, as they are free to travel to the aforementioned countries on their other passports.
A 2008 amendment to the Nationality Law of 1952 designated 9 countries which are considered an enemy of Israel: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Sudan, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen as well as the Hamas-administered Gaza Strip. Acquiring citizenship or establishing residency by an Israeli citizen in one of these countries can result in loss or replacement of citizenship. But, Afghanistan accepts Israeli passports, and there are diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Israel via the Embassy of Israel in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Countries that do not accept Israeli passports[edit]
Countries (in light green) that reject passports from Israel (blue). Countries (in dark green) that reject not only Israeli passports but also any passport which contain Israeli stamps or visas.
Sixteen countries forbid admission to Israeli passport holders:
Algeria[14]
Bangladesh[15]
Brunei[16]
Iran[17][18]
Iraq[19]
Kuwait[20]
Lebanon[21]
Libya[22]
Malaysia1[23]
Oman[24]
Pakistan[25]
Saudi Arabia[26][27]
Sudan[28]
Syria[29]
United Arab Emirates2[30]
Yemen[31][32]
1 – Clearance permit needed from the Malaysian Ministry of Home Affairs.
2 – Accepted for transit only; not allowed for admission.
In addition, Iran,[33] Kuwait,[34] Lebanon,[35] Libya,[36] Saudi Arabia,[37] Sudan,[38] Syria[39] and Yemen[40] do not allow entry to people with evidence of travel to Israel, or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa. As a consequence, many countries will allow for a second passport to be issued to citizens wishing to circumvent this restriction although the Israeli immigration services themselves have now mostly ceased to issue entry or exit stamps to foreign nationals.
Image gallery[edit]
An example of Israel's first travel document, dating from December 1948.
Example of an early Israeli diplomatic passport, 1951
An example of an early Israeli service passport, 1951 for MK Dayan.
Israeli Diplomatic Passport No. 1, belonging to Chaim Weizmann.
1950 Israel travel identity document issued to those lacking an official passport.
An Israeli entry stamp in an Israeli non-biometric ordinary passport
See also[edit]
Mandatory Palestine passport
Visa policy of Israel
Visa requirements for Israeli citizens
Israeli identity card
Israeli nationality law
Who is a Jew?
Relationships between Jewish religious movements
Law of Return
Israel portal
International relations portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Embassy of Israel in the US. Consular Section
Jump up ^ "Golda". The Emery/Weiner School. Archived from the original on July 2011.
Jump up ^ Pine, Dan. "Golda Meir's life was devoted to building Zionism". San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved 2005-07-15.
Jump up ^ Amnon Dankner and David Tartakover, Where we were and what we did - an Israeli lexicon of the Fifties and the Sixties, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, p. 84 (in Hebrew).
Jump up ^ The Yeshiva World, Israel Moving to Biometric Passport. From Jewish News
Jump up ^ Israel Government Portal - Travel document (in Hebrew)
Jump up ^ population_and_immigration_authority - Travel Document (in Hebrew)
Jump up ^ Visa and Consular Services
Jump up ^ http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/government-services/post-aliyah-travel/teudat-maavar-traveling-abroad-as-a-new-oleh
Jump up ^ http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/New-immigrants-will-no-longer-have-to-wait-to-get-Israeli-passport-497980
Jump up ^ Zaitch, D.; Bunt, H.; Siegel, D. (2003), "Israel - The Promised Land for Russian-speaking Crime Bosses", Global Organized Crime: Trends and Developments (1st ed.), Netherlands: Springer, pp. 52–55
Jump up ^ "Passport Index" (PDF). Henley & Partners. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Country category for visa application, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ Jews of Yemen
Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Jump up ^ "Travel Advice for Iran - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Travel Report - Kuwait". Voyage.gc.ca. 2012-11-16. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ Michael Freund, Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel, 7 December 2008, Jerusalem Post
Jump up ^ "Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. and Syrian Ministry of Tourism
Jump up ^ "Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
External links[edit]
Media related to Passports of Israel at Wikimedia Commons
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Nationality Law of 1952

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Passport Stamp

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Somaliland passport

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Diplomatic passport

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Fantasy passport

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