text:
Substrate (chemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts. When referring to Le Chatelier's principle, the substrate is the reagent whose concentration is changed. The term substrate is highly context-dependent.[1]
Spontaneous reaction
S ⟶ P {\displaystyle {\ce {S -> P}}}
Where S is substrate and P is product.
Catalysed reaction
S + C ⟶ P + C {\displaystyle {\ce {{S}+ C -> {P}+ C}}}
Where S is substrate, P is product and C is catalyst.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biochemistry
1.1 Substrate promiscuity
2 See also
3 References
Biochemistry[edit]
In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate bonds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is transformed into one or more products, which are then released from the active site. The active site is then free to accept another substrate molecule. In the case of more than one substrate, these may bind in a particular order to the active site, before reacting together to produce products. A substrate is called 'chromogenic' if it gives rise to a coloured product when acted on by an enzyme. In histological enzyme localization studies, the colored product of enzyme action can be viewed under a microscope, in thin sections of biological tissues. Similarly, a substrate is called 'fluorogenic' if it gives rise to a fluorescent product when acted on by an enzyme.
For example, curd formation (rennet coagulation) is a reaction that occurs upon adding the enzyme rennin to milk. In this reaction, the substrate is a milk protein (e.g., casein) and the enzyme is rennin. The products are two polypeptides that have been formed by the cleavage of the larger peptide substrate. Another example is the chemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide carried out by the enzyme catalase. As enzymes are catalysts, they are not changed by the reactions they carry out. The substrate(s), however, is/are converted to product(s). Here, hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen gas.
E + S ↽ − − ⇀ ES ⟶ EP ↽ − − ⇀ E + P {\displaystyle {\ce {{E}+ S <=> ES -> EP <=> {E}+ P}}}
Where E is enzyme, S is substrate, and P is product
While the first (binding) and third (unbinding) steps are, in general, reversible, the middle step may be irreversible (as in the rennin and catalase reactions just mentioned) or reversible (e.g. many reactions in the glycolysis metabolic pathway).
By increasing the substrate concentration, the rate of reaction will increase due to the likelihood that the number of enzyme-substrate complexes will increase; this occurs until the enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor.
Substrate promiscuity[edit]
Main article: Enzyme promiscuity
Although enzymes are typically highly specific, some are able to perform catalysis on more than one substrate, a property termed enzyme promiscuity. An enzyme may have many native substrates and broad specificity (e.g. oxidation by cytochrome p450s) or it may have a single native substrate with a set of similar non-native substrates that it can catalyse at some lower rate. The substrates that a given enzyme may react with in vitro, in a laboratory setting, may not necessarily reflect the physiological, endogenous substrates of the enzyme's reactions in vivo. That is to say that enzymes do not necessarily perform all the reactions in the body that may be possible in the laboratory. For example, while fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) can hydrolyze the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide at comparable rates in vitro, genetic or pharmacological disruption of FAAH elevates anandamide but not 2-AG, suggesting that 2-AG is not an endogenous, in vivo substrate for FAAH.[2] In another example, the N-acyl taurines (NATs) are observed to increase dramatically in FAAH-disrupted animals, but are actually poor in vitro FAAH substrates.[3]
See also[edit]
Chemical reaction
Substrate
Reagent
Catalyst
Enzyme
Product
Limiting reagent
Reaction progress kinetic analysis
Solvent
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "substrate".
Jump up ^ Cravatt, B.F.; Demarest, K.; Patricelli, M.P.; Bracey, M.H.; Gaing, D.K.; Martin, B.R.; Lichtman, A.H. (2001). "Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (16): 9371–9376. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.9371C. doi:10.1073/pnas.161191698. PMC 55427  . PMID 11470906.
Jump up ^ Saghatelian, A.; Trauger, S.A.; Want, E.J.; Hawkins, E.G.; Siuzdak, G.; Cravatt, B.F. (2004). "Assignment of Endogenous Substrates to Enzymes by Global Metabolite Profiling". Biochemistry. 43 (45): 14322–14339. doi:10.1021/bi0480335. PMID 15533037.
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Hawaiian Islands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the list of individual islands belonging to the state of Hawaii, see List of islands of Hawaii.
Hawaiian Islands
Native name: Mokupuni o Hawai‘i
True color satellite image of the Hawaiian Islands
Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of islands that stretches 1,500 mi (2,400 km) in a northwesterly direction from the southern tip of the island of Hawaiʻi.
Geography
Location
North Pacific Ocean
Highest point
Mauna Kea
13,796 ft (4,205 m)
Administration
United States ( Hawaii, Midway Atoll)
Demographics
Population
1,450,000 (2015)
The Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian: Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the island of Hawaiʻi in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the "Sandwich Islands", a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, Hawaii Island.
The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893. The islands were subsequently put under the control of a republic, which the United States annexed in 1898.[1] The U.S. state of Hawaii now occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands), with the sole exception of Midway Island, which instead separately belongs to the United States as one of its unincorporated territories within the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
The Hawaiian Islands are the exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, formed by volcanic activity over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle. The islands are about 1,860 miles (3,000 km) from the nearest continent.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Islands and reefs
1.1 Main islands
1.2 Smaller islands, atolls, reefs
1.3 Islets
2 Geology
2.1 Earthquakes
3 Tsunamis
4 Ecology
5 National Monument
6 Climate
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Islands and reefs[edit]
Main article: History of Hawaii
Captain James Cook visited the islands on January 18, 1778 and named them the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, who was one of his sponsors as the First Lord of the Admiralty.[3] This name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name "Hawaii" gradually began to take precedence.[4]
The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km2). Except for Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii—the 50th state of the United States.[5]
Main islands[edit]
The eight main islands of Hawaii (also called the Hawaiian Windward Islands) are listed here. All except Kahoolawe are inhabited.[6]
Island
Nickname
Area
Population
(as of 2010)
Density
Highest point
Elevation
Age (Ma)[7]
Location
Hawaiʻi[8] The Big Island 1 4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2) 185,079 4 45.948/sq mi (17.7407/km2) Mauna Kea 1 13,796 ft (4,205 m) 0.4 19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)
Maui[9] The Valley Isle 2 727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2) 144,444 2 198.630/sq mi (76.692/km2) Haleakalā 2 10,023 ft (3,055 m) 1.3–0.8 20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)
Oʻahu[10] The Gathering Place 3 596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2) 953,207 1 1,597.46/sq mi (616.78/km2) Mount Kaʻala 5 4,003 ft (1,220 m) 3.7–2.6 21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)
Kauaʻi[11] The Garden Isle 4 552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2) 66,921 3 121.168/sq mi (46.783/km2) Kawaikini 3 5,243 ft (1,598 m) 5.1 22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)
Molokaʻi[12] The Friendly Isle 5 260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2) 7,345 5 28.250/sq mi (10.9074/km2) Kamakou 4 4,961 ft (1,512 m) 1.9–1.8 21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)
Lānaʻi[13] The Pineapple Isle 6 140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2) 3,135 6 22.313/sq mi (8.615/km2) Lānaʻihale 6 3,366 ft (1,026 m) 1.3 20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)
Niʻihau[14] The Forbidden Isle 7 69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2) 170 7 2.45/sq mi (0.944/km2) Mount Pānīʻau 8 1,250 ft (381 m) 4.9 21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)
Kahoʻolawe[15] The Target Isle 8 44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2) 0 8 0 Puʻu Moaulanui 7 1,483 ft (452 m) 1.0 20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)
Smaller islands, atolls, reefs[edit]
Hawaiian Islands from space.[16]
Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (all west of Niʻihau are uninhabited) form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, or Hawaiian Leeward Islands:
Nihoa (Mokumana)
Necker (Mokumanamana)
French Frigate Shoals (Kānemilohaʻi)
Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)
Maro Reef (Nalukākala)
Laysan (Kauō)
Lisianski Island (Papaʻāpoho)
Pearl and Hermes Atoll (Holoikauaua)
Midway Atoll (Pihemanu)
Kure Atoll (Mokupāpapa)
Islets[edit]
3-D perspective view of the southeastern Hawaiian Islands, with the white summits of Mauna Loa (4,170 m or 13,680 ft high) and Mauna Kea (4,206 m or 13,799 ft high). The islands are the tops of massive volcanoes, the bulk of which lie below the sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from violet (5,750 m or 18,860 ft deep northeast of Maui) and indigo to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows are shown in red, erupting from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Hualalai volcanoes on Hawaiʻi.
The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain.[17] This number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small island, offshore of the main islands (listed above) and individual islets in each atoll. These are just a few:
Ford Island (Mokuʻumeʻume)
Lehua
Ka'ula
Kaohikaipu
Mānana
Mōkōlea Rock
Nā Mokulua
Molokini
Mokoliʻi
Moku Manu
Moku Ola (Coconut Island, Hawaii)
Moku o Loʻe (Coconut Island, Oahu)
Sand Island
Grass Island
A composite satellite image from NASA of the Hawaiian Islands taken from outer space. Click on the image for a larger view that shows the main islands and the extended archipelago.
Geology[edit]
Main article: Hawaii hotspot
See also: List of Hawaii rivers
This chain of islands, or archipelago, developed as the Pacific Plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion. The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.[18] From this study and others,[19][20] it is estimated that the northwestern most island, Kure Atoll, is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeastern most island, Hawaiʻi, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Loʻihi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism.
Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase. Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.
Eruptions from the Hawaii hotspot left a trail of underwater mountains across the Pacific over millions of years, called the Emperor Seamounts
Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. Mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km).[21]
Earthquakes[edit]
Main article: List of earthquakes in Hawaii
The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman and her family. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year.[22]
Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after Alaska and California.[23]
On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the Kona area of the big island. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the epicenter. Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported.
Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS.
Tsunamis[edit]
Aftermath of the 1960 Chilean tsunami in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, where the tsunami left 61 people dead and 282 seriously injured. The waves reached 35 feet (11 m) high.
The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis, great waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away.
Tsunamis may also originate from the Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokaʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawaiʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami.
The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where the in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay. Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens.
A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for the next major event.
A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $30.1 million in damages.[24]
Ecology[edit]
See also: Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
The endemic plant and animal species of the Hawaiian Islands developed in nearly complete isolation over about 70 million years.[clarification needed] Prior to human arrival, the only native mammals were the Hawaiian hoary bat and the Hawaiian monk seal.[25][not in citation given]
Human contact, first by Polynesians, introduced new trees, other plants and animals. These included voracious species such as rats and pigs, who took a heavy toll on native birds and invertebrates that evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population also brought deforestation, forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct. As humans cleared land for farming, monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems.[citation needed]
The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to the list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands. As of 2009[update], many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered.[26]
See also: List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii
National Monument[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Bush proclaims Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a National Monument
On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest[27] marine wildlife reserve in the world. In August 2010, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Sites.[28][29][30] On August 26, 2016, President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size.[31][32][33]
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Hawaii
The climate of the Hawaiian Islands is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and weather.[34] The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation.[34] Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks or leeward sides, tend to be drier.[34]
In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April).[34] Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September.[34] The tropical storms, and occasional hurricanes, tend to occur from July through November.[34]
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Oceania portal
United States portal
Hawaii portal
Mountains portal
Volcanoes portal
Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System
Index of Hawaii-related articles
List of birds of Hawaii
List of fish of Hawaii
List of mountain peaks of Hawaii
List of Ultras of Hawaii
Maritime fur trade
Outline of Hawaii
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kent, Noel J. (1993). Hawaii: Islands Under the Influence. University of Hawaii Press. pp. x. ISBN 0-8248-1552-1.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Abbott, and Peterson, 1984
Jump up ^ James Cook and James King (1784). A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean: Undertaken, by the Command of His Majesty, for Making Discoveries in the Northern Hemisphere, to Determine the Position and Extent of the West Side of North America, Its Distance from Asia, and the Practicability of a Northern Passage to Europe: Performed Under the Direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the Years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780. 2. Nicol and Cadell, London. p. 222.
Jump up ^ Clement, Russell. "From Cook to the 1840 Constitution: The Name Change from Sandwich to Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). University of Hawai'i at Manoa Hamilton Library. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guide to State and Local Census Geography – Hawaii" (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. 2013-09-09. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Population 2016 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
Jump up ^ Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. Kauai‘’s Geologic History: A Simplified Guide. Kaua‘i: TEOK Investigations, 2004. ISBN 9780974472300. (Cited in "Hawaiian Encyclopedia : The Islands". Retrieved June 20, 2012. )
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Island of Hawaiʻi
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maui Island
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Oʻahu Island
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kauaʻi Island
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Molokaʻi Island
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lānaʻi Island
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Niʻihau Island
Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kahoʻolawe Island
Jump up ^ "Hawaii : Image of the Day". nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hawai'i Facts & Figures" (PDF). state web site. State of Hawaii Dept. of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. December 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Volcanic Chain" (PDF). The Geology of North America, Volume N: The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii. The Geology Society of America. 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ McDougall, IAN; Swanson, D. A. (1972). "Potassium-Argon Ages of Lavas from the Hawi and Pololu Volcanic Series, Kohala Volcano, Hawaii". Geological Society of America Bulletin. Geology Society of American Bulletin. 83 (12): 3731–3738. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3731:PAOLFT]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Petrography and K-Ar Ages of Dredged Volcanic Rocks from the Western Hawaiian Ridge and the Southern Emperor Seamount Chain". 86 (7). Geology Society of America Bulletin. 1975: 991–998. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Mauna Loa Earth's Largest Volcano". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory web site. USGS. February 2006. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Earthquake History". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 1972. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Top Earthquake States". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 2003. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Jump up ^ Trusdell, Frank A.; Chadderton, Amy; Hinchliffe, Graham; Hara, Andrew; Patenge, Brent; Weber, Tom (2012-11-15). "Tohoku-Oki Earthquake Tsunami Runup and Inundation Data for Sites Around the Island of Hawai'i" (PDF). USGS. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
Jump up ^ "Hawaiian Monk Seal". statesymbolsusa.org. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson, eds. (2000). Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands. Permanent Agriculture Resources. ISBN 0-9702544-0-7. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Barnett, Cynthia (August 26, 2016). "Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas". National Geographic. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "21 sites added to Unesco World Heritage list – Wikinews, the free news source". en.wikinews.org. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Saltzstein, Dan (2010-08-04). "Unesco Adds 21 Sites to World Heritage List". New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "World Heritage Committee inscribes a total of 21 new sites on UNESCO World Heritage List". whc.unesco.org. 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Cocke, Sophie (2016-08-25). "Obama expands Papahanaumokuakea marine reserve; plans Oahu trip". Honolulu Star Advertiser. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet: President Obama to Create the World's Largest Marine Protected Area". whitehouse.gov. 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Cynthia (2016-08-26). "Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas". NationalGeographic.com. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lau, Leung-Ku Stephen; Mink, John Francis (2006-10-01). Hydrology of the Hawaiian Islands. pp. 39, 43, 49, 53. ISBN 9780824829483.
Further reading[edit]
Morgan, Joseph R. (1996). "Hawai'i: A Unique Geography – Volcanic Landforms". Honolulu, HI: Bess Press. ISBN 1-57306-021-6.
An integrated information website focused on the Hawaiian Archipelago from the Pacific Region Integrated Data Enterprise (PRIDE).
Macdonald, G. A., A. T. Abbott, and F. L. Peterson. 1984. Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii, 2nd edition. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 517 pp.
The Ocean Atlas of Hawai‘i – SOEST at University of Hawaiʻi.
"Hawaiian Volcanoes – Introduction – Department of Geosciences". Corvallis, OR, USA. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012. Volcano World |; Your World is Erupting – Oregon State University College of Science
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St Michael (brand)
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For the archangel, see Michael (archangel).
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St Michael
Product type
Marks & Spencer brand
Introduced
1927
Discontinued
2000
St Michael was a brand that was owned and used by Marks & Spencer (M&S) from 1927 until 2000.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
In 1875, the firm of N. Corah and Sons of Leicester had registered the St Margaret brand for their hosiery products. The name originated because their factory, which became one of the largest hosiery factories in Europe, was in the parish of St Margaret's in Leicester. In 1926 Corahs entered into an agreement to supply Marks and Spencer directly rather than through a wholesaler. This had the potential to bring them into conflict with the Wholesale Textile Association. In order to protect their other distribution channels Corahs sought to develop an alternative brand name for their goods sold through Marks and Spencer. The name agreed by Simon Marks was St Michael, possibly after his father and co-founder of Marks & Spencer, Michael Marks but also because it was clearly linked in the public mind with the St Margaret brand which had a reputation for quality.
The name was introduced in 1927 and originally applied only to products produced by Corahs but by 1950 and for the next fifty years, virtually all goods in Marks and Spencers were sold under the St Michael brand. The St Michael name was adopted as a 'quality guarantee' and appeared as the St Michael Quality Promise on the back of food products, on the side of delivery vehicles and on in-store ordering receipts.
In 2000, the new Marks & Spencer dropped the St Michael brand, and replaced it with the Marks & Spencer brand.[1] The St Michael Quality Promise was subsequently phased out.
See also[edit]
List of Marks & Spencer brands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "M&S drops St Michael". BBC News Online. 2000-03-12.
External links[edit]
Marks & Spencer
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Michael_(brand)&oldid=829505728"
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text:
That Lady (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Who's That Lady"
Single by The Isley Brothers
Format
7" single
Recorded
1964
Genre
R&B
Length
2:48
Label
United Artists
714
Songwriter(s)
Rudolph Isley
Ronald Isley
O'Kelly Isley, Jr.
Producer(s)
Bert Berns
"That Lady, Pts. 1 & 2"
Single by The Isley Brothers
from the album 3 + 3
Released
July 14, 1973
Format
7" single
Recorded
Burbank Studios, Burbank, California; 1973
Genre
Funk, R&B, soul
Length
5:34 (Album version)
3:09 (Radio version)
Label
T-Neck
2251
Songwriter(s)
Rud. Isley
Ron. Isley
Isley, Jr.
Ernie Isley
Marvin Isley
Chris Jasper
Producer(s)
Ronald Isley
Rudolph Isley
The Isley Brothers singles chronology
"It's Too Late"
(1973) "That Lady, Pts. 1 & 2"
(1973) "What It Comes Down To"
(1973)
"It's Too Late"
(1973) "That Lady, Pt. 1 & 2"
(1973) "What It Comes Down To"
(1973)
"That Lady" is a 1973 R&B and soul song by The Isley Brothers, released on their T-Neck imprint. The song was originally performed by the group nearly a decade before in 1964 (released as "Who's That Lady?") inspired by The Impressions. After signing with Epic Records in 1973, the eldest members of the group (O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Rudolph Isley and Ronald Isley) had included younger members, guitarist Ernie Isley, bassist Marvin Isley and keyboardist/pianist Chris Jasper, as official members. In a response to this transformation, the group gave themselves the moniker of 3 + 3, describing the three original vocalists in the group and three recruited instrumentalists, inspiring the album title that came out that year. They performed the song on Soul Train on December 14, 1974.[1]
The group entered the studio to remake "Who's That Lady?" after being inspired by rock acts such as Carlos Santana (who himself covered it on his 1990 album Spirits Dancing in the Flesh) bringing in a Latin percussive rock feel to it including congas and an organ solo by assorted other musicians while the other Isleys played various instrumentation. The two youngest Isley brothers and in-law Jasper re-wrote the instrumental while the older brothers revamped their harmonies, with Ronald's vocal smoother than the original version. Brother Ernie Isley's Jimi Hendrix/Santana-inspired guitar solo was one of the elements that defined the 3 + 3 era of the Isleys, and the song became their first Top 10 pop single since 1969's "It's Your Thing" peaked at number two on the pop singles chart, reaching number six on the pop chart and number two on the US R&B Singles chart. It was also a cross-Atlantic hit for the group, reaching number fourteen in the UK.
The song is ranked #357 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personnel
2 Cover versions
3 References
4 External links
Personnel[edit]
Ronald Isley: lead vocals
Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley and O'Kelly Isley, Jr.: background vocals
Ernie Isley: guitar and percussion
Marvin Isley: bass and percussion
Chris Jasper: piano, keyboards
George Moreland: drums, percussion
Truman Thomas: organ
Cover versions[edit]
In 2001, instrumentalist Peter White cover the song in his album Glow.[2][3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Best of Soul Train Live (booklet). Time Life. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Glow Overview". Allmusic.com.
Jump up ^ "Peter White Cover Songs". TheCoversProject.com.
External links[edit]
[hide]
v
t
e
The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley
Marvin Isley
O'Kelly Isley, Jr.
Ronald Isley
Rudolph Isley
Chris Jasper
Studio albums
Shout!
Twist & Shout
Twisting and Shouting
This Old Heart of Mine
Soul on the Rocks
It's Our Thing
The Brothers: Isley
Get into Something
Givin' It Back
Brother, Brother, Brother
3 + 3
Live It Up
The Heat Is On
Harvest for the World
Go for Your Guns
Showdown
Winner Takes All
Go All the Way
Grand Slam
Inside You
The Real Deal
Between the Sheets
Masterpiece
Smooth Sailin'
Spend the Night
Tracks of Life
Mission to Please
Eternal
Body Kiss
Baby Makin' Music
Live albums
Live at Yankee Stadium
The Isleys Live
Live!
Compilation albums
Timeless
Singles
"I'm Gonna Knock on Your Door"
"Shout (Part 1)"
"How Deep Is the Ocean?"
"Twist and Shout"
"Nobody but Me"
"Testify (Part 1)"
"Love Is a Wonderful Thing"
"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)"
"I Guess I'll Always Love You"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Take Me in Your Arms (Rock Me a Little While)"
"Behind a Painted Smile"
"Put Yourself in My Place"
"It's Your Thing"
"I Turned You On"
"Keep On Doin'"
"Freedom"
"Love the One You're With"
"Spill the Wine"
"Lay Lady Lay"
"Lay-Away"
"Pop That Thang"
"Work to Do"
"It's Too Late"
"That Lady (Part 1)"
"What It Comes Down To"
"Summer Breeze"
"Live It Up"
"Fight the Power (Part 1)"
"For the Love of You"
"Harvest for the World"
"The Pride"
"Livin' in the Life"
"Voyage to Atlantis"
"Take Me to the Next Phase (Part 1)"
"Groove with You"
"I Wanna Be with You (Part 1)"
"It's a Disco Night (Rock Don't Stop)"
"Don't Say Goodnight (It's Time for Love) (Parts 1 & 2)"
"Between the Sheets"
"Choosey Lover"
"Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)"
"Contagious"
See also
Discography
T-Neck Records
Isley-Jasper-Isley
Book:The Isley Brothers
Category:The Isley Brothers
Portal:R&B and Soul Music
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Lady_(song)&oldid=764754374"
Categories:
1964 songs
1973 singles
The Isley Brothers songs
United Artists Records singles
Hidden categories:
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