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Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia
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Saudi Arabia: Water and Sanitation
Data
Access to an improved water source
97% (2015)[1]
Access to improved sanitation
100% (2015)[1]
Continuity of supply (%)
n/a
Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)
235[2]
Average residential water tariff (US$/m3)
0.03
Share of household metering
Low
Annual investment in water supply and sanitation
US$200/capita and year (Estimated needs for 2002-2022)[2]
Investment financing
Mostly through government subsidies
Institutions
Decentralization
No
National water and sanitation company
National Water Company (NWC)
Water and sanitation regulator
None
Responsibility for policy setting
Ministry of Water and Electricity (MOWE)
Sector law
No
Number of service providers
One (National Water Company) with management contracts for specific cities
Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is characterized by challenges and achievements. One of the main challenges is water scarcity. In order to overcome water scarcity, substantial investments have been undertaken in seawater desalination, water distribution, sewerage and wastewater treatment. Today about 50% of drinking water comes from desalination, 40% from the mining of non-renewable groundwater and only 10% from surface water in the mountainous southwest of the country. The capital Riyadh, located in the heart of the country, is supplied with desalinated water pumped from the Persian Gulf over a distance of 467 km. Water is provided almost for free to residential users. Despite improvements, service quality remains poor, for example in terms of continuity of supply. Another challenge is weak institutional capacity and governance, reflecting general characteristics of the public sector in Saudi Arabia. Among the achievements is a significant increase in desalination, and in access to water, the expansion of wastewater treatment, as well as the use of treated effluent for the irrigation of urban green spaces, and for agriculture.
Since 2000, the government has increasingly relied on the private sector to operate water and sanitation infrastructure, beginning with desalination and wastewater treatment plants. Since the creation of the National Water Company (NWC) in 2008, the operation of urban water distribution systems in the four largest cities has gradually been delegated to private companies as well. The apparent paradox of very low water tariffs and water privatization is explained by government subsidies. The government buys desalinated water from private operators at high prices and resells the bulk water for free. Likewise, the government directly pays private operators that run the water distribution and sewer systems of large cities under management contracts. Furthermore, it fully subsidizes investments in water distribution and sewers. Water utilities are expected to recover an increasing share of their costs from the sale of treated effluent to industries. In January 2016 water and sewer tariffs were increased for the first time in more than a decade, which resulted in discontent and in the sacking of the Minister of Water and Energy Abdullah Al-Hussayen in April 2016.[3]
Contents
1 Access
2 Service quality
3 Water use
4 Water resources
4.1 Fossil groundwater
4.2 Desalination
4.3 Surface water and alluvial aquifers
5 History and recent developments
6 Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
6.1 Policy and regulation
6.2 Service provision
6.2.1 The National Water Company and management contracts
6.2.2 The Saline Water Conversion Corporation
6.2.3 Independent Water and Power Producers for desalination
6.2.4 The Water & Energy Company
6.2.5 Project finance for wastewater treatment plants
7 Efficiency
8 Tariffs and cost recovery
9 Investment and financing
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Access[edit]
Old water tower in Riyadh
According to the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of the WHO and UNICEF, the latest reliable source on access to water and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is the 2004 census. It indicates that 97% of the population had access to an improved source of drinking water and 99% had access to improved sanitation. For 2015, the JMP estimates that access to sanitation increased to 100%. Sanitation was primarily through on-site solutions and only about 40% of the population was connected to sewers.[1] In 2015, still 886 thousand people lacked access to "improved" water.[4][5]
Service quality[edit]
Drinking water. Despite clear improvements, the quality of service remains insufficient. For example, few cities enjoy continued service, and water pressure is often inadequate. In Riyadh water was available only once every 2.5 days in 2011, while in Jeddah it is available only every 9 days. This is still better than in 2008, when the respective figures were 5 and 23 days.[6] While systematic data on service quality are now available for several cities, they are not publicly available. In some localities groundwater used for drinking water supply is naturally contaminated with levels of fluoride in excess of the recommended level of 0.7 to 1.2 mg/l. For example, a 1990 study showed that the fluoride level in drinking water in Mecca was 2.5 mg/l.[7] In Riyadh the level of fluoride is reduced far below the recommended level by blending groundwater with desalinated seawater.[8]
Wastewater. There are 33 wastewater treatment plants with a capacity of 748 million cubic meters per year, and 15 more are under construction. Much of the treated wastewater is being reused to water green spaces in the cities (landscaping), for irrigation in agriculture and other uses.
Concentrated sewage from septic tanks is collected through trucks. In Jeddah the trucks dumped sewage for 25 years in a valley that was euphemistically called the "Musk Lake". The pond, holding more than 50 million cubic meters of sewage, almost overflowed during heavy rains in November 2009 threatening to flood parts of the city. After that, the King ordered the lake to be dried up within a year with the help of the National Water Company.[9]
Water use[edit]
Total municipal water use in Saudi Arabia has been estimated at 2.28 cubic kilometers per year in 2010, or 13% of total water use. Agriculture accounts for 83% of water use and industry for only 4%.[10] Demand has been growing at the rate of 4.3% per annum (average for the period 1999-2004), in tandem with urban population growth (around 3%). Water supply is usually not metered, neither at the source nor the distribution point. It is tentatively estimated that average water consumption for those connected to the network is about 235 liters per capita per day, a level lower than in the United States.[2]
Water reuse in Saudi Arabia is growing, both at the level of buildings and at the level of cities. For example, ablution water in mosques is being reused for the flushing of toilets.[11] At the city level, treated wastewater is being reused for landscaping, irrigation and in industries such as refining. In Riyadh 50 million cubic meter per year is pumped over 40 km (25 mi) and 60m elevation to irrigate 15,000 hectares of wheat, fodder, orchards and palm trees.[12]
Water conservation measures, such as awareness campaigns through the media and educational pamphlets, have been carried out. In addition, in Riyadh a leakage control program has been carried out and a special, higher water tariff has been introduced. Furthermore, free water appliances (taps, shower heads, toilet boxes) were distributed, reportedly resulting in a decrease of residential water use of between 25-35%.[13]
An unknown, but large proportion of the population is dependent on supply through water tankers. For example, Riyadh experiences water shortages and intermittent supply, especially during the summer peak demand. To cope with the shortage, 18 million cubic meters of water was distributed during one summer by private contractors. With the commissioning of a new large well field at Al Honai this problem has been reduced.[13]
Water resources[edit]
See also: Geography of Saudi Arabia § Water resources
Saudi Arabia is one of the driest regions in the world, with no perennial rivers. Water is obtained from four distinct sources:
non-renewable groundwater from the deep fossil aquifers
desalinated water
surface water
renewable groundwater from shallow alluvial aquifers
Only the last two sources are renewable. Their volume, however, is minimal. Desalination plants provide about half the country’s drinking water. About 40% comes from groundwater. The remainder comes from surface water (about 10%). Desalinated water is prevalent along the coasts, surface water in the southwest region and groundwater elsewhere. The capital Riyadh, however, is supplied to a great extent with desalinated water pumped from the Persian Gulf over 467 km to the city located in the heart of the country.
Fossil groundwater[edit]
Current levels of groundwater extraction far exceed the level of natural recharge: Groundwater is being "mined". For example, the Al-Ahsa aquifer in the Eastern Province experienced a drop of 150 meters over the past 25 years. Since the usable volume of the aquifers is not known, it is not clear how long groundwater mining can be sustained. Estimates of the groundwater stored in the principal aquifers are controversial. According to one estimate, the amount of water stored before modern farming started was 500 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the amount of water in Lake Erie, and by 2012 about 80% of that water had been extracted.[14]
Desalination[edit]
Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of desalinated water in the world. In 2011 the volume of water supplied by the country’s 27 desalination plants at 17 locations was 3.3 million m3/day (1.2 billion m3/year). 6 plants are located on the East Coast and 21 plants on the Red Sea Coast. 12 plants use multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) and 7 plants use multi-effect distillation (MED). Both MSF and MED plants are integrated with power plants (dual-purpose plants), using steam from the power plants as a source of energy. 8 plants are single-purpose plants that use reverse osmosis (RO) technology and power from the grid. By far the largest plant in 2012, Jubail II on the East Coast, is a MSF plant built in subsequent stages since 1983 with a capacity of almost 950,000 m3/day that supplies Riyadh. The largest RO plant in 2012 was located in Yanbu on the Red Sea. It supplies the city of Medina and has a capacity of 128,000 m3/day. The MED plants are much smaller. Mecca receives its water from plants in Jeddah and Shoaiba, just south of Jeddah.[15] Ras al Khair, the largest plant of the country with a capacity of 1 million m3/day was opened in 2014, using RO technology.
Solar desalination. The first contract for a large solar-powered desalination plant in Saudi Arabia was awarded in January 2015 to a consortium consisting of Abengoa from Spain and Advanced Water Technology (AWT), the commercial arm of the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). The $130 million reverse osmosis plant, co-located with a photovoltaic plant in Al Khafji near the Kuwaiti border, was planned to have a capacity of 60,000 m3/day.[16] The plant would rely on grid power at night and its operator expected to sell electricity to the grid in the future. However, Abengoa filed for bankruptcy at the end of 2015, putting the future of the plant in jeopardy.
Once the first plant is commissioned, a plant ten times larger is due to be built at a hitherto undisclosed location. Both plants are part of a national plan, launched in 2010 and called the King Abdullah Initiative for Solar Water Desalination, to massively expand solar desalination.[17]
Floating desalination. Desalination barges have operated since 2008 to meet high seasonal demand for potable water along the Red Sea coast of the Kingdom. In 2010 the largest floating desalination plant in the world, with a production capacity of 25,000 m3/day (9 million m3/year), was launched on a barge in Yanbu. It is sufficient to supply a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants with drinking water.[18]
Surface water and alluvial aquifers[edit]
The country’s mean annual surface runoff has been estimated at more than 2 billion cubic meters per year. The country has eleven renewable alluvial aquifers with an estimated combined mean annual recharge of nearly 1 billion cubic meters per year. According to the World Resources Institute the renewable groundwater and surface water resources overlap, i.e. the entire renewable groundwater resources originate in recharge from rivers (Wadis) so that total renewable water resources are in the order of 2 cubic kilometres/year. [19] Surface resources and renewable aquifers are concentrated in the west and southwest, where rainfall is higher.
History and recent developments[edit]
The Saudi water sector, like the entire country, has undergone tremendous changes over the past decades from a system based on the use of local renewable water resources for small-scale irrigation and limited domestic uses to a system largely based on the use of desalinated water and fossil groundwater for large-scale irrigation and domestic, commercial and industrial uses at a level comparable to developed countries. The Saline Water Conversion Corporation, created in 1965, has been an important player in this process of change.
Until 1994 domestic water use was entirely free in Saudi Arabia. Only then a very moderate tariff has been introduced. In the early 2000s the government decided to involve the private sector not only in the construction of infrastructure, but to expand its role also to the financing and operation of infrastructure through Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects. The first BOT project in the water sector was a wastewater treatment plant in Jeddah, followed by Independent Water and Power Projects (IWPPs) for integrated power and desalination plants.
In 2003 the Ministry of Water and Energy was created. It took over the water resources management function from the Ministry of Agricultural and Water and the responsibility for water supply and sanitation from the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs. In the same year the Water & Electricity Company was created as an off-taker for water and electricity produced by the IWPPs.
In 2008 the privatization program was expanded to drinking water supply when the Kingdom's first management contract was signed for the capital Riyadh, followed by two more management contracts (see below). Beginning with the expiration of the management contract in Riyadh in 2014, it is planned to award 20 to 30-year lease contracts for the cities covered by management contracts.[20] As of late 2014, the timing was pushed back to 2017/18 and NWC expected to take a 40% share in each of the Joint Ventures that would be selected to run the water and sewer systems of the three cities. According to NWC CEO Loay Al-Musallam the Joint Ventures can be profitable despite low water tariffs through the sale of treated effluent, because bulk water and capital investments are provided for free.[21]
Responsibility for water supply and sanitation[edit]
Until the establishment of the National Water Company (NWC) in 2008 there was no separation between institutions in charge of policy and regulation on the one hand, and service provision on the other. Instead all key sector functions were the direct responsibility of a single Ministry, the Ministry of Water and Electricity. The quality and efficiency of service provision are hampered by the many weaknesses afflicting the public sector in Saudi Arabia in general. These include an inadequate civil servants recruitment policy, insufficient salaries, limited skills, no accountability for action taken (or not taken), a lack of strategic planning, and ad-hoc investment decisions.
Policy and regulation[edit]
Since 2003 the Ministry of Water and Electricity (MOWE) is responsible for policy and regulation of water and sanitation services. There is no separate regulatory agency for the sector. The recently established Electricity and Co-generating Regulatory Authority (ECRA) only regulates privately owned desalination plants. The functions of the Ministry of Agriculture overlap with those of MOWE, since agriculture is by far the main water user in the country and contributes in the depletion of fossil aquifers on which a large share of the country’s drinking water supply depends. There is also some overlap between the two Ministries in the area of wastewater reuse. There is no Ministry of Environment in Saudi Arabia.
Service provision[edit]
The responsibility for service provision is shared by the private and public sectors. The National Water Company (NWC) is in charge of water supply and sanitation in the largest cities - Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca and Taif as of 2013 in partnership with foreign private operators. In other cities water supply and sanitation is still the direct responsibility of MOWE through its regional directorates and branches. Local government, which is in charge of service provision in many other countries, has no role in service provision in Saudi Arabia.
Desalination plants are run by the Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) which provides water for free to the NWC or by private companies called Independent Water and Power Projects (IWPPs) which sell water and energy to a public entity called the Water & Energy Company. Many wastewater treatment plants are run by private companies under BOT contracts.
The National Water Company and management contracts[edit]
The National Water Company (NWC) plans to become a "leading water utility in the region" within 4 to 7 years after its creation in 2008. NWC's twelve-member Board is chaired by the Minister of Water and Electrity and includes the CEO of the company.[22]
NWC contracts out water distribution services for individual cities to the private sector under management contracts. Key objectives include improving service quality, operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The contracts are preceded by one-year technical assistance contracts. This is followed by a further 1-2 year validation period during which the baseline and target data for key performance indicators are being reviewed.[23] Tariff levels will not be affected. The scope of the contracts includes training and qualifying Saudi nationals, as well as research and development with the aim to transfer technology.[24]
The three contracts signed so far are:
In April 2008 for the capital for Riyadh with the French firm Veolia, covering six years and valued at $60m,
A seven-year contract with the French firm SUEZ for Jeddah,
In June 2010 for Mecca and Taif with the French firm Groupe Saur, covering five years and valued at $46m.
As required by Saudi law Groupe Saur's team working in Mecca consists entirely of Muslims. Further management contracts are expected to be tendered for Medina and Greater Dammam.[25]
NWC says that between its creation in 2008 and 2012 it has saved 115.4 million m3 of water through leak reduction, improved water quality compliance from 82% to 98.7%, increased customer satisfaction from 45% to 83%, reduced the number of projects that are behind schedule from 104 to 3, and has improved its annual cash collection from SAR561 million ($149 million) to SAR1,119 million ($298 million).[26]
NWC also plans and oversees infrastructure projects such as the SAR 1.6 billion ($426 million) Riyadh Water Supply Programme completed in 2013 that included drilling 43 new wells and building 27 brackish water desalination plants.[26]
NWC had initially been expected to take over Medina in 2011, as well as Damman and Al-Khobar in 2013.[27]
The Saline Water Conversion Corporation[edit]
The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is in charge of operating the country’s publicly owned desalination plants, and operating a network of water transmission pipelines 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) to transport the water in bulk from the plants to the major consumption centers, some of them located far inland such as Riyadh. SWCC is the biggest water desalination entity in the world. It has more than 4.6 million m3/day water installed capacity. SWCC has a research department and a training center. Although it formally is a corporation, SWCC is not run like an independent company on commercial principles, but rather like a branch of the government. Its main product, bulk water, is provided for free to its main customer, NWC. As of 2016, SWCC holds some SAR 80 billion ($21 billion) of assets.[28]
In 2008 the government announced plans to "privatize" SWCC by transforming it into a holding company. The holding company would initially supervise affiliated production firms that would run the desalination plants. Subsequently, it would sell off the firms and include the private sector in a way similar to what has been done with the Independent Water and Power Projects (see below). The first plant to be privatized would be in Yanbu.[29] However, the plans have been modified in 2010: The old plants continue to be operated by SWCC, while new plants are built and operated by the private sector.[30] In June 2016, amid low oil prices, it was decided to revive the initial privatization plan. Water minister Abdulrahman Al-Fadhli and SWCC governor Abdulrahman Al-Ibrahim said that the company will become a holding company, served by local production units. Privatisation will be in two stages: first, investment partners for the desalination plants ("production units") will be sought; then shares of the holding company will be sold on the Saudi stock market. Around SAR110 billion ($29.3 billion) funding for investment will be needed by SWCC over the next 15 years.[28]
Independent Water and Power Producers for desalination[edit]
In the early 2000s, Saudi Arabia began to invite the private sector not only to build, but also to finance and operate new desalination plants. A Water and Energy Corporation (WEC) was established as an off-taker that buys water used for municipal uses from the IWPPs through 20-year power and water purchase agreements (PWPAs). The government fully guarantees the payments due from WEC to the IWPPs. This follows the example of Persian Gulf countries, which had introduced IWPPs several years earlier. The first such project in Saudi Arabia was the Shoaiba III Independent Water and Power Producer (IWPP) signed in 2007 and completed in 2010.[31] It is located on the Red Sea and provides water to Jiddah, Mecca and Taif. The second IWPP was the Jubail II project, located next to the Jubail industrial complex on the Persian Gulf coast. The off-taker for the industrial water is the Saudi Company Marafiq, the utility that provides power and water to the industrial cities of Jubail and Yanbu. Formed by Royal Decree in 2000 and established in 2003, it is owned by four public entities and seven private shareholders.[32]
In 2007 Saudi Arabia had plans to launch ten further IWPPs by 2016 with a total investment of $16 billion. However, the Saudi government changed its approach and decided to procure its plant in Ras al-Khair and other plants from contractors and to operate them through SWCC, as it had been the case before IWPPs were introduced. Ras Al-Khair was opened in 2014 as the largest desalination plant in the world, built at a cost of $7.2 billion.[33]
Independent Water and Power Producers in Saudi-Arabia
Location
Status
Capacity
(mln m3/year)
Capacity (MW)
Notes
Shoaiba III Operational in 2010 321 1200
Jubail II Operational in 2009 292 2755
Shuqaiq II Operational in 2011 77 850
IN 2016 WEC planned to become again an offtaker for an IWPP, the Al Kahfji solar desalination plant built by Advanced Water Technology (AWT). AWT was the contractor of the plant and could become its operator under a proposed off-take plan. Another large desalination plan on the drawing board is the Jeddah 4 plant that could be implemented as an IWPP, although pre-bidding as a normal construction contract had already been initiated.[31]
The Water & Energy Company[edit]
The Water & Energy Company, created in 2003, is the off-taker for desalined water produced by privately operated desalination plants. It is jointly owned by SWCC and the Saudi Electricity Company (SEC).[34]
Project finance for wastewater treatment plants[edit]
Project finance, i.e. financing secured primarily by the projected revenue stream of the project, has been commonly used to finance wastewater treatment plants in Saudi Arabia. In May 2002 the first wastewater contract in Saudi Arabia financed in this way, in this case as a BOT contract, was awarded to a consortium of local firms. The consortium was to rehabilitate, operate, maintain and upgrade the wastewater system of the Jeddah Industrial City over a period of 20 years and invest US$32 million.[35] The government has awarded many more BOT wastewater treatment contracts since then, based on the revenue stream of long-term sales agreements for treated wastewater sold to major customers.[36]
Efficiency[edit]
The operational efficiency of water and sanitation services is typically measured through the level of non-revenue water and the ratio of staff per 1,000 connections.
Because of the low level of metering it is difficult to estimate the level of non-revenue water in Saudi Arabia. Only in the case of Riyadh, where meters exist, a meaningful estimate has been done, resulting in an estimated 34% of non-revenue water. It is broken down into 21% physical losses and 13% commercial losses from undermetering, illegal connections and authorized unbilled consumption such as for mosques. In addition, 24% of billed consumption is not being paid. The overall level is high by international standards.
A recent benchmarking study showed that the regional directorates are employing 10,500 people to serve 5.7 million customers. This corresponds to about 10 staff per 1,000 connections, which is more than three times higher than in the case of efficiently run utilities. The actual number of people employed in service provision is even higher because many directorates contract out specific services.
Tariffs and cost recovery[edit]
Tariffs. The Kingdom has a single increasing block tariff structure for the entire country. Under that structure water and sewer tariffs per unit of water increase with consumption. The new residential tariff schedule - in force since January 1, 2016 and shown in USD equivalents at the exchange rate of January 2016 - is as follows:[37]
Household usage (m3/month)
Water tariff ($/m3)
Sewage tariff ($/m3)
Combined tariff ($/m3)
0-15 0.03 0.01 0.04
16-30 0.27 0.14 0.41
31-45 0.81 0.41 1.22
46-60 1.08 0.54 1.62
61+ 1.62 0.81 2.43
Under the new tariff schedule the limit for the first consumption block now is 15 cubic meters per month, down from 50 cubic meters per month previously. The tariff is the first block remains extremely low, but it subsequently increases significantly. The new tariff schedule also introduces a sewer tariff which did not exist before in Saudi Arabia. Tariff adjustments had been proposed for at least six years, but had never been implemented.[38][39] The increase came following a significant drop in oil prices. The Ministry of Water says that the majority of households would not be significantly affected by the increase, because their consumption remains within the lower consumption blocks. Commercial, industrial and government users are charged according to different, higher tariff schedules.[37]
Prices for water sold by tanker trucks. A cubic meter of water supplied by a water tanker may cost as much as 6 Riyals (US$1.50), or about 20 times more than water supplied through the network. Citizens who are not connected to the piped network, who are often poor, pay up to 40 times more for water than connected households. The monthly water bill is about 1 Riyal (US$0.27), compared to an average mobile phone bill of 200 Riyals.[38] The price of a 19 cubic meter tank is 150 SR, and the price of a 30 cubic meter tank is 180 SR. Although price may change during holidays and peak seasons, and not all cities are the same.
Sale of treated effluent. Through the Treated Sewage Effluent Initiative (TSEI) of the National Water Company, treated wastewater is sold to major water customers, such as industries or golf course operators, under long-term contracts of up to 25 years. This generates a revenue stream that recovers the costs of wastewater treatment under Build-Operate Transfer (BOT) projects financed by the private sector. As of 2011, it was estimated that NWC had signed TSE agreements worth more than 5 billion Saudi Riyals (USD 1.33 billion).[36]
Cost recovery and subsidies. Before the 2016 tariff increase, on average "the government (was) only recovering one or two percent of its costs, and the (subsidy) plans are benefiting the rich, not the poor", according to Adil Bushnak.[38] According to a 2000 estimate by the World Bank, the government paid annual subsidies of US$3.2 billion, equivalent to 1.7% of GDP and 7% of oil revenues.[40] Desalinated water is provided for free by SWCC to NWC. Before the introduction of the private sector in Riyadh, the Riyadh branch of MOWE – probably one of the best performing branches - had revenues of 370 million Riyals in 2004, but expenses of 570 million Riyals.
Investment and financing[edit]
All investment for water and sanitation, including desalination, is funded directly by the central government’s budget. The 7th and 8th Development Plans (covering the periods 2000-2005 and 2006-2010 respectively) allocations for water (including irrigation), covering a period of ten years, amounted to Saudi Riyal 34.9 billion (US$9.2 billion) and Saudi Riyal 41.6 billion (US$11.1 billion) respectively, equivalent to US$2 billion per year.
It has been estimated that between 1975 and 2000 a total of more than US$100bn has been invested in water supply and sanitation, and that a further US$130bn will be needed between 2002 and 2022, corresponding to US$6.5 billion per year or more than US$200 per capita and year.[2] This level of investment in water per capita is among the highest in the world, higher than in the US, the UK or Germany, due to the high cost of desalination and the need to transport water over long distances. It corresponds to about 1.5% of GDP.
See also[edit]
Water portal
Environment portal
Peak water
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ PSIRU MENA
^ Jump up to: a b "Water Reuse in the Arab World: From Principle to Practice. Case Study 2: Saudi Arabia: Engaging the Private Sector to Implement the Treated Sewage Effluent Initiative". World Bank. 2011. p. 28. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saudi Arabia downplays water tariff restructuring". Global Water Intelligence. January 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Global Water Intelligence:Pressure grows for Saudi tariff reform, October 2010, p. 14
Jump up ^ AMEinfo.com:Saudi Water and Power Forum 2010 discusses water sustainability, October 4, 2010
Jump up ^ World Bank:A Water Sector Assessment Report on the Countries of the Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf, 2005, p. 27
Further reading[edit]
U.S. Saudi Arabian Business Council:The Water Sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Summary, ca. 2009
World Bank / Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: The Water Sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2007.
International Benchmarking Network (IB-Net) for water and sanitation
Elie Elhadj:Dry Aquifers In Arab Countries And The Looming Food Crisis, 2008
Elie Elhadj:Household water and sanitation services in Saudi Arabia: an analysis of economic, political and ecological issues, Occasional Paper 56, SOAS/KCL Water Research Group, School of Oriental & African Studies and King's College London, University of London, May 2004
External links[edit]
Ministry of Water and Electricity
National Water Company
Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC)
Water & Electricity Co.
Electricity and Co-Generation Regulatory Authority
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Garage door opener
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A residential garage door opener. The motor is in the box on the upper-right.
A garage door opener is a motorized device that opens and closes garage doors. Most are controlled by switches on the garage wall, as well as by remote controls carried by the owner.
Contents
[hide]
1 The electric opener
2 Types
3 Remote control
4 Cloning garage door opener remotes
5 Additional features
6 Safety
7 References
8 External links
The electric opener[edit]
The electric overhead garage door opener was invented by C.G. Johnson in 1926 in Hartford City, Indiana.[1] Electric Garage Door openers did not become popular until Era Meter Company of Chicago offered one after World War II where the overhead garage door could be opened via a key pad located on a post at the end of the driveway or a switch inside the garage.[2]
As in an elevator, the electric motor does not provide most of the power to move a heavy garage door. Instead, most of door's weight is offset by the counterbalance springs attached to the door. (Even manually operated garage doors have counterbalances; otherwise they would be too heavy for a person to open or close them.) In a typical design, torsion springs apply torque to a shaft, and that shaft applies a force to the garage door via steel counterbalance cables. The electric opener provides only a small amount of force to control how far the door opens and closes. In most cases, the garage door opener also holds the door closed in place of a lock.
The typical electric garage door opener consists of a power unit that contains the electric motor. The power unit attaches to a track. A trolley connected to an arm that attaches to the top of the garage door slides back and forth on the track, thus opening and closing the garage door. The trolley is pulled along the track by a chain, belt, or screw that turns when the motor is operated. A quick-release mechanism is attached to the trolley to allow the garage door to be disconnected from the opener for manual operation during a power failure or in case of emergency. Limit switches on the power unit control the distance the garage door opens and closes once the motor receives a signal from the remote control or wall push button to operate the door.[3]
The entire assembly hangs above the garage door. The power unit hangs from the ceiling and is located towards the rear of the garage. The end of the track on the opposite end of the power unit attaches to a header bracket that is attached to the header wall above the garage door. The power head is usually supported by punched angle iron.
Recently another type of opener, known as the jackshaft opener, has become more popular. This style of opener was used frequently on commercial doors but in recent years has been adapted for residential use. This style of opener consists of a motor that attaches to the side of the torsion rod and moves the door up and down by simply spinning the rod. These openers need a few extra components to function safely for residential use. These include a cable tension monitor, to detect when a cable is broken, and a separate locking mechanism to lock the door when it is fully closed. These have the advantage that they free up ceiling space that an ordinary opener and rail would occupy. These also have the disadvantage that the door must have a torsion rod to attach the motor to.
Types[edit]
There are five types of garage door openers. Chain drive, belt drive, screw drive, direct drive, and jackshaft.
Chain drive openers have a chain (similar to a bicycle's) that connects the trolley to the motor.
Belt drive openers use a rubber belt in place of a chain.
Screw drive openers have a long screw inside the track. The trolley connects to this screw.
Direct Drive openers have the motor installed inside the trolley and use a gear wheel to guide the trolley along a fixed chain.
Jackshaft openers mount on the wall at either end of the torsion bar.
Remote control[edit]
The first wireless garage door openers were invented and developed by two US inventors at the same time, one in Illinois and the other in Washington state. They were unknown to each other.[4]
The first garage door opener remote controls were simple and consisted of a simple transmitter (the remote) and receiver which controlled the opener mechanism. The transmitter would transmit on a designated frequency; the receiver would listen for the radio signal, then open or close the garage, depending on the door position. The basic concept of this can be traced back to World War II. This type of system was used to detonate remote bombs. While novel at the time, the technology ran its course when garage door openers became popular. While the garage door remote control transmitter is low power and has limited range, its signal can be received by other, nearby, garage door openers. When two neighbors had garage door openers, then opening one garage door might open the neighbor’s garage door as well.
The second stage of the wireless garage door opener system solved the opening-the-neighbor's-garage-door problem. The remote controls on these systems transmitted a digital code, and the receiver in the garage responded only to that code. The codes were typically set by eight to twelve DIP switches on the receiver and transmitter, so they allowed for 28 = 256 to 212 = 4,096 different codes. As long as neighbors used different codes, they would not open each other's garage doors. The intent of these systems was to avoid interference with nearby garage doors; the systems were not designed with security in mind. Intruders were able to defeat the security of these systems and gain entry to the garage and the house. The number of codes was small enough that even an unsophisticated intruder with a compatible remote control transmitter could just start transmitting all possible codes until he found one that opened the door. More sophisticated intruders could acquire a black box master key that automatically transmitted every possible code in a short time. An even more sophisticated method is known as a replay attack. The attacker would use a code grabber, which has a receiver that captures the remote's digital code and can retransmit that digital code at a later time. The attacker with a code grabber would wait nearby for the homeowner to use his remote, capture the code, and then replay the code to open the door when the homeowner was gone. Multicode openers became unpopular in areas where security was important, but due to their ease of programming, such openers are often used to operate such things as the gates in gated apartment complexes.
An intermediate stage of the garage door opener market eliminated the DIP switches and used remotes preprogrammed to one out of roughly 3.5 billion unique codes. The receiver would maintain a security list of remotes to which it would respond; the user could easily add the unique remote's code to the list by pressing a button on the garage door opener while activating the remote control. The large number of codes made the brute force try-all-possible-digital-codes attacks infeasible, but the systems were still vulnerable to code grabbers. For user convenience, these systems were also backward compatible with the older DIP switch remote codes, but adding an old technology remote to the security list made the garage door opener vulnerable to a brute force attack to find the DIP switch code. The larger code space approach was an improvement over the fixed DIP switch codes, but was still vulnerable to the replay attack.
The third stage of garage door opener technology uses a frequency spectrum range between 300-400 MHz and rolling code (code hopping) technology to defeat code grabbers. In addition to transmitting a unique identifier for the remote control, a sequence number and an encrypted message are also sent. Although an intruder could still capture the code used to open a garage door, the sequence number immediately expires, so retransmitting the code later would not open the garage door. The encryption makes it extremely difficult for an intruder to forge a message with the next sequence number that would open the door. Some rolling code systems are more involved than others. Because there is a high probability that someone will push the remote's button while not in range and thus advance the sequence number, the receiver does not insist the sequence number increase by exactly one; it will accept a sequence number that falls within a narrow window or two successive sequence numbers in a much wider window. Rolling code technology is also used on car remote controls and with some internet protocols for secure sites.
The fourth stage of garage door opener systems is similar to third stage, but it is limited to the 315 MHz frequency. The 315 MHz frequency range avoids interference from the Land Mobile Radio System (LMRS) used by the U.S. military.
The following standards are used by units manufactured by Chamberlain (including LiftMaster and Craftsman):
Dates
System
Color of programming button and LED on unit
Color of LED on remote*
1984–1993 8-12 Dip Switch on 300-400 MHz white, gray, or yellow button with red LED red
1993–1997 Billion Code on 390 MHz green button with green or red LED green
1997–2005 Security+ (rolling code) on 390 MHz orange or red button with amber LED amber or none
2005–present Security+ (rolling code) on 315 MHz purple button with amber LED none
2011–present Security+ 2.0 (rolling code) on 310, 315, and 390 MHz yellow button with amber LED and yellow antenna wires red or blue
* Does not apply to keyless entry keypads or universal remotes.
Recent Chamberlain garage door openers that have Security+ 2.0 features also use a special serial protocol on wired connections rather than a simple switch closure.[5]
The following standards are used by units manufactured by Overhead Door Corporation and its subsidiary The Genie Company :
Dates
System
1985–1995 9–12 DIP Switch on 360, 380, or 390 MHz[6][7]
1995–2005 Intellicode/CodeDodger (rolling code) on 390 MHz
2005–present Intellicode/CodeDodger (rolling code) on 315 MHz
2011–present Intellicode 2/CodeDodger 2 (rolling code) on 315 and 390 MHz
Note: There are no standard color codes for the learn button or LED on units manufactured by Overhead Door or Genie. All accessories made for later versions of Genie Intellicode and Overhead Door CodeDodger are backward compatible with previous generations of Intellicode and CodeDodger.
Cloning garage door opener remotes[edit]
A typical photo of both the outer case and inner circuit of a garage door opener remote control.
Many garage door opener remote controls use fixed-code encoding which use DIP switches or soldering to do the address pins coding process, and they usually use pt2262/pt2272 or compatible ICs. For these fixed-code garage door opener remotes, one can easily clone the existing remote using a self-learning remote control duplicator (copy remote) which can make a copy of the remote using face-to-face copying.
Additional features[edit]
Additional features that have been added over the years have included:
Automatic courtesy lights that turn on when the door opens (or via motion sensors) and automatically turn off after a preset delay
A remote lockout feature, which turns off the radio receiver while one is on vacation or away for an extended time.
The availability of accessories has increased, including such features as wireless keypads, key chain remotes, and solenoid-operated deadbolts to lock the door itself.
More sophisticated features are also available, such as an integrated carbon monoxide sensor to open the door in case of the garage being flooded with exhaust fumes. Other systems allow door activation over the Internet to allow home owners to open their garage door from their office for deliveries.
Another recent innovation in the garage door opener is a fingerprint-based wireless keypad. This unit attaches to the outside of the garage door on the jamb and allows users to open and close their doors with the press of a finger, rather than creating a personal identification number (PIN). This is especially helpful for families with children who may forget a code and are latchkey kids.
Safety[edit]
The garage door is generally the largest moving object in a home. An improperly adjusted garage door opener can exert strong and deadly forces and might not reverse the garage door in an emergency. The manufacturer's instructions provide guidance to the user on the proper adjustment and maintenance of the opener.
Garage door openers manufactured and installed in the United States since 1982 are required to provide a quick-release mechanism on the trolley that allows for the garage door to be disconnected from the garage door opener in the event of entrapment. [8] Garage door openers manufactured since 1982 are also required to reverse the garage door if it strikes a solid object.[9][10]
Under U.S. federal law (UL 325), garage door openers manufactured for the U.S. since 1993 must include a secondary safety reversing system, such as photoelectric eyes or sensors, mounted near the floor.[11] Other examples of safety reversing systems, allowed within the guideline of UL 325, include electric safety edges, which reverse with approximately 15 pounds of downward pressure, and a garage door and opener system without photo eyes, tested together, which reverses upon approximately 15 pounds of pressure.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert J Girod (2014). "Garage Door Openers - High-tech Burglary". Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations: Tradecraft Methods, Practices, Tactics, and Techniques. Taylor and Francis. p. 90. ISBN 9781482230741.
Jump up ^ "Aids To Modern Living - Garage Doors". Popular Science: 137. January 1946.
Jump up ^ "Garage Door Systems, Springs and Openers". Bob Villa. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Widely Separated Inventors Invent Garage Door Openers By Radio Impulses". Popular Science: 32. February 1931.
Jump up ^ "Will my older accessories work with the new line of Security+ 2.0 garage door openers?". chamberlaingroup1.custhelp.com. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ Willmes, Dave. "My Overhead Door Opener Doesn't Work with this Universal Remote". www.overheaddooronline.com. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "FCC ID BSH8YN106546 by Overhead Door Corporation". FCCID.io. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Falling Garage Doors — A Crushing Concern". Garage Door Child Safety.
Jump up ^ "Non Reversing Garage Door Openers a Hazard" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Jump up ^ "Garage Door System Safety Guidelines". Door & Access Systems Manufacturers Association International. Archived from the original on 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Safety Tips". Door & Access Systems Manufacturers Association International. Archived from the original on 2008-12-23.
External links[edit]
Official FCC notification on garage opener frequencies (PDF)
Garage Door Opener Safety Tips (Washington Post)
Safety Commission Rules For Automatic Garage Door Openers - U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. CPSC, 1992
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garage_door_opener&oldid=850486779"
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text:
The Whirlwind Girl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Whirlwind Girl
Promotional Poster
Also known as
Tornado Girl
Taekwando Girl
Genre
Teen
Sports
Romance
Comedy
Based on
Tornado Girl by Ming Xiaoxi
Written by
Ming Xiaoxi
Zhu Ming
Directed by
Cheng Zhichao
Starring
Hu Bingqing
Yang Yang
Chen Xiang
Bai Jingting
Opening theme
Burning Youth by He Jie
Ending theme
That Distance by Chen Chusheng
Composer(s)
Zhu Jintai
Lee Daliang
Guo Chao
Ouyang YiLu
Wu Fan
Country of origin
China
Original language(s)
Mandarin
No. of episodes
32
Production
Executive producer(s)
Zhang Huali
Li Hao
Zhou Xiong
Zhang Ruobo
Producer(s)
He Jin
Zhou Dan
Location(s)
China
South Korea
Running time
50-55 minutes (single episodes), 30-35 minutes (double episode)
Production company(s)
Mango Media, Grand Media
Distributor
Grand Media
Release
Original network
Hunan TV
Picture format
HDTV 1080i, SDTV 576i
Audio format
Stereophonic
Original release
7 July (2015-07-07) – 26 August 2015 (2015-08-26)
The Whirlwind Girl (Chinese: 旋风少女) is a 2015 Chinese television series based on the novel of the same name written by Ming Xiaoxi. It aired on Hunan TV from 7 July to 26 August 2015.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
2.2.1 Xian Wu Taekwondo Center
2.2.2 Song Bai Taekwondo Center
2.2.3 Quan Sheng Taekwondo Center
2.2.4 Chang Hai Taekwondo Center
2.2.5 Others
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
6 Awards
7 International broadcast
8 Sequel
9 References
Synopsis[edit]
The story tells the journey of Qi Baicao (Hu Bingqing) who has a fondness for Taekwondo ever since she was little. After her parents died in a fire accident, Bai Cao is adopted and raised by Qu Xiangnan, the world champion of Taekwondo, whose skills and reputation have been defamed by his rivals. Honest, righteous, and determined to succeed, Bai Cao gradually transforms from a "weed" into a professional Taekwondo athlete, fighting her way to the top and reclaiming her teacher's innocence. Along the way she encounters friends such as her stoic and selfless senior Ruo Bai (Yang Yang), the warm and caring but mysteriously secluded medic Yu Chuyuan (Bai Jingting), and the flirtatious, playful Fang Tinghao (Chen Xiang) with a hidden agenda.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Hu Bingqing as Qi Baicao
Yang Yang as Ruo Bai
Chen Xiang as Fang Tinghao
Bai Jingting as Yu Chuyuan
Supporting[edit]
Xian Wu Taekwondo Center[edit]
Zhao Yuannuan as Fang Tingyi
Tinghao's sister. She is a former Taekwondo champion, and is regarded as a superstar in the Taekwondo world due to her talents and beautiful appearance. She likes Chuyuan, and is jealous of his love for Baicao.
Yang Tailang as Shen Bo
Wang Deshun as Master Wan
Master of Xian Wu Taekwondo Center and the Fang siblings' grandfather.
Song Bai Taekwondo Center[edit]
Leo Wu as Hu Yifeng
Ruo Bai's dorm mate. He appears to be lazy, but is very talented. He often bickers with Xiaoying, and later falls in love with her.
Tan Songyun as Fan Xiaoying
Baicao's best friend; a cheerful and playful girl. She likes Ruo Bai initially, but later falls in love with Yifeng whom she often bickers with.
Li Ze as Wu Xiuda
Yu Haoyang as Wu Xiuqin
Qie Lutong as Song Pingping
Li Ji as Yin Yin
Gao Guangze as Yang Rui
Li Qiang as Master Yu
Master of Song Bai Taekwondo Center and Chuyuan's adoptive father.
Quan Sheng Taekwondo Center[edit]
Vincent Chiao as Qu Xiangnan
The former world champion of Taekwondo; Baicao's master and Guangya's father. Due to an incident where he was framed for taking drugs, he was banned from the industry.
Shi Xiaoqun as Shen Ning
A talented taekwondo coach, who is the role model of many female students. She is also Guangya's aunt.
Yu Tinger as Qu Guangya
Qu Xiangnan's daughter. She appears to be cold but is actually very kind. She is Baicao's childhood friend and cares for her deeply.
Feng Peng as Zheng Yuanhai
Master of Quan Sheng Taekwondo Center.
Chang Hai Taekwondo Center[edit]
Jiang Yiyi as Kim Min-joo
A taekwondo student from Korea, who is frank and adorable. Due to her father's rivalry with Qu Xiangnan, she holds a grudge against An Yang students.
Zhang Xueying as Lee En-xiu
Chuyuan's half-sister. A kind-hearted and innocent girl who likes Tinghao. She is also an outstanding Taekwondo athlete, and is Baicao's role model.
Sun Lishi as Kim Yishan
Min-joo's father, and Qu Xiangnan's opponent. He used an underhanded method to defeat Qu Xiangnan back then to become world champion.
Jang Tae-hoon as Min Shenghao
Yishan's beloved disciple. A determined and upright guy, who became the Youth Champion after Tinghao. He is close to Min-joo, and admires En-xiu.
Li Jiacheng as Min Zai
Others[edit]
Huang Xiaolin as Mei Ling
Ma Chengcheng as Lin Feng
Yang Xiaodan as Xiao Ying's mother
Fu Jia as Xiao Ying's father
Ma Ruojing as Pu Dongyuan, the person behind the drugs incident regarding Qu Xiangnan.
Li Haohan as Li Yunyue, Eun-soo and Chuyuan's father.
Yi Ji as Shen Yuan, Qu Xiangnan's wife and Shen Ning's sister.
Xu Huiwen as Ruo Bai's mother
Production[edit]
In season 1, Xu Jiao was originally chosen to portray Qi Baicao, but withdrew due to physical problem and speech. The role eventually went to Hu Bingqing.[2] This series also marks the second collaboration between Leo Wu and Jiang Yiyi.[3] Filming began in April 2015 at Changsha and ended in July 2015.[4]
Soundtrack[edit]
No.
Title
Singer
Length
1. "Burning Youth (燃烧吧青春)" (Opening theme song) He Jie 03:18
2. "That Distance (那个远方)" (Ending theme song) Chen Chusheng 04:36
3. "Missing Out (借过)" Yin Ziyue 04:05
4. "Overjoyed (痛快)" Vanessa Jin 03:19
5. "Lucky to Meet You (还好遇见你)" Liu Ao 04:22
6. "Forgot to Hold Your Hand (忘了牵手)" Milk Coffee 05:17
7. "Stars (星星)" Milk Coffee 04:11
8. "Fireworks (烟火)" Chen Xiang 03:50
Reception[edit]
The drama is a commercial success. It maintained the number one spot in its timeslot during broadcast, with an average viewership rating of 1.68% (CSM50) and 2.43% (Nationwide), becoming one of the highest rated Chinese dramas for the year 2015. It also has 2 billion views on Mango TV.[5][6][7]
Ratings[edit]
[hide]China Hunan TV premiere ratings (CSM50)
Episodes
Broadcast date
Ratings (%)
Audience share (%)
Rankings
1-2 July 7, 2015 1.200 5.920 1
3-4 July 8, 2015 1.159 6.189 1
5-6 July 14, 2015 1.215 6.898 1
7-8 July 15, 2015 1.501 8.064 1
9-10 July 21, 2015 1.664 8.951 1
11-12 July 22, 2015 1.778 9.507 1
13-14 July 28, 2015 1.736 9.246 1
15-16 July 29, 2015 1.733 9.068 1
17-18 August 4, 2015 1.725 9.129 1
19-20 August 5, 2015 1.781 9.111 1
21-22 August 11, 2015 1.605 8.720 1
23-24 August 12, 2015 2.000 10.089 1
25-26 August 18, 2015 1.950 10.335 1
27-28 August 19, 2015 2.150 10.940 1
29-30 August 25, 2015 1.879 10.022 1
31-32 August 26, 2015 1.904 9.371 1
[hide]Nationwide Ratings
Episodes
Broadcast date
Ratings (%)
Audience share (%)
Rankings
1-2 July 7, 2015 1.58 10.30 1
3-4 July 8, 2015 1.66 10.96 1
5-6 July 14, 2015 1.89 12.69 1
7-8 July 15, 2015 2.19 13.79 1
9-10 July 21, 2015 2.56 16.14 1
11-12 July 22, 2015 2.46 15.26 1
13-14 July 28, 2015 2.44 15.02 1
15-16 July 29, 2015 2.50 15.49 1
17-18 August 4, 2015 2.68 16.55 1
19-20 August 5, 2015 2.58 15.88 1
21-22 August 11, 2015 2.55 16.58 1
23-24 August 12, 2015 2.82 17.33 1
25-26 August 18, 2015 2.78 17.66 1
27-28 August 19, 2015 2.82 17.77 1
29-30 August 25, 2015 2.61 17.12 1
31-32 August 26, 2015 2.71 16.29 1
Awards[edit]
28th Golden Eagle Awards - Outstanding Television Series[7]
22nd Huading Awards - Best Newcomer (Tan Songyun)
International broadcast[edit]
Channel
Location
Broadcast start date
Note
Hunan TV Mainland China July 7, 2015 Tuesday, Wednesday 22:00 (two eps)
Mango TV Mainland China July 7, 2015 Tuesday, Wednesday night (two eps ). August 27 13:14
(Highlights + second quarter pilot film)
Home Drama Japan December 9, 2015 01:15, 18:00 (replay)
Guangdong TV China, Hong Kong January 23, 2016 Everyday at 19:30 (two eps)
CCTV8 Mainland China August 9, 2016 Everyday at 13:00
Sequel[edit]
The second season of the drama, The Whirlwind Girl 2, starred Korean actor Ji Chang-wook and An Yuexi.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "《旋风少女》定档7月7日动感主题曲抢先曝光". Huanqiu.com. 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ 中時電子報. "辞拍《旋风少女》 徐娇自曝得肿瘤". 中時電子報 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-11-21.
Jump up ^ "《旋风少女》杨洋缝衣 吴磊蒋依依再合作". Youth.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-11-21.
Jump up ^ "《旋风少女》杀青 明年暑假还有第二季!". Tencent (in Chinese). Retrieved 2016-11-21.
Jump up ^ "《旋风少女》收视再创新高 胡冰卿陷多角恋迷局". China News. 13 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "湖南卫视《旋风少女》全剧收视率大盘点".
^ Jump up to: a b "充满青春质感《旋风少女》荣获金鹰奖". Sina. 14 October 2016.
[show]
v
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Hunan Television Youth On March
2015
Singles Villa
Love Weaves Through a Millennium
Love You, Countless Ties
OB-GYNS 2
The Whirlwind Girl
Moon River
The Only Way is Sanlitun
Mission Impossible Love
2016
The Adventure for Love
Promise of Migratory Birds
Magical Space-time
Yes! Mr. Fashion
The Whirlwind Girl 2
Shuttle Love Millennium
2017
Pretty Li Hui Zhen
The Starry Night, The Starry Sea
A Different Kind of Pretty Man 2
Fighter of the Destiny
Princess Agents
My Mr. Mermaid
Lightning
The Starry Night, The Starry Sea 2
The Endless Love
Love of Aurora
2018
To Love, To Heal
TBD
Excellent Investor
New York
Sonic Youth
Girls Power
Ice-breaking Actions
Da Song Shao Nian Tian Tuan
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text:
He Stopped Loving Her Today
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"He Stopped Loving Her Today"
Single by George Jones
from the album I Am What I Am
B-side
"A Hard Act to Follow"
Released
April 14, 1980
Recorded
1979
Genre
Country
Length
3:15
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Bobby Braddock
Curly Putman
Producer(s)
Billy Sherrill
George Jones
George Jones singles chronology
"Someday My Day Will Come"
(1979) "He Stopped Loving Her Today"
(1980) "I'm Not Ready Yet"
(1980)
"Someday My Day Will Come"
(1979) "He Stopped Loving Her Today"
(1980) "I'm Not Ready Yet"
(1980)
"He Stopped Loving Her Today" is a song recorded by American country music artist George Jones. It has been named in several surveys as the greatest country song of all time.[1] It was released in April 1980 as the lead single from the album I Am What I Am. The song was Jones's first solo No. 1 single in six years. The melancholy song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman. The week after Jones' death the song re-entered the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 21. As of November 13, 2013, the single has sold 521,000 copies in the United States.[2] Since 2008 it has been preserved by the Library of Congress into the National Recording Registry.
Alan Jackson sang the song during George Jones' funeral service on May 2, 2013. George Strait and Jackson sang the song as a tribute during the 2013 CMA Awards on November 6, 2013.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording and composition
2 Reception
3 Chart performance
4 References
5 External links
Recording and composition[edit]
By 1980, Jones had not had a number one single in six years and many critics began to write him off. However, the music industry was stunned in July when "He Stopped Loving Her Today" shot to number one on the country charts. The song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman and tells the story of a friend who has never given up on his love; he keeps old letters and photos from back in the day and hangs on to hope that she would "come back again". The song reaches its peak in the chorus, revealing that he indeed stopped loving her when he died and the woman does return—for his funeral. In a different singer's hands, the song might have sounded irreverent but Jones' interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line "...first time I'd seen him smile in years", gives it a realism.
Producer Billy Sherrill introduced Jones to the song in 1978[3][full citation needed] but, according to Sherrill and Jones himself, the singer hated the song when he first heard it. In Bob Allen's biography of the singer, Sherrill states, "He thought it was too long, too sad, too depressing and that nobody would ever play it...He hated the melody and wouldn't learn it."[4][full citation needed] Sherrill also claims that Jones frustrated him by continually singing the song to the melody of the Kris Kristofferson hit "Help Me Make It Through the Night".[5][full citation needed] In the Same Ole Me retrospective, Sherrill recalls a heated exchange during one recording session: "I said 'That's not the melody!' and he said 'Yeah, but it's a better melody.' I said 'It might be—Kristofferson would think so too, it's his melody!'" In the same documentary, Sherrill claims that Jones was in such bad physical shape during this period that "the recitation was recorded 18 months after the first verse was" and added that the last words Jones said about "He Stopped Loving Her Today" was "Nobody'll buy that morbid son of a bitch". Although he had disliked "He Stopped Loving Her Today" when it was first offered to him, Jones ultimately gave the song credit for reviving his flagging career, stating that "a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song."[6][full citation needed] It was as much a tour de force for the producer was for the singer, featuring all the hallmarks of Sherrill's symphonic approach to country production, featuring cresting strings and dramatic flourishes. Had it not been for Sherrill, it is unlikely the song would have ever been recorded, such was his belief in the song, although he did share some of Jones' misgivings initially; in his 1995 memoir, Jones recalled, "Putnam and Braddock killed the song's main character too soon in their early versions. Billy kept telling them to kill the guy at a different time and then have the woman come to his funeral...He gave the song to me, and I carried it for more than a year, also convinced that it needed rewriting. Billy had a notebook about an inch thick that was nothing but rewrites for 'He Stopped Loving Her Today.'"[7][full citation needed]
Reception[edit]
The success of "He Stopped Loving Her Today" led CBS Records to renew Jones' recording contract and sparked new interest in the singer. Jones earned the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1980. The Academy of Country Music awarded the song Single of the Year and Song of the Year in 1980. It also became the Country Music Association's Song of the Year in both 1980 and 1981. The song became so synonymous with Jones that few singers dared to cover it. Jones recorded the song again with producer Keith Stegall for the 2005 album Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't. A recording of Johnny Cash performing the song is featured on the 2003 collection Unearthed and Trent Summar & the New Row Mob recorded it on 2006's Horseshoes & Hand Grenades.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 1
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 2
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8] 21
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Song Review". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (November 13, 2013). "Country Chart News - The Top 30 Digital Singles - November 13, 2013: CMA Awards Drive Sales; Eric Church "The Outsiders" #1; Taylor Swift "Red" #3". Roughstock. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jones, George; Carter, Tom 1995, pp. 250.
Jump up ^ Allen, Bob 1996, pp. 299.
Jump up ^ Allen, Bob 1996, pp. 299-300.
Jump up ^ Jones, George; Carter, Tom 1995, pp. 253.
Jump up ^ Jones, George; Carter, Tom 1995, pp. 251.
Jump up ^ "George Jones Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
The Story Behind The Song
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Trying to Love Two Women"
by The Oak Ridge Boys Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
July 5, 1980 Succeeded by
"You Win Again"
by Charley Pride
[hide]
v
t
e
George Jones singles
Singles
"No Money in This Deal"
"Why Baby Why"
"Achin', Breakin' Heart"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Too Much Water"
"Just One More"
"Don't Stop the Music"
"Color of the Blues"
"White Lightning"
"The Window Up Above"
"Tender Years"
"She Thinks I Still Care"
"I'll Share My World with You
"The Race Is On"
"Love Bug"
"Walk Through This World with Me"
"If My Heart Had Windows"
"Good Year for the Roses"
"Loving You Could Never Be Better"
"A Picture of Me (Without You)"
"The Grand Tour"
"The Door"
"He Stopped Loving Her Today"
"I'm Not Ready Yet"
"If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)"
"Still Doin' Time"
"Same Ole Me"
"Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)"
"I Always Get Lucky with You"
"Tennessee Whiskey"
"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart"
"She's My Rock"
"Hallelujah, I Love You So"
"Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes"
"The One I Loved Back Then (The Corvette Song)"
"Somebody Wants Me Out of the Way"
"Wine Colored Roses"
"The Right Left Hand"
"I Turn to You"
"I'm a One Woman Man"
"I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair"
"Choices"
"Funny How Time Slips Away"
Collaborative singles
"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"Let's Invite Them Over" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"What's in Our Heart" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"Blue Moon of Kentucky" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"We're Gonna Hold On" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"Golden Ring" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"Near You" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"Maybellene" (w/ Johnny Paycheck)
"Two Story House" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"You Better Move On" (w/ Johnny Paycheck)
"Yesterday's Wine" (w/ Merle Haggard)
"C.C. Waterback" (w/ Merle Haggard)
Guest singles
"A Few Ole Country Boys" (w/ Randy Travis)
"You Don't Seem to Miss Me" (w/ Patty Loveless)
"A Country Boy Can Survive (Y2K version)" (w/ Chad Brock and Hank Williams, Jr.)
"Murder on Music Row" (w/ Dierks Bentley)
Related articles
Albums discography
Singles discography
Discography with Tammy Wynette
Awards
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_Stopped_Loving_Her_Today&oldid=831987599"
Categories:
1980 songs
George Jones songs
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Country ballads
Songs written by Bobby Braddock
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Songs written by Curly Putman
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
Songs in memory of deceased persons
1980 singles
Epic Records singles
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This page was last edited on 23 March 2018, at 04:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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values: Don't Stop the Music (George Jones song)

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