text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film)
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Bowers
Produced by
Nina Jacobson
Brad Simpson
Screenplay by
Wallace Wolodarsky
Maya Forbes
Based on
The Last Straw and Dog Days
by Jeff Kinney
Starring
Zachary Gordon
Robert Capron
Devon Bostick
Rachael Harris
Steve Zahn
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Anthony B. Richmond
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Production
company
Color Force[1]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox[1]
Release date
August 3, 2012 (2012-08-03)
Running time
94 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[2]
Box office
$77.1 million[3]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days is a 2012 American comedy film directed by David Bowers from a screenplay by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes. It stars Zachary Gordon and Steve Zahn. Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Rachael Harris, Peyton List, Grayson Russell, and Karan Brar also have prominent roles. It is the third installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series, and is based on the third and fourth books in the series, The Last Straw and Dog Days.[4]
The film was released on August 3, 2012. It is also Bowers' second live-action film. Although the film is based on the third and fourth Diary of a Wimpy Kid books, there is a scene based on the first book, where Greg's dad, Frank, is trying to unplug Greg's video game system, but does not know how to. There is also a scene based off the second one, where Greg is sick on picture day, and his second grade picture gets sent in. Unlike the book, Greg was the one who was sick, where in the book, it was Rodrick.[5]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days is also the last film in the series to feature the original cast members, as many of the cast (such as Zachary Gordon, Robert Capron and Devon Bostick) outgrew their roles and a re-cast was made for the future films in the series, starting with Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, which was released five years later.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Critical reception
5 Accolades
6 Home media
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
The Heffley family attends a pool party at the local pool, where the family meets a former trouble-making friend of Rodrick who is now a model student after attending a military school known as Spag Union. Greg's father Frank thinks about enrolling Greg there.
Greg's summer starts off badly: Frank bans video games in anger at Greg's laziness, and his mother Susan starts a book club, but she does not see their books as real literature. Frank is also getting jealous of the neighbor's athletic kids, and after his video game ban, Susan forces Frank and Greg to bond with each other: their bonding activities end in disaster.
A few weeks later, Greg's best friend, Rowley Jefferson, takes Greg to the local country club, where Greg enjoys the lifestyle and the fact that his crush, Holly Hills, teaches tennis there and he doesn't have to go to the book club.
Greg returns home to learn that Frank signed him up for an unpaid summer internship at his work without his consent, and Greg lies about having a job at the country club. Frank and Susan are delighted, and give him a starter cell phone, a Ladybug, which only allows him to call home or 911.
Rowley invites Greg on a family trip to their beach house near the Boardwalk, but Greg finds the lifestyle banal and attempts to escape. He tries to call home using his Ladybug phone, but the phone rejects the call, and after he inadvertently calls 911, the police arrive, almost leading to the arrest of Rowley's father, who sends home Greg in disgust.
Rowley doesn't allow Greg to tag along with him to the country club because of the beach house incident, but Greg sneaks in, meets with Holly and her sister Heather and manages to get Löded Diper a gig at Heather's sweet sixteen, much to Rodrick's delight.
Rowley and Greg quickly make up, but Rowley is unable to attend the club, forcing Greg to sneak in. One morning, Frank drops Greg off, only to be confronted by Rowley's father: Greg has built up a $260 fruit smoothie bill from his time at the country club. When Frank attempts to explain the situation, the clerk informs him that the club does not employ minors, and Greg is exposed. As a result, when he receives a Spag Union disc, he fears he will be sent there.
Rodrick informs Greg that the "Wilderness Weekend" could be a way to avoid Spag Union. Their troop proves weak compared to Frank's boss, Stan's, troop. after a Camp story and Greg continues to mess things up Frank tells him that everyone messes up, after the boys overhear Stan and his troop insulting Frank, Greg attempts to set up a plan for revenge by using traps, and finds out that Stan's troop has been using electric and other conveniences including pre-cooked meals and portable TVs rather than actually camping.
Stan arrives at the tent, and Greg accidentally throws the tent into the campfire, and admits he was responsible but his friends tell him that he did it to defend his honor. Frank, having lost his respect for Stan, then confronts him with the electronic conveniences (although he was jealous of Stan throughout the movie), and Stan runs into Greg's trap, leaving him humiliated.
Frank reveals that he never liked camping anyway, and decides not to send Greg to Spag Union, much to Greg's surprise and delight. Frank gives Greg advice about learning from mistakes and taking responsibilities. The two discover they are much alike than they realize.
At Heather's Sweet 16 birthday party a few days later, Löded Diper performs a hard rock version of "Baby" by Justin Bieber and Ludacris, during an attempt to win over Heather. However, Rodrick accidentally knocks over a huge ice sculpture of Heather, which results in her losing her temper and accidentally smashing a chocolate fountain with a microphone stand, splashing chocolate all over her, and the party ends in disaster.
Holly then implies that she likes Greg by holding his hand, and in the final scene, Greg describes that his summer did not go the way he expected, but had positive circumstances.
Cast[edit]
Zachary Gordon as Gregory "Greg" Heffley
Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's best friend
Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's brother
Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother
Peyton List as Holly Hills, Greg's love interest, friend and eventual girlfriend
Grayson Russell as Fregley, one of Greg's weird classmates
Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta, one of Greg's friends
Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, Greg's arch-enemy
Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Greg's father
Melissa Roxburgh as Heather Hills, Rodrick's love interest and Holly's older sister
Connor/Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley
Alf Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson, Rowley's father who dislikes Greg
Bronwen Smith as Mrs. Jefferson, Rowley's mother
Terence Kelly as Grandpa Heffley, Frank's father and Greg's grandfather
Oliver the Dog as Sweetie Heffley, the Heffley's new dog and addition to the family
Phil Hayes as Stan Warren, Frank's boss
Jeff Kinney as Mr. Hills, Holly's father
This film is the last movie in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series to feature the original cast, as they aged out of their roles as middle-schoolers.
Production[edit]
Principal photography began on August 8, 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7, 2011.[6] The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam, BC. Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011.[7][8][9][10] The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond, BC. Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011.[11][12][13] The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond, BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133.[14][15] During filming, stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron, were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver's fair, the PNE.[14] A poster was leaked in March 2012. A teaser trailer was attached to The Three Stooges.[16] An advance screening for the film was held on July 31, 2012.[17]
Critical reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has an approval rating of 51% based on 71 reviews and an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Overly familiar and a bit too reliant on slapstick, the sitcom-like Dog Days fails to improve upon previous installments and will likely appeal to few outside its target audience."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[20]
Abby West of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ and wrote "Though often self-centered and conniving, Greg remains a likable kid, and the movie entertains by pulling off over-the-top scenarios that set up digestible life lessons for youngsters."[21]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
2013 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days Nominated [22]
Favorite Movie Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated
2013 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated [23]
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Robert Capron Won
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Karan Brar Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Laine MacNeil Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Ten and Under Connor & Owen Fielding Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Dalila Bela Nominated
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast Zachary Gordon, Robert Capron, Peyton List, Karan Brar, Laine MacNeil, Connor & Owen Fielding, Devon Bostick, Grayson Russell Won
Home media[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was released on iTunes on December 4, 2012.[24] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 18, 2012.[25]
It was released on Redbox on January 15, 2013.[26]
An animated short film set after the events of Dog Days, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Class Clown, was released on the home media release of Dog Days, with Zachary Gordon reprising his role as Greg Heffley, and archival audio of various other cast members from Dog Days covering the film.
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film)
At the time of its release, Dog Days was described as the last live-action film in the franchise.[27][28] In August 2012, while doing press for the film, Jeff Kinney, Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth film, but did not dismiss the possibility entirely.[27][28][29] Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel, stating, "At present, we don’t have a fourth film in development, but you never know!"[29]
And when describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series, Gordon explained, "[Dog Days] most likely will be the last movie. The main problem is [the cast] is getting older. You can't stop it. There's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up. You know, that's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless."[27] In March 2013, Zachary Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live-action film. Jeff Kinney has indicated that instead of doing a live-action film of the sixth novel Cabin Fever, he would like to see it adapted into an animated film, stating in an interview, "I hope that it gets made into an animated movie. I'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special."
On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a new movie with a different cast based on the 9th book, The Long Haul, had began production.[30]The film was released on May 19, 2017.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (2012-08-02). "'Total Recall' will fight 'Dark Knight Rises' for No. 1". latimes.com. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Third "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" movie starts filming". All Headline News. August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Film List" (PDF). British Columbia Film Commission. August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Ridge pool transformed for filming". Tri City News. Sep 16, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - Coquitlam’s Eagle Ridge Pool was recently transformed into a country club pool for scenes being filmed for the movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days...the pool was closed for the last week of summer vacation ...
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid filmed in Coquitlam". The NOW: Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, Anmore and Belcarra. September 14, 2011. p. 13. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - The name of the film that caused the closure of Eagle Ridge Pool has been revealed: the third installment of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies is being filmed partially in Coquitlam.
Jump up ^ "Coquitlam’s Eagle Ridge Pool was recently transformed into a country club pool for scenes being filmed for the movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days.". Flickr. October 1, 2011. p. 13. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Ridge Outdoor Pool". City of Coquitlam. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Filming in Steveston". Steveston Insider. October 10, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - Meanwhile, at the beginning of September, Steveston Pool became a very active and inviting pool party, filled with beach balls, pool floats and a snack shack, as a location for Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3.
Jump up ^ "Film Industry Activities in Richmond - Steveston Area". Hansard, British Columbia Legislature. July 22, 2013. p. 814. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - ...and Steveston Outdoor Pool became the site of a pool party in Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3.
Jump up ^ "Steveston Outdoor Pool". City of Richmond. p. 814. Retrieved May 16, 2014. .
^ Jump up to: a b Director's commentary from the Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days DVD.
Jump up ^ "Britannia Shipyards National Historic Site". City of Richmond. Retrieved May 16, 2014. - ...the last surviving Chinese Bunk Houses on the Pacific Northwest Coast.
Jump up ^ "Recently Classified Trailers, Commercials and PSAs". AlbertaFilmRaings.ca. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". AdvanceScreenings.com. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Abby West (2012-08-10). "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days review". EW.com. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Kids' Choice Awards 2013". Nick.com. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Movies - Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". iTunes. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)". Amazon.com. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". redbox.com. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Zachary Gordon Talks "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days"". ClevverTV. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zachary Gordon & Robert Capron Interview - Diary of a Unwimpy Kid: Dog Days". HeyUGuysBlog. 3 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Cavna (3 August 2012). "Jeff Kinney on the challenges of his latest film, 'Dog Days'". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Elise Jonas-Delson (21 November 2011). "Q&A: Jeff Kinney". TimeForKids.com. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
External links[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days on IMDb
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days at AllMovie
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days at Box Office Mojo
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Rodrick Rules
The Last Straw
Dog Days
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Cabin Fever
The Third Wheel
Hard Luck
The Long Haul
Old School
Double Down
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Characters
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Rodrick Rules
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Flushed Away (2006)
Astro Boy (2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2011)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (2017)
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Songhai Empire
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Songhai
c. 1464–1591
The territorial extent of the Songhai Empire in c. 1500.
Capital Gao[1]
Languages Songhai, Malinké, Mandinka, Fulani, Bozo, Soninke, Hausa, Mooré
Religion Islam, African traditional religion
Government Empire
Dia (King)
• 1464–1492 Sunni Ali
• 1492–1493 Sonni Bāru
• 1493–1528 Askia the Great
• 1529–1531 Askia Musa
• 1531–1537 Askia Benkan
• 1537–1539 Askiya Ismail
• 1539–1549 Askia Ishaq I
• 1549–1582/1583 Askia Daoud
• 1588–1592 Askia Ishaq II
Historical era Postclassical Era
• Songhai state emerges at Gao c. 1000
• independence from Mali Empire c. 1430
• Sunni Dynasty begins 1468
• Askiya Dynasty begins 1493
• Songhai Empire falls 1591
• Dendi Kingdom continues 1592
Area
• 1500[2] 1,400,000 km2 (540,000 sq mi)
• 1550[3] 800,000 km2 (310,000 sq mi)
Currency (Cowry,and gold coins)
Preceded by Succeeded by
Mali Empire
Gao Empire
Saadi dynasty
Pashalik of Timbuktu
Dendi Kingdom
Today part of Benin
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
The Gambia
The Songhai Empire (also transliterated as Songhay) was a state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century. At its peak, it was one of the largest states in African history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its leading ethnic group and ruling elite, the Songhai. Sonni Ali established Gao as the capital of the empire, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century. Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenné, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively, where urban-centered trade flourished. Initially, the empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (c. 1464–1493), but it was later replaced by the Askiya dynasty (1493–1591).
During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading center and attracted the interest of the expanding Mali Empire. Mali conquered Gao towards the end of the 13th century; Gao would remain under Malian hegemony until the late 14th century. But as the Mali Empire started to disintegrate, the Songhai reasserted control of Gao. Songhai rulers subsequently took advantage of the weakened Mali Empire to expand Songhai rule. Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in area, wealth, and power, absorbing vast areas of the Mali Empire and reached its greatest extent. His son and successor, Sonni Bāru (1492–1493), was a less successful ruler of the empire, and as such was overthrown by Muhammad Ture (1493–1528; called Askia), one of his father's generals, who instituted political and economic reforms throughout the empire.
A series of plots and coups by Askia's successors forced the empire into a period of decline and instability. Askia's relatives attempted to govern the empire, but political chaos and several civil wars within the empire ensured the empire's continued decline, particularly during the brutal rule of Askia Ishaq I (1539–1549). However, the empire experienced a period of stability and a string of military successes during the reign of Askia Daoud (1549–1582/1583). Ahmad al-Mansur, the Moroccan sultan at the time, demanded tax revenues from the empire's salt mines. Askia Daoud responded by sending a large quantity of gold as gift in an attempt to appease the sultan. Askia Ishaq II (1588–1591) ascended to power in a long dynastic struggle following the death of Askia Daoud. He would be the last ruler of the empire. In 1590, al-Mansur took advantage of the recent civil strife in the empire and sent an army under the command of Judar Pasha to conquer the Songhai and to gain control of the Trans-Saharan trade routes. After the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Tondibi (1591), the Songhai Empire collapsed. The Dendi Kingdom succeeded the empire as the continuation of Songhai culture and society.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-imperial Songhai
1.2 Pre-imperial dynasties
1.3 Pre-imperial kingdom
1.4 Imperial Songhai
1.5 Sonni Ali
2 Imperial Songhai
2.1 Sonni Ali
2.2 Askia the Great
3 Culture
3.1 Economy
3.2 Criminal justice
3.3 Government
4 Decline
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Pre-imperial Songhai[edit]
Further information: Songhai people
In ancient times there were several different groups of people that collectively formed the Songhai identity. Among the first people to settle in the region of Gao were the Sorko people, who established small settlements on the banks of the Niger River. The Sorko fashioned boats and canoes from the wood of the cailcedrat tree and fished and hunted from their boats and provided water-borne transport for goods and people. Another group of people that moved into the area to exploit the Niger's resources were the Gow people. The Gow were hunters and specialized in hunting river animals such as crocodile and hippopotamus.[citation needed] The other group of people known to have inhabited the area were the Do people. They were farmers who raised crops in the fertile lands bordering the river. Sometime before the 10th century, these early settlers were subjugated by more powerful, horse-riding Songhai speakers, who established control over the area. All these groups of people gradually began to speak the same language and they and their country eventually became known as the Songhai.[4]
Pre-imperial dynasties[edit]
Further information: Za Dynasty
The earliest dynasty of kings is obscure and most of the information about this dynasty comes from an ancient cemetery near a village called Saney, close to Gao. Inscriptions on a few of the tombstones in the cemetery indicate that this dynasty ruled in the late 11th and early 12th centuries and that the rulers from this dynasty bore the title of malik. Other tombstones mention a second dynasty, whose rulers bore the title zuwa. There is only myth and legend to describe zuwa origins.[5] The Tarikh al-Sudan (the History of the Sudan), written in Arabic around 1655, provides an early history of the Songhai as handed down through oral tradition. The chronicle reports that the legendary founder of the Za or the Zuwa dynasty was called Za Alayaman, who originally came from Yemen and settled in the town of Kukiya.[6] What happened to the Zuwa rulers is not recorded.[7]
Pre-imperial kingdom[edit]
Further information: Gao Empire
The camel-riding Sanhaja tribes were among the early people of the Niger bend region. They were locally known as the Tuareg. These tribes rode out of the great Sahara Desert and established trading settlements near the Niger. As time passed, North African traders crossed the Sahara and joined the Tuaregs in their Niger bend settlements.[citation needed] They all conducted business with the people living near the river. As trade in the region increased, the Songhai chiefs took control of the profitable commerce around what was to later become Gao. Between 750 and 950, as the Ghana Empire prospered as the "land of gold" far to the west, the trading centre at Gao became an increasingly important terminus for trade across the Sahara.[citation needed] The trade goods included gold, salt, slaves, kola nuts, leather, dates, and ivory. And by the 10th century, the Songhai chiefs had established Gao as a small kingdom, taking control of the people living along the trade routes. At around 1300, Gao had become so prosperous that it attracted the attention of the Mali Empire and its rulers. Gao was subsequently conquered by them and Mali profited from Gao's trade and collected taxes from its kings until about the 1430s. Troubles in the Mali homelands made it impossible to maintain control of Gao.[8] Ibn Battuta visited Gao in 1353 when the town was a part of the Mali Empire. He arrived by boat from Timbuktu on his return journey from visiting the capital of the empire:
Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl [Niger], one of the finest, biggest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is much rice there, and milk, and chickens, and fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries, like the people of Mālī.[9]
Imperial Songhai[edit]
Following the death of Mansa Sulayman in 1360, disputes over the succession weakened the Mali Empire. Furthermore, the ruinous reign of Mari Djata II left the empire in bad financial shape, but the empire itself passed intact to Musa II. However, real power in the empire was in the hands of Mari Djata, Musa's kankoro-sigui. He put down a Tuareg rebellion in Takedda and attempted to quell the Songhai rebellion in Gao. While he was successful in Takedda, he did not manage to re-subjugate Gao, and so the Songhai effectively retained their independence.[10] During his reign, Sonni Ali would be the one to expand the small kingdom of Gao into an enormous empire.[11]
Sonni Ali[edit]
Further information: Sonni Ali
Sonni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire and the 15th ruler of the Manay dynasty. He worked his hardest to get the Songhai empire out of its rocky start. The Muslim leaders of Timbuktu asked him to drive out the invaders. Once Sunni Ali drove them out, he took this chance and took over Timbuktu. Soon, he had almost all the trading cities along the Niger River.[citation needed]
Imperial Songhai[edit]
In the decades following the death of, disputes over succession weakened the Mali Empire, and in the 1430s Songhai, previously a Mali dependency, gained independence under the Sonni Dynasty. Around thirty years later Sonni Sulayman Dama attacked Mema, the Mali province west of Timbuktu, paving the way for his successor, Sonni Ali, to turn his country into one of the greatest empires Saharan Africa has ever seen.[12]
Sonni Ali[edit]
Sonni Ali reigned from 1464 to 1492, after the death of Sulayman Dama. Like Songhai kings before him, Ali was a Muslim. In the late 1460s, he conquered many of the Songhai's neighboring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire. Sonni Ali was considered the empire's most formidable military strategist and conqueror. Under his rule Songhai reached a size of over 1,400,000 square kilometers.[citation needed]
During his campaigns for expansion, Ali conquered many lands, repelling attacks from the Mossi to the south and overcoming the Dogon people to the north. He annexed Timbuktu in 1468, after Islamic leaders of the town requested his assistance in overthrowing marauding Tuaregs who had taken the city following the decline of Mali.[13] However, Ali met stark resistance after setting his eyes on the wealthy and renowned trading town of Djenné (also known as Jenne). After a persistent seven-year siege, he was able to forcefully incorporate it into his vast empire in 1473, but only after having starved its citizens into surrender.
The invasion of Sonni Ali and his forces caused harm to the city of Timbuktu, and he was described as an intolerant tyrant in many African accounts. According to The Cambridge History of Africa the Islamic historian Al-Sa'df expresses this sentiment in describing his incursion on Timbuktu:
Sunni Ali entered Timbuktu, committed gross iniquity, burned and destroyed the town, and brutally tortured many people there. When Akilu heard of the coming of Sonni Ali, he brought a thousand camels to carry the fuqaha of Sankore and went with them to Walata..... The Godless tyrant was engaged in slaughtering those who remained in Timbuktu and humiliated them.[14]
Manuscripts of mathematics and astronomy found in Timbuktu.
Sonni Ali conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuktu, especially those of the Sankore region who were associated with the Tuareg. With his control of critical trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu, Sonni Ali brought great wealth to the Songhai Empire, which at its height would surpass the wealth of Mali.[15]
In oral tradition, Sonni Ali is often known as a powerful politician and great military commander. Whatever the case may have been, his legend consists of him being a fearless conqueror who united a great empire, sparking a legacy that is still intact today. Under his reign Djenné and Timbuktu became great centers of learning.[citation needed]
Askia the Great[edit]
Tomb of Askia
After taking the throne Muhammad is known as Askia the Great, even though he had no real right to be the king. Not only was he not in the royal family blood line, he did not hold the sacred symbols which entitled one to become a ruler. Furthermore, he was most likely a descendant of Soninke lineage rather than Songhai, which means that by Songhai standards his family background would have not allowed him to be King. But Askia managed to bypass that law and take the throne.[citation needed]
He organized the territories that Sonni Ali had previously conquered and extended his power as far to the south and east. He was not as tactful as Ali in the means of the military, but he did find success in alliances. Because of these alliances he was able to capture and conquer more vastly. Unlike Ali, however, he was a devout Muslim. Askia opened religious schools, constructed mosques, and opened up his court to scholars and poets from throughout the Muslim world. He sent his children to an Islamic School and enforced Islamic practices. Yet he was tolerant of other religions and did not force Islam on his people.[citation needed]
Like Mansa Musa, Askia also completed one of the Five Pillars of Islam by taking a hajj to Mecca, and, also like the former, went with an overwhelming amount of gold. He donated some to charity and used the rest for lavish gifts to impress the people of Mecca with the wealth of the Songhai. Islam was so important to him that, upon his return, he recruited Muslim scholars from Egypt and Morocco to teach at the Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu as well as setting up many other learning centers throughout his empire. Among his great accomplishments was an interest in astronomical knowledge which led to a flourishing of astronomers and observatories in the capital.[16]
While not as renowned as his predecessor for his military tactics, he initiated many campaigns, notably declaring Jihad against the neighboring Mossi. Even after subduing them he did not force them to convert to Islam. His army consisted of war canoes, expert cavalry, protective armor, iron tipped weapons, and an organized militia.[citation needed]
Not only was he a patron of Islam, he also was gifted in administration and encouraging trade. He centralized the administration of the empire and established an efficient bureaucracy which was responsible for, among other things, tax collection and the administration of justice. He also demanded that canals be built in order to enhance agriculture, which would eventually increase trade. More important than anything he did for trade was the introduction of weights and measures and the appointment of an inspector for each of Songhai's important trading centers.[citation needed] During his reign Islam became more widely entrenched, trans-Saharan trade flourished, and the Saharan salt mines of Taghaza were brought within the boundaries of the empire. Unfortunately, as Askia the Great grew older, his power declined. In 1528 his sons revolted against him and declared Musa, one of Askia's many sons, as king. Following Musa's overthrow in 1531, Songhai's empire went into decline. Following multiple attempts at governing the Empire by Askia's sons and grandsons there was little hope for a return to the power it once held. Between the political chaos and multiple civil wars within the empire, it came as a surprise when Morocco invaded Songhai unexpectedly. The main reason for the Moroccan invasion of Songhai was to seize control of and revive the trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold. The Songhai military, during Askia's reign, consisted of full-time soldiers, but the king never modernized his army. The Empire fell to the Moroccans and their firearms in 1591.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
At its peak, the Songhai city of Timbuktu became a thriving cultural and commercial center. Arab, Italian, and Jewish merchants all gathered for trade. A revival of Islamic scholarship also took place at the university in Timbuktu[citation needed]. However, Timbuktu was but one of a myriad of cities throughout the empire. By 1500, the Songhai Empire covered over 1.4 million square kilometers.[2][17]
Economy[edit]
Economic trade existed throughout the Empire, due to the standing army stationed in the provinces throughout the empire. Central to the regional economy were independent gold fields. The Julla (merchants) would form partnerships, and the state would protect these merchants and the port cities of the Niger. It was a very strong trading kingdom, known for its production of practical crafts as well as religious artifacts.[citation needed]
Trade routes of the Western Sahara c. 1000-1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading.
The Songhai economy was based on a clan system. The clan a person belonged to ultimately decided one's occupation. The most common were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and direct descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders. At the bottom were war captives and European slaves obligated to labor, especially in farming. James Olson describes the labor system as resembling modern day unions, with the Empire possessing craft guilds that consisted of various mechanics and artisans.[18]
Criminal justice[edit]
Criminal justice in Songhai was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local qadis were in addition to this, with their responsibility being to maintain order by following Sharia law under Islamic domination, according to the Qur'an. An additional qadi was noted as a necessity in order to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Kings usually did not judge a defendant; however, under special circumstances, such as acts of treason, they felt an obligation to do so and thus exert their authority. Results of a trial were announced by the "town crier" and punishment for most trivial crimes usually consisted of confiscation of merchandise or even imprisonment, since various prisons existed throughout the Empire.[19]
Qadis worked at the local level and were positioned in important trading towns, such as Timbuktu and Djenné. The Qadi was appointed by the king and dealt with common-law misdemeanors according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had the power to grant a pardon or offer refuge. The Assara-munidios, or "enforcers" worked along the lines of a police commissioner whose sole duty was to execute sentencing. Jurists were mainly composed of those representing the academic community; professors were often noted as taking administrative positions within the Empire and many aspired to be qadis.[20]
Government[edit]
Upper classes in society converted to Islam while lower classes often continued to follow traditional religions. Sermons emphasized obedience to the king. Timbuktu was the educational capital. Sonni Ali established a system of government under the royal court, later to be expanded by Askia Muhammad, which appointed governors and mayors to preside over local tributary states, situated around the Niger valley. Local chiefs were still granted authority over their respective domains as long as they did not undermine Songhai policy.[21]
Tax was imposed onto peripheral chiefdoms and provinces to ensure the dominance of Songhai, and in return these provinces were given almost complete autonomy. Songhai rulers only intervened in the affairs of these neighboring states when a situation became volatile, usually an isolated incident. Each town was represented by government officials, holding positions and responsibilities similar to today's central bureaucrats.[citation needed]
Under Askia Muhammad, the Empire saw increased centralization. He encouraged learning in Timbuktu by rewarding its professors with larger pensions as an incentive. He also established an order of precedence and protocol and was noted as a noble man who gave back generously to the poor. Under his policies, Muhammad brought much stability to Songhai and great attestations of this noted organization are still preserved in the works of Maghrebin writers such as Leo Africanus, among others.[citation needed]
Decline[edit]
Further information: Saadi dynasty
West Africa after the Moroccan invasion.
Following the death of Emperor Askia Daoud, a civil war of succession weakened the Empire, leading Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur of the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco to dispatch an invasion force (years earlier, armies from Portugal had attacked Morocco, and failed miserably, but the Moroccan coffers were on the verge of economic depletion and bankruptcy, as they needed to pay for the defenses used to hold off the siege) under the eunuch Judar Pasha. Judar Pasha was a Spaniard by birth, but had been captured as an infant and educated at the Saadi court. After a march across the Sahara desert, Judar's forces captured, plundered, and razed the salt mines at Taghaza and moved on to Gao. When Emperor Askia Ishaq II (r. 1588–1591) met Judar at the 1591 Battle of Tondibi, Songhai forces, despite vastly superior numbers, were routed by a cattle stampede triggered by the Saadi's gunpowder weapons.[22] Judar proceeded to sack Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné, destroying the Songhai as a regional power. Governing so vast an empire proved too much for the Saadi Dynasty, however, and they soon relinquished control of the region, letting it splinter into dozens of smaller kingdoms. The Songhai people themselves established the Dendi Kingdom.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Za Dynasty
Sonni Dynasty
Askiya Dynasty
Saadi Dynasty
Mali Empire
Dendi Kingdom
Songhai languages
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303.
^ Jump up to: a b hunwick 2003, pp. xlix.
Jump up ^ Taagepera 1979, pp. 497.
Jump up ^ Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay | David C. Conrad | Page 49
Jump up ^ Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay | David C. Conrad | Page 49–50
Jump up ^ Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents | John Hunwick | Page 35 (xxxv)
Jump up ^ Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents | John Hunwick | Page 36 (xxxvi)
Jump up ^ Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay | David C. Conrad | Page 50–51
Jump up ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 300.
Jump up ^ Stride, G.T & C. Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800". Nelson, 1971
Jump up ^ "Sunni Ali." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 27 Dec. 2014 | Chapter: Sonni Ali
Jump up ^ "Empires of Medieval West Africa". google.com.
Jump up ^ Sonni ʿAlī.(2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol 5: University Press, 1977, pp 421
Jump up ^ Daniel, McCall; Norman, Bennett (1971). "Aspects of West African Islam". Boston University Library. pp. 42–45.
Jump up ^ "Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index". google.com.
Jump up ^ Malio 1990.
Jump up ^ Olson, James Stuart. The Ethnic Dimension in American History. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1979
Jump up ^ Lady Lugard 1997, pp. 199–200.
Jump up ^ Dalgleish 2005.
Jump up ^ Iliffe 2007, pp. 72.
Jump up ^ http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaNiger.htm History Files
Sources[edit]
Dalgleish, David (April 2005). "Pre-Colonial Criminal Justice In West Africa: Eurocentric Thought Versus Africentric Evidence" (PDF). African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies. 1 (1). Retrieved 2011-06-26.
Haskins, James; Benson, Kathleen; Cooper, Floyd (1998). African Beginnings. New York City: HarperCollins. pp. 48 Pages. ISBN 0-688-10256-5.
Iliffe, John (2007). Africans: the history of a continent. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-68297-5.
Hunwick, John (1988). Timbuktu & the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'dis Ta`rikh al-sudan down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 480 pages. ISBN 90-04-12822-0.
Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). "Songhay Under Askia the Great". A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria / [Flora S. Lugard]. Black Classic Press. ISBN 0-933121-92-X.
Malio, Thomas A. Hale. by The epic of Askia Mohammed / recounted by Nouhou (1990). Scribe, griot, and novelist : narrative interpreters of the Songhay Empire. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-0981-2.
Taagepera, Rein (1979). Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 3/4 "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Durham: Duke University Press.
Further reading[edit]
Isichei, Elizabeth. A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.
Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa . 2nd . NY: Macmillan, 2005. Print.
Cissoko, S. M., Timbouctou et l'empire songhay, Paris 1975.
Lange, D., Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa, Dettelbach 2004 (the book has a chapter titled "The Mande factor in Gao history", pp. 409–544).
External links[edit]
African Kingdoms has a section about the Songhai Empire
The Story of Africa: Songhay — BBC World Service
Askiyah's Questions and al-Maghili's Answers is an essay about the rule of the Songhai Empire from the 15th century. (in English) (in Arabic)
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The Guns of Navarone (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Guns of Navarone
Film poster by Howard Terpning
Directed by
J. Lee Thompson
Produced by
Carl Foreman
Screenplay by
Carl Foreman
Based on
The Guns of Navarone
by Alistair MacLean
Starring
Gregory Peck
David Niven
Anthony Quinn
Stanley Baker
Anthony Quayle
Irene Papas
Gia Scala
James Darren
Narrated by
James Robertson Justice
Music by
Dimitri Tiomkin
Cinematography
Oswald Morris
Edited by
Alan Osbiston
Production
company
Highroad Productions
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
27 April 1961 (London)
22 June 1961 (1961-06-22)
Running time
158 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
United States
Language
English
Budget
$6 million
Box office
$28.9 million
The Guns of Navarone is a 1961 British-American epic adventure war film directed by J. Lee Thompson. The screenplay by producer Carl Foreman was based on Alistair MacLean's 1957 novel The Guns of Navarone, which was inspired by the Battle of Leros during the Dodecanese Campaign of World War II. The film stars Gregory Peck, David Niven and Anthony Quinn, along with Stanley Baker, Irene Papas, Gia Scala, James Darren and Anthony Quayle. The book and the film share the same basic plot: the efforts of an Allied commando unit to destroy a seemingly impregnable German fortress that threatens Allied naval ships in the Aegean Sea.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
6 Awards and honors
7 Sequel
8 In popular culture
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1943, the Axis powers plan an assault on the island of Kheros — where 2,000 British soldiers are marooned — to display their military strength and convince neutral Turkey into joining them. Rescue by the Royal Navy is prevented by two massive radar-directed superguns on the (fictional) nearby island of Navarone. When aerial bombing efforts fail, Allied Intelligence gathers a commando unit to infiltrate Navarone and destroy the guns. Led by Major Roy Franklin (Anthony Quayle), the team is composed of Captain Keith Mallory (Gregory Peck), a renowned spy; Colonel Andrea Stavrou (Anthony Quinn) from the defeated Greek army; Franklin's best friend Corporal Miller (David Niven), an explosives expert and former chemistry teacher; Greco-American Spyros Pappadimos (James Darren), a native of Navarone; and "Butcher" Brown (Stanley Baker), an engineer and expert knife fighter.
Disguised as Greek fishermen on a decrepit fishing vessel, they sail across the Aegean Sea, where they successfully overwhelm the crew of a German patrol boat intercepting them. Later in the voyage, Mallory confides to Franklin that Stavrou had sworn to kill him after the war, because Mallory was inadvertently responsible for the deaths of Stavrou's wife and children. After shipwrecking on Navarone's coast during a storm, the experienced mountaineer Mallory leads the team in a climb up the cliff. Franklin badly injures his leg while climbing. While taking shelter in the mountains, Mallory stops Franklin from committing suicide and lies to him that their mission is only a diversion and a major naval attack will be mounted on the coast instead. They rendezvous with two local resistance fighters, Spyros' sister Maria (Irene Papas) and her friend Anna (Gia Scala), who was once captured and tortured by the Germans before escaping.
The mission is continually dogged by German soldiers and the group is eventually captured in the town of Mandrakos by Oberleutnant Meusel (Walter Gotell) while trying to find a doctor for Franklin (whose leg is infected with gangrene). While being interrogated by SS Hauptsturmführer Sessler (George Mikell), Stavrou distracts the Germans and the team overpowers their captors. They escape in German uniforms, leaving Franklin behind to receive medical attention. In due course, Franklin is injected with scopolamine and gives up Mallory's misinformation. As Mallory had hoped, most forces leave the fortress to counter the expected coastal attack. Upon infiltrating the village of Navarone, however, Miller discovers most of his explosives have been sabotaged and deduces that Anna is the culprit. She confesses that the Germans recruited her as an informer in exchange for her release. Mallory reluctantly prepares to execute Anna as a precaution against detection, but Maria shoots her instead.
The team splits up: Mallory and Miller go for the guns, Stavrou and Spyros create distractions in town, assisted by local residents, and Maria and Brown steal a boat for their escape. Spyros dies in a stand-off with a German officer, and Brown from being stabbed during the boat theft. Meanwhile, Mallory and Miller infiltrate the gun emplacement, but set off an alarm when they seal the doors behind them. Miller plants explosives on the guns and prepares a large booby trap below an ammunition hoist, with a trigger device set into the hoist's track. The Germans eventually gain entry into the gun emplacement and defuse the explosives planted directly on the guns; meanwhile, Mallory and Miller make their escape over the cliff, reaching the stolen boat. A wounded Stavrou is also able to reach the sea and is helped aboard by Mallory, thus resolving the blood feud between them.
As the Allied destroyers trying to rescue the trapped British troops appear, the Germans begin to fire—and begin hoisting in more ammunition. When the hoist reaches Miller's trigger, the hidden explosives set off the surrounding shells in a huge explosion that destroys the guns and the entire fortress. Mallory's team safely reaches the British convoy, but Stavrou shakes Mallory's hand and decides to return to Navarone with Maria, with whom he has fallen in love. Mallory and Miller, returning home, observe the aftermath of their success from a destroyer.
Cast[edit]
Gregory Peck as Capt. Keith Mallory
David Niven as Cpl. Miller
Anthony Quinn as Col. Andrea Stavrou
Stanley Baker as Pvt. 'Butcher' Brown
Anthony Quayle as Maj. Roy Franklin
James Darren as Pvt. Spyro Pappadimos
Irene Papas as Maria Pappadimos
Gia Scala as Anna
James Robertson Justice as Commodore Jensen
Richard Harris as Squadron Leader Barnsby, RAAF
Bryan Forbes as Cohn
Allan Cuthbertson as Maj. Baker
Michael Trubshawe as Weaver
Percy Herbert as Sgt. Grogan
George Mikell as Hauptsturmführer Sessler
Walter Gotell as Oberleutnant Meusel
Tutte Lemkow as Nikolai
Albert Lieven as Commandant
Norman Wooland as Group Captain
Cleo Scouloudi as Bride
Nicholas Papakonstantinou as Patrol Boat Captain
Christopher Rhodes as German Gunnery Officer

Peter Grant, who had a brief (three films) career as an uncredited extra before becoming music manager of such popular English bands as the Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin and Bad Company, played one of the random British commandos.
Production[edit]
The film was part of a cycle of big-budget World War II adventures that included The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), The Longest Day (1962) and The Great Escape (1963). The screenplay, adapted by producer Carl Foreman, made significant changes from the novel The Guns of Navarone by Alistair MacLean. The film was directed by J. Lee Thompson. Thompson was brought in after original director Alexander Mackendrick was fired by Carl Foreman a week before shooting started due to "creative differences".[1]
The Greek island of Rhodes provided locations and Quinn was so taken with the area that he bought land there in an area still called Anthony Quinn Bay. Some further scenes were shot on the islands of Gozo, near Malta, and Tino, in the Ligurian Sea. One of the warships in the film, the USS Slater, then a training ship in the Hellenic Navy known as Aetos (D-01), is preserved as a museum ship in Albany, New York.[2]
As described by director Thompson in the DVD commentary track, David Niven became severely ill after shooting in the pool of water underneath the cave elevator and almost died, remaining in hospital for some weeks as other portions of the cave sequence were completed by the crew. However, since key scenes with Niven remained incomplete at that time, and it was doubtful whether he would be able to return to finish the film, the entire production was in jeopardy. Reshooting key scenes throughout the film with some other actor—and even abandoning the whole project to collect the insurance—was contemplated. Fortunately, Niven was able to complete his scenes some weeks later.
A complication arose when it was found that Gregory Peck, whose character was supposed to be fluent in German, could not speak the language convincingly. Voice actor Robert Rietty dubbed all of Peck's German dialogue for the film.[3]
The film's maps were created by Halas and Batchelor, a British team best known for their animated films.
Although the island of Navarone is fictional, a map depicted in the film purporting to show the island of Navarone shows it as the real island of Antikythera.
Several members of the Greek royal family visited the set the day the Mandrakos cafe scene was filmed and appear in the background as extras.[4]
Reception[edit]
The Guns of Navarone had its Royal World Premiere in aid of the Edwina Mountbatten Trust and in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh on 27 April 1961, at the Odeon Leicester Square in London's West End. The film grossed $28,900,000 at the box office[5] and was the second top-grossing film of 1961, earning a net profit of $18,500,000.[6]
Soundtrack[edit]
The film's score was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin and featured arrangements of several traditional songs.
The Guns of Navarone
Music by Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics by Paul Francis Webster
Karagouna
Traditional
Arranged by Andreas Markides
Ena Karavi Apo Te Chio
Traditional
Arranged by Andreas Markides
Yalo Yalo
Traditional
Arranged by Andreas Markides
Treu Sein
Music by Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics by Alfred Perry
Das Sundenlied
Music by Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics by Alfred Perry
Tiomkin's theme song featured on the soundtrack album with lyrics recounting the plot of the film. His theme became a popular instrumental with several cover versions including a 1965 version by The Skatalites. Other coveer versions were peformed by Johnny Griffin, Al Caiola and the Hollyridge Strings.
Awards and honors[edit]
Won
Academy Award Best Effects, Special Effects (Bill Warrington & Chris Greenham)
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score (Dimitri Tiomkin)
Nominated[7]
Academy Award for Best Picture
Academy Award for Best Director (J. Lee Thompson)
Academy Award for Best Film Editing (Alan Osbiston)
Academy Award for Best Original Score (Dimitri Tiomkin)
Academy Award for Best Sound (John Cox)
Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay) Carl Foreman
DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (J. Lee Thompson)
Grammy Award for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture (Dimitri Tiomkin)
Sequel[edit]
In 1968, author Alistair MacLean reunited Mallory, Miller, and Stavros in the best-selling novel Force 10 From Navarone, the only sequel of his long writing career. That was in turn filmed as the significantly different Force 10 from Navarone in 1978 by British director Guy Hamilton, a veteran of several James Bond films. The cast included Robert Shaw, Harrison Ford and Edward Fox. Though the sequel was a modest success, it did not match the original critically or commercially.
In popular culture[edit]
The Guns of Abalone is the second story arc from the fourth season of Rocky and Bullwinkle
The Girls of Nazarone Affair is the penultimate episode from the first season of The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
On The Dick Van Dyke Show, in the episode "You're Under Arrest", Rob Petrie (Dick Van Dyke) claims to have fallen asleep while watching the film at a drive-in theater, an alibi the police are skeptical of.[8][9] In the episode "Bupkis", Petrie sings to an old army buddy a song that he has written for "The Alan Brady Show" – the show-within-a-show in the series – about The Guns of Navarone.
In the Wu-Tang Forever double album, Method Man cites The Guns of Navarone in the track "Triumph."[10]
In Pulp Fiction, Jules Winnfield, played by Samuel L. Jackson, says to John Travolta's Vincent Vega: "Every time my fingers touch brain, I'm Superfly TNT. I'm the Guns of the [sic] Navarone"[11]
In 1975 Louis Marx and Company released a Navarone playset that was later reissued by the Mego Corporation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Staff writer(s). "The Guns of Navarone". TCM.com.
Jump up ^ "Aboard the U.S.S. Slater in Albany, NY". New York Traveler.net.
Jump up ^ "A Forehead Pressed Against a Window" by Robert Rietty, pp.318-19
Jump up ^ Perry, Vern (June 8, 2000). "'Guns of Navarone' high-caliber". The Orange County Register. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The Guns of Navarone. The Numbers. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Cobbett (1980). Film Facts. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 24. ISBN 0-87196-313-2.
Jump up ^ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Dick Van Dyke Show, episode You're Under Arrest (Season 5, Episode 13)". IMDb. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Dick Van Dyke Show Season 5 Episode 13 You're Under Arrest". TV.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
Jump up ^ https://genius.com/28783
Jump up ^ http://www.moviequotedb.com/movies/pulp-fiction/quote_19035.html
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Guns of Navarone (film)
The Guns of Navarone on IMDb
The Guns of Navarone at AllMovie
The Guns of Navarone at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by J. Lee Thompson
Murder Without Crime (1950)
The Yellow Balloon (1953)
For Better, for Worse (1954)
The Weak and the Wicked (1954)
As Long as They're Happy (1955)
An Alligator Named Daisy (1955)
Yield to the Night (1956)
The Good Companions (1957)
Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957)
Ice Cold in Alex (1958)
North West Frontier (1959)
No Trees in the Street (1959)
Tiger Bay (1959)
I Aim at the Stars (1960)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Cape Fear (1962)
Taras Bulba (1962)
Kings of the Sun (1963)
What a Way to Go! (1964)
John Goldfarb, Please Come Home! (1965)
Return from the Ashes (1965)
Eye of the Devil (1966)
Mackenna's Gold (1969)
Before Winter Comes (1969)
The Chairman (1969)
Country Dance (1970)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1975)
St. Ives (1976)
The White Buffalo (1977)
The Greek Tycoon (1978)
The Passage (1979)
Caboblanco (1980)
Happy Birthday to Me (1981)
10 to Midnight (1983)
The Evil That Men Do (1984)
The Ambassador (1984)
King Solomon's Mines (1985)
Murphy's Law (1986)
Firewalker (1986)
Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1987)
Messenger of Death (1988)
Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects (1989)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
A Place in the Sun (1951)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
On the Waterfront (1954)
East of Eden (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
The Defiant Ones (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
Spartacus (1960)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Cardinal (1963)
Becket (1964)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
In the Heat of the Night (1967)
The Lion in Winter (1968)
Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Love Story (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
The Godfather (1972)
The Exorcist (1973)
Chinatown (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Rocky (1976)
The Turning Point (1977)
Midnight Express (1978)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Ordinary People (1980)
On Golden Pond (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
Amadeus (1984)
Out of Africa (1985)
Platoon (1986)
The Last Emperor (1987)
Rain Man (1988)
Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
Bugsy (1991)
Scent of a Woman (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
Titanic (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
A Beautiful Mind (2001)
The Hours (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
Babel (2006)
Atonement (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Avatar (2009)
The Social Network (2010)
The Descendants (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
The Revenant (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Guns_of_Navarone_(film)&oldid=819783312"
Categories:
1961 films
English-language films
1960s adventure films
1960s war films
Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
British films
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British war films
Columbia Pictures films
Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin
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Films based on military novels
Films based on works by Alistair MacLean
Films directed by J. Lee Thompson
Films set in 1943
Films shot in Corse-du-Sud
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Blanche DuBois
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Blanche DuBois
Jessica Tandy (left, with Kim Hunter and Marlon Brando) created the role of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) and received a Tony Award
First appearance
A Streetcar Named Desire
Created by
Tennessee Williams
Portrayed by
Gillian Anderson
Ann-Margret
Tallulah Bankhead
Cate Blanchett
Blythe Danner
Gretchen Egolf
Renée Fleming
Uta Hagen
Rosemary Harris
Isabelle Huppert
Yvonne Kenny
Jessica Lange
Vivien Leigh
Lois Nettleton
Nicole Ari Parker
Maxine Peake
Natasha Richardson
Amy Ryan
Jessica Tandy
Rachel Weisz
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
High school English teacher
Spouse(s)
Allan Grey
(deceased)
Relatives
Stella Kowalski (sister)
Stanley Kowalski (brother-in-law)
a nephew
a niece
Blanche DuBois (married name Grey) is a fictional character in Tennessee Williams' 1947 Pulitzer Prize-winning play A Streetcar Named Desire. The character was written for Tallulah Bankhead.
Contents
1 Character overview
2 Role in the play
3 Portrayals
4 Etymology
5 References
6 External links
Character overview[edit]
Blanche DuBois arrives, penniless, in New Orleans to stay with her sister Stella and her brother-in-law Stanley Kowalski. A former schoolteacher from a wealthy family, she has been evicted from her family home, "Belle Reve", after the deaths of several family members wiped out her and Stella's inheritance. It is also later revealed that, years earlier, her husband, Allan Grey, committed suicide after she caught him having sex with another man. She had a series of meaningless affairs to numb her grief, and was soon thrown out of her hometown of Laurel, Mississippi, as a "woman of loose morals" after sleeping with one of her high school English students.
Behind her veneer of social snobbery and sexual propriety, Blanche is deeply insecure, an aging Southern belle who lives in a state of perpetual panic about her fading beauty.[1] Her manner is dainty and frail, and she sports a wardrobe of showy but cheap evening clothes, as indicated in the stage directions for Scene 10: "She had decked herself out in a somewhat soiled and crumpled white satin evening gown and a pair of scuffed silver slippers with brilliants set in their heels."
Role in the play[edit]
From the start, Blanche is appalled by her sister's poor living quarters and the coarseness of her brother-in-law. She calls Stanley an ape, and shames Stella for marrying a man so violent and animalistic. Blanche is not shy about expressing her contempt for Stanley and the life he has given her sister, which makes him proud. For his part, Stanley resents Blanche's superior attitude, and is convinced that she has squandered Stella's portion of the money from the sisters' ancestral home.
Blanche begins dating Stanley's friend Harold "Mitch" Mitchell, who is distinct from Stanley in his courtesy and propriety, and sees in him a chance for happiness. That hope is destroyed, however, when Stanley learns of Blanche's past from a traveling salesman who knew her, and reveals it to Mitch, who ends the relationship. Blanche begins drinking heavily and escapes into a fantasy world, conjuring up the notion that an old flame, a millionaire named Shep Huntleigh, is imminently planning to take her away.
The night Stella goes into labor, Stanley and Blanche are left alone in the apartment, and Stanley, drunk and powerful, rapes her. This event, coupled with the fact that Stella does not believe her, sends Blanche over the edge into a nervous breakdown. In the final scene, Blanche is led off to a mental hospital by a matron and a kind-hearted doctor. After a brief struggle, Blanche smilingly acquiesces as she loses all contact with reality, addressing the doctor with the most famous line in the play: "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers."[2]
Portrayals[edit]
Vivien Leigh as Blanche Dubois in the 1951 film A Streetcar Named Desire
Blanche DuBois has been portrayed several times on stage and on screen.[3]
Jessica Tandy received a Tony Award for her performance as Blanche in the original Broadway production. Uta Hagen took over the role of Blanche for the national tour, which was directed by Harold Clurman.
Blanche was also portrayed by Vivien Leigh in the London stage production, which was directed by her then-husband Laurence Olivier, She reprised the role in the 1951 film adaptation. The film was directed by Elia Kazan, and Leigh won her second Academy Award for this performance.
Tallulah Bankhead portrayed the role in 1956. Bankhead, a close friend of Williams, had been the inspiration for the role, and he wanted her to star in it. However, she was initially uninterested and the producer thought she would overpower the character's fragility. When she played the role in 1956, some critics agreed she was too strong in it, but Williams personally felt that she gave "a magnificent portrayal of the role".[4]
Blanche has been portrayed onstage by Ann-Margret, Arletty, Cate Blanchett, Claire Bloom, Faye Dunaway, Lois Nettleton, Jessica Lange (who reprised the role in the 1995 television adaptation), Marin Mazzie, Natasha Richardson, Laila Robins, Rosemary Harris, Rachel Weisz, Amanda Drew, Nicole Ari Parker,[5] Isabelle Huppert,[6] Glenn Close, Gillian Anderson[7] and Maxine Peake.
Etymology[edit]
The character is reputedly named after theatre critic Blanche Marvin, a former actress and friend of Williams.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dirty Old Women". NYMag.com. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blanche DuBois: Chasing Magic, Fleeing the Dark". NPR. March 15, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "How old is Blanche DuBois?". Tampa Bay Times. September 16, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ T Williams View of T Bankhead
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (December 3, 2009). "A Fragile Flower Rooted to the Earth". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Un tramway". Les Archives du Spectacle (in French). Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What's on: A Streetcar Named Desire". Young Vic Theatre. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clark, Nick (July 27, 2014). "Critic claims 'I was the inspiration for Blanche DuBois'". The Independent. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
External links[edit]
hide
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t
e
A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams
Characters
Blanche DuBois
Stanley Kowalski
Stella Kowalski
Films
1951 film
1984 film
1995 film
Other
Opera
"A Streetcar Named Marge"
"A Streetcar Named Success"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blanche_DuBois&oldid=847485178"
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This page was last edited on 25 June 2018, at 17:57 (UTC).
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