text:
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c. 1285).[1]
During the high medieval period, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Andalusia, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant. These included Latin translations of the Greek Classics and of Arabic texts in astronomy, mathematics, science, and medicine. Other contributions included technological and scientific innovations via the Silk Road, including Chinese inventions such as paper and gunpowder.
The Islamic world also influenced other aspects of medieval European culture, partly by original innovations made during the Islamic Golden Age, including various fields such as the arts, agriculture, alchemy, music, pottery, etc.
Many Arabic loanwords in Western European languages, including English, mostly via Old French, date from this period.[2] This includes traditional star names such as Aldebaran, scientific terms like alchemy (whence also chemistry), algebra, algorithm, etc. and names of commodities such as sugar, camphor, cotton, etc.
Contents
[hide]
1 Transmission routes
2 Aristotelianism and other philosophies
3 Sciences
3.1 Alchemy
3.2 Astronomy, mathematics, physics
3.3 Medicine
4 Technology and culture
4.1 Agriculture and textiles
4.2 Arts
4.3 Writing
4.4 Carpets
4.5 Music
4.6 Technology
4.7 Coinage
5 Literature
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Transmission routes[edit]
Further information: Latin translations of the 12th century, Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture, and Arab Agricultural Revolution
The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154, was one of the most advanced world maps of its era.
Europe and the Islamic lands had multiple points of contact during the Middle Ages. The main points of transmission of Islamic knowledge to Europe lay in Sicily and in Spain, particularly in Toledo (with Gerard of Cremone, 1114–1187, following the conquest of the city by Spanish Christians in 1085). In Sicily, following the Islamic conquest of the island in 965 and its reconquest by the Normans in 1091, a syncretistic Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture developed, exemplified by rulers such as King Roger II, who had Islamic soldiers, poets and scientists at his court. The Moroccan Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands or Tabula Rogeriana, one of the greatest geographical treatises of the Middle Ages, for Roger.[3]
The Crusades also intensified exchanges between Europe and the Levant, with the Italian maritime republics taking a major role in these exchanges. In the Levant, in such cities as Antioch, Arab and Latin cultures intermixed intensively.[4]
During the 11th and 12th centuries, many Christian scholars travelled to Muslim lands to learn sciences. Notable examples include Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 1170 –c. 1250), Adelard of Bath (c. 1080–c. 1152) and Constantine the African (1017–1087). From the 11th to the 14th centuries, numerous European students attended Muslim centers of higher learning (which the author calls "universities") to study medicine, philosophy, mathematics, cosmography and other subjects.[5]
Aristotelianism and other philosophies[edit]
Further information: Transmission of the Greek Classics, Aristotelianism, Corpus Aristotelicum, Early Islamic philosophy, Avicennism, and Averroism
An medieval Arabic representation of Aristotle teaching a student.
In the Middle East, many classical Greek texts, especially the works of Aristotle, were translated into Syriac during the 6th and 7th centuries by Nestorian, Melkite or Jacobite monks living in Palestine, or by Greek exiles from Athens or Edessa who visited Islamic centres of higher learning. The Islamic world then kept, translated, and developed many of these texts, especially in centers of learning such as Baghdad, where a "House of Wisdom" with thousands of manuscripts existed as early as 832. These texts were in turn translated into Latin by scholars such as Michael Scot (who made translations of Historia Animalium and On the Soul as well as of Averroes's commentaries)[6] during the Middle Ages.[1] Eastern Christians played an important role in exploiting this knowledge, especially through the Christian Aristotelian School of Baghdad in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Later Latin translations of these texts originated in multiple places. Toledo, Spain (with Gerard of Cremona's Almagest) and Sicily became the main points of transmission of knowledge from the Islamic world to Europe.[7] Burgundio of Pisa (died 1193) discovered lost texts of Aristotle in Antioch and translated them into Latin.
From Islamic Spain, the Arabic philosophical literature was translated into Hebrew, Latin, and Ladino. The Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides, Muslim sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun, Carthage citizen Constantine the African who translated Greek medical texts, and Al-Khwarizmi's collation of mathematical techniques were important figures of the Golden Age.
Averroes was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.[8]
Avicennism and Averroism are terms for the revival of the Peripatetic school in medieval Europe due to the influence of Avicenna and Averroes, respectively. Avicenna was an important commentator on the works of Aristotle, modifying it with his own original thinking in some areas, notably logic.[9] The main significance of Latin Avicennism lies in the interpretation of Avicennian doctrines such as the nature of the soul and his existence-essence distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in scholastic Europe. This was particularly the case in Paris, where so-called Arabic culture was proscribed in 1210, though the influence of his psychology and theory of knowledge upon William of Auvergne and Albertus Magnus have been noted.[10]
The effects of Avicennism in were later submerged by the much more influential Averroism, the Aristotelianism of Averroes, one of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West.[11] Averroes disagreed with Avicenna's interpretations of Aristotle in areas such as the unity of the intellect, and it was his interpretation of Aristotle which had the most influence in medieval Europe. Dante Aligheri argues along Averroist lines for a secularist theory of the state in De Monarchia.[8] Averroes also developed the concept of "existence precedes essence".[12]
Imaginary debate between Averroes and Porphyry. Monfredo de Monte Imperiali Liber de herbis, 14th century.[13]
Al-Ghazali also had an important influence on medieval Christian philosopher along with Jewish thinkers like Maimonides.[14]
George Makdisi (1989) has suggested that two particular aspects of Renaissance humanism have their roots in the medieval Islamic world, the "art of dictation, called in Latin, ars dictaminis," and "the humanist attitude toward classical language". He notes that dictation was a necessary part of Arabic scholarship (where the vowel sounds need to be added correctly based on the spoken word), and argues that the medieval Italian use of the term "ars dictaminis" makes best sense in this context. He also believes that the medieval humanist favouring of classical Latin over medieval Latin makes most sense in the context of a reaction to Arabic scholarship, with its study of the classical Arabic of the Koran in preference to medieval Arabic.[15]
Sciences[edit]
Further information: Latin translations of the 12th century and Science in the medieval Islamic world
A page from Frederick Rosen's 1831 edition of Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra alongside the corresponding English translation.
During the Islamic Golden Age, certain advances were made in scientific fields, notably in mathematics and astronomy (algebra, spherical trigonometry), and in chemistry, etc. which were later also transmitted to the West.[1][16]
Stefan of Pise translated into Latin around 1127 an Arab manual of medical theory. The method of algorism for performing arithmetic with Indian-Arabic numerals was developed by the Persian al-Khwarizmi in the 9th century, and introduced in Europe by Leonardo Fibonacci (1170–1250).[17] A translation by Robert of Chester of the Algebra by al-Kharizmi is known as early as 1145. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 980–1037) compiled treatises on optical sciences, which were used as references by Newton and Descartes. Medical sciences were also highly developed in Islam as testified by the Crusaders, who relied on Arab doctors on numerous occasions. Joinville reports he was saved in 1250 by a “Saracen” doctor.[18]
Surgical operation, 15th-century Turkish manuscript
Contributing to the growth of European science was the major search by European scholars such as Gerard of Cremona for new learning. These scholars were interested in ancient Greek philosophical and scientific texts (notably the Almagest) which were not obtainable in Latin in Western Europe, but which had survived and been translated into Arabic in the Muslim world. Gerard was said to have made his way to Toledo in Spain and learnt Arabic specifically because of his "love of the Almagest". While there he took advantage of the "abundance of books in Arabic on every subject".[19] Islamic Spain and Sicily were particularly productive areas because of the proximity of multi-lingual scholars. These scholars translated many scientific and philosophical texts from Arabic into Latin.[20][21] Gerard personally translated 87 books from Arabic into Latin, including the Almagest, and also Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's On Algebra and Almucabala, Jabir ibn Aflah's Elementa astronomica,[22] al-Kindi's On Optics, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī's On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions, al-Farabi's On the Classification of the Sciences,[23] the chemical and medical works of Rhazes,[24] the works of Thabit ibn Qurra and Hunayn ibn Ishaq,[25] and the works of Arzachel, Jabir ibn Aflah, the Banū Mūsā, Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), and Ibn al-Haytham (including the Book of Optics).
Alchemy[edit]
See also: Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
Geber depicted in Liebig's Extract of Meat Company trading card "Chimistes Celebres", 1929.
Western alchemy was directly dependent upon Arabic sources.[26] The Latin alchemical works of "Geber" (Jābir ibn Hayyān) were standard texts for European alchemists. The exact attribution of these works remains a matter of some controversy. Some are undoubtedly translations from Arabic from works attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān, including the Kitab al-Kimya (titled Book of the Composition of Alchemy in Europe), translated by Robert of Chester (1144);[27] and the Book of Seventy, translated by Gerard of Cremona (before 1187).[28] Whether these were actually written by one man (or whether indeed Jābir was a real historical figure) is disputed, but there is no doubting the influence on medieval European alchemy of the translated Arabic works.[a] The alchemical works of Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) were translated into Latin around the 12th century.[24] Several technical Arabic words from Arabic alchemical works, such as alkali,[30] found their way into European languages and became part of scientific vocabulary.
Astronomy, mathematics, physics[edit]
A German manuscript page teaching use of Arabic numerals (Hans Talhoffer, 1459)
See also: Astronomy in Islam, Islamic mathematics, and Physics in the medieval Islamic world
The translation of Al-Khwarizmi's work greatly influenced mathematics in Europe. As Professor Victor J. Katz writes: "Most early algebra works in Europe in fact recognized that the first algebra works in that continent were translations of the work of al-Khwärizmï and other Islamic authors. There was also some awareness that much of plane and spherical trigonometry could be attributed to Islamic authors".[31] The words algorithm, deriving from Al-Khwarizmi's Latinized name Algorismi, and algebra, deriving from the title of his AD 820 book Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala are themselves Arabic loanwords. This and other Arabic astronomical and mathematical works, such as those by al-Battani[22] and Muhammad al-Fazari's Great Sindhind (based on the Surya Siddhanta and the works of Brahmagupta).[32] were translated into Latin during the 12th century.[33]
A European and an Arab practicing geometry together. 15th-century manuscript
Astrolabe quadrant, England, 1388
Al-Khazini's Zij as-Sanjari (1115–1116) was translated into Greek by Gregory Choniades in the 13th century and was studied in the Byzantine Empire.[34] The astronomical modifications to the Ptolemaic model made by al-Battani and Averroes led to non-Ptolemaic models produced by Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (Urdi lemma), Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi-couple) and Ibn al-Shatir, which were later adapted into the Copernican heliocentric model. Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī's Ta'rikh al-Hind and Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi were translated into Latin as Indica and Canon Mas’udicus respectively.
Fibonacci presented the first complete European account of Arabic numerals and the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in his Liber Abaci (1202).[24]
Al-Jayyani's The book of unknown arcs of a sphere (a treatise on spherical trigonometry) had a "strong influence on European mathematics".[35] Regiomantus' On Triangles (c. 1463) certainly took his material on spherical trigonometry (without acknowledgement) from Arab sources. Much of the material was taken from the 12th-century work of Jabir ibn Aflah, as noted in the 16th century by Gerolamo Cardano.[31]
A short verse used by Fulbert of Chartres (952-970 –1028) to help remember some of the brightest stars in the sky gives us the earliest known use of Arabic loanwords in a Latin text:[36] "Aldebaran stands out in Taurus, Menke and Rigel in Gemini, and Frons and bright Calbalazet in Leo. Scorpio, you have Galbalagrab; and you, Capricorn, Deneb. You, Batanalhaut, are alone enough for Pisces."[37]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wrote the Book of Optics (1021), in which he developed a theory of vision and light which built on the work of the Roman writer Ptolemy (but which rejected Ptolemy's theory that light was emitted by the eye, insisting instead that light rays entered the eye), and was the most significant advance in this field until Kepler.[38] The Book of Optics was an important stepping stone in the history of the scientific method and history of optics.[39] The Latin translation of the Book of Optics influenced the works of many later European scientists, including Roger Bacon and Johannes Kepler.[40][41] The book also influenced other aspects of European culture. In religion, for example, John Wycliffe, the intellectual progenitor of the Protestant Reformation, referred to Alhazen in discussing the seven deadly sins in terms of the distortions in the seven types of mirrors analyzed in De aspectibus. In literature, Alhazen's Book of Optics is praised in Guillaume de Lorris' Roman de la Rose.[42] In art, the Book of Optics laid the foundations for the linear perspective technique and may have influenced the use of optical aids in Renaissance art (see Hockney-Falco thesis).[42] These same techniques were later employed in the maps made by European cartographers such as Paolo Toscanelli during the Age of Exploration.[41]
The theory of motion developed by Avicenna from Aristotelian physics may have influenced Jean Buridan's theory of impetus (the ancestor of the inertia and momentum concepts).[43] The work of Galileo Galilei on classical mechanics (superseding Aristotelian physics) was also influenced by earlier medieval physics writers, including Avempace.[44]
The magnetic compass, a Chinese invention, is first mentioned in Arabic sources of c. 1300, by the Yemeni Sultan al-Ashraf and by Egyptian astronomer Ibn Simʿun.[45]
Other notable works include those of Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi, notably On the Motions of the Heavens,[24][46] Abu Mashar's Introduction to Astrology,[47] Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam's Algebra,[22] and De Proprietatibus Elementorum, an Arabic work on geology written by a pseudo-Aristotle.[24] B
Medicine[edit]
See also: Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
European depiction of the Persian doctor al-Razi, in Gerard of Cremona's Receuil des traités de médecine (1250–1260). Gerard de Cremona translated numerous works by Muslim scholars, such as al-Razi and Ibn Sina.[48]
Syrian medicinal jars c. 1300, excavated in Fenchurch Street, London. London Museum
One of the most important medical works to be translated was Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (1025), which was translated into Latin and then disseminated in manuscript and printed form throughout Europe. It remained a standard medical textbook in Europe until the early modern period, and during the 15th and 16th centuries alone, The Canon of Medicine was published more than thirty-five times.[49] Avicenna noted the contagious nature of some infectious diseases (which he attributed to "traces" left in the air by a sick person), and discussed how to effectively test new medicines.[50] He also wrote The Book of Healing, a more general encyclopedia of science and philosophy, which became another popular textbook in Europe. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi) wrote the Comprehensive Book of Medicine, with its careful description of and distinction between measles and smallpox, which was also influential in Europe. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi wrote Kitab al-Tasrif, an encyclopedia of medicine which was particularly famed for its section on surgery. It included descriptions and diagrams of over 200 surgical instruments, many of which he developed. The surgery section was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and used in European medical schools for centuries, still being reprinted in the 1770s.[51][52]
Facade of a meeting between a Muslim scholar and a Frankish lord
Other medical Arabic works translated into Latin during the medieval period include the works of Razi and Avicenna (including The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine),[53] and Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi's medical encyclopedia, The Complete Book of the Medical Art.[24] Mark of Toledo in the early 13th century translated the Qur'an as well as various medical works.[54]
Technology and culture[edit]
19th-century depiction of La Zisa, Palermo, showing Arab-Norman art and architecture combining Occidental features (such as the Classical pillars and friezes) with Islamic decorations and calligraphy.[55]
Agriculture and textiles[edit]
Further information: Arab Agricultural Revolution
Various fruits and vegetables were introduced to Europe in this period via the Middle East and North Africa, some from as far as China and India, including the artichoke, spinach, and aubergine.[56]
Arts[edit]
Main article: Islamic influences on Western art
Islamic decorative arts were highly valued imports to Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Largely because of accidents of survival, most surviving examples are those that were in the possession of the church. In the early period textiles were especially important, used for church vestments, shrouds, hangings and clothing for the elite. Islamic pottery of everyday quality was still preferred to European wares. Because decoration was mostly ornamental, or small hunting scenes and the like, and inscriptions were not understood, Islamic objects did not offend Christian sensibilities.[57] Medieval art in Sicily is interesting stylistically because of the mixture of Norman, Arab and Byzantine influences in areas such as mosaics and metal inlays, sculpture, and bronze-working.[58]
Writing[edit]
Main article: Pseudo-Kufic
Pseudo-Kufic script in the Virgin Mary's halo, detail of Adoration of the Magi (1423) by Gentile da Fabriano. The script is further divided by rosettes like those on Mamluk dishes.[59]
The Arabic Kufic script was often imitated for decorative effect in the West during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, to produce what is known as pseudo-Kufic: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".[60] Numerous cases of pseudo-Kufic are known from European art from around the 10th to the 15th century; usually the characters are meaningless, though sometimes a text has been copied. Pseudo-Kufic would be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles, religious halos or frames. Many are visible in the paintings of Giotto.[60] The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic in early Renaissance painting is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13th- and 14th-century Middle-Eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during Jesus's time, and thus found natural to represent early Christians in association with them:[61] "In Renaissance art, pseudo-Kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of Old Testament heroes like David".[62] Another reason might be that artist wished to express a cultural universality for the Christian faith, by blending together various written languages, at a time when the church had strong international ambitions.[63]
Carpets[edit]
Main article: Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
The Somerset House Conference (1604) artist unknown, shows English and Spanish diplomats gathered around a table covered by an Oriental carpet.
Carpets of Middle-Eastern origin, either from the Ottoman Empire, the Levant or the Mamluk state of Egypt or Northern Africa, were a significant sign of wealth and luxury in Europe, as demonstrated by their frequent occurrence as important decorative features in paintings from the 13th century and continuing into the Baroque period. Such carpets, together with Pseudo-Kufic script offer an interesting example of the integration of Eastern elements into European painting, most particularly those depicting religious subjects.[64]
Music[edit]
Main articles: Arabic music and Andalusian classical music
A number of musical instruments used in European music were influenced by Arabic musical instruments, including the rebec (ancestor of the violin) from the rebab, the guitar from qitara, the naker from naqareh[65] and the shawm and dulzaina from the reed instruments zamr and al-zurna.[66]
Muslim and Christian playing lutes. Miniature from Cantigas de Santa Maria by King Alfonso X
There are many different theories regarding the origins of the troubadour tradition; one of the most commonly held theories is that it had Arabic origins. William of Aquitaine, the first troubadour whose work survives, had extensive contact with the Islamic world in the Crusade of 1101 and in the Reconquista in Spain (where he was given a rock crystal vase by a Muslim ally). In his study, Lévi-Provençal is said to have found four Arabo-Hispanic verses nearly or completely recopied in William's manuscript.[67] According to historic sources, William VIII, the father of William IX, brought to Poitiers hundreds of Muslim prisoners.[68] The hypothesis that the troubadour tradition was created, more or less, by William after his experience of Moorish arts while fighting with the Reconquista in Spain was championed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal in the early 20th century, but its origins go back as far as Giammaria Barbieri in the 16th century. Certainly "a body of song of comparable intensity, profanity and eroticism [existed] in Arabic from the second half of the 9th century onwards."[69]
Technology[edit]
See also: Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers
Syrian or Egyptian pieces of glass with Arabic inscriptions, excavated in London. London Museum.
Early-16th century Andalusian dish with pseudo-Arabic script around the edge, excavated in London. London Museum.
A number of technologies in the Islamic world were adopted in European medieval technology. These included various crops;[70] various astronomical instruments, including the Greek astrolabe which Arab astronomers developed and refined into such instruments as the Quadrans Vetus, a universal horary quadrant which could be used for any latitude,[71] and the Saphaea, a universal astrolabe invented by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī;[72] the astronomical sextant; various surgical instruments, including refinements on older forms and completely new inventions;[52] and advanced gearing in waterclocks and automata.[73] Distillation was known to the Greeks and Romans, but was rediscovered in medieval Europe through the Arabs.[74] The word alcohol (to describe the liquid produced by distillation) comes from Arabic al-kuhl.[75] The word alembic (via the Greek Ambix) comes from Arabic al-anbiq.[76] Islamic examples of complex water clocks and automata are believed to have strongly influenced the European craftsmen who produced the first mechanical clocks in the 13th century.[77]
The importation of both the ancient and new technology from the Middle East and the Orient to Renaissance Europe represented “one of the largest technology transfers in world history.”[78]
The Aldrevandini Beaker, Venetian glass with enamel decoration derived from Islamic technique and style. c. 1330.[79]
In an influential 1974 paper, historian Andrew Watson suggested that there had been an Arab Agricultural Revolution between 700 and 1100, which had diffused a large number of crops and technologies from Spain into medieval Europe, where farming was mostly restricted to wheat strains obtained much earlier via central Asia. Watson listed eighteen crops, including sorghum from Africa, citrus fruits from China, and numerous crops from India such as mangos, rice, cotton and sugar cane, which were distributed throughout Islamic lands that, according to Watson, had previously not grown them. Watson argued that these introductions, along with an increased mechanization of agriculture, led to major changes in economy, population distribution, vegetation cover, agricultural production and income, population levels, urban growth, the distribution of the labour force, linked industries, cooking, diet and clothing in the Islamic world. Also transmitted via Muslim influence, a silk industry flourished, flax was cultivated and linen exported, and esparto grass, which grew wild in the more arid parts, was collected and turned into various articles.[70] However Michael Decker has challenged significant parts of Watson's thesis, including whether all these crops were introduced to Europe during this period. Decker used literary and archaeological evidence to suggest that four of the listed crops (i.e. durum wheat, Asiatic rice, sorghum and cotton) were common centuries before the Islamic period, that the crops which were new were not as important as Watson had suggested, and generally arguing that Islamic agricultural practices in areas such as irrigation were more of an evolution from those of the ancient world than the revolution suggested by Watson.[80]
The production of sugar from sugar cane,[81] water clocks, pulp and paper, silk, and various advances in making perfume, were transferred from the Islamic world to medieval Europe.[82] Fulling mills and advances in mill technology may have also been transmitted from the Islamic world to medieval Europe,[83] along with the large-scale use of inventions like the suction pump,[84] noria and chain pumps for irrigation purposes. According to Watson, "The Islamic contribution was less in the invention of new devices than in the application on a much wider scale of devices which in pre-Islamic times had been used only over limited areas and to a limited extent."[85] These innovations made it possible for some industrial operations that were previously served by manual labour or draught animals to be driven by machinery in medieval Europe.[86]
Coinage[edit]
Tarì gold coin of Roger II of Sicily, with Arabic inscriptions, minted in Palermo. British Museum.
While the earliest coins were minted and widely circulated in Europe, and Ancient Rome, Islamic coinage had some influence on Medieval European minting. The 8th-century English king Offa of Mercia minted a near-copy of Abbasid dinars struck in 774 by Caliph Al-Mansur with "Offa Rex" centered on the reverse.[87] The moneyer visibly had little understanding of Arabic, as the Arabic text contains a number of errors.
A gold dinar of the English king Offa of Mercia, a copy of the dinars of the Abbasid Caliphate (774). It combines the Latin legend OFFA REX with Arabic legends. British Museum.[88]
Crusader coins of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Left: Denier in European style with Holy Sepulchre. Middle: One of the first Kingdom of Jerusalem gold coins, copying Islamic dinars. Right: Gold coin after 1250, with Christian symbols following Papal complaints. British Museum.
In Sicily, Malta and Southern Italy from about 913 tarì gold coins of Islamic origin were minted in great number by the Normans, Hohenstaufens and the early Angevins rulers.[89] When the Normans invaded Sicily in the 12th century, they issued tarì coins bearing legends in Arabic and Latin.[90] The tarìs were so widespread that imitations were made in southern Italy (Amalfi and Salerno) which only used illegible "pseudo-Kufic" imitations of Arabic.[91][92]
According to Janet Abu-Lughod:
The preferred specie for international transactions before the 13th century, in Europe as well as the Middle East and even India, were the gold coins struck by Byzantium and then Egypt. It was not until after the 13th century that some Italian cities (Florence and Genoa) began to mint their own gold coins, but these were used to supplement rather than supplant the Middle Eastern coins already in circulation.[93]
Literature[edit]
Further information: Islamic literature, Arabic literature, and Persian literature
It was first suggested by Miguel Asín Palacios in 1919 that Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology, such as the Hadith and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Kitab al-Miraj, concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, was translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before[94] as Liber Scale Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder". Dante was certainly aware of Muslim philosophy, naming Avicenna and Averroes last in his list of non-Christian philosophers in Limbo, alongside the great Greek and Latin philosophers.[95][96] How strong the similarities are to Kitab al-Miraj remains a matter of scholarly debate however, with no clear evidence that Dante was in fact influenced.
See also[edit]
Hindu and Buddhist contribution to science in medieval Islam
Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe
Renaissance of the 12th century
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A few of the Latin works are now attributed to a Pseudo-Geber, as although attributed to "Geber", they have no identified Arabic source and appear to have been composed in Latin in the 13th century.[29]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Lebedel, p.109
Jump up ^ Lebedel, p.113
Jump up ^ Lewis, p.148
Jump up ^ Lebedel, p.109–111
Jump up ^ Ghazanfar, Shaikh M. (2007). Medieval Islamic economic thought: filling the "great gap" in European economics. Psychology Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-415-44451-4.
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Michael Scotus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gerard of Cremona". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Jump up to: a b Majid Fakhry (2001). Averroes: His Life, Works and Influence p. 135 Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-269-4.
Jump up ^ "Avicenna", Lenn Evan Goodman, 2006, p. 209
Jump up ^ Leaman, Oliver (2013). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 1017–1019. ISBN 978-1-136-78044-8.
Jump up ^ Corbin, History of Islamic Philosophy (1993), p.174
Jump up ^ Irwin, Jones (Autumn 2002), "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam", The Philosopher, LXXXX (2)
Jump up ^ "Inventions et decouvertes au Moyen-Age", Samuel Sadaune, p.112
Jump up ^ Ormsby, Eric. "Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence". H-Net Reviews. "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 27 November 2016. According to Margaret Smith (1944), "There can be no doubt that Ghazali’s works would be among the first to attract the attention of these European scholars" and "The greatest of these Christian writers who was influenced by Al-Ghazali was St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), who made a study of the Islamic writers and admitted his indebtedness to them. He studied at the University of Naples where the influence of Islamic literature and culture was predominant at the time." Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali: The Mystic (London 1944)
Jump up ^ Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2, 109 (2): 175–182, doi:10.2307/604423, JSTOR 604423
Jump up ^ Fielding H. Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine: with Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Biblographic Data, p. 86
Jump up ^ Lebedel, p.111
Jump up ^ Lebedel, p.112
Jump up ^ C. Burnett, "Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo", p. 255.
Jump up ^ C. H. Haskins, Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science, pp.3-4
Jump up ^ R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, p.65
^ Jump up to: a b c V. J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 291.
Jump up ^ For a list of Gerard of Cremona's translations see: Edward Grant (1974) A Source Book in Medieval Science, (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr.), pp. 35–38 or Charles Burnett, "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century," Science in Context, 14 (2001): at 249–288, at pp. 275–281.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bieber, Jerome B. "Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources". Santa Fe Community College. Archived from the original on March 18, 2001.
Jump up ^ D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Debus, Allen G. (2002). The Chemical Philosophy: Paraclesian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Dover Publ. p. 11. ISBN 0486421759.
Jump up ^ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, p.106
Jump up ^ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, p.109
Jump up ^ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, pp.134-135
Jump up ^ "the definition of alkali". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Katz, Victor J., ed. (2007), The mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9 , p.4
Jump up ^ G. G. Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock, p. 306
Jump up ^ Gill, M. (2005). "Was Muslim Astronomy the Harbinger of Copernicanism?". Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
Jump up ^ David Pingree (1964), "Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18, p. 135–160.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews .
Jump up ^ Burnett, Charles (1997), The introduction of Arabic learning into England (null ed.), London: British Library, p. 5, ISBN 978-0-7123-4545-3
Jump up ^ Fulbert of Chartres (1976). Frederick Behrends, ed. The letters and poems of Fulbert of Chartres. Translated by Behrends (Reproduction ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-19-822233-0. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, pp. 85–118, ISBN 0-262-19482-1, OCLC 237875424
Jump up ^ H. Salih, M. Al-Amri, M. El Gomati (2005). "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science 3 (3), UNESCO
Jump up ^ Marshall, Peter (September 1981), "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light", Isis, 72 (3): 357–374 [367–374], doi:10.1086/352787
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Powers (University of Illinois), Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine., New York Times, April 18, 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b Falco, Charles M. (12–15 February 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis, International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications
Jump up ^ "John Buridan > Notes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Moody, Ernest A. (1951), "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)", Journal of the History of Ideas 12 (2): 163–193
Jump up ^ Schmidl, Petra G. (1996–1997). "Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 1: 81–132.
Jump up ^ Christoph Kann (1993). "Michael Scotus". In Bautz, Traugott. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1459–1461. ISBN 3-88309-043-3.
Jump up ^ Charles Burnett, ed. Adelard of Bath, Conversations with His Nephew, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. xi.
Jump up ^ "Inventions et decouvertes au Moyen-Age", Samuel Sadaune, p.44
Jump up ^ National Library of Medicine digital archives
Jump up ^ David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
Jump up ^ D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Albucasis Science museum on Albucasis
Jump up ^ M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 444–446, 451
Jump up ^ M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 429, 455
Jump up ^ "Les Normans en Sicile"
Jump up ^ Roux, p. 47
Jump up ^ Mack, 3-8, and throughout
Jump up ^ Aubé, Pierre (2006). Les empires normands d’Orient. Editions Perrin. pp. 164–165. ISBN 2262022976.
Jump up ^ Mack, p.65–66
^ Jump up to: a b Mack, p.51
Jump up ^ Mack, p.52, p.69
Jump up ^ Frieder, Braden K. (2008). Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court. Truman State University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-931112-69-7.
Jump up ^ "Perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith, an artistic intention consistent with the Church's contemporary international program." Mack, p.69
Jump up ^ Lessing, Julius (1879) [1877]. Altorientalische Teppichmuster: Nach Bildern und Originalen des XV. - XVI. Jahrhunderts, translated into English as Ancient Oriental Carpet Patterns after Pictures and Originals of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. London: H. Sotheran.
Jump up ^ (Farmer 1988, p. 137)
Jump up ^ (Farmer 1988, p. 141)
Jump up ^ Bell, Joseph Norment (1979). Love theory in later Hanbalite Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-87395-244-6.
Jump up ^ M. Guettat (1980), La Musique classique du Maghreb (Paris: Sindbad).
Jump up ^ "Troubadour", Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie, Macmillan Press Ltd., London
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew M. Watson (1974), "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100", The Journal of Economic History 34 (1), pp. 8–35.
Jump up ^ David A. King (2002). "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journal for the History of Astronomy 33, p. 237–255 [237–238].
Jump up ^ The Saphea Arzachelis Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine., astrolabes.org
Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering Archived 2008-02-18 at the Wayback Machine., History of Science and Technology in Islam
Jump up ^ "Liquid fire". The Economist. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2016. legacy of Islamic civilisation is ... the rather unholy art of distilling alcohol ... Aristotle described a way of vaporising salt water into fresh, the Romans distilled turpentine from pine oil ...
Jump up ^ Thomas Nordegren. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. p. 38.
Jump up ^ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 1. J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1888. p. 142.
Jump up ^ "Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - From Alexandria to Diya Bakr", Donald Routledge Hill and David A. King, p.23, 1998, ISBN 978-0-86078-606-1
Jump up ^ "History of Europe". britannica.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Examining the enamel on the Aldrevandini beaker". British Museum.
Jump up ^ Michael Decker: "Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution", Journal of World History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2009), pp. 187-206
Jump up ^ "The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914 (1989)", pp.34-34, JH Galloway, ISBN 0-521-02219-3
Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part 1: Avenues Of Technology Transfer Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 10 & 65, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-14649-0.
Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Quoted in "The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914", JH Galloway, p. 27
Jump up ^ Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30.
Jump up ^ British Museum
Jump up ^ "Gold imitation dinar of Offa". British Museum.
Jump up ^ Blanchard, Ian Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001 ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7 [1], p.196
Jump up ^ British Museum, Islamic Art room
Jump up ^ Cardini, Franco Europe and Islam Blackwell Publishing, 2001 ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6 [2], p.26
Jump up ^ Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-58231-5 [3], p.3
Jump up ^ Janet Abu-Lughod Before European Hegemony, The World System A.D. 1250–1350, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-506774-6 p.15
Jump up ^ I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in Le Livre de l'échelle de Mahomet, Latin edition and French translation by Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré, Collection Lettres Gothiques, Le Livre de Poche, 1991, p. 22 with note 37.
Jump up ^ "Paul A. (Paul Arthur) Cantor - The Uncanonical Dante: The Divine Comedy and Islamic Philosophy - Philosophy and Literature 20:1". www.muslimphilosophy.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018. line feed character in |title= at position 66 (help)
Jump up ^ Alighieri, Dante. "The Divine Comedy". Retrieved 8 April 2018 – via Wikisource.
Sources[edit]
Attar, Samar (2007), The vital roots of European enlightenment : Ibn Tufayl's influence on modern Western thought, Lanham: Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3
Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978), "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems", The American Journal of Comparative Law, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 26, No. 2, 26 (2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977]): 187–198, doi:10.2307/839667, JSTOR 839667
Cardini, Franco. Europe and Islam. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6
Farmer, Henry George (1988), Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 0-405-08496-X, OCLC 220811631
Frieder, Braden K. Chivalry & the perfect prince: tournaments, art, and armor at the Spanish Habsburg court Truman State University, 2008 ISBN 1-931112-69-X, ISBN 978-1-931112-69-7
Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0-521-03177-X, ISBN 978-0-521-03177-6
Hobson, John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 0-521-54724-5
Lebedel, Claude (2006), Les Croisades, origines et conséquences, Editions Ouest-France, ISBN 2-7373-4136-1, OCLC 181885553
Lewis, Bernard (1993), Les Arabes dans l'histoire, Flammarion, ISBN 2-08-081362-5, OCLC 36229500
Mack, Rosamond E. Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600, University of California Press, 2001 ISBN 0-520-22131-1, google books
Makdisi, John A. (June 1999), "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", North Carolina Law Review, 77 (5): 1635–1739
Matthew, Donald, The Norman kingdom of Sicily Cambridge University Press, 1992 ISBN 978-0-521-26911-7
Roux, Jean-Paul (1985), Les explorateurs au Moyen-Age, Hachette, ISBN 2-01-279339-8
Watt, W. Montgomery (2004), The influence of Islam on medieval Europe, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-0517-7
External links[edit]
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Islamic Contributions to the West by Rachida El Diwani, Professor of Comparative Literature.
"How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs" by De Lacy O'Leary
Islamic Contributions to Civilization by Stanwood Cobb (1963)
[show]
v
t
e
Islamic studies
Arts
Arabesque
Architecture
Calligraphy
The garden
Geometric pattern
Literature
Music
Poetry
Pottery
Influences on Western art
Economics
History
Agency
Banking
Capitalism
Poverty
Socialism
Trust
Usury
Welfare
History
Timeline
Historiography
Early social change
Early conquests
Golden Age
World contributions to Medieval Europe
Reception in Early Modern Europe
Law and politics
Anarchism
Democracy
consensus
consultation
Feminism
Jurisprudence
use of analogy
decision-making
schools
Peace
Quietism
Secularism
Early social change
State
Philosophy
Early
Contemporary
Theology
dialectic
Ethics
Logic
Astrology
Early sociology
solidarity
Medieval science
Timeline
Alchemy and chemistry
Astronomy
cosmology
Geography and cartography
Inventions
Mathematics
Medicine
ophthalmology
Physics
Psychology
Other fields
Arab Agricultural Revolution
Education
teaching permission
elementary school
Sufi studies
mysticism
cosmology
philosophy
[show]
v
t
e
Islamic art
Architecture
Regional styles
Ayyubid
Azerbaijani
Chinese
Indo-Islamic
Indonesian
Moorish
Moroccan
Mudéjar
Mughal
Ottoman
Pakistani
Persian
Somali
Sudano-Sahelian
Tatar
Timurid
Umayyad
Elements
Ablaq
Banna'i
Iwan
Jali
Mashrabiya
Mihrab
Minaret
Mocárabe
Muqarnas
Yeseria
See also Decoration
Arts
Regional styles
Persian (Early, Qajar, Safavid)
Turkish (Ottoman)
Carpets
Gul
Kilim
Motifs
Persian
Turkish
Prayer
Pottery
Azulejo
Fritware
Hispano-Moresque
İznik
Lustreware
Persian
Chinese influence
Textiles
Batik
Damask
Ikat
Embroidery
Soumak
Suzani
Woodwork
Khatam
Minbar
Other media
Brass
Damascus steel
Glass
Hardstone carving
Ivory carving
Stained glass
Shabaka
Arts of
the book
Miniatures
Arabic
Mughal
Ottoman
Persian
Calligraphy
Arabic
Diwani
Kufic
Muhaqqaq
Naskh
Nastaʿlīq
Persian
Sini
Taʿlīq
Thuluth
Tughra
Other arts
Muraqqa
Hilya
Ottoman illumination
Decoration
Arabesque
Geometric patterns
Girih (tiles)
Zellige
The garden
Charbagh
Mughal
Ottoman
Paradise
Persian
Museums
Berlin
Cairo
Doha
Ghazni
Istanbul (Arts, Calligraphy Art)
Jerusalem (Islamic Museum, L. A. Mayer Institute)
Kuala Lumpur
London (British Museum, V&A)
Los Angeles
Marrakech (Museum, Majorelle Garden)
Melbourne
Paris (Arab World Institute, Louvre)
Singapore
Toronto (Aga Khan)
Tripoli
Principles,
influences
Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
Aniconism in Islam
Indo-Saracenic Revival
Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
Influences on Western art
Grotesque
Moresque
Mathematics and architecture
Moorish Revival
Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
Pseudo-Kufic
Stilfragen
Topkapı Scroll
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe&oldid=836981391"
Categories:
Islamic Golden Age
High Middle Ages
Medieval Islam
History of Al-Andalus
Western culture
Cultural exchange
Christianity and Islam
Multiculturalism and Islam
Multiculturalism and Christianity
Hidden categories:
Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 errors: invisible characters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
فارسی
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Bahasa Melayu
کوردی
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 00:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Book_of_Games
mw-redirect
Book of Games

value: i

values:
/wiki/Alfonso_X
mw-redirect
Alfonso X

value: sup

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/High_medieval_period
mw-redirect
High medieval period

values:
/wiki/Islamic_world
mw-redirect
Islamic world

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Medieval_Europe
mw-redirect
Medieval Europe

values:
/wiki/Crusader_kingdoms
mw-redirect
Crusader kingdoms

values:
/wiki/Islamic_astronomy
mw-redirect
Islamic astronomy

values:
/wiki/Islamic_mathematics
mw-redirect
Islamic mathematics

values:
/wiki/Islamic_science
mw-redirect
Islamic science

values:
/wiki/Islamic_medicine
mw-redirect
Islamic medicine

values: List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world

values: wikt:Category:English terms derived from Arabic

values:
/wiki/Ancient_world_maps
mw-redirect
Ancient world maps

values:
/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremone
mw-redirect
Gerard of Cremone

values:
/wiki/Italian_maritime_republics
mw-redirect
Italian maritime republics

values:
/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci
mw-redirect
Leonardo Fibonacci

values: Edit section: Aristotelianism and other philosophies

values:
/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia
mw-redirect
Edessa, Mesopotamia

values:
/wiki/Michael_Scotus
mw-redirect
Michael Scotus

values:
/wiki/Historia_Animalium
mw-redirect
Historia Animalium

values:
/wiki/Ladino_language
mw-redirect
Ladino language

values:
/wiki/Moses_Maimonides
mw-redirect
Moses Maimonides

values:
/wiki/Islamic_psychological_thought
mw-redirect
Islamic psychological thought

values:
/wiki/Dante_Aligheri
mw-redirect
Dante Aligheri

values:
/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Alchemy and chemistry in Islam

values:
/wiki/Indian-Arabic_numerals
mw-redirect
Indian-Arabic numerals

values: The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing

values:
/wiki/Surgical_operation
mw-redirect
Surgical operation

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī

values:
/wiki/Thabit_ibn_Qurra
mw-redirect
Thabit ibn Qurra

values:
/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zahrawi
mw-redirect
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

values:
/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n
mw-redirect
Jābir ibn Hayyān

values: Edit section: Astronomy, mathematics, physics

values:
/wiki/Astronomy_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Astronomy in Islam

values: Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī

values:
/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fazari
mw-redirect
Muhammad al-Fazari

values:
/wiki/Ptolemaic_model
mw-redirect
Ptolemaic model

values:
/wiki/Mo%27ayyeduddin_Urdi
mw-redirect
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi

values:
/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numeral_system
mw-redirect
Hindu-Arabic numeral system

values:
/wiki/Menke_(star)
mw-redirect
Menke (star)

values:
/wiki/History_of_the_scientific_method
mw-redirect
History of the scientific method

values:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

values:
/wiki/Hockney-Falco_thesis
mw-redirect
Hockney-Falco thesis

values:
/wiki/Paolo_Toscanelli
mw-redirect
Paolo Toscanelli

values:
/wiki/Age_of_Exploration
mw-redirect
Age of Exploration

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_compass
mw-redirect
Magnetic compass

values:
/wiki/Nur_Ed-Din_Al_Betrugi
mw-redirect
Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi

values:
/wiki/Islamic_geography
mw-redirect
Islamic geography

values:
/wiki/Medicinal_jars
mw-redirect
Medicinal jars

values:
/wiki/Infectious_disease
mw-redirect
Infectious disease

values:
/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abbas_al-Majusi
mw-redirect
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi

values:
/wiki/Arab-Norman_culture
mw-redirect
Arab-Norman culture

values:
/wiki/Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Virgin Mary

values: Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting

values:
/wiki/Northern_Africa
mw-redirect
Northern Africa

values:
/wiki/Reed_(instrument)
mw-redirect
Reed (instrument)

values:
/wiki/William_VIII_of_Aquitaine
mw-redirect
William VIII of Aquitaine

values: Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers

values:
/wiki/Andalusian_people
mw-redirect
Andalusian people

values:
/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre
mw-redirect
Holy Sepulchre

values: Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
/wiki/Psychology_Press
mw-redirect
Psychology Press

values: wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Michael Scotus

values: wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gerard of Cremona

values:
/wiki/University_of_Naples
mw-redirect
University of Naples

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F604423

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/604423

values:
/wiki/Fielding_H._Garrison
mw-redirect
Fielding H. Garrison

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.chowk.com/articles/9489

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237875424

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F352787

values:
/wiki/University_of_Illinois
mw-redirect
University of Illinois

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbkl.de/m/michael_sco.shtml

values:
/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine
mw-redirect
National Library of Medicine

values:
nofollow
external text
http://astrolabes.org/saphea.htm

values:
/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan
mw-redirect
Ahmad Y Hassan

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/2281757

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F839667

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/839667

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/220811631

values: The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/181885553

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36229500

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm

values: Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world

values: Geography and cartography in medieval Islam

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Chinese_mosques
mw-redirect
Chinese mosques

values:
/wiki/Persian_architecture
mw-redirect
Persian architecture

values: Samarkand Shah-i Zinda Tuman Aqa complex cropped2.jpg

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Turkish_carpet
mw-redirect
Turkish carpet

values:
/wiki/%C4%B0znik_pottery
mw-redirect
İznik pottery

values:
/wiki/Islamic_lustreware
mw-redirect
Islamic lustreware

values:
/wiki/Ottoman_gardens
mw-redirect
Ottoman gardens

values: Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 errors: invisible characters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: التأثير الإسلامي على أوروبا خلال العصور الوسطى – Arabic

values: Contribuciones islámicas a la Europa medieval – Spanish

values: نقش اسلام در رشد قرون وسطی – Persian

values: Sumbangsih dunia Islam terhadap Eropa zaman pertengahan – Indonesian

values: Contributo islamico all'Europa medievale – Italian

values: Sumbangan Islam kepada Eropah Zaman Pertengahan – Malay

values: کاریگەریی جیھانی ئیسلامی لەسەر ئەورووپا لە سەدەکانی ناوەڕاست – Central Kurdish

values: 伊斯蘭對中古歐洲的貢獻 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe rootpage-Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe skin-vector action-view


text:
Quaker State 400
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Quaker State 400
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Venue
Kentucky Speedway
Location
Sparta, Kentucky, United States
Corporate sponsor
Quaker State
First race
2011
Distance
400.5 mi (644.5 km)
Laps
267 (Stage 1: 80
Stage 2: 80
Stage 3: 107)
Most wins (driver)
Brad Keselowski (3)
Most wins (team)
Joe Gibbs Racing
Team Penske (3)
Most wins (manufacturer)
Toyota (5)
Circuit information
Surface
Asphalt
Length
1.5 mi (2.4 km)
Turns
4
The Quaker State 400 presented by Walmart, commonly known as simply the Quaker State 400, is a 400.5-mile (644.5 km) annual Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race held at Kentucky Speedway in Sparta, Kentucky. The inaugural event was held on July 9, 2011 and was won by Kyle Busch. From 2012 to 2014, the race was held the week before the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona International Speedway on Independence Day weekend. From 2015 to 2017, the event moved back two weeks, preceding Daytona and New Hampshire, In 2018, the Quaker State 400 will become the 19th race of the season as the New Hampshire 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway will become the 20th race of the season. Martin Truex Jr., is the defending winner.
NBC returned to NASCAR broadcasting with the 2015 running of the Quaker State 400 after four years on TNT.
Contents
1 History
1.1 New aero package for 2015
2 Trophy
3 Past winners
3.1 Notes
3.2 Multiple winners (drivers)
3.3 Multiple winners (teams)
3.4 Manufacturer wins
4 Notable moments
5 Television broadcasters
6 References
History[edit]
The event eventuated following a lawsuit in which Kentucky Speedway claimed NASCAR had violated federal antitrust laws in 2005. In 2008, the speedway was sold to Bruton Smith, hoping that the track could hold a race by 2011 and after four years, the former speedway owners abandoned the lawsuit.[1] In August 2010, NASCAR announced that the track could hold a Cup Series event in 2011.[2] Seven months later, Royal Dutch Shell's Quaker State brand was announced as sponsor and the 267 lap[3] race held on July 9, was won by Kyle Busch. The race was plagued by a massive traffic problem where many of the fans who expected to attend the race were turned away after several hours on Interstate 71. Following the problem, Kentucky Speedway announced that they bought more land for parking and began to work with the state government to improve traffic around the speedway in time for the 2012 race.[4][5][6][7]
New aero package for 2015[edit]
On June 16, 2015, NASCAR announced that a new aero package would be used for the 2015 race.[8] The changes include a smaller rear spoiler and other adjustments that significantly reduced aerodynamic downforce.[8] The spoiler was decreased to 3.5 in (8.9 cm) tall.[8] There was also a 25 in (64 cm) wide splitter extension.[8] In addition, tires supplied by Goodyear provided drivers with more grip.[8] "We want to see more lead changes on the racetrack," NASCAR Executive Vice-President and Chief Racing Development Officer Steve O'Donnell said in a media teleconference. "We'll evaluate that and a number of different factors coming out of Kentucky, see what we can learn and implement down the road."[8] Originally, the package was to be used at this year's All-Star Race, but the plan was scrubbed and NASCAR opted to use the package for a points race.[8] "Let me be clear. This is not a test, this is a race," O'Donnell said of the rules package that will be in effect for the 18th round of the 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. "We've had an extensive testing plan with the industry over the last 18 months. We wouldn't implement this if we didn't feel confident as an industry to implement it at Kentucky."[8]
Trophy[edit]
Since 2015, the race trophy has been in the form of a Crosley jukebox.[9]
Past winners[edit]
Year
Date
No.
Driver
Team
Manufacturer
Race Distance
Race Time
Average Speed
(mph)
Report
Laps
Miles (km)
2011 July 9 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 267 400.5 (644.542) 2:55:00 137.314 Report
2012 June 30 2 Brad Keselowski Penske Racing Dodge 267 400.5 (644.542) 2:45:02 145.607 Report
2013 June 30* 20 Matt Kenseth Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 267 400.5 (644.542) 3:02:07 131.948 Report
2014 June 28 2 Brad Keselowski Team Penske Ford 267 400.5 (644.542) 2:51:59 139.723 Report
2015 July 11 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 267 400.5 (644.542) 3:05:42 129.402 Report
2016 July 9 2 Brad Keselowski Team Penske Ford 267 400.5 (644.542) 3:06:55 128.58 Report
2017 July 8 78 Martin Truex Jr. Furniture Row Racing Toyota 274* 411 (661.44) 2:57:55 138.604 Report
2018 July 14 78 Martin Truex Jr. Furniture Row Racing Toyota 267 400.5 (644.542) 2:39:43 150.454 Report
Notes[edit]
2013: Race moved back from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon because of rain.
2017: Race extended due to NASCAR Overtime.
Multiple winners (drivers)[edit]
# Wins
Team
Years Won
3
Brad Keselowski 2012, 2014, 2016
2
Kyle Busch 2011, 2015
Martin Truex Jr. 2017, 2018
Multiple winners (teams)[edit]
# Wins
Team
Years Won
3
Joe Gibbs Racing 2011, 2013, 2015
Team Penske 2012, 2014, 2016
2
Furniture Row Racing 2017, 2018
Manufacturer wins[edit]
# Wins
Manufacturer
Years Won
5
Toyota 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018
2
Ford 2014, 2016
1
Dodge 2012
Notable moments[edit]
2011: This was the first Cup Series event at Kentucky Speedway, The race was won by Kyle Busch for the Joe Gibbs Racing team. David Reutimann finished second, and Jimmie Johnson clinched third, The race, the 18th in the season, began at 7:30 pm EDT and was televised live in the United States on TNT.[10] The conditions on the grid were dry before the race with the air temperature at 81 °F (27 °C).[11] Raceway Ministries pastor John Roberts began pre-race ceremonies, by giving the invocation. Next, Nick Lachey performed the national anthem, and Steve Beshear, Kentucky's Governor, gave the command for drivers to start their engines. Two drivers had to start at the end of the grid because of changes that were not approved during practice; they were Hamlin and Dave Blaney.[11] However, the race was largely overshadowed by major traffic issues that resulted in as many as 20,000 ticketed fans being unable to enter the track.
2012: The race, the 17th of the 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season began at 7:48 EDT. The race was televised live in the United States on TNT. Jimmie Johnson started on pole position. The Kentucky Army National Guard and the Boone County Sheriff's Office presented the flag. The invocation was offered by Pastor John Roberts of Raceway Ministries. Laura Bell Bundy performed the national anthem. The grand marshal was Quaker State Official Steve Reindl.
2013: The race was scheduled to start Saturday at 8:00 p.m., but pushed to Sunday afternoon due to rain, at 12:00 p.m. E.T., This prompted NASCAR to have a competition caution on Lap 30. The third caution of the race flew on lap 48 for a huge crash in the front straightaway, Brad Keselowski, Greg Biffle, Kurt Busch and others were involved in the incident, it started with Brad Keselowski spinning in the grass, and took out multiple cars, The red flag was displayed with Jimmie Johnson the race leader, it was lifted after 5 minutes and 3 seconds.
2014: The race served as the last year on TNT, before the acquisition of the $10.1 billion deal for NBC Sports, Prior to the start of the race, there was a downpour that soaked the track. This prompted NASCAR to schedule a competition caution at lap 30. Logano led the field to the restart on lap 85, before Keselowski was able to retake the lead two laps later. Another lengthy green-flag run ensued, before debris forced the third caution of the race, on lap 125. Prior to the caution, Matt Kenseth suffered a flat right-front tire, and had to pit from sixth position. Logano retook the lead during the pit cycle, while Jeff Gordon suffered a slow pit stop due to a malfunctioning air hose; he lost a total of 16 positions, dropping from 7th to 23rd. Logano and Keselowski swapped the lead positions once again, prior to the fourth caution, on lap 153, for a multi-car wreck on the backstretch involving Aric Almirola, Alex Bowman, Kasey Kahne and Jamie McMurray. Bowman locked up his brakes and tires, causing a large cloud of smoke that made it difficult for trailing cars to see what was in front of them. When the smoke cleared, Almirola swerved to his right to avoid Bowman, but in the process got into the left side of McMurray's car.
2015: NBC returned with the fifth running of the Quaker State 400, aired live on NBCSN, The race had a new track record of eleven caution flag periods for 49 laps, Carl Edwards went three wide underneath his teammate to take the lead with 54 laps to go. He got loose in turn 1 and Hamlin took back the lead with 53 laps to go. Kyle Larson made an unscheduled stop for a tire rub with 51 laps to go. Kyle Busch took back the lead with 50 laps to go. The left-rear tire rub on Kyle Larson's car wasn't fixed. It went flat and sent the car into the wall in turn 1.
2016: The race aired on NBCSN for a second year, A multi-car wreck on the backstretch brought out the seventh caution of the race on lap 94. Exiting turn 2, Brian Scott got loose, saved the car, got turned by Kyle Larson and got t-boned by Chris Buescher. A. J. Allmendinger, Buescher, Ty Dillon, Larson, Danica Patrick, Regan Smith, Scott and Cole Whitt were all collected in the melee.,[12] In the final 10 laps, a number of cars began pitting so to have enough fuel to make the finish. Kenseth briefly took the lead from Keselowski before he pitted with four laps to go and handed the lead back to Keselowski. Keselowski decreased his speed dramatically to conserve fuel. This allowed Carl Edwards to pull to within a car-length with one lap remaining. He blocked Edwards's advance as he re-fired his engine and drove on to score the victory.[13]
2017: Martin Truex, Jr. dominated the seventh running of the event leading 152 laps. He won both stages 1 and 2 (NASCAR's new race format that saw stage lengths of 80 laps, 80 laps, and the final 107) and had a 15-second lead with two laps to go until the caution came out setting up an overtime finish for the first time in the event's history. Truex Jr. stayed out while everyone else pitted, but he chose the preferred outside lane for the restart. He took off from the start passing Kyle Busch and the race ended under caution due to a crash on the frontstretch after Truex Jr. had just taken the white flag. He took the yellow and checkered-flags ahead of Kyle Larson for his third win of the season. He became just the fourth driver to win at Kentucky, and the first new winner since Matt Kenseth in 2013.
Television broadcasters[edit]
Year
Network
Lap-by-lap
Color commentator(s)
2011 TNT Adam Alexander Wally Dallenbach
Kyle Petty
2012
2013
2014
2015 NBCSN Rick Allen Jeff Burton
Steve Letarte
2016
2017
2018 Jeff Burton
Steve Letarte
Dale Earnhardt Jr.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Former Kentucky Speedway owners abandon NASCAR lawsuit – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. December 18, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky Speedway Announces 2011 Sprint Cup Race – Sports News Story – WLWT Cincinnati". Wlwt.com. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "News". Kentucky Speedway. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Tom. What now, Kentucky? Archived May 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Speed, July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hembree, Mike. Kentucky Speedway To Add Parking Area Archived May 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Speed, July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kentucky Speedway apologizes to fans Archived May 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Speedway Motorsports, July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Blount, Terry. Kentucky Speedway gets a mulligan. ESPN, July 12, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Pistone, Pete (June 16, 2015). "New Rules for Kentucky". MRN.com. Motor Racing Network. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Jason (July 12, 2018). "Kentucky's NASCAR race has some pretty unique trophies". The Cincinnati Enquirer/USA Today. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sprint Cup Series Schedule". ESPN. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Race Summary". NASCAR. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goheen, Kevin (July 10, 2016). "Brad Keselowski wins his third Quaker State 400 at Kentucky Speedway". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Sparta, Kentucky: Gannett Company. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Graves, Gary (July 10, 2016). "Keselowski wins for 3rd time at Kentucky Speedway". Associated Press. Sparta, Kentucky: AP Sports. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2016.

Previous race:
Coke Zero Sugar 400 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Quaker State 400 Next race:
Foxwoods Resort Casino 301
show
v
t
e
Races in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Current
Championship
Daytona
Atlanta
Las Vegas
Phoenix
California
Martinsville
Texas
Bristol
Richmond
Talladega
Dover
Kansas
Charlotte
Pocono
Michigan
Sonoma
Chicagoland
Daytona
Kentucky
New Hampshire
Pocono
Watkins Glen
Michigan
Bristol
Darlington
Indianapolis
Playoffs
Las Vegas
Richmond
Charlotte
Dover
Talladega
Kansas
Martinsville
Texas
Phoenix
Homestead
Exhibition
Advance Auto Parts Clash
Can-Am Duels
Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race
Previous
Champioship
North Wilkesboro
North Carolina
Riverside
Nashville
Texas World
North Wilkesboro
North Carolina
Riverside
Nashville
Texas World
Texas World
Ontario
Darlington
Trenton
Atlanta
California
New Hampshire
Exhibition
Suzuka
Motegi
Calder Park
Note: The Cup Series has multiple events at the same racing venue.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaker_State_400&oldid=855569217"
Categories:
2011 establishments in Kentucky
NASCAR races at Kentucky Speedway
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races
Recurring sporting events established in 2011
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from January 2018
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Nederlands
Português
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 August 2018, at 08:21 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: 2 navbox-title text-align:center

values:
/wiki/Coke_Zero_400
mw-redirect
Coke Zero 400

values:
/wiki/Overton%27s_301
mw-redirect
Overton's 301

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Ferko v. National Ass'n for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc.

values:
/wiki/Penske_Racing
mw-redirect
Penske Racing

values:
/wiki/NASCAR_Overtime
mw-redirect
NASCAR Overtime

values: Edit section: Multiple winners (drivers)

values:
/wiki/Turner_Network_Television
mw-redirect
Turner Network Television

values:
/wiki/Martin_Truex,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Martin Truex, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Wally_Dallenbach,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Wally Dallenbach, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Speed_(TV_channel)
mw-redirect
Speed (TV channel)

values: Template:Monster Energy NASCAR Cup races

values: Template talk:Monster Energy NASCAR Cup races

values:
/wiki/Kansas_400_(Kansas)
mw-redirect
Kansas 400 (Kansas)

values:
/wiki/Dover_400_(playoff_race)
mw-redirect
Dover 400 (playoff race)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:2011 establishments in Kentucky

values: Category:NASCAR races at Kentucky Speedway

values: Category:Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races

values: Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2011

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from January 2018

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Quaker_State_400
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Quaker_State_400 rootpage-Quaker_State_400 skin-vector action-view