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Uno (card game)
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For the video game adaptation, see Uno (video game).
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UNO
Type
Shedding-type
Players
2 – 10[1]
Skills required
Keeping important cards for later, knowing when to put them down, concealing your hand.
Age range
7+[1]
Cards
108
Playing time
Normally, up to an hour but can go longer
Random chance
easy
Uno (/ˈuːnoʊ/; from Italian and Spanish for 'one') (stylized as UNO) is an American shedding-type card game that is played with a specially printed deck. The game's general principles put it into the Crazy Eights family of card games. The game was originally developed in 1971 by Merle Robbins in Reading, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati. It has been a Mattel brand since 1992. When his family and friends began to play more and more, he spent $8,000 to have 5,000 copies of the game made. He sold it from his barbershop at first, and local businesses began to sell it as well. Robins later sold the rights to UNO to a group of friends headed by Robert Tezak, a funeral parlor owner in Joliet, Illinois, for $50,000 plus royalties of 10 cents per game. Tezak formed International Games, Inc., to market UNO, with offices behind his funeral parlor. The games were produced by Lewis Saltzman of Saltzman Printers in Maywood, Illinois. In 1992, International Games became part of the Mattel family of companies.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Official rules
1.1 Penalties
1.2 Two-player game
1.3 House rules
2 Strategies
3 Card and deck styles
4 Theme packs
4.1 Themed My First Uno games
4.2 Themed video games
4.3 Themed sports teams
5 Special Uno games
6 Video games
7 Variations
8 Similar games
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
Official rules
Uno cards
Uno cards
UNO cards deck
The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points, achieved (usually over several rounds of play) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players. Action cards (Skip, Draw Two and Reverse) are worth 20 Points while Wild and Wild Draw Four cards are worth 50 Points.
The deck consists of 108 cards, of which there are 25 of each color (red, green, blue, and yellow), each color having two of each rank except zero. The ranks in each color are zero to nine, "Skip", "Draw Two", and "Reverse" (the last three being "action cards"). In addition, the deck contains four each of "Wild" and "Wild Draw Four" cards.
To start a hand, seven cards are dealt to each player, with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile. The player to the dealer's left plays first, unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card (see below). On a player's turn, they must do one of the following:
play a card matching the discard in color, number, or symbol
play a Wild card, or a playable Wild Draw Four card (see restriction below)
draw the top card of the deck
Play proceeds clockwise around the table.
Action and Wild cards have the following effects:
Card
Effect when played from hand
Effect as first discard
Skip Next player in sequence misses a turn Player to dealer's left misses a turn
Reverse Order of play switches directions (clockwise to counterclockwise, or vice versa) Dealer plays first; play proceeds counterclockwise
Draw Two (+2) Next player in sequence draws two cards and misses a turn Player to dealer's left draws two cards and misses a turn
Wild Player determines the next color to be matched (may be used on any turn even if the player has matching color) Player to dealer's left determines the starting color, then plays normally
Wild Draw Four/Draw Four Wild (+4 and wild) Player determines next color to be matched; next player in sequence draws four cards and misses a turn. May be legally played only if the player has no cards of the current color (see Penalties) Return card to deck, shuffle, flip top card to start discard pile
A player who draws from the deck must either play or keep that card, and may play no other card from their hand on that turn.
A player may play a Wild card at any time, even if that player has other playable cards.
A player may play a Wild Draw Four card only if that player has no cards matching the current color. The player may have cards of a different color matching the current number or symbol or a Wild card and still play the Wild Draw Four card.[3] A player who plays a Wild Draw Four may be challenged by the next player in sequence (see Penalties) to prove that their hand meets this condition.
If the entire deck is used during play, the top discard is set aside and the rest of the pile is shuffled to create a new deck. Play then proceeds normally.
It is illegal to trade cards of any sort with another player.
A player who plays their next-to-last-card must call "Uno" as a warning to the other players.[4]
The first player to get rid of their last card ("going out") wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players. Number cards count their face value, all action cards count 20, and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50. If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out, the next player in sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied.
The first player to score 500 points wins the game.
Penalties
If a player does not call "Uno" after laying down their next-to-last card and is caught before the next player in sequence takes a turn (i.e., plays a card from their hand, draws from the deck, or touches the discard pile), they must draw two cards. If the player is not caught in time (subject to interpretation), or remembers to call "Uno" before being caught, they suffer no penalty. If a player falsely calls "Uno" while having multiple cards in their hand, they must draw two cards.[3]
If a player plays a Wild Draw Four card, the following player can challenge its use. The player who used the Wild Draw Four must privately show their hand to the challenging player, in order to demonstrate that they had no matching colored cards. If the challenge is successful, the challenged player draws four cards instead; if it is wrong, the challenger must draw six cards; the four cards they were already required to draw plus two more cards.[3]
Two-player game
In a two-player game, the Reverse card acts like a Skip card; when played, the other player misses a turn.
House rules
The following house rules are suggested in the Uno rulebook, to alter the game:
Progressive Uno: If a draw card is played, and the following player has the same card, they can play that card and "stack" the penalty, which adds to the current penalty and passes it to the following player.[3]
Seven-O: When a certain card is played, the player is able to trade hands with another player or with all players. For example, the person who played the 7 card is able to switch all of their cards with another player; the player who played the 0 card is able to make every player exchange all their cards to the next player.[3]
Jump-In: If a player has exactly the same card (both number and color) as the top card of the discard pile, they may play it immediately, even if it is not their turn. The game then continues as if that player had just taken their turn.[3]
Strategies
A strategy at Uno may be offensive (aiming to go out), or defensive (aiming to minimize the value of one's hand, in the event that another player goes out, thus getting those points). Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy.
An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards, because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out (when it's harder to play a matching card). However, a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early, because they have a high point value.
A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand. However, an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color, because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color (there is only one 0 of each color, but two of each 1–9).
A player holding only one card is required to call out "Uno" or risk being penalized if caught. A player who calls "Uno" risks being the target of concerted action by the other players, who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out. Depending on the level and seriousness of play, some players may deliberately avoid saying "Uno", in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn. For this reason, it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand, and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds.
Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno. Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter. Attempts to reduce point count in a player's hands can be "read" by other players if too transparent. This information can be exploited by other players, and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate.
Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior.[5] Players may exhibit physical tells,[6] in which a subtle, often repeated, cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game. Alternatively, they may change their playing style, switching from an aggressive card-shedding strategy to a more subdued one, or vice versa.
Card and deck styles
A deck of English Uno cards from 1994. This particular deck uses the older card design, where letters appear on the action cards instead of symbols.
The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action, except for the Wild cards which still bear the word "Wild." Before the design change, such cards in English versions of the game had letters only. Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards. Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs, especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word "Wild". The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards. There are also language-free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word "Wild" but have the same styling. There is a new version called "Uno Mod" where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers. This version also comes in a red and white case. It is one of several "Mod" games by Mattel, the others being Othello (game) Mod, Apples to Apples Mod, Phase 10 Mod, and Skip-Bo Mod.
Theme packs
There are many different themes and versions of Uno. These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards.
American Kennel Club (Herding Breeds) Uno
American Kennel Club (Non-Sporting Group) Uno (2006)
American Kennel Club (Sporting Group) Uno
American Kennel Club (Terrier Breeds) Uno
Angry Birds Uno (2012)
Arsenal Highbury Legends Uno (2007)
Avengers Uno (2015)
Avengers Assemble Uno (2013)
Bandai Uno[a]
Barbie Uno[b]
Barbie Cali Girl Edition Uno (2004)
Barbie - Life in the Dream House Uno (2014)
Batman Uno (2005)
Batman Begins Uno (2005)
Batman: The Dark Knight Uno (2008)
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Uno (2015)
Beach Uno (2011)
Betty Boop Uno (2005)
The Big Bang Theory Uno (2012)
Braille Uno (2012)
Care Bears Uno (2003)
Car-Go Uno (2004)
Cars Uno (2006)
Cars 2 Uno (2011)
Cars 3 Uno (2017)
Cinderella Uno (2012)
Coca-Cola Uno (1998, 2004)
Coco (2018)
Dare (2014)
DC Super Heroes Uno
Diary of a Wimpy Kid Uno (2012)
Disney Uno (2002)
Disney Electronic Uno (Classic) (2003)
Disney Electronic Uno (Modern)
Disney Fairies Uno (2009)
Disney Pixar Uno (2012)
Disney Princess Uno[c]
Disney Channel / Disney Shows Uno[d]
Disney Sofia The First Uno[e]
Disney Theme Park Uno[f]
Doc McStuffins Uno (2013)
Dog Uno (2003)
Doraemon Uno[g]
Doctor Who Uno (2007)
Elvis Uno (2000)
Emoji Uno
Eragon Uno (2006)
Family Guy Uno (2004)
Fantastic Four Uno (2005)
Fat Albert Uno (2005)
Ferrari Uno (2000)
Finding Dory Uno (2016)
Fishing Uno (2012)
Florida State University Uno (2011)
Fraggle Rock Uno[h]
Frozen Uno (2014)
Glee Uno (2011)
Ghostbusters Uno (2016)
Golden Compass Uno (2007)
Green Lantern Uno (2011)
Hairspray Uno (2007)
Hanna-Barbera Uno (2004)
Hannah Montana Backstage Pass Uno
Hannah Montana Best of Both Worlds Uno (2007)
Happy Feet Uno (2006)
Harry Potter Uno[i]
Hello Kitty Bow Uno (2012)
Hello Kitty Friendship Uno (2003)
Hi Hi Puffy Amiyumi Uno (2006)
High School Musical Uno (2006)
High School Musical 2 Uno (2007)
High School Musical 3 Uno (2008)
Holiday Uno (2009)
Hoops and Yoyo Uno
Horses Uno (2011)
Hot Death Uno (2001)
Hot Wheels Uno (2012)
House Rules Uno (1998)
Hulk Uno (2003)
H2O[j]
H2O To Go
H2O Splash (2005)
Iron Man 2 Uno (2010)
Jelly Belly Uno (2012)
John Deere Uno(2010)[k]
Justice League Uno (2017)[l]
Kittens Uno
Kung Fu Panda Uno (2008)
Limited Too It's A Girl's World Uno (2008)
Macy's Parade Uno
Magic Tree House Uno (2007)
Marvel Heroes Uno (2010)
Mario Bros. Uno (2012)
Mini Party Favors Uno
Muppet Show Uno[m]
My Scene Uno (2005)
MyUno Uno (2005)
National Parks Uno (2002, 2009)
New York City Uno (2001)
NHL Uno
Nightmare Before Christmas Uno (2007)
Nintendo Uno (2004)
North American Wildlife Uno
Notre Dame Uno (2005)
NSYNC Uno(2000)
One Piece Uno (2003, 2011)
One Piece: The New World Uno (Japan-2012)
Over the Hedge Uno (2006)
Paw Patrol Uno (2015)
Peanuts Uno (2002)[n]
Peanuts – A Charlie Brown Christmas Uno[o]
Peanuts – It's the Great Pumpkin Uno (2006)
Peanuts - Be My Valentine Uno (2006)
Peanuts Movie Uno (2015)
Peanuts – Vintage Peanuts Uno (2005)
The Penguins of Madagascar Uno (2012)
Penn State University Uno
Phineas and Ferb Uno (2012)
Pinkalicious Uno (2010)
Pirates of the Caribbean Uno (2007)
Planes Uno (2013)
Planes - Fire and Rescue! Uno (2014)
Pokémon Uno (2006)
Pokémon: Best Wishes (Japan)
Pokémon: XY (Japan)
Polly Pocket Uno (2006)
Power Rangers Super Samurai Uno
Puppies Uno
Ratatouille Uno (2007)
Ren and Stimpy Uno (2004)
Retro Uno (2014)
Scooby-Doo Uno
Sesame Street Uno (2004)
Shopkins Uno (2015)
Shrek Uno
Shrek 2 Uno (2004)
Shrek the Third Uno[p]
The Simpsons Uno (2003)
The Simpsons (D'oh) Uno (2009)
The Simpsons: Springfield / Great Scot Uno (2006)
The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror Uno (2005)
Sock Monkey Uno
South Park Uno (2004)
Speed Racer[q]
Spider-Man Uno (2002)
Spider-Man 2 Uno (2004)
Spider-Man Spider Sense Uno*
Marvel Ultimate Spider-Man Web-Warriors Uno (2014)
Splash Uno[r]*
Splash: Finding Dory Uno[s]
SpongeBob SquarePants #1[t]
SpongeBob SquarePants #2[u]
SpongeBob SquarePants #3[v]
SpongeBob SquarePants - Eye Eye SpongeBob! (2008)
SpongeBob SquarePants - Jellyfishing (2008)
SpongeBob SquarePants - Lost in Time (2006)
St. Louis Uno (2005)
Star Trek Uno[w]
Mattel-produced "Special Edition"[x]
Fundex Games "Collector's Edition"[y]
Star Wars: The Clone Wars Uno
Super Mario (2016)
Superman Uno (2005)
Superman Returns Uno (2005)
Sydney 2000 Uno (1999)
Teen Titans Uno (2006)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Uno (2014)
Texas Uno (2006)
Toy Story Uno (2010)
University of Alabama Uno
University of Florida Uno
University of Georgia Uno
University of Kentucky Uno
University of Michigan Uno
University of North Carolina Uno
University of Texas Uno
Uno (1971)
Uno 25th Anniversary (1996)
Uno 30th Anniversary (2001)
Uno 35th Anniversary (2011)
UNO in FitSand Travel Zipper Carry EVA Hard Case (2016)
Uno Deluxe in box[z]
Uno Deluxe in Wood Box
UNO With Customizable Wild Cards (2015)
Uno Mod (2010)
USA Uno
Vacation Uno[aa]
Wilderness Uno (2016)
Wildlife Uno (2012)
Wizard of Oz Uno(2007) [ab]
WWE Legends Uno (2005)
X-Games (1999, 2007)
X-Men Uno (2003)
Note: * indicates HIT Entertainment character, by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012.
Themed My First Uno games
Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age. These sets come in several variants, based on titles for children. My First Uno versions:
Angelina Ballerina Uno (2005)
Animals Uno
Bob The Builder Uno (2007)
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Curious George Uno (2005)
Dora the Explorer Uno (2003, 2010)
Elmo Uno
Handy Manny Uno (2009)
Disney's Jake and the Neverland Pirates Uno (2011)
Koala Brothers Uno (2005)
Little People Uno (2006)
Mickey Mouse Club Uno (2008)
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends Uno (2006)
Rugrats Uno (1991)
Sesame Street Uno (2004)
SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends Uno (2012)
Thomas & Friends Uno (2010)
Where the Wild Things Are Uno (2007)
Winnie the Pooh and Friends Uno (2002, 2011, 2012)
Yo Gabba Gabba! Uno
Themed video games
Uno versions available on the Xbox 360:
Street Fighter II Uno[ac]
Project Gotham Racing Uno[ad]
Kameo: Elements of Power Uno[ae]
Uno 35th Anniversary (see above)
Themed sports teams
Several sports teams each have 112-card sets, featuring players from those teams. The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself. The following teams have confirmed Uno sets.
Minnesota Patriots
Auburn Tigers (NCAA)
England FA (2010)
England Rugby (2010)
Manchester United
Hockey
Calgary Flames (2010)
NHL
NHL Stars of Finland
MLB All-Stars
American League (2005)
American League - Stars of the American League (2006)[af]
American League - Baltimore Orioles Miguel Tejada
American League - Boston Red Sox (Regular (2004) and World Series editions (2007))
American League - Boston Red Sox David Ortiz Limited (2007)
American League - Chicago White Sox (2007)
American League - Chicago White Sox World Series Championship
American League - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2005)
American League - New York Yankees (2006)
American League - New York Yankees Derek Jeter Limited (2007)
American League - Seattle Mariners (2003)
American League - Texas Rangers (2006)

National League
National League - MLB All Stars National League
National League - Chicago Cubs[ag]
National League - Chicago Cubs: Derek Lee (2006)
National League - Houston Astros (2005)
National League - New York Mets (2005)
National League - New Your Mets: David Wright Special (2007)
National League - Philadelphia Phillies (2005)
National League - St. Louis Cardinals (2006)
NBA All-Stars
(East and West)
Eastern Conference - NBA All Stars Eastern Conference (2006)
Eastern Conference - Boston Celtics Legends (2005)
Eastern Conference - Cleveland Cavaliers: LeBron James Special Edition (2007)
Eastern Conference - New York Knicks (2006)
Western Conference - NBA All Stars Western Conference (2006)
Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Legends Edition (2006)
Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant Special Edition (2007)
Western Conference - San Antonio Spurs (2006)
American Football
Chicago Bears (2006)
Dallas Cowboys (2006)
Green Bay Packers (2007)
Minnesota Vikings
National Football League NFC Edition (2006)
New England Patriots (2007)
New York Giants (2006)
New York Jets (2009)
NFL American League (2006)
NFL National League (2006)
Phil. Eagles (2006)
Pittsburgh Steelers (2006)
Super Bowl XL Steelers Special Edition (2006)
NFL Greatest Players Editions
Tom Brady (2007)
Reggie Bush(2007)
Brett Favre (2007)
LaDanian Tomlinson (2007)
Brian Urlacher (2007)
Special Uno games
Uno Attack (Uno Extreme in the UK and Canada) (1999)
Uno Attack Refill Deck
Uno Bingo (1997)
Uno Blast (2012)
Uno Blitzo (2000)
Uno Choo-Choo (2011)
Uno Color Screen
Uno Deluxe
Uno Dare (2014)
Uno Dice (1987, 1996, 2011)
Uno Dominoes (1986)
Electronic Uno
Uno Flash (2007)
Uno Flip (2009)
Giant Uno (2016)
Uno H2O (2004)
Uno H2O To Go
Uno Hearts (1994)
Uno Junior (1992)
King Size Uno The oversized cards have animal illustrations in addition to numbers (1-6) and colors to help children make matches. The deck also contains 4 wild cards, a Draw 2 card for each suit, and a Free Turn card for each suit. (1994)
Killer Uno (1995)
Uno Madness (1995)
Uno Moo (2008, 2014)
Uno Power Grab
Uno Reflex
Uno Roboto
Uno Royal Revenge Whoever wears the crown makes the rules! (2014)
Uno Rummy Up (1993)
Uno Spin (2005)
Uno Spin Hannah Montana (2005)
Uno Spin One Piece (Japan)
Uno Spin To Go (2010)
Uno Stacko (1994)
Travel Uno Stacko
Uno Tippo (2009)
Uno Slam
Uno Tiki Twist (2014)
Uno Wild Jackpot (2016)
Uno Wild Tiles (1982)
Get Wild for Uno (2016)
Uno MineCraft (201x)
Video games
Hot Death UNO (IBM - 1993)
Uno (handheld video game - 2000)
Uno (handheld video game for the Game Boy Color of the classic Uno board game)
UNO DX (Japanese exclusive Sega Saturn game by Mitsui & Co. - 1998)
Uno (PlayStation Network)
Uno (Xbox Live Arcade)
Uno Rush (Xbox Live Arcade)
Uno Challenge (mobile version of the classic Uno board game)
Uno Free Fall (puzzle game for mobile phones)
Uno 52 (Nintendo Game Boy Advance)
Super Uno (Super Famicom)
Uno (Facebook) (Adobe Flash–based version of the classic Uno card game produced by GameHouse Studios)
Uno iPhone version featuring online and local play. Produced by Gameloft
Uno The same as on the iPhone, but with enhanced graphics. Produced by Gameloft
Uno Released as three versions: SD, HD and Free with adverts. Produced by Gameloft
Uno
Uno & Friends (various platforms)
Pocket Uno
Uno and UNO & Friends for Windows Phone
Uno Undercover (Windows)
Uno (2016 video game for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One by Ubisoft)
Uno (2017 video game for Nintendo Switch, produced by Ubisoft)
Variations
Many variations from standard gameplay exist, such as Elimination Uno, Speed Uno, French Uno, Pirate Uno, and Pakistani Uno.[7] A variation of Uno that includes math and the player having to say "Dos!" when they have 2 cards left. This spinoff of Uno was introduced in 2018.[8]
Similar games
Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games. The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards.
Crazy Eights
Eleusis
Last Card
Macau
Mao
Mau Mau (game)
O'NO 99
One Card (game)
Phase 10
SKIP-BO
Taki
Whot!
Notes
Jump up ^ A version released in Japan.
Jump up ^ Features the "friendship" card, where the player can swap his/her hand with another player. (2002, 2010)
Jump up ^ Features the Dragon Card, when played, all players must discard a prince card (regardless of color or number) to kill the dragon before continuing play. If a player does not have a prince card in their hand, they must pick up cards until they find a prince card. (2004) (2013)
Jump up ^ Deck features many of the characters on the Disney Channel.
Jump up ^ Card game in Foil Bag.
Jump up ^ Evil card: the player holding this card can steal the top card from the DISCARD pile at any point in the game, even if it's not his or her turn. (2005, 2012)
Jump up ^ Released in Japan
Jump up ^ Includes the Travel card (featuring Traveling Matt), which allows the player to "travel" to another player's spot and view his or her entire hand. (2006)
Jump up ^ which features a Draw Three (instead of Draw Two) card; also features a "howler" wild card where, if played, the player who uses the card may select another player to say all of their cards aloud; also features an "invisibility" wild card where, if played, the player can block any card placed down (such as, a card that forces them to draw cards). (2000, 2003, 2005, 2010)
Jump up ^ A deck with transparent waterproof cards. It includes 4 (2 of which are +1 2 of which are +2 downpour cards) black action cards called "wild DownPour" cards; when played, all the other players must pick up the number specified on the card and may choose the next color of play these cards replace two of the wild cards and two of the wild draw four cards out of the original deck, and also double as wild cards. (2004)
Jump up ^ Features farm equipment graphics and a "Harvest" card-The player who plays the harvest card selects another player to draw from the DRAW pile until he/she draws a green card, which will allow them to complete the harvest (or, until they draw 5 cards, whichever comes first).
Jump up ^ Features X-Ray card that lets a player see another's hand and strategically exchange a card.
Jump up ^ Mayhem card: the player who plays it causes everyone to swap hands. The direction of the swap is determined by the player playing the card. (2003)
Jump up ^ Wei, R. H. "Gamebits: Peanuts at Play". Games. Issue 196 (Vol. 27, No. 10). Pg.4. December 2003.
Jump up ^ Happy Holidays Card (2007, 2008, 2010)
Jump up ^ In a Shrek-faced package. 'Merlin Card' When you play this card you call out a color of your choice. All other players draw cards from the DRAW pile until each draws a card of that color. All of the cards that they draw are added to the cards in their hands. (2007)
Jump up ^ This set has a special Racer X card. The player who uses this card draws a card from the draw pile onto the discard pile and the depending on the number, the next player must place a card that follows the number drawn before. For example, player A draws the racer X card and draws a card with the number 3. The next player must place a card with the number 4 (regardless of colour) and the next player must place a card with the number 5 and so on. If they reach 9, they must start over with 0 until a player is unable to place a card and he/she must draw three cards. (2007)
Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag, backpack or camping gear. Seems to be about the same as H20 To Go.
Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag, backpack or camping gear.
Jump up ^ Super Absorbency (#1) Uno – which features the Super Absorbency card, a wild card which requires the next player to draw one card from all other players' hands at random. There is controversy as to what happens when the Super Absorbency card is played as the player's penultimate card. Some contend that the person playing the card would win as the next player would be required to take that card from him/her. However, some say that there is an exception whereas the Super Absorbency requires a card to be drawn from all players' hands except those who are in the uno stage. Clarification can be found on the back of the SpongeBob metallic tin. (2002)
Jump up ^ Secret Recipe (#2) Uno – Secret Recipe – Allows the player to look at another player's hand. The player can also select a new color just like a wild card.
Jump up ^ Lost in Time (#3 Uno) – Daredevil – Can be played to counter a Draw 2 or Draw 4 card. Can also be used as a wild card.
Jump up ^ Two Editions, both based on Star Trek: The Original Series
Jump up ^ With special cards, each of which appears once per pack: Double Tribble card – The player who plays this card chooses the color of play, then next player doubles the number of cards in their hand and forfeits their turn; Beam Me Up, Scotty card – This can played to stop any command card (a "Draw 2" card, for example) and allows for the color of play to be chosen; Mind Meld card – This commands the next player to show the person who played this card their hand; Live Long & Prosper card – This can be played at any time to discard the players hand and pick up an entirely new one, then allows him/her to choose color of play. (1999)
Jump up ^ Simplifies the special WILDs to one kind: 4 "Beam Up WILD" cards that can negate the effects of any DRAW 2 or DRAW 4 WILD cards played against a player. That player can then call a new color, and play resumes as if they had played a regular WILD. (It can also be used as a regular WILD if desired.) (2008)
Jump up ^ Some versions with erasable score pad. (1978, 1979, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1993, 2001, 2000, 2004, 2008)
Jump up ^ When this Check Two Card played by a player, he/she can:
immediately play another card of the same suit color, OR
play either Wild or Wild Draw 4 Card, the wild color called must match the color of the Check Two Card played.
However, this Check Two Card cannot be played:
on its own (without a card of the same suit color), OR
as the last card in your hand.
If the Check Two Card is the last card in a player hand, he/she must take another card from the draw pile. If the card just drawn matches the suit color of the Check Two Card, he/she may directly play the Check Two Card, say UNO, and play the matching suit color card to complete the game. (2002)
Jump up ^ Includes a special "Over The Rainbow" card where the person playing this card chooses someone hand to look at, also acts as a wild which then the person chooses the color of play.
Jump up ^ In this game, the cards show different characters from the Street Fighter II video game. This deck contains a special Hadouken card, which allows the user to choose 1 player to draw cards until they have drawn a Skip or a Reverse card. Play then continues on as normally.
Jump up ^ In this game, the cards are drawn like cars seen in the Project Gotham Racing series of video games. In this game, the rules include a card called the "Gotham Live" card, which is the same name used as the replay feature in Project Gotham Racing 3. This card allows a player to look at the hand of any of the other players.
Jump up ^ This pack was released on 1 November 2006. This is a custom deck with artwork from the Kameo game. In addition, a special play card allows you to swap your hand with the hand of another player in the game.
Jump up ^ This may be the same as the "American League" deck
Jump up ^ Different sources list 2005, 2006, & 2007
References
^ Jump up to: a b UNO instruction sheet, 1983, International Games Ltd.
Jump up ^ "30 Anniversary rule Book" (PDF). Mattel. 2001. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "UNO Basic Instructions" (PDF). Mattel. 2008.
Jump up ^ Exact wording of the official rules: 'When you play your next-to-last card, you must yell "UNO" (meaning "one") to indicate that you have only one card left'.
Jump up ^ "How to Play UNO in Large Groups". UNOtips.org. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Tells". Unotips.org. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Uno Variations".
Jump up ^ Friedman, Megan (February 13, 2018). "The Makers of UNO Are Releasing a Spinoff Game Called DOS". Good Housekeeping. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
Bibliography
Current official rules, from Mattel
Official Mattel Uno site
Uno Rules at UnoRulesonline.com
Uno Variations at UnoVariations.com
Uno variants at pagat.com
Uno News at Wonkavator
Uno at BoardGameGeek
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text:
Safe-haven law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sign at San Francisco Fire Station 14 designating it as a Safe Surrender Site.
Safe-haven laws (also known in some states as "Baby Moses laws", in reference to the religious scripture) are statutes in the United States that decriminalize the leaving of unharmed infants with statutorily designated private persons so that the child becomes a ward of the state. "Safe-haven" laws typically let parents remain nameless to the court, often using a numbered bracelet system as the only means of linking the baby to the parent. Some states treat safe-haven surrenders as child dependency or abandonment, with a complaint being filed for such in juvenile court. The parent either defaults or answers the complaint. Others treat safe-haven surrenders as adoption surrenders, hence a waiver of parental rights (see parental responsibility). Police stations, hospitals, rescue squads, and fire stations are all typical locations to which the safe-haven law applies.[1]
Texas was the first state to enact a “Baby Moses Law” in 1999, although the Safe Place originates in Mobile, Alabama after a string of infanticides.[2] The Texan legislation was sponsored by a newcomer Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives, Geanie Morrison of Victoria, who is still serving in the chamber.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Controversy
2 Constitutionality
3 Current status
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Controversy[edit]
Supporters of safe-haven laws argue that the laws save lives by encouraging parents to surrender infants safely, providing an alternative to abortion, infanticide, or child abandonment. Detractors argue that, because safe-haven laws do not require parents to be under stress, one parent will use the law largely to avoid notice to the non-surrendering parent. The laws have also been criticized due to the fact that in some states, safe-haven laws favor mothers.[5]
Critics also argue that safe-haven laws undercut temporary-surrender laws, which were enacted specifically for parents who are unsure about whether to keep or relinquish their children. Supporters counter by arguing that anonymity is the only way to convince certain parents not to harm their infants, and that the benefit outweighs any claimed detriment. Various father's rights groups have also criticized how safe-haven laws can shun fathers out of the child's life without their knowledge, much less consent.
Controversy arose out the safe-haven law enacted in Nebraska in July 2008: the Nebraska law in force at the time was interpreted to define a child as anyone under 18,[6] and resulted in the desertion of children older than infants, some as old as teenage years.[7] Under the prior version of the law, at least 35 children were dropped off in Nebraska hospitals in a four-month span, at least 5 of them from other US states.[8] The law was changed in November 2008, allowing only infants up to 30 days old to be surrendered.
Constitutionality[edit]
As of January 8, 2006, only one case had challenged the constitutionality of a safe-haven law. Unable to allege personal harm, the plaintiff argued that the public had to know in advance that the State would not help parents hide children from each other. Also, because anonymity thwarted a non-surrendering parent from the outset, and could be used by any parent arbitrarily, the law threatened the public generally. The court dismissed the case, finding that the alleged harm did not rise to the level needed to justify a public action.[9] Thus, the plaintiff's claim that the safe-haven law violated the separation of powers doctrine by circumventing the Supreme Court's rule-making authority remained unaddressed.
But in 2007, an Ohio Court of Common Pleas ruled that the entire Ohio Deserted Child Act was void for violating the Supreme Court's rule-making authority. In re Baby Boy Doe, 145 Ohio Misc.2d 1, 2007-Ohio-7244. There, the parent had left the child at the hospital, expressing an intent to leave the child and to have the child adopted. The parent never contacted the hospital or the state agency afterward. The non-surrendering parent's identity and location were not fully known. After being granted temporary custody, the state agency moved for permanent custody, as needed for adoption. The attorney and the guardian ad litem for the child argued that certain statutes of the safe haven act violated the separation of powers doctrine under Art IV, Sec. 5(B) of the Ohio Constitution. The court agreed, finding that the safe-haven laws' notice and anonymity statutes conflicted with the notice provisions of Juvenile Rule 15 and the due diligence requirements of other court rules. Juv.R. 15 required issuing summons to the parties ordering them to appear before the court. Because the main purpose of the safe-haven law was to keep parents anonymous and immune from prosecution, Juvenile Rule 15 undermined the safe-haven laws' purpose. But the anonymity and notice statutes being procedural, the court rules governed. Because the notice and anonymity statutes could not be reconciled with the remaining safe-haven statutes, the whole safe-haven act was void. The original safe-haven complaint and permanent custody motion were dismissed. The case was not appealed.[10]
Current status[edit]
By 2008, all 50 states had a form of safe-haven law.[11][12] As of 2013, no one has used the law in Alaska.[13]
See also[edit]
Baby hatch
Child abandonment
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Driver, 2 Others Arrested In Abandoned Baby Case". wcbstv.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Infant Safe Haven Laws". childwelfare.gov.
Jump up ^ "State Rep. Geanie W. Morrison District 30 (R-Victoria)". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Owens, Lisa Lucile, Coerced Parenthood as Family Policy: Feminism, the Moral Agency of Women, and Men's 'Right to Choose' (May 20, 2014). Alabama Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 5, p. 1, 2013. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2439294
Jump up ^ "URL Change" (PDF). state.ne.us.
Jump up ^ Koch, Wendy (26 September 2008). "Nebraska 'safe-haven' law for kids has unintended results". USA Today. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Associated Press. "Heineman Signs New Safe Haven Law". wowt.com.
Jump up ^ "Home - www.eriksmith.org". eriksmith.org.
Jump up ^ "Opposition to Ohio Safe-haven Law Amendment (S.B. 304)". www.eriksmith.org. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nebraska's "Safe-haven" Law Allows Parents To Abandon Unwanted Children". The Huffington Post. 2008-08-22. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Infant Safe Haven Laws" (PDF). Child Welfare Information Gateway. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alaska law allowing surrender of newborns unused". Alaska Dispatch News.
External links[edit]
National Safe Haven Alliance lists links to specific state laws regarding safe-haven, including a map with law summaries for each state.
Georgia's Story (YouTube Video)
Safe Haven Laws
California's Safe Surrender for Newborns Law Explained
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safe-haven_law&oldid=800638747"
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List of English animal nouns
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The following is a list of English animal nouns, (the common names of kinds of animals). This list includes the common names used for the animal in general; names for the male animal and the female animal where such names exist; the name used for the young or juveniles of the animal; the common name given for the sound the animal makes, if any; the group noun where applicable; and the name of both the natural shelter and (if applicable) an artificial shelter for the animals.
Animal name
Male
Female
Young
Sound
Collective
Natural shelter
Artificial shelter
alligator; crocodile bull cow hatchling, nestling bask, congregation river pool
alpaca bull cow cria bray herd corral
ant drone queen; worker larva; antling army, colony, nest, swarm, state, bike ant hill insectarium, terrarium, formicarium
antelope buck doe calf, fawn herd
ape bull female baby, infant gibber, scream troop, shrewdness grove cage
armadillo boar sow pup
ass; donkey; burro jack, jackass jenny, jennet colt; foal bray pace, drove, herd, coffle barn, corral
baboon bull female baby, infant howl troop, flange grove cage
badger boar sow kit, cob cete, company, colony
bat male female bitten colony, cloud cave cage
bear boar, he-bear sow, she-bear cub growl sleuth, sloth, slought den den
beaver kit, kitten family, colony, lodge dam pen
bee drone queen; worker larva buzz, hum swarm, cluster, grist hive hive
beetle larva drone terrarium
buffalo bull cow calf herd, gang, obstinacy corral
butterfly larva; pupa; caterpillar; chrysalis swarm, flutter; army (caterpillars)
camel bull cow calf, colt grunt herd, flock, train, caravan corral
carabao, water buffalo bull cow calf herd corral
caribou bull, stag, hart doe calf, fawn bellow herd
cat tom, tomcat pussy, queen kitten meow,meu; purr; caterwaul clowder, clutter, pounce, glorying; kindle (kittens); litter (kittens); destruction (wild cats); a meowtain den home
cattle bull cow bull calf; heifer low, moo, bellow herd, drove, drift, mob; flink (cows), kine (cows), fold (highland cattle) barn, corral
cheetah cub coalition den den
chimpanzee baby, infant scream band, troop grove cage
chinchilla buck doe pup colony nest cage
cicada nymph buzz colony nest
clam larva, littleneck bed pool
cockroach nymph intrusion nest
cod codling, hake, sprag, sprat school, lap aquarium; pond; tank
coyote dog bitch cub, pup, puppy, whelp howl pack, rout den den
crab cast
cricket larva chirp nest
crow; raven nestling caw congress, murder, unkindness, flock nest bird house
deer buck, stag doe fawn herd, mob, leash
dinosaur hatchling herd (plant-eaters); pack (flesh-eaters)
dog dog bitch pup, puppy, whelp bark; growl; howl; yelp; whine; arf, bow wow, woof pack, gang; litter (pups) den dog house, kennel
dolphin, porpoise bull cow calf pod, school, herd, gam sanctuary aquarium; tank
duck drake duck duckling quack flush, sord pond, nest corral
eel elver, leptocephalus bed, swarm, bind, draft, school, fry, wisp aquarium; pond; tank
elephant bull cow calf trumpet herd, parade savannah enclosure
elk bull cow calf bellow gang, herd
ferret hob jill kit business, fesynes
fish spawn; egg; larva; fry; fingerling shoal, school; catch, haul sanctuary aquarium; pond; tank
fly grub, maggot buzz business, cloud, swarm, grist nest
fox renard, reynard, dog fox, tod vixen cub, pup, puppy, whelp howl, yelp skulk, leash, brace, troop, earth den den
frog; toad tadpole, polliwog croak; ribbit chorus, army, knot nest terrarium
gerbil buck doe pup horde nest cage
giraffe bull doe calf, pup herd, corps, troop, tower savannah enclosure
gnat larva buzz cloud, swarm, horde, plague nest
gnu, wildebeest bull cow calf bellow herd
goat billy goat nanny goat kid bleat flock, trip, herd, tribe barn, corral
goldfish fry, fingerling troubling sanctuary aquarium; pond; tank
gorilla bull female infant grunt, scream band grove cage
grasshopper nymph cloud, swarm nest
guinea pig boar sow pup group nest cage
hamster buck doe pup horde nest cage
hare buck doe leveret down, husk burrow, warren hutch
hedgehog boar sow piglet array nest pen
herring fry, fingerling army sanctuary aquarium; pond; tank
hippopotamus bull cow calf bellow herd, bloat river pen
hornet larva buzz swarm, cloud nest
horse stallion, stud mare, dam foal; colt (male); filly (female) neigh; snort; whinny herd, string, set, stud, remuda, harras, rag; team (harnessed); string (race horses); rage (colts); rake (colts) range stable, paddock, corral
hound dog bitch pup, puppy, whelp bark; howl, bay pack, cry, sute, mute den dog house, kennel
hyena cub, pup, whelp laugh pack, clan, cackle den den
impala ram ewe corral
insect larva buzz swarm, cloud, horde, plague nest insectarium, terrarium
jackal bitch pup howl pack den
jellyfish planula, polyp, ephyra squad aquarium
kangaroo, wallaby jack, buck, boomer jill, doe, flyer, roo joey mob, troop
koala buck doe joey
leopard leopard leopardess cub growl leap, prowl den den
lion lion lioness cub roar; growl pride den den
lizard lounge nest
llama cria herd corral
locust larva buzz swarm, cloud, horde, plague, host nest
louse nit, nymph colony, infestation
mallard drake duck duckling quack flush, sord nest
mammoth bull cow herd, tusk
manatee bull cow pod aquarium; pond
marten richness
mink boar sow kit, cub den
minnow fry, fingerling shoal, school, steam, swarm
mole boar sow pup company, labour nest cage
monkey infant chatter, gibber, howl, scream troop, barrel, cartload, tribe grove cage
moose bull cow calf bellow herd
mosquito wriggler, nymph, tumbler scourge, swarm, cloud, horde
mouse; rat buck doe pinkie, pup, kitten squeak horde, colony, swarm, mischief nest cage
mule john molly foal bray span, barren, pack, rake, team (harnessed) barn, corral
muskrat kit cage
otter dog bitch pup, whelp family, lodge, bevy, romp, raft
ox bullock, steer cow calf, stot low, bellow drove, herd; yoke (harnessed), team (harnessed) barn, corral
oyster spat, set seed bed, cast pool
panda boar sow cub cupboard den den
pig, hog, swine; wild pig boar sow piglet, shoat, farrow grunt, squeal herd, sounder, drove, drift, trip; litter (piglets) sty sty/pigsty, pen/pigpen
platypus puggle colony
porcupine prickle cage
prairie dog boar sow pup coterie, town
pug dog bitch puppy bark grumble den dog house
rabbit buck doe bunny husk, colony burrow, warren hutch
raccoon boar sow kit, cub nursery, gaze
reindeer buck doe fawn herd
rhinoceros bull cow calf crash, herd
salmon smolt school, run, bind aquarium; pond; tank
sardine fry family, shoal, school sanctuary aquarium; pond; tank
scorpion bed, nest nest
seal, sea lion bull cow pup bark herd, pod, harem, rookery, trip den den
serval kitten den den
shark bull female cub, pup shiver, shoal, school aquarium; tank
sheep ram ewe lamb, lambkin, cosset baa, bleat !mob!, flock, herd, drove, drift, trip, hurtle, hirsel corral
skunk boar kit, kitten surfeit cage
snail rout, walk terrarium
snake hatchling, nestling hiss bed, knot nest, pit terrarium
spider spiderling cluster, clutter web, cobweb terrarium
squirrel buck doe pup, kit dray, colony, scurry
swan cob pen swanling, cygnet bank, bevy, flight, game, herd, wedge
termite drone queen; worker larva, nymph colony, swarm hill terrarium
tiger tiger tigress cub growl; roar ambush, streak den den
trout fingerling hover sanctuary aquarium; pond; tank
turtle; tortoise hatchling bale, dole, dule terrarium; pond; tank
walrus bull cow calf, cub howl herd, pod, huddle sanctuary
wasp drone queen; worker larva buzz swarm, colony nest
weasel buck, hob, jack, dog bitch, doe, jill kit gang, pack den cage
whale bull cow calf sing pod, gam, herd sanctuary aquarium; tank; pool
wolf he-wolf, dog she-wolf, bitch cub, pup, puppy, whelp howl pack, rout, route den den
wombat jack jill joey mob
woodchuck he-chuck she-chuck kit, cob colony hole
worm bunch, clat, clew, bed terrarium
yak bull cow calf bellow herd; team (harnessed) barn, pen
yellowjacket drone queen larva buzz cloud, swarm, colony
zebra stallion mare foal, colt (male) neigh herd, zeal, cohorts, crossing savannah enclosure
See also[edit]
List of animal names
List of collective nouns
Lists of animals
List of animal sounds
External links[edit]
abcteach [1]
American Livestock Breeds Conservancy [2]
Christchurch City Libraries [3]
Enchanted Learning [4]
EnglishClub [5]
infoplease [6]
Dean Tersigni [7]
ZooBorns [8]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_animal_nouns&oldid=854838863"
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text:
Charleston in the American Civil War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The ruins of Mills House and nearby buildings. A shell-damaged carriage and the remains of a brick chimney are in the foreground, 1865
Ruins from the fire of 1861, seen from the Circular Church in Charleston, 1865
Charleston, 1865
Charleston, South Carolina, was a hotbed of secession at the start of the American Civil War and an important Atlantic Ocean port city for the fledgling Confederate States of America. The first shots against the Federal government were those fired there by cadets of the Citadel to stop a ship from resupplying the Federally held Ft. Sumter. Three months later, the bombardment of Fort Sumter triggered a massive call for Federal troops to put down the rebellion. Although the city and its surrounding fortifications were repeatedly targeted by the Union Army and Navy, Charleston did not fall to Federal forces until the last months of the war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early war years
2 Later war years
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Early war years[edit]
Charleston ranked as the 22nd largest city in the United States according to the 1860 Census, with a population of 40,522. As the 1814 burning of Washington had shown, America's coastal cities were vulnerable to a hostile fleet. Along the Atlantic seaboard the young Republic began building a series of substantial forts. Ft. Sumter is the most famous of these sited on a shoal in Charleston harbor. There were also a series of smaller and older forts and bastions to protect it from any enemy ships.
Following the election of Abraham Lincoln, South Carolina convoked a special convention in Charleston to debate her long dissatisfaction with the Federal government and many Northern citizens views on slavery. They believed that the avowed views of the new President-elect made abolition a likely goal of his administration. On December 20, 1860, the Secession Convention voted for South Carolina to secede from the Union. As the first state to do so, they also issued a Declaration of the Immediate Causes which explained her decision to part company from her erstwhile sister states. Beginning with the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the defense of slavery, more than tariffs or states' rights, was the main factor contributing to sectionalism in South Carolina.[1] The Secession Convention declared:
We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the right of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.[2]
White southerners feared revolts by enslaved people. In 1860, half of South Carolina's population were enslaved black people.
Following its Secession from the Union in December, South Carolina militia seized Castle Pinckney and the Charleston Arsenal and their supplies of arms and ammunition. On January 9, 1861, Citadel cadets fired upon the merchant ship Star of the West as it was entering Charleston's harbor. Local pride makes some call these the first shots of the Civil War. The ship had been sent by the Buchanan administration with relief supplies of men and matérial for Ft. Sumter's small garrison. As the new Confederate States of America came into being late that winter, old and abandoned forts were revamped around Charleston to focus upon the massive, though not completed, Federal fort. Just as Lincoln was being inaugurated, the new President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, appointed General Beauregard of Louisiana to take command of the virtual siege of the island fort. Informed by the new Lincoln government that a supply ship, with food but no men or munitions, was to restock the fortress, President Davis, after consulting with his cabinet, on April 9 ordered the fort to be reduced before it was resupplied.
On April 12, at 3:20 AM, after a final effort to have the Union garrison surrender, Col. Robert Chestnut, CSA, notified Major Robert Anderson, USA that in one hour the batteries commanded by Brigadier General Pierre G. T. Beauregard would open fire. Anderson, who had been a professor of Artillery at West Point, aware of the consequences of this, was deeply moved by the declaration. As would happen many times again over the next four years, the embattled leaders knew each other well. Beauregard, back at West Point, had been Anderson's assistant. So he prepared to defend Fort Sumter for the Union, the, large garrison-sized Stars and Stripes flying above the small group of 85 Federal men. After a 34-hour bombardment, Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort.
Throughout much of the war, cadets from the Citadel, South Carolina's military institute, continued to aid the Confederate Army by helping to drill recruits, manufacture ammunition, protect arms depots, and guard Union prisoners.
On December 11 of 1861, a massive fire burned 164 acres of the city, destroying the Cathedral of St. Finbar, the Circular Congregational Church and South Carolina Institute hall, and nearly 600 other buildings. Much of the damage remained un-repaired until the end of the war.[3]
In June 1862, a small but important battle at Secessionville, modern-day James Island, resulted in Union forces being repulsed by a much smaller Confederate force. The victory provided the city with a propaganda coup and saved it from the threat of land invasion. Not until the latter stage of the war would the city be under such threat again.
Later war years[edit]
View of Post Office (Now "Old Exchange Building"), East Bay Street, Charleston, 1865, showing the last palmetto left in the city after the bombardment
As many Southern port cities had been closed off by the Union blockade, Charleston became an important center for blockade running. Repeated attempts by the Union Navy to take Charleston and/or batter its defenses into the ground proved fruitless, including the Stone Fleet. The city resisted military occupation for the majority of the war's four years.
In 1863, the Union began an offensive campaign against the defenses of Charleston Harbor, beginning with a combined sea-land engagement. The naval bombardment accomplished little however, and the land forces were never put ashore. By summer of 1863, the Union turned its attention to Battery Wagner on Morris Island, which guarded the harbor entrance from the southwest. In the First and Second battles of Fort Wagner, Union forces suffered heavy losses in a failed attempt to capture the fort. A siege however resulted in Confederate abandonment of Fort Wagner by September of that year. An attempt to recapture Fort Sumter by a naval raiding party also failed badly, but Ft. Sumter was gradually reduced to rubble via bombardment from shore batteries, after the capture of Morris Island.
With the development of newer, longer-range artillery, and as Union forces were able to place batteries even closer to the city. In November 1863, Jefferson Davis visited the city and noted it was better the city be reduced to "a heap of ruins" than surrender.[4] The bombardment that began in late 1863 continued on and off for 587 days.[5] This bombardment would destroy much of the city that had survived the fire. A coordinated series of attacks on the city were launched in early July 1864, including an amphibious assault on Fort Johnson and an invasion of Johns Island. These attacks failed, but they continued to wear down the city's defenders. The defenders were finally beaten back and the Union was able to capture the city, only a month and a half before the war ended.
Charleston Harbor was also the site of the first successful submarine attack in history on February 17, 1864, when the H.L. Hunley made a daring night attack on the USS Housatonic.[6] Although the Hunley survived the attack, she foundered and sank while returning from her mission, thus ending the threat to the Union blockade.
As Gen. Sherman marched through South Carolina, the situation for Charleston became ever more precarious. On February 15, 1865, Gen. Beauregard ordered the evacuation of remaining Confederate forces. On February 18, the mayor surrendered the city to General Alexander Schimmelfennig; and Union troops finally moved in, taking control of key sites. The first soldiers to enter the city were members of the 21st Infantry Regiment of the US Colored Troops and the 55th Massachusetts Infantry, another Black regiment.[7]
St. Finebar's Church, Broad Street, Charleston, William Aiken Walker, 1868. The ruins of the church of St. Finbar following the fire of 1861.
Federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction.[citation needed]
I doubt any city was ever more terribly punished than Charleston, but as her people had for years been agitating for war and discord, and had finally inaugurated the Civil War, the judgment of the world will be that Charleston deserved the fate that befell her.
—  General Sherman's Official Account of His Great March Through Georgia and the Carolinas, W. T. Sherman.[8]
See also[edit]
South Carolina in the American Civil War
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cauthen (1950) p. 1
Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110130/PC1602/301309938
Jump up ^ Rosen, Robert (1982). A Short History of Charleston. University of South Carolina Press. p. 118.
Jump up ^ Starobin, Paul (1 April 2017). Madness Rules the Hour: Charleston, 1860 and the Mania for War. 3472: Public Affairs.
Jump up ^ U.S. Navy history website
Jump up ^ Starobin, Paul (1 April 2017). Madness Rules the Hour: Charleston, 1860 and the Mania for War. 3484: Public Affairs.
Jump up ^ Sherman, William T. (1865). General Sherman's Official Account of His Great March Through Georgia and the Carolinas. Bunce & Huntington. p. 130.
References[edit]
Cauthen, Charles Edward. South Carolina Goes to War 1860-1865. (1950) ISBN 1-57003-560-1
Rosen, Robert 1997. A Short History of Charleston. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-197-5.
[hide]
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e
Cities during the American Civil War
Union
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Indianapolis
New York City
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Washington, D.C.
Border states
Baltimore
Lexington
Louisville
Romney, West Virginia
St. Louis
Confederacy
Atlanta
Charleston
Columbia
Mobile
Nashville
New Orleans
Petersburg
Richmond
St. Augustine
Selma
Vicksburg
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