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Jana Gana Mana
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This article is about the national anthem of India. For other uses, see Jana Gana Mana (disambiguation).
Jana Gana Mana
जन गण मन
জন গণ মন
English: Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People
Sheet music for "Jana Gana Mana".
National anthem of India
Lyrics
Rabindranath Tagore, 1905[citation needed]
Music
Rabindranath Tagore, 1905[citation needed]
Adopted
24 January 1950
Audio sample
Jana Gana Mana (Instrumental)
file
help
v
t
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Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem of India. It is composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore.[1][2]. The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore’s song known as “Jana Gana Mana” is the National Anthem of India. [3]
The song's first stanza was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the National Anthem on 24 January 1950.[4] A formal rendition of the national anthem takes approximately fifty-two seconds. A shortened version consisting of the first and last lines (and taking about 20 seconds to play) is also staged occasionally.[5] It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta (now, Kolkata) Session of the Indian National Congress.[6] This is the first of five stanzas of Tagore's Bengali song Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 English Translation
3 History
4 Code of conduct
5 Controversies
5.1 Historical significance
5.1.1 Counter arguments
5.2 Regional aspects
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Lyrics[edit]
The poem is written in a literary register of the Bengali language called sadhu bhasa. The song has been written almost entirely using nouns that also can function as verbs. Most of the nouns of the song are in use in all major languages in India. Therefore, the original song is quite clearly understandable, and in fact, remains almost unchanged in several widely different Indian languages. The transcription below reflects the Bengali pronunciation, in both the Bengali script and romanisation.
জন গণ মন (Bengali)
Bengali romanisation
जन गण मन (Hindi)
Official English transliteration [8]
জনগণমন-অধিনায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
পঞ্জাব সিন্ধু গুজরাট মরাঠা দ্রাবিড় উৎকল বঙ্গ
বিন্ধ্য হিমাচল যমুনা গঙ্গা উচ্ছলজলধিতরঙ্গ
তব শুভ নামে জাগে, তব শুভ আশিষ মাগে,
গাহে তব জয়গাথা।
জনগণমঙ্গলদায়ক জয় হে ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা!
জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় হে, জয় জয় জয় জয় হে॥
Janagaṇamana-adhināẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā!
Pañjāba Sindhu Gujarāta Marāṭhā Drābiṛa Utkala Baṅga
Bindhya Himācala Yamunā Gaṅgā Ucchalajaladhitaraṅga
Taba śubha nāmē jāgē, Taba śubha āśiṣa māgē,
Gāhē taba jaẏagāthā.
Janagaṇamaṅgaladāẏaka jaẏa hē Bhāratabhāgyabidhātā!
Jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa hē, jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa jaẏa hē.
जनगणमन अधिनायक जय हे, भारतभाग्यविधाता।
पंजाब सिन्धु गुजरात मराठा, द्राविड़ उत्कल बंग।
विंध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा, उच्छल जलधि तरंग।
तव शुभ नामे जागे, तव शुभ आशिष मागे।
गाहे तव जयगाथा।
जनगणमंगलदायक जय हे, भारतभाग्यविधाता।
जय हे, जय हे, जय हे, जय जय जय जय हे॥
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
Tava Subha name jage, tave subha asisa mage,
gahe tava jaya-gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
jaya jaya jaya jaya he.

English Translation[edit]
Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,
Dispenser of India's destiny.
Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sindhu,
Gujarat and Maratha,
Of the Dravida and Odisha and Bengal;
It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas,
mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is
chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea.
They pray for thy blessings and sing Thy praise.
The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
Victory, Victory, Victory to Thee.[9]
History[edit]
Rabindranath Tagore, the author and composer of the national anthem of India and Bangladesh.
Jana Gana Mana was sung on 27 December 1911 at the Indian National Congress, Calcutta and again in January 1912 at the annual event of the Adi Brahmo Samaj.[10][11] Though the Bengali song had been written in 1911,[10] it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, Tattwabodhini Patrika, of which Tagore was the editor.
Code of conduct[edit]
The National Anthem of India is played or sung on various occasions. Instructions have been issued from time to time about the correct versions of the Anthem, the occasions on which these are to be played or sung, and about the need for paying respect to the anthem by observance of proper decorum on such occasions. The substance of these instructions has been embodied in the information sheet issued by the government of India for general information and guidance. The approximate duration of the National Anthem of India is 52 seconds.[5]
Controversies[edit]
In Kerala, students belonging to the Jehovah's Witnesses religious denomination were expelled by school authorities for their refusal to sing the national anthem on religious grounds, although they stood up respectfully when the anthem was sung.[12] The Kerala High Court concluded that there was nothing in it which could offend anyone's religious susceptibilities, and upheld their expulsion. On 11 August 1986,[13] the Supreme Court reversed the High Court and ruled that the High Court had misdirected itself because the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of a religion. "Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant" The Supreme Court affirmed the principle that it is not for a secular judge to sit in judgment on the correctness of a religious belief.[14]
Supreme Court observed in its ruling[15]
"There is no provision of law which obliges anyone to sing the National Anthem nor is it disrespectful to the National Anthem if a person who stands up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung does not join the singing. Proper respect is shown to the National Anthem by standing up when the National Anthem is sung. It will not be right to say that disrespect is shown by not joining in the singing. Standing up respectfully when the National Anthem is sung but not singing oneself clearly does not either prevent the singing of the National Anthem or cause disturbance to an assembly engaged in such singing so as to constitute the offence mentioned in s. 3 of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act".
On 30 November 2016, Supreme Court of India ordered National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters, in order to instill "committed patriotism and nationalism".[16] On February 10, 2017, 2 Kashmiris were booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema, under provisions of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. This was the first arrest of its kind made by a state government in India.[17][18]
Historical significance[edit]
The composition was first sung during a convention of the then loyalist Indian National Congress in Calcutta on 27 December 1911.[19] It was sung on the second day of the convention, and the agenda of that day devoted itself to a loyal welcome of George V on his visit to India. The event was reported thus in the British Indian press:
"The Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore sang a song composed by him specially to welcome the Emperor." (Statesman, Dec. 28, 1911)

"The proceedings began with the singing by Rabindranath Tagore of a song specially composed by him in honour of the Emperor." (Englishman, Dec. 28, 1911)
"When the proceedings of the Indian National Congress began on Wednesday 27th December 1911, a Bengali song in welcome of the Emperor was sung. A resolution welcoming the Emperor and Empress was also adopted unanimously." (Indian, Dec. 29, 1911)
Counter arguments[edit]
Many historians aver that the newspaper reports cited above were misguided. The confusion arose in British Indian press since a different song, "Badshah Humara" written in Hindi by Rambhuj Chaudhary,[20] was sung on the same occasion in praise of the monarch. The nationalist Indian press stated this difference of events clearly:
"The proceedings of the Congress party session started with a prayer in Bengali to praise God (song of benediction). This was followed by a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V. Then another song was sung welcoming King George V." (Amrita Bazar Patrika, Dec.28,1911)
"The annual session of Congress began by singing a song composed by the great Bengali poet Ravindranath Tagore. Then a resolution expressing loyalty to King George V was passed. A song paying a heartfelt homage to King George V was then sung by a group of boys and girls." (The Bengalee, Dec. 28, 1911)
Even the report of the annual session of the Indian National Congress of December 1911 stated this difference:
"On the first day of 28th annual session of the Congress, proceedings started after singing Vande Mataram. On the second day the work began after singing a patriotic song by Babu Ravindranath Tagore. Messages from well wishers were then read and a resolution was passed expressing loyalty to King George V. Afterwards the song composed for welcoming King George V and Queen Mary was sung."
On 10 November 1937 Tagore wrote a letter to Mr Pulin Bihari Sen about the controversy. That letter in Bengali can be found in Tagore's biography Ravindrajivani, volume II page 339 by Prabhatkumar Mukherjee.
"A certain high official in His Majesty's service, who was also my friend, had requested that I write a song of felicitation towards the Emperor. The request simply amazed me. It caused a great stir in my heart. In response to that great mental turmoil, I pronounced the victory in Jana Gana Mana of that Bhagya Bidhata [ed. God of Destiny] of India who has from age after age held steadfast the reins of India's chariot through rise and fall, through the straight path and the curved. That Lord of Destiny, that Reader of the Collective Mind of India, that Perennial Guide, could never be George V, George VI, or any other George. Even my official friend understood this about the song. After all, even if his admiration for the crown was excessive, he was not lacking in simple common sense."[21]
Again in his letter of 19 March 1939 Tagore writes:[22]
"I should only insult myself if I cared to answer those who consider me capable of such unbounded stupidity as to sing in praise of George the Fourth or George the Fifth as the Eternal Charioteer leading the pilgrims on their journey through countless ages of the timeless history of mankind." (Purvasa, Phalgun, 1354, p. 738.)
Moreover, Tagore was hailed as a patriot who wrote other songs too apart from "Jana Gana Mana" lionising the Indian independence movement. He renounced his knighthood in protest against the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. The Knighthood (i.e. the title of 'Sir') was conferred on him by the same King George V after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature for "Gitanjali" from the government of Sweden. Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear", Gitanjali Poem #35) and "Ekla Chalo Re" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi and Netaji.[citation needed]
Regional aspects[edit]
Another controversy is that only those provinces that were under British rule, i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravid (South India), Odisha and Bengal, were mentioned. None of the princely states – Kashmir, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mysore or Kerala – or the states in Northeast India, which are now integral parts of India were mentioned. But opponents of this proposition claim that Tagore mentioned only the border states of India to include complete India. Whether the princely states would form a part of a liberated Indian republic was a matter of debate even till Indian Independence. 'Dravida' includes the people from the south (though Dravida specifically means Tamil and even then, the same consideration is not given for the south since there are many distinct people whereas in the north each of the distinct people are named) and 'Jolodhi' (Stanza 1) is Sanskrit for "seas and oceans". Even North-East which was under British rule or holy rivers apart from Ganges and Yamuna are not mentioned to keep the song in its rhythm. India has 29 states, 7 union territories.
In 2005, there were calls to delete the word "Sindh" and substitute it with the word Kashmir. The argument was that Sindh was no longer a part of India, having become part of Pakistan as a result of the Partition of 1947. Opponents of this proposal hold that the word "Sindh" refers to the Indus and to Sindhi culture, and that Sindhi people are an integral part of India's cultural fabric. The Supreme Court of India declined to change the national anthem and the wording remains unchanged.
On 17 December 2013, MLA of Assam, Phani bhushan Choudhury cited article of 'The Times of India' published on 26 January 1950, stating that in the originally the word 'Kamarup' was included in the song, but was later changed to 'Sindhu' and claimed that Kamarup should be re-included.[23] To this, the then minister Rockybul Hussain replied that the state government would initiate steps in this regard after response from the newspaper.[23] The debate was further joined by the then minister Ardhendu Dey, mentioning 'Sanchayita' (edited by Tagore himself) etc. where he said Kamrup was not mentioned.[23]
See also[edit]
Subh Sukh Chain, the National Anthem of the Provisional Government of Free India
Vande Mataram, the National Song of India
Amar Shonar Bangla, the National Anthem of Bangladesh
Indian National Army
Capt.Ram Singh Thakur
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html Quote: "Though written in Bengali, the language used was sadhu Bengali or tatsama Bengali which was heavily sanskritised. Many of the words exist with the same meaning in different Indian languages and thus, all Indian people understand the words and meaning of the national anthem"
Jump up ^ "National Symbol: National Anthem". National Portal of India. Retrieved 10 April 2017. Quote: "The National Anthem of India Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950."
Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf Quote: "The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore’s song known as “Jana Gana Mana” is the National Anthem of India"
Jump up ^ Britannica, Editors of Encyclopedia (2008), Britannica Encyclopedia of India (Set of 5 Volumes), Encyclopedia Britannica India, p. 167, ISBN 978-81-8131-008-8 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Quote: "Adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the national anthem of India on January 24, 1950, the song Jana-gana-mana, in its Hindi version of the first stanza, was originally composed in Bengali by poet Rabindranath Tagore"
^ Jump up to: a b "National Anthem- National Identity Elements of India - Know India: National Portal of India". knowindia.gov.in (in Hindi). Retrieved 2017-04-11.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Arunangsu Roy. "100 years since 'Jana Gana Mana' was born". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
Jump up ^ "'Bharat Bhagya Bidhata' from 'Rajkahini' is a Tagore song and not an extended version of the national anthem". IBNliveNews.
Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/NationalAnthem(E).pdf
Jump up ^ "India's National Anthem. With English u1-18".
^ Jump up to: a b Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2011). Rabindranath Tagore : an interpretation. New Delhi: Viking, Penguin Books India. p. 206. ISBN 978-0670084555. Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest. It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911. On December 12, 1911 the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day. The song was actually sung at the twenty-seventh session of the Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day's proceedings. Thereafter it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms, Brahma Sangit.
Jump up ^ http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/
Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1508089/?formInput=national%20anthem%20case
Jump up ^ https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/india/supreme-court-national-anthem-free-speech/
Jump up ^ "To sing or not to sing Vande Mataram". Indian Express. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bijoe Emmanuel & Ors V. State of Kerala & Ors [1986] INSC 167". indiankanoon.org. 11 August 1986. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court orders National Anthem must be played before movies in theaters
Jump up ^ 2 Kashmiris booked for not standing during anthem in Jammu Cinema
Jump up ^ In a first, state govt employee amongst two arrested for not standing during national anthem
Jump up ^ "Tagore and Jana Gana Mana". Monish R. Chatterjee.
Jump up ^ "India: Are we still singing for the Empire?". Pradip Kumar Datta.
Jump up ^ "Controversy Surrounding The Indian National Anthem". Rare India Fact. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC News – Indian anthem Jana Gana Mana turns 100". Bbc.co.uk. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c State to seek newspaper clarification on report. STAFF Reporter. Assam Tribune, 17-12-2013
External links[edit]
Find more aboutJana Gana Manaat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Know India: National anthem, Government of India website
The Morning Song of India. Wikisource. English translation of the hymn "Jana Gana Mana" in Tagore's handwriting
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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Housing and Urban Development" redirects here. For the area of study, see Urban planning.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
Seal of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Flag of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

Robert C. Weaver Federal Building, Department Headquarters
Agency overview
Formed
September 9, 1965; 52 years ago (1965-09-09)
Preceding agency
Housing and Home & Finance Agency
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
Robert C. Weaver Federal Building, 451 7th Street SW, Washington, D.C.
38°53′2.17″N 77°1′21.03″W / 38.8839361°N 77.0225083°W / 38.8839361; -77.0225083Coordinates: 38°53′2.17″N 77°1′21.03″W / 38.8839361°N 77.0225083°W / 38.8839361; -77.0225083
Employees
8,416 (2014)
Annual budget
$32.6 Billion (2014)
Agency executives
Ben Carson, Secretary
Pam Patenaude, Deputy Secretary
Website
hud.gov
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.
Contents
1 History
2 Agencies
2.1 Agencies
2.2 Offices
2.3 Corporation
3 Organizational structure
3.1 Major programs
3.2 Office of Inspector General
3.3 Budget and staffing
4 Operations
5 Criticisms
6 Related legislation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The department was established on September 9, 1965, when Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act[1] into law. It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8, sixty days following the date of enactment. The actual implementation was postponed until January 13, 1966, following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems.
HUD is administered by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Its headquarters is located in the Robert C. Weaver Federal Building. Some important milestones for HUD's development include:[2]
June 27, 1934 – The National Housing Act creates the Federal Housing Administration, which helps provide mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders.[3]
September 1, 1937 – Housing Act of 1937 creates the United States Housing Authority, which helps enact slum-clearance projects and construction of low-rent housing.
February 3, 1938 – The National Housing Act Amendments of 1938 is signed into law.[4] The law creates the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), which provides a secondary market to the Federal Housing Administration.[5]
February 24, 1942 – Executive Order 9070, Establishing the National Housing Agency. The Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, The Home Owners' Loan Corporation, The United States Housing Authority, defense housing under the Federal Works Agency, the War Department, the Navy Department, the Farm Security Administration, the Defense Homes Corporation, the Federal Loan Administration, and the Division of Defense Housing Coordination were consolidated. The National Housing Agency would be made up of three units, each with its own commissioner. The units were the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, and the United States Housing Authority.[6]
July 27, 1947 – The Housing and Home Finance Agency is established through Reorganization Plan Number 3.
July 15, 1949 – The Housing Act of 1949 is enacted to help eradicate slums and promote community development and redevelopment programs.
August 2, 1954 – The Housing Act of 1954 establishes comprehensive planning assistance.
September 23, 1959 – The Housing Act of 1959 allows funds for elderly housing.
September 2, 1964 – The Housing Act of 1964 allows rehabilitation loans for homeowners.
August 10, 1965 – The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 instituted several major expansions in federal housing programs.
September 1965 – HUD is created as a cabinet-level agency by the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act.
April 1968 – The Fair Housing Act is passed to ban discrimination in housing.
During 1968 – The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 establishes the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae).
August 1969 – The Brooke Amendment establishes that low income families only pay no more than 25 percent of their income for rent.
August 1974 – Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 allows community development block grants and help for urban homesteading.
October 1977 – The Housing and Community Act of 1977 sets up Urban Development Grants and continues elderly and handicapped assistance.
July 1987 – The Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act gives help to communities to deal with homelessness. It includes the creation of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness of which HUD is a member.
February 1988 – The Housing and Community Development Act provides for the sale of public housing to resident management corporations.
October 1992 – The HOPE VI program starts to revitalize public housing and how it works.
October 1992 – The Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 codifies within its language the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 that creates the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, and mandates HUD to set goals for lower income and underserved housing areas for the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
1992 – Federal Housing Enterprises' Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 creates HUD Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight to provide public oversight of FNMA and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).
1993 – Henry G. Cisneros is named Secretary of HUD by President William J. Clinton, January 22. Empowerment Zone and Enterprise Community program becomes law as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993.
1995 – "Blueprint for Reinvention of HUD" proposes sweeping changes in public housing reform and FHA, consolidation of other programs into three block grants.
1996 – Homeownership totals 66.3 million American households, the largest number ever.
1997 – Andrew M. Cuomo is named by President Clinton to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the first appointment ever from within the Department.
1998 – HUD opens Enforcement Center to take action against HUD-assisted multifamily property owners and other HUD fund recipients who violate laws and regulations. Congress approves Public Housing reforms to reduce segregation by race and income, encourage and reward work, bring more working families into public housing, and increase the availability of subsidized housing for very poor families.
2000 – America's homeownership rate reaches a new record-high of 67.7 percent in the third quarter of 2000. A total of 71.6 million American families own their homes - more than at any time in American history.
2001 – Mel Martinez, named by President George W. Bush to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, is unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 23, 2001.
2004 – Alphonso Jackson, named by President George W. Bush to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, is unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 31, 2004. Mr. Jackson is the first Deputy Secretary to subsequently be named Secretary.
2007 – HUD initiates program providing seller concessions to buyers of HUD homes, allowing them to use a down payment of $100.
2013 – HUD announces it will "close its offices on May 24 and possibly six other days" as a result of the budget sequestration in 2013.[7]
Agencies[edit]
Agencies[edit]
Federal Housing Administration
Federal Housing Finance Agency
Offices[edit]
Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships (HUD)[8]
Departmental Enforcement Center[9]
Office of Community Planning and Development
Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations[10]
Office of Equal Employment Opportunity[1]
Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
Office of Field Policy and Management[11]
Office of the General Counsel[12]
Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control[13]
Office of Hearings and Appeals[14]
Office of Labor Relations[15]
Office of Policy Development and Research[16]
Office of Public Affairs[17]
Office of Public and Indian Housing
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization[18]
Office of Sustainable Housing and Communities[19]
Corporation[edit]
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)
Organizational structure[edit]
Major programs[edit]
The major program offices are:
Community Planning and Development: Many major affordable housing and homelessness programs are administered under Community Planning and Development. These include the Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), the HOME program, Shelter Plus Care, Emergency Shelter Grants (ESG), Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation Single Room Occupancy program (Mod Rehab SRO), and Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA).
Housing: This office is responsible for the Federal Housing Administration; mission regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; regulation of manufactured housing; administration of multifamily housing programs, including Supportive Housing for the Elderly (Section 202) and Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities (Section 811); and Healthcare facility loan insurance.
Public and Indian Housing: This office administers the public housing program HOPE VI, the Housing Choice Voucher Program (formerly – yet more popularly – known as Section 8), Project-Based Vouchers,[20] and individual loan programs housing block grants[21] for Indian tribes, Native Hawaiians and Alaskans.
Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity: This office enforces Federal laws against discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability and familial status.
Policy Development and Research (PD&R): This office is responsible for maintaining current information on housing needs, market conditions, and existing programs, as well as conducting research on priority housing and community development issues through the HUD USER Clearinghouse.
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)
Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control.
Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (developed in 1998)
Office of Inspector General[edit]
The United States Congress enacted the Inspector General Act of 1978 to ensure integrity and efficiency in government. The Inspector General is appointed by the President and subject to Senate confirmation. The Inspector General is responsible for conducting and supervising audits, investigations, and inspections relating to the programs and operations of HUD. The OIG is to examine, evaluate and, where necessary, critique these operations and activities, recommending ways for the Department to carry out its responsibilities in the most effective, efficient, and economical manner possible.
The mission of the Office of Inspector General (OIG) is to:[22]
Promote the integrity, efficiency and effectiveness of HUD programs and operations to assist the Department in meeting its mission
Detect and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse
Seek administrative sanctions, civil recoveries and/ or criminal prosecution of those responsible for waste, fraud and abuse in HUD programs and operations
The OIG accomplishes its mission by conducting investigations pertinent to its activities; by keeping Congress, the Secretary, and the public fully informed of its activities, and by working with staff (in this case of HUD) in achieving success of its objectives and goals. David A. Montoya, who was sworn in on December 1, 2011, is the current Inspector General.[23][24]
Budget and staffing[edit]
The Department of Housing and Urban Development was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $48.3 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:[25]
Program
Funding (in billions)
Discretionary Spending
Management and Administration $1.9
Public and Indian Housing $28.7
Community Planning and Development $6.8
Housing Programs $11.7
Offsetting Receipts ($8.3)
Mandatory Spending
Mandatory Programs $7.3
TOTAL $48.3
Operations[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The 203(k) program offers low down payment loans to primary resident owner occupants or nonprofit groups to buy and renovate a house.[citation needed]
One of the most successful HUD programs over the years has been the Multifamily Housing Service Coordinator Program. Each year since 1992, HUD has included in its Notice of Fund Availability (NOFA), a specific allocation of dollars to allow sponsors and owners of HUD multifamily housing for the elderly the opportunity to hire a Service Coordinator. The Service Coordinator provides case management and coordinative services to elderly residents, particularly to those who are "frail" and "at-risk" allowing them to remain in their current residence. As a result, thousands of senior citizens throughout the United States have been given the opportunity to continue to live independently instead of in an institutional facility such as a nursing home. Professional organizations such as the American Association of Service Coordinators provide support to HUD Service Coordinator through education, training, networking and advocacy.[citation needed]
HUD has experimented with Enterprise Zones granting economic incentives to economically depressed urban areas, but this function has largely been taken over by states.[citation needed]
Due to HUD's lending practices, it occasionally takes possession of a home when a lender it insures forecloses. Such properties are then generally sold off to the highest bidder through the HUD auction process. Buyers of HUD homes as their primary residences who make a full-price offer to HUD using FHA-insured mortgage financing receive seller concessions from HUD enabling them to use only a $100 down payment.
Criticisms[edit]
See also: Criticism of the United States government § Criticism of agencies
A scandal arose in the 1990s when at least 700 houses were sold for profit by real estate speculators taking the loans; at least 19 were arrested.[26][not in citation given] The scandal devastated the Brooklyn and Harlem housing market and with $70 million in HUD loans going into default.[27] Critics said that HUD's lax oversight of their program allowed the fraud to occur.[28] and in 1997, the HUD Inspector General issued a report saying: "The program design encourages risky property deals, land sale and refinance schemes, overstated property appraisals, and phony or excessive fees."[29] In June 1993, HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros admitted that "HUD has in many cases exacerbated the declining quality of life in America."[30] In 1996, Vice President Al Gore, referring to public housing projects, declared that, "These crime-infested monuments to a failed policy are killing the neighborhoods around them".[citation needed]
HUD Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing Roberta Achtenberg has been quoted as saying "...HUD walks a tightrope between free speech and fair housing. We are ever mindful of the need to maintain the proper balance between these rights." Libertarian critic James Bovard commented that, "The more aggressive HUD becomes, the fewer free speech rights Americans have. Many words and phrases are now effectively forbidden in real estate ads. ... Apparently, there are two separate versions of the Bill of Rights -- one for private citizens and the other for federal bureaucrats and politicians".[31]
In 2006, The Village Voice called HUD "New York City's worst landlord" and "the #1 worst in the United States" based upon decrepit conditions of buildings and questionable eviction practices.[29]
In September 2010, HUD started auctioning off delinquent home mortgage loans, defined as at least 90 days past due, to the highest bidder. It sold 2,000 loans in six national auctions. In 2012, this sale was massively increased under a "Distressed Asset Stabilization Program" (DASP), and the 100,000 loans sold as of 2014 have netted 8.8 billion for the FHA, rebuilding cash reserves that had been depleted by loan defaults. The second stated and eponymous objective is to stabilize communities, by requiring purchasers to service the loans in a manner that stabilizes the surrounding communities by getting the loans to re-perform, renting the home to the borrower, gifting the property to a land bank or paying off the loans in full.[32] An audit published August 2014 found "only about 11 percent of the loans sold through DASP [were] considered 're-performing'".[32] "Rather than defaulting— [FHA] keeps many of the properties they’re tied to from going through the typical foreclosure process. As a result, the FHA might actually be diverting housing stock from first-time homebuyers, the very group it was formed to serve..."[32]
Related legislation[edit]
1944 – Servicemen's Readjustment Act, Pub.L. 78–346
1949 – Housing Act, Pub.L. 81–171
1950 – Housing Act, Pub.L. 81–475
1951 – Defense Housing Act, Pub.L. 82–139
1952 – 550 Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act, Pub.L. 82–325
1954 – Housing Act, Pub.L. 83–560
1959 – Housing Act, Pub.L. 86–372
1962 – Senior Citizens Housing Act, Pub.L. 87–723
1965 – Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–117
1965 – Department of Housing and Urban Development Act, Pub.L. 89–174
1968 – Housing and Urban Development Act, Pub.L. 90–448
1974 – Housing and Urban Development Act, Pub.L. 93-383
1976 – Housing and Urban Development Act, Pub.L. 94-375
1986 – Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub.L. 99-514
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
1987 – Housing and Community Development Act of 1987, Pub.L. 100–242
1987 – Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, Pub.L. 100–77
1989 – Department of Housing and Urban Development Reform Act of 1989, Pub.L. 101–235
1990 – Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act, Pub.L. 101–625
1992 – Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Pub.L. 102–550
Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992, U.S. Code: Title 12, Chapter 46
2009 – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, abbreviated ARRA, Pub.L. 111–5
Repairing and modernizing public housing, including increasing the energy efficiency of units, $4 billion to the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Affirmatively furthering fair housing
Mortgage Discrimination
Moving to Opportunity
Regulatory Barriers Clearinghouse
Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Data.gov
USAFacts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 89–174
Jump up ^ Basic Congressional and Presidential Actions Establishing Major HUD-related Programs Archived 2001-07-15 at Archive.is. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Jump up ^ The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Archived 2010-01-05 at the Wayback Machine.. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Jump up ^ "§ 1701a. — Short title of amendment of 1938. - US § 1701a. — Short title of amendment of 1938. - US Code :: Justia". law.justia.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
Jump up ^ "HUD Interactive Timeline". www.huduser.org.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 9070 Establishing the National Housing Agency". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Reckard, Scott (2013-05-17). "HUD to shut down offices as a result of sequester". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
Jump up ^ "Center for Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Departmental Enforcement Center/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Congressional / Intergovernmental Relations/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Field Policy / Management/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "General Counsel/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Office of Hearings and Appeals/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "null". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "HUDUser.gov - HUD USER". www.huduser.org.
Jump up ^ "Public Affairs/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Small / Disadvantaged Business Utilization/U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "null". portal.hud.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Project Based Vouchers - HUD". portal.hud.gov.
Jump up ^ "Section 184 Indian Home Loan Guarantee Program - HUD". portal.hud.gov.
Jump up ^ "OIG Mission Statement" Archived 2012-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. HUD Office of the Inspector General
Jump up ^ "OIG Key Principal Staff" Archived 2012-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. HUD Office of the Inspector General
Jump up ^ "OIG Senior Staff Bios - David A. Montoya Inspector General" Archived 2012-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. HUD Office of the Inspector General
Jump up ^ 2016 Department of Housing and Urban Development Congressional Justification, pg 1-2, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Accessed 2015-06-19
Jump up ^ Pristin, Terry (2001-05-11). "HUD Scraps Cuomo Remedy for Harlem Housing Scandal". New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "HUD: The Horror Movie". The Village Voice. 2006-07-05.
Jump up ^ Pristin, Terry (2001-04-02). "Housing Pledge by Cuomo Faces an Uncertain Future". New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "NYC's 10 Worst Landlords". The Village Voice. 2006-07-05. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17.
Jump up ^ ENGELBERG, STEPHEN (1993-06-23). "Leader of H.U.D. Assesses It Harshly". New York Times.
Jump up ^ James Bovard (2000). Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion and Abuse Of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 167, 175, 176. 0-312-23082-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mark Kurlyandchik (9 September 2014). "Feds accused of selling out neighborhoods to Wall St. firms". Mark Kurlyandchik. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
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