text:
Carnegie Deli
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Carnegie Deli
Carnegie Deli in Midtown Manhattan
Restaurant information
Established
1937
Closed
December 30, 2016
Current owner(s)
Marian Harper Levine
Food type
Delicatessen
Dress code
Casual
Street address
854 7th Avenue
City
Manhattan, New York City
State
New York
Postal/ZIP Code
10019
Country
United States
Coordinates
40°45′51″N 73°58′53″W / 40.7641°N 73.9813°W / 40.7641; -73.9813Coordinates: 40°45′51″N 73°58′53″W / 40.7641°N 73.9813°W / 40.7641; -73.9813
Website
www.carnegiedeli.com
The Carnegie Deli was an iconic small delicatessen chain based in New York City. Its main branch, opened in 1937 adjacent to Carnegie Hall, was located at 854 7th Avenue (between 54th and 55th Streets) in Midtown Manhattan. There are subsidiaries in Las Vegas, Nevada; Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; Six Flags Great Adventure. The deli, though having had its main branch closed, still operates a wholesale distribution service.
The Parker family's delicatessen was in its third generation of owners. Among the United States' most renowned delis, it was operated by a second-generation owner, Marian Harper Levine.
The restaurant offered pastrami, corned beef, and other sandwiches containing at least 1 pound (0.45 kg) of meat, as well as traditional Jewish fare such as matzoh ball soup, latkes, chopped chicken livers, and lox. The restaurant also offered other, non-Jewish (or at least non-kosher) food such as ham, sausage, and bacon. Available for order were cheesecake portions of over a pound per serving. The restaurant's motto was: "If you can finish your meal, we've done something wrong". In addition to the large servings, the restaurant was also known for its surly waiters, who allegedly tried to impart some of the stereotypical gruffness of New York to visitors.
The main branch on Seventh Avenue closed on December 30, 2016.[1][2] The other three branches and the distribution service remain open.[note 1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Main branch closures
2 Cuisine and culture
3 Branch locations
4 Critical reception
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Leo Steiner (c. 1939 – December 31, 1987) was a Jewish American restaurateur who was co-owner of the first Carnegie Deli, located at 55th Street and Seventh Avenue in Midtown Manhattan near Carnegie Hall. While his partner, Milton Parker, mostly worked behind the scenes, Steiner worked the crowd with his Jewish humor in the restaurant, which became a destination for both celebrities and tourists in the theater district. Steiner was born in Newark, New Jersey. He worked in his parents' grocery store in nearby Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he grew up. The one-time owner of Pastrami & Things, a delicatessen located at Third Avenue and 23rd Street, he joined Milton Parker and Fred Klein in 1976, purchasing the Carnegie Deli from the trio of Bernie Gross, Max Hudas and Thomas North. Klein, who had not been actively involved in running the business, dropped out shortly thereafter.
Under the management of Parker and Steiner, the deli became known nationwide, attracting celebrities such as Woody Allen, Jackie Mason and Henny Youngman, and opened branch locations in Atlantic City, New Jersey; Secaucus, New Jersey; and Tysons Corner, Virginia. Steiner became the public face of Jewish food, appearing in a television commercial for rye bread. He created a 60-pound Statue of Liberty carved from chopped liver, complete with a torch fashioned from a turkey wing, for the United States Bicentennial and was asked to prepare corned beef and pastrami for visiting heads of state attending the G7 economic summit meeting held in 1983 in Williamsburg, Virginia. Portions of Woody Allen's 1984 movie Broadway Danny Rose were filmed in the restaurant.
Milton Parker, who died in 2009, had written a book (with Allyn Freeman) called How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli, providing the history of the family's ownership.
Main branch closures[edit]
On April 24, 2015, the main, Midtown Manhattan branch of Carnegie Deli was closed temporarily due to the discovery of an illegal gas line in the restaurant. Con Edison was investigating the restaurant,[4] later fining the eatery $40,050.[5] On July 28, 2015, Carnegie Deli was subsequently closed for upgrades to its energy lines after the discovery of improperly siphoning off natural gas for the previous six years.[6] The deli reopened on February 9, 2016.[7][8]
On September 30, 2016, it was announced that the Midtown Manhattan branch of the deli would close by the end of the year.[9] The owner, Marian Harper Levine, stated that she needed a more permanent break from operating the restaurant, saying, "At this stage of my life, the early morning to late night days have taken a toll, along with my sleepless nights and grueling hours that come with operating a restaurant business in Manhattan."[5] Two branches in Las Vegas, Nevada, and in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, will remain open, as well as its wholesale distribution service.[5]
At midnight on December 31, 2016, Carnegie Deli on Seventh Avenue closed after almost eighty years of service.
Cuisine and culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The deli's corned beef and pastrami, celebrated by smoked meat connoisseurs nationwide, were cured in the store's cellar using Steiner's own recipe in a two-week-long curing process. The Carnegie Deli used a half-ton of brisket to prepare a week's supply of corned beef by the time of his death. Steiner admitted, "You could eat it after seven days, but if you wait until the 13th you're in heaven." The Carnegie Deli was the favorite hangout of comedian Henny Youngman, and Adam Sandler included a reference to the deli in "The Chanukah Song" in 1996. Steiner was eulogized by comedian Henny Youngman as "the deli lama".
The walls of the deli are nearly completely covered with autographed pictures of celebrities who have eaten there. Menu items have been named after famous patrons, including a corned beef and pastrami sandwich named after Woody Allen after the deli served as a filming location for Broadway Danny Rose. A number of items on the menu feature Broadway themes and Yiddish vocabulary, including dishes like "nosh, nosh, Nanette" (after the musical, "No, No, Nanette") and "the egg and oy" ("The Egg and I"). There are also some humorous items in the menu, like the famous liver sandwich named "50 Ways to Love Your Liver" after the Paul Simon song "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover." It is a place many reporters in the city frequent, including staffers from Black Rock (aka the CBS Building) like Bob Simon.
In March 2012, the deli introduced a sandwich dedicated to newly arrived New York Jets quarterback Tim Tebow. The sandwich, named the "Jetbow", is priced at $22.22, weighs in at 3.5 lbs and consists of corned beef, pastrami, roast beef, American cheese, lettuce and tomato on white bread.[10]
Branch locations[edit]
Inside the Carnegie Deli
The deli opened several branch locations in the 1980s, including two New Jersey branches in Secaucus and Atlantic City and one in the Washington, D.C. suburbs in Tysons Corner.[11] However, most of these branches have since closed and are no longer in operation. One, in Beverly Hills, California, was financed by oil billionaire Marvin Davis and designed by restaurant designer Pat Kuleto at a cost of $4 million to be the "best deli in the world", in response to Davis' complaint that the delis in California were not as good as those in New York.[12]
The deli operates a second location on the Las Vegas Strip, which opened at The Mirage in 2005. A third location opened in 2006 at the Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey and serves as the "healthy choice" restaurant at the park; however, the menu is smaller and only has the restaurant's most popular items. The fifth location is at the Sands Casino Resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and opened November 22, 2009.
In addition to the retail operation, the restaurant sells cheesecakes and merchandise such as T-shirts and baseball caps online.
Critical reception[edit]
In 2013, Zagat gave it a food rating of 23, and rated it the 8th-best deli in New York City.[13]
USA Today has called the restaurant the "most famous" deli in the United States.[14]
Gallery[edit]
Interior of restaurant
A pastrami sandwich from the Carnegie Deli
A Reuben sandwich from the Carnegie Deli
A corned beef sandwich from the Carnegie Deli
A slice of Strawberry Cheesecake from the Carnegie Deli
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of delicatessens
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "We appreciate all your heartfelt wishes and your love of the Carnegie Deli. After December 30, 2016, you can continue to purchase Carnegie Deli’s signature products online or visit the Carnegie Deli’s licensed locations (Madison Square Garden, Carnegie Deli Las Vegas at The Mirage Hotel & Casino, Carnegie Deli at The Sands Casino Resort in Bethlehem, PA and annually at the U.S. Open in Flushing Meadows, Queens). The family is not affiliated with any fundraising efforts to continue operations and caution patrons with any efforts to do so."[3]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Iconic Carnegie Deli closes at midnight", Eyewitness News, ABC 7 New York, December 30, 2016
Jump up ^ "'It is delicious, we will miss it so much': NYC's legendary Carnegie Deli says goodbye", CBS News, December 30, 2016
Jump up ^ Carnegie Deli New York at 854 7th Avenue Is Closing on December 30, 2016. CarnegieDeli.com October 1, 2016. (Retrieved 2016-12-30.)
Jump up ^ Burke, Kerry; Smith, Greg (24 April 2015). "NYC's famed Carnegie Deli closed for illegal gas connection". New York Daily News. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Settembre, Jeanette (2016-09-30). "Carnegie Deli will close at end of 2016". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
Jump up ^ Novellino, Teresa (28 July 2015). "After 3 pastrami-less months, Carnegie Deli plans to reopen ASAP". New York Business Journals. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Pulos, Will (2016-02-08). "Carnegie Deli will reopen tomorrow after being closed for 10 months". Time Out New York. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
Jump up ^ McGeehan, Patrick (2016-02-09). "Carnegie Deli Reopens After a 10-Month Shutdown". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
Jump up ^ Cuozzo, Steve. "Carnegie Deli will close at end of 2016". New York Post. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "NYC deli creates Tim Tebow-inspired 'Jetbow' sandwich". Fox News. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
Jump up ^ Johnston, David. "Washington Talk: Suburbia; Pastrami, With Glitz and Politesse", The New York Times, 1987-10-09. Retrieved on 2009-04-20.
Jump up ^ David Margolick (November 16, 1994). "Pastrami on Rye, Hold the West Coast". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Carnegie Deli Manhattan". zagat.com.
Jump up ^ Brown, Seth (2005-01-30). "Deli owner has recipe for success". USA Today. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
Sources
Parker, Milton; Freeman, Allyn (2004). How to Feed Friends and Influence People: The Carnegie Deli. ISBN 0-471-68056-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnegie Deli.
Official New York website
Las Vegas website
Pennsylvania website
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2015 NRL Grand Final
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2015 (2015) NRL Grand Final ()

Brisbane
Broncos

North Queensland
Cowboys
16 17
1
2
GP1
Total
BRI 14 2 0 16
NQL 12 4 1 17
Date
4 October 2015
Stadium
ANZ Stadium
Location
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Clive Churchill Medal
Johnathan Thurston
Australian National anthem
Jessica Mauboy
Referees
Gerard Sutton
Ben Cummins
Attendance
82,758
Broadcast partners
Broadcasters
Nine Network
Commentators
Ray Warren
Phil Gould
Peter Sterling
Wally Lewis
NRL Grand Final
← 2014
2016 →
The 2015 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 2015 NRL season and was played on Sunday 4 October at Sydney's ANZ Stadium between the Brisbane Broncos and North Queensland Cowboys.[1] North Queensland won the match 17–16 in golden point extra time, claiming their first premiership title in their twentieth year of competition. Due to its dramatic ending, the match has been regarded as one of the greatest grand finals in rugby league history, drawing comparisons with the 1989 NSWRL Grand Final and the 1997 ARL Grand Final.[2] Cowboys co-captain Johnathan Thurston, who kicked the winning field goal for his team, was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal as the best player on the ground. Pre-match entertainment was headlined by Australian rock band Cold Chisel.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 2015 Season
2 Teams
3 Opening Games
3.1 U20s Grand Final
3.2 NRL State Championship
4 Match summary
4.1 1st half
4.2 2nd half
4.3 Extra time
4.4 Post-match
5 Aftermath
6 See also
7 References
Background[edit]
The Brisbane Broncos qualified for their first grand final appearance since 2006, and had never previously been defeated in a grand final, winning all six they have featured in – 1992, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2006, and 1997 for Super League. It was Broncos coach Wayne Bennett's eighth involvement in a grand final after coaching the club in all of their previous grand final appearances, and winning a premiership title for the St George Illawarra Dragons in 2010. The North Queensland Cowboys reached the premiership deciding game for the second time in their history since their inception into the competition in 1995, after losing to the Wests Tigers in their first appearance in 2005. It was the second time in history that no New South Wales team had featured in the grand final after 2006 which featured the Broncos up against the Melbourne Storm, and is the first time that a grand final featured two Queensland-based clubs. It was also the first time that two clubs captained by Indigenous Australians played a NRL grand final.[4] [5]
2015 Season[edit]
Brisbane, who finished second in the regular season ladder, and North Queensland, who finished third, faced each other during the first week of the finals series in a qualification game, with the Broncos prevailing 16-12 in a tight contest at Suncorp Stadium to earn a week off and the right to host a grand final qualifier. The Broncos defeated minor premiers the Sydney Roosters 31-12 in the preliminary final at Suncorp Stadium to claim the first spot in the grand final. In losing to the Broncos, North Queensland were forced to play an extra week in the finals and faced the sixth-placed Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks at their home venue of 1300SMILES Stadium, beating them convincingly 39-0. They then qualified for the grand final after defeating the Melbourne Storm 32-12 in their preliminary final at AAMI Park.
Teams[edit]
Brisbane
Broncos
Position
North Queensland
Cowboys
Darius Boyd Fullback Lachlan Coote
Corey Oates Wing Kyle Feldt
Jack Reed Centre Justin O'Neill
Justin Hodges (c) Centre Kane Linnett
Jordan Kahu Wing Antonio Winterstein
Anthony Milford Five-eighth Michael Morgan
Ben Hunt Halfback Johnathan Thurston (c)
Sam Thaiday Prop Matt Scott (c)
Andrew McCullough Hooker Jake Granville
Adam Blair Prop James Tamou
Alex Glenn 2nd Row Gavin Cooper
Matt Gillett 2nd Row Ethan Lowe
Corey Parker Lock Jason Taumalolo
Jarrod Wallace Interchange Rory Kostjasyn
Mitchell Dodds Interchange John Asiata
Joe Ofahengaue Interchange Scott Bolton
Kodi Nikorima Interchange Ben Hannant
Wayne Bennett Coach Paul Green
Opening Games[edit]
U20s Grand Final[edit]
Sunday, 4 October
1:35pm (AEDT)
Penrith Panthers U20s
34 – 18
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles U20s
ANZ Stadium, Sydney
Jack Gibson Medal: Soni Luke
NRL State Championship[edit]
Sunday, 4 October
3:45pm (AEDT)
Newcastle Knights
12 – 26
Ipswich Jets
ANZ Stadium, Sydney
Man of the Match: Matt Parcell
Match summary[edit]
Sunday, 4 October
7:30pm (AEDT)
Brisbane Broncos
16 – 17
North Queensland Cowboys
Tries:
Corey Oates (7') 1
Jack Reed (34') 1
Goals:
Corey Parker 2/2
(6' pen, 9')
Jordan Kahu 2/2
(35', 43' pen) Golden Point
Report Tries:
1 (10') Justin O'Neill
1 (25') James Tamou
1 (80') Kyle Feldt
Goals:
2/3 Johnathan Thurston
(12', 26')
Field Goals:
1 (83') Johnathan Thurston
ANZ Stadium, Sydney
Attendance: 82,758
Referee/s: Gerard Sutton & Ben Cummins
Clive Churchill Medal: Johnathan Thurston
1st half[edit]
After an even opening five minutes, the first points of the game were scored by the Broncos in the sixth minute, when a Cowboys handling error in midfield followed shortly by a penalty allowed Corey Parker to kick a 40-metre penalty goal.[6] The Broncos then returned the first tackle after the restart for the opening try of the game, after a late offload on his own ten-metre line from Adam Blair to Anthony Milford allowed Milford to set up a line-break down the left wing, culminating in a try to Corey Oates; Parker converted the try and Brisbane led 8–0.[6] The Broncos then knocked on shortly after the restart, and North Queensland scored its opening try from the ensuing scrum set piece, with Jake Granville breaking the line to set up Justin O'Neill for the try; Johnathan Thurston converted and Brisbane led 8–6.[6] North Queensland nearly scored again three minutes later, with Oates making a try-saving tackle on Kyle Feldt after a pass from Lachlan Coote.[7]
Over the ensuing fifteen minutes, North Queensland had the better of possession and field position. In the 24th minute, attacking from a repeat set which had followed a grubber kick, James Tamou took the first pass out of dummy half and scored under the posts; Thurston converted the try to give North Queensland a 12–8 lead.[6] Brisbane scored an opportunistic try in the 34th minute, when Thurston lost the ball in a tackle in North Queensland territory, and Matt Gillett recovered for Brisbane and broke the line to put Jack Reed over for a try; Jordan Kahu converted and Brisbane regained a 14–12 lead which it took to half time.[6]
2nd half[edit]
Jordan Kahu scored a penalty goal in the 43rd minute to give Brisbane a 16–12 lead.[6] From that point, the game played out as a defensive battle in Brisbane territory. North Queensland had the better of possession and territory, and generated several repeat sets in attack, but the Cowboys were unable to score due to a combination of their own erratic attacking play and Brisbane's stout goal line defence. Brisbane actively sought to defend its lead, kicking for touch on sixth tackle throughout most of the second half to kill the clock and manage fatigue.[6] North Queensland's two closest opportunities came in the 61st minute, when Kane Linnett dropped a cut-out pass from Thurston which would have seen Linnett score;[8] and in the 64th minute, when Coote was tackled around the legs by Gillett just short of the try line – Coote reached out to put the ball over the line and was penalised for a double movement.[6]
With four minutes remaining, and the ball deep in North Queensland's territory, Ben Hunt conceded a penalty for a dangerous lifting tackle on Linnett, giving North Queensland field position. North Queensland failed to score on the ensuing set; but on Brisbane's following set, the Broncos failed to get to a sixth tackle kick, after Feldt stripped the ball one-on-one from Hunt at midfield on fourth tackle with one minute remaining.[9] North Queensland attacked, and on the sixth tackle, Michael Morgan ran to the right side, cut in to draw three Brisbane defenders, then flicked a short outside pass to Feldt who scored just inside the right corner as time expired.[6] Thurston's attempted game-winning conversion hit the near upright and bounced out, leaving the game tied at 16–16.[6]
Extra time[edit]
North Queensland kicked off first in extra time, and the opening kick-off was knocked on by Ben Hunt, immediately giving North Queensland an attacking scrum on Brisbane's ten-metre line.[9] North Queensland set up for the game-winning field goal, and after aborting attempts on the first and third tackles due to strong defensive pressure from the Broncos, Johnathan Thurston scored with the short-range field goal on fifth tackle to win the game 17–16.[6]
Post-match[edit]
At the post-match ceremony, Johnathan Thurston received the Clive Churchill medal as best on ground. This was then followed by the championship ring ceremony and the co-captains holding the Provan-Summons trophy.
Thurston drew praise for his post-match conduct, notably consoling Ben Hunt.[10] Many consider the image of Thurston hugging his daughter to be the 'best image' of the grand final.[11][12]
Aftermath[edit]
Main article: 2016 World Club Series
Both grand finalists, North Queensland and Brisbane, as well as minor premiers the Sydney Roosters, qualified for the second World Club Series, played in the 2016 pre-season against clubs from the English Super League.[13]
See also[edit]
Queensland derby
2015 NRL season
NRL Premiership winners
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Newman, Paul (4 October 2015). "NRL Grand Final: North Queensland Cowboys beat Brisbane Broncos in golden-point thriller". ABC News (Australia). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Brad Walter (5 October 2015). "NRL Grand Final 2015: North Queensland Cowboys triumph in top three grand final wins of all time". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/oct/05/cowboys-thurston-inspired-victory-ranks-up-there-with-the-best-of-all-time
Jump up ^ Walter, Brad (30 September 2015). "Indigenous captains Johnathan Thurston and Justin Hodges create grand final history". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Walter, Brad (10 June 2016). "Cody Walker proud to be among highest Indigenous representation in an NRL game". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Thurston kicks Cowboys to premiership". National Rugby League. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cowboys win classic NRL Grand Final". Triple M. 4 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kane Linnett the most relieved man in Australia". News.com.au. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Tom Decent (5 October 2015). "2015 NRL grand final: Ben Hunt's three minutes of horror". Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/live/2015/oct/04/nrl-grand-final-brisbane-broncos-v-north-queensland-cowboys#block-561100a2e4b06bd936f9cb34
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3264162/Cowboys-star-Jonathan-Thurston-says-adorable-two-year-old-loves-attention-dark-skinned-doll-received.html
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/oct/08/its-the-connollys-the-guardians-end-of-season-nrl-awards
Jump up ^ Adrian Proszenko (7 October 2015). "Cowboys, Broncos and Roosters to represent NRL in World Club Series". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
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Puerto Rican migration to New York City
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Puerto Rican migration to New York City
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Ethnicity in New York City
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Puerto Ricans have both immigrated and migrated to New York City. The first group of Puerto Ricans immigrated to New York City in the mid-19th century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish Province and its people Spanish citizens. The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York City did so after the Spanish–American War in 1898.[1] Puerto Ricans were no longer Spanish subjects and citizens of Spain, they were now Puerto Rican citizens of an American possession and needed passports to travel to the mainland of the United States.
That was until 1917, when the United States Congress approved Jones-Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico a U.S. citizenship with certain limitations. Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States however, were given full American citizenship and were allowed to seek political office in the states which they resided. Two months later, when Congress passed the Selective Service Act, conscription was extended to the Puerto Ricans both in the island and in the mainland. It was expected that Puerto Rican men 18 years and older serve in the U.S. military [2] during World War I.[3] The Jones-Shafroth Act also allowed Puerto Ricans to travel between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland without the need of a passport, thereby becoming migrants. The advent of air travel was one of the principal factors that led to the largest wave of migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 1950s, known as "The Great Migration". Similar to many other eastcoast cities, Puerto Ricans were the first Hispanic group to move to New York City in large numbers.
From 1970 until about 1990, the city's Puerto Rican population was at its height, they represented up to 80% of the city's Hispanic community and 12% of the city's total population, at that time nearly 70% of Puerto Ricans lived in New York. It wasn't until the 1990s, that the percentage Puerto Ricans made up of the city's Hispanic community and the total population as a whole started to decrease, largely due to a declining Puerto Rican population, increasingly diversifying Hispanic community, and New York City rebounding its economy after deindustrialization, which ultimately resulted in a faster growing city population and dwindling Puerto Rican influence. However, since the early 2010s, New York's Puerto Rican population started to grow again, being in the midst of another major migration wave out of Puerto Rico.
According to the 2010 census, Puerto Ricans represent 8.9 percent of New York City alone (32% of the city's Hispanic community), and 5.5% of New York State as a whole.[4] Over a million Puerto Ricans in the state, about 70% are present in the city, with the remaining portion scattered in the city's suburbs and other major cities throughout New York State. Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations[5][6] - consequently, the New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed a significant increase in its Puerto Rican population from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016,[7] maintaining its status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outside San Juan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early 19th century
2 Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag
3 World War I era
4 World War II and The Great Migration
4.1 Puerto Rican culture in New York
4.2 Puerto Rican music
5 1950s
6 Nuyorican Movement
7 Late 20th century and early 21st century
8 Enclaves
8.1 Puerto Rican population in New York
8.2 2010 Puerto Rican population by borough
9 Puerto Rican influence
10 Notable people
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Early 19th century[edit]
Early Puerto Rican immigrants in New York City
During the 19th century, commerce existed between the ports of the East Coast of the United States and the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, many Puerto Ricans, such as Lieutenant Augusto Rodriguez, joined the ranks of military armed forces, however since Puerto Ricans were Spanish subjects they were inscribed as Spaniards.[8] The earliest Puerto Rican enclave in New York City was in Manhattan. Most of the Puerto Ricans who moved there came from well-to-do families or were people whose economic situation could permit them the luxury of traveling from the island to New York City by way of steamship, an expensive and long trip. Amongst the first Puerto Ricans to immigrate to New York City were men and women who were exiled by the Spanish Crown for their political beliefs and struggles for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. By 1850, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the only two remaining Spanish colonies in the New World. The Spanish Crown would either imprison or banish any person who promoted the independence of these two nations.[9] Two of these exiles were Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis who together founded "The Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" in New York. They were the planners of the short and failed 1868 revolt against Spain in Puerto Rico known as El Grito de Lares.[10] Another prominent Puerto Rican who in 1871 immigrated to New York was Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, considered by many as the "Father of Black History". He too became a member of the "Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" and was an outspoken promoter of not only the independence of Puerto Rico but of Cuba's also.[11]
Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag[edit]
Main article: Flags of Puerto Rico
Four other Puerto Ricans who moved to New York because of political reasons were Manuel Besosa, Antonio Vélez Alvarado, Juan Ríus Rivera and Francisco Gonzalo Marín. These four Puerto Ricans joined the Cuban Liberation Army whose headquarters was in New York City.
Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. Marín has since been credited by some with the flag's design.[12] There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:[13]
"La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió desde Jamaica. Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente."
Which translated in English states the following:
The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica. I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously.[13]
Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee
(standing L-R) Manuel Besosa, Aurelio Méndez Martínez, and Sotero Figueroa (seated L-R) Juan de M. Terreforte, D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. Todd
It is also believed that on June 12, 1892, Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant, Domingo Peraza, from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype. He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor's house, where the owner, Micaela Dalmau vda. de Carreras, had invited José Martí as a guest.[14]
In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This created a belief that her father could have been its designer.
Even though Marín presented the Puerto Rican Flag in New York's "Chimney Corner Hotel",[15] it may never be known who designed the current flag. What is known, however, is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted a design which is today the official flag of Puerto Rico.
In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martinez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The uprising, which became known as the Intentona de Yauco was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General Juan Ríus Rivera from Cuba.[16] The political immigration to New York practically came to a halt in 1898 after the Spanish–American War when Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States. It is estimated that 1,800 Puerto Rican citizens (they were not American citizens until 1917) had immigrated to New York during this period.[17]
World War I era[edit]
Cover of The San Juan News announcing the Supreme Court decision in the Isabel Gonzalez case of 1904.
In 1902, the United States Treasury Department issued new immigration guidelines that changed the status of all Puerto Ricans to "foreigners." Isabel Gonzalez was a young single mother who was expecting her second child. Her fiancé, who was in New York, sent for her with the intention of getting married. When Gonzalez arrived in New York, she and all the Puerto Ricans who were with her, were detained in Ellis Island and denied entry. She was accused of being an alien and as an unwed parent she was deemed as a burden to the welfare system of the country. Gonzalez challenged the Government of the United States in the groundbreaking case "GONZALES v. WILLIAMS' (her surname was misspelled by immigration officials). The Supreme Court ruled that under the immigration laws González was not an alien, and therefore could not be denied entry into New York. It also stated that Puerto Ricans were not U.S. citizens, they were "noncitizen nationals." Gonzalez, who became an activist on behalf of all Puerto Ricans, paved the way for the Jones-Shafroth Act, which conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.[18]
In 1917, the United States entered World War I and that same year the United States Congress approved the Jones-Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. Puerto Ricans no longer needed a passport to travel to the U.S. and were allowed to seek public office in the mainland U.S.[19] The economic situation in the island was bad and continued to worsen as a result of the many hurricanes which destroyed most of its crops. Many Puerto Rican families migrated to the United States, the bulk of whom went to New York, in search of a better way of life.[17] In New York, they faced the same hardships and discrimination that earlier groups of immigrants, such as the Irish, the Italians, and the Jews, had faced before them. It was difficult for them to find well paying jobs because of the language barrier and their lack of technical working skills. The few men who found jobs worked for low salaries in factories. The women usually stayed home as housewives and tended to their children. Those who did not find jobs had the option of joining the United States Military.[20] Prior to the Jones-Shafroth Act, Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States as all other non-citizens, who were permanent residents were required to register with the Selective Service System by law and could be drafted,[21] however one of the effects of the Act was that all Puerto Ricans were now eligible for the military "draft" (conscription). One of the military units at that time was New York's U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment. Rafael Hernández was a Puerto Rican who served in the almost all Afro-American unit. The unit fought against the Germans in France and became known[by whom?] as the "Harlem Hell Fighters". Hernández, his brother Jesus and 16 other Puerto Ricans was assigned to the United States Army's Harlem Hell fighters musical band, the Orchestra Europe.
1924 Baseball Game between the San Juan BBC and Porto Rico Stars in New York
Nero Chen was one of the many Puerto Ricans who settled in East Harlem. He became the first Puerto Rican boxer to gain acclaim when in 1917 he fought against "Panama Joe Gans" at Harlem's Palace Casino which was located at 28 East 135th St., between Fifth and Madison Avenues, in Manhattan.[22] As evidenced by an early 1924 poster, migrants in New York organized baseball teams which played against each other. The poster announces a game which was held at Howard Field in Brooklyn between two teams, the San Juan B.B.C. and the Porto Rican Stars, made of Puerto Ricans from the East Side section of Manhattan.
As the economic situation in the United States worsened in a prelude to the Great Depression, many Puerto Ricans in the mainland found themselves competing with other groups for the positions of unskilled labor such as dishwashers, maintenance and laundry workers. This led to the "Harlem Riots" of July 1926. between unemployed Jews and Puerto Ricans. Various Puerto Rican organizations in East Harlem, organized a media campaign to ease the tensions between the groups involved and called upon the mayor, governor of the state to restore order and provide protection to the area.[23]
In 1937, Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr. (1900–1969), a native of Mayagüez and resident of East Harlem, became the first Puerto Rican to be elected to public office in the continental United States as a member of the New York State Assembly. A witness of the discrimination which Puerto Ricans were subject to, he created the "Unemployment Insurance Bill" which paved the way for the passage of bills which established minimum hours and wages for working people, the creation of a Wage Board within the Labor Department, and the right of employees to organize and negotiate grievances. In 1956, he also became the first Puerto Rican to be nominated as the Republican candidate for Justice of the City Court.[24]
World War II and The Great Migration[edit]
Several factors contributed and led to what came to be known as "The Great Migration" of Puerto Ricans to New York. These were the following: the Great Depression, World War II and the advent of air travel.
The Great Depression which spread throughout the world was also felt in Puerto Rico. Since the island's economy was and still is dependent to that of the United States, it was to be expected that when the American banks and industries began to fail the effect would be felt in the island. Unemployment was on the rise as a consequence and therefore, many families fled to the mainland U.S.A. in search of jobs.[25]
The outbreak of World War II opened the doors to many of the migrants who were searching for jobs. Since a large portion of the male population of the U.S. was sent to war, there was a sudden need of manpower to fulfill the jobs left behind. Puerto Ricans, both male and female, found themselves employed in factories and ship docks, producing both domestic and warfare goods. The new migrants gained the knowledge and working skills which in the future would serve them well. The military also provided a steady source of income,[9] in 1944, the Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit, was assigned to the New York Port of Embarkation, after their basic training at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. They were assigned to work in military offices which planned the shipment of troops around the world.[26][27]
The advent of air travel provided Puerto Ricans with an affordable and faster way of travel to New York. The one thing that most migrants had in common was that they wanted a better way of life than was available in Puerto Rico, and although each held personal reasons for migrating, their decision generally was rooted in the island's impoverished conditions as well as the public policies that sanctioned migration.[17]
In 1948, the Migration Division of the Department of Labor of Puerto Rico opened its office in New York City. Its mission was to mediate between the island and the New York/Puerto Rican community, assuage the adjustment experience of new arrivals, and generally inform them about jobs, housing and other critical concerns.[28] It wasn't long before the Puerto Rican "Barrios" in the Williamsburg, Bushwick, South Bronx, Spanish Harlem, and Manhattan's Lower East Side began to resemble "Little Puerto Ricos" with their "Bodegas" (small grocery stores) and "Piragueros" (Puerto Rican shaved ice venders) in every corner.[29] It is estimated that from 1946 to 1950 there were 31,000 Puerto Rican migrants each year to New York.
Puerto Rican culture in New York[edit]
A piragüero in NYC posing with his Piragua pushcart in the 1920s.
Puerto Ricans began to form their own small "barrios", in The Bronx, Brooklyn and in East Harlem (which would become known as Spanish Harlem).[30] It was in East Harlem where the Puerto Rican migrants established a cultural life of great vitality and sociality. They also participated in some of the sports, such as boxing and baseball which were first introduced in the island by the American Armed Forces after the Spanish–American War.[31]
Puerto Ricans who moved to New York not only took with them their customs, traditions, they also took with them their piraguas, a Puerto Rican frozen treat, shaped like a pyramid, made of shaved ice and covered with fruit flavored syrup.[25][32] According to Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: by Winston James, piraguas were introduced in New York by Puerto Ricans as early as 1926.
Puerto Rican music[edit]
Teatro Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican music flourished with the likes of Rafael Hernández and Pedro Flores who formed the "Trio Borincano" and gained recognition in the city. Myrta Silva who later joined Hernandez's "Cuarteto Victoria" also gained fame as a singer after the group traveled and played throughout the United States.[29]
The South Bronx became a hub for Puerto Rican music. Theaters which had served to previous groups of immigrants, such as the Irish and the Italians, for their dramatic works or vaudeville style shows, now served the growing Puerto Rican and Latino population with musical performances from musicians from Puerto Rico and Latin America. Plus, the local Bronx's burgeoning Latino musicians. Among these theaters were the historical Teatro Puerto Rico at E. 138th St. and Hunts Point Palace in Southern Blvd. During the Teatro Puerto Rico's "golden era", which lasted from 1947 to 1956, musician José Feliciano made his stateside debut[33]
New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component.[34] Puerto Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century, encompassing major artists such as Jennifer Lopez.[35]
1950s[edit]
The third great wave of domestic migration from Puerto Rico came after World War II. Nearly 40,000 Puerto Ricans settled in New York City in 1946, and 58,500 in 1952–53. Many soldiers who returned after World War II made use of the GI Bill and went to college. Puerto Rican women confronted economic exploitation, discrimination, racism, and the insecurities inherent in the migration process on a daily basis, however they fared better than did men in the job market. The women left their homes for the factories in record numbers.[36] By 1953, Puerto Rican migration to New York reached its peak when 75,000 people left the island.[9]
Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in New York City.
Operation Bootstrap ("Operación Manos a la Obra") is the name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century engineered by Teodoro Moscoso. The industry that was attracted did not provide sufficient jobs. With increased population growth and displacement from traditional labor pursuits, the growing population could not be accommodated. Much of the surplus labor migrated to the United States. In 1948, Puerto Ricans elected their first governor Luis Muñoz Marín, who together with his government initiated a series of social and economic reforms with the introduction of new programs in the island. Some of these programs met some resistance from the American government and therefore, the local government had some trouble implementing the same.[37] New York Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. began a campaign to recruit Puerto Rican laborers in the island to work in the city's factories. Mayor Wagner figured that the city would benefit greatly by the luring of what was considered to be "cheap labor".[9]
Discrimination was rampant in the United States and it was no different in New York. As stated by Lolita Lebrón, there were signs in restaurants which read "No dogs or Puerto Ricans allowed". The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party established an office in New York in the 1950s and attracted many migrants. Leaders of the party conceived a plan that would involve an attack on the Blair House with the intention of assassinating United States President Harry S. Truman and an attack on the House of Representatives. These events had a negative impact on the Puerto Rican migrants. Americans viewed Puerto Ricans as anti-Americans and the discrimination against them became even more widespread.[38]
Many Puerto Ricans were able to overcome these obstacles and became respected members of their communities. Many such as Antonia Pantoja, established organizations such as "ASPIRA", that helped their fellow countrymen to reach their goals.[39]
In 1954, a group of politicians close to Carmine Gerard DeSapio, then the leader of Tammany Hall, chose Tony Méndez to lead the eastern section of the district, known as the 14th Assembly District. He was chosen by the group, which was also known as the Democratic County Committee, because in those days there was no direct election of district leaders. Plus, the influx of Puerto Ricans moving to the 14th Assembly District, in which East Harlem is located, replaced the members of the Italian Community who preceded them and eventually moved out. Méndez became the first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of a major political party in New York City.[40]
The first New York Puerto Rican Day Parade, founded by Tony Méndez was held on Sunday, April 13, 1958 in the "Barrio" in Manhattan.[40] Its first President was Victor López and it was coordinated by José Caballero. The grand marshals were Oscar González Suarez and Tony Méndez Esq. Prominent personalities from Puerto Rico headed by then Governor Luis Muñoz Marín, attended the initial parade. The parade was organized as a show of Puerto Rican pride and is a tradition which not only continues today in the city of New York but, that has also extended to other cities such as Chicago, Illinois and Orlando, Florida.[41] By 1960, the United States census showed that there were well over 600,000 New Yorkers of Puerto Rican birth or parentage. Estimates were that more than one million Puerto Ricans had migrated during that period.[9]
Nuyorican Movement[edit]
The Nuyorican Poets Café
Puerto Rican writer Jesús Colón founded an intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto Rican descent and who live in or near New York City which became known as the Nuyorican Movement. The phenomenon of the "Nuyoricans" came about when many Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York City faced difficult situations and hardships, such as racial discrimination. A "Nuyorican" subculture developed. In 1980, Puerto Rican poets Miguel Algarín, Miguel Piñero and Pedro Pietri established the "Nuyorican Poets Café" on Manhattan's Lower East Side (236 E 3rd Street, between Avenues B and C) which is now considered a New York landmark.[42]
Late 20th century and early 21st century[edit]
Historical Puerto Rican population in New York City
Year
Pop.
±%
1910
554 —
1920
7,364 +1229.2%
1940
61,463 +734.6%
1950
187,420 +204.9%
1960
612,574 +226.8%
1970
817,712 +33.5%
1980
860,552 +5.2%
1990
896,763 +4.2%
2000
789,172 −12.0%
2010
723,621 −8.3%
2012
730,848 +1.0%
By 1964, the Puerto Rican community made up 9.3 percent of the total New York City's population. The Puerto Rican migrants who gained economic success began to move away from the "Barrios" and settled in Westchester County, Staten Island, and Long Island or moved to other cities in other states like New Jersey (especially North Jersey which is still apart of the NYC metropolitan area), Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Florida, among others.[45] New immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Mexico and South America moved into the Barrios which were once mainly occupied by the Puerto Ricans.[46] The 1970s saw what became known as reverse-migration. Many Puerto Ricans returned to the island to buy homes and to invest in local businesses. Puerto Ricans have made many important contributions to New York and the society of the United States in general. They have contributed in the fields of entertainment, the arts, music, industry, science, politics, and military.[47] Other Puerto Ricans have moved from New York to settle in smaller cities throughout the northeastern United States. For example, in 2009 Puerto Ricans alone made up 29.1% of Reading, Pennsylvania's population,[48] which was over 53% Hispanic, and 25.0% of Lawrence, Massachusetts' population, which was over 70% Hispanic.[49]
1980s Chart showing the Puerto Rican migration movement in the United States
However, since 2006, there has been a resurgence in immigration from Puerto Rico to New York City[50] and New Jersey, with an apparently multifactorial allure to Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations. The Census estimate for the New York City, the city proper with the largest Puerto Rican population by a significant margin, has increased from 723,621 in 2010, to 730,848 in 2012;[51] while New York State's Puerto Rican population was estimated to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010, to 1,103,067 in 2013.[52]
New York State overall has also resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican Americans since 2006, a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to 1,103,067 in 2013. New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto Rico as well as from elsewhere on the mainland between 2006 and 2012 than any other state in absolute numbers.[53] Also, unlike the initial pattern of migration several decades ago, this second Puerto Rican migration into New York and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, such that the New York City Metropolitan Area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, to 1,494,670 in 2016.[7]
National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City, 2005.
Northern New Jersey has also received a robust influx of Puerto Rican migration in the 21st century,[54][55] given its proximity to both New York City's and Philadelphia's Puerto Rican establishments. Within the metropolitan area surrounding New York City, Paterson[56] and Newark[57] in New Jersey are important homes for Puerto Rican Americans. Jose "Joey" Torres was elected mayor of Paterson in 2014, where he had served two prior terms as mayor as well;[58][59] while Luis A. Quintana, born in Añasco, Puerto Rico, was sworn in as Newark's first Latino mayor in November 2013, assuming the unexpired term of Cory Booker, who vacated the position to become a U.S. Senator from New Jersey.[60] However, as Puerto Ricans continue to climb the socioeconomic ladder and achieve a greater degree of professional occupations, the community is also purchasing homes in New Jersey's more affluent suburban towns. After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of the island, New York State was expected to be the likeliest destination for Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland when premised upon family ties, with New Jersey being the third likeliest destination.[61]
Enclaves[edit]
Brooklyn has several neighborhoods with a Puerto Rican presence, and many of the ethnic Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Brooklyn formed before the Puerto Rican neighborhoods in the South Bronx because of the work demand in the Brooklyn Navy Yard in the 1940s and 50s. Bushwick has the highest concentration of Puerto Ricans in Brooklyn. Other neighborhoods with significant populations include Williamsburg, East New York, Brownsville, Coney Island, Red Hook, and Sunset Park.[62][63][64][65] In Williamsburg; Graham Avenue is nicknamed "Avenue of Puerto Rico" because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s. The Puerto Rican Day Parade is also hosted on the avenue.
Ridgewood, Queens, also has a significant Puerto Rican population, as does the neighboring community of Bushwick, Brooklyn.[66]
Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida.[67][68] Spanish Harlem was "Italian Harlem" from the 1880s until the 1940s.[67] By 1940, however, the name "Spanish Harlem" was becoming widespread, and by 1950, the area was predominately Puerto Rican and African American.[67] Loisaida is an enclave east of Avenue A that originally comprised German, Jewish, Irish, and Italian working class residents who lived in tenements without running water; the German presence, already in decline, virtually ended after the General Slocum disaster in 1904. Since them, the community has become Puerto Rican and Latino in character, despite the "gentrification" that has affected the East Village and the Lower East Side since the late 20th century.[68]
Staten Island has a fairly large Puerto Rican population along the North Shore, especially in the Mariners' Harbor, Arlington, Elm Park, Graniteville, Port Richmond, and Stapleton neighborhoods, where the population is in the 20% range.
In New York and many other cities, Puerto Ricans usually live in close proximity with Dominicans and African Americans.[69] High concentrations of Puerto Ricans are also present in numerous public housing developments throughout the city.[69]
Puerto Ricans are present in large numbers throughout the Bronx, the Bronx has the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans of any borough.[4] In some places in the South Bronx, Spanish is the primary language.[70] Throughout the 1970s, the South Bronx became known as the epitome of urban decay, but has since made a recovery.[71]
Puerto Rican population in New York[edit]
As of 1990, New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent (Nuyoricans), numbered 143,974. Nearly 41,800 state residents (Nuyoricans) in 1990 had lived in Puerto Rico in 1985. According to the Census taken in the year 2000, Puerto Rican migrants made up 1.2% of the total population of the United States, with a population of well over 3 million Puerto Ricans (including those of Puerto Rican descent). If taken into account together with the almost 4 million Puerto Ricans who are U.S. citizens (nevertheless, excluded by the U.S. Census statistics of U.S. population), Puerto Ricans make up about 2.5% of the total population of U.S. citizens around the world (within and outside the U.S. mainland).[72]
2010 Puerto Rican population by borough[edit]
New York City's total Puerto Rican population was 723,621 and they represented 8.9% of the population. The Puerto Rican population and the percentage Puerto Ricans make up of each borough, as of the 2010 census, is:[4]
Bronx - 298,921 (21.6%)
Brooklyn - 176,528 (7.0%)
Manhattan - 107,774 (6.8%)
Queens - 102,881 (4.6%)
Staten Island - 37,517 (8.0%)
Puerto Rican influence[edit]
In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment service in New York City.[73] The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948, and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns stateside.[74] The Department of Puerto Rican Affairs in the United States was established in 1989 as a cabinet-level department in Puerto Rico. Currently, the Commonwealth operates the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 12 regional offices throughout the United States.
Puerto Ricans in New York have preserved their cultural heritage by being involved actively in the different political and social rights movements in the United States. They founded "Aspira", a leader in the field of education, in 1961. Aspira is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations in the United States.[75] Other educational and social organizations founded by Puerto Ricans in New York and else where are the National Puerto Rican Coalition in Washington, DC, the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women, and the New York League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others.
Hostos Community College in the Bronx, was named after a Puerto Rican Eugenio Maria de Hostos, and was founded as an all-Puerto Rican college. The college now accepts students of all races, however it largely caters to Hispanics with up to 80% of its students being of Hispanic descent.[76] Boricua College is another originally all-Puerto Rican college with campuses in East Williamsburg and Manhattan.
Cultural ties between New York and Puerto Rico are strong. In September 2017, following the immense destruction wrought upon Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo led an aid delegation to San Juan,[77] including engineers form the New York Power Authority to help restore Puerto Rico's electrical grid.[78]
Notable people[edit]
Alvarez, Aida - former Small Business Administrator
Belen, Ivonne - movie director
Badillo, Herman - first Puerto Rican to serve in Congress
Braschi, Giannina - novelist and essayist
Judge Cabranes, Jose A. - U.S. Circuit Judge
Camacho Sr., Hector - boxer
Casals Istomin, Marta - musician
Collazo, Oscar - Puerto Rican Nationalist
Colon, Jesus - writer
Colon, Miriam - actress
Rev. Cruz, Nicky - minister
de Burgos, Julia - poet
Estavillo, Nicholas - the first Hispanic to become a three-star Chief in NYPD?
Falcon. Angelo - political scientist
Ferrer, Jose - actor
Garcia Rivera Sr., Oscar - first Puerto Rican to hold public office in the mainland USA.
Gonzalez, Isabel - paved the way for the Jones-Shafroth Act which conferred United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.
Holly, Maria Elena - widow of "rock n roll" pioneer Buddy Holly
Labarthe, Pedro J. - poet, journalist, essayist, and novelist
Lebron, Lolita - Puerto Rican Nationalist
Mark-Viverito, Melissa - elected Speaker of the New York City Council in January 2014.[79]
Méndez, Olga A. - New York State Senator
Méndez, Rosie - member, New York City Council
Méndez, Tony - The first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of a major political party in New York City
Moreno, Rita - actress
Ortiz, Carlos - boxer
Powell IV, Adam Clayton - N.Y. State Assembly member
Santiago, Herman - composer of "Why do Fools Fall in Love"
Schomburg, Arturo Alfonso - considered by many as the "Father of Black History".
Torres, Jose - boxer
Velazquez, Nydia - Congresswoman
See also[edit]
Puerto Rico portal
List of Puerto Ricans
List of Stateside Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans in the United States (Stateside Puerto Ricans)
Nuyorican
Music of Puerto Rico
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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