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Pax Mongolica
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A close up of the Catalan Atlas depicting Marco Polo travelling to the East during the Pax Mongolica
The Pax Mongolica (Latin for "Mongol Peace"), less often known as Pax Tatarica[1] ("Tatar Peace") is a historiographical term, modelled after the original phrase Pax Romana, which describes the stabilising effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create, and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests.
The conquests of Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) and his successors, spanning from Southeast Asia to Eastern Europe, effectively connected the Eastern world with the Western world. The Silk Road, connecting trade centres across Asia and Europe, came under the sole rule of the Mongol Empire. It was commonly said that "a maiden bearing a nugget of gold on her head could wander safely throughout the realm".[2][3] Despite the political fragmentation of the Mongol Empire into four khanates (Yuan dynasty, Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate), nearly a century of conquest and civil war was followed by relative stability in the early 14th century. The end of the Pax Mongolica was marked by the disintegration of the khanates and the outbreak of the Black Death in Asia which spread along trade routes to much of the world in the mid-14th century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Foundations
2 Trade network
2.1 World trade system
2.2 Mongol administration
2.3 Postal system
3 Decline
3.1 Decline of Mongol rule
3.2 The Black Death
3.3 Effects on trade
4 Personnel exchanges
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Foundations[edit]
See also: Mongol invasion of China and Organization of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan
The expansion of the Mongol Empire
The foundations of the Pax Mongolica lie in the Mongol Empire beginning with Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. In the process of conquering the various tribes in the region, Genghis Khan revolutionised the way Mongolian tribal society was structured.[4] After each new victory, more and more people were incorporated under Genghis Khan's rule, thus diversifying the societal balance of the tribe. In 1203, Genghis Khan, in an effort to strengthen his army, ordered a reform that reorganised his army's structure while breaking down the traditional clan- and kindred-based divisions that had previously fragmented the society and military. He arranged his army into arbans (inter-ethnic groups of ten), and the members of an arban were commanded to be loyal to one another regardless of ethnic origin.[5] Ten arbans made a zuun, or a company; ten zuuns made a myangan, or a battalion; and ten myangans formed a tumen, or an army of 10,000. This decimal system organisation of Genghis Khan's strong military would prove very effective in conquering, by persuasion or force, the many tribes of the central Asian steppe, but it would also strengthen Mongol society as a whole.[6] By 1206 Genghis Khan's military expansion had unified the tribes of Mongolia, and in the same year he was elected and acclaimed as the leader of Mongolia.
The new Mongol Nation quickly moved to annex more territory. The first Mongol conquests were campaigns against the Western Xia in north-western China.[7] In 1209 the Mongols conquered the Western Xia. Between 1213 and 1214 the Mongols conquered the Jin Empire, and by 1214 the Mongols had captured most of the land north of the Yellow River.[7] In 1221 Mongol generals Jebe and Subodei began their expedition around the Caspian Sea and into Kievan Rus'; Genghis Khan defeated Turkic Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu at the Battle of Indus and the war with the Khwarezmian Empire concluded the same year. In 1235 the Mongols invaded Korea.[7] Two years later in 1237 Batu Khan and Subodei began their conquest of Rus'; they invaded Poland and Hungary in 1241. In 1252 the Mongols began their invasion of Southern China; they would seize the capital of Hangzhou in 1276. In 1258 Hulagu Khan captured Baghdad.[7]
Each new victory gave the Mongols the chance to incorporate new peoples, especially foreign engineers and labourers, into their society. Each new conquest also acquired new trade routes and the opportunity to control taxation and tribute. Thus, through territorial expansion, the Mongol Nation not only became an empire, but it also became more technologically and economically advanced.[6]
Trade network[edit]
At its height, the Mongolian empire stretched from Shanhaiguan in the east to Budapest in the west, from Rus' in the north to Tibet in the south. This meant that an extremely large part of the continent was united under one political authority. As a result, the trade routes used by merchants became safe for travel, resulting in an overall growth and expansion of trade from China in the east to Britain in the west.[8] Thus, the Pax Mongolica greatly influenced many civilizations in Eurasia during the 13th and 14th centuries.
World trade system[edit]
The Silk Road was a system of trade routes connecting East and West
The 13th century world-system
Before the Mongols' rise, the Old World system consisted of isolated imperial systems.[9] The new Mongol empire amalgamated the once isolated civilizations into a new continental system, and re-established the Silk Road as a dominant method of transportation. The unification of Eurasia under the Mongols greatly diminished the number of competing tribute gatherers throughout the trade network and assured greater safety and security in travel.[10] During the Pax Mongolica, European merchants like Marco Polo made their way from Europe to China on the well-maintained and well travelled roads that linked Anatolia to China.
On the Silk Road caravans with Chinese silk; pepper, ginger, cinnamon, and nutmeg came to the West from the Spice Islands via the transcontinental trade routes. Eastern diets were introduced to Europeans as well.[11] Indian muslins, cottons, pearls, and precious stones were sold in Europe, as well as weapons, carpets, and leather goods from Iran.[11] Gunpowder was also introduced to Europe from China. In the opposite direction, Europeans sent silver, fine cloth, horses, linen, and other goods to the near and far East.[11] Increasing trade and commerce meant that the respective nations and societies increased their exposure to new goods and markets, thus increasing the GDP of each nation or society that was involved in the trade system. Μany of the cities participating in the 13th century world trade system grew rapidly in size.[12]
Along with land trade routes, a Maritime Silk Road contributed to the flow of goods and establishment of a Pax Mongolica. This Maritime Silk Road started with short coastal routes in Southern China. As technology and navigation progressed these routes developed into a high-seas route into the Indian Ocean. Eventually these routes further developed encompassing the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and the sea off East Africa.[13]
Along with tangible goods, people, techniques, information, and ideas moved lucidly across the Eurasian landmass for the first time.[14] For example, John of Montecorvino, archbishop of Beijing founded Roman Catholic missions in India and China and also translated the New Testament into the Mongolian language.[14] Long-distance trade brought new methods of doing business from the far East to Europe; bills of exchange, deposit banking, and insurance were introduced to Europe during the Pax Mongolica.[15] Bills of exchange made it significantly easier to travel long distances because a traveller would not be burdened by the weight of metal coins.[16]
Islamic methods of mathematics, astronomy, and science made their way to Africa, East Asia and Europe during the Pax Mongolica.[17] Methods of paper-making and printing made their way from China to Europe. During the Pax Mongolica rudimentary banking systems were established, and money changing and credit extension were common, resulting in large amount of merchant wealth.[18]
Mongol administration[edit]
Mongol warrior on horseback, preparing a mounted archery shot.
Mongolia's central geographical position on the Asian continent was an important reason why it was able to play such a large role in the trade system.[19] The Mongol army was easily able to assert strong rule throughout most of the empire.[16] The military ensured that supply lines and trade routes flowed smoothly; permanent garrisons were established along trade routes to protect the travellers on these routes.[16] Complex local systems of taxation and extortion that were prevalent before Mongol rule were abolished to ensure the smooth flow of merchants and trade through the empire.[16] A system of weights-and-measures was also standardised.[16] To make the voyage on the trade routes less harrowing, the Mongols went as far as to plant trees along the roads to shade the merchants and travellers in the summer months; stone pillars were used to mark the roads where trees could not grow.[16]
The Mongols sought alliances with other nations and societies to ensure the flow of trade through the empire.[16] The Mongol army was also used to reshape and streamline the flow of trade through the continent by destroying cities on the less-important or more inaccessible routes.[20] The Mongol military was mostly made up of cavalrymen. This allowed the military to move swiftly and easily over large distances.[21]
The code of Mongol law, known as the Yassa ("Great Law"), decreed strict rules and punishments in many areas of the Mongolian Empire's society, especially those areas concerning trade and commerce. The Yassa helped suppress the traditional causes of tribal feuding and war, thus helping to ensure a peaceful trading and travelling environment;[22] theft and animal rustling were outlawed, and the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan even established a massive lost-and-found system.[23] Harsh penalties including a retribution of nine times the original value of stolen goods helped deter theft on Mongol roads.[24] The Yassa also decreed complete religious freedom, ensuring that Buddhists, Muslims, Christians, etc., were all allowed to travel freely throughout the empire; religious leaders were also exempted from taxation, as were doctors, lawyers, undertakers, teachers, and scholars.[23] The Yassa did allow for flexibility and it usually adapted, absorbed, or built upon legal systems in remote parts of the empire, thus maintaining a level of openness to various societies and ensuring peace and stability.[25][26]
In order to ensure Mongol law was enforced, a hierarchy of legal administration was developed. This was headed by the Secretarial Council "chug-shu-sheng" of the central government which oversaw 10 provincial governments known as "Hsing-sheng". The Hsinsing-sheng was further split into smaller districts which handled legal cases. A police commissioner known as "hsien wei" was entrusted with law enforcement and had the authority to arrest suspects. This method of federalising the empire made it easier and more efficient for laws to be administered throughout the continent.[27]
Postal system[edit]
Main article: Yam (route)
The Mongols established the Yam (Mongolian: Өртөө, Örtöö, checkpoint), the first system of communication that connected the Far East and the West. Relay stations were set up every 25–30 miles or an average day’s journey on horse. These stations were introduced by Ögedei Khan in 1234 and supplied fresh horses and fodder. His brothers Chagatai Khan and Tolui and his nephew Batu Khan further extended this network.[19]
The Mongol army administered the Yam. The Yam stretched across Mongol territory from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean.[28] The routes were well organised, funded, maintained, and administrated by the Mongols.[29] This highly sophisticated system of communication and travel made it relatively easy to send important messages and travel long distances in relatively short amounts of time. As a result of the relatively lucid communication and ease of movement, the Mongols were able to govern their vast empire effectively, thus ensuring political and economic stability.[19]
Decline[edit]
The decline of the period of the Pax Mongolica was a result of a number of factors, these being incompetent and rivalling leaders, corruption, revolts, decadence, factional struggles, assassinations, external attacks, and disease. The decline of the Pax Mongolica resulted in a decline of eased trade between East and West.[19]
Decline of Mongol rule[edit]
Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century
The Mongol Empire, near the time of its decline, consisted of many different territories that varied from one to another. Each territory was defined as a "khanate". Due to the isolation of the Mongolian world, many rulers in the 14th century started to focus on their own khanates.
Religious intolerance was one particular factor in the decline of the Pax Mongolica. In Rus', the Mongols (known as the Golden Horde), gradually lost power and territory due to intolerance specifically geared towards different religions. The Rus' Mongols converted to Islam and joined the Egyptian Mamluks for political reasons. At one point in the war the Golden Horde even fought the Persian Mongols.[19] The eastern part of the Golden Horde, White Horde, had friendly relations with the Ilkhanate and the Great Khan. The decentralisation occurred because communication was so difficult due to the collapsing trade system and the rivalry between Mongol princes. Eventually, the Persian Mongol leader Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295. This contributed to the growing power of Nawruz; a Muslim Oirat general.
In China, descendants of Kublai Khan claimed the Mongols weakened their power by becoming "too Chinese". This led to Yuan emperors separating themselves from their subjects in order to stress their Mongol identity and to reject their Chinese culture. Kublai Khan once promoted Chinese culture and the importance of its practice but under the Yuan emperors this was prohibited. As the Chinese culture was changing, intolerance became more common. Some Chinese thought that they were planning to kill Chinese children and perform sexual rituals on them. This led many Chinese to become xenophobic towards the Mongols. This xenophobia led Chinese rulers to expel the Mongols from China and to isolate China from the rest of the world trade system.[19][30]
The Black Death[edit]
Main article: Black Death
The spread of the Black Death in Europe; it was introduced to Europe from Asia
The segregation and fragmentation of the respective khanates in the Mongol Empire were not the only factors in contributing to the decline of the Pax Mongolica. The outbreak of bubonic plague, or Black Death, also played a devastating role in the decline of the Pax Mongolica. Because the Mongol Empire bridged once isolated regions, it made it easy for the Black Death to spread rapidly.[31] Historian William H. McNeill has noted that the plague was transferred from ground rodents living in southern Chinese and Burmese Himalayan foothills to Mongol soldiers when they invaded the area in 1252.[32] In 1331 the plague was noted in China,[32] and from east Asia it was carried west along the trade routes by merchants and Mongol soldiers who were able to so freely and quickly travel across the continent during the Pax Mongolica. Plague-infected fleas hitched rides in the manes of horses, on the hair of camels, or on black rats that nestled in cargoes or in saddlebags.[33] The Black Death is estimated to have killed one-third of China's population and 25 to 50 percent of Europe's population.[34]
Demographically weakened, the Mongols were not able to exert their rule over remote domains in their empire, who began to revolt once the plague broke out.[35] These revolts disrupted the production of goods and flow of trade, which ended the Pax Mongolica.[36]
Effects on trade[edit]
Over the next 300 years China would become extremely isolated from foreign merchants; China prohibited foreigners or foreign trade and languages other than Chinese. Confucianism and Taoism were reinstated as the national religion and the Chinese experienced cultural stagnation.[37] During the early years of the Ming-dynasty trade with the rest of the world declined.[37] This is attributed to war, epidemics and widespread disruptions rather than "symbolic policy change".[37] Economic difficulties also contributed to the decline as an important world trade player.[37] The Black Death quickly spread to the rest of the world trade system, and the long-distance trading that was common and applauded during the Pax Mongolica almost entirely stopped.
Personnel exchanges[edit]
Under the Mongols new technologies and commodities were exchanged across the Old World, particularly Eurasia. Professor Thomas T.Allsen noted many personnel exchanges occurred during the Mongol period.[38] There were many significant developments in economy (especially trade and public finance), military, medicine, agriculture, cuisine, astronomy, printing, geography, and historiography, which were not limited to Eurasia but also included North Africa. The Mongolian Empire functioned as the principal cultural clearing house for the Old World until its downturn when it was gradually replaced by maritime Europe which in time came to perform similar offices for the Old World and the New.[39][40]
See also[edit]
Pax Romana
Pax Britannica
Pax Americana
Pax Ottomana
History of cartography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Prawdin. The Mongol Empire: its rise and legacy. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2006. p.347
Jump up ^ Charlton M. Lewis and W. Scott Morton. China: Its History and Culture (Fourth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. p.121
Jump up ^ Laurence Bergreen. Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu. New York: Vintage, 2007. Print. p.27–28
Jump up ^ David Morgan (historian). The Mongols second edition. Oxford: OUP, 2007. p.55
Jump up ^ Amy Chua. Day of Empire: How hyperpowers rise to global dominance, and why they fall. New York: Random House, 2007. p.95
^ Jump up to: a b Jack Weatherford. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. p. 28
^ Jump up to: a b c d All Empires: Online History Community. "The Mongol Empire." Feb. 2007. Web. 22 November 2009
Jump up ^ Joseph Needham, Ling Wang. Science and civilisation in China. New York: Caimbridge UP, 1954.
Jump up ^ Janet Abu-Lughod. "The Shape of the World System in the Thirteenth Century." Studies in Comparative International Development 22.4 (1988): 3–25. Print.
Jump up ^ Janet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony: the world system a.d. 1250–1350. New York: OUP, 1989. Print. p.158
^ Jump up to: a b c Michael Prawdin. The Mongol Empire: Its rise and legacy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2006. Print. p.350.
Jump up ^ Janet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony: the world system a.d. 1250–1350. New York: OUP, 1989. Print. p.356–357
Jump up ^ Bira Shagdar. "The Mongol Empire in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: East-West Relations". The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. Vadime Elisseeff. Paris: Berghahn, 2000. 288–293. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke. Power and Plenty: trade, war, and the world economy in the second millennium. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. Print. p.108
Jump up ^ Robert Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke. Power and Plenty: trade, war, and the world economy in the second millennium. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. Print. p.109
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Jack Weatherford. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. Print. p.136
Jump up ^ John M. Hobson. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. p.181.
Jump up ^ William Bernstein. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. New York: Grove Press, 2008. Print. p.78–128
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bira Shagdar. "The Mongol Empire in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: East-West Relations". The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce. Vadime Elisseeff. Paris: Berghahn, 2000. 127–144. Print.
Jump up ^ Jack Weatherford. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. Print. p.118–119
Jump up ^ George Lane. Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. p.31
Jump up ^ Jack Weatherford. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. Print. p.67
^ Jump up to: a b Jack Weatherford. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. Print. p.69
Jump up ^ George Lane. "Daily Life in the Mongol Empire". Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. Print. p.216
Jump up ^ George Lane. Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. p.36
Jump up ^ Karen Armstrong. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2002. Print. p.98
Jump up ^ George Lane. "Daily Life in the Mongol Empire". Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. Print. p.217–218
Jump up ^ George Lane. Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. p.33
Jump up ^ George Lane. Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. p.35
Jump up ^ Charles King. The Black Sea: A History. New York: OUP, 2004. Print. p.90
Jump up ^ Angus Mackay, ed. Atlas of Medieval Europe. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print. p.209
^ Jump up to: a b William J. Bernstein. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. New York: Grove Press, 2008. Print. p.139
Jump up ^ William J. Bernstein. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. New York: Grove Press, 2008. Print. p.139–140
Jump up ^ William J. Bernstein. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. New York: Grove Press, 2008. Print. p.145
Jump up ^ Janet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: OUP, 1989. Print. p.183
Jump up ^ Laurence Bergreen. Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu. New York: Vintage, 2007. Print. p.358
^ Jump up to: a b c d Janet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: OUP, 1989. Print. p.340–348
Jump up ^ Thomas T. Allsen - Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.6
Jump up ^ Gregory G.Guzman - "Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?", The historian 50 (1988), 568–570
Jump up ^ Thomas T.Allsen - Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia, 211
Further reading[edit]
Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Crown, 2004) ISBN 0-609-61062-7.
Thomas T. Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization Cambridge University Press March 25, 2004 ISBN 0-521-60270-X
Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410 Longman 2005 ISBN 0-582-36896-0
External links[edit]
"The Pax Mongolica". The Pax Mongolica. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
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text:
The Fun They Had
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"The Fun They Had"
Author
Isaac Asimov
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Science fiction
Published in
Boys and Girls Page
Publication type
Periodical
Media type
Print (Newspaper, Magazine, Hardback & Paperback)
Publication date
1 December 1951
"The Fun They Had" is a science fiction story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It first appeared in a children's newspaper in 1951 and was reprinted in the February 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, as well as the collections Earth Is Room Enough (1957), 50 Short Science Fiction Tales (1960), and The Best of Isaac Asimov (1973). It has been modified in a Finnish English book called KEY English 8-9.
Written as a personal favor for a friend, "The Fun They Had" became "probably the biggest surprise of my literary career", Asimov wrote in 1973. He reported that it had been reprinted more than 30 times with more being planned. "Why? I don't know why."[1] It is about computerized home schooling, and what children miss out on by not being in school together.
Plot summary[edit]
Set in the year 2155, when children learn individually at home using a mechanical teacher, the story tells of eleven-year-old Margie Jones, whose neighbor Tommy finds a real book. The book tells about a time when children learned by age group in large schools that were not merely designated rooms in private houses as in the year 2155. Margie and Tommy discuss what it must have been like to study together with a real person as a teacher, and though at first Margie is skeptical about the notion, by the end of the story she daydreams about what it must have been like and 'the fun they had'.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1973). "Introduction". The Best of Isaac Asimov. Sphere Books. pp. ix–xiv. ISBN 0-385-05078-X. LCCN 74-2863.
External links[edit]
The Fun They Had title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
"The Fun They Had" on the Internet Archive
show
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t
e
Earth Is Room Enough by Isaac Asimov
"The Dead Past"
"The Foundation of S.F. Success"
"Franchise"
"Gimmicks Three"
"Kid Stuff"
"The Watery Place"
"Living Space"
"The Message"
"Satisfaction Guaranteed"
"Hell-Fire"
"The Last Trump"
"The Fun They Had"
"Jokester"
"The Immortal Bard"
"Someday"
"The Author's Ordeal"
"Dreaming Is a Private Thing"
show
v
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e
The Best of Isaac Asimov by Isaac Asimov
"Marooned off Vesta"
"Nightfall"
"C-Chute"
"The Martian Way"
"The Deep"
"The Fun They Had"
"The Last Question"
"The Dead Past"
"The Dying Night"
"Anniversary"
"The Billiard Ball"
"Mirror Image"

This article about a science fiction short story (or stories) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fun_They_Had&oldid=837773873"
Categories:
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text:
History of the flags of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A 2.00 m × 1.70 m oil painting showing historical U.S. flags.
This article describes the evolution of the flag of the United States of America, as well as other flags used within the country, such as the flags of governmental agencies. There are also separate flags for embassies and boats.
Contents
1 National flags
1.1 Historical progression of designs
1.2 Other historical versions
1.3 Possible future designs
2 Executive branch flags
2.1 Office of the President
2.2 Office of the Vice President
2.3 Department of State
2.4 Department of the Treasury
2.5 Department of Defense
2.6 Department of Justice
2.7 Department of the Interior
2.8 Department of Agriculture
2.9 Department of Commerce
2.10 Department of Labor
2.11 Department of Health and Human Services
2.12 Department of Housing and Urban Development
2.13 Department of Transportation
2.14 Department of Energy
2.15 Department of Education
2.16 Department of Veterans Affairs
2.17 Department of Homeland Security
3 Other federal flags
3.1 Uniformed services flags
3.1.1 Army
3.1.2 Marine Corps
3.1.3 Navy
3.1.4 Air Force
3.1.5 Coast Guard
3.1.6 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps)
4 State flags
4.1 History
4.2 Current state flags
5 Territorial and commonwealth flags
5.1 Uninhabited territory flags
6 Associated state flags
7 County flags
7.1 Municipal organizations
8 City flags
8.1 Municipal organizations
9 Maritime flags
9.1 Ensigns
9.1.1 National
9.1.2 States
9.1.3 Other
9.1.3.1 Jacks
10 Native American tribal flags
11 Historical flags
11.1 American Revolutionary War
11.2 Former federal flags
11.3 Other states
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links
National flags[edit]
Main article: Flag of the United States
Historical progression of designs[edit]
Since 1818, a star for each new state has been added to the flag on the Fourth of July immediately following each state's admission. In years which multiple states were admitted, the number of stars on the flag jumped correspondingly; the most pronounced example of this is 1890, when five states were admitted within the span of a single year (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in November 1889 and Idaho on July 3, 1890). This change has typically been the only change made with each revision of the flag since 1777, with the exception of changes in 1795 and 1818, which increased the number of stripes to 15 and then returned it to 13, respectively.
As the exact pattern of stars was not specified prior to 1912, and the exact colors not specified prior to 1934, many of the historical U.S. national flags shown below are typical rather than official designs.
1775–1777 (the "Grand Union Flag")
1777–1795
1795–1818 (the "Star-Spangled Banner")
1818–1819
1819–1820
1820–1822
1822–1836
1836–1837
1837–1845
1845–1846
1846–1847
1847–1848
1848–1851
1851–1858
1858–1859
1859–1861
1861–1863
1863–1865
1865–1867
1867–1877
1877–1890
1890–1891
1891–1896
1896–1908
1908–1912
1912–1959
1959–1960
1960–present
Other historical versions[edit]
Betsy Ross circular 13-star version (1792)
1777–1795 (the "Hopkinson Flag")
Battle of Bennington version (1777)
Possible future designs[edit]
[original research?]
With the addition of states, the U.S. flag increases the number of stars. Examples of possible designs for U.S. flags with up to 5 additional states are displayed here.
Flag design displaying 51 stars
Flag design displaying 51 stars
United States 51-star flag (proposed by New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico)
Flag design displaying 52 stars
Flag design displaying 52 stars
Flag design displaying 53 stars
Flag design displaying 54 stars
Flag design displaying 55 stars
Executive branch flags[edit]
Office of the President[edit]
Flag of the President
Flag of the Executive Office of the President
Flag of the Trade Representative
Office of the Vice President[edit]
Flag of the Vice President
Department of State[edit]
Flag of the Department of State
Flag of the Secretary of State
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of State
Flag of United States ambassadors
Flag of a Consular officer
Flag of a Foreign Service officer
Department of the Treasury[edit]
Flag of the Department of the Treasury
Flag of the Secretary of the Treasury
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
Flag of an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
Flag of an Under Secretary of the Treasury
Flag of the Comptroller of the Currency
Department of Defense[edit]
Flag of the Secretary of Defense
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Defense
Flag of the National Security Agency
Flag of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
Department of Justice[edit]
Flag of the Department of Justice
Flag of the Attorney General
Flag of the Associate Attorney General
Flag of the Solicitor General
Flag of an Assistant Attorney General
Flag of the Drug Enforcement Administration
Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Flag of the Marshals Service
Flag of the Marshals Service
Flag of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Flag of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Department of the Interior[edit]
Flag of the Department of the Interior
Flag of the Secretary of the Interior
Flag of the National Park Service
Guidon of the National Park Service
Flag of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Flag of the Fish and Wildlife Service
Flag of the Bureau of Land Management
Flag of the Geological Survey
Department of Agriculture[edit]
Flag of the Department of Agriculture
Flag of the Secretary of Agriculture
Flag of the Forest Service
Department of Commerce[edit]
Flag of the Department of Commerce
Flag of the Secretary of Commerce
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Commerce
Flag of the General Counsel of the Department of Commerce
Flag of the Head of a Department of Commerce Primary Operating Unit
Flag of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Department of Labor[edit]
Flag of the Department of Labor
Flag of the Secretary of Labor
Department of Health and Human Services[edit]
Flag of the Department of Health and Human Services
Flag of the Secretary of Health and Human Services
Flag of the Public Health Service
Flag of the Surgeon General
Department of Housing and Urban Development[edit]
Flag of the Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Transportation[edit]
Flag of the Department of Transportation
Flag of the Secretary of Transportation
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Transportation
Flag of an Assistant Secretary of Transportation
Flag of the Federal Aviation Administration
Flag of the Maritime Administration
Department of Energy[edit]
Flag of the Department of Energy
Flag of the Secretary of Energy
Department of Education[edit]
Flag of the Department of Education
Flag of the Secretary of Education
Department of Veterans Affairs[edit]
Flag of the Department of Veterans Affairs
Flag of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Flag of the Director of the National Cemetery System
Flag of an Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Department of Homeland Security[edit]
Flag of the Department of Homeland Security
Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security
Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
Flag of Customs and Border Protection
Flag of Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Flag of the Border Patrol
Flag of the Secret Service
Flag of the Federal Protective Service
Flag of the CBP Office of Field Operations
Other federal flags[edit]
Many agencies, departments, and offices of the U.S. federal government have their own flags, guidons, or standards. Following traditional American vexillology, these usually consist of the agency's departmental seal on a blank opaque background, but not always.
Flag of the National Reconnaissance Office
Flag of the Central Intelligence Agency
Flag of the Environmental Protection Agency
Flag of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Flag of the Securities and Exchange Commission
Flag of the Peace Corps
Flag of the Library of Congress
Flag of the Tennessee Valley Authority
Flag of the Government Accountability Office
Flag of the Federal Trade Commission
Flag of the National Science Foundation
Flag of the Smithsonian Institution
Flag of the House of Representatives
Flag of the Speaker of the House of Representatives
Flag of the Senate
Flag of the Federal Reserve System
Flag of the Senior Executive Service
Flag of the Social Security Administration
Flag of the Capitol Police
Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau
Flag of the Defense Commissary Agency
Uniformed services flags[edit]
Main article: Flags of the United States Armed Forces
Army[edit]
Flag of the Army
Flag of the Secretary of the Army
Flag of the Under Secretary of the Army
Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army
Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army
Flag of the Surgeon General of the Army
Flag of an Army general
Flag of an Army lieutenant general
Flag of an Army major general
Flag of an Army brigadier general
Flag of the First Army
Flag of the Second Army
Flag of Army Central
Flag of the Fourth Army
Flag of Army North
Flag of the Sixth Army
Flag of the Seventh Army
Flag of the Eighth Army
Flag of the 1st Armored Division
Flag of the 2nd Armored Division
Flag of the 3rd Armored Division
Flag of the 1st Cavalry Division
Flag of the 1st Infantry Division
Flag of the 2nd Infantry Division
Flag of the 3rd Infantry Division
Flag of the 10th Mountain Division
Flag of the 25th Infantry Division
Flag of the 28th Infantry Division
Flag of the 29th Infantry Division
Flag of the 36th Infantry Division
Flag of the 40th Infantry Division
Flag of the 42nd Military Police Brigade
Flag of the 82nd Airborne Division
Flag of the 101st Airborne Division
Flag of the I Corps
Flag of the XVIII Airborne Corps
Marine Corps[edit]
Flag of the Marine Corps
Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps
Flag of a Marine Corps general
Flag of a Marine Corps lieutenant general
Flag of a Marine Corps major general
Flag of a Marine Corps brigadier general
Flag of Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment
Navy[edit]
Flag of the Navy
Flag of the Secretary of the Navy
Flag of the Under Secretary of the Navy
Flag of the Chief of Naval Operations
Flag of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations
Flag of an Unrestricted Line (URL) Navy admiral. Staff Corps Flag Officers have white flags with the appropriate number of blue stars in an identical pattern as URL admiral's flags.
Flag of an URL Navy vice admiral
Flag of an URL Navy rear admiral
Flag of an URL Navy rear admiral (lower half)
Christian naval worship pennant
Jewish naval worship pennant
Air Force[edit]
Flag of the Air Force
Flag of the Secretary of the Air Force
Flag of the Under Secretary of the Air Force
Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Flag of an Air Force general
Flag of an Air Force lieutenant general
Flag of an Air Force major general
Flag of an Air Force brigadier general
Coast Guard[edit]
Flag of the Coast Guard
Guidon of the Coast Guard
Flag of the Coast Guard Auxiliary
Flag of the Commandant of the Coast Guard
Flag of the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard
Flag of a Coast Guard admiral
Flag of a Coast Guard vice admiral
Flag of a Coast Guard rear admiral
Flag of a Coast Guard rear admiral (lower half)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps)[edit]
Flag of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps
State flags[edit]
Main article: Flags of the U.S. states
Map showing the U.S. state flags of the 50 states
The flags of the U.S. states, territories and federal district exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as different styles and design principles. Nonetheless, the majority of the states' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background, commonly every different shade of blue.
The most recent current state flag is that of Utah (February 16, 2011), while the most recent current territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands (July 1, 1985).
History[edit]
Modern U.S. state flags date from the 1890s, when states wanted to have distinctive symbols at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Most U.S. state flags were designed and adopted between 1893 and World War I.[1]
According to a 2001 survey by the North American Vexillological Association, New Mexico has the best-designed flag of any U.S. state, U.S. territory, or Canadian province, while Georgia's state flag was rated the worst design.[2] (Georgia adopted a new flag in 2003; Nebraska's state flag, whose design was rated second worst, remains in use to date.)
Current state flags[edit]
Dates in parentheses denote when the current flag was adopted by the state's legislature.
[5][N 1]
Flag of Alabama
(February 16, 1895)[3]
Flag of Alaska
(July 6, 1927)
Flag of Arizona
(January 25, 1917)
Flag of Arkansas
(March 16, 1924)
Flag of California
(February 3, 1911)
Flag of Colorado
(March 31, 1964)
Flag of Connecticut
(September 9, 1897)
Flag of Delaware
(July 24, 1913)
Flag of Florida
(May 21, 1985)
Flag of Georgia
(February 19, 2003)
Flag of Hawaii
(December 29, 1845)
Flag of Idaho
(November 2, 1957)
Flag of Illinois
(June 27, 1969)
Flag of Indiana
(May 31, 1917)
Flag of Iowa
(March 12, 1921)
Flag of Kansas
(September 22, 1961)
Flag of Kentucky
(March 26, 1918)
Flag of Louisiana
(November 22, 2010)[4]
Flag of Maine
(June 16, 1909)
Flag of Maryland
(November 25, 1904)
Flag of Massachusetts
(March 21, 1971)
Flag of Michigan
(June 26, 1911)
Flag of Minnesota
(August 2, 1983)
Flag of Mississippi
(April 23, 1894, and February 7, 2001; see notes)[5]
Flag of Missouri
(September 4, 1913)
Flag of Montana
(December 17, 1981)
Flag of Nebraska
(July 16, 1963)
Flag of Nevada
(July 25, 1991)
Flag of New Hampshire
(November 30, 1931)
Flag of New Jersey
(January 15, 1896)
Flag of New Mexico
(September 18, 1920)
Flag of New York
(April 1, 1901)
Flag of North Carolina
(June 24, 1991)[6]
Flag of North Dakota
(November 9, 1943)
Flag of Ohio
(May 9, 1902)
Flag of Oklahoma
(1941; November 1, 2006)[7][8]
Flag of Oregon (obverse)
(April 15, 1925)[9]
Flag of Oregon (reverse)
Flag of Pennsylvania
(April 24, 1907)
Flag of Rhode Island
(July 27, 1640, formally November 1, 1897)
Flag of South Carolina
(September 28, 1861)
Flag of South Dakota
(November 9, 1992)
Flag of Tennessee
(February 3, 1905)
Flag of Texas
(January 25, 1839)
Flag of Utah
(February 16, 2011)[10][11][12][13]
Flag of Vermont
(April 17, 1923)
Flag of Virginia
(February 1, 1950)[14]
Flag of Washington[15]
(March 5, 1923)
Flag of West Virginia
(November 6, 1929)
Flag of Wisconsin
(May 1, 1981)[16]
Flag of Wyoming
(March 4, 1917)
Territorial and commonwealth flags[edit]
Puerto Rico (territory with commonwealth status)
Guam (territory)
American Samoa (territory)
U.S. Virgin Islands (territory)
Northern Mariana Islands (commonwealth in political union)
District of Columbia (federal district)
Uninhabited territory flags[edit]
The U.S. national flag is the official flag for all islands, atolls, and reefs composing the United States Minor Outlying Islands. However, unofficial flags are in use on five of these nine insular areas:
Johnston Atoll
Midway Atoll
Navassa Island
Palmyra Atoll
Wake Island
Associated state flags[edit]
While the countries mentioned are recognized independent nations with UN seats, the U.S. maintains and exercises jurisdictional control over the countries in defense, security, and funding grants.
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Palau
County flags[edit]
Main article: Flags of counties of the United States
Municipal organizations[edit]
Flag of the Los Angeles County Fire Department
Flag of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
City flags[edit]
Main article: Flags of cities of the United States
Municipal organizations[edit]
Flag of the Los Angeles Police Department
Flag of the Los Angeles Airport Police Department
Flag of the New York City Police Department
Flag of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
Maritime flags[edit]
Ensigns[edit]
Main article: Ensign of the United States
National[edit]
Since 1777, the national ensign of the United States has also simultaneously served as its national flag. The current version is shown below; for previous versions, please see the section Historical progression of designs above.
Ensign of the United States (1960–present)
Grand Union Flag (naval ensign, 1775–1777)
Civil Ensign (circa 1776)
States[edit]
Naval and Maritime Flag of Massachusetts
Merchant and Marine Flag of Maine
Other[edit]
Ensign of the Coast Guard
Ensign of the Power Squadrons
Yacht ensign
Jacks[edit]
Main article: Jack of the United States
Union Jack (state jack, 2002–present; naval and state jack, 1960–2002)
First Navy Jack (naval jack, 2002–present)
Naval Jack (circa 1776)
Native American tribal flags[edit]
Further information: Flags of Native Americans in the United States on Wikimedia Commons
Flag of the Arapaho
Flag of the Cherokee Nation
Flag of the Sac and Fox
Historical flags[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
American Revolutionary War[edit]
Cowpens flag
Bennington flag
Betsy Ross flag
Brandywine flag
Grand Union Flag
Easton Flag
Bedford Flag (1775)
Bunker Hill flag
Guilford Courthouse flag
George Rogers Clark Flag
Flag of New England
Serapis flag
Gadsden Flag
Moultrie Liberty Flag
Former federal flags[edit]
Flag of the President (1899)
Flag of the President (1902)
Flag of the President (1916)
Flag of the President (1945)
Flag of the Vice President (1915)
Flag of the Vice President (1936)
Flag of the Vice President (1948)
Flag of the Vice President (1975)
Flag of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (1899–1970)
Flag of the Environmental Science Services Administration (1965–1970)
Flag of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (until 2003)
Flag of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (until 2003)
Flag of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
Flag of the Department of the Interior (until 1917)
Flag of the Secretary of the Interior (1917–1934)
Infantry Battalion flag (de facto flag of the U.S. Navy until 1959)
Flag of the Secretary of Labor (1915–1960)
Flag of the Department of Labor (1915–1960)
Flag of the Secretary of the Treasury (1887–1915)
Flag of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Flag of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Flag of the Under Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Flag of the Assistant Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
Flag of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service
Flag of the Marine Hospital Service
Flag of the Bureau of Navigation (1838–1946) (?–1946)
Flag of the Director of the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation (?–1946)
Ensign of the Revenue-Marine (1799)
Ensign of the Revenue-Marine (1815)
Ensign of the Revenue-Marine (1836)
Ensign of the Revenue-Marine (1841)
Ensign of the Revenue-Marine (1867)
Ensign of the Revenue-Marine (1868)
Ensign of the Coast Guard (1915–1953)
Flag of the Coast Guard Auxiliary (1940–1968)
Flag of the Office of Homeland Security (2001-2002)
Flag of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency
Flag of the General Accounting Office
Boat flag (1912–1916)
Flag of U.S. Forces – Iraq (2010-2011)
Flag of the United States Bureau of Fisheries (?–1940)
Flag of the Commissioner of Fisheries (?–1940)
Pennant of the
United States Life-Saving Service
(?–1915)
Pennant of the United States Lighthouse Service
(?–1939)
Flag of the Commissioner of Lighthouses
(?–1939)
Flag of the Superintendent of Lighthouses
(?–1939)
Flag of the Marine Corps
(1914–1939)
Fort Sumter Flag (1861)
Flag of the Department of Transportation (1967–1980)
Other states[edit]
See also: Flags of the Confederate States of America
Flag of the Green Mountain Boys, the Vermont Republic (1777–1791), and the state of Vermont (1791–1804)
Texas Come and Take It flag
Flag of the California Republic
Flag of the Republic of West Florida (1810)
J.P Gillis Flag (California)
Alamo flag (Texas)
Flag of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
1901 Maine Flag in use from 1901-1909
See also[edit]
Heraldry portal
United States portal
Book: Flags of the United States
Flag Day in the United States
Flag desecration in the United States
Flags of cities of the United States
Flags of counties of the United States
Flags of the U.S. states
North American Vexillological Association
United States Flag Code
Notes[edit]
^ The Mississippi flag was first adopted in April 1894. However, it was repealed in 1906, remaining in de facto usage until its official re-adoption in April 2001.
References[edit]
^ Artimovich, Nick. "Questions & Answers". North American Vexillological Association. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
^ Kaye, Ted (2001-06-10). "NEW MEXICO TOPS STATE/PROVINCIAL FLAGS SURVEY, GEORGIA LOSES BY WIDE MARGIN". North American Vexillological Association. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
^ "State Flag of Alabama". Alabama Emblems, Symbols and Honors. Alabama Department of Archives & History. 2006-04-27. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
^ Anderson, Ed (November 22, 2010). "New Louisiana state flag with bleeding pelican is unfurled". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
^ a b State of Mississippi (February 7, 2001). "Miss. Code Ann. § 3-3-16: Design of state flag". Mississippi Code of 1972. LexisNexis. HISTORY: SOURCES: Laws, 2001, ch. 301, § 2, eff from and after February 7, 2001 (the date the United States Attorney General interposed no objection under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, to the addition of this section.)
^ "Official State Symbols of North Carolina". North Carolina State Library. State of North Carolina. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
^ "The Oklahoma State Flag". NetState. NState, LLC. February 6, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2015. Colors shall be colorfast and shall not bleed one into another. Added by Laws 1925, c. 234, p. 340, § 1. Amended by Laws 1941, p. 90, § 1; Laws 2006, c. 181, § 1, eff. Nov. 1, 2006.
^ "Enrolled Senate Bill No. 1359". Oklahoma State Courts Network. May 23, 2006. Retrieved January 26, 2015. This act shall become effective November 1, 2006.
^ Text states that Oregon adopted its flag in 1925
^ Dan Bammes (2011-02-17). "Legislature: Fixing the Flag". KUER-FM. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
^ "Utah State Flag Concurrent Resolution, 2011 General Session, State of Utah". Retrieved February 17, 2011.
^ Keith McCord (12 February 2011). "Resolution aims to correct state flag goof". KSL-TV. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
^ Dennis Romboy (9 March 2011). "Utahns celebrate first State Flag Day". KSL-TV. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
^ Commonwealth of Virginia (February 1, 1950). "§ 1-506. Flag of the Commonwealth". Code of Virginia. Virginia: Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved January 28, 2015. The flag of the Commonwealth shall be a deep blue field, with a circular white centre of the same material. Upon this circle shall be painted or embroidered, to show on both sides alike, the coat of arms of the Commonwealth, as described in § 1-500 for the obverse of the great seal of the Commonwealth; and there may be a white fringe on the outer edge, furthest from the flagstaff. This shall be known and respected as the flag of the Commonwealth. (Code 1950, § 7-32; 1966, c. 102, § 7.1-32; 2005, c. 839.)
^ "Symbols of Washington State". Washington State Legislature. Archived from the original on 2007-03-05. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
^ State of Wisconsin. "286". Section: 1.08: State flag. Laws of 1979. Retrieved August 21, 2015. The department of administration shall ensure that all official state flags that are manufactured on or after May 1, 1981, conform to the requirements of this section. State flags manufactured before May 1, 1981, may continue to be used as state flags.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the United States of America.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the United States.
The History of U.S. Flags (YouTube) (Slideshow on U.S. National Flags Historical Progression)
History of the flags(in Russian)
United States Minor Outlying Islands at Flags of the World
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Names in italics indicate non-sovereign (dependent) territories, disputed states and/or former countries.
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1777–1795 (the "Hopkinson Flag")

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values: Edit section: Department of the Interior

values: United States Department of the Interior

values: Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Commerce

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values: Flag of the General Counsel of the Department of Commerce

values: Flag of the Head of a Department of Commerce Primary Operating Unit

values: Flag of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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values: Flag of the Department of Health and Human Services

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values: Flag of the Department of Housing and Urban Development

values: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

values: Edit section: Department of Transportation

values: Flag of the Department of Transportation

values: United States Department of Transportation

values: United States Secretary of Transportation

values: Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Transportation

values: Flag of an Assistant Secretary of Transportation

values: Flag of the Federal Aviation Administration

values: Edit section: Department of Veterans Affairs

values: Flag of the Department of Veterans Affairs

values: United States Department of Veterans Affairs

values: Flag of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs

values: United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs

values: Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs

values: United States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs

values: Flag of the Director of the National Cemetery System

values: Flag of an Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs

values: Edit section: Department of Homeland Security

values: Flag of the Department of Homeland Security

values: United States Department of Homeland Security

values: Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security

values: United States Secretary of Homeland Security

values: Flag of the Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security

values: United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security

values: Flag of Immigration and Customs Enforcement

values: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

values: Federal Protective Service (United States)

values: Flag of the CBP Office of Field Operations

values: Flag of the National Reconnaissance Office

values: Flag of the Environmental Protection Agency

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values: Flag of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

values: Flag of the Securities and Exchange Commission

values: Flag of the Government Accountability Office

values: Flag of the Speaker of the House of Representatives

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

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Senior Executive Service

values: Flag of the Social Security Administration

values: Flag of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau

values: United States Under Secretary of the Army

values: Chief of Staff of the United States Army

values: Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army

values: Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army

values: Surgeon General of the United States Army

values: Flag of the 42nd Military Police Brigade

values: 42nd Military Police Brigade (United States)

values: Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps

values: Flag of a Marine Corps lieutenant general

values: Flag of a Marine Corps brigadier general

values: Flag of Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment

values: United States Under Secretary of the Navy

values: Flag of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations

values: Flag of an URL Navy rear admiral (lower half)

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Christian naval worship pennant

values: United States Secretary of the Air Force

values: Flag of the Under Secretary of the Air Force

values: United States Under Secretary of the Air Force

values: Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force

values: Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force

values: Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force

values: Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force

values: Flag of the Commandant of the Coast Guard

values: Flag of the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard

values: Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard

values: Flag of a Coast Guard rear admiral (lower half)

values: Edit section: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps)

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values: List of U.S. state, district, and territorial seals

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Flag of Alabama(February 16, 1895)[3]

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Flag of Alaska (July 6, 1927)

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Flag of Arizona (January 25, 1917)

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Flag of Arkansas (March 16, 1924)

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Flag of California (February 3, 1911)

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Flag of Connecticut (September 9, 1897)

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Flag of Delaware (July 24, 1913)

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Flag of Florida(May 21, 1985)

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Flag of Hawaii (December 29, 1845)

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Flag of Indiana (May 31, 1917)

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values: Flag of Oklahoma (1941; November 1, 2006)[7][8]

values: Flag of Oregon (obverse) (April 15, 1925)[9]

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values: Flag of Rhode Island (July 27, 1640, formally November 1, 1897)

values: Flag of South Carolina (September 28, 1861)

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values: Flag of West Virginia (November 6, 1929)

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values: Edit section: Territorial and commonwealth flags

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values: Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia

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values: Flag of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department

values: Flag of the Los Angeles Police Department

values: Flag of the Los Angeles Airport Police Department

values: Flag of the New York City Police Department

values: Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

values: Ensign of the United States (1960–present)

values: Grand Union Flag (naval ensign, 1775–1777)

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Gadsden Flag

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values: Flag of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (1899–1970)

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values: Infantry Battalion flag (de facto flag of the U.S. Navy until 1959)

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values: Liste der Flaggen der Vereinigten Staaten – German

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