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Operculum (fish)
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Opercular series in bony fish: operculum (yellow), preoperculum (red), interoperculum (green) and suboperculum (pink)
The operculum is a series of bones found in bony fish that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills; it is also used for respiration and feeding.[1]
Contents
1 Anatomy
2 Developmental
3 See also
4 References
Anatomy[edit]
The opercular series contains four bone segments known as the preoperculum, suboperculum, interoperculum and operculum. The preoperculum is a crescent-shaped structure that has a series of ridges directed posterodorsally to the organisms canal pores. The preoperculum can be located through an exposed condyle that is present immediately under its ventral margin; it also borders the operculum, suboperculum, and interoperculum posteriorly. The suboperculum is rectangular in shape in most bony fishy and is located ventral to the preoperculum and operculum components. It is the thinnest bone segment out of the opercular series and is located directly above the gills. The interoperculum is triangular shaped and borders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. This bone is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding borders.[2]
The operculum of a European perch
Developmental[edit]
During development the opercular series is known to be one of the first bone structures to form. In the three-spined stickleback the opercular series is seen forming at around seven days after fertilization. Within hours the formation of the shape is visible and then the individual components are developed days later. The size and shape of the operculum bone is dependent on the organism's location. For example, fresh water threespine sticklebacks form a less dense and smaller opercular series in relation to marine threespine sticklebacks. The marine threespine stickleback exhibits a larger and thicker opercular series. This provides evidence that there was an evolutionary change in the operculum bone. The thicker and more dense bone may have been favored due to selective pressures exerted from the threespine stickleback's environment. The development of the operculuar series has changed dramatically over time. The fossil record of the threespine stickleback provide the ancestral shapes of the operculum bone. Overall, the operculum bone became more triangular in shape and thicker in size over time.[2]
Genes that are essential in the development of the opercular series is the Eda and Pitx1 genes.These genes are known to be a part of the development and loss of armor plates in gnathostomes. The Endothelin1 pathway is thought to be associated with the development of the operculum bone since it regulates dorsal-ventral patterning of the hyomandibular region. Mutations in Edn1-pathway in zebrafish are known to lead to deformities of the opercular series shape and size.[2]
The opercular series is vital in obtaining oxygen. They open as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water. In cartilaginous ratfishes, they present soft and flexible opercular flaps. Sharks, rays and relatives such as elasmobranch fishes lack the opercular series. They instead respire through a series of gill slits that perforate the body wall. Without the operculum bone, other methods of getting water to the gills are required, such as ventilation..
See also[edit]
Hyomandibula
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Charles B. Kimmel; Windsor E. Aguirre; Bonnie Ullmann; Mark Currey; William A. Cresko (2008). "Allometric change accompanies opercular shape evolution in Alaskan threespine sticklebacks". Fifth International Conference on Stickleback Behavior and Evolution. 145 (4/5): 669–691. JSTOR 40295944.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lane, Jennifer A.; Ebert, Martin. "Revision of Furo muensteri (Halecomorphi, Ophiopsidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Western Europe, with comments on the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (4): 799–819. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.680325.
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Basilica of Mary, Queen of the Universe
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Basilica of the National Shrine of Mary, Queen of the Universe
Basic information
Location
8300 Vineland Avenue
Orlando, Florida
Affiliation
Roman Catholic
Rite
Latin Rite
State
Florida
Country
United States of America
Ecclesiastical or organizational status
Minor Basilica, National Shrine
The Basilica of the National Shrine of Mary, Queen of the Universe is a Latin Rite basilica located in Orlando, Florida at 8300 Vineland Avenue. It was built to service the large number of Catholic tourists who visit the attractions in the Greater Orlando area. While it is a 2,000-seat church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orlando and provides Mass for the faithful, it has also become a regional tourist attraction. In 2009, it was designated as the 63rd minor basilica in the United States. Since it is not a parish only the Sacraments of Reconciliation and Holy Eucharist during Mass are celebrated. No weekly bulletins are distributed.
The Shrine consists of the main church, the Rosary Garden, the Mother & Child Outdoor Chapel, the Blessed Sacrament Chapel, the Shrine Museum, and a gift shop.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Facts
3 Gallery
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Nativity scene in the side Chapel (Dec 2015)
This is a picture of the inside of the shrine with Christmas decorations.
After the grand opening of Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, the Diocese of Orlando determined that the thousands of Catholics visiting from around the world needed a place to attend Mass. The Diocese arranged for Masses at several area hotels to handle the unique "tourist ministry", originally named Orlando's Holy Family Parish. Bishop Thomas Grady named Father F. Joseph Harte to be the first pastor. With projections predicting over 30 million annual visitors to Greater Orlando in the 1970s, Fr. Harte and Bishop Grady worked to establish a permanent location. In 1979, work was completed on the new facility, named under the patronage of the Virgin Mary.
The use of the title "Mary, Queen of the Universe" is drawn from section 59 of Lumen gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church issued in 1964 by the Second Vatican Council, which stated: "Finally, the Immaculate Virgin, preserved free from all guilt of original sin, on the completion of her earthly sojourn, was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully conformed to her Son, the Lord of lords and the conqueror of sin and death."[1] This usage could reflect Orlando's connection to nearby Cape Canaveral, the liftoff point for America's manned space program, as spaceflight was likely the inspiration for the term. Cape Canaveral is part of the Diocese of Orlando.
The National Conference of Catholic Bishops held their spring convocation here in 2008.[2] On July 17, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI declared the Shrine a minor basilica because of its ministry to the estimated half million pilgrims and tourists.[3]
Facts[edit]
The fourteen aisle windows are entitled "The Magnificat Windows"
It also ministers to Catholic workers at Walt Disney World and Universal Orlando Resort.
It is the nearest Catholic church to Walt Disney World.
The Outdoor Chapel features a bronze sculpture of the Mother and Child by Jerzy Kenar
The Museum displays Church art from around the world
The Shrine contains a 8-foot-tall (2.4 m) sculpture featuring Mary and Baby Jesus bearing the same name "Mary, Queen of the Universe" sculpted by Jill Burkee of white marble from Carrara, Italy.
In 2015, Bishop John Noonan designated the central door as a Holy Door as part of the celebration of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, and opened it on December 13th.[4]
Gallery[edit]
The altar area during the month of May, Mary is the Queen of May. Symbols of its designation as a Minor basilica can be seen, Umbraculum (left) and Tintinnabulum (right).
Main facade
Bell tower
The nave
The Christmas Nativity
A mosaic of Our Lady of Guadalupe
A statue of the Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus
The Crucifix above the high altar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lumen gentium, Chapter 8, Section 59". Vatican.va. 21 November 1964. Archived from the original on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
Jump up ^ Dodson, Laura (May 23, 2010). "Timeline chronicling the episcopacy of Archbishop Wenski". Florida Catholic. Orlando. p. A18. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
Jump up ^ Roen, Terry O. (25 January 2006). "Pope bestows honor on Daytona church". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Door of Mercy". orlandodiocese.org. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
External links[edit]
Media related to Basilica of Mary, Queen of the Universe (Orlando, Florida) at Wikimedia Commons
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