text:
Better Man (Little Big Town song)
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"Better Man"
Single by Little Big Town
from the album The Breaker
Released
October 20, 2016 (2016-10-20)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Country
Length
4:21
Label
Capitol Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Taylor Swift
Producer(s)
Jay Joyce[1]
Little Big Town singles chronology
"One of Those Days"
(2016) "Better Man"
(2016) "Happy People"
(2017)
"One of Those Days"
(2016) "Better Man"
(2016) "Happy People"
(2017)
Music video
"Better Man" on YouTube
"Better Man" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and performed by American country group Little Big Town, released on October 20, 2016.[2] It served as the lead single from the group's eighth studio album, The Breaker, which was released on February 24, 2017.[3] "Better Man" was first performed live at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2, 2016. The song won Song of the Year and was nominated for Single of the Year, and Music Video of the Year at the 2017 CMA Awards.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 Reception
3.1 Accolades
4 Commercial performance
5 Other versions
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Charts
6.2 Certifications
7 References
Background[edit]
The song was written about the breakup of a relationship by Taylor Swift. According to group member Karen Fairchild, Swift thought of the group because of the harmonies, and sent the song to them.[5]
"Better Man" has a play length of 4 minutes and 21 seconds. The song is in a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute, written with a 4/4 time signature. It is in the key of F major, with a chord pattern of F-C-B♭-B♭2-B♭. Karen Fairchild's lead vocal spans from F3 to B♭4.[6]
Music video[edit]
An accompanying music video was directed by Becky Fluke and Reid Long and premiered on November 1, 2016.[7] Set in a rural household, the video depicts three generations of single parents whose partners ultimately leave them.[8] The cycle is presumably broken at the end, when Philip Sweet's character has a baby girl and makes an effort to be a better role model.[8]
Reception[edit]
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe rated the song "A", saying that "It’s a concept that is grounded in so much truth that I’m amazed I’ve never heard it approached this way before" and "The writers do a great job of capturing both why [the song's narrator] stayed so long and why she had to leave, and all of the conflicting feelings that go along with that."[9] Taste of Country writer Billy Dukes also praised the song, saying that "This song isn’t as jarring as some of the quartet’s most recent hits. In fact, the mistreatment of women is only vaguely alluded to — there’s no one line that burns the hair off the back of your neck. Jay Joyce’s arrangement is soft but not stark. It’s among his more mainstream productions. Still, it’s clear Fairchild’s protagonist is reeling from a love that went very, very wrong."[10]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Result
2017 Billboard Music Awards[11] Top Country Song Nominated
CMT Music Awards[12] Group Video of the Year Won
Video of the Year Nominated
CMA Awards[4] Single of the Year Nominated
Song of the Year Won
Music Video of the Year Nominated
Commercial performance[edit]
The song sold 6,000 copies on its first day of release, enough to allow the song to enter the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 41.[13][14] It sold 20,000 the following week, and rose to No. 20 in the chart.[14][15] In its third week it sold a further 47,000 copies and climbed further to No. 6.[16] On the Hot Country Songs chart dated February 11, 2017, "Better Man" reached number one, earning the group their third leader. It spent two weeks at No.1 before being dethroned by "Body Like A Back Road" by Sam Hunt. [17] The song was certified platinum in the United States by the RIAA on August 23, 2017.[18] The song has sold 741,000 copies in the United States as of November 2017.[19]
Other versions[edit]
On February 4, 2017, Taylor Swift performed it at Club Nomadic in Houston as part of the DirecTV Special, Super Saturday Night.
On February 15, 2017, Chase Bryant recorded a cover version of the song, which changed the grammatical narrative from second person to first. Bryant's rendition was described favorably by both Billboard and Rolling Stone for the change in the song's perspective, as well as the harmonies provided by Runaway June.[20][21]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[22]
56
Canada Country (Billboard)[23]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[24]
34
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[25]
1
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[26]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[27]
Gold 5,000^
United States (RIAA)[18]
Platinum 741,000[19]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hear Little Big Town's Melancholy New Song 'Better Man'". rollingstone.com. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Black, Lauren Jo (November 1, 2016). "Little Big Town Reveals Taylor Swift as 'Better Man' Songwriter". Sounds Like Nashville. SpinMedia. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Better Man - Little Big Town | Release Info". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Weatherby, Taylor (September 4, 2017). "Keith Urban & Miranda Lambert Lead 2017 CMA Awards Nominees, Taylor Swift Earns First Nomination in Three Years". Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (November 1, 2016). "Who Did Taylor Swift Write "Better Man" About? We Investigate the Lyrics for Little Big Town's New Single". E! Online.
Jump up ^ "'Better Man' sheet music". musicnotes.com. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Big Town | Better Man | Music Video | MTV". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wicks, Amanda (November 1, 2016). "Little Big Town Premiere 'Better Man' Music Video". Radio.com. CBS Corporation. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coyne, Kevin John (October 27, 2016). "Single Review: Little Big Town, "Better Man"". Country Universe. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dukes, Billy. "Little Big Town, 'Better Man' [Listen]". Taste of Country. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stefano, Angela (May 21, 2017). "2017 Billboard Music Awards Country Winners List". The Boot. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stefano, Angela (June 7, 2017). "2017 CMT Music Awards Winners List". The Boot. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot Country Songs". Billboard. November 5, 2016. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b Bjorke, Matt (November 1, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report: November 1, 2016". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ "Hot Country Songs". Billboard. November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (November 7, 2016). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: November 7, 2016". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ Asker, Jim (January 31, 2016). "Little Big Town Leads Hot Country Songs With Taylor Swift-Written 'Better Man'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Little Big Town – Better Man". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved September 22, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b Bjorke, Matt (November 22, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: November 21, 2017". Roughstock. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (February 15, 2017). "Chase Bryant Shares Introspective Cover of Little Big Town's Taylor Swift-Penned 'Better Man': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Jon (February 15, 2017). "See Chase Bryant's Solemn Cover of Little Big Town's 'Better Man'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Big Town Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Big Town Chart History (Canada Country)" Billboard. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Big Town Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Big Town Chart History (Country Airplay)" Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Big Town Chart History (Hot Country Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Little Big Town – Better Man". Music Canada. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Preceded by
"Dirt on My Boots"
by Jon Pardi Billboard Canada Country
number-one single
March 11–18, 2017 Succeeded by
"Fast"
by Luke Bryan
Preceded by
"Blue Ain't Your Color"
by Keith Urban Billboard Hot Country Songs
number-one single
February 11–18, 2017 Succeeded by
"Body Like a Back Road"
by Sam Hunt
Preceded by
"Seein' Red"
by Dustin Lynch Billboard Country Airplay
number-one single
March 4–11, 2017 Succeeded by
"Sober Saturday Night"
by Chris Young featuring Vince Gill
[hide]
v
t
e
Little Big Town
Studio albums
Little Big Town
The Road to Here
A Place to Land
The Reason Why
Tornado
Pain Killer
Wanderlust
The Breaker
Notable singles
"Don't Waste My Time"
"Boondocks"
"Bring It On Home"
"Good as Gone"
"A Little More You"
"I'm with the Band"
"Fine Line"
"Little White Church"
"Pontoon"
"Tornado"
"Your Side of the Bed"
"Sober"
"Day Drinking"
"Girl Crush"
"Pain Killer"
"Better Man"
"Happy People"
Guest singles
"Smokin' and Drinkin'" (with Miranda Lambert)
Karen Fairchild's Guest singles
"Home Alone Tonight" (with Luke Bryan)
Other songs
"Go Tell It on the Mountain"
"Life in a Northern Town" (with Sugarland and Jake Owen)
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Man_(Little_Big_Town_song)&oldid=811772854"
Categories:
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text:
La La Land (soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
La La Land: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
Recorded
2016
Length
45:53
Label
Interscope
Producer
Justin Hurwitz
Marius de Vries
Steven Gizicki
La La Land: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2016 film La La Land. The soundtrack album was released through Interscope Records on December 9, 2016. The album has peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 and number 1 on the UK Albums Chart.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Track listing
3 Accolades
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Certifications
6 References
Composition[edit]
The songs and score for La La Land were composed and orchestrated by Justin Hurwitz, film director Chazelle's Harvard University classmate, who also worked on his two prior films.[1] The lyrics were written by Pasek and Paul,[2] except for "Start a Fire", which was written by John Legend, Hurwitz, Marius de Vries and Angélique Cinélu. At the 89th Academy Awards, it won the Oscar for Best Original Score, as well as Best Original Song for "City of Stars".
Track listing[edit]
La La Land: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack[3]
No.
Title
Performers
Length
1. "Another Day of Sun" La La Land Cast 3:48
2. "Someone in the Crowd" Emma Stone, Callie Hernandez, Sonoya Mizuno and Jessica Rothe 4:20
3. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme" Justin Hurwitz 1:38
4. "A Lovely Night" Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone 3:57
5. "Herman's Habit" Justin Hurwitz 1:52
6. "City of Stars" Ryan Gosling 1:51
7. "Planetarium" Justin Hurwitz 4:17
8. "Summer Montage / Madeline" Justin Hurwitz 2:05
9. "City of Stars" Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone 2:30
10. "Start a Fire" John Legend 3:12
11. "Engagement Party" Justin Hurwitz 1:27
12. "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Emma Stone 3:48
13. "Epilogue" Justin Hurwitz 7:39
14. "The End" Justin Hurwitz 0:46
15. "City of Stars (Humming)" (featuring Emma Stone) Justin Hurwitz 2:43
Total length: 45:53
[show]La La Land: Original Motion Picture Score[4]
No.
Title
Performers
Length
1. "Mia Gets Home" Justin Hurwitz 0:27
2. "Bathroom Mirror / You're Coming Right?" Justin Hurwitz 1:23
3. "Classic Rope-a-Dope" Justin Hurwitz 0:45
4. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme" Justin Hurwitz 1:37
5. "Stroll up the Hill" Justin Hurwitz 0:49
6. "There the Whole Time / Twirl" Justin Hurwitz 0:44
7. "Bogart & Bergman" Justin Hurwitz 2:11
8. "Mia Hates Jazz" Justin Hurwitz 1:10
9. "Herman's Habit" Justin Hurwitz 1:52
10. "Rialto at Ten" Justin Hurwitz 1:38
11. "Rialto" Justin Hurwitz 0:28
12. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme (Late for the Date)" Justin Hurwitz 1:30
13. "Planetarium" Justin Hurwitz 4:19
14. "Holy Hell" Justin Hurwitz 0:42
15. "Summer Montage / Madeline" Justin Hurwitz 2:04
16. "It Pays" Justin Hurwitz 2:12
17. "Chicken on a Stick" Justin Hurwitz 1:40
18. "City of Stars / May Finally Come True" (featuring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone) Justin Hurwitz 4:18
19. "Chinatown" Justin Hurwitz 1:23
20. "Surprise" Justin Hurwitz 1:30
21. "Boise" Justin Hurwitz 1:13
22. "Missed the Play" Justin Hurwitz 0:36
23. "It's Over / Engagement Party" Justin Hurwitz 1:35
24. "The House in Front of the Library" Justin Hurwitz 0:31
25. "You Love Jazz Now" Justin Hurwitz 0:51
26. "Cincinnati" Justin Hurwitz 2:06
27. "Epilogue" Justin Hurwitz 7:39
28. "The End" Justin Hurwitz 0:46
29. "Credits" Justin Hurwitz 3:40
30. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme (Celesta)" Justin Hurwitz 1:28
Total length: 53:07
[show]La La Land: The Complete Musical Experience[5]
No.
Title
Performers
Length
1. "Another Day of Sun (With Radios)" La La Land Cast 4:34
2. "Mia Gets Home" Justin Hurwitz 0:24
3. "Bathroom Mirror / You're Coming Right?" Justin Hurwitz 1:19
4. "Someone in the Crowd" Emma Stone, Callie Hernandez, Sonoya Mizuno, and Jessica Rothe 4:19
5. "Classic Rope-a-Dope" Justin Hurwitz 0:46
6. "Japanese Folk Song" Thelonious Monk 1:40
7. "Deck the Halls" Justin Hurwitz 0:32
8. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme" Justin Hurwitz 1:38
9. "Take on Me" D.A. 3:00
10. "I Ran" D.A. 3:37
11. "Stroll up the Hill" Justin Hurwitz 0:45
12. "A Lovely Night" Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone 4:00
13. "There the Whole Time / Twirl" Justin Hurwitz 0:44
14. "Bogart & Bergman" Justin Hurwitz 2:11
15. "Mia Hates Jazz" Justin Hurwitz 1:10
16. "Herman's Habit" Justin Hurwitz 1:51
17. "Rialto at Ten" Justin Hurwitz 1:38
18. "City of Stars" Ryan Gosling 1:51
19. "Rialto" Justin Hurwitz 0:28
20. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme (Late for the Date)" Justin Hurwitz 1:30
21. "Planetarium" Justin Hurwitz 4:20
22. "Holy Hell!" Justin Hurwitz 0:42
23. "Summer Montage / Madeline" Justin Hurwitz 2:04
24. "It Pays" Justin Hurwitz 2:12
25. "Chicken on a Stick" Justin Hurwitz 1:39
26. "Messengers Rehearsal" The Messengers 1:02
27. "City of Stars / May Finally Come True" (featuring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone) Justin Hurwitz 4:10
28. "Start a Fire" John Legend 3:11
29. "Chinatown" Justin Hurwitz 1:22
30. "Surprise" Justin Hurwitz 1:30
31. "Boise" Justin Hurwitz 1:14
32. "Missed the Play" Justin Hurwitz 0:37
33. "It's Over / Engagement Party" Justin Hurwitz 1:35
34. "The House in Front of the Library" Justin Hurwitz 0:31
35. "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Emma Stone 4:12
36. "You Love Jazz Now" Justin Hurwitz 0:51
37. "Cincinnati" Justin Hurwitz 2:06
38. "Epilogue" Justin Hurwitz 7:41
39. "The End" Justin Hurwitz 0:45
40. "Credits" Justin Hurwitz 3:39
41. "City of Stars (Humming)" (featuring Emma Stone) Justin Hurwitz 2:40
42. "Mia & Sebastian's Theme (Celesta)" Justin Hurwitz 1:26
43. "Silent Night" Eddie Wakes 2:47
44. "Audition (The Fools Who Dream) (Studio Version)" Emma Stone 3:29
Total length: 93:42
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by La La Land
Awards
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17, 2016 Best Original Score – Feature Film Justin Hurwitz Nominated [6][7]
Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 4, 2016 Best Music Justin Hurwitz, Pasek and Paul Won [8]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards December 11, 2016 Best Song "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Nominated [9]
"City of Stars" Won
San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 11, 2016 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Nominated [10][11]
San Diego Film Critics Society December 12, 2016 Best Original Score La La Land Runner Up [12][13]
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association December 13, 2016 Best Musical Score Justin Hurwitz Won [14]
Chicago Film Critics Association December 15, 2016 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Nominated [15]
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 18, 2016 Best Music/Score Justin Hurwitz Won [16]
Best Soundtrack La La Land Runner Up
Best Song "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Won
"City of Stars" Runner Up
IndieWire Critics Poll December 19, 2016 Best Original Score or Soundtrack La La Land 2nd Place [17]
Houston Film Critics Society January 6, 2017 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Won [18][19]
Best Original Song "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Nominated
"City of Stars" Won
Golden Globe Awards January 8, 2017 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Won [20]
Best Original Song "City of Stars" Won
Denver Film Critics Society January 16, 2017 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Won [21]
British Academy Film Awards February 12, 2017 Best Film Music Justin Hurwitz Won [22]
Satellite Awards February 19, 2017 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Won [23]
Best Original Song "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Nominated
"City of Stars" Won
Academy Awards February 26, 2017 Best Original Score Justin Hurwitz Won [24]
Best Original Song "Audition (The Fools Who Dream)" Nominated
"City of Stars" Won
Grammy Awards January 28, 2018 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media La La Land Pending [25]
Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Justin Hurwitz Pending
Best Song Written for Visual Media "City of Stars" by Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek, and Justin Paul Pending
Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals "Another Day of Sun" by Justin Hurwitz, Benj Pasek, and Justin Paul Pending
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[26]
7
Australia Jazz & Blues Albums (ARIA)[27]
1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[28]
7
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[29]
6
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[30]
4
Brazilian Albums (ABPD)[31]
6
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[32]
3
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[33]
6
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[34]
9
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[35]
13
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[36]
8
French Albums (SNEP)[37]
2
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[38]
7
Greek Albums (IFPI)[39]
1
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[40]
11
Irish Compilation Albums Chart (IRMA)[41]
2
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[42]
1
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard)[43]
1
Japan Top Album Sales (Billboard)[44]
7
Japan Weekly Albums (Oricon)[45]
3
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[46]
7
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[47]
17
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[48]
10
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[49]
4
Scottish Albums (OCC)[50]
1
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[51]
7
South Korean Albums International (Gaon)[52]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[53]
1
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[54]
3
UK Albums (OCC)[55]
[56]
1
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[57]
1
US Billboard 200[58]
2
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[59]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
US Billboard 200[60]
53
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
France (SNEP)[61]
Platinum 100,000*
Italy (FIMI)[62]
Gold 25,000*
Japan (RIAJ)[63]
Gold 0^
Poland (ZPAV)[64]
Gold 10,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[65]
Gold 20,000^
South Korea (Gaon Chart)[66]
N/A 28,095[67][68]
United Kingdom (BPI)[69]
Gold 100,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reegan, Rebecca (September 12, 2016). "With 'La La Land,' Emma Stone and director Damien Chazelle aim to show that original musicals aren't all tapped out". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gay, Jason (October 14, 2016). "Emma Stone Takes the Biggest Leap of Her Career With La La Land". Vogue. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Listen to 'City of Stars' From the 'La La Land' Soundtrack, Arriving Dec. 9". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Listen to 'City of Stars' From the 'La La Land' Soundtrack, Arriving Dec. 9". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'La La Land' – The Complete Musical Experience to Be Released". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards". Deadline. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (November 2, 2016). "'La La Land' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations". Variety. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "42nd Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Winners". Los Angeles Film Critics Association. December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly; Shanley, Patrick (December 11, 2016). "Critics' Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Flores, Marshall (December 9, 2016). "San Francisco Film Critics Circle Nominations!". AwardsDaily.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nordyke, Kimberly (December 12, 2016). "'Moonlight' Named Best Picture by San Francisco Film Critics Circle". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 San Diego Film Critics Society's Award Nominations". December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "San Diego Film Critics Society's 2016 Award Winners". December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DFW Film Critics Name 'Moonlight' Best Film of 2016". Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 2016 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nominees". Chicago Film Critics Association. December 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations". St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association. December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Greene, Steve (December 19, 2016). "2016 IndieWire Critics Poll: Full List of Results". IndieWire. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Houston Film Critics Nominations for 2016 Films". MovieAwardsPlus.com. December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Houston Film Critics Society Nominations – 'The Nice Guys' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost". AwardsCircuit.com. December 13, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes 2017: The Complete List of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Moonlight' leads Denver Film Critics Society awards". Steambot Todat. January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ritman, Alex (January 9, 2017). "BAFTA Awards: 'La La Land' Leads Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The International Press Academy Announces Winners For The 21 Annual Satellite Awards" (PDF). International Press Academy. December 18, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Academy Awards 2017: Complete list of nominations". Los Angeles Times. January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "60th GRAMMY Awards: Full Nominees List". Grammys. November 28, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Soundtrack – La La Land". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Jazz and Blues Albums Chart" (PDF). ARIA. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – La La Land" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – La La Land" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – La La Land" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ABPD CD - TOP 10 Semanal". (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 201702 on the field besides the word "Zobrazit", and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Soundtrack – La La Land". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – La La Land" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eri esittäjiä: La La Land" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums Fusionnes - SNEP (Week 6, 2017)". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soundtrack – La La Land" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official IFPI Charts: Top-75 Albums Sales Chart Week: 06/2017". IFPI Greece. February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2017. 3. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Compilations". IRMA.
Jump up ^ "Compilation - Classifica settimanale WK 5 (dal 2017-01-27 al 2017-02-02)". FIMI.it (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japan Hot Albums". Billboard (in Japanese). March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japan Top Album Sales". Billboard (in Japanese). March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japan Top Album Sales". Billboard (in Japanese). March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Album - Semanal (del 03 de Febrero al 09 de Febrero )" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Soundtrack – La La Land". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Soundtrack – La La Land". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016년 52주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017년 02주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Soundtrack – La La Land". Hung Medien. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – La La Land". Hung Medien. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums
Jump up ^ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'La La Land' Soundtrack Dances to No. 2 on Billboard 200 Chart, The Weeknd Spends Third Week at No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Chart History (Soundtrack Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "French album certifications – Multi Interprètes – La La Land" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
Jump up ^ "Italian album certifications – Artisti Vari – La La Land" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japanese album certifications – Multi Interprètes – La La Land" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Select 2017年09月 on the drop-down menu
Jump up ^ "Polish album certifications – Multi Interprètes – La La Land" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanish single certifications – Multi Interprètes – La La Land" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Select single under "Chart", enter 2017 in the field "Year". Select '' in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts"
Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION: South Korea (Gaon Chart).
Jump up ^ http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=month&hitYear=2016&targetTime=12&nationGbn=E
Jump up ^ http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=month&hitYear=2017&targetTime=02&nationGbn=E
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Motion Picture Cast Recording – La La Land". British Phonographic Industry. Enter La La Land in the search field and then press Enter.
[show]
v
t
e
Academy Award for Best Original Score
1930s
Louis Silvers (1934)
Max Steiner (1935)
Leo F. Forbstein (1936)
Charles Previn (1937)
Erich Wolfgang Korngold/Alfred Newman (1938)
Herbert Stothart/Richard Hageman, W. Franke Harling, John Leipold, Leo Shuken (1939)
1940s
Leigh Harline, Paul J. Smith, Ned Washington/Alfred Newman (1940)
Bernard Herrmann/Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace (1941)
Max Steiner/Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld (1942)
Alfred Newman/Ray Heindorf (1943)
Max Steiner/Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon (1944)
Miklós Rózsa/Georgie Stoll (1945)
Hugo Friedhofer/Morris Stoloff (1946)
Miklós Rózsa/Alfred Newman (1947)
Brian Easdale/Johnny Green and Roger Edens (1948)
Aaron Copland/Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton (1949)
1950s
Franz Waxman/Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens (1950)
Franz Waxman/Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin (1951)
Dimitri Tiomkin/Alfred Newman (1952)
Bronisław Kaper/Alfred Newman (1953)
Dimitri Tiomkin/Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin (1954)
Alfred Newman/Robert Russell Bennett, Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch (1955)
Victor Young/Alfred Newman and Ken Darby (1956)
Malcolm Arnold (1957)
Dimitri Tiomkin/Andre Previn (1958)
Miklós Rózsa/Andre Previn and Ken Darby (1959)
1960s
Ernest Gold/Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman (1960)
Henry Mancini/Saul Chaplin, Johnny Green, Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal (1961)
Maurice Jarre/Ray Heindorf (1962)
John Addison/Andre Previn (1963)
Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman/Andre Previn (1964)
Maurice Jarre/Irwin Kostal (1965)
John Barry/Ken Thorne (1966)
Elmer Bernstein/Alfred Newman and Ken Darby (1967)
John Barry/Johnny Green (1968)
Burt Bacharach/Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman (1969)
1970s
Francis Lai/The Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) (1970)
Michel Legrand/John Williams (1971)
Charlie Chaplin, Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell/Ralph Burns (1972)
Marvin Hamlisch/Marvin Hamlisch (1973)
Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola/Nelson Riddle (1974)
John Williams/Leonard Rosenman (1975)
Jerry Goldsmith/Leonard Rosenman (1976)
John Williams/Jonathan Tunick (1977)
Giorgio Moroder/Joe Renzetti (1978)
Georges Delerue/Ralph Burns (1979)
1980s
Michael Gore (1980)
Vangelis (1981)
John Williams/Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse (1982)
Bill Conti/Michel Legrand, Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1983)
Maurice Jarre/Prince (1984)
John Barry (1985)
Herbie Hancock (1986)
Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Byrne and Cong Su (1987)
Dave Grusin (1988)
Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
John Barry (1990)
Alan Menken (1991)
Alan Menken (1992)
John Williams (1993)
Hans Zimmer (1994)
Luis Enríquez Bacalov/Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz (1995)
Gabriel Yared/Rachel Portman (1996)
James Horner/Anne Dudley (1997)
Nicola Piovani/Stephen Warbeck (1998)
John Corigliano (1999)
2000s
Tan Dun (2000)
Howard Shore (2001)
Elliot Goldenthal (2002)
Howard Shore (2003)
Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (2004)
Gustavo Santaolalla (2005)
Gustavo Santaolalla (2006)
Dario Marianelli (2007)
A. R. Rahman (2008)
Michael Giacchino (2009)
2010s
Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross (2010)
Ludovic Bource (2011)
Mychael Danna (2012)
Steven Price (2013)
Alexandre Desplat (2014)
Ennio Morricone (2015)
Justin Hurwitz (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
BAFTA Award for Best Film Music
John Barry (1968)
Mikis Theodorakis (1969)
Burt Bacharach (1970)
Michel Legrand (1971)
Nino Rota (1972)
Alan Price (1973)
Richard Rodney Bennett (1974)
John Williams (1975)
Bernard Herrmann (1976)
John Addison (1977)
John Williams (1978)
Ennio Morricone (1979)
John Williams (1980)
Carl Davis (1981)
John Williams (1982)
Ryuichi Sakamoto (1983)
Ennio Morricone (1984)
Maurice Jarre (1985)
Ennio Morricone (1986)
Ennio Morricone (1987)
John Williams (1988)
Maurice Jarre (1989)
Andrea and Ennio Morricone (1990)
Jean-Claude Petit (1991)
David Hirschfelder (1992)
John Williams (1993)
Don Was (1994)
Luis Bacalov (1995)
Gabriel Yared (1996)
Nellee Hooper (1997)
David Hirschfelder (1998)
Thomas Newman (1999)
Tan Dun (2000)
Craig Armstrong and Marius de Vries (2001)
Philip Glass (2002)
T Bone Burnett and Gabriel Yared (2003)
Gustavo Santaolalla (2004)
John Williams (2005)
Gustavo Santaolalla (2006)
Christopher Gunning (2007)
A. R. Rahman (2008)
Michael Giacchino (2009)
Alexandre Desplat (2010)
Ludovic Bource (2011)
Thomas Newman (2012)
Steven Price (2013)
Alexandre Desplat (2014)
Ennio Morricone (2015)
Justin Hurwitz (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score
1940s
Life with Father – Max Steiner (1947)
The Red Shoes – Brian Easdale (1948)
The Inspector General – Johnny Green (1949)
1950s
Sunset Boulevard – Franz Waxman (1950)
September Affair – Victor Young (1951)
High Noon – Dimitri Tiomkin (1952)
On the Beach – Ernest Gold (1959)
1960s
The Alamo – Dimitri Tiomkin (1960)
The Guns of Navarone – Dimitri Tiomkin (1961)
To Kill a Mockingbird – Elmer Bernstein (1962)
(1963)
The Fall of the Roman Empire – Dimitri Tiomkin (1964)
Doctor Zhivago – Maurice Jarre (1965)
Hawaii – Elmer Bernstein (1966)
Camelot – Frederick Loewe (1967)
The Shoes of the Fisherman – Alex North (1968)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid – Burt Bacharach (1969)
1970s
Love Story – Francis Lai (1970)
Shaft – Isaac Hayes (1971)
The Godfather – Nino Rota (1972)
Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Neil Diamond (1973)
The Little Prince – Alan Jay Lerner, Frederick Loewe (1974)
Jaws – John Williams (1975)
A Star is Born – Kenneth Ascher, Paul Williams (1976)
Star Wars – John Williams (1977)
Midnight Express – Giorgio Moroder (1978)
Apocalypse Now – Carmine Coppola, Francis Ford Coppola (1979)
1980s
The Stunt Man – Dominic Frontiere (1980)
(1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial – John Williams (1982)
Flashdance – Giorgio Moroder (1983)
A Passage to India – Maurice Jarre (1984)
Out of Africa – John Barry (1985)
The Mission – Ennio Morricone (1986)
The Last Emperor – David Byrne, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Cong Su (1987)
Gorillas in the Mist – Maurice Jarre (1988)
The Little Mermaid – Alan Menken (1989)
1990s
The Sheltering Sky – Richard Horowitz, Ryuichi Sakamoto (1990)
Beauty and the Beast – Alan Menken (1991)
Aladdin – Alan Menken (1992)
Heaven & Earth – Kitarō (1993)
The Lion King – Hans Zimmer (1994)
A Walk in the Clouds – Maurice Jarre (1995)
The English Patient – Gabriel Yared (1996)
Titanic – James Horner (1997)
The Truman Show – Burkhard Dallwitz, Philip Glass (1998)
1900 – Ennio Morricone (1999)
2000s
Gladiator – Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer (2000)
Moulin Rouge! – Craig Armstrong (2001)
Frida – Elliot Goldenthal (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Howard Shore (2003)
The Aviator – Howard Shore (2004)
Memoirs of a Geisha – John Williams (2005)
The Painted Veil – Alexandre Desplat (2006)
Atonement – Dario Marianelli (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire – A. R. Rahman (2008)
Up – Michael Giacchino (2009)
2010s
The Social Network – Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross (2010)
The Artist – Ludovic Bource (2011)
Life of Pi – Mychael Danna (2012)
All Is Lost – Alex Ebert (2013)
The Theory of Everything – Jóhann Jóhannsson (2014)
The Hateful Eight – Ennio Morricone (2015)
La La Land – Justin Hurwitz (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Original Score
Gabriel Yared (1996)
James Horner (1997)
Hans Zimmer (1998)
Danny Elfman (1999)
Hans Zimmer (2000)
Craig Armstrong (2001)
Elliot Goldenthal (2002)
Hans Zimmer (2003)
John Swihart (2004)
Harry Gregson-Williams (2005)
Gustavo Santaolalla (2006)
Alberto Iglesias (2007)
A. R. Rahman (2008)
Rolfe Kent (2009)
Hans Zimmer (2010)
Marco Beltrami (2011)
Alexandre Desplat (2012)
Steven Price (2013)
Antonio Sánchez (2014)
Carter Burwell (2015)
Justin Hurwitz (2016)
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Reynolds number
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The plume from this candle flame goes from laminar to turbulent. The Reynolds number can be used to predict where this transition will take place.
A vortex street around a cylinder. This can occur around cylinders and spheres, for any fluid, cylinder size and fluid speed, provided that the flow has a Reynolds number between roughly 40 and 1000.[1]
Sir George Stokes introduced Reynolds numbers.
Osborne Reynolds popularised the concept.
The Reynolds number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. At low Reynolds numbers flow tends to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, but at high Reynolds numbers turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow (eddy currents). These eddy currents begin to churn the flow, using up energy in the process, and for liquids increasing the chances of cavitation. Reynolds number has wide applications, ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing. It is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, and used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations, such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version. The predictions of the onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on a larger scale, such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the associated meteorological and climatological effects.
The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851,[2] but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908[3] after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), who popularized its use in 1883.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 History
3 Derivation
4 Flow in a pipe
5 Laminar–turbulent transition
6 Flow in a wide duct
7 Flow in an open channel
8 Flow around airfoils
9 Object in a fluid
9.1 In viscous fluids
9.2 Sphere in a fluid
9.3 Oblong object in a fluid
9.4 Fall velocity
9.5 Packed bed
9.6 Stirred vessel
10 Pipe friction
11 Similarity of flows
12 Smallest scales of turbulent motion
13 In physiology
14 Complex systems
15 Derivation
16 Relationship to other dimensionless parameters
17 See also
18 Notes
19 References
20 Further reading
21 External links
Definition[edit]
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a fluid which is subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid velocities, in what is known as a boundary layer in the case of a bounding surface such as the interior of a pipe. A similar effect is created by the introduction of a stream of higher velocity fluid, such as the hot gases from a flame in air. This relative movement generates fluid friction, which is a factor in developing turbulent flow. Counteracting this effect is the viscosity of the fluid, which as it increases, progressively inhibits turbulence, as more kinetic energy is absorbed by a more viscous fluid. The Reynolds number quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions, and is a guide to when turbulent flow will occur in a particular situation.[6]
This ability to predict the onset of turbulent flow is an important design tool for equipment such as piping systems or aircraft wings, but the Reynolds number is also used in scaling of fluid dynamics problems, and is used to determine dynamic similitude between two different cases of fluid flow, such as between a model aircraft, and its full size version. Such scaling is not linear and the application of Reynolds numbers to both situations allows scaling factors to be developed.
With respect to laminar and turbulent flow regimes:
laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion;
turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities.
The Reynolds number is defined as[3]
R e = ρ u L μ = u L ν {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho uL}{\mu }}={\frac {uL}{\nu }}}
where:
ρ is the density of the fluid (SI units: kg/m3)
u is the velocity of the fluid with respect to the object (m/s)
L is a characteristic linear dimension (m)
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s or N·s/m2 or kg/m·s)
ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s).
The Reynolds number can be defined for several different situations where a fluid is in relative motion to a surface.[n 1] These definitions generally include the fluid properties of density and viscosity, plus a velocity and a characteristic length or characteristic dimension (L in the above equation). This dimension is a matter of convention – for example radius and diameter are equally valid to describe spheres or circles, but one is chosen by convention. For aircraft or ships, the length or width can be used. For flow in a pipe or a sphere moving in a fluid the internal diameter is generally used today. Other shapes such as rectangular pipes or non-spherical objects have an equivalent diameter defined. For fluids of variable density such as compressible gases or fluids of variable viscosity such as non-Newtonian fluids, special rules apply. The velocity may also be a matter of convention in some circumstances, notably stirred vessels.
In practice, matching the Reynolds number is not on its own sufficient to guarantee similitude. Fluid flow is generally chaotic, and very small changes to shape and surface roughness can result in very different flows. Nevertheless, Reynolds numbers are a very important guide and are widely used.
History[edit]
Osborne Reynolds' apparatus of 1883 demonstrating the onset of turbulent flow. The apparatus is still at the University of Manchester.
Diagram from Reynolds' 1883 paper showing onset of turbulent flow.
Osborne Reynolds famously studied the conditions in which the flow of fluid in pipes transitioned from laminar flow to turbulent flow. In his 1883 paper Reynolds described the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a classic experiment in which he examined the behaviour of water flow under different flow velocities using a small stream of dyed water introduced into the centre of clear water flow in a larger pipe.
The larger pipe was glass so the behaviour of the layer of the dyed stream could be observed, and at the end of this pipe there was a flow control valve used to vary the water velocity inside the tube. When the velocity was low, the dyed layer remained distinct through the entire length of the large tube. When the velocity was increased, the layer broke up at a given point and diffused throughout the fluid's cross-section. The point at which this happened was the transition point from laminar to turbulent flow.
From these experiments came the dimensionless Reynolds number for dynamic similarity—the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. Reynolds also proposed what is now known as the Reynolds-averaging of turbulent flows, where quantities such as velocity are expressed as the sum of mean and fluctuating components. Such averaging allows for 'bulk' description of turbulent flow, for example using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations.
Derivation[edit]
The form of the Reynolds number can be derived as follows[7]
R e = inertial forces viscous forces = mass ⋅ acceleration dynamic viscosity ⋅ velocity distance ⋅ area = ρ L 3 ⋅ v t μ ( v L ) L 2 = ( ρ L 3 ) ( 1 t ) μ ( 1 L ) L 2 = ( ρ L 2 ) ( 1 t ) μ = ( ρ ) ( L t ) ( L ) μ = ρ v L μ = v L ν {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {Re} &={\frac {\text{inertial forces}}{\text{viscous forces}}}={\frac {{\text{mass}}\cdot {\text{acceleration}}}{{\text{dynamic viscosity}}\cdot {\frac {\text{velocity}}{\text{distance}}}\cdot {\text{area}}}}\\[5pt]&={\frac {\rho L^{3}\cdot {\frac {v}{t}}}{\mu \left({\frac {v}{L}}\right)L^{2}}}={\frac {(\rho L^{3})\left({\frac {1}{t}}\right)}{\mu \left({\frac {1}{L}}\right)L^{2}}}={\frac {(\rho L^{2})\left({\frac {1}{t}}\right)}{\mu }}={\frac {(\rho )\left({\frac {L}{t}}\right)(L)}{\mu }}={\frac {\rho vL}{\mu }}={\frac {vL}{\nu }}\end{aligned}}}
where:
v is the maximum[8] velocity of the object relative to the fluid (SI units: m/s)
L is a characteristic linear dimension, (travelled length of the fluid; hydraulic diameter when dealing with river systems) (m)
t denotes the time
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s or N·s/m2 or kg/m·s)
ν (nu) is the kinematic viscosity (ν = μ/ρ) (m2/s)
ρ is the density of the fluid (kg/m3).
Note that multiplying the Reynolds number by Lv/Lv yields ρv2L2/μvL, which is the ratio of the inertial forces to the viscous forces.[9] It could also be considered the ratio of the total momentum transfer to the molecular momentum transfer.
Flow in a pipe[edit]
For flow in a pipe or tube, the Reynolds number is generally defined as[10]
R e = ρ v D H μ = v D H ν = Q D H ν A , {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho vD_{\text{H}}}{\mu }}={\frac {vD_{\text{H}}}{\nu }}={\frac {QD_{\text{H}}}{\nu A}},}
where
DH is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe (the inside diameter if the pipe is circular) (m),
Q is the volumetric flow rate (m3/s),
A is the pipe's cross-sectional area (m2),
v is the mean velocity of the fluid (m/s),
μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s = N·s/m2 = kg/(m·s)),
ν (nu) is the kinematic viscosity (ν = μ/ρ) (m2/s),
ρ is the density of the fluid (kg/m3).
For shapes such as squares, rectangular or annular ducts where the height and width are comparable, the characteristic dimension for internal-flow situations is taken to be the hydraulic diameter, DH, defined as
D H = 4 A P , {\displaystyle D_{\text{H}}={\frac {4A}{P}},}
where A is the cross-sectional area, and P is the wetted perimeter. The wetted perimeter for a channel is the total perimeter of all channel walls that are in contact with the flow.[11] This means that the length of the channel exposed to air is not included in the wetted perimeter.
For a circular pipe, the hydraulic diameter is exactly equal to the inside pipe diameter:
D H = D . {\displaystyle D_{\text{H}}=D.}
For an annular duct, such as the outer channel in a tube-in-tube heat exchanger, the hydraulic diameter can be shown algebraically to reduce to
D H,annulus = D o − D i , {\displaystyle D_{\text{H,annulus}}=D_{\text{o}}-D_{\text{i}},}
where
Do is the inside diameter of the outer pipe,
Di is the outside diameter of the inner pipe.
For calculations involving flow in non-circular ducts, the hydraulic diameter can be substituted for the diameter of a circular duct, with reasonable accuracy, if the aspect ratio AR of the duct cross-section remains in the range 1/4 < AR < 4.[12]
Laminar–turbulent transition[edit]
Main article: Laminar–turbulent transition
In boundary layer flow over a flat plate, experiments confirm that, after a certain length of flow, a laminar boundary layer will become unstable and turbulent. This instability occurs across different scales and with different fluids, usually when Rex ≈ 7005500000000000000♠5×105,[13] where x is the distance from the leading edge of the flat plate, and the flow velocity is the freestream velocity of the fluid outside the boundary layer.
For flow in a pipe of diameter D, experimental observations show that for "fully developed" flow,[n 2] laminar flow occurs when ReD < 2300 and turbulent flow occurs when ReD > 2600.[14][15] At the lower end of this range, a continuous turbulent-flow will form, but only at a very long distance from the inlet of the pipe. The flow in between will begin to transition from laminar to turbulent and then back to laminar at irregular intervals, called intermittent flow. This is due to the different speeds and conditions of the fluid in different areas of the pipe's cross-section, depending on other factors such as pipe roughness and flow uniformity. Laminar flow tends to dominate in the fast-moving center of the pipe while slower-moving turbulent flow dominates near the wall. As the Reynolds number increases, the continuous turbulent-flow moves closer to the inlet and the intermittency in between increases, until the flow becomes fully turbulent at ReD > 2600.[14] This result is generalized to non-circular channels using the hydraulic diameter, allowing a transition Reynolds number to be calculated for other shapes of channel.[14]
These transition Reynolds numbers are also called critical Reynolds numbers, and were studied by Osborne Reynolds around 1895.[5] The critical Reynolds number is different for every geometry.[16]
Flow in a wide duct[edit]
For a fluid moving between two plane parallel surfaces—where the width is much greater than the space between the plates—then the characteristic dimension is equal to the distance between the plates.[12]
Flow in an open channel[edit]
For flow of liquid with a free surface, the hydraulic radius must be determined. This is the cross-sectional area of the channel divided by the wetted perimeter. For a semi-circular channel, it is quarter the radius.(incase of full pipe flow) For a rectangular channel, the hydraulic radius is the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter. Some texts then use a characteristic dimension that is four times the hydraulic radius, chosen because it gives the same value of Re for the onset of turbulence as in pipe flow,[17] while others use the hydraulic radius as the characteristic length-scale with consequently different values of Re for transition and turbulent flow.
Flow around airfoils[edit]
Reynolds numbers are used in airfoil design to (among other things) manage "scale effect" when computing/comparing characteristics (a tiny wing, scaled to be huge, will perform differently).[18] Fluid dynamicists define the chord Reynolds number R like this: R = Vc/ν, where V is the flight speed, c is the chord length, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid in which the airfoil operates, which is 6995146000000000000♠1.460×10−5 m2/s for the atmosphere at sea level.[19] In some special studies a characteristic length other than chord may be used; rare is the "span Reynolds number", which is not to be confused with spanwise stations on a wing, where chord is still used.[20]
Object in a fluid[edit]
The Reynolds number for an object moving in a fluid, called the particle Reynolds number and often denoted Rep. It characterizes the nature of the surrounding flow and its fall velocity.
In viscous fluids[edit]
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The high viscosity of honey results in perfectly laminar flow when poured from a bucket, while the low surface tension allows it to remain sheet-like even after reaching the fluid below. Analogous to turbulence, when the flow meets resistance it slows and begins oscillating back and forth, piling upon itself.
Creeping flow past a falling sphere: streamlines, drag force Fd and force by gravity Fg.
Where the viscosity is naturally high, such as polymer solutions and polymer melts, flow is normally laminar. The Reynolds number is very small and Stokes' Law can be used to measure the viscosity of the fluid. Spheres are allowed to fall through the fluid and they reach the terminal velocity quickly, from which the viscosity can be determined.
The laminar flow of polymer solutions is exploited by animals such as fish and dolphins, who exude viscous solutions from their skin to aid flow over their bodies while swimming. It has been used in yacht racing by owners who want to gain a speed advantage by pumping a polymer solution such as low molecular weight polyoxyethylene in water, over the wetted surface of the hull.
It is, however, a problem for mixing of polymers, because turbulence is needed to distribute fine filler (for example) through the material. Inventions such as the "cavity transfer mixer" have been developed to produce multiple folds into a moving melt so as to improve mixing efficiency. The device can be fitted onto extruders to aid mixing.
Sphere in a fluid[edit]
For a sphere in a fluid, the characteristic length-scale is the diameter of the sphere and the characteristic velocity is that of the sphere relative to the fluid some distance away from the sphere, such that the motion of the sphere does not disturb that reference parcel of fluid. The density and viscosity are those belonging to the fluid.[21] Note that purely laminar flow only exists up to Re = 10 under this definition.
Under the condition of low Re, the relationship between force and speed of motion is given by Stokes' law.[22]
Oblong object in a fluid[edit]
The equation for an oblong object is identical to that of a sphere, with the object being approximated as an ellipsoid and the axis of length being chosen as the characteristic length scale. Such considerations are important in natural streams, for example, where there are few perfectly spherical grains. For grains in which measurement of each axis is impractical, sieve diameters are used instead as the characteristic particle length-scale. Both approximations alter the values of the critical Reynolds number.
Fall velocity[edit]
The particle Reynolds number is important in determining the fall velocity of a particle. When the particle Reynolds number indicates laminar flow, Stokes' law can be used to calculate its fall velocity. When the particle Reynolds number indicates turbulent flow, a turbulent drag law must be constructed to model the appropriate settling velocity.
Packed bed[edit]
For fluid flow through a bed, of approximately spherical particles of diameter D in contact, if the voidage is ε and the superficial velocity is vs, the Reynolds number can be defined as[23]
R e = ρ v s D μ , {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho v_{\text{s}}D}{\mu }},}
or
R e = ρ v s D μ ε , {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho v_{\text{s}}D}{\mu \varepsilon }},}
or
R e = ρ v s D μ ( 1 − ε ) . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho v_{\text{s}}D}{\mu (1-\varepsilon )}}.}
The choice of equation depends on the system involved: the first is successful in correlating the data for various types of packed and fluidized beds, the second Reynolds number suits for the liquid-phase data, while the third was found successful in correlating the fluidized bed data, being first introduced for liquid fluidized bed system.[23]
Laminar conditions apply up to Re = 10, fully turbulent from Re = 2000.[21]
Stirred vessel[edit]
In a cylindrical vessel stirred by a central rotating paddle, turbine or propeller, the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the agitator D. The velocity V is ND where N is the rotational speed. Then the Reynolds number is:
R e = ρ N D 2 μ = ρ V D μ . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} ={\frac {\rho ND^{2}}{\mu }}={\frac {\rho VD}{\mu }}.}
The system is fully turbulent for values of Re above 7004100000000000000♠10000.[24]
Pipe friction[edit]
The Moody diagram, which describes the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f as a function of the Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness.
Pressure drops[25] seen for fully developed flow of fluids through pipes can be predicted using the Moody diagram which plots the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f against Reynolds number Re and relative roughness ε/D. The diagram clearly shows the laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes as Reynolds number increases. The nature of pipe flow is strongly dependent on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Similarity of flows[edit]
Qualitative behaviors of fluid flow over a cylinder depends to a large extent on Reynolds number; similar flow patterns often appear when the shape and Reynolds number is matched, although other parameters like surface roughness have a big effect.
In order for two flows to be similar, they must have the same geometry and equal Reynolds and Euler numbers. When comparing fluid behavior at corresponding points in a model and a full-scale flow, the following holds:
R e m = R e , E u m = E u , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {Re} _{\text{m}}&=\mathrm {Re} ,\\\mathrm {Eu} _{\text{m}}&=\mathrm {Eu} ,\end{aligned}}}
where R e m {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} _{\text{m}}} is the Reynolds number for the model, and R e {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} } is full-scale Reynolds number, and similarly for the Euler numbers.
The model numbers and design numbers should be in the same proportion, hence
p m ρ m v m 2 = p ρ v 2 . {\displaystyle {\frac {p_{\text{m}}}{\rho _{\text{m}}v_{\text{m}}^{2}}}={\frac {p}{\rho v^{2}}}.}
This allows engineers to perform experiments with reduced scale models in water channels or wind tunnels and correlate the data to the actual flows, saving on costs during experimentation and on lab time. Note that true dynamic similitude may require matching other dimensionless numbers as well, such as the Mach number used in compressible flows, or the Froude number that governs open-channel flows. Some flows involve more dimensionless parameters than can be practically satisfied with the available apparatus and fluids, so one is forced to decide which parameters are most important. For experimental flow modeling to be useful, it requires a fair amount of experience and judgment of the engineer.
An example where the mere Reynolds number is not sufficient for similarity of flows (or even the flow regime – laminar or turbulent) are bounded flows, i.e. flows that are restricted by walls or other boundaries. A classical example of this is the Taylor–Couette flow, where the dimensionless ratio of radii of bounding cylinders is also important, and many technical applications where these distinctions play an important role.[26][27] Principles of these restrictions were developed by Maurice Marie Alfred Couette and Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and developed further by Floris Takens and David Ruelle.
Typical values of Reynolds number[28][29]
Ciliate ~ 1 × 10−1
Smallest fish ~ 1
Blood flow in brain ~ 1 × 102
Blood flow in aorta ~ 1 × 103
Onset of turbulent flow ~ 2.3 × 103 to 5.0 × 104 for pipe flow to 106 for boundary layers
Typical pitch in Major League Baseball ~ 2 × 105
Person swimming ~ 4 × 106
Fastest fish ~ 1 × 108
Blue whale ~ 4 × 108
A large ship (RMS Queen Elizabeth 2) ~ 5 × 109
Smallest scales of turbulent motion[edit]
In a turbulent flow, there is a range of scales of the time-varying fluid motion. The size of the largest scales of fluid motion (sometimes called eddies) are set by the overall geometry of the flow. For instance, in an industrial smoke stack, the largest scales of fluid motion are as big as the diameter of the stack itself. The size of the smallest scales is set by the Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases, smaller and smaller scales of the flow are visible. In a smoke stack, the smoke may appear to have many very small velocity perturbations or eddies, in addition to large bulky eddies. In this sense, the Reynolds number is an indicator of the range of scales in the flow. The higher the Reynolds number, the greater the range of scales. The largest eddies will always be the same size; the smallest eddies are determined by the Reynolds number.
What is the explanation for this phenomenon? A large Reynolds number indicates that viscous forces are not important at large scales of the flow. With a strong predominance of inertial forces over viscous forces, the largest scales of fluid motion are undamped—there is not enough viscosity to dissipate their motions. The kinetic energy must "cascade" from these large scales to progressively smaller scales until a level is reached for which the scale is small enough for viscosity to become important (that is, viscous forces become of the order of inertial ones). It is at these small scales where the dissipation of energy by viscous action finally takes place. The Reynolds number indicates at what scale this viscous dissipation occurs.
In physiology[edit]
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Poiseuille's law on blood circulation in the body is dependent on laminar flow. In turbulent flow the flow rate is proportional to the square root of the pressure gradient, as opposed to its direct proportionality to pressure gradient in laminar flow.
Using the definition of the Reynolds number we can see that a large diameter with rapid flow, where the density of the blood is high, tends towards turbulence. Rapid changes in vessel diameter may lead to turbulent flow, for instance when a narrower vessel widens to a larger one. Furthermore, a bulge of atheroma may be the cause of turbulent flow, where audible turbulence may be detected with a stethoscope.
Complex systems[edit]
Reynolds number interpretation has been extended into the area of arbitrary complex systems. Such as financial flows,[30] nonlinear networks,[31] etc. In the latter case an artificial viscosity is reduced to nonlinear mechanism of energy distribution in complex network media. Reynolds number then represents a basic control parameter which expresses a balance between injected and dissipated energy flows for open boundary system. It has been shown [31] that Reynolds critical regime separates two types of phase space motion: accelerator (attractor) and decelerator. High Reynolds number leads to a chaotic regime transition only in frame of strange attractor model.
Derivation[edit]
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The Reynolds number can be obtained when one uses the nondimensional form of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for a newtonian fluid expressed in terms of the Lagrangian derivative:
ρ D v D t = − ∇ p + μ ∇ 2 v + ρ f . {\displaystyle \rho {\frac {D\mathbf {v} }{Dt}}=-\nabla p+\mu \nabla ^{2}\mathbf {v} +\rho \mathbf {f} .}
Each term in the above equation has the units of a "body force" (force per unit volume) with the same dimensions of a density times an acceleration. Each term is thus dependent on the exact measurements of a flow. When one renders the equation nondimensional, that is when we multiply it by a factor with inverse units of the base equation, we obtain a form which does not depend directly on the physical sizes. One possible way to obtain a nondimensional equation is to multiply the whole equation by the following factor:
L ρ V 2 {\displaystyle L \over \rho V^{2}}
where:
V is the mean velocity, v or v, relative to the fluid (m/s).
L is the characteristic length (m).
ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3).
If we now set:
v ′ = v V , p ′ = p 1 ρ V 2 , f ′ = f L V 2 , ∂ ∂ t ′ = L V ∂ ∂ t , ∇ ′ = L ∇ {\displaystyle \mathbf {v'} ={\frac {\mathbf {v} }{V}},\quad p'=p{\frac {1}{\rho V^{2}}},\quad \mathbf {f'} =\mathbf {f} {\frac {L}{V^{2}}},\quad {\frac {\partial }{\partial t'}}={\frac {L}{V}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}},\quad \nabla '=L\nabla }
we can rewrite the Navier–Stokes equation without dimensions:
D v ′ D t ′ = − ∇ ′ p ′ + μ ρ L V ∇ ′ 2 v ′ + f ′ {\displaystyle {\frac {D\mathbf {v'} }{Dt'}}=-\nabla 'p'+{\frac {\mu }{\rho LV}}\nabla '^{2}\mathbf {v'} +\mathbf {f'} }
where the term μ/ρLV = 1/Re.
Finally, dropping the primes for ease of reading:
D v D t = − ∇ p + 1 R e ∇ 2 v + f . {\displaystyle {\frac {D\mathbf {v} }{Dt}}=-\nabla p+{\frac {1}{\mathrm {Re} }}\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {f} .}
This is why mathematically all Newtonian, incompressible flows with the same Reynolds number are comparable. Notice also, in the above equation, as Re → ∞ the viscous terms vanish. Thus, high Reynolds number flows are approximately inviscid in the free-stream.
Relationship to other dimensionless parameters[edit]
There are many dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics. The Reynolds number measures the ratio of advection and diffusion effects on structures in the velocity field, and is therefore closely related to Péclet numbers, which measure the ratio of these effects on other fields carried by the flow, for example temperature and magnetic fields. Replacement of the kinematic viscosity ν = μ/ρ in Re by the thermal or magnetic diffusivity results in respectively the thermal Péclet number and the magnetic Reynolds number. These are therefore related to Re by products with ratios of diffusivities, namely the Prandtl number and magnetic Prandtl number.
See also[edit]
Reynolds transport theorem
Drag coefficient
Deposition (geology)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The definition of the Reynolds number is not to be confused with the Reynolds equation or lubrication equation.
Jump up ^ Full development of the flow occurs as the flow enters the pipe, the boundary layer thickens and then stabilizes after several diameters distance into the pipe.
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Jump up ^ Stokes, George (1851). "On the Effect of the Internal Friction of Fluids on the Motion of Pendulums". Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 9: 8–106. Bibcode:1851TCaPS...9....8S.
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Jump up ^ Uwe Ehrenstein; Christophe Eloy. "Skin friction on a moving wall and its implications for swimming animals" (PDF). Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rhodes, M. (1989). Introduction to Particle Technology. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98482-5.
Jump up ^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Dwivedi, P. N. (1977). "Particle-fluid mass transfer in fixed and fluidized beds". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development. 16 (2): 157–165. doi:10.1021/i260062a001.
Jump up ^ Sinnott, R. K. Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Volume 6: Chemical Engineering Design (4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 73. ISBN 0-7506-6538-6.
Jump up ^ "Major Head Loss - Friction Loss". www.nuclear-power.net. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Laminar, transitional and turbulent flow". rheologic.net.
Jump up ^ Manneville, Paul; Pomeau, Yves (25 March 2009). "Transition to turbulence". Scholarpedia. 4 (3). Bibcode:2009SchpJ...4.2072M. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2072.
Jump up ^ Patel, V. C.; Rodi, W.; Scheuerer, G. (1985). "Turbulence Models for Near-Wall and Low Reynolds Number Flows—A Review". AIAA Journal. 23 (9): 1308–1319. Bibcode:1985AIAAJ..23.1308P. doi:10.2514/3.9086.
Jump up ^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780674031166.
Jump up ^ Los, C. (2003). Financial Market Risk: Measurement and Analysis. Routledge.
^ Jump up to: a b Kamenshchikov, Sergey (2013). "Extended Prigogine Theorem: Method for Universal Characterization of Complex System Evolution". Chaos and Complexity Letters. 8 (1): 63–71.
Further reading[edit]
Zagarola, M. V. and Smits, A. J., "Experiments in High Reynolds Number Turbulent Pipe Flow." AIAA paper #96-0654, 34th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 15–18, 1996.
Jermy M., "Fluid Mechanics A Course Reader," Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Canterbury, 2005, pp. d5.10.
Hughes, Roger "Civil Engineering Hydraulics," Civil and Environmental Dept., University of Melbourne 1997, pp. 107–152
Fouz, Infaz "Fluid Mechanics," Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Oxford, 2001, p. 96
E. M. Purcell. "Life at Low Reynolds Number", American Journal of Physics vol 45, pp. 3–11 (1977)[2]
Truskey, G. A., Yuan, F, Katz, D. F. (2004). Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems Prentice Hall, pp. 7. ISBN 0-13-042204-5. ISBN 978-0-13-042204-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reynolds number.
The Reynolds Number at Sixty Symbols
Reynolds mini-biography and picture of original apparatus at Manchester University.
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