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Black Death in England
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The Black Death was a pneumonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term "Black Death" was not used until the late 17th century.
Originating in China, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony. The plague seems to have been spread by flea-infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector.
The first known case in England was a seaman who arrived at Weymouth, Dorset, from Gascony in June 1348.[1] By autumn, the plague had reached London, and by summer 1349 it covered the entire country, before dying down by December. Low estimates of mortality in the early twentieth century have been revised upwards due to re-examination of data and new information, and a figure of 40–60% of the population is widely accepted.
The English government handled the crisis well, and the country did not experience the extreme reactions that were seen elsewhere in Europe. The most immediate consequence was a halt to the campaigns of the Hundred Years' War. In the long term, the decrease in population caused a shortage of labour, with subsequent rise in wages, resisted by the landowners, which caused deep resentment among the lower classes. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was largely a result of this resentment, and even though the rebellion was suppressed, in the long term serfdom was ended in England. The Black Death also affected artistic and cultural efforts, and may have helped advance the use of the vernacular.
In 1361–62 the plague returned to England, this time causing the death of around 20% of the population. After this the plague continued to return intermittently throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, in local or national outbreaks. From this point on its effect became less severe, and one of the last outbreaks of the plague in England was the Great Plague of London in 1665–66.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 England in mid 14th Century
1.2 The Black Death
2 Progress of the plague
3 Medical practice
4 Victims
4.1 Death toll
4.1.1 Impact of the Black Death: 1349
4.2 Social distribution
5 Consequences
5.1 Economic, social and political effects
5.2 Religious and cultural consequences
6 Recurrences
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
Background[edit]
England in mid 14th Century[edit]
The Battle of Crécy established England as a military power.
It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million.[2] The number is probably in the higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely.[3] Earlier demographic crises − in particular the Great Famine of 1315–1317 − had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348.[4] England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90% of the population lived on the countryside.[5] Of the major cities, London was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants.[6] Further down the scale were Norwich, with around 12,000 people, and York with around 10,000.[5] The main export, and the source of the nation's wealth, was wool. Until the middle of the century the export had consisted primarily of raw wool to cloth makers in Flanders. Gradually though, the technology for cloth making used on the Continent was appropriated by English manufacturers, who started an export of cloths around mid-century that would boom over the following decades.[7]
Politically, the kingdom was evolving into a major European power, through the youthful and energetic kingship of Edward III.[8] In 1346, the English had won a decisive battle over the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross,[9] and it seemed that Edward III would realise his grandfather Edward I's ambition of bringing the Scots under the suzerainty of the English crown.[10] The English were also experiencing military success on the continent. Less than two months before the Battle of Neville's Cross, a numerically inferior English army led by the king himself won a spectacular victory over the French royal forces at the Battle of Crécy.[11] The victory was immediately followed by Edward laying siege to the port city of Calais. When the city fell the next year, this provided the English with a strategically important enclave that would remain in their possession for over two centuries.[12]
The Black Death[edit]
Main article: Black Death
The migration of the Black Death across Europe
The term "Black Death" – which refers to the first and most serious outbreak of the Second Pandemic – was not used by contemporaries, who preferred such names as the "Great Pestilence" or the "Great Mortality".[13] It was not until the seventeenth century that the term under which we know the outbreak today became common , probably derived from Scandinavian languages.[14] It is generally agreed today that the disease in question was plague, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria.[15] These bacteria are carried by fleas, which can be transferred to humans through contact with rats. Flea bites carry the disease into the lymphatic system, through which it makes its way to the lymph nodes. Here the bacteria multiply and form swellings called buboes, from which the term bubonic plague is derived.[16] After three or four days the bacteria enter the bloodstream, and infect organs such as the spleen and the lungs. The patient will then normally die after a few days.[17] A different strain of the disease is pneumonic plague, where the bacteria become airborne and enter directly into the patient's lungs. This strain is far more virulent, as it spreads directly from person to person. These types of infection probably both played a significant part in the Black Death, while a third strain was more rare. This is the septicaemic plague, where the flea bite carries the bacteria directly into the blood stream, and death occurs very rapidly.[18]
A study reported in 2011 of skeletons exhumed from the "Black Death" cemetery in East Smithfield London found Yersina pestis DNA. An archeological dig in the vicinity of Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire was reported in the science section of The Guardian for November 30, 2016 not only confirming evidence of the Y. pestis DNA in the human remains exhumed there but also dated them to mid-1349.
Genotyping showed that it was [at that time] a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the "Black Death" was bubonic plague. Modern medical knowledge suggests that because it was a new strain human immune system would have had little or no defense against it, which helps to explain its virulence and high death rates.[19]
The "Black Death" seems to have originated in Central Asia, where the Y. pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population. It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents.[20] The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347, through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea.[21] From here it reached Sicily in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread all over the Italian mainland.[22] It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris in June 1348. Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time.[23]
Progress of the plague[edit]
In this year, in Melcombe, in the county of Dorset, a little before the Feast of St. John the Baptist, two ships, one of them from Bristol, came alongside. One of the sailors had brought with him from Gascony the seeds of the terrible pestilence and through him the men of the town of Melcombe were the first in England to be infected.
Grey Friars' Chronicle[24]
According to the chronicle of the grey friars at King's Lynn, the plague arrived by ship from Gascony to Melcombe in Dorset – today normally referred to as Weymouth – shortly before "the Feast of St. John The Baptist" on 24 June 1348.[25] Other sources mention different points of arrival, including Bristol and Southampton.[26] Though the plague might have arrived independently at Bristol at a later point, the Grey Friars' Chronicle is considered the most authoritative account.[27] If it is assumed that the chronicle reports the first outbreak of the plague, rather than its actual arrival, then the arrival most likely happened around 8 May.[28]
From Weymouth the disease spread rapidly across the south-west. The first major city to be struck was Bristol.[29] London was reached in the autumn of 1348, before most of the surrounding countryside. This had certainly happened by November, though according to some accounts as early as 29 September.[30] Arrival in London happened by three principal roads: overland from Weymouth – through Salisbury and Winchester – overland from Gloucester, and along the coast by ship.[31] The full effect of the plague was felt in the capital early the next year.[32] Conditions in London were ideal for the plague: the streets were narrow and flowing with sewage, and houses were overcrowded and poorly ventilated.[33] By March 1349 the disease was spreading in a haphazard way across all of southern England.[34]
During the first half of 1349 the Black Death spread northwards. A second front opened up when the plague arrived by ship at the Humber, wherefrom it spread both south and north.[35] In May it reached York, and during the summer months of June, July and August, it ravaged the north.[36] Certain northern counties, like Durham and Cumberland, had been the victim of violent incursions from the Scots, and were therefore left particularly vulnerable to the devastations of the plague.[37] Pestilence is less virulent during the winter months, and spreads less rapidly.[38] The Black Death in England had survived the winter of 1348–49, but during the following winter it gave in, and by December 1349 conditions were returning to relative normalcy.[39] It had taken the disease approximately 500 days to traverse the entire country.[40]
Medical practice[edit]
In order to treat patients infected with the plague, various methods were used including sweating, bloodletting, forced vomiting, and urinating.[41] Several symptoms of the illness included blotches, hardening of the glands under the groin and underarms, and dementia.[42] Within the initial phase of the disease, bloodletting was performed on the same side of where the physical manifestations of the buboes or risings appeared. For instance, if a rising appeared on the right side of the groin the physician would bleed a vein in the ankle on the same side.[43] In the case of sweating, it was achieved with such medicines as Mithridate, Venice-Treacle, Matthiolus, Bezoar-Water, Serpentary Roots and Electuarium de Ovo.[44] Sweating was used when measures were desperate; if a patient had tokens, a severe version of risings, the physician would wrap the naked patient in a blanket drenched in cold water. This measure was only performed while the patient still had natural heat in his system. The desired effect was to make the patient sweat violently and thus purge all corruption from the blood which was caused by the disease.[45]
Another practice was the use of pigeons when treating swellings. Swellings which were white in appearance and deep were unlikely to break and must be anointed with Oil of Lillies or Camomil.[46] Once the swelling rises to a head and is red in appearance and not deep in the flesh, it can be broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon's tail. The feather's fundament was held to the swelling and would draw out the venom. However, if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance since it had taken in coldness, the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling. If it was too late to prevent, the physician would take the young pigeon, cut her open from breast to back, break her open and apply the pigeon (while still alive) over the cold swelling. The cupping therapy was an alternative method which was heated and then placed over the swellings. Once the sore was broken, the physician would apply Mellilot Plaister with Linimentum Arcei and heal the sore with digence.[47]
Victims[edit]
Death toll[edit]
Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country,[48] it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90%.[49] Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25% to over 60% of the total population.
The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in his 1948 British Medieval Population. Russell looked at inquisitions post mortem (IPMs) – taken by the crown to assess the wealth of the greatest landowners after their death – to assess the mortality caused by the Black Death, and from this arrived at an estimate of 23.6% of the entire population.[50] He also looked at episcopal registers for the death toll among the clergy, where the result was between 30–40%.[51] Russell believed the clergy was at particular risk of contagion, and eventually concluded with a low mortality level of only 20%.[52]
Several of Russell's assumptions have been challenged, and the tendency since has been to adjust the assessment upwards.[53] Philip Ziegler, in 1969, estimated the death rate to be at around one third of the population.[54] Jeremy Goldberg, in 1996, believed a number closer to 45% would be more realistic.[55] A 2004 study by Ole Jørgen Benedictow suggests the exceptionally high mortality level of 62.5%.[56] Assuming a population of 6 million, this estimate would correspond to 3,750,000 deaths. Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole, of 60%.[56] A death rate at such a high level has not been universally accepted in the historical community.[57]
In 2016, Carenza Lewis reported the results of a new method of assessing the death toll. She argues that pottery before and after the Black Death is datable because there was a change at that time from the high medieval to the late medieval style, and that counts of pottery of each type therefore provide a useful proxy for long term changes in population. She and her colleagues analysed pottery sherds from test pits in over fifty continuously occupied rural settlements in eastern England, and found a decline in the number of pottery producing pits of 45%. Norfolk had the greatest drop of 65%, while there was no drop in 10% of settlements, mostly commercial centres.[58]
Impact of the Black Death: 1349[edit]
Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of ‘great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air’.
The ‘Great Mortality’, as it was then known, entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese. The clergy were on the front line of the disease, bringing comfort to the dying, hearing final confessions and organising burials. This, almost by necessity, put them at a greater risk of infection.
Estimates suggest that the death rate of clergy in some parts of the archdiocese could have been as high as 48%. This is reflected in the Ordination Register, which shows a massive rise in ordained clergy over the period – some being recruited before the arrival of plague in a clerical recruitment drive, but many once plague had arrived, replacing those who had been killed. The nation's population decreased by a third causing a labor shortage and giving the lower class negotiating power against their overlords.[59] In 1346, 111 priests and 337 acolytes were recruited. In 1349, 299 priests and 683 acolytes are named, with 166 priests being ordained in one session alone in February 1350.”[60]
Social distribution[edit]
Russell trusted the IPMs to give a true picture of the national average, because he assumed death rates to be relatively equal across the social spectrum.[61] This assumption has later been proven wrong, and studies of peasant plague mortality from manor rolls have returned much higher rates. This could be a consequence of the elite's ability to avoid infection by escaping plague-infected areas. It could also result from lower post-infection mortality among those more affluent, due to better access to care and nursing.[62] If so, this would also mean that the mortality rates for the clergy – who were normally better off than the general population – were no higher than the average.[63]
...destructive Death (who seizes young and old alike, sparing no one and reducing rich and poor to the same level) has lamentably snatched from both of us our dearest daughter, (whom we loved best of all, as her virtues demanded).
Edward III in a letter to King Alfonso of Castile[64]
The manorial records offer a good opportunity to study the geographical distribution of the plague. Its effect seems to have been about the same all over England,[65] though a place like East Anglia, which had frequent contact with the Continent, was severely affected.[66] On a local level, however, there were great variations. A study of the Bishop of Worcester's estates reveal that, while his manors of Hartlebury and Hambury had a mortality of only 19%, the manor of Aston lost as much as 80% of its population.[67] The manor rolls are less useful for studying the demographic distribution of the mortality, since the rolls only record the heads of households, normally an adult male.[68] Here the IPMs show us that the most vulnerable to the disease were infants and the elderly.[69]
There seem to have been very few victims of the Black Death at higher levels of society.[70] The only member of the royal family who can be said with any certainty to have died from the Black Death was in France at the time of her infection. Edward III's daughter Joan was residing in Bordeaux on her way to marry Pedro of Castile in the summer of 1348. When the plague broke out in her household she was moved to a small village nearby, but she could not avoid infection, and died there on 2 September.[71] It is possible that the popular religious author Richard Rolle, who died on 30 September 1349, was another victim of the Black Death.[72] The English philosopher William of Ockham has been mentioned as a plague victim.[73] This, however, is an impossibility. Ockham was living in Munich at the time of his death, on 10 April 1347, two years before the Black Death reached that city.[74]
Consequences[edit]
Economic, social and political effects[edit]
Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading morals instead.[75] The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion. In 1349, King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers, fixing wages at pre-plague levels. The ordinance was reinforced by Parliament's passing of the Statute of Labourers in 1351.[76] The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades.[77]
Peasants' Revolt: rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed on the left, while the young Richard II pacifies the crowd on the right.
These legislative measures proved largely inefficient at regulating the market, but the government's repressive measures to enforce them caused public resentment.[78] These conditions were contributing factors to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The revolt started in Kent and Essex in late May, and once the rebels reached London they burnt down John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace, and killed both the Chancellor and the Treasurer. They then demanded the complete abolition of serfdom, and were not pacified until the young King Richard II personally intervened.[79] The rebellion was eventually suppressed, but the social changes it promoted were already irreversible. By around 1400 serfdom was virtually extinct in England, replaced by the form of tenure called copyhold.[80]
It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-fourteenth century, without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the Valois government of France.[81] To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington, whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis.[81] The plague's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war, where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355.[82]
Another notable consequence of the Black Death was the raising of the real wage of England (due to the shortage of labour as a result of the reduction in population), a trait shared across Western Europe, which in general led to a real wage in 1450 that was unmatched in most countries until the 19th or 20th century.[83] The higher wages for workers combined with sinking prices on grain products led to a problematic economic situation for the gentry. As a result, they started to show an increased interest for offices like justice of the peace, sheriff and member of parliament. The gentry took advantage of their new positions and a more systematic corruption than before spread. A result of this was that the gentry as a group became highly disliked by commoners.[84]
Religious and cultural consequences[edit]
The omnipresence of death also inspired greater piety in the upper classes, which can be seen in the fact that three Cambridge colleges were founded during or shortly after the Black Death.[85] England did not experience the same trend of roving bands of flagellants, common on the continent.[86] Neither were there any pogroms against the Jews, since the Jews had been expelled by Edward I in 1290.[86] In the long run, however, the increase in public participation may have served to challenge the absolute authority of the church hierarchy, and thus possibly helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.[citation needed]
The high rate of mortality among the clergy naturally led to a shortage of priests in many parts of the country.[72] The clergy were seen to have an elevated status among ordinary people and this was partly due to their closeness with God, being his envoys on earth. However, as the church itself had given the cause of the Black Death to be the impropriety of the behaviour of men, the higher death rate among the clergy led the people to lose faith in the Church as an institution − it had proved as ineffectual against the horror of Y. pestis as every other medieval institution. The corruption within the Catholic priesthood also angered the English people. Many priests abandoned the terrified people. Others sought benefits from the rich families who needed burials. The dissatisfaction led to anti-clericalism and the rise of John Wycliffe, an English priest. His ideas paved a path for the Christian reformation in England. Some people didn't lose their Christian faith, if anything it was renewed; they began to long for a more personal relationship with God − around the time after the Black Death many chantries (private chapels) began to spread in use from not just the nobility, but to among the well to do.[87] This change in the power of the papacy in England is demonstrated by the statutes of Praemunire.
The Black Death also affected arts and culture significantly. It was inevitable that a catastrophe of such proportions would affect some of the greater building projects, as the amount of available labour fell sharply. The building of the cathedrals of Ely and Exeter was temporarily halted in the years immediately following the first outbreak of the plague.[88] The shortage of labour also helped advance the transition from the Decorated style of building to the less elaborate Perpendicular style.[89] The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English, as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled. This, in turn, would have contributed to the late-fourteenth century flowering of English literature, represented by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower.[90]
Recurrences[edit]
In his diaries, Samuel Pepys gave a vivid description of the Great Plague of London; one of the last outbreaks of the Second Pandemic.
The Black Death was the first occurrence of the Second Pandemic,[91] which would continue to strike England and the rest of Europe more or less regularly until the eighteenth century. The first serious recurrence in England came in the years 1361−62. We know less about the death rates caused by these later outbreaks,[92] but this so-called pestis secunda may have had a mortality of around 20%.[93] This epidemic was also particularly devastating for the population's ability to recover, since it disproportionately affected infants and young men.[94] This was also the case with the next occurrence, in 1369, where the death rate was around 10−15%.[93]
Over the following decades the plague would return – on a national or a regional level – at intervals of five to twelve years, with gradually dwindling death tolls. Then, in the decades from 1430 to 1480, the disease returned in force. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%.[93] From this point on outbreaks became fewer and more manageable. This was to a large extent the result of conscious efforts by central and local governments – from the late fifteenth century onwards – to curtail the disease.[95] By the seventeenth century the Second Pandemic was over. One of its last occurrences in England was the famous Great Plague of London in 1665–66.[96]
See also[edit]
Globalization and disease
Abandoned village
Depopulation
Medieval demography
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Popular revolt in late medieval Europe
List of Bubonic plague outbreaks
List of epidemics
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Horrox 1994, p. 246
^ Jump up to: a b Hatcher 2008, p. 248
Jump up ^ Deaux 1969, p. 143
Jump up ^ Courtenay, W. J. (2004). "Ockham, William (c.1287–1347)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20493.
Jump up ^ Hilton & Dyer 2003, p. 232
Jump up ^ Hilton & Dyer 2003, pp. 152–53
• Prestwich 2005, p. 548
Jump up ^ Ormrod 1996, p. 156
Jump up ^ Hatcher 1994, pp. 206, 247
Jump up ^ Harriss, Gerald (2005). Shaping the Nation: England, 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 447–8. ISBN 0-19-822816-3.
Jump up ^ Gottfried 1983, p. 137
^ Jump up to: a b Ormrod 1986, pp. 175–88
Jump up ^ Prestwich 2005, p. 550
Jump up ^ Allen, R.C. ‘The Great divergence in European wages and prices from the middle ages to the First World War’, Explorations in Economic History, 38 (2001), pp. 411–47
Jump up ^ Harrison, Dick (2000). Stora Döden (in Swedish). Stockholm: Ordfront. p. 145. ISBN 91-7324-852-5.
Jump up ^ The three were Gonville and Caius (1348), Trinity Hall (1350) and Corpus Christi (1352); Herlihy 1997, pp. 69–70
^ Jump up to: a b Harper-Bill 1996, p. 107
Jump up ^ Kelly, John (3 January 2006). The Great Mortality; An Intimate History of the Black Death. Harper Perennial. p. 384. ISBN 0-00-715070-9.
Jump up ^ Lindley 1996, p. 143
Jump up ^ Lindley 1996, pp. 129, 137
Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003, p. 253
Jump up ^ The first was the Plague of Justinian that affected the Byzantine Empire in the sixth to eight centuries A.D., while the Third Pandemic – active from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century – had its greatest effect on China and India; Benedictow 2004, pp. 35–44
Jump up ^ Bolton 1996, p. 27
^ Jump up to: a b c Gottfried 1983, p. 131
Jump up ^ Bolton 1996, p. 37
Jump up ^ Ormrod 1996, p. 147
Jump up ^ Ziegler 2003, p. 25
Sources[edit]
Benedictow, Ole J. (2004). The Black Death 1346-1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-943-5.
Bolton, Jim (1996). "'The world upside down': plague as an agent of economic and social change". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 17–78. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Deaux, George (1969). The Black Death, 1347. London: Hamilton. ISBN 978-0679400110.
Goldberg, Jeremy (1996). "Introduction". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 1–15. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Gottfried, Robert S. (1983). The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. London: Hale. ISBN 0-7090-1299-3.
Harper-Bill, Christopher (1996). "The English church and English religion after the Black Death". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 79–123. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Hatcher, John (1977). Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348-1530. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-21293-2.
Hatcher, John (1994). "England in the aftermath of the Black Death". Past & Present. cxliv: 3–35. doi:10.1093/past/144.1.3.
Hatcher, John (2008). The Black Death: An Intimate History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84475-4.
Herlihy, David (1997). The Black Death and the transformation of the West. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-7509-3202-3.
Hilton, Rodney; Dyer, Christopher (2003). Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31614-6.
Horrox, Rosemary (1994). The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3497-3.
Lewis, Carenza (June 2016). "Disaster recovery: new archaeological evidence for the long-term impact of the 'calamitous' fourteenth century". Antiquity. 90 (351).
Lindley, Phillip (1996). "The Black Death and English art: a debate and some assumptions". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 124–46. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Ormrod, Mark (1986). "The English government and the Black Death of 1348-49". In Mark Ormrod. England in the Fourteenth Century. Woodbridge: Boydell. pp. 175–88. ISBN 0-85115-448-4.
Ormrod, Mark; Lindley, P.G., eds. (1996). The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Ormrod, Mark (1996). "The politics of pestilence: government in England after the Black Death". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley. The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. pp. 147–81. ISBN 1-871615-56-9.
Ormrod, Mark (2000). "England: Edward II and Edward III". In Michael Jones (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6: c. 1300 - c. 1415. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36290-3. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Prestwich, M.C. (2005). Plantagenet England: 1225–1360. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822844-9.
Russell, Josias Cox (1948). British Medieval Population. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Ziegler, Philip (2003). The Black Death (News ed.). Sutton: Sutton Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7509-3202-3.
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List of earthquakes in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of notable earthquakes and/or tsunamis which had their epicenter in areas that are now part of the United States with the latter affecting areas of the United States. Those in italics were not part of the United States when the event occurred.
Date
State(s)
Magnitude
Fatalities
Article
Further information
000000001700-01-26-0000January 26, 1700 Washington, Oregon, California 8.7–9.2 Unknown 1700 Cascadia earthquake
000000001755-11-18-0000November 18, 1755 Massachusetts 5.9 Unknown 1755 Cape Ann earthquake
000000001811-12-16-0000December 16, 1811 Missouri 7.2–8.1 Unknown 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes
000000001812-12-08-0000December 8, 1812 California 6.9–7.5 7001400000000000000♠40+ 1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake
000000001857-01-09-0000January 9, 1857 California 7.9 7000200000000000000♠2 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake
000000001867-04-24-0000April 24, 1867 Kansas 5.1 5000000000000000000♠0 1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake
000000001868-04-02-0000April 2, 1868 Hawaii 7.9 7001770000000000000♠77 1868 Hawaii earthquake and tsunami
000000001868-10-21-0000October 21, 1868 California 6.3–6.7 7001300000000000000♠30 1868 Hayward earthquake
000000001872-12-14-0000December 14, 1872 Washington 6.5–7.0 5000000000000000000♠0 1872 North Cascades earthquake
000000001872-03-26-0000March 26, 1872 California 7.4–7.9 7001270000000000000♠27 1872 Lone Pine earthquake
000000001886-08-31-0000August 31, 1886 South Carolina 6.9–7.3 7001600000000000000♠60 1886 Charleston earthquake
000000001906-04-18-0000April 18, 1906 California 7.9 7003300000000000000♠3,000+ 1906 San Francisco earthquake
000000001909-09-27-0000September 27, 1909 Indiana 5.1 5000000000000000000♠0 1909 Wabash River earthquake
000000001915-10-03-0000October 3, 1915 Nevada 7.1 5000000000000000000♠0 1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake
000000001925-06-29-0000June 29, 1925 California 6.8 7001130000000000000♠13 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake
000000001931-08-16-0000August 16, 1931 Texas 5.8 5000000000000000000♠0 1931 Valentine earthquake
000000001933-03-10-0000March 10, 1933 California 6.4 7002120000000000000♠120 1933 Long Beach earthquake
000000001940-05-18-0000May 18, 1940 California 6.9 7000900000000000000♠9 1940 El Centro earthquake
000000001940-12-20-0000December 20, 1940 New Hampshire 5.3 5000000000000000000♠0 1940 New Hampshire earthquakes
000000001940-12-24-0000December 24, 1940 New Hampshire 5.5 5000000000000000000♠0 1940 New Hampshire earthquakes
000000001946-04-01-0000April 1, 1946 Alaska 8.6 7002165000000000000♠165 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake and tsunami
000000001947-05-06-0000May 6, 1947 Wisconsin Unknown 0 1947 Wisconsin earthquake
000000001948-12-04-0000December 4, 1948 California 6.3 5000000000000000000♠0 1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake
000000001949-04-13-0000April 13, 1949 Washington 6.7 7000800000000000000♠8 1949 Olympia earthquake
000000001952-07-21-0000July 21, 1952 California 7.3 7001140000000000000♠14 1952 Kern County earthquake
000000001957-03-09-0000March 9, 1957 Alaska 8.6 5000000000000000000♠0 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake and tsunami
000000001958-07-09-0000July 9, 1958 Alaska 7.8 7000500000000000000♠5 (tsunami) 1958 Lituya Bay earthquakes and megatsunami
000000001959-08-17-0000August 17, 1959 Montana, Wyoming, Idaho 7.3–7.5 7001280000000000000♠28+ 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake
000000001964-03-27-0000March 27, 1964 Alaska 9.2 7002143000000000000♠143 1964 Alaska earthquake and tsunami
000000001965-02-04-0000February 4, 1965 Alaska 8.7 5000000000000000000♠0 1965 Rat Islands earthquake and tsunami
000000001965-04-29-0000April 29, 1965 Washington 6.7 7000700000000000000♠7 1965 Puget Sound earthquake
000000001967-08-09-0000August 9, 1967 Colorado 5.3 5000000000000000000♠0 Rocky Mountain Arsenal#Deep injection well
000000001967-11-26-0000November 26, 1967 Colorado 5.2 5000000000000000000♠0 Rocky Mountain Arsenal#Deep injection well
000000001968-11-09-0000November 9, 1968 Illinois 5.4 5000000000000000000♠0 1968 Illinois earthquake
000000001969-10-02-0000October 2, 1969 California 5.6, 5.7 7000100000000000000♠1 1969 Santa Rosa earthquakes Doublet
000000001971-02-09-0000February 9, 1971 California 6.5–6.7 7001580000000000000♠58–65 1971 San Fernando earthquake
000000001975-02-02-0000February 2, 1975 Alaska 7.6 5000000000000000000♠0 1975 Near Islands earthquake
000000001975-07-09-0000July 9, 1975 Minnesota 4.6 5000000000000000000♠0 1975 Morris earthquake
000000001975-11-29-0000November 29, 1975 Hawaii 7.2 7000200000000000000♠2 1975 Hawaii earthquake
000000001983-05-02-0000May 2, 1983 California 6.5 5000000000000000000♠0 1983 Coalinga earthquake
000000001983-10-28-0000October 28, 1983 Idaho 7.3 7000200000000000000♠2 1983 Borah Peak earthquake
000000001984-04-24-0000April 24, 1984 California 6.2 5000000000000000000♠0 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake
000000001987-10-01-0000October 1, 1987 California 5.9 7000800000000000000♠8 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake
000000001989-10-17-0000October 17, 1989 California 6.9 7001630000000000000♠63 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
000000001991-06-28-0000June 28, 1991 California 5.6 7000200000000000000♠2 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake
000000001992-04-25-0000April 25–26, 1992 California 6.5–7.2 5000000000000000000♠0 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes
000000001992-06-28-0000June 28, 1992 California 7.3 7000300000000000000♠3 1992 Landers earthquake
000000001992-06-28-0000June 28, 1992 California 6.5 5000000000000000000♠0 1992 Big Bear earthquake
000000001993-03-25-0000March 25, 1993 Oregon 5.6 5000000000000000000♠0 1993 Scotts Mills earthquake
000000001993-09-20-0000September 20, 1993 Oregon 6.0 7000200000000000000♠2 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes
000000001994-01-17-0000January 17, 1994 California 6.7 7001570000000000000♠57 1994 Northridge earthquake
000000001995-04-14-0000April 14, 1995 Texas 5.7 5000000000000000000♠0 1995 Marathon earthquake
000000001996-05-02-0000May 2, 1996 Washington 5.6 5000000000000000000♠0 1996 Duvall earthquake
000000001998-09-25-0000September 25, 1998 Pennsylvania 5.2 5000000000000000000♠0 1998 Pymatuning earthquake
000000001999-10-16-0000October 16, 1999 California 7.1 5000000000000000000♠0 1999 Hector Mine earthquake
000000002001-02-28-0000February 28, 2001 Washington 6.8 7000100000000000000♠1 2001 Nisqually earthquake
000000002002-11-03-0000November 3, 2002 Alaska 7.9 5000000000000000000♠0 2002 Denali earthquake
000000002003-04-29-0000April 29, 2003 Alabama 4.6 5000000000000000000♠0 2003 Alabama earthquake
000000002003-12-22-0000December 22, 2003 California 6.5 7000200000000000000♠2 2003 San Simeon earthquake
000000002006-09-10-0000September 10, 2006 Florida 5.8 5000000000000000000♠0 2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake
000000002006-10-15-0000October 15, 2006 Hawaii 6.7 5000000000000000000♠0 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake
000000002007-10-30-0000October 30, 2007 California 5.6 5000000000000000000♠0 2007 Alum Rock earthquake
000000002008-02-21-0000February 21, 2008 Nevada 6.0 5000000000000000000♠0 2008 Wells earthquake
000000002008-04-18-0000April 18, 2008 Illinois 5.4 5000000000000000000♠0 2008 Illinois earthquake
000000002008-07-29-0000July 29, 2008 California 5.5 5000000000000000000♠0 2008 Chino Hills earthquake
000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010 California 6.5 5000000000000000000♠0 2010 Eureka earthquake
000000002010-02-10-0000February 10, 2010 Illinois 3.8 5000000000000000000♠0 2010 Illinois earthquake
000000002010-07-07-0000July 7, 2010 California 5.4 5000000000000000000♠0 2010 Borrego Springs earthquake
000000002010-12-30-0000December 30, 2010 Indiana 3.8 5000000000000000000♠0 2010 Indiana earthquake
000000002011-08-22-0000August 22, 2011 Colorado 5.3 5000000000000000000♠0 2011 Colorado earthquake
000000002011-08-23-0000August 23, 2011 Virginia 5.9 5000000000000000000♠0 2011 Virginia earthquake
000000002011-11-05-0000November 5, 2011 Oklahoma 5.6 5000000000000000000♠0 2011 Oklahoma earthquake
000000002014-06-23-0000June 23, 2014 Alaska 7.9 5000000000000000000♠0 2014 Aleutian Islands earthquake
000000002014-07-25-0000July 25, 2014 Alaska 5.9 5000000000000000000♠0 2014 Southeast Alaska earthquake
000000002014-08-24-0000August 24, 2014 California 6.0 7000100000000000000♠1 2014 South Napa earthquake
000000002014-09-25-0000September 25, 2014 Alaska 6.2 5000000000000000000♠0 2014 Southern Alaska earthquake
000000002016-01-24-0000January 24, 2016 Alaska 7.1 5000000000000000000♠0 2016 Old Iliamna earthquake
000000002016-09-03-0000September 3, 2016 Oklahoma 5.8 5000000000000000000♠0 2016 Oklahoma earthquake
Two-percent probability of exceedance in 50 years map of peak ground acceleration from the United States Geological Survey, released July 17, 2014
Earthquake swarms which affected the United States:
1962–71 Denver earthquake swarm[1]
Enola earthquake swarm
2008 Reno earthquakes
Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm
2009–present Oklahoma earthquake swarms
Earthquakes which affected the United States but whose epicenters were outside the United States borders:
1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake – magnitude 6.2 earthquake, no injuries or fatalities anywhere
2010 Baja California earthquake (Mexico near S California) – magnitude 7.2 earthquake, 4 fatalities and 100 injuries, none in the United States
Earthquakes which did not affect the United States directly, but caused tsunamis which did:
1960 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.5 earthquake, between 2200–6000 fatalities, including 61 in Hilo, HI
2006 Kuril Islands earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.3 earthquake, no injuries or fatalities anywhere
2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.0 earthquake with an epicenter 120 miles (190 km) southwest of American Samoa generated tsunami waves up to 16 feet (5 m), killing 34 people in American Samoa and causing extensive damage[2]
2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.8 earthquake, ~525 fatalities and unknown number of injuries, none in the United States
2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.0 earthquake, 15,850–28,000 fatalities and 6,011 injured, one fatality and unknown number of injuries in the United States
2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake – magnitude 7.8 earthquake with an epicenter on Moresby Island in British Columbia, the second largest Canadian earthquake ever recorded by a seismometer, over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground in the state of Hawai'i
See also[edit]
List of historical tsunamis
Lists of earthquakes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Healy, J.H.; Rubey, W.W.; Griggs, D.T.; Raleigh, C.B. (27 September 1968). "The Denver Earthquakes: disposal of waste fluids by injection into a deep well has triggered earthquakes near Denver, Colorado" (PDF). Science. 161 (3848): 1301–1310. doi:10.1126/science.161.3848.1301. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Helen (November 2009). "USGS Scientists Respond to Deadly Samoa Tsunami". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
External links[edit]
List of historic U.S. earthquakes at the United States Geological Survey
Earthquake data at the National Geophysical Data Center
[hide]
v
t
e
Earthquakes in the United States
Historical
1638 New Hampshire
1663 Charlevoix
1700 Cascadia
1755 Cape Ann
1811–12 New Madrid
1838 San Andreas
1857 Fort Tejon
1865 Memphis
1867 Manhattan, Kansas
1868 Hawaii
1868 Hayward
1872 Lone Pine
1872 North Cascades
1886 Charleston
1887 Sonora
1892 Laguna Salada
1892 Vacaville–Winters
1898 Mare Island
20th-century
1906 San Francisco
1906 Aleutian Islands
1909 Wabash River
1915 Pleasant Valley
1916 Irondale
1918 San Jacinto
1925 Santa Barbara
1931 Valentine
1932 Eureka
1933 Long Beach
1935 Helena
1940 El Centro
1940 New Hampshire
1944 Cornwall–Massena
1946 Aleutian Islands
1947 Wisconsin
1948 Desert Hot Springs
1949 Olympia
1952 Kern County
1957 Andreanof Islands
1957 San Francisco
1959 Hebgen Lake
1964 Alaska
1965 Rat Islands
1965 Puget Sound
1968 Illinois
1969 Santa Rosa
1971 San Fernando
1973 Point Mugu
1975 Near Islands
1975 Morris
1975 Hawaii
1979 Coyote Lake
1979 Imperial Valley
1980 Eureka
1983 Coalinga
1983 Borah Peak
1984 Morgan Hill
1986 North Palm Springs
1986 Chalfant Valley
1987 Whittier Narrows
1989 Loma Prieta
1990 Upland
1991 Sierra Madre
1992 Cape Mendocino
1992 Landers
1992 Big Bear
1993 Scotts Mills
1993 Klamath Falls
1994 Northridge
1995 Marathon
1996 Duvall
1998 Pymatuning
1999 Hector Mine
2000 Yountville
21st-century
2001 Nisqually
2002 Denali
2003 Alabama
2003 San Simeon
2006 Gulf of Mexico
2006 Kiholo Bay
2007 Alum Rock
2008 Illinois
2008 Chino Hills
2010 Eureka
2010 Baja California
2010 Indiana
2011 Colorado
2011 Virginia
2011 Oklahoma
2014 Aleutian Islands
2014 Southeast Alaska
2014 South Napa
2016 Oklahoma
2016 Hawthorne
Swarms
2001 Enola
2008 Reno
2010–11 Guy-Greenbrier
2012 Brawley
2009–17 Oklahoma
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For You (Liam Payne and Rita Ora song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"For You"
Single by Liam Payne and Rita Ora
from the album Fifty Shades Freed: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Released
5 January 2018 (2018-01-05)
Format
Digital download
Genre
Synth-pop
electropop[1]
Length
4:04
Label
Universal Studios
Capitol
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Ali Payami
Ali Tamposi
Andrew Watt
Producer(s)
Ali Payami
Andrew Watt
Petter Karlsson
Liam Payne singles chronology
"Bedroom Floor"
(2017) "For You"
(2018) "Familiar"
(2018)
Rita Ora singles chronology
"Anywhere"
(2017) "For You"
(2018) "Girls"
(2018)
Fifty Shades soundtrack singles chronology
"Not Afraid Anymore"
(2017) "For You"
(2018) "Capital Letters"
(2018)
Music video
"For You" on YouTube
"For You" is a song recorded by English singers Liam Payne and Rita Ora, for the soundtrack to the film Fifty Shades Freed (2018). It was released on 5 January 2018 through Universal Studios, Capitol Records and Atlantic Records UK, as the lead single from the soundtrack. The song was written by Ali Payami, Ali Tamposi and Andrew Watt, and produced by Payami, Watt and Petter Karlsson. The music video was released on 26 January 2018.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Promotion
2 Critical reception
3 Chart performance
4 Music video
5 Live performances
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts
8 Certifications
9 Release history
10 References
Promotion[edit]
On 20 December 2017, both artists posted a promotional shot on social media of themselves standing together, dressed up to the nines, along with the hashtag "#FiftyShadesFreed".[3][4][5][6] The picture started speculation on a possible collaboration between the two for the upcoming film Fifty Shades Freed, in which Ora appears.[7][8][9][10] A day after, the pair released the first teaser of the song on social media.[11] On 3 January 2018, they revealed the song's release date and released the second teaser,[12][13] a video showing the studio session in which they recorded the song.[14][15][16][17]
Critical reception[edit]
Lauren O'Neill of Vice called it "a fine song with a serviceable chorus", he disliked Payne's appearance on the track and wrote that it would be "entirely better if Rita, whose voice sounds very pretty here, had been left to her own devices".[18] Patrick Hosken of MTV News wrote that "the song's opening blares immediately reminded me of Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On".[19] Sam Damshenas of Gay Times deemed the song "a sultry synthpop duet" that is "catchy as f**k". He expect the song to be "a smash hit", considering how well the previous singles from Fifty Shades soundtrack albums have done.[20] Kevin Goddard of HotNewHipHop described the song as "a sultry, steamy, upbeat and pop-driven dance record".[21]
Rap-Up opined that the duet "combines upbeat harmonies with catchy melodies".[22] Michelle Phi of Clevver wrote that "the upbeat dance tempo and sultry lyrics are the perfect combo to get any fan excited about the final installment of Fifty Shades of Grey" and the song "could be the steamiest song to grace the franchise yet".[23] Similarly, Mike Vulpo of E! also regarded the song as "an upbeat dance number that may just get fans more pumped for the steamy movie hitting theatres before Valentine's Day".[24]
Chart performance[edit]
"For You" peaked at number one in Germany, making it Payne and Ora's first song to top the chart in the country.[25] The song charted within the top five in the charts of Austria, France, Portugal and Switzerland.[26][27][28][29] The single also reached the top 10 in the UK, peaking at number eight, making it Payne's second top 10 in the country as a solo artist and Ora's twelfth.[30][31]
Music video[edit]
The video was shot at Oheka Castle in Huntington, New York.
The official music video of the song was released on 26 January 2018 on the Fifty Shades Vevo account. It was directed by Hannah Lux Davis. The filming took place at Oheka Castle on Long Island, off the coast of the eastern United States. It features Ora in a red dress walking and running in the garden and Payne in the castle, with them meeting on the grand staircase at the end. Special effects throughout also show the pair levitating. Comparisons were drawn to the video of "Blank Space" by Taylor Swift, as both videos were filmed in the same location.[32][33]
Live performances[edit]
On 31 January 2018, Payne and Ora performed "For You" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[34][35] They also sang on Today on 1 February, and on the French television show C à vous on 5 February.[36][37] The duo also performed the song at the 2018 Brit Awards on 21 February 2018. On 12 April 2018, Payne and Ora performed the song live after Ora performed "Your Song" and "Anywhere" at the German Echo Music Prize.[38]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from Tidal.[39]
Liam Payne – vocals, background vocals
Rita Ora – vocals, background vocals
Ali Payami – composition, production, background vocals, keyboard, bass, drums, horn, percussion, programming
Ali Tamposi – composition, background vocals
Andrew Watt – composition, production, background vocals, guitar
Peter Karlsson – production, background vocals
John Hanes – mix engineering
Sam Holland – engineering
Serban Ghenea – mixing
Jakob Jerlström – background vocals
Max Grahn – background vocals
Cory Bice – assistant engineering
Jeremy Lertola – assistant engineering
Niklas Ljungfelt – guitar
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[40]
15
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[26]
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[41]
8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[42]
14
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[43]
63
Croatia (HRT)[44]
1
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[45]
1
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[46]
2
Denmark (Tracklisten)[47]
17
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[48]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[49]
13
France (SNEP)[27]
2
Germany (Official German Charts)[25]
1
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[50]
26
Hungary (Single Top 40)[51]
3
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[52]
16
Ireland (IRMA)[53]
17
Italy (FIMI)[54]
31
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[55]
1
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[56]
2
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[57]
1
Mexico Airplay (Billboard)[58]
20
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[59]
21
Netherlands (Mega Top 50)[60]
15
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[61]
35
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[62]
34
Norway (VG-lista)[63]
10
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [64]
3
Portugal (AFP)[28]
3
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[65]
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[66]
11
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[67]
2
Slovenia (SloTop50)[68]
1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[69]
47
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[70]
15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[29]
3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[71]
8
US Billboard Hot 100[72]
76
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[73]
37
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[74]
Platinum 70,000^
Belgium (BEA)[75]
Gold 15,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[76]
Gold 40,000^
France (SNEP)[77]
Gold 75,000*
Germany (BVMI)[78]
Gold 200,000^
Italy (FIMI)[79]
Gold 25,000
Portugal (AFP)[80]
Gold 5,000
Sweden (GLF)[81]
Gold 20,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[82]
Silver 200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Various
5 January 2018 Digital download
Universal Studios
Capitol
Atlantic
[39]
United States
9 January 2018 Contemporary hit radio Republic [83]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reed, Ryan (5 January 2018). "Hear Liam Payne, Rita Ora's Sexy New Song 'For You'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Vain, Madison (26 January 2018). "Liam Payne and Rita Ora release whimsical Fifty Shades Freed music video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Braca, Nina (20 December 2017). "Liam Payne Hints at 'Fifty Shades Freed' Collaboration With Rita Ora". Billboard. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ McNeilage, Ross (21 December 2017). "Rita Ora and Liam Payne Pair Up For New Fifty Shades Single". MTV News. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Annie (21 December 2017). "Rita Ora, Liam Payne tease 'Fifty Shades Freed' collab". United Press International. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnstone, Anna (21 December 2017). "Rita Ora and Liam Payne hint at a collaboration for Fifty Shades Freed and fans are SHAKEN". Glamour. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liam Payne and Rita Ora tease Fifty Shades Freed collaboration". BBC. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Maine, Samantha (21 December 2017). "Has the next 'Fifty Shades Of Grey' collaboration been revealed?". NME. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Gosling, Francesca (20 December 2017). "Rita Ora and Liam Payne feed Fifty Shades collaboration rumours with glam photo". Irish Independent. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Rai, Mridu (21 December 2017). "Liam Payne and Rita Ora to collaborate on Fifty Shades Freed soundtrack?". International Business Times. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Drysdale, Jennifer (21 December 2017). "Rita Ora Teases 'Fifty Shades Freed' Collaboration With Liam Payne". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (3 January 2018). "Liam Payne & Rita Ora Tease 'Fifty Shades Freed' Duet, 'For You'". Billboard. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (3 January 2018). "Updated: Liam Payne teases Rita Ora collaboration for Fifty Shades Freed soundtrack". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Truong, Peggy (5 January 2018). "[Updated] Here's Liam Payne and Rita Ora's Sexy New Fifty Shades Freed Song". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Romano, Nick (5 January 2018). "Liam Payne, Rita Ora are here 'For You' in Fifty Shades Freed song". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Mahjouri, Shakiel (5 January 2018). "Liam Payne And Rita Ora Debut 'Fifty Shades Freed' Song 'For You'". Entertainment Tonight Canada. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Davis, Jennifer (3 January 2018). "Rita Ora and Liam Payne's Fifty Shades Collab Will Be Your First Favorite Song of 2018". InStyle. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Lauren (5 January 2018). "Who Is Going to Have Sex to Rita Ora and Liam Payne's 'Fifty Shades' Song?". Noisey. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Hosken, Patrick (5 January 2018). "Liam Payne And Rita Ora's 'For You' Is The Love Song Fifty Shades Freed Needs". MTV News. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Damshenas, Sam (5 January 2018). "Listen to Liam Payne and Rita Ora's sultry synthpop duet for Fifty Shades Freed". Gay Times. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Goddard, Kevin (5 January 2018). "Liam Payne & Rita Ora Team Up For New "Fifty Shades Freed" Single "For You"". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Music: Liam Payne & Rita Ora – 'For You'". Rap-Up. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Phi, Michelle (5 January 2018). "Liam Payne & Rita Ora Drop Steamy Fifty Shades Collab "For You"". Clevver. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (4 January 2018). "Listen to Liam Payne and Rita Ora's Fifty Shades Freed Song "For You"". E!. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Offiziellecharts.de – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Austriancharts.at – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lescharts.com – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Portuguesecharts.com – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Swisscharts.com – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liam Payne | full Official Chart history". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (16 February 2018). "Rita Ora equals British female Official Chart record". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Rodger, James (31 January 2018). "That mega house in Liam Payne's new music video may look familiar". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Giles, Kayleigh (26 January 2018). "Rita Ora gets VERY close to Liam Payne in new Fifty Shades Freed video For You". The Sun. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Leight, Elias (1 February 2018). "See Liam Payne, Rita Ora's Grand Performance of 'For You' on 'Fallon'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Billboard Staff (1 February 2018). "Liam Payne & Rita Ora Get Close With Electric 'For You' Performance on 'Tonight Show'". Billboard. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liam Payne & Rita Ora To Perform "For You" On February 1 TODAY Show". Headline Planet. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liam Payne et Rita Ora, l'autre couple star de "Cinquante nuances plus claires "". leparisien.fr (in French). 6 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Axel (12 April 2018). "Skandal bei Echo 2018: Außenminister Maas meldet sich zu Wort – Farid Bang in Schlägerei verwickelt?". Tz (in German). Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "For You (Fifty Shades Freed) / Liam Payne TIDAL". Tidal. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Liam Payne & Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Liam Payne Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "STRANA – Top do topa (24.02.2018.)". HRT. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201817 into search. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201807 into search. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Euro Digital Song Sales: Feb 24, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rita Ora, Liam Payne: For You (Fifty Shades Freed)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
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Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Liam Payne/Rita Ora – For You (Fifty Shades Freed)". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Enter For You (Fifty Shades Freed) in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Top 40/Mainstream > Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
[show]
v
t
e
Fifty Shades by E. L. James
Novels
Original trilogy
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Retold
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian
Film series
Films
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Music
Fifty Shades of Grey
"Earned It"
"Love Me like You Do"
"I Know You"
Fifty Shades Darker
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Not Afraid Anymore"
Fifty Shades Freed
"For You"
"Capital Letters"
"Heaven"
Parodies
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
Fifty Shades of Black
[show]
v
t
e
Liam Payne
Singles
"Strip That Down"
"Get Low"
"Bedroom Floor"
"For You"
"Familiar"
Related articles
One Direction
[show]
v
t
e
Rita Ora
Discography
Awards
Studio albums
Ora
Singles
"R.I.P."
"How We Do (Party)"
"Shine Ya Light"
"Radioactive"
"I Will Never Let You Down"
"Poison"
"Body on Me"
"Coming Home"
"Your Song"
"Anywhere"
"For You"
"Girls"
Featured singles
"Hot Right Now"
"Lay Down Your Weapons"
"Black Widow"
"Doing It"
"New York Raining"
"Lonely Together"
Other songs
"Better than You"
"Grateful"
Concert tours
Ora Tour
Radioactive Tour
The Girls Tour
Related articles
Besim Sahatçiu
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