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History of the Anglican Communion
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The history of the Anglican Communion may be attributed mainly to the worldwide spread of British culture associated with the British Empire. Among other things the Church of England spread around the world and, gradually developing autonomy in each region of the world, became the communion as it exists today.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Anglicanism in the colonies
3 America
4 Provincial organization
5 Freedom from state control
6 Autonomy
7 Lambeth Conferences
8 Bonn Agreement
9 Modern history
10 See also
11 References
Origins[edit]
St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin in Dublin.
The only provinces of the Anglican Communion with a direct and unbroken history stretching back to the pre-Reformation church are to be found in Great Britain and Ireland: the Church of England, the Church in Wales, the Church of Ireland and the Scottish Episcopal Church. As its name suggests, the Scottish situation is unique; the national Church of Scotland is Presbyterian and for some years in the late 17th and early 18th centuries the Scottish Episcopal Church, despite its similarities to the Church of England, was regarded with some suspicion because of its occasional associations with Jacobite opposition to the House of Hanover.
Although Henry VIII broke with the Church of Rome in the 1530s, he strongly resisted thereafter associating the English Church with the Continental Protestant Reformation. [1] Henry's position was however, reversed in the brief reign of his young son Edward VI 1547-1553, when the leaders of the Church of England, especially Thomas Cranmer, actively sought to establish England in the centre of evolving Reformed churches.[2] Cranmer's ambitions, however, were not widely shared amongst the bulk of laity and clergy; and accordingly, the return to the religious forms of traditional Roman Catholicism under Queen Mary was widely welcomed.
The Elizabethan Settlement in England was broken in 1570 with the excommunication of Elizabeth.[3] Although few, if any, concessions were made to the Papacy or to Roman Catholic doctrine, a small number of changes were then made to the Articles of Religion and to the Prayer Book, especially in relation the Real Presence and to the continuation of worship in more traditional forms.[4] Only one of Mary's English and Welsh bishops conformed to the Elizabethan settlement, though all save 300 of the parish clergy subscribed. In Ireland the position was reversed; all bishops save two accepted the Elizabethan Settlement, but the bulk of parish clergy and laity remained loyal to the pope. In the period since 1553, Continental Reformed Protestantism had itself continued to develop, especially in Geneva and Heidelberg, but English divines who wished the Elizabethan church to take part in these developments were to be bitterly disappointed; Elizabeth refused any further change to the forms or structures of religion established in 1559.[5] In particular, Protestant controversialists began to attack the episcopal polity, and the defined liturgy of the Elizabethan Church as incompatible with the true Reformed tradition; and, in response, defenders of the established church began, from the early 17th Century onwards, to claim these specific features as positively desirable, or indeed essential.[6]
The attempt to impose in Scotland a Prayer Book on the English model, drove the three kingdoms into civil war. However, the Puritan sympathies of the victorious Parliamentary armies in the English Civil War, and the consequential abolition during the Commonwealth of English bishoprics and cathedral chapters with the suppression of the Book of Common Prayer, resulted in English churchmen beginning to recognise Anglican identity as being distinct from and incompatible with the traditions of Presbyterian Protestantism. This distinction was formalised at the Restoration of Charles II, when the proposals of Puritan divines for further reform of the Prayer Book were thoroughly rejected; and 1,760 clergymen were deprived of their livings for failing to subscribe to the 1662 Book. From this date onwards dissenting Protestant congregations were to be found throughout England, and the established church no longer claimed or sought to comprehend all traditions of Protestant belief. In Ireland and in many of England's American Colonies, the numbers who subscribed to Presbyterian congregations formed the majority of the Protestant population; while in Scotland from 1689, following the accession of William and Mary, Presbyterian church polity was revived, and constituted in that kingdom, the established church; so that those ministers and congregations who continued to subscribe to the Anglican Episcopalian traditions eventually became a dissenting minority.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, divines of the Church of England increasingly differentiated their faith from that of the Protestant churches. Controversy broke out into the open after 1829, with the removal of religious restrictions on political rights in the United Kingdom, following which elected members of the UK Parliament (the legal authority in England for definitions of religious faith), might include both Roman Catholics and Dissenters. The Tractarians undertook a re-examination of Anglican traditions of the 19th century; developing these into the general principle that Anglicanism represented a via media between Protestantism and Catholicism; or otherwise, that the Church of England together with the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, represented three 'branches' of the Universal Church, whose faith derived from Scripture and Tradition independent of legislative formulae. The issue was more pressing insofar as Anglican societies were engaging actively in missionary work, often in conjunction with Christians of other traditions; resulting in the foundation of new churches, especially in Africa. Anglican traditions implied an expectation that these churches should develop self-government and a locally based episcopacy; but it was unclear who had legal power to create such bishoprics, who had the authority to appoint to them, and what discretion such bishops would have to define local statements of faith and forms of worship. Matters came to a head with the case of John William Colenso appointed to the Bishopric of Natal in 1853. When Bishop Colenso published commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans and on the Pentateuch that questioned traditional teachings, he was deprived of his see by the bishops of the South African church in 1863; but then re-instated on appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1866. Whatever the merits of the Colenso case, the implied action of a British court in constraining matters of faith and discipline in a church outside the United Kingdom was instrumental in the decision to summon the first Lambeth Conference in 1867.
As Britain's worldwide colonial empire grew, the Church of England began to spread with it. But at first no bishops were sent overseas; all colonial churches reported back to the Bishop of London. At the time of the American Revolution, there had already been considerable American demand for a local bishop; and after that event the Church of England in the new United States certainly needed to organize itself on a local basis.
Anglicanism in the colonies[edit]
The first Anglican service in North America was conducted in California in 1579 by the chaplain accompanying Sir Francis Drake on his voyage around the globe. The first baptisms were held in Roanoke, North Carolina, by the ill-fated Roanoke colony. The continuous presence of Anglicanism in North America, however, begins in 1607 with the founding of Jamestown, Virginia. By 1700 there were more than 100 Anglican parishes in British colonies on the mainland of North America, the largest number in Virginia and Maryland. The American War for Independence resulted in the formation of the first independent national church in the Anglican tradition.
The 1609 wreck of the flagship of the Virginia Company, the Sea Venture, resulted in the settlement of Bermuda by the Company. This was made official in 1612 when the town of St. George's, now the oldest surviving English settlement in the New World, was established. It is the location of St. Peter's Church, the oldest-surviving Anglican church outside of the British Isles (Britain and Ireland) and the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church in the New World, also established in 1612. It remained part of the Church of England until 1978 when the Anglican Church of Bermuda was formed. The Church of England was the state church in Bermuda and a system of parishes was set up for the religious and political subdivision of the colony (they survive, today, as both civil and religious parishes).
The parish of St. John the Baptist in the city of St. John's, Newfoundland (part of the Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador) is the oldest in Canada, founded in 1699 in response to a petition drafted by the Anglican townsfolk of St. John's and sent to the Bishop of London, Henry Compton. In this petition the people also requested help in the rebuilding of their church, which had been destroyed, along with the rest of the city, in 1696 by the French under the command of General Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.
On August 12, 1787, Charles Inglis was consecrated Bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over all the British possessions in North America. In 1793 the see of Quebec was founded; Jamaica and Barbados followed in 1824 and Toronto and Newfoundland in 1839. Meanwhile, the needs of India were met, on the urgent representations in Parliament of William Wilberforce and others, by the consecration of T. F. Middleton as Bishop of Calcutta, with three archdeacons to assist him. In 1829, on the nomination of the Duke of Wellington, William Broughton was sent out to work as the Archdeacon of Australia. The first Anglican church in Latin America, St. John's Cathedral (Belize City), was built in the colony of British Honduras (Belize) in 1812.
Soon afterwards, in 1835 and 1837, the sees of Madras and Bombay were founded; whilst in 1836 Broughton himself was consecrated as the first Bishop of Australia. Thus down to 1840 there were but ten colonial bishops; and of these several were so hampered by civil regulations that they were little more than government chaplains in episcopal orders. In April of that year, however, Bishop Blomfield of London published his famous letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, declaring that "an episcopal church without a bishop is a contradiction in terms" and strenuously advocating a great effort for the extension of the episcopate.
The plan was taken up with enthusiasm and, in 1841, the bishops of the United Kingdom met and issued a declaration which inaugurated the Colonial Bishoprics Council. Subsequent declarations in 1872 and 1891 have served both to record progress and to stimulate to new effort. The Diocese of New Zealand was founded in 1841, being endowed by the Church Missionary Society through the council, and George Augustus Selwyn was chosen as the first bishop. Moreover, in many cases bishops have been sent to inaugurate new missions, as in the cases of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, Lebombo, Corea and New Guinea; and the missionary jurisdictions so founded develop in time into dioceses.
It was only very gradually that these dioceses acquired legislative independence and a determinate organization. At first, sees were created and bishops were nominated by the crown by means of letters patent; and in some cases an income was assigned out of public funds. Moreover, for many years all bishops were consecrated in England, took the customary "oath of due obedience" to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and were regarded as his extraterritorial suffragans. But by degrees changes have been made on all these points.
America[edit]
In 1783 the parishes of Connecticut elected Samuel Seabury as their bishop and sent him to England for ordination. However John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury at the time, found that he had the authority neither to create new bishops without legislation nor to dispense with the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown which formed part of the ordination ceremony. Seabury then went to Scotland where, free from such legal difficulties, he was ordained in 1784. Eventually, with new legislation in place, the Archbishop of Canterbury was able to consecrate William White and Samuel Provoost as bishops for the new Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America in 1787 and James Madison, Bishop of Virginia in 1790.
The Protestant Episcopal Church held its first General Convention in 1785, and organized using a system of state conventions in place of dioceses. They adopted a constitution and canons and approved an American version of the Book of Common Prayer in 1789 in Philadelphia. William White, who had served as presiding officer of General Convention in 1785 and 1786, was also elected presiding officer of the 1789 convention. He was the first bishop to preside over the convention. When in a second session of the 1789 convention, Bishop Seabury was seated and the New England churches acceded to the constitution. The bishops then withdrew and Bishop Seabury became the first bishop to preside over a separate House of Bishops. The American church officially adopted the term "diocese" in 1839 with the formation of a second diocese in the state of New York.
Provincial organization[edit]
Local conditions soon made a provincial organization necessary, and it was gradually introduced. The bishop of Calcutta received letters patent as metropolitan of India when the sees of Madras and Bombay were founded; and fresh patents were issued to Bishop Broughton in 1847 and Bishop Gray in 1853, as metropolitans of Australia and South Africa respectively. Similar action was taken in 1858, when Bishop Selwyn became metropolitan of New Zealand; and again in 1860, when, on the petition of the Canadian bishops to the Crown and the colonial legislature for permission to elect a metropolitan, letters patent were issued appointing Bishop Fulford of Montreal to that office. Since then metropolitans have been chosen and provinces formed by regular synodical action, a process greatly encouraged by the resolutions of the Lambeth Conferences on the subject. The constitution of these provinces was not uniform. In some cases, as South Africa, New South Wales, and Queensland, the metropolitan see was fixed. Elsewhere, as in New Zealand, where no single city can claim pre-eminence, the metropolitan is either elected or else is the senior bishop by consecration. Two further developments must be mentioned:
The creation of diocesan and provincial synods, the first diocesan synod to meet being that of New Zealand in 1844, while the formation of a provincial synod was foreshadowed by a conference of Australasian bishops at Sydney in 1850;
Towards the close of the 19th century the title of archbishop began to be assumed by the metropolitans of several provinces. It was first assumed by the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land, at the desire of the Canadian general synod in 1893; and subsequently, in accordance with a resolution of the Lambeth Conference of 1897, it was given by their synods to the bishop of Sydney as metropolitan of New South Wales and to the bishop of Cape Town as metropolitan of South Africa. Civil obstacles have hitherto delayed its adoption by the metropolitan of India.
Freedom from state control[edit]
By degrees, also, the colonial churches have been freed from their rather burdensome relations with the state. The Church of the West Indies was disestablished in 1868. Other colonial churches followed suit over the next few decades.
In 1857 it was decided, in Regina v. Eton College, that the Crown could not claim the presentation to a living when it had appointed the former incumbent to a colonial bishopric, as it does in the case of an English bishopric. In 1861, after some protest from the crown lawyers, two missionary bishops were consecrated without letters patent for regions outside British territory: C. F. Mackenzie for the Zambezi region and J. C. Patteson for Melanesia, by the metropolitans of Cape Town and New Zealand respectively.
In 1863 the privy council declared, in Long v. The Bishop of Cape Town, that "the Church of England, in places where there is no church established by law, is in the same situation with any other religious body."
In 1865 it adjudged Bishop Gray's letters patent, as metropolitan of Cape Town, to be powerless to enable him "to exercise any coercive jurisdiction, or hold any court or tribunal for that purpose," since the Cape colony already possessed legislative institutions when they were issued; and his deposition of Bishop Colenso was declared to be "null and void in law" (re The Bishop of Natal). With the exception of Colenso the South African bishops forthwith surrendered their patents, and formally accepted Bishop Gray as their metropolitan, an example followed in 1865 in the province of New Zealand.
In 1862, when the Diocese of Ontario was formed, the bishop was elected in Canada, and consecrated under a royal mandate, letters patent being by this time entirely discredited. And when, in 1867, a coadjutor was chosen for the bishop of Toronto, an application for a royal mandate produced the reply from the colonial secretary that "it was not the part of the Crown to interfere in the creation of a new bishop or bishopric, and not consistent with the dignity of the Crown that he should advise Her Majesty to issue a mandate which would not be worth the paper on which it was written, and which, having been sent out to Canada, might be disregarded in the most complete manner."
And at the present day the colonial churches are entirely free in this matter. This, however, is not the case with the Church in India. Here the bishops of sees founded down to 1879 receive a stipend from the revenue (with the exception of the bishop of Ceylon, who no longer does so). They are not only nominated by the crown and consecrated under letters patent, but the appointment is expressly subjected "to such power of revocation and recall as is by law vested" in the crown; and where additional oversight was necessary for the Church in Tinnevelly, it could only be secured by the consecration of two assistant bishops, who worked under a commission for the Archbishop of Canterbury which was to expire on the death of the bishop of Madras. Since then, however, new sees have been founded which are under no such restrictions.
Autonomy[edit]
By degrees, also, the relations of colonial churches to the Archbishop of Canterbury have changed. Until 1855 no colonial bishop was consecrated outside the British Isles, the first instance being Bishop MacDougall of Labuan, consecrated in India under a commission from the Archbishop of Canterbury; and until 1874 it was held to be unlawful for a bishop to be consecrated in England without taking the suffragan's Oath of Due Obedience. This necessity was removed by the Colonial Clergy Act of 1874, which permits the Archbishop of Canterbury at his discretion to dispense with the oath.
But the most complete autonomy does not involve isolation. The churches are in full communion with one another and act together in many ways; missionary jurisdictions and dioceses are mapped out by common arrangement and even transferred if it seems advisable; e.g., the Diocese of Honolulu (Hawaii), previously under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, was transferred in 1900 to the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on account of political changes. Missionary activity of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America resulted in creation of other provinces of the communion, including Brazil, Mexico, Central America, the Philippines and Japan. In Brazil and Japan the Church of England also had a presence, but the Episcopal Church work was more extensive and the Episcopal Church consecrated the first bishops.
Though the See of Canterbury claims no primacy over the Anglican Communion analogous to that exercised over the Roman Catholic Church by the Pope, it is regarded with a strong affection and deference, which shows itself by frequent consultation and interchange of greetings. By this the Archbishop of Canterbury is held as the titular and spiritual head of the Anglican Communion, but his role is strictly an honorary one.
Lambeth Conferences[edit]
The conference of Anglican bishops from all parts of the world, instituted by Archbishop Longley in 1867 and known as the Lambeth Conferences, though even for the Anglican Communion they have not the authority of an ecumenical synod and their decisions are rather of the nature of counsels than commands, have done much to promote the harmony and co-operation of the various churches within Anglicanism.
An even more imposing manifestation of this common life was given by the great Pan-Anglican Congress held in London between June 12 and June 24, 1908, which preceded the Lambeth Conference opened on July 5. The idea of this originated with Bishop Montgomery, secretary to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and was endorsed by a resolution of the United Boards of Mission in 1903.
As the result of negotiations and preparations extending over five years, 250 bishops, together with delegates, clerical and lay, from every diocese in the Anglican Communion, met at Lambeth Palace, the opening service of intercession being held in Westminster Abbey. In its general character the meeting was but a church congress on an enlarged scale and the subjects discussed, e.g. the attitude of churchmen towards the question of the marriage laws or that of socialism, followed much the same lines. The conference had no power to decide or to legislate for the church, its main value being in drawing its scattered members closer together, in bringing the newer and more isolated parts into consciousness of their contact with the parent stem, and in opening the eyes of the Church of England to the point of view and the peculiar problems of the daughter-churches.
Bonn Agreement[edit]
In 1931 the Anglican Communion and the Old Catholics of the Union of Utrecht enter into full communion in the Bonn Agreement. Both the Old Catholics and the Anglicans agree on several key points:
Each communion recognises the catholicity and independence of the other and maintains its own.
Each communion agrees to permit members of the other communion to participate in the sacraments.
Inter-communion does not require from either communion the acceptance of all doctrinal opinion, sacramental devotion or liturgical practice characteristic of the other, but implies that each believes the other to hold all the essentials of the Christian faith.
With this new inter-communion cross-episcopal ordinations began, further endorsing the apostolic succession within Anglicanism.
Modern history[edit]
Meetings began in 1937 about inter-communion between the Episcopal Church and the Presbyterians.[citation needed] After two years these talks arrived at no concrete conclusion because the Episcopalians insisted on the historic episcopate. The Presbyterians backed out of the talks in 1940.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: Allen Lane. p. 198. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7.
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: Allen Lane. p. 258. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7.
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: Allen Lane. p. 288. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7.
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: Allen Lane. p. 289. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7.
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: Allen Lane. p. 291. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7.
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490-1700. London: Allen Lane. p. 509. ISBN 0-7139-9370-7.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anglican Communion". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–21.
The American Church and the Formation of the Anglican Communion, 1823-1853 1962 article by Robert Semple Bosher
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Bridesmaids (2011 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bridesmaids
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Paul Feig
Produced by
Judd Apatow
Barry Mendel
Clayton Townsend
Written by
Annie Mumolo
Kristen Wiig
Starring
Kristen Wiig
Maya Rudolph
Rose Byrne
Melissa McCarthy
Wendi McLendon-Covey
Ellie Kemper
Chris O'Dowd
Jill Clayburgh
Music by
Michael Andrews
Cinematography
Robert Yeoman
Edited by
William Kerr
Mike Sale
Production
companies
Apatow Productions
Relativity Media[1]
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
April 28, 2011 (2011-04-28) (Westwood premiere)
May 13, 2011 (2011-05-13) (United States)
Running time
125 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$32.5 million[3][4]
Box office
$288.4 million[5]
Bridesmaids is a 2011 American comedy film directed by Paul Feig, written by Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig, and produced by Judd Apatow, Barry Mendel and Clayton Townsend. The plot centers on Annie (Wiig), who suffers a series of misfortunes after being asked to serve as maid of honor for her best friend, Lillian, played by Maya Rudolph. Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Ellie Kemper, and Wendi McLendon-Covey co-star as Lillian's bridesmaids, with Chris O'Dowd, Rebel Wilson, Matt Lucas, Michael Hitchcock, and Jill Clayburgh, in her final film appearance, in supporting roles.[6]
Actresses Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig wrote the screenplay following Wiig's casting in Apatow's 2007 comedy film Knocked Up. Budgeted at $32.5 million, filming took place in Los Angeles, California. Upon its opening release in the United States and Canada on May 13, 2011, Bridesmaids was both critically and commercially successful. The film grossed $26 million in its opening weekend, eventually grossing over $288 million worldwide, and surpassed Knocked Up to become the top-grossing Apatow production to date,[7] and served as a touchstone for discussion about women in comedy.[8][9][10]
The film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. It received multiple other accolades. On January 24, 2012, the film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Melissa McCarthy and Best Original Screenplay for Wiig and Mumolo. This made it the first Apatow-produced film to be nominated for an Academy Award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing
3.2 Casting and filming
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
4.3 Accolades
5 Home media
6 Potential sequel
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Annie Walker (Kristen Wiig) is a single woman in her late 30s. Following the failure of her bakery, she has lost her boyfriend and her savings, forcing her to take a job as a sales clerk in a jewlery store and to share an apartment with an obnoxious English immigrant roommate Gil (Matt Lucas) and his sister Brynn (Rebel Wilson). Her business failure was so painful that she has given up baking entirely. She has a no-strings-attached sexual relationship with the self-absorbed Ted (Jon Hamm) but hopes for something more from him. Her best friend, Lillian (Maya Rudolph), is virtually her only source of happiness.
Lillian becomes engaged and asks Annie to be her Maid of Honor. At the engagement party, Annie meets Lillian's bridesmaids: cynical cousin Rita (Wendi McLendon-Covey); naïve and idealistic friend Becca (Ellie Kemper); the groom's raunchy sister Megan (Melissa McCarthy); and Helen (Rose Byrne), the rich and beautiful wife of the groom's boss. Helen and Annie, who are jealous of each other's friendship with Lillian, take an instant dislike to each other, but Lillian persuades them to spend time together.
Annie takes Lillian and the bridesmaids to a Brazilian steak restaurant for lunch before going to a chic bridal shop. Helen uses her influence to gain entry to the shop because Annie didn't make a reservation. While trying on gowns, the whole party— with the exception of Helen, who chose not to eat before the fitting —becomes sick from food poisoning. Later, Annie's suggestion of a bachelorette party at Lillian's parents' lake house is overruled in favor of a trip to Las Vegas planned by Helen. Worried about her finances and too proud to accept a ticket paid for by Helen, Annie books a ticket in coach although the rest of the party flies first-class. The trip is cut short by an outburst from Annie, who had accepted a sedative from Helen because of her fear of flying. The plane makes an emergency landing in Casper, Wyoming; and the party takes a bus back home. Annie apologizes, but Lillian decides she wants Helen to take over planning the shower and the wedding.
Annie continues to hope for a relationship with Ted, but Officer Nathan Rhodes (Chris O'Dowd), a friendly State Patrol officer who had earlier let her off without a ticket for broken tail lights, begins flirting with her. Nathan encourages her to open a new bakery, but Annie refuses. Following a night together, Nathan buys baking supplies for Annie to start baking again. Offended and overwhelmed, Annie leaves. Annie is later fired for being rude to a customer and kicked out of her apartment by her roommates, forcing her to move in with her mother (Jill Clayburgh).
Annie travels to Helen's home in Chicago for the bridal shower, which has become a Parisian-themed event, an idea that Annie previously came up with but Helen turned down. Helen also upstages Annie's heartfelt, handmade shower gift by giving Lillian a trip to Paris, an idea Helen stole from Annie. Enraged that Helen has taken credit for the Parisian theme, Annie throws a tantrum. Lillian kicks her out of the shower and the wedding. On her way home, Annie is involved in a car accident due to her still-broken tail lights, but the other driver flees the scene. Officer Rhodes is the responding officer, and he admonishes her for not fixing her tail lights and taking responsibility for her life. He storms off when Ted arrives to give Annie a ride. On the ride home, Ted asks Annie to perform oral sex on him. Angered, she breaks off the relationship and walks home.
Annie becomes reclusive, refusing to leave her mother's house and obsessively watching television. Eventually, Megan arrives and gives Annie a pep talk, telling Annie that she must stop blaming the world for her problems and take control of her life. Annie realizes her errors and begins to repair her life, beginning to bake again and getting her car fixed. She tries to make amends with Nathan, but he ignores her. On the day of the wedding, Helen appears at Annie's doorstep distraught; Lillian has disappeared, and Helen begs for Annie's help in finding her. While driving, Helen apologizes to Annie and opens up to her, revealing that people only involve her in their lives because she is good at planning events, but she does not have any true female friends, leading to a reconciliation between them. The two enlist Officer Rhodes to help, and he grudgingly agrees. The group finds Lillian at her own apartment, discovering that she ran from her wedding because of Helen's extravagant planning and from fear of leaving her life in Milwaukee. After reconciling, Annie helps Lillian prepare for her wedding.
Annie resumes her place as Maid of Honor. After the wedding, which Annie agrees with Helen is "perfect", Helen again apologizes to Annie and states her hope that they can be friends in the future. Realizing that Annie and Officer Rhodes were falling in love, Helen also arranged for him to pick up Annie after the wedding. Officer Rhodes and Annie reconcile and the pair ride away in his police car.
Cast[edit]
Top to bottom: Saturday Night Live alumnae Kristen Wiig and Maya Rudolph star in the film.
Kristen Wiig as Annie Walker
Maya Rudolph as Lillian Donovan
Rose Byrne as Helen Harris III
Chris O'Dowd as Officer Rhodes
Melissa McCarthy as Megan Price
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Rita
Ellie Kemper as Becca
Jill Clayburgh as Judy Walker
Rebel Wilson as Brynn
Matt Lucas as Gil
Michael Hitchcock as Don
Tim Heidecker as Douglas "Doug/Dougie" Price
Ben Falcone as Air Marshall Jon
Annie Mumolo as Nervous Woman on Plane
Terry Crews as Rodney
Franklyn Ajaye as Lillian's father
Richard Riehle as Bill Cozbi
Kali Hawk as Kahlua
Jessica St. Clair as Whitney
Steve Bannos as Annie's mistaken husband
Hugh Dane as Annie's mistaken fella
Andy Buckley as Helen's husband
Matt Bennett as Helen's stepson
Molly Buffington as Helen's stepdaughter
Nancy Carell as Helen's tennis partner
Melanie Hutsell as Carol
Mia Rose Frampton as Girl in jewelry store
Dana Powell as Flight Attendant Claire
Mitch Silpa as Flight Attendant Steve
Jon Hamm (uncredited) as Ted
Wilson Phillips (uncredited) as Themselves
Nick Ariondo (uncredited) as the accordion player
Paul Feig (uncredited) as Guy at wedding
Pat Carroll (uncredited) as Old woman in car
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
"It was only after the movie was completed that anyone said this had any significance. We didn't think it was any different than something like The House Bunny or Baby Mama. So we didn't think we were breaking any new ground. We just thought it was a fun thing to do."
—Producer Judd Apatow[11]
The script, originally titled Maid of Honor, was written by actress and screenwriter Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig.[11] Friends for years, they met at The Groundlings, a Los Angeles-based improvisational comedy troupe where they wrote sketches with one another, in the early 2000s.[11] The basic premise for the film originated in 2006, shortly after Wiig was cast in the supporting role of a passive-aggressive cable television executive in producer Judd Apatow's comedy film Knocked Up (2007).[11] Recognizing her comedic talent, Apatow asked Wiig if she had any ideas for a screenplay herself – a practice which had previously led to Steve Carell's idea for The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005) – and she and Mumolo soon came up with Bridesmaids.[11] Over the following years, writing commenced, with Wiig working on Saturday Night Live in New York City and Mumolo grinding out the script in Los Angeles.[12] The two would meet on weekends and conduct semi-regular table reads of drafts for Apatow to get his suggestions and notes.[11]
Casting and filming[edit]
Several actresses auditioned for the role of Megan, including Rebel Wilson and Busy Philipps, the latter of whom had worked with Apatow and Feig on their comedy-drama television series Freaks and Geeks.[13] Wilson, who improvised for Apatow and Feig for an hour during, impressed them so much during her audition that she was later cast in the smaller role of Brynn. It marked her first appearance in an American production.[14] Mindy Kaling read for the role of Lillian, eventually losing to Wiig's Saturday Night Live colleague Maya Rudolph.[15] Rose Byrne initially also auditioned for Lillian, but later took the opportunity to read Helen.[16] Byrne was eventually chosen as the nemesis because she wasn’t a comedian as Feig feared the character would be “coming out to be too arch if we had a funny woman doing it.”[17] Greta Gerwig and Judy Greer also auditioned for unspecific roles.[18][19]
Oxnard, California
Bridesmaids was budgeted at $32.5 million.[20] Though primarily set in Milwaukee and Chicago, principal photography actually took place in Los Angeles, California.[21] Production designer Jefferson Sage, who has worked with Apatow and Paul Feig since their Freaks and Geeks days, noted that the first fact that appealed to him about the project "was that you had these two disparate worlds: There was Annie's world in Milwaukee, and then there was Helen's world in Chicago. It immediately drew this dichotomy between the rivalry that developed between them."[21] However, Sage acknowledged that it was a challenge to find "architecture that would give us those Midwestern worlds. Chicago is a beautiful, distinctive city architecturally, and restricted views of downtown L.A. feel like Chicago."[21] The production decided to use the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden as the location for Lillian and Dougie's wedding.[21] Additional scenes where Annie meets Officer Rhodes on the highways between Milwaukee and Chicago were filmed in Oxnard, California, which Sage described as a "broad, flat, green area away from mountains."[21]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Bridesmaids received mostly positive reviews upon its release, with McCarthy's performance receiving widespread praise. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 90% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 276 reviews, with an average score of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus states: "A marriage of genuine characters, gross out gags, and pathos, Bridesmaids is a female-driven comedy that refuses to be boxed in as Kristen Wiig emerges as a real star."[22] Metacritic gives the film a score of 75 out of 100 based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[23] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[24]
Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars of out 4, and said that Bridesmaids "seems to be a more or less deliberate attempt to cross the Chick Flick with the Raunch Comedy. It definitely proves that women are the equal of men in vulgarity, sexual frankness, lust, vulnerability, overdrinking and insecurity. . . . Love him or not, Judd Apatow is consistently involved with movies that connect with audiences."[25]
Ms. magazine noted, to its "enduring surprise," that despite the involvement of Apatow, and "done and done and done" themes, the film passed the Bechdel test of female-driven storylines.[26]
Critic Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly pointed out the significance of Bridesmaids' success as follows: "So far, the message that Hollywood seems to have taken from the incredible success of Bridesmaids is a predictably reductive one, something along the lines of: Hey, look! Raunchy comedies for women with awesome grossout scenes in the middle of them can be big box office too!! The message that Hollywood should be taking is: A comedy that's raunchy and fearless, and also brilliantly written and shrewdly honest about what's really going on in women's lives, may actually connect with the fabled non-teenage audience (remember them?)."[27]
Many critics, like Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon (who called Bridesmaids the "first black president of female-driven comedies"[28]) labeled the film as "a breakthrough for female-centered comedy, and feminist to boot."[29] It was also credited with proving that "women could pull off a good fart joke as well as the next guy, and did what seemed like the impossible: leading an all-female cast to blockbuster success."[30]
Despite the majority of praise, the film was not without its detractors. Abby Koenig of The Houston Press enjoyed Kristen Wiig's comedic talents, but disliked the frequency of "raunchy jokes" throughout the film, writing that "we need more funny females getting the spotlight. However, we also need women that can crack you up without making you watch them have diarrhea".[31] Karina Longworth of The Village Voice criticised the inconsistency of the film's tone, stating that certain scenes have "a kind of dumb crassness that works against Bridesmaids’ often smart, highly class-conscious deconstruction of female friendship and competition. Comedy of humiliation is one thing; a fat lady shitting in a sink is another."[32]
Box office[edit]
Bridesmaids surpassed Knocked Up to become the top-grossing Judd Apatow production to date,[33][34] grossing $26,247,410 on its opening weekend and settling for a strong second place behind Thor.[4][35] Bridesmaids grossed $169,106,725 at the North American domestic box office and $119,276,798 in international markets, totalling $288,383,523.[4] Universal reported that males made up 33 percent of the movie's audience and that 63 percent of the audience was over the age of 30.[35][36]
Accolades[edit]
McCarthy was nominated for the 2012 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.[37][38][39]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Best Original Screenplay Kristen Wiig and Annie Mumolo Nominated
American Film Institute[40] Movies of the Year Bridesmaids Won
Art Directors Guild Award[41] Excellence in Production Design for a Contemporary Film Jefferson Sage Nominated
Boston Society of Film Critics Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Original Screenplay Kristen Wiig and Annie Mumolo Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actress Maya Rudolph Nominated
BMI Film & TV Awards[42] Film Music Award Michael Andrews Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Excellence in Contemporary Film Leesa Evans, Christine Wada Nominated
Critics' Choice Awards[43] Best Acting Ensemble Bridesmaids Nominated
Best Comedy Bridesmaids Won
Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy 4th Place
Detroit Film Critics Society[44] Breakthrough Performance Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Bridesmaids Nominated
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Kristen Wiig Nominated
Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated
New York Film Critics Online[45] Best Ensemble Cast Bridesmaids Won
Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Won
MTV Movie Awards[46] Movie of the Year Bridesmaids Nominated
Best Female Performance Kristen Wiig Nominated
Best Comedic Performance Kristen Wiig Nominated
Best Comedic Performance Melissa McCarthy Won
Best Breakthrough Performance Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Best Cast Bridesmaids Nominated
Best Gut-Wrenching Performance Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Wendi McLendon-Covey and Ellie Kemper Won
Best On-Screen Dirt Bag Jon Hamm Nominated
NewNowNext Awards[47] Next Must-See Movie Bridesmaids Won
Online Film Critics Society[48] Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated
People's Choice Awards[49] Favorite Comedy Movie Bridesmaids Won
Favorite Ensemble Movie Cast Bridesmaids Nominated
Producers Guild of America[50] Best Theatrical Motion Picture Judd Apatow, Barry Mendel, Clayton Townsend Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Award[51] Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Bridesmaids Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Melissa McCarthy Nominated
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Comedy Bridesmaids Won
Teen Choice Awards[52] Choice Movie – Comedy Bridesmaids Nominated
Choice Movie Actress – Comedy Kristen Wiig Nominated
Choice Movie Actress – Comedy Maya Rudolph Nominated
Choice Movie Hissy Fit Kristen Wiig Nominated
Choice Movie Scene Stealer – Female Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association[53] Best Ensemble Bridesmaids Won
Best Original Screenplay Kristen Wiig and Annie Mumolo Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Melissa McCarthy Nominated
Writers Guild of America Award Best Original Screenplay Kristen Wiig and Annie Mumolo Nominated
Home media[edit]
Bridesmaids was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in theatrical (125 minutes) and unrated (130 minutes) versions on September 20, 2011.[54] Special features include a Line-O-Rama (a feature popular among Apatow releases), deleted, extended, and alternate scenes, and a Cholodecki's jewelry store commercial. Another edition commemorating the 100th anniversary of Universal Studios was released on September 4, 2012.
Potential sequel[edit]
In January 2012, industry sources reported that Universal was interested in developing a sequel to Bridesmaids. When discussing the potential of a Bridesmaids 2, producer Apatow was quoted as saying, "The key is we have to come up with an idea that is as good or better than the first one."[55] In an interview with Vanity Fair, director Paul Feig addressed rumors of a sequel, saying "Everyone's very busy right now is one of the problems, and kind of doing their own thing, but we're very open to it."[56]
When asked about her potential involvement, Wiig told The Hollywood Reporter, "We aren't working on that. Annie [Mumolo] and I aren't planning a sequel. We are writing something else."[55] Following Wiig's statement, reports surfaced that Universal was interested in proceeding without her, instead focusing on developing a story about McCarthy's character Megan. McCarthy dispelled the rumors that she would consider returning for a sequel without Wiig saying, "God, I wouldn't want to. I would never want to. I think it's a terrible idea. I don't know anything about it. But I know that nobody wants to do it unless it's great. If it is, I will show up wherever those ladies are."[57]
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Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (December 26, 2011). "'Tree of Life' leads with 7 nods from Online Film Critics Society". HitFix. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2013 Nominees". PeoplesChoice.com. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "PGA Announces Theatrical Motion Picture And Long-Form Television Nominations For 2012 PGA Awards" (Press release). Producers Guild of America. January 3, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards (Film) 2011: Complete List of Nominations". Goldderby.com. 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (July 19, 2011). "Teen Choice Awards 2011: 'Pretty Little Liars,' Rebecca Black Added to List of Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
Jump up ^ "2012 WAFCA Award Winners - The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA)". Dcfilmcritics.com. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Bridesmaids – DVDActive/News". DVDActive. July 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim Masters (January 4, 2012). "Universal Considering 'Bridesmaids' Sequel Without Kristen Wiig". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Krista Smith (January 5, 2012). "Paul Feig on Bridesmaids Sequel, Female Comedy, and His S.N.L. Dreams". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marc Malkin (January 9, 2012). "Melissa McCarthy Slams Bridesmaids Sequel Without Kristen Wiig: "It's a Terrible Idea!"". E! Online. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
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