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Rat Pack
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For other uses, see Rat Pack (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with RatPac-Dune Entertainment.
L-R: Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford, Joey Bishop
The Rat Pack is a term used by the media to refer to an informal group of entertainers centered on the Las Vegas casino scene. Having its origins in a group of friends that met at the Los Angeles home of Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, by the 1960s, it was the name used by the press and the general public to refer to a later variation of the group that called itself "the Summit" or "the Clan", featuring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop among others; they appeared together on stage and in films in the early 1960s, including the movies Ocean's 11,[1] Sergeants 3, and Robin and the 7 Hoods (in the last film, Bing Crosby replaced Lawford). Sinatra, Martin, and Davis were regarded as the group's lead members.[2][3]
Contents
1 1950s
2 1960s
3 Later years
4 Revival
5 Reputation
6 Films
7 Music
8 Stage
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
1950s[edit]
Humphrey Bogart, original Rat Pack leader (from Sabrina, 1954)
The name "The Rat Pack" was first used to refer to a group of friends in New York.[4][5] Several explanations have been offered for the famous name over the years. According to one version, the group's original "Den Mother", Lauren Bacall, after seeing her husband, Humphrey Bogart, and his friends return from a night in Las Vegas, said words to the effect of "You look like a goddamn rat pack."[4] "Rat Pack" may also be a shortened version of "Holmby Hills Rat Pack", a reference to the home of Bogart and Bacall[4][5] which served as a regular hangout.
Visiting members included Errol Flynn, Ava Gardner, Nat King Cole, Robert Mitchum, Elizabeth Taylor, Janet Leigh, Tony Curtis, Mickey Rooney, Lena Horne, Jerry Lewis and Cesar Romero.
According to Stephen Bogart, the original members of the Holmby Hills Rat Pack were: Frank Sinatra (pack master), Judy Garland (first vice-president), Nicole Bassing (den mother), Sid Luft (cage master), Bogart (rat in charge of public relations), Swifty Lazar (recording secretary and treasurer), Nathaniel Benchley (historian), David Niven, Katharine Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, George Cukor, Cary Grant, Rex Harrison, and Jimmy Van Heusen.[4][5] In his autobiography The Moon's a Balloon, David Niven confirms that the Rat Pack originally included him but neither Sammy Davis, Jr. nor Dean Martin.
1960s[edit]
The 1960s version of the group included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop. Marilyn Monroe, Angie Dickinson, Juliet Prowse, Buddy Greco, and Shirley MacLaine were often referred to as the "Rat Pack Mascots".
The post-Bogart version of the group (Bogart died in 1957) was reportedly never called that name by any of its members – they called it the Summit or the Clan. "The Rat Pack" was a term used by journalists and outsiders, although it remains the lasting name for the group.

Often, when one of the members was scheduled to give a performance, the rest of the Pack would show up for an impromptu show, causing much excitement among audiences, resulting in return visits. They sold out almost all of their appearances, and people would come pouring into Las Vegas, sometimes sleeping in cars and hotel lobbies when they could not find rooms, just to be part of the Rat Pack entertainment experience. The Rat Pack's appearances were of unprecedented value because the city would always become flooded with high rollers, wealthy gamblers who would routinely leave substantial fortunes in the casinos' coffers. The marquees of the hotels at which they were performing as individuals would read, for example, "DEAN MARTIN - MAYBE FRANK - MAYBE SAMMY" as seen on a Sands Hotel sign.
Peter Lawford was a brother-in-law of President John F. Kennedy (dubbed "Brother-in-Lawford" by Sinatra),[6] and Kennedy spent time with Sinatra and the others when he visited Las Vegas, during which members sometimes referred to the group as "the Jack Pack". Rat Pack members played a role in campaigning for Kennedy and the Democrats, appearing at the July 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.[7] Lawford had asked Sinatra if he would have Kennedy as a guest at his Palm Springs house in March 1962, and Sinatra went to great lengths (including the construction of a helipad) to accommodate the President.[8] When Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy advised his brother to sever his ties to Sinatra because of the entertainer's association with Mafia figures such as Sam Giancana, the stay was cancelled.[9] Kennedy instead chose to stay at rival Bing Crosby's estate, which further infuriated Sinatra.[10] Lawford was blamed for this, and Sinatra "never again had a good word for [him]" from that point onwards.[11] Lawford's role in the upcoming 4 for Texas was written out, and his part in Robin and the 7 Hoods was given to Bing Crosby.[10]
On June 20, 1965, Sinatra, Martin, and Davis, with Johnny Carson as the emcee (substituting for Bishop, who was out with a bad back), performed their only televised concert together during the heyday of the Pack at the Kiel Opera House in St. Louis, a closed-circuit broadcast done as a fundraiser for Dismas House (the first halfway house for ex-convicts) and fed live to movie theatres across the country. Thirty years later Paul Brownstein tracked down a print of the "lost" show in a St. Louis closet after someone noticed mysterious cameras onstage during a CBS documentary on Sinatra which filmed part of the show. It has since been broadcast on Nick at Nite (in 1998) as part of The Museum of Television & Radio Showcase series[12] and released on DVD as part of the Ultimate Rat Pack Collection: Live & Swingin.
Frank Sinatra (1957)
Dean Martin (1960)
Martin and Sinatra (1958)
Sammy Davis Jr. (1966)
Peter Lawford (1955)
Joey Bishop (1967)
Shirley MacLaine (1960)
Later years[edit]
In 1981, Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr., appeared together in the film Cannonball Run, and were joined by Sinatra in the sequel Cannonball Run II. This would be the last time that the three would appear in a movie together (Shirley MacLaine also appears in the latter film).
Revival[edit]
Sammy Davis, Jr. in 1989
In December 1987, at Chasen's restaurant in Los Angeles, Sinatra, Davis, and Martin announced a 29-date tour, called Together Again. At the press conference to announce the tour, Martin joked about calling the tour off, and Sinatra rebuked a reporter for using the term "Rat Pack", referring to it as "that stupid phrase".[13]
Dean Martin's son, Dean Paul Martin, died in a plane crash in March 1987 on the San Gorgonio Mountain in California, the same mountain where Sinatra's mother, Dolly, was killed in a plane crash ten years earlier. Martin had since become increasingly dependent on alcohol and prescription drugs. Davis had hip replacement surgery two years previously, and was estranged from Sinatra because of Davis' use of cocaine.[14] Davis was also experiencing severe financial difficulties, was promised by Sinatra's people that he could earn between six and eight million dollars from the tour.[15]
Martin had not made a film or recorded since 1984, and Sinatra felt that the tour would be good for Martin, telling Davis, "I think it would be great for Dean. Get him out. For that alone it would be worth doing".[16] Sinatra and Davis still performed regularly, yet had not recorded for several years. Both Sinatra and Martin had made their last film appearances together in 1984's Cannonball Run II, a film which also starred Davis. This marked the trio's first feature film appearance since 1964's Robin and the 7 Hoods. Martin expressed reservations about the tour, wondering whether they could draw as many people as they had in the past. After private rehearsals, at one of which Sinatra and Davis had complained about the lack of black musicians in the orchestra,[15] the tour began at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Arena on March 13, 1988, to a sold-out crowd of 14,500.[16]
Davis opened the show, followed by Martin and then Sinatra; after an interval, the three performed a medley of songs. During the show, Martin threw a lit cigarette at the audience.[17]
Martin withdrew from the tour after just five shows, with the official reason stated as being a flare-up of a kidney problem. Sinatra and Davis continued the tour under the title "The Ultimate Event" with Liza Minnelli replacing Martin as the third member of the trio.[18]
Davis's associate stated that Sinatra's people were skimming the top of the revenues from the concerts, as well as stuffing envelopes full of cash into suitcases after the performances.[19] In August 1989, after Davis experienced throat pain, he was diagnosed with throat cancer which caused his death in May 1990. Davis was buried with a gold watch that Sinatra had given him at the conclusion of The Ultimate Event Tour.[20]
A 1988 performance of The Ultimate Event in Detroit was recorded and shown on Showtime the following year as a tribute to the recently deceased Davis. A review in The New York Times praised Davis's performance, describing him as "pure, ebullient, unapologetic show business."[21]
Reputation[edit]
Concerning the group's reputation for womanizing and heavy drinking, Joey Bishop stated in a 1998 interview: "I never saw Frank, Dean, Sammy or Peter drunk during performances. That was only a gag! And do you believe these guys had to chase broads? They had to chase 'em away!"[22]
Films[edit]
It Happened in Brooklyn (1947) (Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford)
Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) (Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. – cameo appearances)
Some Came Running (1958) (Sinatra and Dean Martin, co-starring Shirley MacLaine)
Never So Few (1959) (Sinatra, Lawford, and initially Davis, who was replaced by Steve McQueen)
Ocean's 11 (1960) (Sinatra, Martin, Davis, Lawford, Angie Dickinson, Joey Bishop, cameo by MacLaine)
Pepe (1960) (Sinatra, Martin, Davis, Lawford, and Bishop – all cameos)
Sergeants 3 (1962) (Sinatra, Martin, Davis, Lawford, and Bishop)
The Road to Hong Kong (1962) (Sinatra and Martin – cameos)
Come Blow Your Horn (1963) (Sinatra; cameo by Martin)
Johnny Cool (1963) (Davis and Bishop; Peter Lawford, executive producer; Henry Silva of Ocean's 11 starred)
4 for Texas (1963) (Sinatra and Martin)
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) (Sinatra, Martin, Davis, and initially Lawford, who was replaced by Bing Crosby)
Marriage on the Rocks (1965) (Sinatra and Martin)
The Oscar (1966) (Sinatra uncredited, and Lawford)
A Man Called Adam (1966) (Davis and Lawford)
Texas Across the River (1966) (Martin and Bishop)
Salt and Pepper (1968) (Davis and Lawford)
One More Time (1970) (Davis and Lawford)
The Cannonball Run (1981) (Martin and Davis)
Cannonball Run II (1984) (Sinatra, Martin and Davis, plus MacLaine and Silva)
Archival footage of Lawford and Sinatra were used in the 1974 compilation film That's Entertainment!.
Shirley MacLaine appeared in the 1958 film Some Came Running along with Sinatra and Martin. She had a major role (and Sinatra a cameo) in the 1956 Oscar-winning film Around the World in 80 Days. MacLaine played a Hindu princess who is rescued by, and falls in love with, original Rat Pack associate David Niven, and Sinatra had a non-speaking, non-singing role as a piano player in a saloon, whose identity is concealed from the viewer until he turns his face toward the camera during a scene featuring Marlene Dietrich and George Raft. MacLaine appeared alongside Sinatra in the 1960 film Can-Can. She also had an appearance in the 1960 film Ocean's 11 as a drunken woman. The 1984 film Cannonball Run II, with MacLaine, marked the final time members of the Rat Pack shared theatrical screen-time together.
A biopic, The Rat Pack, made by HBO in 1998, starred Ray Liotta as Sinatra, Joe Mantegna as Martin and Don Cheadle as Davis, dramatizing their private lives and, in particular, their roles in the 1960 presidential campaign of John F. Kennedy.
Music[edit]
Christmas with the Rat Pack, a collection of holiday tunes sung by Sinatra, Martin and Davis, was released in 2001. The Ultimate Rat Pack Collection: Live & Swingin' went on sale in 2003. A concert featuring the three men, Live from the Sands in Las Vegas, also is available on CD.
Stage[edit]
The Rat Pack: Live from Las Vegas tribute show originated on stage in London in 2000 and has been running continuously since then throughout Europe and North America.
See also[edit]
Book: Rat Pack
Brat Pack (actors)
Frat Pack – 1990s and 2000s (decade)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ michel, peter. "UNLV Libraries, The Rat Pack, retrieved May 2, 2007". Library.unlv.edu. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Sergeants 3 (1962)". The Movie Portal. 1962-02-10. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Rat Pack (Frank Sinatra: Dean Martin: Sammy Davis Jr): Big Three: 3cd (2008): CD". hmv.com. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shawn Levy, Rat Pack confidential, Doubleday, 1998
^ Jump up to: a b c Lawrence J. Quirk and William Schoel, The Rat Pack, Taylor Publishing Company 1998
Jump up ^ Spada, p. 207
Jump up ^ Spada, p. 228
Jump up ^ Spada, pp. 292-293
Jump up ^ Spada, p.293
^ Jump up to: a b Spada, p. 294
Jump up ^ Spada, p. 295
Jump up ^ "The Rat Pack Captured". Tvclassics.com. 1965-06-20. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
Jump up ^ Levy, Shawn. Rat Pack Confidential. Fourth Estate. London, 1999. p. 339
Jump up ^ Haygood, Wil. In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr.. Random House. New York, 2003. p. 450
^ Jump up to: a b Haygood p. 466
^ Jump up to: a b Levy, p. 339
Jump up ^ Summers, Anthony, Swan, Robbyn. Sinatra: The Life. Corgi. New York, 2006 p. 440
Jump up ^ Takiff, Jonathan (1988-09-27). "Frank, Liza & Sammy The Ultimate Event!". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
Jump up ^ Birkbeck, Matt. Deconstructing Sammy. Amistad. New York, 2008. p. 213
Jump up ^ Summers, Swan, p. 440
Jump up ^ "With Sammy Davis, the Spirit Lingers". The New York Times. March 6, 1989. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
Jump up ^ time.com – And Then There Was One
Bibliography[edit]
Gehman, Richard (1961). Sinatra and His Rat Pack. Belmont.
Levy, S. (1998). Rat Pack Confidential. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-001-0.
Spada, James (1991). Peter Lawford: The Man Who Kept the Secrets. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-07185-8.
External links[edit]
The Rat Pack: Unpublished Photos of Frank, Dean and Sammy - slideshow by Life magazine
"Rat Pack in Palm Springs (series)". The Desert Sun. Palm Springs, California: Gannett.
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Indian rhinoceros
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian rhinoceros
An Indian rhinoceros in Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India
Conservation status

Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Rhinocerotidae
Genus: Rhinoceros
Species: R. unicornis
Binomial name
Rhinoceros unicornis
Linnaeus, 1758
Indian rhinoceros range
The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), also called the greater one-horned rhinoceros and great Indian rhinoceros, is a rhinoceros native to the Indian subcontinent. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, as populations are fragmented and restricted to less than 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi). Moreover, the extent and quality of the rhino's most important habitat, alluvial grassland and riverine forest, is considered to be in decline due to human and livestock encroachment.[1]
The Indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, but excessive hunting and agricultural development reduced their range drastically to 11 sites in northern India and southern Nepal. In the early 1990s, between 1,870 and 1,895 rhinos were estimated to have been alive.[2] In 2015, a total of 3,555 Indian rhinoceros are estimated to live in the wild.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy and naming
2 Evolution
3 Characteristics
4 Distribution and habitat
4.1 Populations
5 Ecology and behaviour
5.1 Diet
5.2 Social life
5.3 Reproduction
6 Threats
7 Conservation
7.1 In India
7.2 In Nepal
7.3 In captivity
8 In culture
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
The modern scientific designation Rhinoceros unicornis is adopted from the Greek: ρινό- ("rhino-" — nose) and -κερος ("-keros" — horn of an animal) and Latin: "uni-" meaning single and "-cornis" meaning horn.[4]
Rhinoceros unicornis was the type species for the rhinoceros family, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[5]
The one-horned rhinoceros is monotypic. Several specimens were described since the end of the 18th century under different scientific names, which are all considered synonyms of Rhinoceros unicornis today:[6]
R. indicus by Cuvier, 1817
R. asiaticus by Blumenbach, 1830
R. stenocephalus by Gray, 1867
R. jamrachi by Sclatter, 1876
R. bengalensis by Kourist, 1970[7]
Evolution[edit]
Main article: Rhinoceros § Evolution
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago.[8] The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.[9]
Fossils of R. unicornis appear in the Middle Pleistocene. In the Pleistocene, the genus Rhinoceros ranged throughout South and Southeast Asia, with specimens located on Sri Lanka. Into the Holocene, some rhinoceros lived as far west as Gujarat and Pakistan until as recently as 3,200 years ago.[10]
The Indian and Javan rhinoceroses, the only members of the genus Rhinoceros, first appear in the fossil record in Asia around 1.6 million–3.3 million years ago. Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11.7 million years ago.[8][11] Although belonging to the type genus, the Indian and Javan rhinoceroses are not believed to be closely related to other rhino species. Different studies have hypothesized that they may be closely related to the extinct Gaindatherium or Punjabitherium. A detailed cladistic analysis of the Rhinocerotidae placed Rhinoceros and the extinct Punjabitherium in a clade with Dicerorhinus, the Sumatran rhinoceros. Other studies have suggested the Sumatran rhinoceros is more closely related to the two African species.[12] The Sumatran rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos as long as 15 million years ago.[9][13]
Characteristics[edit]
The Indian rhinoceros's single horn
Wart-like bumps on the hind legs.
The Indian rhinoceros has a thick grey-brown skin with pinkish skin folds and a black horn. Its upper legs and shoulders are covered in wart-like bumps. It has very little body hair, aside from eyelashes, ear fringes and tail brush. Males have huge neck folds. Its skull is heavy with a basal length above 60 cm (24 in) and an occiput above 19 cm (7.5 in). Its nasal horn is slightly back-curved with a base of about 18.5 cm (7.3 in) by 12 cm (4.7 in) that rapidly narrows until a smooth, even stem part begins about 55 mm (2.2 in) above base. In captive animals, the horn is frequently worn down to a thick knob.[10]
The rhino's single horn is present in both males and females, but not on newborn young. The black horn is pure keratin, like human fingernails, and starts to show after about six years. In most adults, the horn reaches a length of about 25 cm (9.8 in), but has been recorded up to 36 cm (14 in) in length and weight 3.051 kg (6.73 lb).[13][14]
Among terrestrial land mammals native to Asia, the Indian rhinoceros is second in size only to the Asian elephant. It is also the second-largest living rhinoceros, behind only the white rhinoceros. Males have a head and body length of 368–380 cm (12.07–12.47 ft) with a shoulder height of 170–186 cm (5.58–6.10 ft), while females have a head and body length of 310–340 cm (10.2–11.2 ft) and a shoulder height of 148–173 cm (4.86–5.68 ft).[15] The male, averaging about 2,200 kg (4,850 lb) is heavier than the female, at an average of about 1,600 kg (3,530 lb).[15]
The rich presence of blood vessels underneath the tissues in folds gives it the pinkish colour. The folds in the skin increase the surface area and help in regulating the body temperature.[16] The thick skin does not protect against bloodsucking Tabanus flies, leeches and ticks.[10]
The largest sized specimens range up to 4,000 kg (8,820 lb).[17]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Indian rhinoceros at Kaziranga National Park, India
Elephant safari after Rhinoceros unicornis in Chitwan National Park
The one-horned rhinoceros once ranged across the entire northern part of the Indian Subcontinent, along the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins, from Pakistan to the Indian-Myanmar border, including Bangladesh and the southern parts of Nepal and Bhutan. It may have also occurred in Myanmar, southern China and Indochina. It inhabits the alluvial grasslands of the Terai and the Brahmaputra basin.[2] As a result of habitat destruction and climatic changes its range has gradually been reduced so that by the 19th century, it only survived in the Terai grasslands of southern Nepal, northern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, northern West Bengal, and in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.[18]
The species was present in northern Bihar and Oudh at least until 1770 as indicated in maps produced by Colonel Gentil.[19] On the former abundance of the species, Thomas C. Jerdon wrote in 1867:[20]
This huge rhinoceros is found in the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas, from Bhutan to Nepal. It is more common in the eastern portion of the Terai than the west, and is most abundant in Assam and the Bhutan Dooars. I have heard from sportsmen of its occurrence as far west as Rohilcund, but it is certainly rare there now, and indeed along the greater part of the Nepal Terai; ... Jelpigoree, a small military station near the Teesta River, was a favourite locality whence to hunt the Rhinoceros and it was from that station Captain Fortescue ... got his skulls, which were ... the first that Mr. Blyth had seen of this species, ...
Today, its range has further shrunk to a few pockets in southern Nepal, northern West Bengal, and the Brahmaputra Valley. In the 1980s, rhinos were frequently seen in the narrow plain area of Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. Today, they are restricted to habitats surrounded by human-dominated landscapes, so that they often occur in adjacent cultivated areas, pastures, and secondary forests.[18]
The Indian rhinoceros is regionally extinct in Pakistan.[21]
Populations[edit]
Population trend since 1910
In 2006, the total population was estimated to be 2,575 individuals, of which 2,200 lived in Indian protected areas:[22]
in Kaziranga National Park: 1,855 — increased from 366 in 1966; 2,048 rhinos were estimated in 2009.[23]
in Jaldapara National Park: 108 — increased from 84 in 2002
in Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary: 81 — increased from 54 in 1987
in Orang National Park: 68 — increased from 35 in 1972
in Gorumara: 27 — increased from 22 in 2002
in Dudhwa National Park: 21
in Manas National Park: 19
in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary: 2
In 2000, about 2,000 rhinos were estimated in Assam. Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary shelters the highest density of Indian rhinos in the world — with 84 individuals in 2009 in an area of 38.80 km2 (14.98 sq mi).[24] By 2014, the population in Assam increased to 2,544 rhinos, an increase by 27% since 2006, although more than 150 individuals were killed by poachers during these years.[25]
The population in Nepal increased by 111 individuals from 2011 to 2015, increasing by 21%. The latest rhino count was conducted from 11 April to 2 May 2015 and revealed 645 individuals living in Parsa National Park, Chitwan National Park, Bardia National Park, Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve and respective buffer zones in the Terai Arc Landscape.[26]
In Pakistan's Lal Suhanra National Park, two rhinos from Nepal were introduced in 1983 but have not bred so far.[1]
Ecology and behaviour[edit]
Indian rhinoceros at Bardia National Park in Nepal.
Indian rhinoceros in Manas National Park, Assam.
Adult male Indian rhinos are usually solitary. Groups consist of females with calves, or of up to six subadults. Such groups congregate at wallows and grazing areas. They are foremost active in early mornings, late afternoons and at night, but rest during hot days.[10] They are excellent swimmers and can run at speeds of up to 55 km/h (34 mph) for short periods.[citation needed] They have excellent senses of hearing and smell, but relatively poor eyesight.[citation needed] Over 10 distinct vocalisations have been recorded.[citation needed] Males have home ranges of around 2 to 8 km2 (0.77 to 3.09 sq mi) that overlap each other. Dominant males tolerate males passing through their territories except when they are in mating season, when dangerous fights break out.[citation needed]
Indian rhinoceros in the water
Indian rhinos bathe regularly. The folds in their skin trap water and hold it even when they come back on land.[16]
Indian rhinos have few natural enemies, except for tigers, which sometimes kill unguarded calves, but adult rhinos are less vulnerable due to their size. Mynahs and egrets both eat invertebrates from the rhino's skin and around its feet. Tabanus flies, a type of horse-fly, are known to bite rhinos. The rhinos are also vulnerable to diseases spread by parasites such as leeches, ticks, and nematodes. Anthrax and the blood-disease septicemia are known to occur.[10] In March 2017, of a group of four tigers consisting of an adult male, female and two cubs killed a 20-year-old male rhino in the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.[27]
Diet[edit]
Indian rhinoceros feeding on plants
Indian rhinoceros are grazers. Their diets consist almost entirely of grasses, but they also eat leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruits, and submerged and floating aquatic plants. They feed in the mornings and evenings. They use their semi-prehensile lips to grasp grass stems, bend the stem down, bite off the top, and then eat the grass. They tackle very tall grasses or saplings by walking over the plant, with legs on both sides and using the weight of their bodies to push the end of the plant down to the level of the mouth. Mothers also use this technique to make food edible for their calves. They drink for a minute or two at a time, often imbibing water filled with rhinoceros urine.[10]
Social life[edit]
Two Indian rhinoceroses in Nepal. Their horns have been removed.
The Indian rhinoceros forms a variety of social groupings. Adult males are generally solitary, except for mating and fighting. Adult females are largely solitary when they are without calves. Mothers will stay close to their calves for up to four years after their birth, sometimes allowing an older calf to continue to accompany her once a newborn calf arrives. Subadult males and females form consistent groupings, as well. Groups of two or three young males will often form on the edge of the home ranges of dominant males, presumably for protection in numbers. Young females are slightly less social than the males. Indian rhinos also form short-term groupings, particularly at forest wallows during the monsoon season and in grasslands during March and April. Groups of up to 10 rhinos may gather in wallows—typically a dominant male with females and calves, but no subadult males.[13]
The Indian rhinoceros makes a wide variety of vocalisations. At least 10 distinct vocalisations have been identified: snorting, honking, bleating, roaring, squeak-panting, moo-grunting, shrieking, groaning, rumbling and humphing. In addition to noises, the rhino uses olfactory communication. Adult males urinate backwards, as far as 3–4 m behind them, often in response to being disturbed by observers. Like all rhinos, the Indian rhinoceros often defecates near other large dung piles. The Indian rhino has pedal scent glands which are used to mark their presence at these rhino latrines. Males have been observed walking with their heads to the ground as if sniffing, presumably following the scent of females.[13]
Indian rhinoceros showing its sharp lower incisor teeth used for fighting
In aggregations, Indian rhinos are often friendly. They will often greet each other by waving or bobbing their heads, mounting flanks, nuzzling noses, or licking. Rhinos will playfully spar, run around, and play with twigs in their mouths. Adult males are the primary instigators in fights. Fights between dominant males are the most common cause of rhino mortality, and males are also very aggressive toward females during courtship. Males will chase females over long distances and even attack them face-to-face. Unlike African rhinos, the Indian rhino fights with its incisors, rather than its horns.[13]
Reproduction[edit]
Rhino with her baby at White Oak Conservation that was born on 9 May 2013
Captive males breed at five years of age, but wild males attain dominance much later when they are larger. In one five-year field study, only one rhino estimated to be younger than 15 years mated successfully. Captive females breed as young as four years of age, but in the wild, they usually start breeding only when six years old, which likely indicates they need to be large enough to avoid being killed by aggressive males. Their gestation period is around 15.7 months, and birth interval ranges from 34–51 months.[13]
In captivity, four rhinos are known to have lived over 40 years, the oldest living to be 47.[10]
Threats[edit]
Moghul emperor Babur on a rhino hunt, 16th century
Babur and his party hunting for rhinoceros in Swati, from Illuminated manuscript Baburnama
Sport hunting became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[1] Indian rhinos were hunted relentlessly and persistently. Reports from the middle of the 19th century claim that some British military officers in Assam individually shot more than 200 rhinos. By 1908, the population in Kaziranga had decreased to around 12 individuals.[10] In the early 1900s, the species had declined to near extinction.[1]
Poaching for rhinoceros horn became the single most important reason for the decline of the Indian rhino after conservation measures were put in place from the beginning of the 20th century, when legal hunting ended. From 1980 to 1993, 692 rhinos were poached in India. In India's Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, 41 rhinos were killed in 1983, virtually the entire population of the sanctuary.[28] By the mid-1990s, poaching had rendered the species extinct there.[2]
In 1950, Chitwan’s forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the Chitwan Valley in search of arable land, the area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of wildlife became rampant. The Chitwan population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching; in 2002 alone, poachers killed 37 animals to saw off and sell their valuable horns.[29]
Six methods of killing rhinos have been recorded:[28]
Shooting is by far the most common method used; rhino horn traders hire sharpshooters and often supply them with rifles and ammunition.
Trapping in a pit depends largely on the terrain and availability of grass to cover it; pits are dug out in such a way that a fallen animal has little room to manoeuvre with its head slightly above the pit, so that it is easy to saw off the horn.
Electrocution is used where high voltage powerlines pass through or near a protected area, to which poachers hook a long, insulated rod connected to a wire, which is suspended above a rhino path.
Poisoning by smearing zinc phosphide rat poison or pesticides on salt licks frequently used by rhinos is sometimes used.
Spearing has only been recorded in Chitwan National Park.
A noose, which cuts through the rhino's skin, kills it by strangulation.
Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in traditional Chinese medicine, has remained a constant and has led to decreases in several important populations. Apart from this, serious declines in quality of habitat have occurred in some areas, due to:
severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations;
demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels;
grazing by domestic livestock.[1]
The species is inherently at risk because over 70% of its population occurs at a single site, Kaziranga National Park. Any catastrophic event such as disease, civil disorder, poaching, or habitat loss would have a devastating impact on the Indian rhino's status. However, small population of rhinos may be prone to inbreeding depression.[1]
Conservation[edit]
Indian rhino at Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary in India
Rhinoceros unicornis has been listed in CITES Appendix I since 1975. The Indian and Nepalese governments have taken major steps towards Indian rhinoceros conservation, especially with the help of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and other non-governmental organizations.[1] In the early 1980s, a rhino translocation scheme was initiated. The first pair of rhinos was reintroduced from Nepal's Terai to Pakistan's Lal Suhanra National Park in Punjab in 1982.[18]
In India[edit]
In 1910, all rhino hunting in India became prohibited.[10] In 1984, five rhinos were relocated to Dudhwa National Park — four from the fields outside the Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary and one from Goalpara.[18]
In Nepal[edit]
In 1957, the country's first conservation law ensured the protection of rhinos and their habitat. In 1959, Edward Pritchard Gee undertook a survey of the Chitwan Valley, and recommended the creation of a protected area north of the Rapti River and of a wildlife sanctuary south of the river for a trial period of 10 years.[30] After his subsequent survey of Chitwan in 1963, he recommended extension of the sanctuary to the south.[31] By the end of the 1960s, only 95 rhinos remained in the Chitwan Valley. The dramatic decline of the rhino population and the extent of poaching prompted the government to institute the Gaida Gasti – a rhino reconnaissance patrol of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos, the Chitwan National Park was gazetted in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973, initially encompassing an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi). Since 1973, the population has recovered well and increased to 645 animals in 2015.[32] To ensure the survival of rhinos in case of epidemics, animals were translocated annually from Chitwan to the Bardia National Park and the Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve since 1986.[29]
In captivity[edit]
Indian rhinos enjoy bathing at Zoo Basel
An Indian rhinoceros at the Cincinnati Zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio
The Indian rhinoceros was initially difficult to breed in captivity. The first recorded captive birth of a rhinoceros was in Kathmandu in 1826, but another successful birth did not occur for nearly 100 years. In 1925, a rhino was born in Kolkata. No rhinoceros was successfully bred in Europe until 1956. On September 14, 1956, Rudra was born in Zoo Basel, Switzerland. In the second half of the 20th century, zoos became adept at breeding Indian rhinoceros. By 1983, nearly 40 babies had been born in captivity.[10] As of 2012, 33 Indian rhinos were born at Zoo Basel,[33] which means that most animals kept in a zoo are somehow related to the population in the zoo of Basel, Switzerland. Due to the success of Zoo Basel's breeding program, the International Studbook for the species has been kept there since 1972. Since 1990, the Indian rhino European Endangered Species Programme is being coordinated there, as well, which ensures that the captive global Indian rhinoceros population stays genetically as healthy as possible.[34] As of 2010, 174 rhinos are kept in zoos worldwide.
In June 2009, an Indian rhino was artificially inseminated using sperm collected four years previously and cryopreserved at the Cincinnati Zoo’s CryoBioBank before being thawed and used. She gave birth to a male calf in October 2010.[35] The calf died 12 hours after birth.
In June 2014, the first "successful" live-birth from an artificially inseminated rhino took place at the Buffalo Zoo in New York. As in Cincinnati, cryopreserved sperm was used to produce the female calf, Monica.[36]
In culture[edit]
A gold coin showing Kumaragupta I (415–455 CE) attacking a rhinoceros.
Dürer's Rhinoceros
Rongmon Statue at Sorusaji Stadium at Guwahati
Rhinoceros Fight in Baroda State
The Rhinoceros Sutra is an early text in the Buddhist tradition, found in both the Gandhāran Buddhist texts and the Pali Canon. It praises the solitary lifestyle and stoicism of the Indian rhinoceros and encourages readers to emulate these virtues.
The Indian rhinoceros was the first rhino widely known outside its range. The first rhinoceros to reach Europe in modern times arrived in Lisbon on May 20, 1515. King Manuel I of Portugal planned to send the rhinoceros to Pope Leo X, but the rhino perished in a shipwreck. Before dying, the rhino had been sketched by an unknown artist.
The German artist Albrecht Dürer saw the sketches and descriptions and carved a woodcut of the rhino, known ever after as Dürer's Rhinoceros. Though the drawing had some anatomical inaccuracies (notably the hornlet protruding from the rhino's shoulder), his sketch became the enduring image of a rhinoceros in western culture for centuries.[citation needed]
The British public had their first chance to view a rhinoceros (presumably this species) in 1683; it unknowingly caused a political row when the notorious Judge Jeffreys, in one of his lighter moments, spread a rumour that his chief rival, Lord Guildford, had been seen riding on it.[37]
A steatite seal, popularly known as Pashupati Seal (around 2350–2000 BC) was discovered at the Mohenjo-daro archaeological site in 1928–29 of the Indus Valley Civilization. It has a human figure at the center seated on a platform and the human figure is surrounded by four wild animals: an elephant and a tiger to its one side, and a water buffalo and a rhinoceros on the other.
Rhinoceros is Vahana of Hindu Goddess Dhavdi. There is a temple dedicated to Maa (Mother) Dhavdi in Dhrangadhra, Gujarat.
Many the mythological stories e.g. a boy named Rishyasringa with the horns of a deer, Karkadann, unicorn etc. may be inspired by Indian Rhinoceros.
The Assam state of India uses the one-horned rhino as its official state animal. It is also the organizational logo for Assam Oil Company Ltd.[38]
See also[edit]
Mammals portal
Animals portal
Rhino poaching in Assam
Dürer's Rhinoceros
Clara (rhinoceros)
Abada (rhinoceros)
Kaziranga National Park
Unicorn
The Soul of the Rhino (book)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Talukdar, B. K.; Emslie, R.; Bist, S. S.; Choudhury, A.; Ellis, S.; Bonal, B. S.; Malakar, M. C.; Talukdar, B. N.; Barua, M. (2008). "Rhinoceros unicornis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T19496A8928657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19496A8928657.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Foose, T.; van Strien, N. (1997). Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0336-0.
Jump up ^ "Greater one-horned rhino". World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF Global). 2015.
Jump up ^ Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-41425-2.
Jump up ^ Linnæus, C. (1758). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Salvius, Holmiae. Page 56.
Jump up ^ Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, B. (2012). Chapter 3: Checklist of South Asian Mammals in: South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status. Springer, New York, Heidelberg, London.
Jump up ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b Xu, Xiufeng; A. Janke; U. Arnason (1996). "The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, and the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+ Cetacea)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 (9): 1167–1173. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681. PMID 8896369.
^ Jump up to: a b Lacombat, F. The evolution of the rhinoceros. In Fulconis 2005, pp. 46–49.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Laurie, W. A.; Lang, E. M.; Groves, C. P. (1983). "Rhinoceros unicornis" (PDF). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists (211): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504002. JSTOR 3504002.
Jump up ^ Tougard, C.; T. Delefosse; C. Hoenni; C. Montgelard (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rRNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 19 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903. PMID 11286489.
Jump up ^ Cerdeño, E. (1995). "Cladistic Analysis of the Family Rhinocerotidae (Perissodactyla)" (PDF). Novitates. American Museum of Natural History (3143): 1–25. ISSN 0003-0082.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dinerstein, E. (2003). The Return of the Unicorns: The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08450-1.
Jump up ^ Prasanta Mazumdar (30 August 2016). "One of world's biggest rhino horns found in Assam". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0198508239.
^ Jump up to: a b Attenborough, D. (2014). Attenborough's Natural Curiosities 2. Armoured Animals. UKTV.
Jump up ^ Boitani, L. (1984). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
^ Jump up to: a b c d Choudhury, A. U. (1985). "Distribution of Indian one-horned rhinoceros". Tiger Paper. 12 (2): 25–30.
Jump up ^ Rookmaaker, K. (2014). "Three rhinos on maps of India drawn in Faizabad in the 18th century". Pachyderm (55): 95–96.
Jump up ^ Jerdon, T. C. (1867). The Mammals of India: a Natural History of all the animals known to inhabit Continental India Roorkee : Thomason College Press
Jump up ^ Sheikh, K. M., Molur, S. (2004). Status and Red List of Pakistan’s Mammals. Based on the Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (PDF). IUCN Pakistan. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Syangden, B.; Sectionov; Ellis, S.; Williams, A.C.; Strien, N.J. van; Talukdar, B.K. (2008). Report on the regional meeting for India and Nepal IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Species Group (AsRSG); March 5–7, 2007 Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Kaziranga, Asian Rhino Specialist Group.
Jump up ^ Medhi, A., Saha, A. K. (2014). Land Cover Change and Rhino Habitat Mapping of Kaziranga National Park, Assam. In: Singh, M. Singh, R. B., Hassan, M. I. (eds.) Climate Change and Biodiversity. Proceedings of IGU Rohtak Conference, Vol. 1, Part II. Springer Japan.Pp. 125–138.
Jump up ^ Sarma, P. K., Talukdar, B. K., Sarma, K., Barua, M. (2009). Assessment of habitat change and threats to the greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, using multi-temporal satellite data. Pachyderm No. 46 July–December 2009: 18–24.
Jump up ^ Hance, J. (June 2014). "Despite poaching, Indian rhino population jumps by 27 percent in eight years". Mongabay.com.
Jump up ^ WWF Nepal (2015-05-05). Nepal achieves 21% increase in rhino numbers.
Jump up ^ Tigers kill rhino in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve. Tribune India (4 March 2017)
^ Jump up to: a b Menon, V. (1996) Under siege: Poaching and protection of Greater One-horned Rhinoceroses in India. TRAFFIC India
^ Jump up to: a b Adhikari, T. R. (2002) The curse of success. Habitat Himalaya – A Resources Himalaya Factfile, Volume IX, Number 3
Jump up ^ Gee, E. P. (1959). "Report on a survey of the rhinoceros area of Nepal". Oryx. 5 (2): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0030605300000326.
Jump up ^ Gee, E. P. (1963). "Report on a brief survey of the wildlife resources of Nepal, including rhinoceros". Oryx. 7 (2–3): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0030605300002416.
Jump up ^ Guardian News and Media Limited (2015) [1].UK
Jump up ^ (in German) Es ist ein Junge!. Zoo Basel, retrieved 2013-02-25
Jump up ^ Panzernashorngeburt im Zoo Basel. Zoo Basel. 27 July 2010
Jump up ^ Patton, F. (2011) The Artificial Way. Swara, (April–June 2011): 58–61.
Jump up ^ Miller, M. (2014) Baby Rhinoceros Makes Her Public Debut at Buffalo Zoo. The Buffalo News, (7 July 2014)
Jump up ^ Primaticcio – Richardson (Vol. 19 ed.). London: Charles Knight & Co. 1841. p. 464.
Jump up ^ Indian Rhino, Logo. "Indian rhino as logo". My horn my life.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, E. B. (2010). From the jungle to Kathmandu : horn and tusk trade. Kathmandu: Wildlife Watch Group. ISBN 978-99946-820-9-6.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Rhinoceros unicornis
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhinoceros unicornis.
The Rhino Resource Center
International Rhino Foundation: Greater One-Horned Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis)
Nepal Rhino Conservation
Indian Rhino in Kaziranga National Park Official website
TheBigZoo.com: Greater Indian Rhinoceros
Indian Rhino page at AnimalInfo.org
Indian Rhinoceros page at nature.ca
Page Rhinocéros indien à nature.ca
Indian Rhinoceros page at UltimateUngulate.com
Images, videos and information on the Indian Rhinoceros
Asian Rhino Foundation
Indian army to help prevent rhino poaching
[hide]
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Extant Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) species by suborder
Kingdom Animalia
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Category
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q47910
ADW: Rhinoceros_unicornis
ARKive: rhinoceros-unicornis
BioLib: 33430
EoL: 13995254
EPPO: RHNOUN
Fossilworks: 93972
GBIF: 5220113
iNaturalist: 43345
ITIS: 625005
IUCN: 19496
MSW: 14100071
NCBI: 9809
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Authority control
LCCN: sh92001361
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_rhinoceros&oldid=826125877"
Categories:
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