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Trichome
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Not to be confused with Trichrome.
Flower bud of a Capsicum pubescens plant, with many trichomes
Fossil stellate hair (trichome) probably of an oak, in Baltic amber; width of image about 1,00 mm.
Trichomes (/ˈtraɪkoʊmz/ or /ˈtrɪkoʊmz/), from the Greek τρίχωμα (trichōma) meaning "hair", are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an indumentum, and the surface bearing them is said to be pubescent.
Contents
1 Algal trichomes
2 Plant trichomes
2.1 Aerial surface hairs
3 Trichome and Root Hair Development
4 Significance for taxonomy
5 Significance for plant molecular biology
6 Uses
7 Defense
7.1 Stinging trichomes
8 See also
9 References
Algal trichomes[edit]
Certain, usually filamentous, algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome.[example needed] The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria, such as Spirulina and Oscillatoria. The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in Oscillatoria, or sheathed, as in Calothrix.[1] These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion, particularly in cold desert climates.[citation needed] The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure.
Plant trichomes[edit]
Sticky trichomes of a carnivorous plant, Drosera capensis with a trapped insect, contain proteolytic enzymes.
Trichomes on Cannabis, rich in cannabinoids.
Trichomes on the surface of a Solanum scabrum leaf
Trichomes on the petiole of a Solanum quitoense leaf
Scanning electron micrograph of a trichome on a leaf Arabidopsis thaliana. The structure is a single cell.
Aerial surface hairs[edit]
Trichomes on plants are epidermal outgrowths of various kinds. The terms emergences or prickles refer to outgrowths that involve more than the epidermis. This distinction is not always easily applied (see Wait-a-minute tree). Also, there are nontrichomatous epidermal cells that protrude from the surface.[example needed]
A common type of trichome is a hair. Plant hairs may be unicellular or multicellular, branched or unbranched. Multicellular hairs may have one or several layers of cells. Branched hairs can be dendritic (tree-like) as in kangaroo paw (Anigozanthos), tufted, or stellate (star-shaped), as in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Another common type of trichome is the scale or peltate hair, that has a plate or shield-shaped cluster of cells attached directly to the surface or borne on a stalk of some kind. Common examples are the leaf scales of bromeliads such as the pineapple, Rhododendron and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides).
Any of the various types of hairs may be glandular, producing some kind of secretion, such as the essential oils produced by mints and many other members of the family Lamiaceae.
In describing the surface appearance of plant organs, such as stems and leaves, many terms are used in reference to the presence, form, and appearance of trichomes. The most basic terms used are glabrous—lacking hairs— and pubescent—having hairs. Details are provided by:
glabrous, glabrate – lacking hairs or trichomes; surface smooth
hirsute – coarsely hairy
hispid – having bristly hairs
articulate – simple pluricellular-uniseriate hairs
downy – having an almost wool-like covering of long hairs
pilose – pubescent with long, straight, soft, spreading or erect hairs
puberulent – minutely pubescent; having fine, short, usually erect, hairs
pubescent – bearing hairs or trichomes of any type
strigillose – minutely strigose
strigose – having straight hairs all pointing in more or less the same direction as along a margin or midrib
tomentellous – minutely tomentose
tomentose – covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs
villosulous – minutely villous
villous – having long, soft hairs, often curved, but not matted
The size, form, density and location of hairs on plants are extremely variable in their presence across species and even within a species on different plant organs. Several basic functions or advantages of having surface hairs can be listed. It is likely that in many cases, hairs interfere with the feeding of at least some small herbivores and, depending upon stiffness and irritability to the palate, large herbivores as well. Hairs on plants growing in areas subject to frost keep the frost away from the living surface cells. In windy locations, hairs break up the flow of air across the plant surface, reducing transpiration. Dense coatings of hairs reflect sunlight, protecting the more delicate tissues underneath in hot, dry, open habitats. In addition, in locations where much of the available moisture comes from fog drip, hairs appear to enhance this process.[how?][citation needed]
Trichome and Root Hair Development[edit]
Both trichomes and root hairs, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometres in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometres in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same. It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care, because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part. This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt.
The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related transcription factors that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors (named GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1)) are the major regulators of cell fate to produce trichomes or root hairs.[2] When these genes are activated in a leaf epidermal cell, the formation of a trichrome is initiated within that cell. GL1, GL3. and TTG1 also activate negative regulators, which serve to inhibit trichrome formation in neighboring cells. This system controls the spacing of trichomes on the leaf surface. Once trichome are developed they may divide or branch.[3] In contrast, root hairs only rarely branch. During the formation of trichomes and root hairs, may enzymes are regulated. For example, just prior to the root hair development, there is a point of elevated phosphorylase activity.[4]
Significance for taxonomy[edit]
The type, presence and absence and location of trichomes are important diagnostic characters in plant identification and plant taxonomy.[5] In forensic examination, plants such as Cannabis sativa can be identified by microscopic examination of the trichomes.[6][7] Although trichomes are rarely found preserved in fossils, trichome bases are regularly found and, in some cases, their cellular structure is important for identification.
Significance for plant molecular biology[edit]
In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein. Knockouts of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This phenotype has already been used in genome editing experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9.[8][9] Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern formation in plants.[10]
Bud and scape of a Stylidium species, displaying the trichomes that can trap and kill insects
Uses[edit]
Bean leaves have been used historically to trap bedbugs in houses in Eastern Europe. The trichomes on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling their feet (tarsi). The leaves would then be destroyed.[11]
Trichomes are an essential part of nest building for the European wool carder bee (Anthidium manicatum). This bee species incorporates trichomes into their nests by scraping them off of plants and using them as a lining for their nest cavities.[12]
Defense[edit]
Plants may use trichomes in order to deter herbivore attacks via physical and/or chemical means, e.g. in specialized, stinging hairs of Urtica (Nettle) species that deliver inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Studies on trichomes have been focused towards crop protection, which is the result of deterring herbivores (Brookes et al. 2016).[13] However, some organisms have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of trichomes. The larvae of Heliconius charithonia, for example, are able to physically free themselves from trichomes, are able to bite off trichomes, and are able to form silk blankets in order to navigate the leaves better.[14]
Stinging trichomes[edit]
Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. In areas susceptible to herbivory, higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed. In Urtica, the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact. This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates, and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites. Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin (such as histamine) upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes.[15]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trichome.
Thorns, spines, and prickles
Colleter (botany)
Seta
Kief
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Identify That Alga". Retrieved September 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schellmann, S.; Schnittger, A.; Kirik, V.; Wada, T.; Okada, K.; Beermann, A.; Thumfahrt, J.; Jürgens, G.; Hülskamp, M. (2002-10-01). "TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE mediate lateral inhibition during trichome and root hair patterning in Arabidopsis". The EMBO Journal. 21 (19): 5036–5046. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf524. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 129046  . PMID 12356720.
Jump up ^ Schellmann, Swen; Hulskamp, Martin (2004-09-01). "Epidermal differentiation: trichomes in Arabidopsis as a model system". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 49 (5–6): 579–584. doi:10.1387/ijdb.051983ss. ISSN 0214-6282.
Jump up ^ Dosier, Larry W.; Riopel, J. L. (1977). "Differential Enzyme Activity During Trichoblast Differentiation in Elodea canadensis". American Journal of Botany. 64 (9): 1049–1056. doi:10.2307/2442160. JSTOR 2442160.
Jump up ^ Davis, P.H.; Heywood, V.H. (1963). Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrandpage. p. 154.
Jump up ^ Bhatia, R.Y.P.; Raghavan, S.; Rao, K.V.S.; Prasad, V.N. (1973). "Forensic examination of leaf and leaf fragments in fresh and dried conditions". Journal of the Forensic Science Society. 13 (3): 183–190. doi:10.1016/S0015-7368(73)70794-5.
Jump up ^ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009). Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products (Revised and updated). New York: United Nations. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9789211482423.
Jump up ^ Hahn, Florian; Mantegazza, Otho; Greiner, André; Hegemann, Peter; Eisenhut, Marion; Weber, Andreas P. M. (2017). "An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR/Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00039. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5258748  . PMID 28174584.
Jump up ^ Hahn, Florian; Eisenhut, Marion; Mantegazza, Otho; Weber, Andreas P. M. (5 April 2018). "Homology-Directed Repair of a Defective Glabrous Gene in Arabidopsis With Cas9-Based Gene Targeting". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00424.
Jump up ^ Hülskamp, M.; Schnittger, A.; Folkers, U. (1999). "Pattern formation and cell differentiation: trichomes in Arabidopsis as a genetic model system". International Review of Cytology. 186: 147–178. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61053-0. ISSN 0074-7696. PMID 9770299.
Jump up ^ Szyndler, M.W.; Haynes, K.F.; Potter, M.F.; Corn, R.M.; Loudon, C. (2013). "Entrapment of bed bugs by leaf trichomes inspires microfabrication of biomimetic surfaces" (PDF). Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 10 (83): 20130174. doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0174. ISSN 1742-5662. PMC 3645427  .
Jump up ^ Eltz, Thomas; Küttner, Jennifer; Lunau, Klaus; Tollrian, Ralph (6 January 2015). "Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool-carder bees, with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2. doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00086.
Jump up ^ Karley, A (2016). "Exploiting physical defence traits for crop protection: leaf trichomes of Rubus idaeus have deterrent effects on spider mites but not aphids". Annals of Applied Biology. 168: 159–172. doi:10.1111/aab.12252 – via Academic Search Premier.
Jump up ^ Cardoso, Márcio Z (2008). "Ecology, Behavior and Binomics: Herbivore Handling of a Plant's Trichome: The Case of Heliconius Charithonia (L.) (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae) and Passiflora Lobata (Kilip) Hutch. (Passifloraceae)". Neotropical Entomology. 37 (3): 247–52. doi:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000300002.
Jump up ^ Fu, H. Y.; Chen, S. J.; Kuo-Huang, L. L. (2003). "Comparative study on the stinging trichomes and some related epidermal structures in the leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana, Girardinia diversifolia, and Urtica thunbergiana". Taiwania. 48 (4): 213–223.
Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
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List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
European Cup/Champions League trophy
Founded
1955
Region
Europe (UEFA)
Number of teams
32 (group stage)
2 (finalists)
Current champions
Real Madrid (12th title)
Most successful club(s)
Real Madrid (12 titles)
2017–18 UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal association football competition established in 1955.[1] The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) member associations (except Liechtenstein, which has no league competition), as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues.[2] Prior to the 1992–93 season, the tournament was named the European Cup.[1] Originally, only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate. However, this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners-up of the stronger leagues to compete as well.[3] The defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition.[4]
Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row, or five times overall, receive a multiple-winner badge.[5] Six teams have earned this privilege: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool and Barcelona.[6] Until 2009, clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup and a new one was commissioned;[7] since 2009, the winning team each year has received a full-size replica of the trophy, while the original is retained by UEFA.[8]
A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League/European Cup. Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition 12 times, including the inaugural competition. They have also won the competition the most times in a row, winning it five times from 1956 to 1960. Juventus have been runners-up the most times, losing seven finals. Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Stade de Reims and Valencia have finished as runners-up twice without winning. Spain has provided the most champions, with 17 wins from two clubs.[9] Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985.[10] The current champions are Real Madrid, who beat Juventus in the 2017 final.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of finals
2 Performances
2.1 By club
2.2 By nation
3 Venues
4 Notes
5 References
List of finals[edit]
Key
Match was won during extra time
* Match was won on a penalty shoot-out
& Match was won after a replay
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
Season
Nation
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Nation
Venue
Attendance[11]
1955–56
Spain Real Madrid 4–3 Stade de Reims France Parc des Princes, Paris 38,239
1956–57
Spain Real Madrid 2–0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 124,000
1957–58
Spain Real Madrid 3–2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium, Brussels 67,000
1958–59
Spain Real Madrid 2–0 Stade de Reims France Neckarstadion, Stuttgart 72,000
1959–60
Spain Real Madrid 7–3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park, Glasgow 127,621
1960–61
Portugal Benfica 3–2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium, Bern 26,732
1961–62
Portugal Benfica 5–3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam 61,257
1962–63
Italy Milan 2–1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium, London 45,715
1963–64
Italy Internazionale 3–1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium, Vienna 71,333
1964–65
Italy Internazionale 1–0 Benfica Portugal San Siro, Milan 89,000
1965–66
Spain Real Madrid 2–1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium, Brussels 46,745
1966–67
Scotland Celtic 2–1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional, Lisbon 45,000
1967–68
England Manchester United 4–1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium, London 92,225
1968–69
Italy Milan 4–1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 31,782
1969–70
Netherlands Feyenoord 2–1 Celtic Scotland San Siro, Milan 53,187
1970–71
Netherlands Ajax 2–0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium, London 83,179
1971–72
Netherlands Ajax 2–0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip, Rotterdam 61,354
1972–73
Netherlands Ajax 1–0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium, Belgrade 89,484
1973–74
West Germany Bayern Munich 4–0&[A] Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium, Brussels 72,047
1974–75
West Germany Bayern Munich 2–0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes, Paris 48,374
1975–76
West Germany Bayern Munich 1–0 Saint-Étienne France Hampden Park, Glasgow 54,864
1976–77
England Liverpool 3–1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico, Rome 52,078
1977–78
England Liverpool 1–0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium, London 92,500
1978–79
England Nottingham Forest 1–0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion, Munich 57,500
1979–80
England Nottingham Forest 1–0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 51,000
1980–81
England Liverpool 1–0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes, Paris 48,360
1981–82
England Aston Villa 1–0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip, Rotterdam 46,000
1982–83
West Germany Hamburg 1–0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium, Athens 73,500
1983–84
England Liverpool 1–1*[B] Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico, Rome 69,693
1984–85
Italy Juventus 1–0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium, Brussels 58,000
1985–86
Romania Steaua București 0–0*[C] Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville 70,000
1986–87
Portugal Porto 2–1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium, Vienna 57,500
1987–88
Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0–0*[D] Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion, Stuttgart 68,000
1988–89
Italy Milan 4–0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou, Barcelona 97,000
1989–90
Italy Milan 1–0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium, Vienna 57,558
1990–91
Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0–0*[E] Marseille France Stadio San Nicola, Bari 56,000
1991–92
Spain Barcelona 1–0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium, London 70,827
1992–93
France Marseille 1–0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion, Munich 64,400
1993–94
Italy Milan 4–0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium, Athens 70,000
1994–95
Netherlands Ajax 1–0 Milan Italy Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna 49,730
1995–96
Italy Juventus 1–1*[F] Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico, Rome 70,000
1996–97
Germany Borussia Dortmund 3–1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion, Munich 59,000
1997–98
Spain Real Madrid 1–0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam 48,500
1998–99
England Manchester United 2–1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou, Barcelona 90,245
1999–2000
Spain Real Madrid 3–0 Valencia Spain Stade de France, Saint-Denis 80,000
2000–01
Germany Bayern Munich 1–1*[G] Valencia Spain San Siro, Milan 71,500
2001–02
Spain Real Madrid 2–1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park, Glasgow 50,499
2002–03
Italy Milan 0–0*[H] Juventus Italy Old Trafford, Manchester 62,315
2003–04
Portugal Porto 3–0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen 53,053
2004–05
England Liverpool 3–3*[I] Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul 69,000
2005–06
Spain Barcelona 2–1 Arsenal England Stade de France, Saint-Denis 79,610
2006–07
Italy Milan 2–1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium, Athens 63,000
2007–08
England Manchester United 1–1*[J] Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow 67,310
2008–09
Spain Barcelona 2–0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico, Rome 62,467
2009–10
Italy Internazionale 2–0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 73,490
2010–11
Spain Barcelona 3–1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium, London 87,695
2011–12
England Chelsea 1–1*[K] Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena, Munich 62,500
2012–13
Germany Bayern Munich 2–1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium, London 86,298
2013–14
Spain Real Madrid 4–1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz, Lisbon 60,976
2014–15
Spain Barcelona 3–1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion, Berlin 70,442
2015–16
Spain Real Madrid 1–1*[L] Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro, Milan 71,942
2016–17
Spain Real Madrid 4–1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium, Cardiff 65,842
Upcoming finals
Season
Nation
Finalist
Match
Finalist
Nation
Venue
2017–18
– NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
2018–19
– Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid
Performances[edit]
See also: European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances
By club[edit]
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club
v
t
e
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up
Real Madrid
12 3 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017 1962, 1964, 1981
Milan
7 4 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007 1958, 1993, 1995, 2005
Bayern Munich*
5 5 1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013 1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012
Barcelona
5 3 1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 1961, 1986, 1994
Liverpool
5 2 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 1985, 2007
Ajax*
4 2 1971, 1972, 1973, 1995 1969, 1996
Internazionale
3 2 1964, 1965, 2010 1967, 1972
Manchester United*
3 2 1968, 1999, 2008 2009, 2011
Juventus*
2 7 1985, 1996 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017
Benfica
2 5 1961, 1962 1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990
Nottingham Forest
2 0 1979, 1980 —
Porto
2 0 1987, 2004 —
Celtic
1 1 1967 1970
Hamburg
1 1 1983 1980
Steaua București
1 1 1986 1989
Marseille
1 1 1993 1991
Borussia Dortmund
1 1 1997 2013
Chelsea*
1 1 2012 2008
Feyenoord
1 0 1970 —
Aston Villa
1 0 1982 —
PSV Eindhoven
1 0 1988 —
Red Star Belgrade
1 0 1991 —
Atlético Madrid
0 3 — 1974, 2014, 2016
Reims
0 2 — 1956, 1959
Valencia
0 2 — 2000, 2001
Fiorentina
0 1 — 1957
Eintracht Frankfurt
0 1 — 1960
Partizan
0 1 — 1966
Panathinaikos
0 1 — 1971
Leeds United
0 1 — 1975
Saint-Étienne
0 1 — 1976
Borussia Mönchengladbach
0 1 — 1977
Club Brugge
0 1 — 1978
Malmö FF
0 1 — 1979
Roma
0 1 — 1984
Sampdoria
0 1 — 1992
Bayer Leverkusen
0 1 — 2002
Monaco
0 1 — 2004
Arsenal
0 1 — 2006
* Club has won all three major UEFA competitions

By nation[edit]
Performance by nation
Nation
Winners
Runners-up
Spain
17 11
Italy
12 16
England
12 7
Germany
7 10
Netherlands
6 2
Portugal
4 5
France
1 5
Scotland
1 1
Romania
1 1
Yugoslavia
1 1
Greece
0 1
Belgium
0 1
Sweden
0 1
Venues[edit]
Multiple guest and neutral hosts
Ground
Hosts
Years
Wembley Stadium, London 7 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013
Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 4 1957, 1969, 1980, 2010
King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels 4 1958, 1966, 1974, 1985
Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna 4 1964, 1987, 1990, 1995
San Siro, Milan 4 1965, 1970, 2001, 2016
Stadio Olimpico, Rome 4 1977, 1984, 1996, 2009
Parc des Princes, Paris 3 1956, 1975, 1981
Hampden Park, Glasgow 3 1960, 1976, 2002
Olympiastadion, Munich 3 1979, 1993, 1997
Olympic Stadium, Athens 3 1983, 1994, 2007
Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart 2 1959, 1988
De Kuip, Rotterdam 2 1972, 1982
Camp Nou, Barcelona 2 1989, 1999
Stade de France, Saint-Denis 2 2000, 2006
Wankdorf Stadium, Bern 1 1961
Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam 1 1962
Estádio Nacional, Lisbon 1 1967
Red Star Stadium, Belgrade 1 1973
Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville 1 1986
Stadio San Nicola, Bari 1 1991
Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam 1 1998
Old Trafford, Manchester 1 2003
Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen 1 2004
Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul 1 2005
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow 1 2008
Allianz Arena, Munich 1 2012
Estádio da Luz, Lisbon 1 2014
Olympiastadion, Berlin 1 2015
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff 1 2017
Notes[edit]
A. ^ The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]
B. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]
C. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]
D. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]
E. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]
F. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]
G. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]
H. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]
I. ^ Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]
J. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]
K. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]
L. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]
References[edit]
General
"European Champions' Cup". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 31 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
"European Champion Clubs' Cup – History" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 64. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b "Football's top club competition". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Competition format". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "1997/98: Seventh heaven for Madrid". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Liverpool get in Champions League". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2005. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League Museum" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 10. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Vieli, André, ed. (October 2005). "A brand-new trophy" (PDF). UEFA Direct. Union of European Football Associations (42): 8. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007/08" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions' League 2009/10" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Haslam, Andrew (27 May 2009). "Spain savour European pre-eminence". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "1985: English teams banned after Heysel". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 May 1985. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League – Statistics Handbook 2012/13" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 141. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "1973/74: Muller ends Bayern wait". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1983/84: Kennedy spot on for Liverpool". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1985/86: Steaua stun Barcelona". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1987/88: PSV prosper from Oranje boom". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1990/91: Crvena Zvezda spot on". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1995/96: Juve hold their nerve". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2000/01: Kahn saves day for Bayern". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2002/03: Shevchenko spot on for Milan". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2004/05: Liverpool belief defies Milan". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2007/08: Fate favours triumphant United". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Shoot-out win ends Chelsea's long wait for glory". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Spot-on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
UEFA club competitions winners
Men's
Champions League
Cup Winners' Cup
Europa League
Intertoto Cup
Super Cup
Intercontinental Cup
Women's
Champions League
[show]
v
t
e
European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners
European Cup
1950s
1955–56: Real Madrid
1956–57: Real Madrid
1957–58: Real Madrid
1958–59: Real Madrid
1959–60: Real Madrid
1960s
1960–61: Benfica
1961–62: Benfica
1962–63: Milan
1963–64: Inter Milan
1964–65: Inter Milan
1965–66: Real Madrid
1966–67: Celtic
1967–68: Manchester United
1968–69: Milan
1969–70: Feyenoord
1970s
1970–71: Ajax
1971–72: Ajax
1972–73: Ajax
1973–74: Bayern Munich
1974–75: Bayern Munich
1975–76: Bayern Munich
1976–77: Liverpool
1977–78: Liverpool
1978–79: Nottingham Forest
1979–80: Nottingham Forest
1980s
1980–81: Liverpool
1981–82: Aston Villa
1982–83: Hamburg
1983–84: Liverpool
1984–85: Juventus
1985–86: Steaua București
1986–87: Porto
1987–88: PSV
1988–89: Milan
1989–90: Milan
1990s
1990–91: Red Star Belgrade
1991–92: Barcelona
UEFA Champions League
1990s
1992–93: Marseille
1993–94: Milan
1994–95: Ajax
1995–96: Juventus
1996–97: Borussia Dortmund
1997–98: Real Madrid
1998–99: Manchester United
1999–2000: Real Madrid
2000s
2000–01: Bayern Munich
2001–02: Real Madrid
2002–03: Milan
2003–04: Porto
2004–05: Liverpool
2005–06: Barcelona
2006–07: Milan
2007–08: Manchester United
2008–09: Barcelona
2009–10: Inter Milan
2010s
2010–11: Barcelona
2011–12: Chelsea
2012–13: Bayern Munich
2013–14: Real Madrid
2014–15: Barcelona
2015–16: Real Madrid
2016–17: Real Madrid
Finals
Winning managers
Winning players
[show]
v
t
e
European Cup and UEFA Champions League
European Cup era, 1955–1992
Seasons
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
Finals
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
UEFA Champions League era, 1992–present
Seasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
Finals
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
History
Finals
Winning managers
Winning players
Records and statistics
Top scorers
Hat-tricks
Performance comparison
Anthem
Broadcasters
Trophy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=801664987"
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Round Table Conferences (India)
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This article is about Anglo-Indian round table conferences. For Dutch-Indonesian round table conference, see Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. For other uses, see Round Table (disambiguation).
The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government and Indian national congress was participant to discuss constitutional reforms in India. These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932. They were conducted as per the recommendation of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald,[1][2] and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. Demands for swaraj, or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. Mahatme Gandhi, Sir tejBahadurSapru, Srinivasa,Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan and Mirabehn are key participant from India. By the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status. However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve. The key topic was about constitution and India which was mainly discussed in that conference.
Contents
1 First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)
1.1 Participants
1.2 Proceedings
2 Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931)
2.1 Participants
2.2 Proceedings
3 Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)
3.1 Participants
4 References
5 Further reading
First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)[edit]
The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12, 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London[1] and chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.
The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates. There were fifty-eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states. In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference. However, the Indian National Congress, along with Indian business leaders, kept away from the conference. Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement.[3]
Participants[edit]
British Representatives:
Labour: Ramsay MacDonald, Lord Sankey, Wedgwood Benn, Arthur Henderson, J. H. Thomas, William Jowitt, Hastings Lees-Smith, Earl Russell
Conservative: Earl Peel, Marquess of Zetland, Samuel Hoare, Oliver Stanley
Liberal: Marquess of Reading, Marquess of Lothian, Sir Robert Hamilton, Isaac Foot
Muslim League: Aga Khan III (leader of British-Indian delegation), Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Muhammad Shafi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Hafiz Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah, Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan, Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli,Nilay A. H. Ghuznavi [4]
Indian States' Representatives: Maharaja of Alwar, Maharaja of Baroda, Nawab of Bhopal, Maharaja of Bikaner, Rana of Dholpur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja of Nawanagar, Maharaja of Patiala (Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes), Maharaja of Rewa, Chief Sahib of Sangli, Sir Prabhashankar Pattani (Bhavnagar), Manubhai Mehta (Baroda), Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan (Gwalior), Akbar Hydari (Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Mysore), Col. Kailas Narain Haksar (Jammu and Kashmir)
British-Indian Representatives:
Hindus: B. S. Moonje, M. R. Jayakar, Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath
Liberals: J. N. Basu, Tej Bahadur Sapru, C. Y. Chintamani, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad
Justice Party: Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav, Sir A. P. Patro
Depressed Classes: B. R. Ambedkar, Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sikhs: Sardar Ujjal Singh, Sardar Sampuran Singh
Parsis: Phiroze Sethna, Cowasji Jehangir, Homi Mody
Indian Christians: K. T. Paul
Europeans: Sir Hubert Carr, Sir Oscar de Glanville (Burma), T. F. Gavin Jones, C. E. Wood (Madras)
Anglo-Indians: Henry Gidney
Women: Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Radhabai Subbarayan
Landlords: Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (Bihar), Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (United Provinces), Raja of Parlekhmundi (Orissa), Provash Chandra Mitter
Labour: N. M. Joshi, B. Shiva Rao
Universities: Syed Sultan Ahmed, Bisheshwar Dayal Seth,
Burma: U Aung Thin, Ba U, M. M. Ohn Ghine
Sindh: Shah Nawaz Bhutto, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
Other Provinces: Chandradhar Barua (Assam), Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum (NWFP), S. B. Tambe (Central Provinces)
Government of India: Narendra Nath Law, Bhupendra Nath Mitra, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, M. Ramachandra Rao
Officials attending in consultative capacity: W. M. Hailey, C. A. Innes, A. C. MacWatters, H. G. Haig, L. W. Reynolds
Indian States Delegation Staff:
Hyderabad: Sir Richard Chenevix-Trench, Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung, Ahmed Hussain, Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur, Sir Reginald Glancy
South Indian States: T. Raghavaiah
Baroda: V. T. Krishnamachari
Alwar: Fateh Naseeb Khan
Orissa States: K. C. Neogy
Nominated by the Chamber of Princes Special Organisation: L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Qazi Ali Haidar Abbasi, Jarmani Dass, A. B. Latthe, D. A. Surve
Secretariats: S. K. Brown, V. Dawson, K. S. Fitze, W. H. Lewis, R. J. Stopford, J. Coatman, Marmaduke Pickthall, K. M. Panikkar, N. S. Subba Rao, Geoffrey Corbett, A. Latifi, Girija Shankar Bajpai
Secretariat-General: R. H. A. Carter, Mian Abdul Aziz, W. D. Croft, G. E. J. Gent, B. G. Holdsworth, R. F. Mudie, G. S. Rajadhya
Proceedings[edit]
The conference started with 6 plenary meetings where delegates put forward their issues 9 sub committees were formed to deal with several different matters including federal structure, provincial constitution, province of Sindh and NWFP, defense services and minorities e.t.c.[4] These were followed by discussions on the reports of the sub-committees on Federal Structure, Provincial Constitution, Minorities, Burma, North West Frontier Province, Franchise, Defense services and Sindh. These were followed by 2 more plenary meetings and a final concluding session.[3] It was difficult for progress to be made in the absence of the Indian National Congress but some advances were made.
The idea of an All-India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Tej Bahadur Sapru.[5] All the groups attending the conference supported this concept. The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed. The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre. The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level.
Other important discussions were the responsibility of the executive to the legislature and a separate electorate for the Untouchables as demanded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931)[edit]
The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru, M. R. Jayakar and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri. A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference. Although MacDonald was still Prime Minister of Britain, he was by this time heading a coalition Government (the "National Government") with a Conservative majority. It was held in London in September 1931. The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935.
Participants[edit]
[6]
British Representatives:
Labour: Ramsay MacDonald, Wedgwood Benn, Arthur Henderson, William Jowitt, Hastings Lees-Smith, F. W.hick-Lawrence, Lord Sankey, Lord Snell, J. H. Thomas
Conservative: Viscount Hailsham, Samuel Hoare, Earl Peel, Oliver Stanley, Marquess of Zetland
Scottish Unionist: Walter Elliot
Liberal: Isaac Foot, Henry Graham White, Robert Hamilton, Marquess of Lothian, Marquess of Reading,
Indian States' Representatives: Maharaja of Alwar, Maharaja of Baroda, Nawab of Bhopal, Maharaja of Bikaner, Maharao of Kutch, Rana of Dholpur, Maharaja of Indore, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja of Kapurthala, Maharaja of Nawanagar, Maharaja of Patiala, Maharaja of Rewa, Chief Sahib of Sangli, Raja of Korea, Raja of Sarila, Sir Prabhashankar Pattani (Bhavnagar), Manubhai Mehta (Baroda), Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan (Gwalior), Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari (Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Mysore), Col. K.N. Haksar (Jammu and Kashmir), T. Raghavaiah (Travancore), Liaqat Hayat Khan (Patiala)
British-Indian Representatives:
Government of India: C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Narendra Nath Law, M. Ramachandra Rao
Indian National Congress: Mahatma Gandhi (He was the sole representative of the Congress).
Muslims: Aga Khan III, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Shafi, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Syed Ali Imam, Maulvi Muhammad Shafi Daudi, Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli, A. H. Ghuznavi, Hafiz Hidayat Hussain, Sayed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur, Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan, Jamal Muhammad, khaja Mian Rowther, Nawab Sahibzada Sayed Muhammad Mehr Shah
Hindus: M. R. Jayakar, B. S. Moonje, Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath
Liberals: J. N. Basu, C. Y. Chintamani, Tej Bahadur Sapru, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad
Justice Party: Raja of Bobbili, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Sir A. P. Patro, Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav
Depressed Classes: B. R. Ambedkar, Rettamalai Srinivasan,
Sikhs: Sardar Ujjal Singh, Sardar Sampuran Singh
Parsis: Cowasji Jehangir, Homi Mody, Phiroze Sethna
Indian Christians: Surendra Kumar Datta, A. T. Pannirselvam
Europeans: E. C. Benthall, Sir Hubert Carr, T. F. Gavin Jones, C. E. Wood (Madras)
Anglo-Indians: Henry Gidney
Women: Sarojini Naidu, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Radhabai Subbarayan
Landlords: Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (United Provinces), Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (Bihar), Raja of Parlakimedi (Orissa), Sir Provash Chandra Mitter
Industry: Ghanshyam Das Birla, Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Maneckji Dadabhoy
Labour: N. M. Joshi, B. Shiva Rao, V. V. Giri
Universities: Syed Sultan Ahmed, Bisheshwar Dayal Seth
Burma: Sir Padamji Ginwala
Sindh: Shah Nawaz Bhutto, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
Other Provinces: Chandradhar Barua (Assam), Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum (NWFP), S. B. Tambe (Central Provinces)
Indian States Delegation Staff: V. T. Krishnamachari (Baroda), Richard Chenevix-Trench (Hyderabad), Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung (Hyderabad), S. M. Bapna (Indore), Amar Nath Atal (Jaipur), J. W. Young (Jodhpur), Ram Chandra Kak (Jammu and Kashmir), Sahibzada Abdus Samad Khan (Rampur), K. C. Neogy (Orissa states), L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Jarmani Dass, Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, K. M. Panikkar, N. Madhava Rao
British Delegation Staff: H. G. Haig, V. Dawson, K. S. Fitze, J. G. Laithwaite, W. H. Lewis, P. J. Patrick, J. Coatman, G. T. Garratt, R. J. Stopford
British Indian Delegation Staff: Geoffrey Corbett, A. Latifi, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Benegal Rama Rau, Syed Amjad Ali, Prince Aly Khan, A. M. Chaudhury, Mahadev Desai, Govind Malaviya, K. T. Shah, P. Sinha
Secretariat-General: R. H. A. Carter, K. Anderson, C. D. Deshmukh, J. M. Sladen, Hugh MacGregor, G. F. Steward, A. H. Joyce, Syed Amjad Ali, Ram Babu Saksena
Proceedings[edit]
The second session opened on September 7, 1931. There were three major differences between the first and second Round Table Conferences. By the second:
The Second Round Table Conference (September 7, 1931)
Congress Representation — The Gandhi-Irwin Pact opened the way for Congress participation in this conference. Mahatma Gandhi was invited from India and attended as the sole official Congress representative accompanied by Sarojini Naidu and also Madan Mohan Malaviya, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore), S.K. Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam. Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a “minority”; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities. These claims were rejected by the other Indian participants. According to this pact, Gandhi was asked to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government would be freed except the criminal prisoners, i.e. those who had killed British officials. He returned to India, disappointed with the results and empty-handed.
National Government — two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen. Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party.
Financial Crisis – During the conference, Britain went off the Gold Standard further distracting the National Government.
During the Conference, Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim representation and safeguards. At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to produce a Communal Award for minority representation, with the provision that any free agreement between the parties could be substituted for his award[citation needed].
Gandhi took particular exception to the treatment of untouchables as a minority separate from the rest of the Hindu community. He clashed with the leader of depressed classes, Dr.B. R. Ambedkar, over this issue: the two eventually resolved the situation with the Poona Pact of 1932.
Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)[edit]
The third and last session assembled on November 17, 1932. Only forty-six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present. The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend.
From September 1931 until March 1933, under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare, the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935.
Participants[edit]
[7]
Indian States' Representatives: Akbar Hydari (Dewan of Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Dewan of Mysore), V. T. Krishnamachari (Dewan of Baroda), Wajahat Hussain (Jammu and Kashmir), Sir Sukhdeo Prasad (Udaipur, Jaipur, Jodhpur), J. A. Surve (Kolhapur), Raja Oudh Narain Bisarya (Bhopal), Manubhai Mehta (Bikaner), Nawab Liaqat Hayat Khan (Patiala), Fateh Naseeb Khan (Alwar State), L. F. Rushbrook Williams (Nawanagar), Raja of Sarila (small states)
British-Indian Representatives: Aga Khan III, B. R. Ambedkar (Depressed Classes), Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili, Sir Hubert Carr (Europeans), Nanak Chand Pandit, A. H. Ghuznavi, Henry Gidney (Anglo-Indians), Hafiz Hidayat Hussain, Muhammad Iqbal, M. R. Jayakar, Cowasji Jehangir, N. M. Joshi (Labour), Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz (Women), A. P. Patro, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan, Sir Shadi Lal, Tara Singh Malhotra, Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar, Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Wolpert, Stanley (2013). Jinnah of Pakistan (15 ed.). Karachi, Pakistan: University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-577389-7.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2012). Shameful Flight (1st ed.). Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-906606-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings. Government of India. 1931.
^ Jump up to: a b Prof M. Ikram, Rabbani. Pakistan studies (2nd ed.). Lahore, Pakistan: Caravan book house. pp. 100–101. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Menon, V.P. (1957). Transfer of Power in India. Orient Longman Limited. p. 44. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Indian Round Table Conference (Second Session) Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions (PDF). 1932.
Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1932/oct/31/round-table-conference-delegates
Further reading[edit]
Beatty, Michael J., Ralph R. Behnke, and Barbara Jane Banks. Elements of dialogic communication in Gandhi's second round table conference address(1979) : 386–398.
Menon, V. P. (1995). "Integration of the Indian States",'Orient Longman Ltd'
Essay on Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London 1931–1933[dubious – discuss]
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