text:
If You Could See Me Now (The Script song)
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For the song from Sweet Charity, see If My Friends Could See Me Now.
"If You Could See Me Now"
Single by The Script
from the album #3
Released
4 March 2013
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2011–12
Genre
Pop rock
hip hop
Length
3:39
Label
Phonogenic
Songwriter(s)
Danny O'Donoghue
Mark Sheehan
Steve Kipner
Andrew Frampton
Producer(s)
Steve Kipner
Andrew Frampton
The Script singles chronology
"Six Degrees of Separation"
(2012) "If You Could See Me Now"
(2013) "Millionaires"
(2013)
"Six Degrees of Separation"
(2012) "If You Could See Me Now"
(2013) "Millionaires"
(2013)
"If You Could See Me Now" is a song by Irish pop rock band The Script, taken from their third studio album, #3 (2012). The song video was released as the album's third single on 18 February 2013. The song was released on 4 March 2013. The track was written by Danny O'Donoghue, Mark Sheehan, Steve Kipner and Andrew Frampton. The song is an emotional tribute to O'Donoghue's late father – and to guitarist Mark Sheehan’s parents.[1] For the very first time, Sheehan added vocals to a song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Live performances
3 Track listing
4 Chart performance and Certification
4.1 Charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certification
5 Release history
6 References
Music video[edit]
A music video to accompany the release of "If You Could See Me Now" was first released onto YouTube on 18 February 2013 at a total length of three minutes and forty-nine seconds.[2]
Live performances[edit]
On 25 January 2013 they performed the song live on The Graham Norton Show.[3] They also performed the single on "Let's Dance for Sport Relief".
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "If You Could See Me Now" 3:39
Chart performance and Certification[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[4] 34
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[5] 16
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[6] 2
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[7] 7
Germany (Official German Charts)[8] 45
Ireland (IRMA)[9] 13
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[10] 21
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 11
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[12] 11
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[13] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14] 20
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]
117
Certification[edit]
Country (Provider)
Certification
References
New Zealand (RIANZ) Gold [16]
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 4 March 2013 Digital download Phonogenic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2183834/The-man-moved-tears-Danny-O-Donoghue-pours-heart-The-Script-s-tragic-losses-went-The-Voice-s-ex.html
Jump up ^ The Script - If You Could See Me Now on YouTube
Jump up ^ The Script - If You Could See Me Now & Interview HD (Live Graham Norton Show) on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The Script – If You Could See Me Now". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Script – If You Could See Me Now" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Script – If You Could See Me Now" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201322 into search.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Script – If You Could See Me Now". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 10, 2013". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Script" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Script – If You Could See Me Now". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201327 into search.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2013.pdf
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart > April 15, 2013". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Script
Danny O'Donoghue
Mark Sheehan
Glen Power
Studio albums
The Script
Science & Faith
#3
No Sound Without Silence
Freedom Child
Singles
"We Cry"
"The Man Who Can't Be Moved"
"Breakeven"
"Talk You Down"
"Before the Worst"
"For the First Time"
"Nothing"
"If You Ever Come Back"
"Science & Faith"
"Hall of Fame"
"Six Degrees of Separation"
"If You Could See Me Now"
"Millionaires"
"Superheroes"
"No Good in Goodbye"
"Man on a Wire"
"Rain"
Other songs
"Live Like We're Dying"
Tours
Science & Faith Tour
3 World Tour
No Sound Without Silence Tour
Related articles
Discography
Mytown
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Could_See_Me_Now_(The_Script_song)&oldid=816332793"
Categories:
2013 singles
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Phonogenic Records singles
Songs written by Danny O'Donoghue
Songs written by Mark Sheehan
Songs written by Andrew Frampton (songwriter)
Songs in memory of deceased persons
Songs inspired by deaths
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Grewia asiatica
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Grewia asiatica
Flowers and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Grewioideae
Genus: Grewia
Species: G. asiatica
Binomial name
Grewia asiatica
L.
Synonyms
Grewia hainesiana Hole
Grewia obtecta Wall. [Invalid]
Grewia subinaequalis DC. [1]
Grewia asiatica (Phalsa or Falsa) (Urdu: فالسہ , Hindi: फ़ालसा, Gujarati Language: ફાલસા ) is a species of Grewia native to southern Asia from Pakistan east to Cambodia, and widely cultivated in other tropical countries.[2][3] Grewia celtidifolia was initially considered a mere variety of Phalsa, but is now recognized as a distinct species.
It is a shrub or small tree growing to 8 m tall. The leaves are broadly rounded, 5–18 cm long and broad, with a petiole 1–1.5 cm long. The flowers are produced in cymes of several together, the individual flowers about 2 cm diameter, yellow, with five large (12 mm) sepals and five smaller (4–5 mm) petals. The fruit is an edible drupe 5–12 mm diameter, purple to black when ripe.[2][4]
Cultivation and uses[edit]
It is extensively cultivated for its sweet and sour acidic fruit, which are sold in the market during summer months under the name falsa. The sherbet or squash is prepared from the fruit pulp by mixing it with sugar and used as an astringent, stomachic and cooling agent.
The root is used by Santhal tribals for rheumatism. The stem bark is said to be used in refining sugar, for making ropes and its infusion is used as a demulcent. The leaves are used as an application to pustular eruptions. The buds are also prescribed by some physicians.[5]
It has become naturalised and locally invasive in Australia and the Philippines.[3][4][6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2832898
^ Jump up to: a b Flora of India Grewia asiatica
^ Jump up to: a b Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: Grewia asiatica
^ Jump up to: a b Flora of Western Australia: Grewia asiatica
Jump up ^ Purdue University: Fruits of warm climates: Phalsa
Jump up ^ Yadav, A. K. (1999). Phalsa: A Potential New Small Fruit for Georgia. pp.348–352 in: Janick, J. (ed.). Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press. Available online.
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q1998501
Wikispecies: Grewia asiatica
EoL: 483655
EPPO: GRWAS
FloraBase: 20000
GBIF: 3152080
GRIN: 18013
IPNI: 834064-1
IRMNG: 10590095
ITIS: 506089
NCBI: 1384607
Plant List: kew-2832898
PLANTS: GRAS2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:834064-1
Tropicos: 32200366
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grewia_asiatica&oldid=842118174"
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 February 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
"Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series)" redirects here. For the film series, see Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series).
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
The logo of the series, appearing on the book covers, blogs, web comic, and the films.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly Truth
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway
Author
Jeff Kinney
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Realistic fiction
Publisher
Scholastic Publishing / Amulet Books / Puffin Books
Published
April 1, 2007 – present
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Audiobook
E-book
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of fiction books written by the American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney.[1][2] All the main books are the journals of the main character, Greg Heffley. Befitting a teen's diary, the books are filled with hand-written notes and simple drawings of Greg's daily adventures.[3]
Since the release of the online version in May 2004, most of the books have garnered positive reviews and commercial success. As of February 2008[update], it has been purchased one million times.
The first, second, fourth, and ninth installments have been adapted into films by 20th Century Fox.[4]
The website Poptropica released islands in the theme of Diary of a Wimpy Kid called Wimpy Wonderland and Wimpy Boardwalk, both of which credit Kinney in an ambiguous contributor's role.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Chronology
2.1 Supplementary books
2.2 Toys and games
2.3 Audiobooks
3 Characters
4 Achievements
4.1 Awards and honors
4.2 Commercial success
5 Films
6 Musical
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
In January 1998, Diary of a Wimpy Kid officially began, when Kinney brought up an idea about a middle-school weakling named Greg Heffley, who wrote about his personal life. In May 2004, FunBrain and Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid. The website made daily entries until June 2005.[5] He worked on his book for almost eight years, before showing it to a publisher in New York.
In February 2006, during the New York Comic Con, Jeff signed a multi book deal with publisher Harry N. Abrams, Inc., to turn Diary of a Wimpy Kid into a print series.[6]
The book became an instant hit, and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2009; many online readers requested a printed version. Kinney had agreed, and in April 2007, Diary of a Wimpy Kid was published.[5] To date, twelve Wimpy Kid books have been released, plus one do-it-yourself book and two movie diaries. In April 2009, TIME named Kinney one of The World's Most Influential People.[7]
Chronology[edit]
-->
#
Title
Date
ISBN
1 Diary of a Wimpy Kid April 1, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8109-9313-6
The introduction to the series introduces the protagonist, Greg Heffley, his best friend Rowley, his middle school problems, Halloween, and the Cheese Touch.
2 Rodrick Rules February 1, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8109-9473-7
Greg must stop Rodrick from revealing the secrets that had happened last summer.
3 The Last Straw January 13, 2009 ISBN 978-0-8109-7068-7
When Greg's father threatens to send Greg to a military academy, Greg must find a way to stop this from happening.
4 Dog Days October 12, 2009 ISBN 978-0-8109-8391-5
Summer is here, but when the family has not that much money to go to the beach (money is tight at that time), it might not be the best summer ever.
5 The Ugly Truth November 9, 2010 ISBN 978-0-8109-8491-2
Greg is growing up, and he will have to face the challenges of this period (like changing dentists, and a school lock-in).
6 Cabin Fever November 15, 2011 ISBN 978-1-4197-0223-5
The family is stranded in the house as snow begins to fall.
7 The Third Wheel November 13, 2012 ISBN 978-1-4197-0584-7
The Valentine's Day dance is coming up, and Greg has no one go with. But when Michael Sampson (Abigail's date. He actually lied to her) will not be going, things turn around.
8 Hard Luck November 5, 2013 ISBN 978-1-4197-1132-9
Greg's friend count is dropping as Rowley now has a girlfriend, named Abigail (continuing the last book).
9 The Long Haul November 4, 2014 ISBN 978-1-4197-1189-3
This is the family's second summer trip, but instead, it's a road trip. But with the Heffleys, you know what to expect from this disaster.
10 Old School November 3, 2015 ISBN 978-1-4197-1701-7
The neighborhood is going to cut electricity for the weekend, and as the family's car has a fender bender, it forces Greg to go to the farm trip. Will Greg survive the electricity-free days?
11 Double Down November 1, 2016 ISBN 978-1-4197-2344-5
Greg's mom wants him to do something else than video games, so he makes a movie in collaboration with Rowley and joins the music program.
12 The Getaway November 7, 2017 ISBN 978-1-4197-2545-6
Instead of celebrating the holidays at home, Greg and his family head on an tropical vacation to a resort. But what first starts as an relaxing trip, later turns into a Christmas nightmare. Will Greg be able to turn this vacation around?
13 ‘’The stress’’ November 12, 2018 ISBN https://www.wattpad.com/99618365-diary-of-a-wimpy-kid-the-stress-new-book-sneak Parameter error in {{isbn}}: Invalid ISBN.
Greg and Rodrick get mistaken for two vandals, getting suspended from school. What can be done?
Supplementary books[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid Do-It-Yourself Book (published between Rodrick Rules and The Last Straw) is an activity book that features a blank section encouraging readers to keep their own journal in the style of the books.
The Wimpy Kid Do-It-Yourself Book: Extended Edition (published after Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2 and before Cabin Fever) is the same book as the first Do-It-Yourself Book, but with extra 60 pages and 16 more full-color comics.
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is a book about the making of the first film, which features stills and brand-new illustrations. Jeff Kinney dedicated the book to the film's main stars, Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron.
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2: Rodrick Rules is the same informative book which has the features from the first film, but it also features stills from the second film Rodrick Rules, more new illustrations, and informs readers how the second film was made.[verification needed]
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 3: Dog Days is the same book that covers how the first film and second film were made, but also stills from the third film Dog Days, and how this film was made.[verification needed]
The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary: The Next Chapter covers how the film The Long Haul was made. It is dedicated to Jason Drucker, the actor who played Greg in that movie.[8]
Toys and games[edit]
Action figures included a minifigure pack (with Greg, Rowley, and Fregley), a 6-inch Greg Heffley figure, a 6-inch holiday figure based on Cabin Fever, and a Greg and Rodrick plush doll.
Audiobooks[edit]
Eleven audiobooks have been released for the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. The first six are read by Ramon de Ocampo and Dan Russell from number seven. They are presented by Recorded Books and distributed by Audible Inc.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (April 1, 2007)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (February 1, 2008)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw (January 13, 2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (October 12, 2009)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly Truth (November 9, 2010)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever (November 15, 2011)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel (November 13, 2012)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck (November 5, 2013)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (November 4, 2014)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Old School (November 3, 2015)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down (November 1, 2016)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway (November 7, 2017)
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters
Greg Heffley is a wimpy student, who is the main character and narrator of the series.
Rowley Jefferson is Greg's childish best friend.
Rodrick Heffley is Greg and Manny's older brother, who is rude, and the drummer in his self-titled band, Löded Diper. He usually is noted for playing tricks on Greg.
Manny Heffley is Greg and Rodrick's spoiled younger brother, who is known to be a tattletale.
Susan Heffley is Greg's mother. She often embarrasses Greg.
Frank Heffley is Greg's father. He always wants Greg to do sports and "to become a man," and doesn't like giving up.
Gramma is Greg's grandmother on his mother's side.
Fregley is Greg's weird neighbor and classmate.
Chirag Gupta is one of Greg's friends whom he once played a trick on, pretending Chirag to have been invisible, then later pretended he was going deaf.
Holly Hills is Greg's crush, who once thought he was "Fregley."
Heather Hills is Holly's sister, and was Greg and Rodrick's crush.
Sweetheart otherwise known as Sweetie is the name given to the Heffleys' dog who Greg's dad buys in Dog Days. Later on, they give him to Greg's grandmother who spoils him and when he appears in later books, he is said to be very overweight.
The Heffleys' Pig was won by Manny in The Long Haul . The pig displays high intelligence, and walks upright in a reference to Animal Farm.
Abigail Brown is Rowley's girlfriend in The Third Wheel and in Hard Luck for the majority of pages, however it is later revealed that Abigail only did it to make her previous boyfriend feel bad.
Meemaw is Greg's great-grandmother on his father's side (only in Hard Luck).
Gammie is Greg's great-grandmother on his father's side.
Vice Principal Roy The Vice Principal at Greg's school. He conducts most of the disciplinary action at his school.
Achievements[edit]
Awards and honors[edit]
Award
Category
Result
#1 New York Times Best Seller (114 weeks) Won
2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Book
2009 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominated
ALA Notable Book Won
2010 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Book[9]
2010 Most Favorite Book Around the World
2011 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Book
2012 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
2013 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Nominated
2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Won
2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
2016 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Commercial success[edit]
Diary of a Wimpy Kid was well received from The Princeton Review, Gold Card Association, The Dallas News, The TRR Editors, The NW Press, and The JJ Printing Company. The New York Times, which ranks children's serials collectively on a "Series Books" bestseller list, has included the Wimpy Kid series for 64 weeks as of August 10, 2015.[10] USA Today, which ranks best sellers based on sales alone regardless of genre or intended audience, has listed Diary of a Wimpy Kid in its top 150, peaking at number 8, for 141 weeks as of April 4, 2010.
As of the same date, Rodrick Rules has been on the list for 117 weeks (peaking at number 4), The Last Straw has been on the list for 65 weeks (peaking at number 1), Dog Days has been on the list for all 25 weeks of its publication (peaking at number 1), and The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary has been listed for all three weeks of its publication, peaking at number 2.[11]
The series has sold over 194 million books [12][13][14] in more than 30 countries.[15] The series has also generated over $500 million in revenue.[16]
Films[edit]
Main article: Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series)
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)
Jeff Kinney announced that a film based on the first book would be produced by 20th Century Fox. The film was released on March 19, 2010, moved up from an April 2 release date.[17] It was directed by Thor Freudenthal, who also directed Hotel for Dogs. The film starred Zachary Gordon as Greg, Robert Capron as Rowley (Greg's best friend), Steve Zahn as Frank (Greg's father), Rachael Harris as Susan (Greg's mother), Devon Bostick as Rodrick (Greg's older brother), Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny (Greg's younger brother), Chloë Grace Moretz as a new character named Angie, and Grayson Russell as Fregley.[4][18]
There is a second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series that was released on March 25, 2011,[19] which was based on the second book Rodrick Rules, with Zachary Gordon returning as Greg Heffley. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules was also filmed in Vancouver, BC, Canada. The film also contains some scenes from The Last Straw.
The third film combines the third and fourth books The Last Straw and Dog Days, taking stories from both, but mainly from Dog Days, from which it took its title. The decision to blend the two films was made to keep up with the ages of the actors. The film was released on August 3, 2012.[20]
The likelihood of a fourth live action film was slim. Kinney has announced the possibility for an animated film to be based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever as the next installment. In an interview for the latest book Hard Luck, Jeff Kinney stated he was working with Fox on a half-hour special of Cabin Fever, which was to be aired in late 2014,[21][22] but has since been delayed. In September 2016, Jeff Kinney announced officially the production of a fourth film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, on his Twitter account.[23]
Musical[edit]
A musical titled Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Musical is being produced by the Children's Theatre Company.[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Browne, David (March 20, 2011). "All about Jeff Kinney". Parade. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ten years ago, Jeff Kinney created a new kind of comic hero". The Washington Post. Associated Press. April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. Abrams Books said the 12th book, coming November 7, will be called “Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway.”
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff (April 2007). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Greg Heffley's journal. Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Amulet Books. ISBN 0-8109-9313-9.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)" on". Comingsoon.net. March 19, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diary of a Wimpy Kid". FunBrain. Family Education Network. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "WIMPY 2 LAST". 3 November 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ The 2009 TIME 100: Jeff Kinney Time magazine's 2009 list of The World's Most Influential People
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff. "The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary: The Next Chapter". Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, Nick.com
Jump up ^ Dixler, Elsa. "The New York Times Best Sellers: Children's Books". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "USA Today: Best-Selling Books Database". USA Today. April 21, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Read the new Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway before anyone else".
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid author Jeff Kinney is coming to Bath and tickets are on sale today".
Jump up ^ Template:Cite=web
Jump up ^ "Release Date Revealed for Wimpy Kid No. 5". Publishers Weekly. May 20, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Andy (June 27, 2011). "Inside 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid's' $500 Million Franchise". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules – On Double DVD and Blu-ray Now". Diaryofawimpykidmovie.com. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)" on IMDb.com
Jump up ^ 'Diary of a Wimpy Kid' Sequel to Bow Next March. Moviefone. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hard Luck and Big Dreams: SLJ Chats with "Wimpy Kid" Creator Jeff Kinney". School Library Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Minzesheimer, Bob (August 8, 2013). "Narrator hits 'Hard Luck' in eighth Wimpy Kid book". USA Today. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kinney, Jeff (September 13, 2016). "OK, this is really happening! Filming starts next week in Atlanta!". Twitter. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wimpy Kid #11 to Hit Shelves This November". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
External links[edit]
Official website
Online book on FunBrain
Official blog
Official movie site
[hide]
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The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid
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Structure of the Earth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Structure of the Earth
The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mass
2 Structure
2.1 Crust
2.2 Mantle
2.3 Core
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Mass[edit]
The force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass. Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites. Earth’s average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments, which have historically involved pendulums.
The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000♠6×1024 kg.[1]
Structure[edit]
Earth's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model (PREM).[2]
Earth's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model (PREM).[2] Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth's interior.
Mapping the interior of Earth with earthquake waves.
Schematic view of the interior of Earth. 1. continental crust – 2. oceanic crust – 3. upper mantle – 4. lower mantle – 5. outer core – 6. inner core – A: Mohorovičić discontinuity – B: Gutenberg Discontinuity – C: Lehmann–Bullen discontinuity.
The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways: by mechanical properties such as rheology, or chemically. Mechanically, it can be divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, and the inner core. Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. The geologic component layers of Earth[3][not in citation given] are at the following depths below the surface:
Depth
Layer
Kilometres
Miles
0–60 0–37 Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 and 200 km)
0–35 0–22 … Crust (locally varies between 5 and 70 km)
35–60 22–37 … Uppermost part of mantle
35–2,890 22–1,790 Mantle
210-270 130-168 … Upper mesosphere (upper mantle)
660–2,890 410–1,790 … Lower mesosphere (lower mantle)
2,890–5,150 1,790–3,160 Outer core
5,150–6,360 3,160–3,954 Inner core
The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes. The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers. The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism. Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.
Crust[edit]
Main article: Crust (geology)
The crust ranges from 5–70 kilometres (3.1–43.5 mi) in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlie the ocean basins (5–10 km) and are composed of dense (mafic) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks, like basalt. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like granite. The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories – sial and sima (Suess,1831–1914). It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity (a second order discontinuity). The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. First, there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity, which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). Second, in oceanic crust, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites, which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences.
Many rocks now making up Earth's crust formed less than 100 million (1×108) years ago; however, the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion (4.4×109) years old, indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years.[4]
Mantle[edit]
World map showing the position of the Moho.
Main article: Mantle (geology)
Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km, making it the thickest layer of Earth. The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle. The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is known as the D″ (pronounced dee-double-prime[5]) layer. The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈140 GPa (1.4 Matm). The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust. Although solid, the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales. Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates. As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle, the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle (chemical changes within the mantle may also be important). The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 1021 and 1024 Pa·s, depending on depth.[6] In comparison, the viscosity of water is approximately 10−3 Pa·s and that of pitch is 107 Pa·s. The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet’s formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.[7]
Core[edit]
Main articles: inner core and outer core
The average density of Earth is 7000551499999999999♠5.515 g/cm3.[8] Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000♠3.0 g/cm3, we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth's core. This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment, performed in the 1770s. Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about 9 5 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9}{5}}} that of surface rock, concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic. Hutton estimated this metallic portion to occupy some 65% of the diameter of the Earth.[9] Hutton's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20% too low, at 7000450000000000000♠4.5 g/cm3 Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000♠5.45 g/cm3, within 1% of the modern value.[10] Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts, a "solid" inner core with a radius of ≈1,220 km[11] and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core.[12]
The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it must be solid. Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core.[13] Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure: diamond anvil (static) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser (dynamic) studies.[14][15] The laser studies create plasma,[16] and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid. This is an area of active research.
In early stages of Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago, melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation (see also the iron catastrophe), while less-dense materials would have migrated to the crust. The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and one or more light elements, whereas other dense elements, such as lead and uranium, either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust (see felsic materials). Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal.[17][18]
Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron–nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips (diamond anvil cell), and then heating to approximately 4000 K. The sample was observed with x-rays, and strongly supported the theory that Earth's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south.[19][20]
The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements.
Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold, platinum and other siderophile elements.[21]
The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites, and to matter of outer portion of the Sun.[22][23] There is good reason to believe that Earth is, in the main, like a chondrite meteorite. Beginning as early as 1940, scientists, including Francis Birch, built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites, the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth, while totally ignoring another, albeit less abundant type, called enstatite chondrites. The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen, leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth.
Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see Curie temperature) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. The average magnetic field strength in Earth's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss (2.5 mT), 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.[24][25]
Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet;[26] however, more recent studies in 2011[which?] found this hypothesis to be inconclusive. Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system.[citation needed] In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that, according to their estimates, Earth's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface.[27][28]
The current scientific explanation for Earth's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet's initial formation, decay of radioactive elements, and freezing of the inner core.
See also[edit]
Earth sciences portal
Geological history of Earth
Lehmann discontinuity
Rain-out model
Travel to the Earth's center
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2016 Selected Astronomical Constants" in The Astronomical Almanac Online, USNO–UKHO, ME = 5·9722×1024 kg ± 6×1020 kg
^ Jump up to: a b A. M. Dziewonski, D. L. Anderson (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model" (PDF). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 (4): 297–356. Bibcode:1981PEPI...25..297D. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. ISSN 0031-9201.
Jump up ^ T. H. Jordan (1979). "Structural Geology of the Earth's Interior" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 76 (9): 4192–4200. Bibcode:1979PNAS...76.4192J. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192. PMC 411539  . PMID 16592703.
Jump up ^ Breaking News | Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet. Spaceflight Now (2001-01-14). Retrieved on 2012-01-27.
Jump up ^ Krieger, Kim (24 March 2004). "D Layer Demystified". Science News. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Uwe Walzer, Roland Hendel, John Baumgardner Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings.
Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) is a Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science lab managed by University of California., What Keeps the Earth Cooking? News Release by Paul Preuss, July 17, 2011
Jump up ^ "Planetary Fact Sheet". Lunar and Planetary Science. NASA. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Hutton, C. (1778). "An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 68 (0). doi:10.1098/rstl.1778.0034.
Jump up ^ Tretkoff, Ernie (June 2008). "June 1798: Cavendish Weighs the World". APS News. 17 (6). American Physical Society. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Monnereau, Marc; Calvet, Marie; Margerin, Ludovic; Souriau, Annie (May 21, 2010). "Lopsided Growth of Earth's Inner Core". Science. 328 (5981): 1014–1017. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1014M. doi:10.1126/science.1186212. PMID 20395477.
Jump up ^ Hazlett, James S.; Monroe, Reed; Wicander, Richard (2006). Physical geology : exploring the earth (6. ed.). Belmont: Thomson. p. 346. ISBN 9780495011484.
Jump up ^ Stixrude, Lars; Cohen, R.E. (January 15, 1995). "Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core: Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure". Geophysical Research Letters. 22 (2): 125–128. Bibcode:1995GeoRL..22..125S. doi:10.1029/94GL02742.
Jump up ^ Benuzzi-Mounaix, A.; Koenig, M.; Ravasio, A.; Vinci, T. (2006). "Laser-driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 (12B). Bibcode:2006PPCF...48B.347B. doi:10.1088/0741-3335/48/12B/S32.
Jump up ^ Remington, Bruce A.; Drake, R. Paul; Ryutov, Dmitri D. (2006). "Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches". Reviews of Modern Physics. 78. Bibcode:2006RvMP...78..755R. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.755.
Jump up ^ Benuzzi-Mounaix, A.; Koenig, M.; Husar, G.; Faral, B. (June 2002). "Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks". Physics of Plasmas. 9 (6). Bibcode:2002PhPl....9.2466B. doi:10.1063/1.1478557.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Ronald; Stixrude, Lars. "Crystal at the Center of the Earth". Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
Jump up ^ Stixrude, L.; Cohen, R. E. (1995). "High-Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core". Science. 267 (5206): 1972–5. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1972S. doi:10.1126/science.267.5206.1972. PMID 17770110.
Jump up ^ BBC News, "What is at the centre of the Earth?. Bbc.co.uk (2011-08-31). Retrieved on 2012-01-27.
Jump up ^ Ozawa, H.; al., et (2011). "Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth's Outer Core". Science. 334 (6057): 792–794. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..792O. doi:10.1126/science.1208265.
Jump up ^ Wootton, Anne (2006). "Earth's Inner Fort Knox". Discover. 27 (9): 18.
Jump up ^ Herndon, J. M. (1980). "The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A372 (1748): 149–154. JSTOR 2398362.
Jump up ^ Herndon, J. M. (2005). "Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth's composition" (PDF). Current Science. 88 (7): 1034–1037.
Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth's Core. Science20.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.
Jump up ^ Buffett, Bruce A. (2010). "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth's internal magnetic field". Nature. 468 (7326): 952–4. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..952B. doi:10.1038/nature09643. PMID 21164483.
Jump up ^ Chang, Kenneth (2005-08-25). "Earth's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ Kerr, R. A. (2005). "Earth's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet". Science. 309 (5739): 1313a. doi:10.1126/science.309.5739.1313a. PMID 16123276.
Jump up ^ Chang, Kenneth (26 August 2005) "Scientists Say Earth's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface" The New York Times Sec. A, Col. 1, p. 13.
Further reading[edit]
Drollette, Daniel (October 1996). "A Spinning Crystal Ball". Scientific American. 275 (4): 28–33.
Kruglinski, Susan (June 2007). "Journey to the Center of the Earth". Discover. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
Lehmann, I (1936). "Inner Earth". Bur. Cent. Seismol. Int. 14: 3–31.
Wegener, Alfred (1966). The origin of continents and oceans. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486617084.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Structure of the Earth
Media related to Structure of the Earth at Wikimedia Commons
Down To The Earth's Core (HD) on YouTube
The Earth's Core on In Our Time at the BBC
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values: Грађа Земље – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: புவியின் கட்டமைப்பு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: భూమి నిర్మాణం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: โครงสร้างของโลก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Будова Землі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Structure_of_the_Earth rootpage-Structure_of_the_Earth skin-vector action-view