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Virtual memory
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This article is about the computational technique. For the TBN game show, see Virtual Memory (game show).
Virtual memory combines active RAM and inactive memory on DASD[NB 1] to form a large range of contiguous addresses.
In computing, virtual memory (also virtual storage) is a memory management technique that provides an "idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine"[1] which "creates the illusion to users of a very large (main) memory."[2]
The computer's operating system, using a combination of hardware and software, maps memory addresses used by a program, called virtual addresses, into physical addresses in computer memory. Main storage, as seen by a process or task, appears as a contiguous address space or collection of contiguous segments. The operating system manages virtual address spaces and the assignment of real memory to virtual memory. Address translation hardware in the CPU, often referred to as a memory management unit or MMU, automatically translates virtual addresses to physical addresses. Software within the operating system may extend these capabilities to provide a virtual address space that can exceed the capacity of real memory and thus reference more memory than is physically present in the computer.
The primary benefits of virtual memory include freeing applications from having to manage a shared memory space, increased security due to memory isolation, and being able to conceptually use more memory than might be physically available, using the technique of paging.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Usage
3 History
4 Paged virtual memory
4.1 Page tables
4.2 Paging supervisor
4.3 Pinned pages
4.3.1 Virtual-real operation
4.4 Thrashing
5 Segmented virtual memory
6 Address space swapping
7 See also
8 Further reading
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Properties[edit]
Virtual memory makes application programming easier by hiding fragmentation of physical memory; by delegating to the kernel the burden of managing the memory hierarchy (eliminating the need for the program to handle overlays explicitly); and, when each process is run in its own dedicated address space, by obviating the need to relocate program code or to access memory with relative addressing.
Memory virtualization can be considered a generalization of the concept of virtual memory.
Usage[edit]
Virtual memory is an integral part of a modern computer architecture; implementations usually require hardware support, typically in the form of a memory management unit built into the CPU. While not necessary, emulators and virtual machines can employ hardware support to increase performance of their virtual memory implementations.[3] Consequently, older operating systems, such as those for the mainframes of the 1960s, and those for personal computers of the early to mid-1980s (e.g., DOS),[4] generally have no virtual memory functionality,[dubious – discuss] though notable exceptions for mainframes of the 1960s include:
the Atlas Supervisor for the Atlas
THE multiprogramming system for the Electrologica X8 (software based virtual memory without hardware support)
MCP for the Burroughs B5000
MTS, TSS/360 and CP/CMS for the IBM System/360 Model 67
Multics for the GE 645
the Time Sharing Operating System for the RCA Spectra 70/46
and the operating system for the Apple Lisa is an example of a personal computer operating system of the 1980s that features virtual memory.
During the 1960s and early 70s, computer memory was very expensive. The introduction of virtual memory provided an ability for software systems with large memory demands to run on computers with less real memory. The savings from this provided a strong incentive to switch to virtual memory for all systems. The additional capability of providing virtual address spaces added another level of security and reliability, thus making virtual memory even more attractive to the market place.
Most modern operating systems that support virtual memory also run each process in its own dedicated address space. Each program thus appears to have sole access to the virtual memory. However, some older operating systems (such as OS/VS1 and OS/VS2 SVS) and even modern ones (such as IBM i) are single address space operating systems that run all processes in a single address space composed of virtualized memory.
Embedded systems and other special-purpose computer systems that require very fast and/or very consistent response times may opt not to use virtual memory due to decreased determinism; virtual memory systems trigger unpredictable traps that may produce unwanted "jitter" during I/O operations. This is because embedded hardware costs are often kept low by implementing all such operations with software (a technique called bit-banging) rather than with dedicated hardware.
History[edit]
In the 1940s[citation needed] and 1950s, all larger programs had to contain logic for managing primary and secondary storage, such as overlaying. Virtual memory was therefore introduced not only to extend primary memory, but to make such an extension as easy as possible for programmers to use.[5] To allow for multiprogramming and multitasking, many early systems divided memory between multiple programs without virtual memory, such as early models of the PDP-10 via registers.
The concept of virtual memory was first developed by German physicist Fritz-Rudolf Güntsch at the Technische Universität Berlin in 1956 in his doctoral thesis, Logical Design of a Digital Computer with Multiple Asynchronous Rotating Drums and Automatic High Speed Memory Operation; it described a machine with 6 100-word blocks of primary core memory and an address space of 1,000 100-word blocks, with hardware automatically moving blocks between primary memory and secondary drum memory.[6][7] Paging was first implemented at the University of Manchester as a way to extend the Atlas Computer's working memory by combining its 16,384 words of primary core memory with an additional 98,304 words of secondary drum memory.[8] The first Atlas was commissioned in 1962 but working prototypes of paging had been developed by 1959.[5](p2)[9][10] In 1961, the Burroughs Corporation independently released the first commercial computer with virtual memory, the B5000, with segmentation rather than paging.[11][12]
Before virtual memory could be implemented in mainstream operating systems, many problems had to be addressed. Dynamic address translation required expensive and difficult-to-build specialized hardware; initial implementations slowed down access to memory slightly.[5] There were worries that new system-wide algorithms utilizing secondary storage would be less effective than previously used application-specific algorithms. By 1969, the debate over virtual memory for commercial computers was over;[5] an IBM research team led by David Sayre showed that their virtual memory overlay system consistently worked better than the best manually controlled systems.[13] Throughout the 1970s, the IBM 370 series running their virtual-storage based operating systems provided a means for business users to migrate multiple older systems into fewer, more powerful, mainframes that had improved price/performance. The first minicomputer to introduce virtual memory was the Norwegian NORD-1; during the 1970s, other minicomputers implemented virtual memory, notably VAX models running VMS.
Virtual memory was introduced to the x86 architecture with the protected mode of the Intel 80286 processor, but its segment swapping technique scaled poorly to larger segment sizes. The Intel 80386 introduced paging support underneath the existing segmentation layer, enabling the page fault exception to chain with other exceptions without double fault. However, loading segment descriptors was an expensive operation, causing operating system designers to rely strictly on paging rather than a combination of paging and segmentation.
Paged virtual memory[edit]
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Nearly all current implementations of virtual memory divide a virtual address space into pages, blocks of contiguous virtual memory addresses. Pages on contemporary[NB 2] systems are usually at least 4 kilobytes in size; systems with large virtual address ranges or amounts of real memory generally use larger page sizes.[14]
Page tables[edit]
Page tables are used to translate the virtual addresses seen by the application into physical addresses used by the hardware to process instructions;[15] such hardware that handles this specific translation is often known as the memory management unit. Each entry in the page table holds a flag indicating whether the corresponding page is in real memory or not. If it is in real memory, the page table entry will contain the real memory address at which the page is stored. When a reference is made to a page by the hardware, if the page table entry for the page indicates that it is not currently in real memory, the hardware raises a page fault exception, invoking the paging supervisor component of the operating system.
Systems can have one page table for the whole system, separate page tables for each application and segment, a tree of page tables for large segments or some combination of these. If there is only one page table, different applications running at the same time use different parts of a single range of virtual addresses. If there are multiple page or segment tables, there are multiple virtual address spaces and concurrent applications with separate page tables redirect to different real addresses.
Some earlier systems with smaller real memory sizes, such as the SDS 940, used page registers instead of page tables in memory for address translation.
Paging supervisor[edit]
This part of the operating system creates and manages page tables. If the hardware raises a page fault exception, the paging supervisor accesses secondary storage, returns the page that has the virtual address that resulted in the page fault, updates the page tables to reflect the physical location of the virtual address and tells the translation mechanism to restart the request.
When all physical memory is already in use, the paging supervisor must free a page in primary storage to hold the swapped-in page. The supervisor uses one of a variety of page replacement algorithms such as least recently used to determine which page to free.
Pinned pages[edit]
Operating systems have memory areas that are pinned (never swapped to secondary storage). Other terms used are locked, fixed, or wired pages. For example, interrupt mechanisms rely on an array of pointers to their handlers, such as I/O completion and page fault. If the pages containing these pointers or the code that they invoke were pageable, interrupt-handling would become far more complex and time-consuming, particularly in the case of page fault interruptions. Hence, some part of the page table structures is not pageable.
Some pages may be pinned for short periods of time, others may be pinned for long periods of time, and still others may need to be permanently pinned. For example:
The paging supervisor code and drivers for secondary storage devices on which pages reside must be permanently pinned, as otherwise paging wouldn't even work because the necessary code wouldn't be available.
Timing-dependent components may be pinned to avoid variable paging delays.
Data buffers that are accessed directly by peripheral devices that use direct memory access or I/O channels must reside in pinned pages while the I/O operation is in progress because such devices and the buses to which they are attached expect to find data buffers located at physical memory addresses; regardless of whether the bus has a memory management unit for I/O, transfers cannot be stopped if a page fault occurs and then restarted when the page fault has been processed.
In IBM's operating systems for System/370 and successor systems, the term is "fixed", and such pages may be long-term fixed, or may be short-term fixed, or may be unfixed (i.e., pageable). System control structures are often long-term fixed (measured in wall-clock time, i.e., time measured in seconds, rather than time measured in fractions of one second) whereas I/O buffers are usually short-term fixed (usually measured in significantly less than wall-clock time, possibly for tens of milliseconds). Indeed, the OS has a special facility for "fast fixing" these short-term fixed data buffers (fixing which is performed without resorting to a time-consuming Supervisor Call instruction).
Multics used the term "wired". OpenVMS and Windows refer to pages temporarily made nonpageable (as for I/O buffers) as "locked", and simply "nonpageable" for those that are never pageable.
Virtual-real operation[edit]
In OS/VS1 and similar OSes, some parts of systems memory are managed in "virtual-real" mode, called "V=R". In this mode every virtual address corresponds to the same real address. This mode is used for interrupt mechanisms, for the paging supervisor and page tables in older systems, and for application programs using non-standard I/O management. For example, IBM's z/OS has 3 modes (virtual-virtual, virtual-real and virtual-fixed).[16][page needed]
Thrashing[edit]
When paging and page stealing are used, a problem called "thrashing" can occur, in which the computer spends an unsuitably large amount of time transferring pages to and from a backing store, hence slowing down useful work. A task's working set is the minimum set of pages that should be in memory in order for it to make useful progress. Thrashing occurs when there is insufficient memory available to store the working sets of all active programs. Adding real memory is the simplest response, but improving application design, scheduling, and memory usage can help. Another solution is to reduce the number of active tasks on the system. This reduces demand on real memory by swapping out the entire working set of one or more processes.
Segmented virtual memory[edit]
Some systems, such as the Burroughs B5500,[17] use segmentation instead of paging, dividing virtual address spaces into variable-length segments. A virtual address here consists of a segment number and an offset within the segment. The Intel 80286 supports a similar segmentation scheme as an option, but it is rarely used. Segmentation and paging can be used together by dividing each segment into pages; systems with this memory structure, such as Multics and IBM System/38, are usually paging-predominant, segmentation providing memory protection.[18][19][20]
In the Intel 80386 and later IA-32 processors, the segments reside in a 32-bit linear, paged address space. Segments can be moved in and out of that space; pages there can "page" in and out of main memory, providing two levels of virtual memory; few if any operating systems do so, instead using only paging. Early non-hardware-assisted x86 virtualization solutions combined paging and segmentation because x86 paging offers only two protection domains whereas a VMM / guest OS / guest applications stack needs three.[21]:22 The difference between paging and segmentation systems is not only about memory division; segmentation is visible to user processes, as part of memory model semantics. Hence, instead of memory that looks like a single large space, it is structured into multiple spaces.
This difference has important consequences; a segment is not a page with variable length or a simple way to lengthen the address space. Segmentation that can provide a single-level memory model in which there is no differentiation between process memory and file system consists of only a list of segments (files) mapped into the process's potential address space.[22]
This is not the same as the mechanisms provided by calls such as mmap and Win32's MapViewOfFile, because inter-file pointers do not work when mapping files into semi-arbitrary places. In Multics, a file (or a segment from a multi-segment file) is mapped into a segment in the address space, so files are always mapped at a segment boundary. A file's linkage section can contain pointers for which an attempt to load the pointer into a register or make an indirect reference through it causes a trap. The unresolved pointer contains an indication of the name of the segment to which the pointer refers and an offset within the segment; the handler for the trap maps the segment into the address space, puts the segment number into the pointer, changes the tag field in the pointer so that it no longer causes a trap, and returns to the code where the trap occurred, re-executing the instruction that caused the trap.[23] This eliminates the need for a linker completely[5] and works when different processes map the same file into different places in their private address spaces.[24]
Address space swapping[edit]
Some operating systems provide for swapping entire address spaces, in addition to whatever facilities they have for paging and segmentation. When this occurs, the OS writes those pages and segments currently in real memory to swap files. In a swap-in, the OS reads back the data from the swap files but does not automatically read back pages that had been paged out at the time of the swap out operation.
IBM's MVS, from OS/VS2 Release 2 through z/OS, provides for marking an address space as unswappable; doing so does not pin any pages in the address space. This can be done for the duration of a job by entering the name of an eligible[25] main program in the Program Properties Table with an unswappable flag. In addition, privileged code can temporarily make an address space unswappable With a SYSEVENT Supervisor Call instruction (SVC); certain changes[26] in the address space properties require that the OS swap it out and then swap it back in, using SYSEVENT TRANSWAP.[27]
See also[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Paging Game
CPU design
Page (computing)
Cache algorithms
Memory allocation
Memory management (operating systems)
Protected mode, an x86 mode that allows for virtual memory.
CUDA Pinned memory
Further reading[edit]
Hennessy, John L.; and Patterson, David A.; Computer Architecture, A Quantitative Approach (ISBN 1-55860-724-2)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Early systems used drums; contemporary systems use disks or solid state memory
Jump up ^ IBM DOS/VS, OS/VS1 and DOS/VS only supported 2 KB pages.
References[edit]
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
Jump up ^ Bhattacharjee, Abhishek; Lustig, Daniel (2017). Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 9781627056021. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Haldar, Sibsankar; Aravind, Alex Alagarsamy (2010). Operating Systems. Pearson Education India. p. 269. ISBN 978-8131730225. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AMD-V™ Nested Paging" (PDF). AMD. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Windows Version History". Microsoft. September 23, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Denning, Peter (1997). "Before Memory Was Virtual" (PDF). In the Beginning: Recollections of Software Pioneers.
Jump up ^ Jessen, Elke (2004). "Origin of the Virtual Memory Concept". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 26 (4): 71–72.
Jump up ^ Jessen, E. (1996). "Die Entwicklung des virtuellen Speichers". Informatik-Spektrum (in German). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 19 (4): 216–219. doi:10.1007/s002870050034. ISSN 0170-6012.
Jump up ^ "Ferranti Atlas 1 & 2 – Systems Architecture" (PDF). November 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ R. J. Creasy, "The origin of the VM/370 time-sharing system", IBM Journal of Research & Development, Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981), p. 486
Jump up ^ "The Atlas". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ian Joyner on Burroughs B5000
Jump up ^ Cragon, Harvey G. (1996). Memory Systems and Pipelined Processors. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 0-86720-474-5.
Jump up ^ Sayre, D. (1969). "Is automatic "folding" of programs efficient enough to displace manual?". Communications of the ACM. 12 (12): 656. doi:10.1145/363626.363629.
Jump up ^ Quintero, Dino, et.al. (May 1, 2013). IBM Power Systems Performance Guide: Implementing and Optimizing. IBM Corporation. p. 138. ISBN 0738437662. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Dp (2009). Foundation of Operating Systems. Excel Books India. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-7446-626-6. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "z/OS Basic Skills Information Center: z/OS Concepts" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Burroughs (1964). Burroughs B5500 Information Processing System Reference Manual (PDF). Burroughs Corporation. 1021326. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ GE-645 System Manual (PDF). January 1968. pp. 21–30. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Corbató, F.J.; and Vyssotsky, V. A. "Introduction and Overview of the Multics System". Retrieved 2007-11-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Glaser, Edward L.; Couleur, John F. & Oliver, G. A. "System Design of a Computer for Time Sharing Applications".
Jump up ^ J. E. Smith, R. Uhlig (August 14, 2005) Virtual Machines: Architectures, Implementations and Applications, HOTCHIPS 17, Tutorial 1, part 2
Jump up ^ Bensoussan, André; Clingen, CharlesT.; Daley, Robert C. (May 1972). "The Multics Virtual Memory: Concepts and Design". Communications of the ACM. 15 (5): 308–318. doi:10.1145/355602.361306.
Jump up ^ "Multics Execution Environment". Multicians.org. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Organick, Elliott I. (1972). The Multics System: An Examination of Its Structure. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15012-3.
Jump up ^ The most important requirement is that the program be APF authorized.
Jump up ^ E.g., requesting use of preferred memory
Jump up ^ "Control swapping (DONTSWAP, OKSWAP, TRANSWAP)". IBM Knowledge Center. z/OS MVS Programming: Authorized Assembler Services Reference SET-WTO SA23-1375-00. 1990–2014. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
External links[edit]
Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces, by Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau. Arpaci-Dusseau Books, 2014. Relevant chapters: Address Spaces Address Translation Segmentation Introduction to Paging TLBs Advanced Page Tables Swapping: Mechanisms Swapping: Policies
"Time-Sharing Supervisor Programs" by Michael T. Alexander in Advanced Topics in Systems Programming, University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference 1970 (revised May 1971), compares the scheduling and resource allocation approaches, including virtual memory and paging, used in four mainframe operating systems: CP-67, TSS/360, MTS, and Multics.
LinuxMM: Linux Memory Management.
Birth of Linux Kernel, mailing list discussion.
The Virtual-Memory Manager in Windows NT, Randy Kath, Microsoft Developer Network Technology Group, 12 December 1992 at the Wayback Machine (archived June 22, 2010)
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Linsey Godfrey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Linsey Godfrey
Born
(1988-07-25) July 25, 1988 (age 29)
Stuart, Florida, USA
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2005–present
Children
1
Linsey Godfrey (born July 25, 1988) is an American actress best known for her roles on the television series, Surface, as well as in the television movie, Jack's Family Adventure. Currently, she stars as Caroline Spencer on The Bold and the Beautiful.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Personal life[edit]
Godfrey was born July 25, 1988. She was raised in Stuart, Florida, where she lived with her mother, Char Griggs, and her step-father, Ronnie Griggs.[1]
Godfrey attended South Fork High School before she moved to Los Angeles to further her acting career. She is an accomplished angler.[1]
In 2006, Godfrey was visiting her family in Tallahassee when she was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. She completed treatment in seven months, and returned to Los Angeles to continue her acting career. She designed the survivor ribbon tattooed on the back of her neck.[1]
On December 5, 2013, it was announced that Godfrey was expecting her first child with boyfriend, The Young and the Restless actor Robert Adamson.[2] She gave birth to a daughter Aleda Seren Adamson, on June 12, 2014.[3] In August 2014, Godfrey helped to raise awareness of the disease ALS by participating in the Ice Bucket Challenge.[4] On August 3, 2015, after months of speculation, a representative for The Bold and the Beautiful confirmed that Adamson and Godfrey had ended their engagement, however, they would continue to raise their daughter "in a loving and amicable environment and her needs will always be their common priority".[5]
She was injured in an automobile accident on February 2, 2015, after being struck by a moving car while walking on the sidewalk in Los Angeles. While it was initially reported that both of her legs were broken, a rep for the actress said it was only her ankles that were injured and she is expected to make a full recovery.[6]
In 2018 it was reported that Linsey was dating Garfield and Clueless star Breckin Meyer
Career[edit]
Godfrey's acting career began as a freshman at South Fork High School, when she unexpectedly replaced an ill student; she was then discovered by a talent manager at a state thespian competition. Godfrey commuted to the Los Angeles-based agency's satellite office in Titusville for a year before being allowed to visit California with her mother and audition there. Her family took out a loan, and her step-father worked three jobs to finance these visits. Eventually, her mother left her in the care of friends and her management team so she could return to work.[1]
Godfrey booked roles on One Tree Hill and Surface before being diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma; she estimates cancer set her career back by two years.[1]
Upon returning to Hollywood, Godfrey booked several guest-starring roles, and landed a contract role on The Bold and the Beautiful.[1]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 The House Bunny Short Brunette Girl
2010 The Assignment Eliza
2011 The Vestige Michelle Short film
2012 My Funny Valentine Jayna
2013 The Culling Amanda Post-production
2014 Altergeist Sarah
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 One Tree Hill Barbara Episode: "Between Order and Randomness"
2006 Surface Caitlin Blum Episodes: "1.11", "1.12", "1.13", "1.15"
NCIS Stephanie Phillips Episode: "Bait"
2007 Cold Case Samantha 'Sam' Randall (1963) Episode: "Boy Crazy"
2010 Jack's Family Adventure Charlotte Vickery TV film
The Suite Life on Deck Willa Fink Episode: "My Sister's Keeper"
2011 CSI: Miami Blair Hawkins Episode: "Stoned Cold"
Wizards of Waverly Place Lucy Episode: "Ghost Roommate"
2012–18 The Bold and the Beautiful Caroline Spencer Contract role: March 28, 2012 – October 31, 2016
Recurring role: December 19, 2016 – March 19, 2018 [7]
2014 The Young and the Restless Caroline Spencer Special Guest Star
Awards and nominations[edit]
List of acting awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Title
Result
Ref.
2014
Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series The Bold and the Beautiful Nominated [8]
2015
Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Bold and the Beautiful Nominated [9]
2016
Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Bold and the Beautiful Nominated [10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Beagan, Ginny (July 1, 2012). "Soap opera actress from Stuart is cancer survivor". TCPalm. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ SOD (December 5, 2013). "Y&R, B&B Stars Expecting A Baby!". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ SON (June 23, 2014). "'B&B's' Linsey Godfrey and 'Y&R's' Robert Adamson Welcome Baby Girl". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ SOD (August 3, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE! REAL-LIFE DUO SPLITS". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Bold And The Beautiful' Star Linsey Godfrey Hit By A Car GGG". Huffington Post. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Michael (December 22, 2016). "Linsey Godfrey Taken Off Contract And Bumped To Recurring By B&B?". Serial Scoop. United States: Blogger (Google). Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations". New York: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). New York: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 31, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). New York: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 24, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
External links[edit]
Linsey Godfrey on IMDb
Linsey Godfrey on Twitter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linsey_Godfrey&oldid=845592593"
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Do Wah Diddy Diddy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
Single by Manfred Mann
from the album The Manfred Mann Album
B-side
"What You Gonna Do?"
Released
10 July 1964
Format
Vinyl record
Recorded
11 June 1964
Genre
Pop rock
Length
2:23
Label
HMV POP 1320 (UK)[1]
Ascot (US)
Capitol (Canada)
Songwriter(s)
Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich[1]
Producer(s)
John Burgess[1]
Manfred Mann singles chronology
"Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)"
(1964) "Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
(1964) "Sha La La"
(1964)
"Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)"
(1964) "Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
(1964) "Sha La La"
(1964)
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy" is a song written by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich and originally recorded in 1963, as "Do-Wah-Diddy", by the American vocal group The Exciters made internationally famous by a version by the British band Manfred Mann.
Contents
[hide]
1 Manfred Mann version
2 Other versions
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Manfred Mann version[edit]
It was soon covered by British R&B, beat and pop band Manfred Mann.[2] Manfred Mann's version, which was more commercially successful, was recorded on 11 June 1964,[citation needed] released on 10 July,[3] and spent two weeks No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in August,[4] and two weeks at the No. 1 spot in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in October.[5]
Other versions[edit]
The song has been covered many times, notably by DJ Ötzi whose version titled "Do Wah Diddy" peaked at #9 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40, as well as charting in Germany, Switzerland, the UK and Ireland. Dutch girl group Dolly Dots recorded the song in 1982.
American hip-hop group 2 Live Crew covers a friendly parody version of that song from the 1988 album Move Somethin'.
In popular culture[edit]
It was used as the theme song for Ang TV, a famous youth-oriented variety show in the Philippines from 1992–1997.
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles from the 1960s (UK)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1964
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 82. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 166. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived May 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "All the Number One Singles: 1964". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (1992). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 158. ISBN 0-8230-8298-9.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"A Hard Day's Night" by the Beatles UK Singles Chart number-one single
13 August 1964 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Have I the Right?" by the Honeycombs
Preceded by
"Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
17 October 1964 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Baby Love" by the Supremes
[hide]
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Manfred Mann
Manfred Mann
Mike Hugg
Mike Vickers
Tom McGuinness
Paul Jones
Mike d'Abo
Jack Bruce
Klaus Voormann
Dave Richmond
Studio albums
The Five Faces of Manfred Mann
Mann Made
As Is
Up the Junction
Mighty Garvey!
Extended play
Manfred Mann's Cock-a-Hoop
Groovin' with Manfred Mann
The One in the Middle
No Living Without Loving
Machines
Instrumental Asylum
As Was
Instrumental Assassination
Compilations
Mann Made Hits
Soul of Mann
What A Mann
Chapter Two: The Best of the Fontana Years
Basic: Original Hits
The Best of Manfred Mann: The Definitive Collection
The Best of the EMI Years
Manfred Mann at Abbey Road, 1963-1966
BBC Sessions
Very Best of Manfred Mann
The Story
Classic Masters
The Evolution of Manfred Mann
Complete Greatest Hits
UK singles
"Why Should We Not"
"Cock-a-Hoop"
"5-4-3-2-1"
"Hubble Bubble (Toil and Trouble)"
"Ha! Ha! Said the Clown"
"Do Wah Diddy Diddy"
"Sha La La"
"Come Tomorrow"
"Oh No, Not My Baby"
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now"
"Pretty Flamingo"
"You Gave Me Somebody to Love"
"Just Like a Woman"
"Semi-Detached Suburban Mr James"
"Ha! Ha! Said the Clown"
"Sweet Pea"
"So Long, Dad"
"Mighty Quinn"
"Theme from "Up The Junction"
"My Name Is Jack"
"Fox on the Run"
"Ragamuffin Man"
Related articles
Discography
Manfred Mann Chapter Three
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
The Manfreds
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Wah_Diddy_Diddy&oldid=797182934"
Categories:
1963 songs
1964 singles
Songs written by Ellie Greenwich
Songs written by Jeff Barry
Manfred Mann songs
The Exciters songs
Jan and Dean songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
His Master's Voice singles
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text:
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
Incumbent
Sumitra Mahajan
Style
The Honourable
Appointer
Members of the Lok Sabha
Term length
During the life of the Lok Sabha (five years maximum)
Inaugural holder
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
Formation
15 May 1952
Deputy
M. Thambidurai
Website
Speaker's Official Website
India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Constitution and law[show]
Constitutional amendment
Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state) (List)
Vice president (List)
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government) (List)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries:
(Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFoS • IPS)
Central Civil Services (IRS • IFS • IA&AS • IPoS • IRAS • IRTS • IRPS • ICAS • IDAS • IDES • ICLS • IIS • ITrS • IP&TAFS • IOFS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governors (List)
Chief ministers (List)
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar panchayats
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.[1] The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance.
The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar.[2]
Contents
1 Powers and functions of the Speaker
2 Removal of the Speaker
3 Pro tem Speaker
4 List of Speakers
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Powers and functions of the Speaker[edit]
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India.The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members.
Removal of the Speaker[edit]
Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.
Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]
Pro tem Speaker[edit]
After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a pro tem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]
The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.
Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha
1) He or She must be a citizen of India.
2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age.
3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.
List of Speakers[edit]
No.
Name
Portrait
Term
Party
From
To
Length
Lok Sabha[7]
1 Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years, 288 days 1st Indian National Congress
2 M. A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year, 63 days
11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years, 340 days 2nd
3 Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years, 333 days 3rd
4 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years, 124 days 4th
5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon — 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year, 221 days
22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years, 254 days 5th
6 Bali Ram Bhagat — 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year, 69 days
(4) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party
7 K. S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years, 184 days
8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years, 358 days 7th Indian National Congress
16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years, 336 days 8th
9 Rabi Ray — 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year, 202 days 9th Janata Dal
10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years, 317 days 10th Indian National Congress
11 P. A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year, 304 days 11th
12 G. M. C. Balayogi — 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year, 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party
22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years, 132 days 13th
13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years, 23 days Shiv Sena
14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years, 361 days 14th Communist Party of India (Marxist)
15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years, 0 days 15th Indian National Congress
16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 4 years, 83 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party
See also[edit]
Parliament of India
President of India
Vice-President of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha". speakerloksabha.nic.in. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sumitra Mahajan: Did you know she is listed as 'Tai' even in Lok Sabha". India Today. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sections 7 & 8k, Representation of the People Act, 1951" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar Act as Money Bill: Why the Lok Sabha isn't Immune from Judicial Review". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court". Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ashok, Akash Deep (4 June 2014). "Pro tem Speaker: All you need to know about this parliamentary post". India Today. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
External links[edit]
show
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Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
M. A. Ayyangar
Sardar Hukam Singh
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
Bali Ram Bhagat
K. S. Hegde
Balram Jakhar
Rabi Ray
Shivraj Patil
P. A. Sangma
G. M. C. Balayogi
Manohar Joshi
Somnath Chatterjee
Meira Kumar
Sumitra Mahajan
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Parliament of India
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Lok Sabha
Speaker
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7th LS (1980–84) (Members)
8th LS (1984–89) (Members)
9th LS (1989–91) (Members)
10th LS (1991–96) (Members)
11th LS (1996–98) (Members)
12th LS (1998–99) (Members)
13th LS (1999–2004) (Members)
14th LS (2004–09) (Members)
15th LS (2009–14) (Members)
16th LS (2014–19) (Members)
17th LS (2019–24) (Members)
Rajya Sabha
Members
Chairman
Leader of the Rajya Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=856505298"
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I'm the Man (50 Cent song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I'm the Man"
Single by 50 Cent featuring Sonny Digital
from the album The Kanan Tape
Released
December 4, 2015
Format
Digital download
Genre
Hip hop
Length
3:56
Label
Capital
G-Unit
Songwriter(s)
Curtis Jackson
Sonny Uwaezuoke
Kyndale Smith
Producer(s)
Sonny Digital
50 Cent singles chronology
"Too Rich For the Bitch"
(2015) "I'm the Man"
(2015) "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016)
"Too Rich For the Bitch"
(2015) "I'm the Man"
(2016) "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016)
Sonny Digital singles chronology
"I'm the Man"
(2016) I'm the Man2016
"I'm the Man" is a song by American hip hop recording artist 50 Cent, released on December 4, 2015 as the third single from his eleventh mixtape, The Kanan Tape (2015).[1] The song features vocals and production from Sonny Digital.[2] It was released for digital download on February 12, 2016.[3][4]
Contents
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Remix
3.1 Track listing
3.2 Music video
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.1.1 Original version
4.1.2 Remix version
5 Certifications and sales
6 References
7 External links
Music video[edit]
On January 1, 2016, 50 Cent uploaded the music video for "I'm the Man" on his YouTube account.[5]
Track listing[edit]
Download digital[3]
I'm the Man (featuring Sonny Digital) — 3:55
Remix[edit]
"I'm the Man (Remix)"
Single by 50 Cent featuring Chris Brown
Released
May 6, 2016
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2016
Genre
Hip hop
R&B
Length
3:55
Label
G-Unit
Songwriter(s)
Curtis Jackson
Sonny Uwaezuoke
Chris Brown
Producer(s)
Sonny Digital
50 Cent singles chronology
"I'm the Man"
(2016) "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016) "No Romeo No Juliet"
(2016)
"I'm the Man"
(2016) "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016) "No Romeo No Juliet"
(2016)
Chris Brown single singles chronology
"Grass Ain't Greener"
(2016) Grass Ain't Greener2016 "I'm the Man (Remix)"
(2016) I'm the Man (Remix)2016 "No Romeo No Juliet"
(2016) No Romeo No Juliet2016
The official remix features vocals from recording artist Chris Brown and produced by Sonny Digital.[6] It was released for digital download on May 6, 2016 as the single, with the record label G-Unit Records.
Track listing[edit]
Download digital[7]
I'm the Man (Remix) (featuring Chris Brown) — 3:55
Music video[edit]
The music video for the remix version premiered on May 6, 2016, on his YouTube and Vevo account.[8] It was directed by Eif Rivera.[9] The end of the video features the preview from music video "No Romeo No Juliet" As of July 25, 2017, the video has amassed over 90 million views.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Original version[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard)[10]
2
US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard)[11]
50
Remix version[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[12]
10
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[13]
46
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[14]
Platinum 1,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "50 Cent - The Kanan Tape". DatPiff. December 10, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent - I'm The Man (Prod. By Sonny Digital) [New Song]". hotnewhiphop. December 4, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "I'm the Man (feat. Sonny Digital) - Single by 50 Cent". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7487643/50-cent-im-the-man-thr-top-tv-songs-chart-ballers-stranger-things
Jump up ^ "50 Cent - I'm The Man (Short Film)". YouTube. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent - I'm The Man (Remix) (CDQ) Feat. Chris Brown (Prod. By Sonny Digital) [New Song]". hotnewhiphop. March 27, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - I'm the Man (Remix) [feat. Chris Brown] - Single by 50 Cent". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent - I'm The Man (Remix) (Explicit) ft. Chris Brown". YouTube. May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent and Chris Brown Toast to the Good Life in "I'm The Man" Video". XXL. May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent – Chart History: Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "50 Cent Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Audio on YouTube
show
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50 Cent singles
Power of the Dollar
"How to Rob"
"Thug Love"
"Your Life's on the Line"
Get Rich or Die Tryin'
"In da Club"
"21 Questions"
"P.I.M.P."
"If I Can't"
The Massacre
"Disco Inferno"
"Candy Shop"
"Just a Lil Bit"
"Outta Control"
Get Rich or Die Tryin' OST
"Hustler's Ambition"
"Window Shopper"
"Best Friend"
"I'll Whip Ya Head Boy"
"Have a Party"
Curtis
"Straight to the Bank"
"Amusement Park"
"I Get Money"
"Ayo Technology"
"I'll Still Kill"
Before I Self Destruct
"Ok, You're Right"
"Baby by Me"
"Do You Think About Me"
The Big 10
"I Just Wanna"
Animal Ambition
"Don't Worry 'Bout It"
"Hold On"
"Pilot"
"Smoke"
Other singles
"Rowdy Rowdy"
"Wanksta"
"Get Up"
"I Get It In"
"Outlaw"
"New Day"
"First Date"
"My Life"
"Major Distribution"
"We Up"
"I'm the Man"
"No Romeo No Juliet"
Featured singles
"React"
"Magic Stick"
"On Fire"
"Let Me In"
"Encore"
"Westside Story"
"How We Do"
"Hate It or Love It"
"MJB da MVP"
"So Seductive"
"I Know You Don't Love Me"
"Hands Up"
"You Don't Know"
"Jimmy Crack Corn"
"Can't Leave 'em Alone"
"Crack a Bottle"
"Mujeres in the Club"
"Pass the Patron"
"Down on Me"
"Let's Get It In"
"No Dejemos Que se Apague"
"Here We Go Again"
"Buzzin'"
"Haters"
"Right There"
"Hate Bein' Sober"
Notable songs
"Ghetto Qu'ran (Forgive Me)"
"Piggy Bank"
"Monster"
show
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Chris Brown singles
Discography
Chris Brown
"Run It!"
"Yo (Excuse Me Miss)"
"Gimme That"
"Say Goodbye"
"Poppin'"
Exclusive
"Wall to Wall"
"Kiss Kiss"
"With You"
"Take You Down"
"Forever"
"Superhuman"
Graffiti
"I Can Transform Ya"
"Crawl"
F.A.M.E.
"Deuces"
"No Bullshit"
"Yeah 3x"
"Look at Me Now"
"Beautiful People"
"She Ain't You"
"Next to You"
"Wet the Bed"
Fortune
"Strip"
"Turn Up the Music"
"Sweet Love"
"Till I Die"
"Don't Wake Me Up"
"Don't Judge Me"
X
"Fine China"
"Don't Think They Know"
"Love More"
"Loyal"
"New Flame"
Fan of a Fan: The Album
"Ayo"
"Bitches N Marijuana"
Royalty
"Liquor"
"Zero"
"Back to Sleep"
"Fine by Me"
Heartbreak on a Full Moon
"Grass Ain't Greener"
"Party"
"Privacy"
"Pills & Automobiles"
"Questions"
Featured singles
"Shortie Like Mine"
"No Air"
"Shawty Get Loose"
"Get Like Me"
"What Them Girls Like"
"Freeze"
"Work That!"
"Better on the Other Side"
"Drop It Low"
"Back to the Crib"
"Make a Movie"
"Get Back Up"
"Ain't Thinkin' 'Bout You"
"Champion"
"My Last"
"One Night Stand"
"Best Love Song"
"Pot of Gold"
"Body 2 Body"
"Better with the Lights Off"
"International Love"
"Another Round"
"Why Stop Now"
"Birthday Cake (Remix)"
"Right by My Side"
"Take It to the Head"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Put It Down"
"Algo Me Gusta de Ti"
"Celebration"
"Ready"
"As Your Friend"
"For the Road"
"Beat It"
"Sweet Serenade"
"Show Me"
"Main Chick"
"Hold You Down"
"Only"
"Post to Be"
"Waves (Robin Schulz Remix)"
"Hotel"
"Private Show"
"Five More Hours"
"You Changed Me"
"Do It Again"
"How Many Times"
"Fun"
"All Eyes on You"
"Body on Me"
"Moses"
"Play No Games"
"Player"
"Sorry"
"Gold Slugs"
"Paradise"
"Drifting"
"Wishing"
"Something New"
"I'm the Man (Remix)"
"No Romeo No Juliet"
"Do You Mind"
"I Think of You"
"Whatever You Need"
"African Bad Gyal"
"Tone It Down"
"Pie"
"Either Way"
"Flipmode"
"Melanin Magic"
"Freaky Friday"
Other songs
"This Christmas"
"Dreamer"
"Sing Like Me"
"Bassline"
"Nobody's Business"
"X"
"Wrist"
"Anyway"
"Picture Me Rollin’"
"Little More (Royalty)"
Book:Chris Brown

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