text:
Bosnian genocide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2017)
Bosnian Genocide
Part of the Bosnian War
Location
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Date
11 July 1995 – 13 July 1995 (1995-07-13)
Target
Bosniak civilians and prisoners of war
Attack type
Genocide, Mass murder, ethnic cleansing, deportation, concentration camps, etc.
Deaths
Genocide:[a]
8,372 (Srebrenica)[1]
Perpetrators
Army of Republika Srpska (VRS),[1]
Scorpions paramilitary group[4]
Part of a series on
Genocide
Issues
Cultural genocide
Democide
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic relations
Ethnocide
Genocide
Genocidal rape
Utilitarian genocide
Double genocide
Holocaust uniqueness debate
Rwandan genocide
Genocide of indigenous peoples
European colonization of the Americas
Dzungar genocide, 1750s
Manifest Destiny
Indian Removal, 1830s
California Genocide, 1848–1873
Circassian genocide, 1860s
Selk'nam genocide, 1890s–1900s
Herero and Namaqua genocide, 1904–1907
Greek genocide, 1914–1923
Assyrian genocide, 1914–1925
Armenian Genocide, 1915–1923
Libyan Genocide, 1923–1932
Soviet genocide
Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union
Soviet famine of 1932–33
Holodomor, 1931–1933
Kazakhstan, 1930–1933
Mass Deportations during World War II
Kalmyks, 1943
Chechens and Ingush, 1944
Crimean Tatars, 1944
Nazi Holocaust and genocide (1941–1945)
Final Solution
Porajmos
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs
Serbian genocide
Cold War
1971 Bangladesh genocide (1971)
Burundian genocides (1972 & 1993)
East Timorese genocide (1974–1999)
Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
Guatemalan genocide (1981–1983)
Kurdish genocide (1986–1989)
Isaaq genocide (1988–1989)
Contemporary genocide
Rwandan genocide (1994)
Bosnian genocide (1992–1995)
Srebrenica massacre (1995)
Darfur genocide (2003–)
Genocides by ISIS (2014–)
Yazidi genocide
Shia genocide
Christian genocide
Central African genocide
Related topics
Genocides in history
Khmer Rouge Killing Fields
Hutu Power
Holodomor genocide question
Extermination camp
Effects of genocide on youth
List by death toll
Mass killings under Communist regimes
Anti-communist mass killings
Mass killings compilation
Category
v
t
e
The term Bosnian genocide refers to either genocide at Srebrenica and Žepa[5] committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995 or the wider ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska[6] that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[7]
The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak ("Bosnian Muslim") men and boys, as well as the mass expulsion of another 25,000–30,000 Bosniak civilians, in and around the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina, committed by units of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of General Ratko Mladić.[8][9]
The ethnic cleansing campaign that took place throughout areas controlled by the Bosnian Serbs targeted Muslim Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats. The ethnic cleansing campaign included unlawful confinement, murder, rape, sexual assault, torture, beating, robbery, and inhumane treatment of civilians; the targeting of political leaders, intellectuals, and professionals; the unlawful deportation and transfer of civilians; the unlawful shelling of civilians; the unlawful appropriation and plunder of real and personal property; the destruction of homes and businesses; and the destruction of places of worship.[10]
In the 1990s, several authorities asserted that ethnic cleansing as carried out by elements of the Bosnian Serb army was genocide.[11] These included a resolution by the United Nations General Assembly and three convictions for genocide in German courts (the convictions were based upon a wider interpretation of genocide than that used by international courts).[12] In 2005, the United States Congress passed a resolution declaring that "the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide".[13]
However, in line with a majority of legal scholars, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) have ruled that, in order for actions to be deemed genocide, there must be physical or biological destruction of a protected group and a specific intent to commit such destruction. To date, only the Srebrenica massacre has been found to be a genocide by the ICTY, a finding upheld by the ICJ.[14] On 24 March 2016, former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić and the first president of the Republika Srpska, was found guilty of genocide in Srebrenica, war crimes, and crimes against humanity—10 of the 11 eleven charges in total—and sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment.[15][16]
Contents
[hide]
1 United Nations
2 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
2.1 Finding of genocide at Srebrenica
2.2 Finding of genocide at Žepa
2.3 Milošević trial
2.4 Bosnian Genocide Trial
2.5 Involvement of Serbia
3 United States House and Senate resolutions
4 International Court of Justice (ICJ): Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro
4.1 Criticism of the ICJ judgement
4.1.1 Missing SDC Records
5 European Court of Human Rights
6 European Parliament
7 Individuals prosecuted for genocide during the Bosnian War
8 Death toll
9 Controversy and denial
9.1 Denial
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 References
12.1 Other sources
13 Further reading
14 External links
United Nations[edit]
External video
Everyday objects, tragic histories Ziyah Gafić, TED Talks, March 2014, 4:32[17]
On 18 December 1992, the United Nations General Assembly resolution 47/121 in its preamble deemed ethnic cleansing to be a form of genocide stating:
Gravely concerned about the deterioration of the situation in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina owing to intensified aggressive acts by the Serbian and Montenegrin forces to acquire more territories by force, characterized by a consistent pattern of gross and systematic violations of human rights, a burgeoning refugee population resulting from mass expulsions of defenceless civilians from their homes and the existence in Serbian and Montenegrin controlled areas of concentration camps and detention centres, in pursuit of the abhorrent policy of "ethnic cleansing", which is a form of genocide, ...
—  United Nations General Assembly.[18][19]
On 12 July 2007, in its judgement on the Jorgić v. Germany case, the European Court of Human Rights noted that:
the ICTY, in its judgments in the cases of Prosecutor v. Krstić and Prosecutor v. Kupreškić, expressly disagreed with the wide interpretation of the 'intent to destroy' as adopted by the UN General Assembly and the German courts. Referring to the principle of nullum crimen sine lege, the ICTY considered that genocide, as defined in public international law, comprised only acts aimed at the physical or biological destruction of a protected group.
—  European Court of Human Rights.[20]
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia[edit]
Finding of genocide at Srebrenica[edit]
Main article: Srebrenica massacre
Exhumation of the Srebrenica massacre victims
In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) judged that the 1995 Srebrenica massacre was genocide.[21] In the unanimous ruling "Prosecutor v. Krstić", the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), located in The Hague, reaffirmed that the Srebrenica massacre was genocide,[22] the Presiding Judge Theodor Meron stating:
By seeking to eliminate a part of the Bosnian Muslims, the Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide. They targeted for extinction the forty thousand Bosnian Muslims living in Srebrenica, a group which was emblematic of the Bosnian Muslims in general. They stripped all the male Muslim prisoners, military and civilian, elderly and young, of their personal belongings and identification, and deliberately and methodically killed them solely on the basis of their identity.[23]
In September 2006, former Bosnian Serb leader Momcilo Krajišnik was found guilty of multiple instances of crimes against humanity, but while the ICTY judges found that there was evidence that crimes committed in Bosnia constituted the criminal act of genocide (actus reus), they did not establish that the accused possessed genocidal intent, or was part of a criminal enterprise that had such an intent (mens rea).[24]
In 2007, the court found insufficient evidence to conclude on alleged genocidal intent.[25]
The Court is however not convinced, on the basis of the evidence before it, that it has been conclusively established that the massive killings of members of the protected group were committed with the specific intent (dolus specialis) on the part of the perpetrators to destroy, in whole or in part, the group as such. The killings outlined above may amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity, but the Court has no jurisdiction to determine whether this is so.
Finding of genocide at Žepa[edit]
In the case of Tolimir, in the first degree verdict, the International Criminal Tribunal has concluded that genocide was committed in the enclave of Žepa, outside of Srebrenica.[5] However, that conviction was overturned by the appeals chamber, which narrowed the crime of genocide only to Srebrenica.
Milošević trial[edit]
On 16 June 2004, in 'Prosecutor v. Slobodan Milošević: Decision on Motion for Judgement of Acquittal', the ICTY Trial Chamber refused to acquit former Serbian president Slobodan Milošević on the same grounds, and ruled:
246. On the basis of the inference that may be drawn from this evidence, a Trial Chamber could be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that there existed a joint criminal enterprise, which included members of the Bosnian Serb leadership, whose aim and intention was to destroy a part of the Bosnian Muslim population, and that genocide was in fact committed in Brčko, Prijedor, Sanski Most, Srebrenica, Bijeljina, Ključ and Bosanski Novi. The genocidal intent of the Bosnian Serb leadership can be inferred from all the evidence, including the evidence set out in paragraphs 238 -245. The scale and pattern of the attacks, their intensity, the substantial number of Muslims killed in the seven municipalities, the detention of Muslims, their brutal treatment in detention centres and elsewhere, and the targeting of persons essential to the survival of the Muslims as a group are all factors that point to genocide.[26]
On 26 February 2007, however, in the Bosnian genocide case, the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) found that there was no evidence linking Serbia under the rule of Milošević to genocide committed by Bosnian Serbs in the Bosnian War. However, the court did find that Milošević and others in Serbia did not do enough to prevent acts of genocide from occurring in Srebrenica.[27]
Bosnian Genocide Trial[edit]
Currently, former Bosnian Serb leaders Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić are both on trial on two counts of genocide and other war crimes committed in Srebrenica, Prijedor, Ključ, and other municipalities of Bosnia. Karadžić and Mladić are charged, separately, with:
Count 1: Genocide.
Municipalities: Bratunac, Foča, Ključ, Kotor Varoš, Prijedor, Sanski Most, Vlasenica and Zvornik. Initially dismissed by the Trial Chamber on 28 June 2012,[28] this count was unanimously reinstated on 11 July 2013 by the Appeals Chamber. The Appeals Chamber concluded, inter alia, that the Trial Chamber erred by finding that evidence adduced by the Prosecution was incapable of proving certain types of genocidal acts as well as relevant genocidal intent by Karadžić.[29]
Count 2: Genocide.
Municipality: Srebrenica.
Count 3: Persecutions on Political, Racial and Religious Grounds, a Crime Against Humanity.
Municipalities: Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Novi, Bratunac, Brčko, Foča, Hadžići, Ilidža, Kalinovik, Ključ, Kotor Varoš, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, Pale, Prijedor, Rogatica, Sanski Most, Sokolac, Trnovo, Vlasenica, Vogošća, Zvornik and Srebrenica.
They are also charged with murder, deportation, inhumane acts, spreading terror among civilians, unlawful attacks on civilians, and taking of hostages.[30][31]
Involvement of Serbia[edit]
On 26 February 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found Serbia to be innocent of genocide as committed at Srebrenica in July 1995.[32]
On 28 February 2013, the ICTY Court of Appeals overturned a conviction for JNA (Yugoslav National Army) Chief of Staff Momcilo Perisic for crimes committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and ordered Perisic's immediate release.[33] His acquittal means that, to date, no official or army officer of Serbia-Montenegro (Yugoslavia) and no member of the JNA or VJ high command has ever been convicted by the ICTY for war-crimes committed in Bosnia.[34]
On 30 May 2013, the ICTY acquitted and ordered the immediate release of Jovica Stanisic and Franko Simatovic, two close aides of Slobodan Milosevic. Stanisic was the Chief of the Serbian State Security Service while Simatovic was in charge of the special operations arm of the State Security Service.[35]
United States House and Senate resolutions[edit]
The month before the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica Massacre, both houses of the United States Congress passed similarly worded resolutions asserting that the policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing as implemented by Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, including the Srebrenica Massacre, constituted genocide.
On 27 June 2005, during the 109th Congress, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution (H. Res. 199 sponsored by Congressman Christopher Smith with 39 cosponsors) commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide.[36] The resolution, as amended, was passed with an overwhelming majority of 370 – YES votes, 1 – NO vote, and 62 – ABSENT.[37] The resolution is a bipartisan measure commemorating 11 July 1995 – 2005, the tenth anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre.[38] The Senate version, S.Res.134, was sponsored by Senator Gordon Smith with 8 cosponsors and was agreed to in the Senate on 22 June 2005 without amendment and with unanimous consent.[39] The summaries of the resolutions are identical, with the exception of the name of the house passing the resolution, and the substitution of the word executed for murdered by the House in the first clause:
Expresses the sense of the [House of Representatives]/[Senate] that:
(1) the thousands of innocent people executed at Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 1995, along with all individuals who were victimized during the conflict and genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, should be remembered and honored;
(2) the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide;
(3) foreign nationals, including U.S. citizens, who have risked, and in some cases lost, their lives in Bosnia and Herzegovina should be remembered and honored;
(4) the United Nations (U.N.) and its member states should accept their share of responsibility for allowing the Srebrenica massacre and genocide to occur, and seek to ensure that this does not happen in future crises;
(5) it is in the U.S. national interest that the responsible individuals should be held accountable for their actions;
(6) persons indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) should be apprehended and transferred to The Hague without further delay, and countries should meet their obligations to cooperate with the ICTY; and
(7) the United States should support the independence and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina and peace and stability in southeastern Europe.
—  CRS Summary.[40][41]
International Court of Justice (ICJ): Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro[edit]
Public hearing at the ICJ.
Main article: Bosnian Genocide Case
A trial took place before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), following a 1993 suit by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro alleging genocide. On 26 February 2007, the ICJ, in the Bosnian Genocide Case concurred with the ICTY's earlier finding that the Srebrenica massacre constituted genocide:[42]
ICJ President Rosalyn Higgins noted that there was a lot of evidence to prove that crimes against humanity and war crimes had been committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina such as widespread killings, the siege of towns, mass rapes, torture, deportation to camps and detention centres, but the ICJ did not have jurisdiction over them, because the case dealt "exclusively with genocide in a limited legal sense and not in the broader sense sometimes given to this term".[42][43][44] Moreover, the Court found "that Serbia has not committed genocide" nor "conspired to" or "incited the commission of genocide". It did however, find that Serbia had failed "to take all measures within its power to prevent genocide in Srebrenica" and to comply fully with the ICTY by failing to transfer Ratko Mladić to the custody of the ICTY in the Hague and that Serbia must in future transfer to the Hague all ICTY-indicted individuals, who reside under Serbian jurisdiction.[45]
Criticism of the ICJ judgement[edit]
The Court's finding that Serbia was not directly involved in the Srebrenica genocide have been strongly criticized. Prof. Yuval Shany, Hersch Lauterpacht Professor of Public International Law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,[46] described the Court's conclusions on the three questions before it as controversial:
First, as far as the jurisdictional part of the decision goes, the court has been severely criticized for unjustifiably over-stretching the concept of res judicata to decisions on jurisdiction rendered at an earlier stage of the same proceedings; for over-relying on legal conclusions that were decided at earlier stages without serious consideration; and for narrowly construing its powers of revision. Indeed, seven out of the fifteen judges on the bench expressed varying degrees of unease with this particular outcome.
Second, as for the actual findings on the commission of genocide, some writers have criticized the court for refusing to look at the 'bigger picture' of the events in Bosnia – a picture that seems to suggest that the various atrocious crimes meted out by the Bosnian Serbs were all part of the same 'master-plan' of creating an ethnically homogeneous Serbian state. Others have questioned the court's readiness to rely on the absence of individual convictions in genocide by the ICTY (except with relation to the massacre in Srebrenica), without properly considering the difference between standards of liability under criminal law and state responsibility or fully appreciating the limited probative value of reduced charges as the result of plea bargains.
Third, with respect to the question of Serbian responsibility, the court's legal analysis of attribution standards, the reluctance to find Serbia to be an accomplice to genocide, and the decision to refrain from ordering reparations, have all been criticized as excessively conservative. At the same time, the court's expansive reading of Article 1 of the Genocide Convention as potentially imposing on all states a duty to prevent genocide, even if committed outside their territory, has been noted for its remarkable boldness. Still, some writers have criticized the court for not clarifying whether Article 1 can provide an independent basis for exercising of universal jurisdiction against individual perpetrators of genocide. So, arguably, the court construed broadly the duty to prevent genocide while narrowly construing the duty to punish its perpetrators.
Antonio Cassese, the first president of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, criticized the ICJ judgement on the ground that "The International Court has set an unrealistically high standard of proof for finding Serbia complicit in genocide." He added:
The ICJ, which ... deals with controversies between states, was faced with Bosnia's claim that Serbia was responsible for the Srebrenica massacre. Although the Court ruled that genocide had taken place, it decided that Serbia was not responsible under international law.
According to the Court, the Bosnian Serb generals who were guilty of this genocide, the various Mladić's and Krstić's, were neither acting as Serbia's agents nor receiving specific instructions from Belgrade ... Why was it not enough to prove that the Bosnian Serb military leadership was financed and paid by Serbia and that it was tightly connected to Serbia political and military leadership? More importantly, the ICJ's decision that Serbia is responsible for not having prevented a genocide in which it was not complicit makes little sense. According to the Court, Serbia was aware of the very high risk of acts of genocide and did nothing. But Serbia was not complicit, the Court argued, because "it has not been proven" that the intention of committing the acts of genocide at Srebrenica "had been brought to Belgrade's attention".
This is a puzzling statement at best. The massacre was prepared in detail and took place over the course of six days (between 13 and 19 July). Is it plausible that the Serbian authorities remained in the dark while the killing was in progress and reported in the press all over the world?[47]
The Vice-President of the International Court of Justice, Judge Al-Khasawneh, criticized the judgement as not reflecting the evidence with respect to Serbia's direct responsibility for genocide at Srebrenica:
The 'effective control' test for attribution established in the Nicaragua case is not suitable to questions of State responsibility for international crimes committed with a common purpose. The 'overall control' test for attribution established in the Tadić case is more appropriate when the commission of international crimes is the common objective of the controlling State and the non-State actors. The Court's refusal to infer genocidal intent from a consistent pattern of conduct in Bosnia and Herzegovina is inconsistent with the established jurisprudence of the ICTY. The FRY's knowledge of the genocide set to unfold in Srebrenica is clearly established. The Court should have treated the Scorpions as a de jure organ of the FRY. The statement by the Serbian Council of Ministers in response to the massacre of Muslim men by the Scorpions amounted to an admission of responsibility. The Court failed to appreciate the definitional complexity of the crime of genocide and to assess the facts before it accordingly.[48]
Missing SDC Records[edit]
The International Criminal Tribunal never received a complete archive of the Supreme Defense Council minutes from Serbia. According to the explanation given by Sir Geoffrey Nice, former prosecutor in the trial of Slobodan Milošević:
First, it is important to note that Serbia did not hand over to the Prosecution (OTP) the complete collection of SDC [Supreme Defense Council] records. For example, for the year 1995 the OTP received recordings for only about half of all the sessions held by SDC. Further, some of the SDC records were not handed over in their full stenographically recorded form but were produced as extended minutes. That means that they were shorter than steno-notes but longer than the regular minutes. The dates of the missing meetings or the meetings where this lesser form of record was provided, as I recall, were significant – namely dates leading up to, surrounding and in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre. The full records of those meetings need yet to be provided. At the same time, these documents, significant as they are, do not constitute a single body of evidence that will explain once and for all what happened and who was culpable. They do provide a much fuller context and provide some very valuable testimonials of things that were said by Milošević and others. In their un-redacted form they would point all who are interested (not just governments and lawyers) to other documents that have never been provided and that might well be more candid than the words of those at the SD Council meetings who knew they were being recorded by a stenographer. Second, it should also be remembered that there are other protected document collections and individual documents which were, and still are, protected by direct agreements between Belgrade and the former OTP Prosecutor, i.e. they were not protected by the Trial Chamber. These documents are difficult now to identify but if and when Bosnia-Herzegovina decides to reopen the ICJ case it will be essential to require Serbia and/or the ICTY to produce all those documents for the ICJ.[49]
European Court of Human Rights[edit]
Main articles: Doboj massacre and Foča massacres
The Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf, Germany, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgić, a Bosnian Serb who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. He was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica.[50]
In a judgement issued on 12 July 2007, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the Jorgić v. Germany case (Application no. 74613/01), reviewed the German court's judgements against Jorgić. In rejecting Jorgić's appeal, the ECHR affirmed that the German court's ruling was consistent with an interpretation of the Genocide Convention foreseeable at the time Jorgić committed the offence in 1992. However, the ECHR highlighted that the German court's ruling, based upon German domestic law, had interpreted the crime of genocide more broadly than and in a manner since rejected by international courts.[51] Under the wider definition that the German judiciary upheld, the ethnic cleansing carried out by Jorgić was a genocide because it was an intent to destroy the group as a social unit, and although the majority of scholars took the view that German genocide law should interpret genocide as the physical-biological destruction of the protected group, "a considerable number of scholars were of the opinion that the notion of destruction of a group as such, in its literal meaning, was wider than a physical-biological extermination and also encompassed the destruction of a group as a social unit".[52][53]
The Martyrs' Memorial Cemetery Kovači for victims of the war in Stari Grad.
In the case of Prosecutor v. Krstić (2 August 2001), the ICTY ruled "customary international law limits the definition of genocide to those acts seeking the physical or biological destruction of all or part of the group. Hence, an enterprise attacking only the cultural or sociological characteristics of a human group in order to annihilate these elements which give to that group its own identity distinct from the rest of the community would not fall under the definition of genocide".[54] On 19 April 2004, this determination was upheld on appeal: "The Genocide Convention, and customary international law in general, prohibit only the physical or biological destruction of a human group. ... The Trial Chamber expressly acknowledged this limitation, and eschewed any broader definition. ... " although like the lower court, the appeal court also ruled that ethnic cleansing might with other evidence lead to an inference of genocidal intent.[55] On 14 January 2000, the ICTY ruled in the Prosecutor v. Kupreškić and Others case that the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing campaign in order to expel the Bosnian Muslim population from the region was persecution, not genocide per se.[56] The ECHR noted the opinion of the International Court of Justice ruling in the Bosnian Genocide Case that ethnic cleansing is not in and of itself genocide.[18]
In reference to legal writers, the ECHR also noted: "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide".[57]
The ECHR having reviewed the case and the more recent international rulings on the issue the ECHR ruled that "The Court finds that the [German] courts' interpretation of 'intent to destroy a group' as not necessitating a physical destruction of the group, which has also been adopted by a number of scholars ... , is therefore covered by the wording, read in its context, of the crime of genocide in the [German] Criminal Code and does not appear unreasonable",[58] so "In view of the foregoing, the [ECHR] concludes that, while many authorities had favoured a narrow interpretation of the crime of genocide, there had already been several authorities at the material time which had construed the offence of genocide in the same wider way as the German courts. In these circumstances, the [ECHR] finds that [Jorgić], if need be with the assistance of a lawyer, could reasonably have foreseen that he risked being charged with and convicted of genocide for the acts he had committed in 1992.",[59] and for this reason the court rejected Jorgić's assertion that there had been a breach of Article 7 (no punishment without law) of the European Convention on Human Rights by Germany.[60]
European Parliament[edit]
On 15 January 2009, the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European Union's executive authorities to commemorate 11 July as a day of remembrance and mourning of the 1995 Srebrenica genocide, explicitly recognized as such with reference to the ICJ decision. The resolution also reiterated a number of findings including the number of victims as "more than 8,000 Muslim men and boys" executed and "nearly 25,000 women, children and elderly people were forcibly deported, making this event the biggest war crime to take place in Europe since the end of the Second World War".[61] The resolution passed overwhelmingly, on a vote of 556 to 9.
Individuals prosecuted for genocide during the Bosnian War[edit]
Main article: List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions
Here is the village of Plane, it used to be Turkish. Now we will go towards it. You film this freely, you know. Let our Serbs see what we have done to them... If the Americans and English, the Ukrainians and Canadians in Srebrenica, in the meantime it's the Dutch, would not protect them, they would have disappeared from this area long ago.[62]
— Ratko Mladić, 15 August 1994
Radovan Karadžić, the president of Republika Srpska, was sentenced for genocide in Srebrenica by the ICTY in 2016
Ratko Mladić during the trial at the Hague Tribunal
About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal, two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide, by an international court for their participation in the Srebrenica massacre.[63][64]
Four have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom, Nikola Jorgić, lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights.
On 29 July 2008, the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina found Milenko Trifunović, Brano Džinić, Aleksandar Radovanović, Miloš Stupar, Branislav Medan and Petar Mitrović guilty of genocide for their part in the Srebrenica massacre,[65][66] and on 16 October 2009 the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina found Milorad Trbić, a former member of the Bosnian Serb security forces, guilty of genocide for his participation in the genocide in the Srebrenica massacre.[67]
Slobodan Milošević, the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He was charged with having committed genocide, either alone or in concert with other named members of a joint criminal enterprise. The indictment accused him of planning, preparing and executing the destruction, in whole or in part, of the Bosnian Muslim national, ethnical, racial or religious groups, as such, in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina including Bijeljina, Bosanski Novi, Brčko, Ključ, Kotor Varos, Prijedor, Sanski Most and Srebrenica.[68] He died during his trial, on 11 March 2006, and no verdict was returned.
The ICTY has issued a warrant for the arrest of Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade on 21 July 2008, and was transferred into ICTY custody in the Hague nine days later on 30 July.[69] Ratko Mladić was also arrested in Serbia on 26 May 2011 after a decade in hiding.[70]
On 24 March 2016, Karadžić was sentenced to 40 years in prison.[71] Finally, on 22 November 2017, Mladić was sentenced to a life in prison.[72][73] Both were sentenced for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.
Death toll[edit]
The Srebrenica Genocide Memorial in Potočari
If a narrow definition of genocide is used, as favoured by the international courts, then during the Srebrenica massacre, 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were murdered and the remainder of the population (between 25,000 and 30,000 Bosniak women, children and elderly people) was forced to leave the area. If a wider definition is used, then the number is much larger. According to the ICTY Demographic Unit, an estimated 69.8% or 25,609 of the civilians killed in the war were Bosniak (with 42,501 military deaths), with the Bosnian Serbs suffering 7,480 civilian casualties (15,299 military deaths), the Bosnian Croats suffering 1,675 civilian casualties (7,183 military deaths), amounting to a total of 104,732 casualties, spread between the Bosnian Croats (8.5%), Bosnian Serbs (21.7%), Bosniaks (65%), and others (4.8%).[74]
In January 2013, the Sarajevo-based Research and Documentation Center (RDC) published its final results on "the most comprehensive" research into Bosnia-Herzegovina's war casualties: The Bosnian Book of the Dead – a database that reveals "a minimum of" 97,207 names of Bosnia and Herzegovina's citizens killed and missing during the 1992–1995 war. The head of the ICTY Demographic Unit, Ewa Tabeu, has called it "the largest existing database on Bosnian war victims".[75][76] More than 240,000 pieces of data were collected, processed, checked, compared and evaluated by an international team of experts to tabulate the names of the victims. According to the RDC, 82 percent or 33,071 of the civilians killed in the war were Bosniak, with a minimum of 97,207 casualties, military and civilian, for all sides involved: Bosniaks (66.2%), Serbs (25.4%) and Croats (7.8%), as well as others (0.5%).[76][77][78]
In a statement on 23 September 2008 to the United Nations, Dr. Haris Silajdžić, as head of the Bosnia and Herzegovina delegation to the United Nations 63rd Session of the General Assembly, said that "according to ICRC data, 200,000 people were killed, 12,000 of them children, up to 50,000 women were raped, and 2.2 million were forced to flee their homes. This was a veritable genocide and sociocide".[79] However, such estimations have been criticized as highly inaccurate and analysts such as George Kenney have accused the Bosnian government and the international community of sensationalism and of deliberately inflating the number of fatalities to attract international support for the Muslims.[80]
Controversy and denial[edit]
Further information: Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars and Srebrenica massacre § Denial and scepticism
While the majority of international opinion accepts the findings of the international courts, there remains some disagreement about the extent of the genocide and to what degree Serbia was involved (note: the involvement of the breakaway republic of Bosnian Serbs within Bosnia known as Republika Srpska is not in doubt).
The Bosnian Muslim community asserts that the Srebrenica massacre was just one instance of what was a broader genocide committed by Serbia.[81]
The International Court of Justice veered away from the factual and legal findings of the ICTY Appeals Chamber in the Duško Tadić case. In the judgment delivered in July 1999, the Appeals Chamber found that the Army of Republika Srpska was "under overall control" of Belgrade and the Yugoslav Army, which meant that they had funded, equipped and assisted in the coordination and the planning of military operations. Had the International Court of Justice accepted this finding of the Tribunal, Serbia would have been found guilty of complicity in the Srebrenica genocide. Instead it concluded that the Appeals Chamber in the Tadic case "did not attempt to determine the responsibility of a state but individual criminal responsibility". Paradoxical as it may be, the outcome of this legal suit filed back in March 1993 arrived too early for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Radovan Karadžić arrest came over a year after the ICJ gave its judgement,[69] and Ratko Mladić, also accused of genocide, was arrested in May 2011. Slobodan Milošević died during his trial and three trials of former Serb officials have just started.[when?][82]
Territories of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia controlled by Serb forces 1992–1995. The War Crimes Tribual accused Milošević and other Serb leaders of "attempting to create a Greater Serbia, a Serbian state encompassing the Serb-populated areas of Croatia and Bosnia, and achieved by forcibly removing non-Serbs from large geographical areas through the commission of crimes."[83]
Although the ICTY prosecutors had access to them during the trials, some of the minutes of wartime meetings of Yugoslavia's political and military leaders, were not made public as the ICTY accepted the Serbian argument that to do so would damage Serbia's national security. Although the ICJ could have subpoenaed the documents directly from Serbia, it did not do so and relied instead on those made public during the ICTY trials. Two of the ICJ judges criticised this decision in strongly worded dissents. Marlise Simons reporting on this in the New York Times, states that "When the documents were handed over [to the ICTY], the lawyers said, a team from Belgrade made it clear in letters to the tribunal and in meetings with prosecutors and judges that it wanted the documents expurgated to keep them from harming Serbia's case at the International Court of Justice. The Serbs made no secret of that even as they argued their case for 'national security,' said one of the lawyers, adding, 'The senior people here [at the ICTY] knew about this'.". Simons continues that Rosalyn Higgins the president of the ICJ, declined to comment when asked why the full records had not been subpoenaed, saying that "The ruling speaks for itself". Diane Orentlicher, a law professor at American University in Washington, commented "Why didn't the court request the full documents? The fact that they were blacked out clearly implies these passages would have made a difference.", and William Schabas, a professor of international law at the University of Ireland in Galway, suggested that as a civil rather than a criminal court, the ICJ was more used to relying on materials put before it than aggressively pursuing evidence which might lead to a diplomatic incident.[84]
Denial[edit]
Main article: Bosnian genocide denial
Some commentators believe that the Srebrenica massacre was not genocide. They cite that women and children were largely spared and that only military age men were targeted.[85][86] This view is not supported by the findings of the ICJ or the ICTY.[87] According to Sonja Biserko, president of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and Edina Bećirević, the faculty of criminology and security studies of the University of Sarajevo:
Denial of the Srebrenica genocide takes many forms [in Serbia]. The methods range from the brutal to the deceitful. Denial is present most strongly in political discourse, in the media, in the sphere of law, and in the educational system.[88]
See also[edit]
Srebrenica massacre
Bosniaks
Command responsibility
Genocides in history
Republika Srpska
Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ To date, only the massacre in Srebrenica[1] has been described as a crime of genocide by the ICTY. Overall, 34,000 Bosniak civilians were killed during the war and 1.2 million forcibly removed[2] from a minimum of 64,036 Bosniak fatalities overall.[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Mojzes, Paul (2011). Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4422-0663-2.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Roger D. (2011). Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-139-50330-3.
Jump up ^ Toal, Gerard (2011). Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-19-973036-0.
Jump up ^ "Serbia: Mladic "Recruited" Infamous Scorpions". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b IWPR, Genocide Conviction for Serb General Tolimir, 13 December 2012. http://iwpr.net/report-news/genocide-conviction-serb-general-tolimir
Jump up ^ A Witness to Genocide: The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-Winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia, Roy Gutman
Jump up ^ John Richard Thackrah (2008). The Routledge companion to military conflict since 1945, Routledge Companions Series, Taylor & Francis, 2008, ISBN 0-415-36354-3, ISBN 978-0-415-36354-9. pp. 81,82 "Bosnian genocide can mean either the genocide committed by the Serb forces in Srebrenica in 1995 or the ethnic cleansing during the 1992–95 Bosnian War"
Jump up ^ ICTY; "Address by ICTY President Theodor Meron, at Potocari Memorial Cemetery" The Hague, 23 June 2004 ICTY.org
Jump up ^ ICTY; "Krstic judgement" UNHCR.org Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ICTY; "Karadzic indictment. Paragraph 19" ICTY.org
Jump up ^ European Court of Human Rights – Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 36,47,111. Retrieved 20 March 2011
Jump up ^ European Court of Human Rights – Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 47,107,108
Jump up ^ A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment §47,112
Jump up ^ "Radovan Karadzic, a Bosnian Serb, Gets 40 Years Over Genocide and War Crimes". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Karadzic sentenced to 40 years for genocide". CNN. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Everyday objects, tragic histories". TED Talks. March 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014. , Ziyah Gafić, 4:32
^ Jump up to: a b ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. §45 citing Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ("Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide") the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found under the heading of "intent and 'ethnic cleansing'" § 190
Jump up ^ A/RES/47/121 91st plenary meeting: The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 December 1992.
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. §112
Jump up ^ The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that genocide had been committed. (see paragraph 560 for name of group in English on whom the genocide was committed). It was upheld in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)
Jump up ^ ICTY "Prosecutor v. Krstic" Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ICTY; "Address by ICTY President Theodor Meron, at Potocari Memorial Cemetery" The Hague, 23 June 2004 UN.org Archived 3 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Staff. Momcilo Krajisnik convicted of crimes against humanity, acquitted of genocide and complicity in genocide, A press release by the ICTY in The Hague, 27 September 2006 JP/MOW/1115e
Jump up ^ http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=667&code=bhy&p1=3&p2=3&case=91&k=f4&p3=5
Jump up ^ Milosevic trial, Trial Chamber's "Decision on Motion to Enter Judgment of Acquittal" http://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobodan_milosevic/tdec/en/040616.pdf
Jump up ^ Paul Mitchell (16 March 2007). "The significance of the World Court ruling on genocide in Bosnia". World Socialist Web. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY. "Karadzic Acquitted of One Genocide Charge". ICTY. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY. "Appeals Chamber reverses Radovan Karadžić's acquittal for genocide in municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina". ICTY. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Prosecutor's Marked-up Indictment, ICTY Case No. IT-95-5/18-PT THE PROSECUTOR v RADOVAN KARADZIC, 19 October 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2011
Jump up ^ Prosecutor's Marked-up Indictment, ICTY Case No. IT-09-92-I THE PROSECUTOR v RATKO MLADIC, 1 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011
Jump up ^ "Court clears Serbia of genocide". BBC News. 26 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "The ICTY Judgement in the Prosecutor vs. Momcilo Perisic case" (PDF). ICTY.
Jump up ^ Hoare, Dr. Marko Attila. "Why was Momcilo Perisic acquitted ?".
Jump up ^ Simons, Marlise (30 May 2013). "UN Court Acquits 2 Serbs of War Crimes". New York Times.
Jump up ^ Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995
Jump up ^ Washington Post. "Votes Database: Bill: H RES 199" 27 June 2005
Jump up ^ Markup Committee on International Relations House of Representatives (pdf) Archived 31 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine., 109th Congress, H. Res. 199 and H.R. 2601, 26 May 2005, Serial No. 109–87. p. 13
Jump up ^ Smith, Gordon. "S.Res.134 - A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995". Congress.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher Smith H.Res. 199, Expressing the Sense of the House of Representatives Regarding the Massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995. Retrieved 31 January 2008
Jump up ^ CRS Summary: A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995
^ Jump up to: a b "Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules". The San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. 26 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Sense Tribunal: Serbia found guilty of failure to prevent and punish genocide". Archived from the original on 30 July 2009.
Jump up ^ ICJ: Bosnian Genocide Case: Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 [2]
Jump up ^ ICJ press release 2007/8 26 February 2007
Jump up ^ The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists (Justice No. 45, Spring 2008. Pages 21–26) [PDF FORMAT]http://www.infolink.co.il/intjewishlawyers/docenter/frames.asp?id=16867
Jump up ^ A judicial massacre, The Guardian, 27 February 2007. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/feb/27/thejudicialmassacreofsrebr
Jump up ^ Dissenting opinion of Judge Al-Khasawneh, Vice-President of the International Court of Justice, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ KBSA 2000, Interview with Sir Geofrey Nice, "The Victims of Srebrenica, Living and Dead, Deserve Truth" [scroll down the page for English version]
Jump up ^ Federal High Court of Germany: Translation of Press Release into English Nr. 39 on 30 April 1999: Federal High Court makes basic ruling on genocide, Prevent Genocide International
Jump up ^ ECHR – Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 18,98,99
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 36 but also §§ 18,47,99,103,108
Jump up ^ See also "'Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocidal Intent: A Failure of Judicial Interpretation?", Genocide Studies and Prevention 5, 1 (April 2010), Douglas Singleterry
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 42 citing Prosecutor v. Krstić, IT-98-33-T, judgment of 2 August 2001, §§ 580
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 43 citing the judgment of 19 April 2004 rendered by the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY, IT-98-33-A §§ 25,33
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 44 citing Prosecutor v. Kupreškić and Others (IT-95-16-T, judgment of 14 January 2000), § 751
Jump up ^ European Court of Human Rights Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. – |%20%27ethnic%20|%20cleansing%27&sessionid=24809174&skin=hudoc-en Jorgić v. Germany Judgment[dead link], 12 July 2007. § 47
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 105
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 113
Jump up ^ ECHR Jorgić v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007. § 116
Jump up ^ European Parliament resolution of 15 January 2009 on Srebrenica, P6_TA(2009)0028 European Parliament – 15 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Mladić Trial Chamber Judgement 2017, p. 2266
Jump up ^ Staff. War crimes case widens 'genocide', BBC, 19 April 2004
Jump up ^ Staff, Life for Bosnian Serbs over genocide at Srebrenica, BBC, 10 June 2010
Jump up ^ Aida Cerkez-Robinson (2008-07-30). "7 Bosnian Serbs guilty of genocide in Srebrenica". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2016-02-17.
Jump up ^ Staff. Bosnian Serbs jailed for genocide, BBC, 29 July 2008
Jump up ^ Staff. Bosnian Serb jailed for genocide, BBC, 16 October 2009
Jump up ^ Case No. IT-02-54-T: The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Slobodan Milosevic, amended indictment, ICTY, 22 November 2002
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. Karadzic flown to Hague tribunal, BBC, 30 July 2008
Jump up ^ Ratko Mladic arrested: Bosnia war crimes suspect held, BBC, 26 May 2011
Jump up ^ "Radovan Karadzic sentenced to 40-year imprisonment for Srebrenica genocide, war crimes". The Hindu. 24 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "UN hails conviction of Mladic, the 'epitome of evil,' a momentous victory for justice". UN News Centre. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Owen Bowcott, Julian Borger (22 November 2017). "Ratko Mladić convicted of war crimes and genocide at UN tribunal". The Guardian. Event occurs at 11:00. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE 1992–95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: CENSUS-BASED MULTIPLE SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF CASUALTIES' UNDERCOUNT" (pdf). ICTY. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bosnia war dead figure announced". BBC News. 2007-06-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Research and Documentation Center: Rezultati istraživanja "Ljudski gubici '91–'95" Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Lara J. Nettelfield (2010). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 22 July 2013. , pp. 96–98
Jump up ^ "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. 2013-02-15.
Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić, Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina, Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly on the occasion of the General Debate, Summary, 23 September 2008.
Jump up ^ George Kenney (23 April 1995). "The Bosnian calculation". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
Jump up ^ van den Biesen."Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, General Concluding Observation". International Court of Justice. 24 April 2006, para. 1–12. ICJ-CIJ.org Archived 9 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sense Tribunal: ICTY – The missing link Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Decision of the ICTY Appeals Chamber; 18 April 2002; Reasons for the Decision on Prosecution Interlocutory Appeal from Refusal to Order Joinder; Paragraph 8
Jump up ^ Marlise Simons. Genocide Court Ruled for Serbia Without Seeing Full War Archive, New York Times, 9 April 2007
Jump up ^ The Politics of the Srebrenica Massacre, Z Net, 7 July 2007, by Edward S. Herman, zmag.org Archived 1 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
Jump up ^ "The real story behind Srebrenica", The Globe and Mail, 14 July 2005.
Jump up ^ ICTY, Prosecutor vs Krstic, Trial Chamber Judgement, Case No. IT-98-33-T, paras 43–46. UN.org Archived 1 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Denial of genocide – on the possibility of normalising relations in the region by Sonja Biserko (the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia) and Edina Becirevic (faculty of criminology and security studies of the University of Sarajevo).
Other sources[edit]
"Prosecutor v. Ratko Mladić" (PDF). The Hague: International Criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 22 November 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Ed Vulliamy, The War Is Dead, Long Live the War: Bosnia: The Reckoning, Bodley Head (London, 19 April 2012) ISBN 978-1-84792-194-9. Focusses on the camps.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bosnian Genocide.
America and the Bosnia Genocide by Mark Danner New York Review of Books, Volume 44, Number 19, 4 December 1997
Yale University – Bosnia Genocide Studies Program
Aegis Trust (genocide prevention trust) An independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide
Srebrenica – a 'Safe haven' Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, Srebrenica – a 'Safe haven', an extensive Dutch government report on events in eastern Bosnia and the fall of Srebrenica.
Bosnia victims appeal Karadzic's Genocide Acquittal from Balkan Insight
Leydesdorff, Selma. Surviving the Bosnian Genocide: The Women of Srebrenica Speak. Trans. Kay Richardson. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Missing No Longer – International commission forges ahead to identify genocide victims, Scientific American, 1 August 2006
Genocide-Bosnia at Peace Pledge Union Information website
A review of the movie Storm, by director Hans-Christian Schmid (Screen Comment)
[show]
v
t
e
Yugoslav Wars
Overview Participants People
Wars and conflicts
Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
Croatian War of Independence (1991–95)
Bosnian War (1992–95)
Croat–Bosniak War (1992–94)
Kosovo War (1998–99)
Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001)
Background:
Timeline of Yugoslav breakup
Josip Broz Tito
Brotherhood and unity
League of Communists
of Yugoslavia
Croatian Spring
SANU Memorandum
Contributions for the
Slovenian National Program
Anti-bureaucratic revolution
JBTZ-trial
Gazimestan speech
RAM Plan
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Karađorđevo agreement
Graz agreement
Joint Criminal Enterprise
Role of the media
in the Yugoslav wars
Consequences:
Brioni Agreement
Dayton Agreement
Agreement on
Sub-Regional Arms Control
International Criminal Tribunal
for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
List of ICTY indictees
Human rights in Croatia
Human rights in Serbia
Articles on nationalism:
Ethnic cleansing
Greater Albania
Greater Croatia
United Macedonia
Greater Serbia
United Slovenia
Anti-Serbian sentiment
Islamophobia
Albanian nationalism
Bosnianism
Croatian nationalism
Macedonian nationalism
Montenegrin nationalism
Serbian nationalism
Serbian–Montenegrin unionism
Slovenian nationalism
Yugoslavism
Ex-Yugoslav republics:
Yugoslavia (SFRY)
Croatia
Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Macedonia
Yugoslavia (SRJ (SCG))
Unrecognized entities:
Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK)
SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja
and Western Syrmia
SAO Krajina
SAO Western Slavonia
Republika Srpska (RS)
SAO Bosanska Krajina
SAO Herzegovina
SAO North-Eastern Bosnia
SAO Romanija
Croatian Republic
of Herzeg-Bosnia (HRHB)
Autonomous Province
of Western Bosnia (APZB)
United Nations protectorate:
United Nations Transitional
Authority for Eastern Slavonia,
Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES)
United Nations Interim
Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
Armies:
Yugoslav People's Army (JNA)
Yugoslav Territorial Defence (TO)
Slovenian Territorial Defence (TORS)
Yugoslav Army (VJ)
Croatian Army (HV)
BiH Territorial Defence (TORBIH)
Army of the Republic
of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH)
Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)
Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK)
Croatian Defence Council (HVO)
Military formations and volunteers:
Croatian Defence Forces (HOS)
White Eagles
Serb Guard (SG)
Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG)
Scorpions
Yellow Wasps
Greek Volunteer Guard
Wolves of Vučjak
External factors:
NATO
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO)
Politicians:
Ante Marković
Borisav Jović
Slobodan Milošević
Momir Bulatović
Milo Đukanović
Vuk Drašković
Milan Kučan
Lojze Peterle
Janez Janša
Franjo Tuđman
Stjepan Mesić
Ante Paradžik †
Dobroslav Paraga
Alija Izetbegović
Mate Boban
Fikret Abdić
Radovan Karadžić
Biljana Plavšić
Momčilo Krajišnik
Mirko Jović
Jovan Rašković †
Milan Babić
Goran Hadžić
Milan Martić
Vojislav Šešelj
Top military commanders:
Veljko Kadijević
Života Panić
Momčilo Perišić
Janko Bobetko
Martin Špegelj
Gojko Šušak
Mile Novaković
Mile Mrkšić
Ratko Mladić
Rasim Delić
Sefer Halilović
Atif Dudaković
Dragoljub Ojdanić
Nebojša Pavković
Vladimir Lazarević
Other notable commanders:
Blago Zadro †
Blaž Kraljević †
Ante Gotovina
Jovan Divjak
Naser Orić
Veselin Šljivančanin
Milan Tepić †
Đorđe Božović †
Vukašin Šoškoćanin †
Veljko Milanković †
Ljubiša Savić
Dragan Vasiljković
Željko Ražnatović
Milorad Ulemek
Key foreign figures:
Lord Carrington
Cyrus Vance
Lord Owen
Richard Holbrooke
Robert Badinter
[show]
v
t
e
Croatian War of Independence
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Prelude
Log Revolution
SAO Krajina
1991
Pakrac clash
Plitvice Lakes incident
1991 siege of Kijevo
Battle of Borovo Selo
1991 riot in Zadar
1991 protest in Split
SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
Operation Stinger
Dalj massacre
Operation Labrador
SAO Western Slavonia
Battle of Vukovar
Battle of Osijek
Battle of Gospić
Battle of Kusonje
Battle of the Barracks
Siege of Varaždin Barracks
Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
Battle of Zadar
Battle of Šibenik
1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
Siege of Dubrovnik
Bombing of Banski dvori
Široka Kula massacre
Lovas massacre
Gospić massacre
Baćin massacre
Saborsko massacre
Operation Otkos 10
Battle of Logorište
Erdut massacre
Battle of the Dalmatian channels
Kostrići massacre
Škabrnja massacre
Vukovar massacre
Vance plan
Operation Whirlwind
Paulin Dvor massacre
Gornje Jame massacre
Operation Orkan 91
Voćin massacre
Joševica massacre
Operation Devil's Beam
Bruška massacre
1992
Sarajevo Agreement
1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing
Operation Baranja
Operation Jackal
Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
Operation Tiger (1992)
Operation Liberated Land
Battle of Konavle
Operation Vlaštica
1993–94
Operation Maslenica
Daruvar Agreement
Operation Backstop
Operation Medak Pocket
Z-4 Plan
Operation Winter '94
1995
Operation Leap 1
Operation Flash
Zagreb rocket attack
Operation Leap 2
Operation Summer '95
Operation Storm
Operation Maestral 2
Varivode massacre
Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence
Internment camps
Begejci camp
Bučje camp
Knin camp
Lora prison camp
Ovčara camp
Sremska Mitrovica prison camp
Stajićevo camp
Velepromet camp
Other
Independence of Croatia
Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Bosnian War
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Belligerents
Bosnian side
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1st Corps
2nd Corps
3rd Corps
4th Corps
5th Corps
6th Corps
7th Corps
Paramilitary
Patriotic League
Green Berets
Black Swans
Mujahideen
Croatian Defence Forces
Croat side
Croatian Defence Council
1OZ
2OZ
3OZ
4OZ
Paramilitary
Croatian Defence Forces
Knights
Serb side
Army of Republika Srpska
1st Krajina Corps
2nd Krajina Corps
3rd Corps
East Bosnia Corps
Herzegovina Corps
Sarajevo-Romanija Corps
Drina Corps
Paramilitary
Wolves of Vučjak
White Eagles
Serb Volunteer Guard
Scorpions
Yellow Wasps
Prelude
Karađorđevo meeting
Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement
RAM Plan
Serb Autonomous Regions
Bosanska Krajina
Herzegovina
North-East Bosnia
Romanija
Establishment of Republika Srpska
Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum
Sarajevo wedding shooting
Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Battle of Bosanski Brod
Sijekovac killings
Bijeljina massacre
1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo
1992
Battle of Kupres
Siege of Sarajevo
Foča massacres
Siege of Srebrenica
Zvornik massacre
Doboj
Snagovo massacre
Prijedor ethnic cleansing
Sarajevo column incident
Siege of Goražde
Graz agreement
Glogova massacre
Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing
Tuzla column incident
Zaklopača massacre
Vilina Vlas
Siege of Doboj
Bijeli Potok massacre
Pionirska Street fire
Operation Jackal
Višegrad massacres
Bosanska Jagodina
Paklenik
Barimo
Sjeverin
Čemerno massacre
Siege of Bihać
Ahatovići massacre
Croat–Bosniak War
Operation Vrbas '92
Operation Corridor 92
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
Korićani Cliffs massacre
1993
Kravica attack
Duša killings
Skelani massacre
Štrpci
Siege of Mostar
Srebrenica shelling
Ahmići massacre
Trusina killings
Sovići and Doljani massacres
Vranica case
Dobrinja mortar attack
Battle of Žepče
Operation Irma
Operation Neretva '93
Grabovica massacre
Mokronoge massacre
Stupni Do massacre
Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Operation Deny Flight
Križančevo Selo killings
1994
Operation Tvigi 94
First Markale massacre
Banja Luka incident
Washington Agreement
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Operation Bøllebank
Attack on Spin magazine journalists
Operation Tiger
Battle of Kupres
Operation Amanda
Operation Spider
Operation Winter '94
1995
Operation Leap 1
Battle of Orašje
Operation Leap 2
Split Agreement
Operation Summer '95
Pale air strikes
Tuzla shelling
Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
Srebrenica massacre
Kravica
Battle for Vozuća
Operation Miracle
Operation Storm
Second Markale massacre
NATO bombing campaign
Operation Mistral 2
Operation Sana
Operation Una
Operation Southern Move
Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs
Dayton Agreement
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Internment camps
Silos
Manjača
Liplje
Luka
Omarska
Keraterm
Trnopolje
Sušica
Čelebići
Batković
Dretelj
Uzamnica
Heliodrom
Gabela
Vojno
Aspects
Ethnic cleansing and massacres
Bosnian genocide
Internment camps
Rape
Peace plans
NATO intervention
Foreign support
Foreign fighters
Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War)
Category
Commons
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Bosnia and Herzegovina topics
History
Illyricum
Bosnian Kingdom
Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
World War II
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian War
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geography
Cities
Mountains
Extreme points
Rivers
Lakes
Climate
Protected areas
Fauna
Governance
Administrative divisions
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska
Constitution
Parliament
Politics
Presidency
Chairman
Council of Ministers
Chairman
Elections
Political parties
Foreign relations
Government
Law enforcement
Armed Forces
Economy
Currency
Central Bank
Communications
Tourism
Transport
Society
Bosnians (Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs)
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Religion
Languages
Education
Human rights
LGBT rights
LGBT history
Culture
Architecture
National monuments
Art
Cinema
Music
Cuisine (Ćevapi)
Bosnian language
Literature
Public holidays
Radio
Television
Symbols
National Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem
Decorations and medals
[show]
v
t
e
Genocide topics
Genocides
(list by death toll)
Dzungar Mongols (1750s)
Circassian genocide (1860s)
Herero and Namaqua (1904–1907)
Greek (1914–1923)
Assyrian (1914–1925)
Armenian (1915–1923)
Holodomor (1932–1933)
The Holocaust (1941–1945)
Porajmos (1941–1944)
Serbian (1941–1945)
Aardakh (1944–1948)
Bangladesh (1971)
East Timor (1974–1999)
Cambodian (1975–1979)
Guatemalan Maya (1981–1983)
Kurds in Iraq (1986–1989)
Partition of India (1947)
Polish genocide(s) in the USSR
Great Purge Era (1937–1938
Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
Katyn massacre (1940)
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (1943–1944)
Burundian genocides (1972 & 1993)
Rwandan (1994)
Selk'nam genocide (1890s–1900s)
Bosnian genocide (1992–1995)
Srebrenica massacre (1995)
ISIL Genocides (2014–)
Yazidis
Shias
Christians
Terms
Democide
Autogenocide
Politicide
Classicide
Eliticide
Policide
Ethnocide
Cultural genocide
Gendercide
Genocidal massacre
Utilitarian genocide
Genocide of indigenous peoples
Methods
Genocidal rape
Extermination camp
Killing Fields
Death marches
Death squads
Genocide denial
The Holocaust
trivialization
Armenian
Bosnian
Rwandan
Holodomor
Cambodian
Issues
Definitions
Genocide law
Prevention
Effects on young survivors
Notable figures
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Eichmann
Ante Pavelić
Benito Mussolini
Heinrich Himmler
Reinhard Heydrich
Talaat Pasha
Enver Pasha
Djemal Pasha
Stepan Bandera
Joseph Stalin
Nikolai Yezhov
Pol Pot
Hirohito
Omar al-Bashir
Augustin Bizimungu
Slobodan Milošević
Radovan Karadžić
Ratko Mladić
Lothar von Trotha
Efraín Ríos Montt
Saddam Hussein
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_genocide&oldid=841873886"
Categories:
Bosnian genocide
Anti-Muslim violence in Europe
Responsibility to protect
Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War
1992 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1993 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian nationalism
Ethnic cleansing in Europe
Genocides
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations
Serbian nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from January 2018
Webarchive template other archives
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Use dmy dates from December 2012
All articles with vague or ambiguous time
Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Bosanski
Español
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Norsk
Português
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Türkçe
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 16:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: b

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

value: big

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

attrs: href title

attrs: colspan style

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Concentration_camps
mw-redirect
Concentration camps

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_relations
mw-redirect
Ethnic relations

values:
/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate
mw-redirect
Holocaust uniqueness debate

values:
/wiki/Manifest_Destiny
mw-redirect
Manifest Destiny

values:
/wiki/Indian_Removal
mw-redirect
Indian Removal

values:
/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles
mw-redirect
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles

values:
/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs
mw-redirect
Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs

values:
/wiki/Serbian_genocide
mw-redirect
Serbian genocide

values:
/wiki/East_Timorese_genocide
mw-redirect
East Timorese genocide

values:
/wiki/Yazidi_genocide
mw-redirect
Yazidi genocide

values:
/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL
mw-redirect
Genocide of Christians by ISIL

values:
/wiki/Central_African_genocide
mw-redirect
Central African genocide

values: List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_Bosnia
mw-redirect
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia

values:
/wiki/War_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
War in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

values: width:22em;width: 210px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em

values:
/wiki/Nullum_crimen_sine_lege
mw-redirect
Nullum crimen sine lege

values: Edit section: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

values: Edit section: Finding of genocide at Srebrenica

values: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

values:
/wiki/Momcilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik
mw-redirect
Momcilo Krajišnik

values: Edit section: Finding of genocide at Žepa

values:
/wiki/Bosanski_Novi
mw-redirect
Bosanski Novi

values:
/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_(town)
mw-redirect
Brčko (town)

values:
/wiki/Novi_Grad,_Bosanska_Krajina
mw-redirect
Novi Grad, Bosanska Krajina

values: Edit section: United States House and Senate resolutions

values:
/wiki/Srebrenica_Massacre
mw-redirect
Srebrenica Massacre

values:
/wiki/Resolution_(policy_debate)
mw-redirect
Resolution (policy debate)

values:
/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(politician)
mw-redirect
Gordon Smith (politician)

values: Edit section: International Court of Justice (ICJ): Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro

values:
/wiki/Bosnian_Genocide_Case
mw-redirect
Bosnian Genocide Case

values:
/wiki/Rosalyn_Higgins
mw-redirect
Rosalyn Higgins

values:
/wiki/Concentration_camp
mw-redirect
Concentration camp

values: Edit section: Criticism of the ICJ judgement

values: Edit section: European Court of Human Rights

values:
/wiki/Doboj_massacre
mw-redirect
Doboj massacre

values:
/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_massacres
mw-redirect
Foča massacres

values:
/wiki/German_genocide_law
mw-redirect
German genocide law

values: Edit section: Individuals prosecuted for genocide during the Bosnian War

values: float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 100%; background:#c7ebf2; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 60%;

values: Milenko Trifunović (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Stupar
mw-redirect
Miloš Stupar

values:
/wiki/Branislav_Medan
mw-redirect
Branislav Medan

values:
/wiki/Life_in_prison
mw-redirect
Life in prison

values: Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo

values: International Committee of the Red Cross

values:
/wiki/Yugoslav_Army
mw-redirect
Yugoslav Army

values: The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia
mw-redirect
Republic of Croatia

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.icty.org/sid/8409

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.icty.org/sid/10994

values:
nofollow
external text
http://icty.org/sid/11345

values:
nofollow
http://www.preventgenocide.org/aboutus/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/989

values:
nofollow
http://www.aegistrust.org/
external text

values: 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslav_breakup
mw-redirect
Timeline of Yugoslav breakup

values: Contributions for the Slovenian National Program

values:
/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_agreement
mw-redirect
Karađorđevo agreement

values:
/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise
mw-redirect
Joint Criminal Enterprise

values:
/wiki/List_of_ICTY_indictees
mw-redirect
List of ICTY indictees

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values:
/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia
mw-redirect
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia

values:
/wiki/SAO_North-Eastern_Bosnia
mw-redirect
SAO North-Eastern Bosnia

values: United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo

values:
/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(FRY)
mw-redirect
Yugoslav Army (FRY)

values:
/wiki/Croatian_Ground_Army
mw-redirect
Croatian Ground Army

values: Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Scorpions_(Serbia)
mw-redirect
Scorpions (Serbia)

values: United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation

values: font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif

values: Template talk:Croatian War of Independence

values:
/wiki/1991_siege_of_Kijevo
mw-redirect
1991 siege of Kijevo

values:
/wiki/Lovas_massacre
mw-redirect
Lovas massacre

values:
/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10
mw-redirect
Operation Otkos 10

values:
/wiki/Erdut_massacre
mw-redirect
Erdut massacre

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_channels
mw-redirect
Battle of the Dalmatian channels

values:
/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91
mw-redirect
Operation Orkan 91

values:
/wiki/Operation_Devil%27s_Beam
mw-redirect
Operation Devil's Beam

values:
/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement
mw-redirect
Sarajevo Agreement

values: 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing

values:
/wiki/Operation_Liberated_Land
mw-redirect
Operation Liberated Land

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Konavle
mw-redirect
Battle of Konavle

values:
/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1tica
mw-redirect
Operation Vlaštica

values:
/wiki/Operation_Leap_1
mw-redirect
Operation Leap 1

values:
/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attack
mw-redirect
Zagreb rocket attack

values:
/wiki/Operation_Leap_2
mw-redirect
Operation Leap 2

values: Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence

values:
/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_prison_camp
mw-redirect
Sremska Mitrovica prison camp

values: Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: commons:Category:Croatian War of Independence

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: 2nd Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: 3rd Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: 4th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: 5th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: 6th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: 7th Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

values: Knights (Croatian Defence Forces) (page does not exist)

values: East Bosnia Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)

values: Herzegovina Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)

values: Sarajevo-Romanija Corps (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sarajevo_wedding_shooting
mw-redirect
Sarajevo wedding shooting

values: Battle of Bosanski Brod (page does not exist)

values: 1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo

values: 1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla

values: 1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists

values: Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War

values: NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bosnian_War
mw-redirect
Timeline of the Bosnian War

values: commons:Category:War in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Bosnia and Herzegovina topics

values:
/wiki/Bosnian_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Bosnian Kingdom

values: Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: List of mountains in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: List of rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: List of mammals in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: List of political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Convertible_mark
mw-redirect
Convertible mark

values: Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)

values: Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Art_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
Art of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Cinema_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Cuisine_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
Cuisine of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Public holidays in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: List of radio stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Symbols_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
mw-redirect
Symbols of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Orders, decorations, and medals of Bosnia and Herzegovina

values:
/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign
mw-redirect
Al-Anfal campaign

values: Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)

values: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War

values: Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations

values: Category:Serbian nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018

values: Category:Webarchive template other archives

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Use dmy dates from December 2012

values: Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time

values: Category:Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bosnian_genocide
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: الإبادة في البوسنة والهرسك – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: نسل‌کشی بوسنی – Persian

values: Folkemordet på bosniske muslimer – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Genocid v Bosni in Hercegovini 1992 - 1995 – Slovenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Etniset puhdistukset Bosnian sodassa – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bosnian_genocide rootpage-Bosnian_genocide skin-vector action-view