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List of heads of state of Nigeria
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This is a list of the heads of state of Nigeria, from independence in 1960 to the present day.
From 1960 to 1963 the head of state under the Nigeria Independence Act 1960 was the Queen of Nigeria, Elizabeth II, who was also monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen was represented in Nigeria by a Governor-General. Nigeria became a federal republic under the Constitution of 1963 and the monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President. In 1979, under the 1979 Constitution, the President gained executive powers, becoming head of both state and government. Since 1994, under the 1993 Constitution and the current 1999 Constitution, the head of state and government has been called the President.[1].
Contents
[hide]
1 Monarch (1960–1963)
1.1 Governor-General
2 First Republic (1963–1966)
3 Military rule (1966–1979)
4 Second Republic (1979–1983)
5 Military rule (1983–1993)
6 Third Republic (1993)
7 Military rule (1993–1999)
8 Fourth Nigerian Republic
9 Living former heads of state
10 References
11 External links
Monarch (1960–1963)[edit]
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.
Queen
Reign
Royal House
Prime Minister
№
Portrait
Name
Start
End
Duration
1
Elizabeth II
(1926–) 1 October 1960 1 October 1963 3 years, 0 days Windsor Balewa
Governor-General[edit]
Standard of the Governor-General of Nigeria
The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government, with the sole of exception of James Robertson, the former colonial governor, who served as Governor-General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government.
Governor-General
Term of office
Monarch
Prime Minister
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
1
Sir James Robertson
(1899–1983) 1 October 1960 16 November 1960 46 days Elizabeth II Balewa
2
Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996) 16 November 1960 1 October 1963 2 years, 319 days Elizabeth II Balewa
First Republic (1963–1966)[edit]
Under the 1963 Constitution, the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President.
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
Prime Minister(s)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
1
Nnamdi Azikiwe
(1904–1996) 1 October 1963 16 January 1966
(deposed.) 2 years, 107 days National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons Balewa
Military rule (1966–1979)[edit]
Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government.
Head of State
Term of Office
Military
№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
2
Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
(1924–1966) 16 January 1966 12 July 1966
(assassinated.) 177 days Federal Military Government
3
General Yakubu Gowon
(1934–) 1 August 1966 29 July 1975
(deposed.) 8 years, 362 days Federal Military Government
4
General Murtala Mohammed
(1938–1976) 29 July 1975 13 February 1976
(assassinated.) 199 days Federal Military Government
5
Major-General Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–) 13 February 1976 1 October 1979
(resigned.) 3 years, 258 days Federal Military Government
Second Republic (1979–1983)[edit]
Under the 1979 Constitution, the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President was head of both state and government. The President was elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President.
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
6
Shehu Shagari
(1925–) 1 October 1979 31 December 1983
(deposed.) 4 years, 91 days National Party of Nigeria
Military rule (1983–1993)[edit]
Major-General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government.
Head of State
Term of Office
Military
№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
7
Major-General Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–) 31 December 1983 27 August 1985
(deposed.) 1 year, 239 days Supreme Military Council
8
General Ibrahim Babangida
(1941–) 27 August 1985 26 August 1993
(resigned.) 7 years, 364 days Armed Forces Ruling Council
Third Republic (1993)[edit]
The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution.
The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989, when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB), the military Head of State, promised to terminate military rule by 1990 – a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993. IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989, and his government established two political parties: the center-right National Republican Convention (NRC) and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991, while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 – due to political unrest. M. K. O. Abiola, a wealthy Yoruba businessman, won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm.
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
9
Ernest Shonekan
(1936–) 26 August 1993 17 November 1993
(deposed.) 83 days Independent
Military rule (1993–1999)[edit]
General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government.
Head of State
Term of Office
Military
№
Portrait
Name
Took Office
Left Office
Duration
10
General Sani Abacha
(1943–1998) 17 November 1993 8 June 1998
(died in office.) 4 years, 203 days Provisional Ruling Council
11
General Abdulsalami Abubakar
(1942–) 8 June 1998 29 May 1999
(resigned.) 355 days Provisional Ruling Council
Fourth Nigerian Republic[edit]
Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President is head of both state and government. The President is elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President.
Status
Denotes Vice President acting as President
President
Term of office
Political party
(at time of election)
№
Portrait
Name
Took office
Left office
Duration
12
Olusegun Obasanjo
(1937–) 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 8 years, 0 days People's Democratic Party
13
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
(1951–2010) 29 May 2007 5 May 2010[2]
(died in office.) 2 years, 341 days People's Democratic Party
14
Goodluck Jonathan
(1957–) 5 May 2010 29 May 2015 5 years, 25 days People's Democratic Party
15
Muhammadu Buhari
(1942–) 29 May 2015 Incumbent 2 years, 304 days All Progressives Congress
Living former heads of state[edit]
Name
Term/Reign
Office
Date of birth
Elizabeth II 1961–1963 Queen of Nigeria (1926-04-21) April 21, 1926 (age 91)
Yakubu Gowon 1966–1975 Military ruler (1934-10-19) October 19, 1934 (age 83)
Olusegun Obasanjo 1976–1979
1999–2007 Military ruler
President of Nigeria (1937-03-05) March 5, 1937 (age 81)
Shehu Shagari 1979–1983 President of Nigeria (1925-02-25) February 25, 1925 (age 93)
Ibrahim Babangida 1985–1993 Military ruler (1941-08-17) August 17, 1941 (age 76)
Ernest Shonekan 1993 President of Nigeria (1936-05-09) May 9, 1936 (age 81)
Abdulsalami Abubakar 1998–1999 Military ruler (1942-06-13) June 13, 1942 (age 75)
Goodluck Jonathan 2010–2015 President of Nigeria (1957-11-20) November 20, 1957 (age 60)
Muhammadu Buhari 2015– President of Nigeria (1942-12-17) December 17, 1942 (age 75)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Past Presidents & Heads of State". StateHouse, Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Jump up ^ Goodluck Jonathan was Acting President from 9 February to 5 May 2010
External links[edit]
State House of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
[show]
v
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e
Heads of State of Nigeria
Queen (1960–1963)
Elizabeth II
President of the First Republic (1963–1966)
Azikiwe
Military regime (1966–1979)
Aguiyi-Ironsi
Gowon
Mohammed
Obasanjo
President of the Second Republic (1979–1983)
Shehu Shagari
Military regime (1983–1999)
Buhari
Babangida
Shonekan (interim)*
Abacha
Abubakar
President of the Fourth Republic (from 1999)
Obasanjo
Yar'Adua
Jonathan
Buhari
*civilian; headed transition to abortive Third Republic
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text:
North 24 Parganas district
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North 24 Parganas district
District of West Bengal

Location of North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal
Country
India
State
West Bengal
Administrative division
Presidency
Headquarters
Barasat
Government
• Lok Sabha constituencies
Bangaon, Barrackpore, Dum Dum, Barasat, Basirhat
• Assembly seats
Bagda, Bangaon Uttar, Bangaon Dakshin, Gaighata, Swarupnagar, Baduria, Habra, Ashoknagar, Amdanga, Bijpur, Naihati, Bhatpara, Jagatdal, Noapara, Barrackpore, Khardaha, Dum Dum Uttar, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, Rajarhat New Town, Bidhannagar, Rajarhat Gopalpur, Madhyamgram, Barasat, Deganga, Haroa, Minakhan, Sandeshkhali, Basirhat Dakshin, Basirhat Uttar, Hingalganj
Area
• Total
4,094 km2 (1,581 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total
10,082,852
• Density
2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi)
Demographics
• Literacy
84.95 percent[1]
• Sex ratio
949
Major highways
NH 34, NH 35
Average annual precipitation
1579 mm
Website
Official website
North 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs) or abv. 24 PGS(N) is a district in southern West Bengal, of eastern India. North 24 Parganas extends in the tropical zone from latitude 22º11'6" north to 23º15'2" north and from longitude 88º20' east to 89º5' east. It is bordered to Nadia by north, to Bangladesh (Khulna Division) by north and east, to South 24 Parganas and Kolkata by south and to Kolkata, Howrah and Hoogly by west. Barasat is the district headquarters of North 24 Parganas.North 24 Parganas is West Bengal's most populous district[2] and (following the splitting of the Thane district of Maharashtra in 2014) the most populated district in the whole of India.[2] It is also the tenth-largest district in the State by area.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient history
1.2 Middle Ages
1.3 British Raj
1.4 After Independence
2 Geography
2.1 Location
2.2 Land
2.3 Groundwater Arsenic Contamination
2.4 Climate[citation needed]
3 Economy
4 Divisions
4.1 Administrative subdivisions
4.1.1 Barrackpore subdivision
4.1.2 Barasat Sadar subdivision
4.1.3 Bangaon subdivision
4.1.4 Basirhat subdivision
4.1.5 Bidhannagar subdivision
4.2 Assembly constituencies
4.2.1 Impact of delimitation of constituencies
5 Transport
5.1 Railways
5.2 Airport
6 Demographics
6.1 2001 Census data
7 Flora and fauna
8 Health facilities
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
Ancient history[edit]
The Baraha-mihir or Khana-mihir mound at Berachampa. It was first excavated in 1956-57 revealing a continuous sequence of cultural remains from 11th century BC pre-Mouryan period to 12th century AD Pala period.[3]
According to Ptolemy's Treatise on geography, written in the 2nd Century A.D., the ancient land of Gangaridi was stretched between the rivers Bhagirathi-Hoogly (lower Ganges) and Padma-Meghna. The modern-day 24 Parganas was the southern and the south-eastern territory of that legendary kingdom.
Archaeological excavation at Berachampa village in Deganga PS proves that though the area was not directly attached to the rule of the Guptas, yet it could not shun their cultural influence. Xuanzang (c. 629-685) visited 30 Buddhist Biharas and 100 Hindu Temples in India and some of these were in the Greater 24 Parganas region.
The district was not a part of Shashanka's unified Bengali empire known as Gauda, but it is assumed that the district which was the south-west frontier territory of ancient Bengal, was comprised in under the rule of Dharmapala (estimated c. 770-810). The Pala rule was not quite strong in this part, as no excavation uncovered any of Buddhist Pala antiquities but many Hindu Sena sculptures.
Middle Ages[edit]
In the middle of the 16th century, Portuguese pirates began to invade and plunder many of the waterways and prosperous human settlements in the lower delta region. People left these places out of the fear of being murdered, raped, or captured to be sold as slaves. The Basirhat sub-division of North 24 Parganas suffered most from these torments.
Shrihari (Shridhar), a Kayastha, was an influential officer in the service of Daud Khan Karrani. On the fall of Daud he fled away with the government treasure in his custody. He then set up a kingdom for himself in the marshy land to the extreme south of Khulna district (1574) and assumed the title of Maharaja. Pratapaditya succeeded to the kingship in 1574. The baharistan and the travel diary of Abdul Latif and the contemporary European writers, all testify to the personal ability of Pratapaditya, his political pre-eminence, material resources. His territories covered the greater part of what is now included in the greater Jessore, Khulna and Barisal districts. He established his capital at Dhumghat, a strategic position at the confluence of the Jamuna and Ichhamati before it was shifted to Ishwaripur.
Maharaja Pratapaditya, soon became one of the 12 feudal lords of Bengal who not only declared their sovereignty from the Mughal Empire in the ruling of Jessore, Khulna, Barisal and Greater 24 Parganas, but also fought and resisted the Portuguese in the early years of the 17th Century. When he was finally defeated by the Mughals. Pratapaditya lost both the battles of Salka and Magrahat. His fate was sealed and he was compelled to tender submission to Islam Khan at Dhaka. His kingdom was annexed. Probably he died at Benares on his way to Delhi from Dhaka, as a prisoner.[4] of war to the Mughals.
After his death, Bhavanand Majumdar, who had been in the service of Pratapaditya, was given the throne by Raja Man Singh, and he later became the founder of the Nadiya Raj family.[5] Laksmikanta Gangopadhyay better known as Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury, the well known Brahmin scholar who was the son of great saint Kamdev Brahmachari and also a close associate of Raja Basanta Ray, was given tax free jaigir of eight parganas, including the areas in and around Kalikatah as Gurudakshina by Raja Man Singh in 1608.[6][7]
Jashoreshwari Kali Temple (built by Pratapaditya), Chanda Bhairab Mandir at Ishwaripur (built during the Sena period), Five domed Tenga Mosque at Banshipur (Mughal period), two big and four small domed Hammankhana (constructed by Pratapaditya) at Bangshipur, Govinda Dev Temple at Gopalpur (built by Basanta Roy, uncle of Maharaja Pratapaditya in 1593), Jahajghata Port (Khanpur), Kalighat Temple (owned by Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury) bear archaeological evidences of the Bhuiyan and Majumdar kings.
British Raj[edit]
The territory of Greater 24 Parganas were under the Satgaon (ancient Saptagram, now in Hoogly district) administration during the Mughal era and later it was included in Hoogly chakla (district under post-Mughal Nawabi rule) during the rule of Murshid Quli Khan. In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, Nawab Mir Jafar conferred the Zamindari of 24 parganas and janglimahals (small administrative units) upon the British East India Company. These were Amirpur, Akbarpur, Balia, Birati, Azimabad, Basandhari, Baridhati, Bagjola, Kalikata, Garh, Hatiagarh, Islampur, Dakshin Sagar, Kharijuri, Khaspur, Ikhtiarpur, Magura, Medanmalla, Maida, Manpur, Barasat, Muragachha, Pechakuli, Paikan, Rajarhat, Shahpur, Shahnagar, Satal, New Barrackpore [Aharampur] and Uttar Pargana. Since then, this entire territory is known as Twentyfour Parganas.
In 1751, the Company assigned John Zephaniah Holwell as zemindar of the District.[8] In 1759, after the Bengali War of 1756-57, the Company assigned it to Lord Clive as a personal Jaghir (zamindari) and after his death it again came under the direct authority of the Company.
In 1793, during the rule of Lord Cornwallis, entire Sunderbans were in Twentyfour Parganas. In 1802, some parganas on the western banks of river Hoogly were included into it. These parganas were in Nadia earlier. In 1814, a separate collectorate was established in Twenty-four Parganas. In 1817, Falta and Baranagar and in 1820, some potions of Nadia’s Balanda and Anwarpur were encompassed to it. In 1824, portions of Barasat, Khulna and Bakhargunge (now in Bangladesh) were also included to it. In 1824, the district headquarters was shifted from Kolkata to Baruipur, but in 1828, it was removed to Alipore. In 1834, the district was split into two districts – Alipore and Barasat, but later these were united again.
In 1905, some portion of this district around the Sunderbans was detached and linked to Khulna and Barishal. These parts remained in Bangladesh territories where Jessore’s Bangaon was joined to Twentyfour Pargana after the 1947 partition.
After Independence[edit]
In 1983, an administrative reform committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Mitra suggested to split the district into two and as per the recommendation of the committee in 1986, 1 March two districts – North 24 Parganas (24 PGS N) and South 24 Parganas (24 PGS S) were created. The North 24 Parganas which was included to the Presidency Division has been formed with 5 sub-divisions of the Greater 24 Parganas namely Barasat (Headquarters), Barrackpore, Basirhat, Bangaon and Bidhannagar (a satellite township of Kolkata, popularly known as Salt Lake).
Geography[edit]
The district lies within the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The river Ganges flows along the western border of the district. There are many other rivers, which include the Ichhamati, Jamuna, and Bidyadhari.
Location[edit]
Latitude: 23°15'North - 22°11' North
Longitude: 89°5'East - 88°20' East
Land[edit]
The type of soil varies widely from alluvial to clay loam.
Groundwater Arsenic Contamination[edit]
North 24 Parganas is one of the nine severely Arsenic affected district in West Bengal. On the basis of updated survey conducted by School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur University, out of total 22 administrative blocks in 22, 21 and 16 blocks arsenic above the 10 μg/L (WHO Recommended value of arsenic in drinking water), 50 μg/L (Indian standard value of arsenic in drinking water) and 300 μg/L (the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions) was noted respectively.
The maximum arsenic contamination level found in this district is 2830μg/L in the Baduria block.[citation needed]
Climate[citation needed][edit]
The climate is tropical, like the rest of the Gangetic West Bengal. It is also characterised by the Monsoon, which lasts from early June to mid September. The weather remains dry during the winter (mid November to mid February) and humid during summer.
Annual Rainfall 1,579mm (average)
Temperature 41 °C in May (Max) and 10 °C in January (Min)
Relative Humidity Between 50% in March & 90% in July
Economy[edit]
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People are mainly engaged in farming, fishing and other agricultural activities. The average size of agricultural landholdings is about 3.2 Bighas. North 24 Parganas is one of the less economically backward districts of West Bengal, but there is chronic poverty in the southern half of the District ( the Sundarbans area )
Omega and Infinity Benchmark, office buildings in Salt Lake, Kolkata
The Bengal Intelligent Park in Sector V.
The Cognizant Technology Solutions office in Sector V.
The Information Technology hub of Kolkata is at this district, which is the centre of some of the notable IT/ITES Indian and multinational companies. Around 1.2 Lakh people are Employed in Sector V and Sector III.
Divisions[edit]
Administrative subdivisions[edit]
The district comprises five subdivisions: Barrackpore, Barasat Sadar, Basirhat, Bangaon and Bidhannagar.
Barrackpore Subdivision consists of sixteen municipalities (Kanchrapara, Halisahar, Naihati, Bhatpara, Garulia, Barrackpore, North Barrackpur, New Barrackpur, Titagarh, Khardaha, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, North Dumdum and South Dumdum) and two community development blocks: Barrackpore I and Barrackpore II.
Barasat Sadar Subdivision consists of six municipalities (Barasat, Habra, Ashoknagar Kalyangarh, Madhyamgram Newbarrackpore and Gobardanga) and seven community development blocks: Barasat I, Barasat II, Amdanga, Deganga, Habra I, Habra II and Rajarhat.
Bongaon Subdivision, consists of Bangaon municipality(Thakurnagar) and three community development blocks: Bagdah, Bangaon and Gaighata.
Basirhat Subdivision consists of three municipalities (Basirhat, Baduria and Taki) and ten community development blocks: Baduria, Basirhat I, Basirhat II, Haroa, Hasnabad, Hingalganj, Minakhan[9]
Barasat is the district headquarters. There are 35 police stations, 22 development blocks, 27 municipalities, 200 gram panchayats and 1599 villages in this district.[9][10]
Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 48 urban units: 27 municipalities and 20 census towns and 1 cantonment board.[10][11]
Barrackpore subdivision[edit]
Sixteen municipalities: Kanchrapara, Halisahar, Naihati, Bhatpara, Garulia, Barrackpore, North Barrackpur, New Barrackpur, Titagarh, Khardaha, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, North Dumdum and South Dumdum.[12]
One Cantonment Board: Barrackpur Cantonment
One more census town: Ichhapur Defence Estate.
Barrackpore I (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 8 gram panchayats and three census towns: Jetia, Garshyamnagar and Kaugachhi.
Barrackpore II (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and six census towns: Jafarpur, Talbandha, Muragachha, Patulia, Ruiya and Chandpur.
Barasat Sadar subdivision[edit]
Six municipalities: Barasat, Habra, Ashoknagar Kalyangarh, Madhyamgram and Gobardanga
Barasat I (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 9 gram panchayats and one census town: Duttapukur.
Barasat II (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
Amdanga (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Deganga (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats.
Habra I (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 7 gram panchayats and three census towns: Nokpul, Maslandapur and Sadpur.
Habra II (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 8 gram panchayats and two census towns: Bara Bamonia and Guma.
Rajarhat (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and one census town: Raigachhi.
Bangaon subdivision[edit]
One municipality: Bangaon
Bagdah (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
Bangaon (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 16 gram panchayats.
Gaighata (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 13 gram panchayats and seven census towns: Chandpara,(7,113), Chhekati (4,995), Sonatikiri (6,919), Dhakuria (10,165), Chikanpara (9,594), Shimulpur (20,803) and Bara (5,172).
Basirhat subdivision[edit]
Three municipalities: Basirhat, Baduria and Taki
Baduria (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 14 gram panchayats.
Basirhat I (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
Basirhat II (Community development block) consists of rural areas with 9 gram panchayats and one census town: Dhanyakuria.
Haroa (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Hasnabad (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
Hingalganj (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
Minakhan (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Sandeshkhali I (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Sandeshkhali II (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Swarupnagar (Community development block) consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
Bidhannagar subdivision[edit]
This subdivision consists of the [9] Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation
Assembly constituencies[edit]
The district was divided into 28 assembly constituencies before delimitation 2011 :[13]
Bagadaha (SC) (assembly constituency no. 84),
Bangaon (assembly constituency no. 85),
Gaighata (assembly constituency no. 86),
Habra (assembly constituency no. 100),
Ashoknagar (assembly constituency no. 101),
Amdanga (assembly constituency no. 89),
Barasat (assembly constituency no. 90),
Rajarhat (SC) (assembly constituency no. 91),
Deganga (assembly constituency no. 92),
Swarupnagar (assembly constituency no. 93),
Baduria (assembly constituency no. 94),
Basirhat (assembly constituency no. 125),
Hasnabad (assembly constituency no. 96),
Haroa (SC) (assembly constituency no. 97),
Sandeshkhali (SC) (assembly constituency no. 98),
Hingalganj (SC) (assembly constituency no. 99),
Bijpur (assembly constituency no. 128),
Naihati (assembly constituency no. 129),
Bhatpara (assembly constituency no. 130),
Jagatdal (assembly constituency no. 131),
Noapara (assembly constituency no. 132),
Titagarh (assembly constituency no. 133),
Khardaha (assembly constituency no. 134),
Panihati (assembly constituency no. 135),
Kamarhati (assembly constituency no. 136),
Baranagar (assembly constituency no. 137),
Dum Dum (assembly constituency no. 138) and
Belgachia East (assembly constituency no. 139).
Bagdaha, Rajarhat, Haroa, Sandeshkhali and Hingalganj constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Bagdaha, Bangaon, Gaighata, Habra, Ashoknagar, Barasat and Deganga assembly constituencies form the Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency). Amdanga, Bijpur, Naihati, Bhatpara, Jagatdal, Titagarh and Noapara assembly constituencies form the Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency). Rajarhat,[14] Khardah, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum and Belgachia East assembly constituencies form the Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency). Swarupnagar, Baduria, Basirhat uttar, Basirhat Dakshin, Haroa and Hingalganj constituencies are part of the Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains one assembly segment from South 24 Parganas district. Along with six assembly constituencies from South 24 Parganas district, Sandeshkhali assembly constituency forms the Joynagar (Lok Sabha constituency), which is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC).
Impact of delimitation of constituencies[edit]
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district will be divided into 33 assembly constituencies:[15]
Bagda (SC) (assembly constituency no. 94),
Bangaon Uttar (SC) (assembly constituency no. 95),
Bangaon Dakshin (SC) (assembly constituency no. 96),
Gaighata (SC) (assembly constituency no. 97),
Swarupnagar (SC) (assembly constituency no. 98),
Baduria (assembly constituency no. 99),
Habra (assembly constituency no. 100),
Ashoknagar (assembly constituency no. 101),
Amdanga (assembly constituency no. 102),
Bijpur (assembly constituency no. 103),
Naihati (assembly constituency no. 104),
Bhatpara (assembly constituency no. 105),
Jagatdal (assembly constituency no. 106),
Noapara (assembly constituency no. 107),
Barrackpur (assembly constituency no. 108),
Khardaha (assembly constituency no. 109),
Dum Dum Uttar (assembly constituency no. 110),
Panihati (assembly constituency no. 111),
Kamarhati (assembly constituency no. 112),
Baranagar (assembly constituency no. 113),
Dum Dum (assembly constituency no. 114),
Rajarhat New Town (assembly constituency no. 115),
Bidhannagar (assembly constituency no. 116),
Rajarhat Gopalpur (assembly constituency no. 117),
Madhyamgram (assembly constituency no. 118),
Barasat (assembly constituency no. 119),
Deganga (assembly constituency no. 120),
Haroa (assembly constituency no. 121),
Minakhan (SC) (assembly constituency no. 122),
Sandeshkhali (ST) (assembly constituency no. 123),
Basirhat Dakshin (assembly constituency no. 124),
Basirhat Uttar (assembly constituency no. 125) and
Hingalganj (SC) (assembly constituency no. 126).
Along with two assembly constituencies of Nadia district, Bagda, Bangaon North, Bangaon South, Gaighata and Swarupnagar assembly constituencies will form the Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency), which will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Amdanga, Bijpur, Naihati, Bhatpara, Jagatdal, Noapara and Barrackpur assembly constituencies will form the Barrackpur (Lok Sabha constituency). Khardah, North Dumdum, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum and Rajarhat Gopalpur assembly constituencies will form the Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency). Habra, Ashoknagar, Rajarhat New Town, Bidhannagr, Madhyamgram, Barasat and Deganga assembly constituencies will form the Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency). Baduria, Haroa, Minakhan, Sandeshkhali, Basirhat South, Basirhat North, and Hingalganj constituencies will form the Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency).
Transport[edit]
Railways[edit]
Kolkata Suburban EMU Train
The electrified suburban rail network of the ER is extensive and penetrates far and deep into the neighbouring districts of Kolkata, South 24 Parganas, Nadia, Howrah, Hooghly etc.
The Circular Rail encircles the entire city of Kolkata, and also provides an offshoot to connect the airport.
Airport[edit]
See also: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport
Cityside view of the new Integrated Terminal of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport
The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport (IATA code:CCU) at Dum Dum (previously known as Dum Dum airport) is the only airport in the city Kolkata, which is in North 24 Parganas, operating both domestic and international flights. It is a gateway to North-East India, Bangkok, and Bangladesh. The number of people using the airport has consistently increased over the last few years.
Roadways
The road network is fairly well developed.Sparsed across by state-highways it provide an convenient means of transport.
Demographics[edit]
According to the 2011 census North 24 Parganas district has a population of 10,082,852,[2][16] roughly equal to the nation of Bolivia[17] or the US state of Michigan.[18] This gave it a ranking of 2nd in India (out of a total of 640) and 1st in its state.[2] However, in 2014 the Thane district (in Maharashtra), which had been ranked 1st in India in 2011, was divided into two, thus promoting North 24 Parganas District to 1st in India. The district has a population density of 2,463 inhabitants per square kilometre (6,380/sq mi) .[2] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.86%.[2] North Twenty Four Parganas has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1000 males,[2] and a literacy rate of 84.95%.[2]
See also: List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
2001 Census data[edit]
Population Density: 2959 per square km
Sex ratio: 982 females per 1000 males
Growth Rate (1991-2000) : 24.64% (Approximately 2.5% per annum)
Literacy rate (excluding 0-6 age group), in percentage: 87.66 (highest in West Bengal).[19]
Male:93.14; Female:81.81
Hindus - 75.23%, Muslims - 24.22%, Christians-0.23% and Sikhs - 0.12% (Source: Census Report of 2001, Government Of India).
Flora and fauna[edit]
In 1984 North 24 Parganas district became home to Sundarbans National Park, which has an area of 1,330 km2 (513.5 sq mi).[20] It shares the park with South 24 Parganas district. It is also home to the Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary, which was established in 1985 and has an area of 0.6 km2 (0.2 sq mi).[20]
Health facilities[edit]
District Hospitals: 10 with 2500 beds
Sub Divisional Hospitals: 14 with 1870 beds
State General Hospitals: 18 with 1870 beds
ESI Hospital: 01 with 200 beds
Rural Hospitals: 07 with 228 beds
Block Primary Health Centers: 15
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal". Census of India. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ ASI site description. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
Jump up ^ Muazzam Hussain Khan (Banglapedia)
Jump up ^ Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co.
Jump up ^ Bangiya Sabarna Katha Kalishetra Kalikatah by Bhabani Roy Choudhury, Manna Publication. ISBN 81-87648-36-8
Jump up ^ http://www.devarshi.faithweb.com/custom2.html
Jump up ^ McCabe, Joseph (1920) "Holwell, John Zephaniah" A biographical dictionary of modern rationalists Watts & Co., London, pp. 356-357, p. 357 OCLC 262462698
^ Jump up to: a b c "Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "District at a glance". Official website of the North 24 Parganas district. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001". West Bengal. Directorate of census operations. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Page on Barrackpore subdivision". Official website of North 24 Parganas district. Retrieved 1 December 2008. Archived 25 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Patharghata
Jump up ^ "Press Note, Delimitation Commission" (PDF). Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Yeshwantrao, Nitin (1 April 2011). "Population explosion across Thane district worries officials". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Jump up ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Bolivia 10,118,683 July 2011 est.
Jump up ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Michigan 9,883,640
Jump up ^ "District wise Literacy rate in West Bengal 2001 – 2011 census". www.updateox.com. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment. "Protected areas: West Bengal". Retrieved 25 September 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Issues Related to Over Utilization of Ground Water, Special Reference to District-North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India; IJSR Archive Volume 4 Issue 3 March 2015: International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
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Bongaigaon
Barpeta
Darrang
Morigaon
Nagaon
Cachar
Karimganj
Hailakandi
Kamrup
North Cachar Hills
Bihar
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Purnia
Katihar
Sitamarhi
Pashchim Champaran
Darbhanga
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Ukhrul
Chandel
Meghalaya
West Garo Hills
Mizoram
Lawngtlai
Mamit
Odisha
Gajapati
Sikkim
North
Uttar Pradesh
Bulandshahar
Budaun
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Kheri
Shahjahanpur
Moradabad
Sambhal
Rampur
Jyotiba Phule Nagar
Bareilly
Pilibhit
Bahraich
Shrawasti
Balrampur
Siddharthnagar
Bijnor
Lucknow
Saharanpur
Muzaffarnagar
Meerut
Baghpat
Ghaziabad
Uttarakhand
Haridwar
Udham Singh Nagar
West Bengal
Uttar Dinajpur
Dakshin Dinajpur
Maldah
Murshidabad
Birbhum
Nadia
South 24 Parganas
Barddhaman
Koch Bihar
Haora
North 24 Parganas
Kolkata
Source: "Press Information Bureau English Releases". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
Coordinates: 22°08′N 88°30′E / 22.13°N 88.50°E / 22.13; 88.50
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text:
Samuel Adams (beer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Samuel Adams
Type
Lager
Country of origin
United States
Introduced
1984
Alcohol by volume
4.9%
Website
Official website
Samuel Adams is the flagship brand of the Boston Beer Company. The brand name (often shortened to Sam Adams) was chosen in honor of Founding Father Samuel Adams. Adams inherited his father's brewery on King Street (modern day State Street). Some histories say he was a brewer, while others describe him as a maltster.[1] The Samuel Adams brewery is located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, where visitors can take a tour, and shop beers and merchandise.[2] Samuel Adams beer is brewed by the Boston Beer Company, which was founded by Jim Koch and Rhonda Kallman. Samuel Adams beer was started using a recipe now known as the Samuel Adams Boston Lager.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Samuel Adams Boston Lager
2 Seasonal offerings
3 Other variants
3.1 Samuel Adams Rebel IPA
3.2 Sam Adams Light
3.3 Samuel Adams Barrel Room Collection
3.4 Hopscape
3.5 Nitro Project
3.6 Samuel Adams Utopias
4 Collections
5 Official beer of the Red Sox
6 The Brewery
7 Media
8 References
9 External links
Samuel Adams Boston Lager[edit]
Following Jim Koch’s great-great grandfather’s recipe, Samuel Adams continued to use traditional brewing processes, including decoction mash (a four vessel process) and krausening (a secondary fermentation). Boston Lager is also dry hopped using the Hallertau Mittelfrueh and Tettnang Tettnanger hops.[4]
Seasonal offerings[edit]
In addition to year-round offerings, Samuel Adams also has four seasonal offerings. The spring seasonal beers are Cold Snap, a Witbier and Escape Route, a Kölsch. The spring seasonals are sold from January to March. The Summer offerings are available from April through August and include Summer Ale, a wheat ale and Porch Rocker, a radler. The Autumn seasonal beers are available August through October and are Octoberfest, a Marzen and Pumpkin Batch, a saison. The Winter/Holiday seasonal beers are available November through December and are, Winter Lager, a Bock and White Christmas an Ale.[5]
Samuel Adams also offers seasonal variety packs which include a mix of year-round and seasonal offerings.[5][6]
Other variants[edit]
Samuel Adams Rebel IPA[edit]
First brewed in 2014, Samuel Adams Rebel IPA is a West Coast style India Pale Ale. The beer is brewed with five American hops - American Cascade, Simcoe, Chinook, Centennial, and Amarillo.[7] In early 2015, Samuel Adams released Rebel Rouser, a double India Pale Ale, and Rebel Rider, a session India Pale Ale. There are five flavor options in the Rebel Family; Rebel Juiced IPA, Rebel Grapefruit IPA, Rebel Rouser IPA, Rebel Cascade IPA, and Rebel Raw IPA.
Sam Adams Light[edit]
Introduced in 2001 Sam Adams Light was the second light beer the company brewed. The company previously sold Boston Lightship which was introduced in 1993.[8]
Samuel Adams Barrel Room Collection[edit]
These Belgian style beers are left in large wood barrels to age and pick up some of the flavors of the wood.[9] The beers in this collection include American Kriek, New World, Stony Brook Red, Thirteenth Hour and Tetravis.[10]
Hopscape[edit]
There are currently nine brews of this variant available: Fresh as Helles, Ella Blanc IPL, Noble Pils, Winter Lager, White Christmas, Octoberfest, Cold Snap, Summer Ale, and Porch Rocker.[11]
Nitro Project[edit]
Originally brewed in a nano brewery in 2014, the Nitro Project is a collection of two styles that are infused with nitrogen gas in the carbonation process. The two brews are Nitro Coffee Stout and Nitro White Ale. There was also a third style, Nitro IPA, which is not currently brewed. In a Boston Globe article, Jim Koch describes the process of infusing the nitrogen as "difficult".[12]
A Samuel Adams Utopias beer bottle
Samuel Adams Utopias[edit]
In 2002 the company released Utopias; at 24% abv, it was marketed as the strongest commercial beer in the world (a mark that has since been challenged). The company subsequently released new "vintages" of Utopias annually, increasing the alcoholic content to 27% abv by 2007.
Utopias is made with caramel, Vienna, Moravian and Bavarian smoked malts, and four varieties of noble hops: Hallertauer Mittelfrüh, Tettnanger, Spalter, and Saaz hops. The beer is matured in scotch, cognac and port barrels for the better part of a year. A limited number of bottles are released each year; in 2007, only 12,000 bottles were produced, and in 2009, only 9,000 bottles were released.[13][14] Sold in a ceramic bottle resembling a copper-finished brewing kettle, a single bottle of Utopias cost $100 in 2002, and $150 in 2009.
Because of legal restrictions, Utopias is not offered in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Idaho, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, or West Virginia.[15]
Collections[edit]
Collections
Brews
Style
Availability
Boston Lager 1 Lager Year Round
Hopscape 9 Wheat Ale Seasonal
Rebel IPA 5 India Pale Ale Year Round
Nitro Project 2 Coffee Stout Year Round
Boston Ale 6 Stock Ale Year Round
Utopias 4 Limited Release
Cosmic Mother Funk Grand Cru 5 Belgian Style Ale Limited Release
Official beer of the Red Sox[edit]
Starting in the 2018 season, Boston Beer Company's Samuel Adams became the official beer of the Boston Red Sox replacing Budweiser. The eight-year deal will last through the 2025 season and include signage and a Sam roof deck. The agreement also allows Boston Beer to use the Red Sox Logo for marketing purposes, run Red Sox related contests with tickets to games.[16]
The Brewery[edit]
The Boston Brewery opened in 1989 and it is where every beer was first made, aside from the Boston Lager. There are two other breweries in Cincinnati, OH and Lehigh Valley, PA. Only the Boston Brewery is open for public tours and tastings.[17] The Boston Brewery tour is free, and only guests 21 years of age and older are allowed to sample on the tour. [18]
Media[edit]
Samuel Adams beer has gained attention in the media for its various beers. In a list of "Best Christmas/Winter Beer in Each State", Samuel Adams' Fezziwig brew won in the state of Massachusetts.[19] Additionally, Samuel Adams brewery itself was named the best brewery in all of Massachusetts according to a Yelp-based Buzzed article.[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Most historical evidence suggests that Adams worked as a maltster and not a brewer; Stanley Baron, Brewed in America: The History of Beer and Ale in the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), pp. 74–75. However, Ira Stoll in Samuel Adams: A Life (New York: Free Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-7432-9911-4; ISBN 0-7432-9911-6), p. 275n16, notes that James Koch, founder of the Boston Beer Company, reports having seen a receipt for hops signed by Adams, which indicates that Adams may have done some brewing.
Jump up ^ "Boston Brewery | Brewery Tours". www.samueladams.com. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
Jump up ^ "BBC History". The Boston Beer Company. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Adams Boston Lager". SamuelAdams.com. November 19, 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Our Beers, Seasonals". Samuel Adams. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jason Notte (May 27, 2015). "7 Craft Beer Variety Packs to Drink Until Labor Day". Market Watch. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Adams Rebel IPA". SamuelAdams.com. November 19, 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Sam Adams Light". SamuelAdams.com. November 19, 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Barrel Room Collection". SamuelAdams.com. November 19, 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
Jump up ^ Nason, Adam (July 20, 2012). "Samuel Adams Barrel Room Collection National Rollout Begins". Beer Pulse. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Our Beers". Samuel Adams.
Jump up ^ Dzen, Gary. "Nitrogen brings a new element to Sam Adams beer". Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ "The 48 proof beer". Beer Break Vol. 2, No. 19. Real Beer Media, Inc. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
Jump up ^ DellaSala, Steve (2007-01-31). "Sam Adams Utopias - Strongest Beer in the World". Audioholics. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Samuel Adams – America's World Class Beer". Boston Beer Company. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
Jump up ^ Adams, Don (2017-12-12). "So long, Bud — Sam Adams is the new official beer of the Red Sox". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Brewery". Samuel Adams. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boston Brewery | Brewery Tours". Samuel Adams. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Vorel, Jim. "104 of the Best Christmas/Winter Beers, Blind-Tasted and Ranked". Paste Magazine. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ No, Michelle. "The Best Brewery In Every State, According To Yelp". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
External links[edit]
Samuel Adams – official website
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Samuel Adams
4th Governor of Massachusetts, 1794—1797
Second Continental Congress, 1775—1781
First Continental Congress, 1774
Clerk of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1766—1774
United States
founding events
The Independent Advertiser
Boston Caucus
1764 Sugar Act response
protests
1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter
Probable author, 1768–1769 "Journal of Occurrences"
Arranged Christopher Seider funeral, 1770
Co-author, 1772 Boston Pamphlet
Boston Committee of Correspondence, 1772
Hutchinson Letters Affair
Co-inspired and publicized, Boston Tea Party
Signed, 1774 Continental Association
Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Co-author, 1776 Letter to the inhabitants of Canada
Signed, United States Declaration of Independence
Signed, Articles of Confederation
1788 Massachusetts Compromise
Life
Early life
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
Sons of Liberty
1789 U.S. House election
1796 presidential election
Samuel Adams and Paul Revere time capsule
Granary Burying Ground
Related
American republicanism
Boston Gazette
American Revolution
patriots
Founding Father
Faneuil Hall
Old South Meeting House
Legacy
Samuel Adams (Whitney)
Adams, Massachusetts
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Family
John Adams (second cousin)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Adams_(beer)&oldid=841897779"
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