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Snow in Florida
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Ice and snow as seen from an FDOT camera on the Bay Bridge in Pensacola, Florida following a winter storm on 28–29 January 2014. Much of the Panhandle experienced significant ice buildup (from freezing rain and sleet) followed by a light snowfall.
It is very rare for snow to fall in the U.S. state of Florida, especially in the central and southern portions of the state. With the exception of the far northern areas of the state and the Jacksonville area, most of the major cities of Florida have never recorded measurable snowfall, have only recorded trace (T) amounts, or have only reported flurries in the air, usually just a few times each century. In the Florida Keys and Key West there is no known occurrence of snow flurries since the settlement of the region.
Due to Florida's low latitude and subtropical climate, temperatures cold enough to support significant snowfall are infrequent and their duration is fleeting. In general, frost is more common than snow, requiring temperatures of 32 °F (0 °C) or less at 2 m (7 ft) above sea level, a cloudless sky, and a relative humidity of 65% or more.[1] Generally, for snow to occur, the polar jet stream must move southward through Texas and into the Gulf of Mexico, with a stalled cold front across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds.[2] While light snowfall occurs a few times each decade across the northern panhandle, most of the state is too far south of the cold continental air masses responsible for generating snowfall in the rest of the country. The mean maximum monthly snowfall in most parts of Florida is zero. The only other areas in the continental United States with this distinction are extreme southern Texas and parts of coastal southern California.[3]
Much of the known information on snow in Florida prior to 1900 is from climatological records provided by the National Weather Service meteorological station in Jacksonville, and information for other locations is sparse. The earliest recorded instance of snow in Florida occurred in 1774; being unaccustomed to snow, some Jacksonville residents called it "extraordinary white rain."[1] The first White Christmas in northeastern Florida's history resulted from a snow event that occurred on December 23, 1989.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Events
1.1 Pre-1900
1.2 20th century (21 reported events)
1.3 21st century (19 reported events)
2 See also
3 References
Events[edit]
Due to larger populations and more advanced communication networks, snow events are witnessed and reported much more frequently in recent years than in historical eras. Interpretations of this timeline must therefore be made with caution, as observed patterns may not reflect actual climate-related trends in annual snowfall but rather improved reporting.
Pre-1900[edit]
Snowball fight on the steps of the Florida Capitol, February 1899
December 19, 1765: A "white frost" fell in the northern part of the British colony of East Florida "of short duration, and of no material detriment to the agricultural interests."[7]
1774: A snowstorm extended across much of the territory. The affected residents spoke of it as an "extraordinary white rain."[1][8]
January 10/11, 1800: Land surveyor Andrew Ellicott erected an observatory at Point Peter, a location near the mouth of Saint Marys River, now in the far southeast side of the City of St. Marys, Georgia. After recording a sunrise temperature of 37 °F (3 °C), he observed "snow and hail the whole day" until 10 pm. The temperature then fell below freezing, the wind shifted to northwesterly, and the skies cleared at midnight. At sunrise the morning of January 11, he reported snow 5 inches (130 mm) deep and a temperature of 28 °F (−2 °C).[2][9] This snowstorm perhaps extended from Louisiana to Georgia.[10]
January 13, 1852: Snow fell all morning, accumulating to 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1855: A few flakes of snow fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 29, 1868: Light sleet fell during the night at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1869: During the morning, snow flurries fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 10, 1873: At 7:25 am, a few snowflakes fell at Jacksonville.[1]
February 4/5, 1875: Between midnight and sunrise on both dates, light sleet occurred.[1]
December 1, 1876: According to the observer at Punta Rassa, Florida, snow fell for 5 minutes on the morning of December 1.[11]
January 4/5, 1879: At Jacksonville at 7 pm, sleet began, which turned to rain 90 minutes later. The freezing rain covered trees, shrubbery, and everything else outdoors by morning. The weight of the ice broke the limbs of many orange trees.[1] At Fernandina, snow occurred.[12]
December 5, 1886: At Pensacola, following a heavy rain and wind storm, light snow fell from 4:25 pm to 8:20 pm, accumulating to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[13]
January 5, 1887: 1 inch (25 mm) of snow fell at Pensacola,[14] and sleet fell elsewhere in the state.[15]
January 14, 1892: 0.4 inches (10 mm) of snow was reported at Pensacola.[14] The first snowfall of the season occurred at Fort Barrancas. Monthly snowfall totaled 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Pensacola.[16]
January 17, 1892: At 10:30 am, sleet fell for a few minutes only at Madison, Florida.[17]
February 14, 1892: Pensacola reported 3 inches (76 mm) of snow.[18]
December 26/27, 1892: On both days, precipitation fell as sleet and snow at Pensacola. On December 26, sleet also occurred at Cerro Gordo, Florida, and slight trace of snow fell at Tallahassee. On December 27, a slight trace fell at Moseley Hall, Madison County, Florida.[19] At intervals during daytime on December 27, light snow flurries occurred at Jacksonville.[1]
January 16–19, 1893: On January 16, snow occurred at Palatka. On January 17, sleet fell at Oxford, and at Pensacola. Shortly after midnight on January 18, sleet began in the city of Jacksonville and then turned to snow and then to rain.[1] That day, sleet also fell at Moseley Hall, Pensacola, and Tallahassee, and snow occurred at Lawtey. On January 18 and 19, sleet fell at Bristol.
December 29, 1894: Brooksville reported snowfall from 9 am to 11 am, and a few flakes fell at Mosquito Lagoon near Oak Hill, Florida. The press reported snow at towns in middle and west Florida. The temperature morning fell to lows unprecedented in decades, and this freeze destroyed 2 million to 3 million boxes of not yet gathered oranges, severely damaged pineapple plants, and killed or destroyed almost all other fruits and vegetables.[20]
February 14, 1895: From 6:22 pm to 6:27 pm, light sleet fell at Jacksonville, followed by light snow until 6:32 pm. At 7:20 pm, light snow resumed until 8 pm.[1] Snow also fell at Tampa, and at Pensacola, snow reportedly reached depths allowing for sleighing.[21]
February 12/13, 1899: At 9:45 pm, rain changed to sleet at Jacksonville. Sleet then changed to snow at 10:15 pm and continued through the night, accumulating to 2 inches (51 mm) before sunrise at 7 am as the temperature plunged to 10 °F (−12 °C).[1] The accumulation reached 4 inches (100 mm) at Lake Butler.[18] In sheltered locations, the snow melted only several days later.[1] This Great Blizzard of 1899 also affected much of the rest of the American South.
20th century (21 reported events)[edit]
December 16, 1901: At 1 pm, light snow fell at Jacksonville; at intervals through the afternoon, sleet followed.[1]
February 7, 1907: During the afternoon, a light snow flurry occurred "in the immediate vicinity" of the city of Jacksonville.[1]
November 27, 1912: An overnight period of snow covers the ground and trees with a 0.5-inch (13 mm) layer in northern Florida.[22]
January 22/23, 1935: Snow falls until the next morning, with Pensacola recording 1 inch (25 mm).[14]
February 8/9, 1947: A cold wave entering from Canada, accompanied by winds of up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h; 36 m/s), causes snow as far south as Clearwater.[23]
February 2/3, 1951: Snowfall accumulates to 2.0 inches (51 mm) at Saint Augustine and Crescent City.[18]
December 14, 1952: Sleet and snow falls across the northern portion of the state, though there is very little accumulation.[24]
December 14, 1953: Light sleet occurs in the morning in Marianna.[24]
March 6, 1954: 4 in (100 mm) of snow accumulates at Milton Experimental Station, Santa Rosa County, within a 24-hour period, the highest such total for Florida according to official modern records.[25]
March 28, 1955: Snowfall accumulates to 1 inch (25 mm) in Marianna along the Florida Panhandle.[26]
February 13, 1958: An overnight rainfall changes to snowfall in Jacksonville and accumulates to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[2] Additionally, Tallahassee reports a record 2.8 inches (71 mm).[18]
February 9, 1973: Snow falls over the northern portion of the state, including a total of 2.0 inches (51 mm) in Pensacola, with unofficial reports of up to 8 inches (200 mm).[18]
January 18, 1977: The pressure gradient between a strong ridge over the Mississippi Valley and a Nor'easter over Atlantic Canada sends very cold temperatures southward into the state. Areas around Pensacola are the first to receive the snow, then the rest of The Panhandle. Followed by record accumulations for The Nature Coast, the I-4 corridor (both Orlando and Tampa (one tenth to a quarter inch) receive light accumulations of 1 inch (25 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm) with a few isolated spots reportedly receiving 3 inches (76 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm)), and finally South Florida. By early morning before sunrise on January 19, West Palm Beach reported snow for the first time on record, with snow flurries reaching as far south as Homestead. The snow causes little impact as it was of the dry variety, though the accompanying cold air results in hundreds of millions of dollars in damage (Orlando tied the 1899 record of over six consecutive nights well-below freezing). On January 20, The Miami Herald reports the event as the front-page story, with a headline of a size usually reserved for the declaration of war.[27]
Late January 1977: Pensacola receives snowfall.[27]
March 2, 1980: About 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) of snow covers car tops and patio furniture in Jacksonville.[2]
March 1, 1986: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow accumulates overnight in Jacksonville before melting within 30 minutes due to the morning sun.[2]
December 23/24, 1989: Light rain in Jacksonville turns to freezing rain as temperatures drop, and later changes to snow. The snow totals several inches in some locations, and results in the first White Christmas in the city's history.[2]
Picture of the December 23, 1989, Jacksonville snowfall
Light snow falls across central Florida as far south as southern Pinellas County on the 23rd, though the official weather station in St. Petersburg experiences only a light sleet.[28][29]
March 12, 1993: The 1993 Storm of the Century produces up to 4 inches (100 mm) of snow along the Florida Panhandle.[30]
January 8, 1996: Snow flurries are reported from Crystal River to New Port Richey with no accumulation.[31]
December 18, 1996: A plume of cold air causes snow to form in the northwestern portion of Escambia County.[32]
21st century (19 reported events)[edit]
Satellite image for the January 24, 2003, snowfall
January 24, 2003: A plume of Arctic air produces widespread record low temperatures and light snow flurries along the eastern coastline. The snow is described as ocean-effect snow, identical to lake effect snow in that it occurs due to very cold air passing over relatively warm water temperatures. The snow reaches as far south as Fort Pierce.[33]
December 25, 2004: Locations along the Florida Panhandle receive a dusting of snow.[34]
November 21, 2006: An eastward-moving weather system produces a very light dusting and snowflakes in central Florida. It is the first snow in November in the state since 1912.[34]
February 3, 2007: Very light snow flurries are reported in the northeastern panhandle, lasting less than an hour.[35]
January 3, 2008: Light snow flurries are reported near Daytona Beach.[36]
January 8/9, 2010: Very light dusting of snow seen in the eastern Jacksonville area. Light snow also fell in parts of central Florida, which briefly accumulated in Ocala and other parts of Marion County. A "wintry mix" of sleet and freezing rain was widespread, with reports of light snow across central Florida from Tampa to Orlando to Melbourne.[37] Isolated flurries were even reported from West Palm Beach to as far south as Kendall and sleet in a few spots in the South Florida metropolitan area for only the second time in recorded history and first time since 1977.[38]
February 12, 2010: Portions of northwestern Florida experience snowfall totals of around 1 in (25 mm).[39]
February 14, 2010: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow fell across the northern halves of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Walton and Okaloosa Counties.[40]
December 8, 2010: Snow mixed with rain is reported in western parts of the panhandle, north of Pensacola.[41]
December 26, 2010: A mix of snow and sleet was reported in Jacksonville by the National Weather Service.[42]
December 28, 2010: Light snow was reported at Tampa Executive Airport in eastern Hillsborough County at 01:00 and 05:00 local time, following a rare freezing fog event around midnight.[43]
January 9, 2011: Sleet is reported in the Pensacola area, as well as other places in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. There was no accumulation.[44]
March 3, 2013: Snow flurries were reported in the Panhandle, specifically around Panama City Beach
January 24–25, 2014: Sleet and light snow are reported in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties.[45] Very light sleet is reported at a few locations around Jacksonville.[46]
Snowfall forecast for 28–29 January 2014, predicting over 1 inch of snow in northwest Florida.
January 28–29, 2014: A major winter storm event resulted in a mixture of freezing rain (with ice accumulation), sleet, and snow across most of the Panhandle between the afternoon of the 28th and morning of the 29th. Due to dangerous ice accumulation, the Florida Highway Patrol and FDOT closed several bridges in the Panhandle and advised against non-essential travel.[47] Many state and local government offices were closed around mid-day on the 28th.[48] In Santa Rosa county, officials cautioned that ice-laden tree limbs were hanging low enough to hit vehicles.[49] Between 1 and 9:30 PM on the 28th, 21,633 Gulf Power customers lost power at some point.[50] At 2 PM EST on January 28, Pensacola was 31 °F (−1 °C) with freezing rain while Immokalee, near Fort Myers, was 86 °F (30 °C). Pensacola received 1.8 inches (46 mm) of snow on January 28.[51] On January 29, the Florida Highway Patrol closed nearly 200 miles (320 km) of Interstate 10 from the Florida-Alabama state line to Gadsden County, directing resources and traffic to U.S. 90.[52] Pensacola International Airport closed at 9:17 PM January 28 and was not scheduled to reopen until late on the 29th.[53]
January 8, 2015: Snow flurries are reported in various locations around Jacksonville. The event is attributed to ocean-effect snow.[54][55]
January 22–23, 2016: Snow flurries are reported along the Florida Panhandle, as far east as the Jacksonville area,[56] and as far south as the Gainesville area.[57]
December 8–9, 2017: Snow falls in various locations in the western Florida Panhandle. Northern Escambia County saw up to 2 inches (51 mm) of snow while Century saw 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow. Snow flurries were reported in Destin and Miramar Beach.[58]
January 2–3, 2018: A winter storm resulted in snow and a wintry mix (freezing rain, sleet, and ice) across northern Florida from Tallahassee to the outskirts of Jacksonville and as far south as Gainesville, with temperatures in the 20s and dewpoints in the teens in the morning.[59] A winter storm warning was in effect on the morning of January 3 for Nassau, Baker, Union, Columbia, Gilchrist, Suwanee, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Taylor, Jefferson, and Leon Counties,[60][61] prompting several school districts to cancel classes on January 3.[62] Tallahassee received 0.10-0.20 in of snow, which was the first measurable snowfall in the city since December 1989 (it sees flurries every few years).[63][64][65] The Tallahassee snowfall followed a couple hours of freezing rain.[63] The Florida Highway Patrol closed Interstate 10 from Tallahassee to Madison for most of the morning of January 3 as well as several bridges in North-Central Florida that had accumulated a dangerous amount of ice.[66][62] Recorded ice accumulations included 0.25 in in Hilliard and Lake City and 0.10 in in Perry.[67]
See also[edit]
Climate of Florida
Climate of the Tampa Bay area
Great Blizzard of 1899
Cold wave of January 1977
1993 Storm of the Century
Early January 2018 nor'easter
References[edit]
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Scarecrow (Oz)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Scarecrow
Oz character
Illustration by W. W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearance
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created by
L. Frank Baum
Portrayed by
Ray Bolger
Voiced by
Paul Scheer (Once Upon a Time)
Information
Aliases
Socrates Strawman
Chang Wang Woe
Fiyero Tigelaar
Species
Scarecrow
Gender
Male
Occupation
Ruler of Oz
Tin Woodman's treasurer
Corn farmer
Title
His Majesty the Scarecrow
Royal Treasurer
Emperor of the Silver Islands
Spouse(s)
Tsing Tsing (in his former incarnation)
Children
3 sons
15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)
The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow. In his first appearance, the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one. In reality, he is only two days old and merely ignorant. Throughout the course of the novel, he demonstrates that he already has the brains he seeks and is later recognized as "the wisest man in all of Oz," although he continues to credit the Wizard for them. He is, however, wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz, passed to him by the Wizard, to Princess Ozma, to become one of her trusted advisors, though he typically spends more time playing games than advising.
Contents
[hide]
1 In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
2 In Wicked Musical
3 In the Novel "Wicked" by Gregory Maguire
4 In the Novel "Son of a Witch" by Gregory Maguire
5 Scholarly interpretations
6 Later Oz books
7 Film portrayals
7.1 Early films
7.2 The Wizard of Oz
7.3 The Oz Kids
7.4 Oz the Great and Powerful
7.5 Other adaptations
8 Modern works
9 References
In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz[edit]
In Baum's classic 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the living scarecrow encounters Dorothy Gale in a field in the Munchkin Country while she is on her way to the Emerald City. He tells her about his creation and of how he at first scared away the crows, before an older one realised he was a straw man, causing the other crows to start eating the corn. The old crow then told the Scarecrow of the importance of brains. The "mindless" Scarecrow joins Dorothy in the hope that The Wizard will give him a brain. They are later joined by the Tin Woodman and the Cowardly Lion. When the group goes to the West, he kills the Witch's crows by twisting their necks. He is taken apart by the Flying Monkeys and his clothes thrown up a tree, but when his clothes are filled with straw he is back again. After Dorothy and her friends have completed their mission to kill the Wicked Witch of the West, the Wizard gives the Scarecrow brains (made out of bran, pins and needles – in reality a placebo, as he has been the most intelligent of the travelers all along). Before he leaves Oz in a balloon, the Wizard appoints the Scarecrow to rule the Emerald City in his stead. He accompanies Dorothy and the others to the palace of the Good Witch of the South Glinda, and she uses the Golden Cap to summon the Winged Monkeys, who take the Scarecrow back to the Emerald City.
His desire for a brain notably contrasts with the Tin Woodman's desire for a heart, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. Indeed, both believe they have neither. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select.[1]
In Wicked Musical[edit]
In the musical of Gregory Maguire's interpretation of the Oz franchise, this version of the Scarecrow was Fiyero Tigelaar, the love interest of Elphaba Thropp. Fiyero attends school with Elphaba and Glinda the Good, while they were all still young. Fiyero takes a special interest in Elphaba. However, he is highly sought after by Elphaba's roommate, Glinda. Fiyero and Elphaba share a secret romance, and when she leaves for the Emerald City, he gives her a long and meaningful goodbye.
Many years later, after Elphaba goes into hiding, we are shown that Glinda and Fiyero are to be wed. However this is not because of love, at least not on Fiyero's part, for he still loves Elphaba. Once she reappears in the Emerald City, they escape together, much to Glinda's discontent. Elphaba then goes to the site of her sister's death (Dorothy's arrival into Oz). Here she is ambushed by guards, and about to be taken away, when Fiyero saves her, but he is merely sacrificing himself to save her. Elphaba in a fit of rage and heartbreak reads a spell to keep Fiyero safe, with the words of the spell including pleas to let him feel no pain and never die however they try to destroy him. Although Elphaba abandons the spell as she believes it is not working, it is not until the end of the production that we are shown that Fiyero is still alive, and has been transformed into the Scarecrow from "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz".
In the Novel "Wicked" by Gregory Maguire[edit]
In Gregory Maguire's novel "Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West" The Scarecrow is a companion of Dorothy. When the quartet of Dorothy, The Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and Lion approach Elphaba's home in Fiyero's castle, she thinks for a moment that maybe Fiyero is the Scarecrow, having not died earlier in the novel. She sends minions after him to tear him apart to see if Fiyero is inside, but he is not. In the novel he is NOT Fiyero, but this is probably where they got the idea for the stage version.
In the Novel "Son of a Witch" by Gregory Maguire[edit]
The Scarecrow appears briefly in this novel, first giving Liir advice. When he appears at Glinda's induction Liir notes that it is an obvious impostor and not the same Scarecrow that he once knew.
Scholarly interpretations[edit]
Main article: Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Denslow's drawing of scarecrow hung up on pole and helpless, from first edition of book, 1900
July 1896 Puck cartoon shows farmer hung up on pole and helpless; was this Denslow's inspiration? The hat says "silverite"; the locomotive is gold
Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s. The Scarecrow, like other characters and elements in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was a common theme found in editorial cartoons of the previous decade. Baum and Denslow, like most writers, used the materials at hand that they knew best. They built a story around them, added Dorothy, and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need (such as brains, a heart and courage) if only they had self-confidence. Although it was a children’s book, of course, Baum noted in the preface that it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well.
Those who interpret The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a political allegory often see the Scarecrow, a central figure, as a reflection of the popular image of the American farmer—although he has been persuaded that he is only a dumb hick, he possesses a strong common sense, remarkable insight and quick-wittedness that needs only to be reinforced by self-confidence.
The blackface minstrel star, Fred Stone, was the first to play the Scarecrow on stage, and he brought his minstrel style of performance to the role of the Scarecrow. Baum was delighted with Stone's performance, and he wrote subsequent Oz books with Stone's minstrel-style in mind.[2]
Later Oz books[edit]
Cover of The Scarecrow of Oz (1915) by L. Frank Baum; illustration by John R. Neill
The Scarecrow also appears in other Oz books, sharing further adventures with Dorothy and her friends. His reign as king of the Emerald City ends in The Marvelous Land of Oz when General Jinjur and her Army of Revolt oust him in a coup. He manages to escape the palace and joins Tip and his companions in seeking the aid of Glinda the Good.
He spars with H. M. Woggle-Bug T. E. on the value of education. Although he claims to be educated himself and to value education, he finds the Woggle-Bug's learning rote and without wisdom. Although he cannot eat, he tells Billina that she might be better cooked and generally seems to favor the use of animals as food, sometimes making snide remarks to that effect to his animal companions, although he himself only gathers nuts and fruit for his traveling companions, such as Dorothy and Tip, to eat.
By The Road to Oz he is acknowledged, at least by the Tin Woodman, to be "probably the wisest man in all Oz," and this is the caption of an illustration, suggesting that the reader take his comment at face value. Dorothy herself, in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, praises the Scarecrow's wisdom and says the Scarecrow seemed just as wise before the Wizard gave him brains as after.
In The Emerald City of Oz, the Scarecrow lives in a house shaped like an ear of corn in Winkie Country. In The Scarecrow of Oz, the Scarecrow travels to Jinxland, where he helps Cap'n Bill, Trot and Button-Bright overthrow the villainous King Krewl.
In Glinda of Oz the Scarecrow serves as Regent to Ozma of Oz, demonstrating that he is Ozma's third in command. Mostly all he does is play croquet until Ozma's advisers, including himself, band together for a rescue operation.
In The Royal Book of Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson, Baum's authorized successor as "Royal Historian of Oz", Professor Woggle-Bug accused the Scarecrow of having no ancestry, so he returns to the pole at the cornfield where he was once hung. Sliding down it and descending underground, he first encounters the Midlings and then the Silver Islands, whose people believe themselves to be the ancestors of the Chinese. Apparently, when Emperor Chang Wang Woe defeated the king of the Golden Islands in battle, the king hired a sorcerer to sneak into the palace and transform the Emperor into a crocus, which later sprouted into a bean pole, preceding a prophecy that the first being to touch the bean pole would become possessed by the spirit of the Emperor. As it turned out, the first thing to touch the pole was the straw-stuffed human, which would become the Scarecrow. This account is not consistent with the Scarecrow's story in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz of becoming aware of each sense as the relevant organs were painted on his head.
Film portrayals[edit]
Early films[edit]
The Scarecrow has appeared in nearly every early Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time.
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908): Frank Burns
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910): Robert Z. Leonard
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914): Herbert Glennon
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914): Frank Moore
Wizard of Oz (1925): Larry Semon (just a man in disguise)
The Land of Oz (1932): Donald Henderson
The Wizard of Oz[edit]
Ray Bolger, as the Scarecrow, "The Wizard of Oz" 1939.
In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the Scarecrow was played by Ray Bolger in what is arguably the actor's most famous role. He was originally cast as the Tin Woodsman, but Bolger had always wanted to play the Scarecrow, so he was upset about it since he wanted to switch roles with Buddy Ebsen, who was originally going to play the Scarecrow. Ebsen didn't mind the swap, so Bolger and Ebsen swapped roles. While Ray was pleased with his role as the Scarecrow, the aluminum dust from Ebsen's Tin Man make-up nearly choked him to the edge of death (causing Ebsen to have to give up that role). Ebsen was replaced by Jack Haley for his role of the Tin Man. Bolger's costume consisted of a straw-stuffed suit and a light face mask of rubber designed to simulate burlap. The mask was fragile, and usually had to be completely replaced at the start of each new day of filming.[3] Bolger's Scarecrow costume, minus the mask, is part of the collections of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution.[4] Bolger was a talented dancer, so The Scarecrow was given an extended dance sequence in the movie. However, to shorten the movie, much of this sequence was edited out since it would slow down the film. While Bolger admitted in a 1939 radio broadcast that he was too young to have seen Fred Stone play the Scarecrow in the 1902 musical extravaganza, he told Stone on the broadcast that the first play he was allowed to see was The Red Mill featuring Stone, and that his performance in that play was an inspiration.
During the scene where the Wizard gives him his brains, the Scarecrow makes a mistake in his first educated pronouncement. He recites the Pythagorean theorem stating that it applies to an isosceles triangle, which is incorrect, as it applies to a right triangle; he also refers to square roots, not to squares. This probably reflects ignorance by the scriptwriters, not the Scarecrow.
Bolger also portrayed the Scarecrow's Kansas counterpart, Hunk (one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farmworkers), newly created for the film by screenwriter Noel Langley.[5] A scene which was written in the script, but dropped before filming commenced, ended the movie by sending Hunk off to agricultural college, with Dorothy promising to write. The scene implied the potential for a romance between the two characters.[citation needed]
He helps Zeke (Cowardly Lion's alter ego) and Hickory (Tin Man's alter ego) repair a wagon. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches their farm. He closes and locks the cellar with Zeke when Dorothy arrives at the farmhouse. Hunk reunites with Dorothy when she awakens from being unconscious. He is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, Hickory, and Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego).
The Oz Kids[edit]
In 1996, they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids. He has a son named Scarecrow, Jr. His son is smart and knows everything just like him. Scarecrow, Sr. is voiced by Andy Milder.
Oz the Great and Powerful[edit]
In the 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful, the Scarecrow's origins are explained; being fabricated by the townspeople of Oz as a diversionary tactic during the retaliatory attack on the Emerald City.[6]
Other adaptations[edit]
In the 1925 film, Wizard of Oz, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man were actually human farmhands, who were blown to Oz by the tornado along with Dorothy. Dorothy, in another major departure from the novel, turns out to be the rightful ruler of Oz, having been exiled to Kansas as a baby.
Hinton Battle originated the role of the Scarecrow in the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz, and Michael Jackson played the Scarecrow in the 1978 film adaptation. This version of the Scarecrow was a more tragic character before Dorothy rescues him; while hung on his pole, the crows he is unable to scare, who force him to humiliate himself and entertain them, torment him day and night. They force him to sing the song, "You Can't Win", meaning that he cannot escape the crows' rule and his bad luck. While Stan Winston created Jackson's makeup, it was applied to Jackson's face by Michael R. Thomas who portrayed the Scarecrow in Barry Mahon's The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969), as well as doing the makeup for that film. Elijah Kelley portrayed the Scarecrow in the TV special The Wiz Live!, as well as the farmhand Sticks.
In the animated film Journey Back to Oz (produced in 1964 but not released until the 1970s), the Scarecrow was voiced by Mickey Rooney.
In an episode of The World's Greatest Super Friends, Aquaman temporarily became the Scarecrow after a tornado took him, Superman and Wonder Woman to Mister Mxyzptlk’s planet of Oz.
In a 1981 episode of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Shaggy is dressed as the Scarecrow after a tornado took him, Scooby, and Scrappy to "Ahz", a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation.
Justin Case, an English bicycle acrobat, appeared briefly as the Scarecrow in the 1985 film Return to Oz.
American voice actor Michael Gough voices the Scarecrow in 2011's direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz.
The Scarecrow appeared in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz) voiced by Dan Aykroyd.
The Scarecrow appeared in the Once Upon a Time episode "Our Decay" voiced by Paul Scheer. Many years ago, Zelena the Wicked Witch of the West targeted him for his brain as part of her attempt to create a time-travel spell. Before she can remove Scarecrow's brain, Dorothy and Toto arrived where they managed to get away from Zelena. With help from Hades who enchanted a bicycle that was found at the remains of Dorothy's house, Zelena was able to locate where Dorothy and Scarecrow are hiding. After magically freezing Dorothy, Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there.
Modern works[edit]
The Scarecrow is also a minor character in author Gregory Maguire's revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and is made a more prominent character in its Broadway musical adaptation Wicked. In the musical, the Scarecrow is revealed to be the remnants of Fiyero after he was captured by the Wizard's officials, but made impervious to injury by Elphaba's incomplete spell. The Fiyero-Scarecrow executes a plan to save Elphaba through using the rumor that water will melt her; thus she stays alive and the two move out of Oz. This has no basis in the book other than that in the final scenes Elphaba hopes that the Scarecrow is really her beloved Fiyero in disguise, which is proven to be a false hope when he is attacked and she sees that he is nothing but straw. The Scarecrow is featured more prominently in Son of a Witch, Maguire's sequel to Wicked. In that novel, the Scarecrow helps the Witch's son Liir avoid political turmoil in the Emerald City after the Wizard's departure. Later, various powerful interests place a different Scarecrow on the throne of Oz to serve as a puppet ruler; the suggestion is that most residents of Oz are unable to distinguish one Scarecrow from another. In the musical, the Fiyero-Scarecrow's appearance and style of walking are based on Bolger's portrayal of the Scarecrow in the 1939 film.
In the Dorothy Must Die series by Danielle Paige, the Scarecrow and Dorothy's other companions have been corrupted by their gifts and Dorothy's use of magic. The Scarecrow has become a twisted 'mad scientist', performing various experiments on the animals to turn them into spies or warriors for Dorothy's army, as well as extracting their brains to increase his own. He is 'killed' in the second novel in the series, The Wicked Will Rise, when the Wizard takes his brains as part of a plan to bring Oz and Kansas together.
Jackson Browne performed this character in the 1995 television special The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Hunk does not appear in this production. Browne sang a folk music tempo of If I Only Had a Brain and the bridge verses sung by the Scarecrow in Nathan Lane's longer version of If I Only Had the Nerve.
In the 2005 ABC television movie The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Kermit the Frog plays the role of the Scarecrow. Kermit's other role was himself. Prior to Dorothy's journey, he organizes a talent scout for a star for a new show. After Dorothy's return, he hires her.
In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Mr. Lunt the Gourd.
In the 2007 Sci Fi television miniseries Tin Man, the Scarecrow is re-imagined as the character named "Glitch" (played by Alan Cumming). Formerly a chief adviser to the queen of the Outer Zone (O.Z.) named Ambrose, he resists her usurper (and daughter), the evil sorceress Azkadellia and has his brain removed by the physician as a reeducation measure. In the series, he wanders the O.Z. searching for his brain and becomes a companion of the protagonist, a girl named DG.
The Scarecrow appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Ari Zigaris. He appears on Earth in the form of a man named Allen Denslow who works as the illustrator of Dorothy Gale's books.
A commercial for GE smart-grid technology, which first aired during the Super Bowl XLIII, featured a computerized Scarecrow dancing clumsily on a radio tower singing "If I Only Had a Brain".
A character inspired by the Scarecrow appears in Alan Moore's Lost Girls. In the work, a young farmboy becomes Dorothy Gale's first sex partner. However, she soon grows bored of him because of his lack of intelligence and imagination, comparing it to having sex with something you use to scare the crows. The "scarecrow" tries to prove to Dorothy that he does have a brain and writes her a poem.
The Scarecrow (along with his other friends from OZ) are playable in the Nintendo 3DS game Code Name: S.T.E.A.M.
In Emerald City, a more modern retelling of the series, the Scarecrow equivalent in the series is "Lucas" (portrayed by Oliver Jackson-Cohen) and is an amnesic man who is rescued by Dorothy when she finds him being crucified at the start of her journey. In the course of the film it is revealed that he is actually Rowan, the husband of Glinda, with his amnesia the result of a spell Glinda casts so that he couldn't betray her secrets if he was captured, but the restoration of his memory puts him and Dorothy at odds, as his devotion to Glinda leaves him incapable of recognizing Dorothy's real objections to Glinda's extreme methods to train younger witches. Psychologically torn between his memories as Rowan and his new relationships as Lucas, he eventually forces Dorothy to stab him to stop himself strangling her, culminating in Dorothy leaving him strung up like a scarecrow to symbolically reflect his desire to have never met her. Despite this, he appears in Kansas in the season finale, accompanied by Toto, to ask Dorothy to return with him to Oz.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum, Michael Patrick Hearn, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, p 141, ISBN 0-517-50086-8
Jump up ^ Robin Bernstein, Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights, (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 159-168.
Jump up ^ "Scarecrow from "The Wizard of Oz"". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Treasures of American History: The Wizard of Oz". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=73897
Jump up ^ Allport, Lee (8 March 2013). "Oz the Great and Powerful: A Prequel at Its Best". Retrieved 10 March 2013. There are other interesting "that explains it" moments as well. We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow. We get to know the Tin Man's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland.
Culver, Stuart (1988). "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors". Representations. 21: 97–116. doi:10.1525/rep.1988.21.1.99p02045.
Dighe, Ranjit S., ed. (2002). The historian's Wizard of Oz: reading L. Frank Baum's classic as a political and Monetary Allegory. ISBN 0-275-97418-9.
Green, David L. and Dick Martin. (1977) The Oz Scrapbook. Random House.
Hearn, Michael Patrick, ed. (2000). The Annotated Wizard of Oz. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04992-2.
Riley, Michael O. (1997). Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. University of Kansas Press. ISBN 0-7006-0832-X.
Ritter, Gretchen (August 1997). "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics". Journal of American Studies. 31 (2): 171–203. doi:10.1017/s0021875897005628. JSTOR 27556260.
Rockoff, Hugh (August 1990). "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory". Journal of Political Economy. 98 (4). doi:10.1086/261704. JSTOR 2937766.
Sunshine, Linda. All Things Oz (2003)
Swartz, Mark Evan (2000). Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" on Stage and Screen to 1939. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6477-1.
Velde, Francois R. "Following the Yellow Brick Road: How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard" Economic Perspectives. Volume: 26. Issue: 2. 2002. also online here
Ziaukas, Tim. "100 Years of Oz: Baum's 'Wizard of Oz' as Gilded Age Public Relations" in Public Relations Quarterly, Fall 1998
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarecrow (Oz).
Preceded by
The Wizard of Oz Monarch of Oz Succeeded by
Jinjur
[show]
v
t
e
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Canonical books
L. Frank Baum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Ruth Plumly
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Alternate
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Locations
and elements
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Munchkin Country
Gillikin Country
Winkie Country
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Oogaboo
Deadly Desert
Nonestica
Forest of Burzee
Land of Ev
Merryland
Mo
Ix
Nome Kingdom
Noland
Ruby slippers
Silver Shoes
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
Characters
Dorothy Gale
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List of Good Behavior episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Good Behavior is an American drama television series based on the novella series by Blake Crouch. The series stars Michelle Dockery as Letty Raines, a con artist who becomes involved with a hitman named Javier Pereira, played by Juan Diego Botto. Good Behavior debuted on TNT on November 15, 2016.
On January 14, 2017, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on October 15, 2017.[1] As of December 17, 2017,[update] 20 episodes of Good Behavior have aired, concluding the second season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2016–17)
2.2 Season 2 (2017)
3 Ratings
3.1 Season 1 (2016–17)
3.2 Season 2 (2017)
4 References
5 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 10 November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15) January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
2 10 October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "So You're Not an English Teacher" Charlotte Sieling Chad Hodge & Blake Crouch November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13) (preview)
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15) (premiere) 0.57[2] (preview)
0.81[3] (premiere)
Released from prison on good behavior, thief and con-artist Letty Raines overhears a hitman planning a hit and attempts to thwart his plan.
2
2 "Only The Best For Mrs. Diaz" Carl Franklin Chad Hodge November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15) 0.75[3]
Javier forces Letty to accompany him on his next hit, playing the role of his wife at an exclusive hotel.
3
3 "From Terrible Me" Magnus Martens Chad Hodge November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22) 0.64[4]
Letty and Javier deal with the occurrences of the last episode, blaming each other for the way the hit played out and attempting to cover their tracks.
4
4 "Your Mama Had a Hard Night" Mark Piznarski Blake Crouch November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22) (preview)
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29) (premiere) 0.50[4] (preview)
0.52[5] (premiere)
Letty returns to her hometown in an attempt to spend time with her son Jacob, despite the restraining order against her.
5
5 "Beautiful Things Deserve Beautiful Things" Mikkel Nørgaard Chad Hodge December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06) 0.71[6]
Letty reunites with Javier on the road. Later, while Javier visits his sister, Letty is surprised by a visit from her parole officer Christian.
6
6 "We Pretend We're Stuck" Jonas Pate Chitra Elizabeth Sampath December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13) 0.68[7]
Letty and Javier return to Letty's hometown and spend a problem-filled day with Jacob.
7
7 "The Ballad of Little Santino" Phil Abraham Brett Johnson December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20) 0.92[8]
Letty and Javier have dinner with his family. Letty learns a shocking and tragic secret from Javier's youth.
8
8 "It Still Fits Bitch" Mark Piznarski Dana Baratta December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27) 0.91[9]
Letty bails her mother out of jail - on the day her mother was supposed to be getting married. Letty is shocked when Jacob's father Sean returns.
9
9 "For You I'd Go with Strawberry" Mikkel Nørgaard Lenore Zion January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03) 0.83[10]
Letty deals with the possibility of Sean getting custody of Jacob, the stress of which causes problems between her and Javier.
10
10 "All the Things" Magnus Martens Blake Crouch & Sarah Berry January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10) 0.90[11]
Letty has to make a difficult choice - one which puts Javier at risk of prison, unless she can get to him before it's too late.
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
11
1 "The Heart Attack is the Best Way" Mikkel Nørgaard Chad Hodge October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) 0.69[12]
12
2 "I Want You to Leave a Person Alive for Once" Magnus Martens Chitra Elizabeth Sampath October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22) 0.56[13]
13
3 "Because I'm Mrs. Claus" Clare Kilner Chad Hodge October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29) 0.50[14]
14
4 "I Think It's A Sign" Mikkel Nørgaard Brett Johnson November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) 0.53[15]
15
5 "You Could Discover Me" Jessica Lowrey Chitra Elizabeth Sampath November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12) 0.62[16]
16
6 "It's No Fun If It's Easy" Coky Giedroyc Dana Baratta November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19) 0.54[17]
17
7 "Don't Thank God, Thank Me" Louise Friedberg Aaron Fullerton November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26) 0.57[18]
18
8 "Stay Beautiful" Mikkel Nørgaard Lenore Zion December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03) 0.54[19]
19
9 "And I Am A Violent Criminal" Doc Crotzer Lenore Zion & Sarah Berry December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10) 0.68[20]
20
10 "Letty Raines, In The Mansion, With The Gun" Magnus Martens Story by : Chad Hodge
Teleplay by : Aaron Fullerton & Joshua Karns December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17) 0.72[21]
Ratings[edit]
Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "So You're Not an English Teacher" November 15, 2016 0.2 0.81[3]
2 "Only The Best For Mrs. Diaz" November 15, 2016 0.2 0.75[3]
3 "From Terrible Me" November 22, 2016 0.2 0.64[4]
4 "Your Mama Had a Hard Night" November 29, 2016 0.2 0.52[5]
5 "Beautiful Things Deserve Beautiful Things" December 6, 2016 0.2 0.71[6]
6 "We Pretend We're Stuck" December 13, 2016 0.2 0.68[7]
7 "The Ballad of Little Santino" December 20, 2016 0.2 0.92[8]
8 "It Still Fits Bitch" December 27, 2016 0.2 0.91[9]
9 "For You I'd Go With Strawberry" January 3, 2017 0.2 0.83[10]
10 "All the Things" January 10, 2017 0.2 0.90[11]
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "The Heart Attack is the Best Way" October 15, 2017 0.2 0.69[12] 0.2 0.73 0.4 1.42[22]
2 "I Want You to Leave a Person Alive for Once" October 22, 2017 0.2 0.56[13] N/A 0.68 N/A 1.24[23]
3 "Because I'm Mrs. Claus" October 29, 2017 0.1 0.50[14] 0.2 0.70 0.3 1.20[24]
4 "I Think It's A Sign" November 5, 2017 0.1 0.53[15] 0.2 0.72 0.3 1.24[25]
5 "You Could Discover Me" November 12, 2017 0.2 0.62[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "It's No Fun If It's Easy" November 19, 2017 0.1 0.54[17] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "Don't Thank God, Thank Me" November 26, 2017 0.2 0.57[18] N/A 0.73 N/A 1.30[26]
8 "Stay Beautiful" December 3, 2017 0.1 0.54[19] 0.2 0.69 0.3 1.23[27]
9 "And I'm A Violent Criminal" December 10, 2017 0.2 0.68[20] N/A 0.70 N/A 1.38[28]
10 "Letty Raines, In The Mansion, With The Gun" December 17, 2017 0.2 0.72[21] N/A N/A N/A N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Good Behavior - Renewed for a 2nd Season". January 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 15, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.13.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (November 16, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.15.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Metcalf, Mitch (November 23, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.22.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 7, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.29.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 7, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.6.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 15, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.13.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.20.2016 - Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 29, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.27.2016". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.3.2017 - Showbuzz Daily". www.showbuzzdaily.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (January 11, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (October 17, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (October 24, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (October 31, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (November 7, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (November 14, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (November 21, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (November 29, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.26.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 5, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.3.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 12, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (December 18, 2017). "Updated: ShowbuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 12.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 26, 2017). "'Gold Rush' still striking it rich for Discovery: Cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). "'Walking Dead' premiere grows a lot, still trails Season 7 debut by a lot: Cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 16-22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Walking Dead,' 'AHS: Cult' way above everything else in cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'American Horror Story: Cult' triples in cable Live +7 ratings for Oct. 30-Nov. 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). "'The Walking Dead' laps the field in cable Live +7 ratings for Nov. 20-26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). "'The Walking Dead' outpaces everything else in cable Live +7 ratings for Nov. 27-Dec. 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Top Chef' premiere more than doubles in cable Live +7 ratings for Dec. 4-10". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
External links[edit]
List of Good Behavior episodes on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Good_Behavior_episodes&oldid=831629618"
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Lists of American crime drama television series episodes
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Wonders of the Invisible World
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This article is about the 1693 book. For other Wonders of the World, see Wonders of the World (disambiguation).
WondersoftheInvisibleWorld-1693
The Wonders of the Invisible World was a book written by Cotton Mather and published in 1693. It was subtitled, Observations As well Historical as Theological, upon the Nature, the Number, and the Operations of the Devils. The book defended Mather's role in the witchhunt conducted in Salem, Massachusetts. It espoused the belief that witchcraft was an evil magical power. Mather saw witches as tools of the devil in Satan's battle to "overturn this poor plantation, the Puritan colony", and prosecution of witches as a way to secure God's blessings for the colony.
Its arguments are largely derivative of Saducismus Triumphatus by Joseph Glanvill.[1] A copy of Glanvill's book was in Mather's library when he died.
Robert Calef published a refutation of Mather's book in 1700.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Analysis
2.1 Point of view
2.2 Language
3 Legacy
4 See also
5 External links
6 Notes
Summary[edit]
Cotton Mather was born in 1663. After graduating from Harvard College, he followed in his father's footsteps, becoming pastor of the Second Church of Boston. He continued in this role from 1685 until his death in 1728.[2]:307
Mather began with an explanation of how the people of God were living in the devil's territories. He discussed the devil's plan to overturn the plantation and churches with the help of witches.
"...An army of devils is horribly broke in upon the place which is the center, and after a sort, the first-born of our English settlements...[2]
Mather prefaced the trials by saying he would recount them as a historian. One of the trials included was Martha Carrier's, who was "[t]he person of whom the confessions of the witches, and of her own children among the rest, agreed that the devil had promised her she should be Queen of the Hebrews."[2]:313 Mather presented testimonies against Martha Carrier, all of which presumed her to be guilty.
Analysis[edit]
Point of view[edit]
Mather presented himself as an unbiased informer to the reader.[2]:310 He received his information from court records. He did not present defenses against the testimonies given.
Language[edit]
Mather’s background as a minister[2]:307 showed in his references to religion. Mather went into details on the traditional religious view of the Devil and witchcraft.[2]:308
Puritan colonists feared the perceived witches among themselves , "and the houses of the good people are filled with the doleful shrieks of their children and servants, tormented by invisible hands.".[2]:309
Legacy[edit]
Mather's book inspired the title of the 2006 album Last Days of Wonder by Chicago band The Handsome Family; lyricist Rennie Sparks has stated she was intrigued by what she called its "madness brimming under the surface of things."[3]
See also[edit]
Salem Witch Trials
Puritanism
External links[edit]
The Wonders of the Invisible World in etext.
The Wonders of the Invisible World(1693 edition) in PDF format.
The Wonders of the Invisible World public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Ankarloo, Bengt and Henningsen, Gustav (editors) Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries (1990). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 431-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S. (eds.). The Norton Anthology: American Literature. A. (7 ed.). p. 309. ISBN 0393929930.
Jump up ^ Bahn, Christopher (8 February 2006). "Interview: Brett and Rennie Sparks of The Handsome Family". A.V. Club. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_Invisible_World&oldid=806026426"
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