text:
ST depression
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ST depression refers to a finding on an electrocardiogram,[1][2] wherein the trace in the ST segment is abnormally low below the baseline.
Contents
1 Measurement
2 Physiology
3 Causes
3.1 Mnemonic
4 See also
5 References
Measurement[edit]
ST segment depression may be determined by measuring the vertical distance between the patient's trace and the isoelectric line at a location 2[3]-3 millimeters from the QRS complex.
It is significant if it is more than 1 mm in V5-V6, or 1.5 mm in AVF or III.
In a cardiac stress test, an ST depression of at least 1 mm after adenosine administration indicates a reversible ischaemia, while an exercise stress test requires an ST depression of at least 2 mm to significantly indicate reversible ischaemia.[4]
Physiology[edit]
For non-transmural ischemia (subendocardial ischemia) injured cells are closer to the inside of heart wall, resulting in a systolic injury current. A systolic injury current results from a greater depolarization in healthier cells. Because the subepicardial region is more depolarized (more positive) compared to the endomyocardial cells the current in the left ventricle flows toward the endomyocardial cells. The current flows from the more positive subepicardium to the less positive subendocardium during phase 2 of the fast fiber type depolarization, which on ECG occurs during ST segment. The positive electrodes on the anterior chest wall detect the movement of positive charge away from the electrode and record it as a downward deflection on the ECG paper.
Causes[edit]
It is often a sign of myocardial ischemia, of which coronary insufficiency is a major cause. Other ischemic heart diseases causing ST depression include:
Subendocardial ischemia[5] or even infarction.[3] Subendocardial means non full thickness ischemia. In contrast, ST elevation is transmural (or full thickness) ischemia
Non Q-wave myocardial infarction[5]
Reciprocal changes in acute Q-wave myocardial infarction (e.g., ST depression in leads I & aVL with acute inferior myocardial infarction)[5]
ST segment depression and T-wave changes may be seen in patients with unstable angina
Depressed but upsloping ST segment generally rules out ischemia as a cause.
Also, it can be a normal variant or artifacts, such as:
Pseudo-ST-depression, which is a wandering baseline due to poor skin contact of the electrode[5]
Physiologic J-junctional depression with sinus tachycardia[5]
Hyperventilation[5]
Other, non-ischemic, causes include:
Side effect of digoxin[3][5]
Hypokalemia[3][5]
Right or left ventricular hypertrophy[5]
Intraventricular conduction abnormalities (e.g., right or left bundle branch block, WPW, etc.)[5]
Hypothermia[3]
Tachycardia[3]
Reciprocal ST elevation[3]
Mitral valve prolapse[5]
Central nervous system disease,[5] such as stroke[6]
Mnemonic[edit]
A mnemonic can be used for some causes of ST depression, namely DEPRESSED ST:
D - Drooping valve (MV Prolapse) E - Enlargement of the left ventricle P - Potassium loss R - Reciprocal ST depression (e.g. inferior MI) E - Encephalon hemorrhage S - Subendocardial infarct S - Subendocardial ischemia E - Embolism (pulmonary) D - Dilated cardiomyopathy S - Shock T - Toxicity (digitalis/quinidine)
See also[edit]
ST segment
ST elevation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Okin PM, Devereux RB, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Crow RS, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV (April 2001). "Computerized ST depression analysis improves prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: the strong heart study". Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 6 (2): 107–16. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2001.tb00094.x. PMID 11333167.
Jump up ^ Okin PM, Roman MJ, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BV, Devereux RB (April 2004). "Combined echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and electrocardiographic ST depression improve prediction of mortality in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study". Hypertension. 43 (4): 769–74. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000118585.73688.c6. PMID 14769809.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g madscientist software > MicroEKG Manual Retrieved September 2010
Jump up ^ Yap LB, Arshad W, Jain A, Kurbaan AS, Garvie NW (2005). "Significance of ST depression during exercise treadmill stress and adenosine infusion myocardial perfusion imaging". The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 21 (2-3): 253–8; discussion 259–60. doi:10.1007/s10554-004-2458-y. PMID 16015437.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l X. ST Segment Abnormalities Frank G. Yanowitz, MD. University of Utah School of Medicine
Jump up ^ Togha M, Sharifpour A, Ashraf H, Moghadam M, Sahraian MA (January 2013). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute cerebrovascular events in patients with/without cardiovascular disease". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 16 (1): 66–71. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.107710. PMC 3644785  . PMID 23661966.
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Penny (The Big Bang Theory)
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This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Penny
The Big Bang Theory character
Kaley Cuoco as Penny
First appearance
"Pilot" (2007)
Created by
Chuck Lorre
Bill Prady
Portrayed by
Kaley Cuoco
Information
Nickname(s)
"Bestie" (by Amy)
"Slugger" (by Wyatt)
Gender
Female
Occupation
Waitress
Actress
Student
Pharmaceutical representative
Family
Wyatt (father)
Susan (mother)
Randall (brother)
Spouse(s)
Zack Johnson (annulled)
Leonard Hofstadter
Relatives
Alfred Hofstadter (father-in-law)
Beverly Hofstadter (mother-in-law)
Michael Hofstadter (brother-in-law)
Unnamed sister-in-law
Nationality
American
Penny is a fictional character on the American CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, portrayed by actress Kaley Cuoco. She is the primary female character in the series, befriending her across-the-hall neighbors Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons), two physicists who work at the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Penny's lack of advanced education, but outgoing personality and social aptitude drastically contrasts with the personalities of the primary male characters in the series, even though she is considered part of their group. She is the love interest of Leonard, with whom she maintains a brief romantic relationship during the third season, which is later resumed in the fifth season and culminates in an engagement at the end of the seventh season and their wedding at the start of season 9.[1] Penny is the only main character of the show whose last name has not been revealed,[2] although she has been occasionally referred to or addressed with the last name Hofstadter since her wedding.[3][4]
Contents
1 Personality
1.1 Interaction with Sheldon
1.2 Nerd traits
2 Financial issues
3 Family
4 Work
5 Relationships
6 Development
7 See also
8 References
Personality[edit]
Originally from a small town outside of Omaha, Nebraska, Penny has aspirations of becoming an actress. Until season 7, she worked as a waitress at the local Cheesecake Factory.[5][6] She is a Sagittarius, born on December 2.[7] She has full confidence in horoscopes and psychics, which has led to arguments with Sheldon and Leonard about their accuracy.[6][7]
In contrast to the rest of the group, Penny is not well educated nor savvy in a specific technical field, but she has great social skills and is more streetwise than her neighbors. She is very knowledgeable about popular culture.[8] She is messy and disorganized but appears to like it that way.[9] Having dropped out of community college prior to the start of the series, she is the only regular character with less education than Howard Wolowitz, who has a master's degree. She initially feels insulted when Leonard shows her a list of community colleges to go to at the beginning of season 2, but in season 6, she does go back to college, taking a history class. By the middle of the season, she is also taking an acting class, and at the beginning of season 7, she is taking a psychology class as well. Despite her weak education, she is insightful. While Sheldon routinely disparages both Penny's and Howard's educations, he occasionally acknowledges her intelligence and potential, though he rarely treats Howard so. He has also asked for her advice more than once regarding various social situations.
Leonard has likened her to The Hulk when she gets angry,[10] while Sheldon once said to recurring character Stuart Bloom that she would "maul [him] like a rabid wolverine" if Stuart woke her up from a sound sleep.[11]
A recurring theme is Penny's poor driving. She fails to service her vehicle regularly, and ignores her check engine light, which has been mentioned in multiple episodes.[12][13] She once left her car's passenger side wing mirror in a parking lot.[14] She once hit a Mercedes in a parking lot and left without leaving a note.[15] She also inadvertently reveals that she knocked the mirror off Bernadette's car and did not leave a note.[16] When her car's engine finally fails in Season 7, Leonard buys her a new one so she can go to auditions and pursue her dream of becoming an actress.[17] In Season 8, after finding a job as a highly paid pharmaceutical sales representative at Bernadette's company, she obtains a company car and sells the one Leonard bought for her, attempting to return Leonard the money.[18]
In the fifth-season episode "The Speckerman Recurrence", it is revealed that Penny was a bully during her time at school. However, she seems to be genuinely unaware of the hurt her actions caused, and upon her realization, she attempts to make amends with a classmate she tormented, with little success.[19]
A recurring personality trait is her consumption of alcohol, specifically wine. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", Penny, while spending the evening with Bernadette and Amy, observes that they have finished the bottle of wine, and when Bernadette and Amy point out that they consumed only half a glass and no wine at all, respectively, Penny snaps, "Okay, don't judge me! So, what do you want to do, go to the movies, go dancing, lay down for a little bit?" At the end of that episode, she passes out while the three of them play Twister, and when Bernadette initially fails to revive her, she says "Penny, we're out of wine", which manages to wake Penny. In "The Intimacy Acceleration", Sheldon asks her, "If you could wake up tomorrow having gained any one quality or ability, what would it be?" Penny replied, “Well, not to steal from the Bible, but turning water into wine sounds pretty good.”. In "The Locomotive Manipulation", Leonard declines Amy's suggestion that the group spend a weekend in Napa Valley, leading to this exchange:
Leonard: "I'm not sure it's a great idea to take Penny to where wine comes from. (Looks at Penny) What? It's a joke. Oh, come on. We bust on each other. I wear dorky glasses, you might have a problem, it's all for laughs."
Penny: "That would really piss me off if I didn't have a buzz going on."
Interaction with Sheldon[edit]
A staple of the series' humor is Penny's awkward interactions with Sheldon, which are fueled by the fact that they are almost polar opposites in terms of intellect and social aptitude.
In one episode, Sheldon tries to "improve" Penny, rewarding her with chocolate for what he considers "correct behavior", as in operant conditioning of lab rats. Leonard noticed it and accused Sheldon of modifying her like Pavlov's dogs.[20] Although the two characters sometimes clash, and Penny is frequently irritated by Sheldon's obstinacy and lack of social awareness, she has developed an affection for him. She and Leonard occasionally talk and behave as if Sheldon were their child (once alluded to in season 11's "The Collaboration Contamination" when Penny actually uses a parenting book of Bernadette's on Sheldon), and Penny is very pleased whenever Sheldon acts tenderly towards her. Penny often calls Sheldon "sweetie", a term of endearment she frequently uses with other characters (a fact that Sheldon has himself pointed out), and Penny and Amy are the only principal characters who ever openly demonstrate their genuine fondness for Sheldon.
Evidence of Penny's affection for Sheldon is apparent in various episodes. Penny takes care of Sheldon while he is ill[21] and lets him stay at her apartment when he is locked out of his, or if he has a bad dream or is feeling unsafe;[22] Sheldon lent her money when she needed it[23] and takes care of her when she dislocates her shoulder.[14] Despite not being as well versed as the men in geek culture, Penny has shown attention to what each of her friends likes, although she still remains dismissive of them: during a Christmas episode, Penny gives Sheldon a signed napkin autographed by Leonard Nimoy. In return, Sheldon gives Penny several baskets of bath products and then a long hug, to both her and Leonard's surprise. When Sheldon's World of Warcraft account is hacked and the four men all back down from the much larger hacker who also steals Sheldon's Klingon Bat'leth, Penny kicks the hacker in the groin. Following her breakup with Leonard, Penny takes Sheldon along when she and some friends from work went to Disneyland, for which he is thankful. In the same episode, "The Spaghetti Catalyst", she notes that she takes Sheldon shopping for his linens. (This episode also shows her and Leonard acting like a divorced couple and Sheldon is their "son", a dynamic that recurs in successive seasons). She has also helped Sheldon resolve conflicts with Amy, as in "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver".
In "The Panty Pinata Polarization" Penny has a fight with Sheldon as he banishes her from his apartment and using their Wi-Fi as she got "three strikes". She defends herself by refusing to take down his order at the restaurant and then ruins his weekly Saturday laundry night but then he puts Penny's underwear on the telephone wire. After having a heated argument with his mother, Sheldon apologises to Penny and then they make amends with one another.
Sheldon has also acknowledged that he likes Penny, although he claims this was only because he was forced to because Leonard "made him", and that Sheldon liking her was a "hard row to hoe",[24] although in "The Intimacy Acceleration" Sheldon has admitted that he considers Penny a sisterly or motherly figure.
Nerd traits[edit]
A number of episodes depict Penny's assimilation of nerd culture through her relationship with the men, and has developed to quote some science fiction shows (like Star Trek), and movies (Star Wars). After Sheldon introduces her to the online role-playing game Age of Conan, Penny becomes addicted, to the point of ignoring her friends, her hygiene, her general appearance and her job, and pesters Sheldon incessantly for gaming advice. She finally overcomes her addiction when she realizes she has agreed to go on a virtual date within the game with Howard.[25]
In episodes such as "The Apology Insufficiency", "The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition", "The Wheaton Recurrence" and "The Love Car Displacement", she makes casual references to Star Trek.[26] In "The Bakersfield Expedition", Penny, Amy and Bernadette read some of the men's comics, believing there is nothing interesting in them, only to get into a huge heated argument about whether or not only Thor could wield his enchanted hammer Mjolnir.[27] In season 7's "The Proton Transmogrification", she alarms herself when she realizes that she understands Raj and Howard's corny Star Wars-related puns.
Penny sometimes references science and technology-related ideas. In "The Codpiece Topology", Penny, having previously learned of Schrödinger's cat in "The Tangerine Factor", is seen explaining that concept to her date. In "The Beta Test Initiation", Penny references beta testing when Leonard uses a software development analogy, to describe their attempt to start a romantic relationship again, although he points out he was technically talking about alpha testing. In "The Veracity Elasticity" she demonstrates fluency in Ubbi Dubbi by having a secret conversation with Amy Farrah Fowler in front of Sheldon and Leonard, when the guys are having their own secret conversation in Klingon.
Financial issues[edit]
A recurring theme throughout the series is Penny's ongoing financial problems. This is seen in "The Financial Permeability", when she finds herself behind on her bills, and borrows money from Sheldon, only to later become paranoid that he is pestering her for repayment, even though he makes no such indications of this - he misinterprets Penny's paranoia and even offers her more money, while Leonard points out that one of the few things about Sheldon that isn't insufferable is that he genuinely doesn't care about how long it will take to repay the money. More subtle references are seen in the fact that she once attempted to pay for her electric bill using a Starbucks gift card, an apology note and pictures of her in underwear.[28]
A subset of this trait is addressed by other characters is her freeloading. In the second-season episode "The Financial Permeability", when Penny is short on money, Leonard pays for her share of a group dinner, which causes Raj and Howard to joke that they would get free food too if they wore skintight jeans and a tank top. A recurring gag in the fourth season is Sheldon's frequent change of his and Leonard's Wi-Fi password to address Penny's use of their signal. In "The Thespian Catalyst", he changes the password to "Penny is a freeloader",[29] in "The Roommate Transmogrification" he has changed it to "Penny, get your own Wi-Fi",[30] and in the episode "The Speckerman Recurrence", he has changed it into "Penny already eats our food, she can pay for Wi-Fi". In the seventh season "The Convention Conundrum", when the women go out for drinks, and ponder their own maturity, and Penny questions the significance of that trait, Bernadette replies that it would mean that their check would be split three ways.[16]
Penny's financial situation takes a turn at the start of season eight, when she lands a job in "The Locomotion Interruption" as a sales representative at the pharmaceutical company at which Bernadette works. By "The Expedition Approximation", she is making enough money to be financially self-sufficient, able to sell the automobile Leonard previously gave her ("The Friendship Turbulence") and gives him back the money for it—changing their dynamic and leading to discussions on whether her future financial windfalls may prove difficult for him, given his insecurities. This situation was later exacerbated when it was revealed that Penny now actually earns significantly more than Leonard.
In the season nine episode "The Big Bear Precipitation", Penny reveals she hates her job as a representative but sticks with it because she still has large debts and also does not want to go back to waitressing or acting.
Family[edit]
In "The Maternal Capacitance", Penny reveals that her father Wyatt (Keith Carradine)[31] tried to raise her like a boy, which is a source of pain for her, leading her to have father issues. When she and Leonard begin dating, Wyatt comes to appreciate that she is dating an accomplished academic, rather than an uneducated hick, so much so that when he visits Penny in the fourth-season episode "The Boyfriend Complexity" following her and Leonard's breakup, it is revealed that she has not revealed the breakup to her father. When she later informs Wyatt of the breakup, Wyatt secretly encourages Leonard to not give up on her. In contrast to all other characters, Penny and her father's last name have not been revealed. Co-creator Bill Prady stated that Penny's last name will be revealed eventually.[32] Executive producer Steve Molaro, however, has since stated her last name will remain a secret.[33]
In an early episode, Penny talked to Raj about her sister having shot her brother-in-law.[9] In another episode, Penny accompanied the men to the comic book store to shop for a gift for her 13-year-old nephew.[11] In "The Boyfriend Complexity" (4–9), Wyatt (Penny's father) tells Leonard he wants grandchildren one day, "and I want them to grow up on a house without wheels".[31] In "The Dumpling Paradox", Penny has an unwanted guest, Christy, staying with her who had slept with her brother while being engaged to her cousin, saying, "she's kind of family". Christy knows Penny from back in Omaha and, according to Penny, she slept with nearly every man in the city, earning her the nickname "Whore of Omaha". While staying with Penny, Christy sleeps with Howard.[34]
In the Season 5 episode "The Pulled Groin Extrapolation", after Penny quickly grabs and eats the last dumpling of a group dinner after a brief disagreement over who should get it, Sheldon makes the sarcastic comment, "I've seen pictures of your mother. Keep eating", a reference to Penny's mother's weight, that clearly unsettles her. In "The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition", Penny confesses to Bernadette that her mother smoked pot while she was pregnant with her.
Penny has mentioned having a sister who appears to be the mother of her 13-year-old nephew mentioned in Season 2. In "The Bachelor Party Corrosion", Penny tells Bernadette, Amy and viewers that at her sister's wedding she was heavily pregnant since she and their father started a father-daughter dance and then her water broke.
Penny has mentioned having a brother on parole, who she says is "kind of a chemist". In "The Rhinitis Revelation" (5–6), she is more explicit in revealing that he is in the practice of cooking crystal meth.[35] She mentions that he is back in prison for 12–18 months, depending on his behavior, in the seventh-season finale, "The Status Quo Combustion".
Penny's mother Susan, who Penny has occasionally spoken with on the phone in prior episodes (usually about other family members), finally appears in the Season 10 premiere episode "The Conjugal Conjecture", portrayed by Katey Sagal. She is shown to be very embarrassed by her family's shortcomings: her son's criminal record and jailing, Wyatt's drinking, and their overall humble existence as a farming family. Although she has previously met Leonard and likes him, she is uncomfortable about meeting his academic parents, not wanting them to think of her family as "white trash". She goes to great lengths to present them in the best possible light, including buying dental implants for her son.
Work[edit]
Until the seventh season, Penny's main job was as a waitress at her local The Cheesecake Factory, although in the first-season episode "The Grasshopper Experiment" she trained as a bartender. It seemed that she occasionally picked up the bartending shift in the restaurant. In 2010, when actress Kaley Cuoco broke her leg, Penny was shown working as a bartender in several season 4 episodes to hide the cast on her leg.
Her work at The Cheesecake Factory, was initially meant to be a temporary job for her desired profession as an actress, although her expectations are somewhat high and naive at the beginning. She admits in season two that her plan was to be a waitress for six months and then become a movie star, and her back-up plan was to become a TV star. She regularly goes to castings, but often ends up unsuccessful, or finding the role being auditioned to be quite different from what she expected, as was the case when she thought she was auditioning for a cat food commercial and it instead turned out to be a casting for a pornographic film. In the season one episode "The Loobenfeld Decay", she is cast in a production of Rent, and in "The Terminator Decoupling" she refers to another of her roles as "Anne Frank in a theater above a bowling alley". Frustrated with her acting career, in the season five premiere, she briefly considers returning to Nebraska until landing a part in a commercial for hemorrhoid cream. In "The Monster Isolation", Penny is seen performing the role of Blanche DuBois in her acting class' production of A Streetcar Named Desire. In this episode Sheldon, who attended the show along with Leonard and Amy, is impressed with Penny's ability to memorize lines, but still couldn't remember customers' orders as a waitress. In the season seven premiere, she was revealed to have had a topless shower scene in a low budget horror film named "Serial Apeist" when she first moved to California, which she did not realise had been uploaded to the internet until Sheldon revealed it was available online and the gang saw it on the day they met her.
In the season seven episode "The Hesitation Ramification", Penny believes she has finally found stardom when she lands a brief role in NCIS. She is devastated when her scene is cut, but later decides it is time to focus solely on acting; she quits her job at The Cheesecake Factory to devote herself to become an actress.
Despite usually going to her neighbors for technical assistance when she has problems with her computer, Penny does have some mechanical skills of her own. When she was a child, she rebuilt a tractor engine on the farm where she grew up[9] and competed in a junior rodeo.[36]
During season eight, Penny gives up her acting career and gets a job as a salesperson at Bernadette's pharmaceutical company. The next season has Penny admitting that she hates her job flirting with her customers for sales.
Relationships[edit]
Kaley Cuoco and Johnny Galecki (who portrays Leonard) at PaleyFest
Unlike the rest of the main characters, Penny is very outgoing and assertive, and has many romantic relationships over the course of the series. She often dates, and in one way or another all the men have gone to her for dating advice. In the fourth season opener, Sheldon estimates that Penny has dated 193 men, and had sex with 31 of them. Penny strenuously denies it was ever that many. Amy asks Penny in the same conversation if, in light of her sex partners, she considers herself a "slut", Penny responds uncertainly, "No. No. ... No?"[12]
In the series premiere, Penny moves in across the hall from Leonard and Sheldon because of her recent split from her boyfriend, Kurt, after living together for four years. She says she still loves him, even though he cheated on her.[6] Kurt makes two more appearances in the series.[23][37]
From the beginning,[6] Leonard's infatuation with Penny becomes a major force that drives the series. Howard also shows interest in her (primarily sexual), but he is always rejected abruptly due to his unsettling approaches. Although Penny occasionally teases Raj for his inability to speak to her, she is sympathetic and kind towards him, and as with Sheldon, she almost always overlooks his idiosyncrasies and appreciates that his intentions are good.
In the first-season episode "The Fuzzy Boots Corollary", Penny describes her approach after a failed relationship: she picks up an attractive man to have rebound sex with over the course of a 36-hour weekend, then leaves him.[38]
In the first-season finale, Penny breaks up with her boyfriend after he posts intimate details about their private life on his blog. This gives Leonard the opportunity to ask her out on a first official date.[39] Although the date is successful, Penny becomes worried after she lies to Leonard about graduating from community college (it is mentioned in a later episode, "The Cohabitation Formulation", that she was enrolled in one, but dropped out). When Sheldon asks her why she lied, she indicates that she is self-conscious about her comparative level of education. Leonard eventually learns the truth, but makes matters worse when he tries to encourage Penny to enroll in Pasadena City College, as Penny interprets his suggestion as an insult to her intelligence, and rebuffs him.[40]
In "The Maternal Capacitance", Penny's introduction to Leonard's mother, Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, causes Penny and Leonard to seek comfort in each other. They nearly have sex, but when Leonard comments in bed that she was attracted to him because of a psychological need to be closer to her father, her revulsion at this causes her to rebuff him.[41]
Afterwards, Penny dates Stuart, from the comic book store, but their dates do not lead to a relationship. The first time, Penny and Stuart are interrupted by Sheldon, who argues at length with Stuart over whether Dick Grayson or Jason Todd should be Batman's successor, while Penny falls to sleep.[11] Their dating ends in "The Classified Materials Turbulence", when Penny and Stuart are kissing, and Penny mistakenly calls him "Leonard".[42]
In the second-season finale Penny finally shows strong romantic feelings for Leonard. When she discovers that Leonard, Sheldon, Howard, and Raj will be spending three months at the magnetic North Pole for a scientific experiment, she becomes sad and gives Leonard a Snuggie and a long hug, that Leonard perceives as unusually long. Although Penny dismisses the meaning into which Leonard reads the gift and the hug, she later admits to herself that it meant that she did not want him to leave.[43]
In the third-season premiere, after the men returned from the expedition, Penny kisses Leonard immediately upon his return, having missed him immensely.[44] Initially, Leonard and Penny feel uncomfortable with their new relationship, and they agreed to remain only friends, but are unable to maintain this resolution and began a stable relationship.[45] Their relationship sours, however, when Leonard tells Penny he loves her for the first time, and an unsure Penny simply replied, "Thank you." The resulting tension eventually led to Penny breaking up with Leonard during a bowling match.[46] However, they remain friends and even sleep together once after breaking up after Penny gets drunk following a bad date with Zack Johnson, after she realizes Leonard ruined her ability to tolerate and date unintelligent men.[47]
In the fourth season, Penny reveals to her friends Bernadette Rostenkowski and Amy Farrah Fowler during a "Truth or Dare?" game that she has still not moved on from Leonard. This is further implied in "The Justice League Recombination" when she indicates to Leonard that her reunion with Zack, and Zack's decision to have the two of them join the men in dressing up as the Justice League for New Year's Eve costume party at Stuart's comic shop is made difficult by her history with Leonard. In "The Love Car Displacement", Penny and the rest of the cast attend an academic conference in Big Sur. She and Leonard share the same hotel room for the night and they almost have sex until Raj walks in on them. The next day, bored with the conference, Penny accepts a ride back to Los Angeles from Professor Glenn, Bernadette's tall and attractive ex-boyfriend. When Raj's sister, Priya, returns in the episode "The Cohabitation Formulation", Priya and Leonard begin a romantic relationship. Penny appears to be initially accepting of their relationship, but is later discovered by Amy to be heartbroken over it.
In the Season four finale, Penny reveals to Raj that she regrets breaking up with Leonard. However, even though she and Raj both agree to be friends, they get drunk and wake up in bed together, apparently both naked, the next morning. Leonard, Sheldon, and Howard discover Penny leaving the apartment, deducing that they just had sex. In the Season 5 premiere, Raj confides to her that they had not consummated their encounter, prompting Penny to refer to Raj as "Quickdraw" because of that. She spends the rest of the episode with Amy, avoiding the men due to her embarrassment over her encounter with Raj
In "The Ornithophobia Diffusion" Leonard and Penny go on a platonic date as friends, but after Leonard decides that he does not have to pay for everything or defer to her because they are not a couple, they end up bickering and sabotaging each other's attempts to socialize with members of the opposite sex. Penny realizes that she finds Leonard's more assertive demeanor attractive, but when he regresses to groveling in order to have sex with her, she rebuffs him.
On the spur of the moment in "The Recombination Hypothesis", Leonard asks Penny out on a date after he imagines what getting back with her might be like. In "The Beta Test Initiation", their date goes well until Leonard asks about the status of their relationship. This causes conflict, due to Penny's subsequent admission that commitment frightens her, but they agree to take their relationship slowly. On a spur of the moment while having sex in "The Launch Acceleration", however, Leonard proposes to her, causing Penny great distress. After discussing the matter, Penny declines his proposal, while affirming her feelings for him, and her desire to remain with him. In the season 6 episode "The Date Night Variable", Leonard wants a reluctant Penny to define their relationship. In "The Decoupling Fluctuation", she wonders if she is really in love with him, but cannot bring herself to discuss it with Leonard. In "The Date Night Variable", Raj shows up unannounced at a private dinner of Penny and Leonard's, and inserts himself into their discussion of where their relationship is headed. When Leonard complains that Penny has yet to say "I love you" to Leonard, Raj attempts to get her to say it, causing Penny to eject him from the apartment.
In "The 43 Peculiarity", Leonard becomes jealous of Penny's classmate, an attractive Englishman. At the end of the episode, Penny and Leonard discuss this, during which Penny casually mentions that she loves him, which Leonard notes is the first time she has said this to him. In "The Egg Salad Equivalency" Penny learns that Sheldon's attractive assistant Alex asked Leonard out to dinner and eventually admits to Leonard her own insecurity about their relationship. After a major argument with Sheldon, Leonard suggests moving in with Penny in "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", but she indicates that she is not ready for this. In "The Tangible Affection Proof", Leonard again tries to propose to Penny on Valentine's Day, but she expresses that she is not ready for this, and is unnerved by that level of commitment. They resolve that when she is ready to get married, she can propose to him. In "The Bon Voyage Reaction", Penny deals with Leonard going off to Europe for a summer science assignment, resolving that they are more secure in their relationship.
In "The Hesitation Ramification", Penny, inebriated and frustrated over the state of her acting career, proposes to Leonard, who is hesitant to answer, given the circumstances. Though this further frustrates Penny, she admits in the following episode, "The Occupation Recalibration", that Leonard did the right thing.
By season 5, Penny has formed strong friendships with Doctors Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski, and the three are often seen spending time together. However, Amy and Bernadette occasionally prefer to meet without Penny, and often tease her incessantly.
In the penultimate episode of season 7, "The Gorilla Dissolution", she and Leonard become engaged, after Penny realizes that it is not fame she wants out of life, but happiness with Leonard. Throughout season 8, a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date. In the season 8 finale, Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas. Leonard happily accepts, but during the journey, after Penny expresses happiness that they will get married while knowing everything about each other, Leonard confesses to having shared a drunken kiss with another woman while on the boat in Europe, though he adds that the woman started it and he rejected her. Penny becomes hurt by the revelation, and even though she claims to forgive Leonard, there is clearly tension between them, leaving the season ending in a cliffhanger as to whether or not they will go through with the wedding.
At the beginning of season 9, Leonard and Penny marry, although not without some initial problems. They both reveal that they were subconsciously trying to sabotage their relationship, feeling unworthy of the other. After an aborted attempt for Leonard to move into Penny's apartment and live with his wife, Sheldon forces them to spend most of the nights a week in Leonard's old room. Although CBS now refers to the character with the married name Penny Hofstadter, it has not been explicitly indicated in series whether she took Leonard's surname.[48] In season 10, Sheldon moves into Penny's old apartment with Amy allowing Penny and Leonard to live on their own as husband and wife.
Development[edit]
In the original, unaired pilot of the series, the conception of the female lead was very different. She was called Katie, and was envisioned as "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior". Sheldon and Leonard would "approach her with honesty, to draw the real, sensitive Katie out".[32] The role was played by Amanda Walsh.[49] However, the test audiences reacted to the character negatively, seeing her as too mean. Because of this, the character was changed, and the role was recast.[32]
Tom Jicha of the South Florida Sun-Sentinel praised Cuoco's portrayal of Penny, stating: "Her character had the potential to be a bimbo, but she [Cucco] has developed it into a fully fleshed-out woman, who isn't as book-smart as the other characters but is wiser in so many ways. She's also a great straight person, who can get off zingers of her own".[50]
See also[edit]
List of The Big Bang Theory characters
List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Whether Leonard And Penny Get Married On The Big Bang Theory Season 9 Premiere Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
Jump up ^ "6 Things You Didn't Know About 'Big Bang Theory' Before the Season 8 Premiere!". Entertainment Tonight.
Jump up ^ "The Matrimonial Momentum". The Big Bang Theory. Season 9. Episode 1. September 21, 2015. CBS. Finally, a Mrs. Hofstadter who isn't disappointed with me.
Jump up ^ "The Separation Oscillation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 9. Episode 2. September 28, 2015. CBS. Penny Hofstadter, will you stay married to me?
Jump up ^ "The Robotic Manipulation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 4. Episode 1. September 23, 2010. 12:24 minutes in. CBS. I, myself, grew up in Nebraska. Small town, outside of Omaha.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Pilot". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 1. September 24, 2007. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Peanut Reaction". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 16. May 12, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Bat Jar Conjecture". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 13. April 21, 2008. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Big Bran Hypothesis". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 2. October 1, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Killer Robot Instability". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 12. January 12, 2009. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Hofstadter Isotope". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 20. April 13, 2009. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Robotic Manipulation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 4. Episode 1. September 23, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Euclid Alternative". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 5. October 20, 2008. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Adhesive Duck Deficiency". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 8. November 16, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Vacation Solution". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 16. March 6, 2014. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Convention Conundrum". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 14. January 30, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Friendship Turbulence". The Big Bang Theory. Season 7. Episode 17. March 6, 2014. Event occurs at 16:40. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Expedition Approximation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 8. Episode 16. October 20, 2014. Event occurs at 02:40. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Speckerman Recurrence". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 11. December 8, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Gothowitz Deviation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 3. October 5, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Pancake Batter Anomaly". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 11. March 31, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Vegas Renormalization". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 21. April 27, 2009. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Financial Permeability". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 14. February 2, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Habitation Configuration". The Big Bang Theory. Season 6. Episode 7. November 8, 2012. 15:06 minutes in. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Barbarian Sublimation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 3. October 6, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 19. March 30, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Bakersfield Expedition". The Big Bang Theory. Season 6. Episode 13. January 10, 2013. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Friendship Contraction". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 15. February 2, 2012. Event occurs at 12:23. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Thespian Catalyst". The Big Bang Theory. Season 4. Episode 14. February 3, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Roommate Transmogrification". The Big Bang Theory. Season 4. Episode 24. May 19, 2011. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Boyfriend Complexity". The Big Bang Theory. Season 4. Episode 9. November 18, 2010. CBS.
^ Jump up to: a b c "'Big Bang Theory': 'We didn't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys'". Variety. May 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Penny's 'Big Bang Theory' Secret: You'll Never Know Her Last Name, Steve Molaro Says". Huffington Post. June 8, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Dumpling Paradox". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 7. November 5, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Rhinitis Revelation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 5. Episode 6. October 11, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Panty Piñata Polarization". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 7. November 10, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Middle Earth Paradigm". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 6. October 29, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Fuzzy Boots Corollary". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 3. October 8, 2007. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Tangerine Factor". The Big Bang Theory. Season 1. Episode 17. May 19, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Bad Fish Paradigm". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 1. September 22, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Maternal Capacitance". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 15. February 9, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Classified Materials Turbulence". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 22. May 4, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Monopolar Expedition". The Big Bang Theory. Season 2. Episode 23. May 11, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 1. September 21, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Jiminy Conjecture". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 2. September 28, 2009. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Wheaton Recurrence". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 19. April 12, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Lunar Excitation". The Big Bang Theory. Season 3. Episode 26. May 24, 2010. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Penny Hofstadter, The Big Bang Theory". CBS. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News — Development Update: May 22–26 (Weekly Round-Up)". TheFutonCritic.com. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Paige Albiniak, "For Dramas, Expect New Faces", Broadcasting & Cable, June 13, 2011.
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The Big Bang Theory
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Penny
Howard Wolowitz
Raj Koothrappali
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
Season 2
"The Terminator Decoupling"
Season 3
"The Jiminy Conjecture"
Season 4
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"The Roommate Transmogrification"
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"The Recombination Hypothesis"
"The Beta Test Initiation"
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"The Stag Convergence"
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Season 6
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Season 7
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This is a list of the fifty most populous metropolitan areas in North America as of 2015, the most recent year for which official census results, estimates or projections are available for every major metropolitan area in North America. Where available, it uses official definitions of metropolitan areas based on the concept of a single urban core and its immediate surroundings, as opposed to polycentric conurbations. Figures refer to mid-2015 populations except in the case of Mexican metropolitan areas, whose figures derive from the 2015 Intercensal Survey conducted by INEGI with a reference date of 15 March 2015.[1] Havana has no official definition of its metropolitan area; the population within its city limits is given instead.
Metropolitan area
Population
Year
Country
1 Mexico City 20,892,724[2] 2015 Mexico
2 New York City 20,182,305[3] 2015 United States
3 Los Angeles 13,340,068[3] 2015 United States
4 Chicago 9,551,031[3] 2015 United States
5 Dallas–Fort Worth 7,102,796[3] 2015 United States
6 Houston 6,656,947[3] 2015 United States
7 Toronto 6,129,934[4] 2015 Canada
8 Washington 6,097,684[3] 2015 United States
9 Philadelphia 6,069,875[3] 2015 United States
10 Miami 6,012,331[3] 2015 United States
11 Atlanta 5,710,795[3] 2015 United States
12 Guadalajara 4,796,603[2] 2015 Mexico
13 Boston 4,774,321[3] 2015 United States
14 San Francisco–Oakland 4,656,132[3] 2015 United States
15 Phoenix 4,574,531[3] 2015 United States
16 Riverside-San Bernardino 4,489,159[3] 2015 United States
17 Monterrey 4,475,949[2] 2015 Mexico
18 Detroit 4,302,043[3] 2015 United States
19 Montreal 4,060,692[4] 2015 Canada
20 Seattle 3,733,580[3] 2015 United States
21 Santo Domingo 3,658,648[5] 2015 Dominican Republic
22 Minneapolis–St. Paul 3,524,583[3] 2015 United States
23 San Diego 3,299,521[3] 2015 United States
24 Tampa–St. Petersburg 2,975,225[3] 2015 United States
25 Puebla–Tlaxcala 2,941,988[2] 2015 Mexico
26 Denver 2,814,330[3] 2015 United States
27 St. Louis 2,811,588[3] 2015 United States
28 Baltimore 2,797,407[3] 2015 United States
29 Guatemala City 2,749,161[a][7] 2015 Guatemala
30 Port-au-Prince 2,618,894[8] 2015 Haiti
31 Vancouver 2,504,340[4] 2015 Canada
32 Charlotte 2,426,363[3] 2015 United States
33 Portland 2,389,228[3] 2015 United States
34 Orlando 2,387,138[3] 2015 United States
35 San Antonio 2,384,075[3] 2015 United States
36 Pittsburgh 2,353,045[3] 2015 United States
37 Sacramento 2,274,194[3] 2015 United States
38 San Juan 2,196,538[3] 2015 Puerto Rico
39 Cincinnati 2,157,719[3] 2015 United States
40 Havana 2,117,625[9] 2015 Cuba
41 Toluca 2,116,506[2] 2015 Mexico
42 Las Vegas 2,114,801[3] 2015 United States
43 Kansas City 2,087,471[3] 2015 United States
44 Cleveland 2,060,810[3] 2015 United States
45 Columbus 2,021,632[3] 2015 United States
46 Austin 2,000,860[3] 2015 United States
47 Indianapolis 1,988,817[3] 2015 United States
48 San Jose 1,976,836[3] 2015 United States
49 Panama City 1,910,328[b][12] 2015 Panama
50 Tijuana 1,840,710[2] 2015 Mexico
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In 2005, Guatemala City's metropolitan area was defined by its government as consisting of the municipalities of Amatitlán, Chinautla, Guatemala City proper, Mixco, San Miguel Petapa, Santa Catarina Pinula, Villa Canales and Villa Nueva.[6]
Jump up ^ Panama City's metropolitan area consists of four districts: Arraiján, La Chorrera, Panamá and San Miguelito.[10][11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Encuesta Intercensal 2015: Presentación de resultados" (PDF). INEGI. p. 5. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f For current definitions of Mexican metropolitan areas, see: "Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2010". Consejo Nacional de Población. Retrieved 2016-04-25. Population estimates for these metropolitan areas were compiled from the results of the 2015 Intercensal Survey, available at: "Encuesta Intercensal 2015: Tabulados - descarga". INEGI. Archived from the original on 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Table 1.1: Population and demographic factors of growth by census metropolitan area, Canada". Statistics Canada. 2015-02-10. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Región metropolitana". Población total estimadas y proyectadas por año calendario y sexo, según región y provincia 2000-2030 (Report). Oficina Nacional de Estadística. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ Proyecto GUA/04/022: Programa de Desarrollo Metropolitano de la Municipalidad de Guatemala (PDF) (Report). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Guatemala). Retrieved 2016-04-25.
Jump up ^ Guatemala: Estimaciones de la Población total por municipio. Período 2008-2020. (al 30 de junio) (PDF) (Report). Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Guatemala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
Jump up ^ POPULATION TOTALE, DE 18 ANS ET PLUS MENAGES ET DENSITES ESTIMES EN 2015 (PDF) (Report). Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI). March 2015. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-06. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
Jump up ^ "3. Población Proyectada al 30 de junio, por edades simples y años simples. AMBOS SEXOS. Período 2015 - 2050" (PDF). Proyecciones de la Población de Cuba 2015 - 2050. Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ Central America Urbanization Review. World Bank. 2017. pp. 105–106. ISBN 1464809860.
Jump up ^ RESUMEN EJECUTIVO: ESTUDIO DE CRECIMIENTO URBANO PARA PANAMÁ (PDF) (Report). Inter-American Development Bank, Panama City Council. January 2016. p. 3. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Panamá en Cifras: Años 2011-2015" (PDF). INEC. January 2017. p. 52. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
[hide]
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† Aggregate urban areas are entire continuous built-up areas, grouping together contiguous cities (known as conurbations), whereas urban agglomerations are the built-up areas of individual cities.
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Kafka on the Shore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kafka on the Shore
First edition (Japanese)
Author
Haruki Murakami
Original title
海辺のカフカ
Umibe no Kafuka
Translator
Philip Gabriel
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Genre
Magical realism, Fantasy
Published
2002 (Shinchosha) (JP)
January 2005 (EN)
Media type
Print (Hardcover)
Pages
615
ISBN
1-84343-110-6
OCLC
56805021
Kafka on the Shore (海辺のカフカ, Umibe no Kafuka) is a 2002 novel by Japanese author Haruki Murakami. Its 2005 English translation was among "The 10 Best Books of 2005" from The New York Times and received the World Fantasy Award for 2006.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Major themes
3 Characters
3.1 Humans
3.2 Cats
4 Understanding the novel
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
7.1 Reviews
7.2 Interviews
Plot summary[edit]
Comprising two distinct but interrelated plots, the narrative runs back and forth between both plots, taking up each plotline in alternating chapters.
The odd-numbered chapters tell the 15-year-old Kafka's story as he runs away from his father's house to escape an Oedipal curse and to embark upon a quest to find his mother and sister.[1] After a series of adventures, he finds shelter in a quiet, private library in Takamatsu, run by the distant and aloof Miss Saeki and the intelligent and more welcoming Oshima. There he spends his days reading the unabridged Richard Francis Burton translation of One Thousand and One Nights and the collected works of Natsume Sōseki until the police begin inquiring after him in connection with a brutal murder.
The even-numbered chapters tell Nakata's story. Due to his uncanny abilities, he has found part-time work in his old age as a finder of lost cats (Murakami's earlier work The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle also involves searching for a lost cat). The case of one particular lost cat puts him on a path that ultimately takes him far away from his home, ending up on the road for the first time in his life. He befriends a truck driver named Hoshino, who takes him on as a passenger in his truck and soon becomes very attached to the old man.
Major themes[edit]
Kafka on the Shore demonstrates Murakami's typical blend of popular culture, mundane detail, magical realism, suspense, humor, an involved plot, and potent sexuality.[2] It also features an increased emphasis on Japanese religious traditions, particularly Shinto.[3] The main characters are significant departures from the typical protagonist of a Murakami novel, such as Toru Watanabe of Norwegian Wood and Toru Okada of The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, who are typically in their 20s or 30s and have rather humdrum personalities.[1] However, many of the same themes re-occur in Kafka on the Shore as were first developed in these and other previous novels.
The power and beauty of music as a communicative medium is one of the central themes of the novel—the very title comes from a song Kafka is given on a record in the library.[4][5] The music of Beethoven, specifically the Archduke Trio is also used as a redemptive metaphor.[6] Metaphysics is also a central theme of the novel as many of the character's dialogues and soliloquy are motivated by their inquiry about the nature of the world around them and their relation to it. Among other prominent themes are: the virtues of self-sufficiency, the relation of dreams and reality, the threat of fate, the uncertain grip of prophecy, and the influence of the subconscious.
G. W. F. Hegel has an influence on the book and is referenced directly at one point.[7] Dialectics (Thesis, antithesis, synthesis) in particular play a role.
Characters[edit]
Humans[edit]
Kafka Tamura
The character's true given name is never revealed to the reader. After having run away from home, he chooses the new name "Kafka", in honor of writer Franz Kafka. Kafka is described as being muscular for his age and a "cool, tall, fifteen-year-old boy lugging a backpack and a bunch of obsessions" . He's also the son of the famous sculptor Koichi Tamura. His mother and sister left the family when he was four years old and he can't remember their faces. He occasionally interacts with his metaphysical alter ego "The boy named Crow" ("Kafka" sounds like "kavka", which means "jackdaw", a crow-like bird, in Czech). Crow tells Kafka throughout the novel that he must be "the toughest fifteen-year-old in the world" and thus motivates him to pursue the journey of running away from home. It is heavily suggested throughout the novel that he, Miss Saeki, and Nakata are somehow connected by an 'alternate reality' on which metaphysical objects from people's subconsciousness takes form leading them to find an 'essence' to their lives in exchange for taking away a 'part' of their soul.
Satoru Nakata
Nakata lost many of his mental faculties when he was a child, as one of sixteen schoolchildren on a mushroom-gathering field-trip toward the end of World War II, they were rendered unconscious following a mysterious flash of light in the sky (although it is later revealed that the light wasn't the main cause). This event is referred to in the novel as the "Rice Bowl Hill incident". Unlike the other children, who recovered shortly after, Nakata remained unconscious for many weeks and, upon finally awakening, found that his memory and ability to read had disappeared, as well as his higher intellectual functions (i.e. abstract thinking), essentially making him a "blank slate". In their place, Nakata found he was able to communicate with cats. It is hinted that Nakata and Miss Saeki have been through the 'alternate reality' before and it's where they left a 'part' of their 'soul' leading, to their shadows being irregular compared to normal people's.
Oshima
A 21-year-old, intellectual, haemophiliac, and gay transgender man. He is a librarian and an owner of a cabin in the mountains near Komura Memorial Library who becomes close to Kafka throughout the course of the novel. He becomes the mentor of Kafka as he guides him to the answers that he's seeking on his journey.
Hoshino
A truck driver in his mid-twenties. He befriends Nakata, due to his resemblance to his own grandfather, and transports and assists him towards his uncertain goal.
Miss Saeki
The manager of a private library, where Oshima works and where Kafka lives through much of the novel. She was previously a singer, and performed the song "Kafka on the Shore", which unites many of the novel's themes. Although her outward appearance makes her look normal, she suffers from an existential crisis after the death of her boyfriend. She journeyed to the 'alternate reality' when she was 15 years old due to her strong desire to keep her happiness forever, eventually discovering the 'essence' used to compose "Kafka on the Shore". However it led to that version of herself 'separating' from her.
Sakura
A young woman whom Kafka meets on the bus by chance. She assists him later in his journey.
Johnnie Walker
A cat killer who plans to make a flute out of cats' souls. His name is taken from Johnnie Walker, a brand of Scotch whisky, and he dresses to appear like the man featured in the brand's logo.
Colonel Sanders
An 'abstract concept' who takes the form of a pimp or hustler. He is named after, and takes the appearance of, Harland Sanders, the founder and face of Kentucky Fried Chicken. He helps Hoshino to find the 'entrance stone' to the 'alternate reality.' His odd choice of appearance might be in reference to the Curse of the Colonel, a Japanese Urban Legend that sports fans like Hoshino would be familair with, and one that associates the Colonel with the paranormal.
Cats[edit]
Goma
(A pet name meaning "Sesame".) A lost cat owned by Mrs. Koizumi.
Otsuka
(A surname meaning "Big Bunch".) An elderly black cat with whom Nakata easily communicates.
Kawamura
(A surname meaning "River Village".) A cat who was addled after being hit by a bicycle. Though they can communicate, Nakata is unable to understand Kawamura's repetitive and strange sentences.
Mimi
(A pet name meaning "Ears".) An intelligent Siamese cat.
Okawa
(A surname meaning "Big River".) A tabby cat.
Toro
(A pet name meaning "Tuna".) A black cat that temporarily became an 'abstract concept'.
(The cats with a regular pet name were named by their owner. The cats with an odd-looking Japanese surname are strays named by Nakata.)
Understanding the novel[edit]
After the story's release, Murakami's Japanese publisher invited readers to submit questions to its website on the meaning of the book. Murakami responded personally to around 1,200 of the 8,000 questions received.[8]
In an interview posted on his English language website, Murakami says that the secret to understanding the novel lies in reading it several times: "Kafka on the Shore contains several riddles, but there aren't any solutions provided. Instead, several of these riddles combine, and through their interaction the possibility of a solution takes shape. And the form this solution takes will be different for each reader. To put it another way, the riddles function as part of the solution. It's hard to explain, but that's the kind of novel I set out to write".[8]
Reception[edit]
The novel received a 79% rating from the review aggregator iDreamBooks based on 31 book critics' reviews.[9]
John Updike described it as a "real page-turner, as well as an insistently metaphysical mind-bender".[10] Since its 2005 English-language release (2006 PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize-winning translation by Philip Gabriel), the novel has received mostly positive reviews and critical acclaim, including a spot on The New York Times 10 Best Books of 2005 and the World Fantasy Award.[11][12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Laura (February 6, 2005). "'Kafka on the Shore': Reality's Cul-de-Sacs". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, David (January 8, 2005). "Kill me or the cat gets it". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Block, Summer (July 2005). "Familiar and Alien". January Magazine. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Burns, John (March 31, 2005). "Kafka on the Shore, by Haruki Murakami". Georgia Straight. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (February 6, 2005). "Convergence of separate odysseys: A questing boy and an old man spark Murakami's ambitious novel". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Jones, Malcolm (January 24, 2005). "The Call of the Wild: A Great Novel With Talking Cats and Colonel Sanders". Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Michelle (February 19, 2005). "Kafka on the Shore". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "An Interview with Haruki Murakami". Book Browse. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Kafka on the Shore". iDreamBooks.
Jump up ^ Updike, John (January 24, 2005). "Subconscious Tunnels: Haruki Murakami's dreamlike new novel". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ "The 10 Best Books of 2005". New York Times. December 11, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Dirda, Michael (May 20, 2007). "A surreal novel of suspense from one of Japan's most exciting writers". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
External links[edit]
Reviews[edit]
Kafka on the Shore reviews at Exorcising Ghosts
Kafka on the Shore review by John Updike at The New Yorker
Kafka on the Shore reviews at Metacritic
Kafka on the Shore review in the Oxonian Review
Kafka on the Shore review at Shogokawada
Kafka on the Shore review at ARC Review
Kafka on the Shore reviews at Complete Review
Kafka on the Shore review by Ted Gioia at The New Canon
Interviews[edit]
Interview with Murakami on Kafka on the Shore at Book Browse
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Haruki Murakami
Novels
Hear the Wind Sing (1979)
Pinball, 1973 (1980)
A Wild Sheep Chase (1982)
Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (1985)
Norwegian Wood (1987)
Dance Dance Dance (1988)
South of the Border, West of the Sun (1992)
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (1994–1995)
Sputnik Sweetheart (1999)
Kafka on the Shore (2002)
After Dark (2004)
1Q84 (2009–2010)
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage (2013)
Story collections
The Elephant Vanishes (1980–1991)
After the Quake (1999–2000)
Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman (1980–2005)
Men Without Women (2017)
Non-fiction
Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche (1997–1998)
What I Talk About When I Talk About Running (2007)
Other books
Birthday Stories (2002)
The Strange Library (2005)
Adaptations
Kaze no uta o kike (1980 film)
The Elephant Vanishes (2003 play)
Tony Takitani (2004 film)
Norwegian Wood (2010 film)
[show]
v
t
e
World Fantasy Award—Novel
1975–2000
The Forgotten Beasts of Eld by Patricia A. McKillip (1975)
Bid Time Return by Richard Matheson (1976)
Doctor Rat by William Kotzwinkle (1977)
Our Lady of Darkness by Fritz Leiber (1978)
Gloriana by Michael Moorcock (1979)
Watchtower by Elizabeth A. Lynn (1980)
The Shadow of the Torturer by Gene Wolfe (1981)
Little, Big by John Crowley (1982)
Nifft the Lean by Michael Shea (1983)
The Dragon Waiting by John M. Ford (1984)
Mythago Wood by Robert Holdstock (1985, tie)
Bridge of Birds by Barry Hughart (1985, tie)
Song of Kali by Dan Simmons (1986)
Perfume by Patrick Suskind (1987)
Replay by Ken Grimwood (1988)
Koko by Peter Straub (1989)
Lyonesse: Madouc by Jack Vance (1990)
Only Begotten Daughter by James K. Morrow (1991, tie)
Thomas the Rhymer by Ellen Kushner (1991, tie)
Boy's Life by Robert R. McCammon (1992, tie)
Last Call by Tim Powers (1993)
Glimpses by Lewis Shiner (1994)
Towing Jehovah by James K. Morrow (1995)
The Prestige by Christopher Priest (1996)
Godmother Night by Rachel Pollack (1997)
The Physiognomy by Jeffrey Ford (1998)
The Antelope Wife by Louise Erdrich (1999)
Thraxas by Martin Scott (2000)
2001–present
Declare by Tim Powers (2001, tie)
Galveston by Sean Stewart (2001, tie)
The Other Wind by Ursula K. Le Guin (2002)
The Facts of Life by Graham Joyce (2003, tie)
Ombria in Shadow by Patricia A. McKillip (2003, tie)
Tooth and Claw by Jo Walton (2004)
Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke (2005)
Kafka on the Shore by Haruki Murakami (2006)
Soldier of Sidon by Gene Wolfe (2007)
Ysabel by Guy Gavriel Kay (2008)
The Shadow Year by Jeffrey Ford (2009, tie)
Tender Morsels by Margo Lanagan (2009, tie)
The City & the City by China Miéville (2010)
Who Fears Death by Nnedi Okorafor (2011)
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