text:
Group 3 element
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For the other group formerly named Group III (boron group), see Group 13 element.
Group 3 in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
alkaline earth metals ← → group 4
IUPAC group number
3
Name by element scandium group
CAS group number
(US, pattern A-B-A)
IIIB
old IUPAC number
(Europe, pattern A-B)
IIIA
↓ Period
4
Scandium (Sc)
21 Transition metal
5
Yttrium (Y)
39 Transition metal
6
Lanthanum (La*)
57 Lanthanide
7
Actinium (Ac*)
89 Actinide
* Whether the elements lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr), in period 6 and 7, are in group 3 is disputed. The grouping used in this article places La and Ac in group 3, which is the most common form. For other groupings, see group 3 borders.
Legend
primordial element
synthetic element
Atomic number color:
black=solid
v
t
e
Group 3 is a group of elements in the periodic table. This group, like other d-block groups, should contain four elements, but it is not agreed what elements belong in the group. Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) are always included, but the other two spaces are usually occupied by lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), or by lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr); less frequently, it is considered the group should be expanded to 32 elements (with all the lanthanides and actinides included) or contracted to contain only scandium and yttrium. When the group is understood to contain all of the lanthanides, its trivial name is the rare-earth metals.
Three group 3 elements occur naturally, scandium, yttrium, and either lanthanum or lutetium. Lanthanum continues the trend started by two lighter members in general chemical behavior, while lutetium behaves more similarly to yttrium. While the choice of lutetium would be in accordance with the trend for period 6 transition metals to behave more similarly to their upper periodic table neighbors, the choice of lanthanum is in accordance with the trends in the s-block, which the group 3 elements are chemically more similar to. They all are silvery-white metals under standard conditions. The fourth element, either actinium or lawrencium, has only radioactive isotopes. Actinium, which occurs only in trace amounts, continues the trend in chemical behavior for metals that form tripositive ions with a noble gas configuration; synthetic lawrencium is calculated and partially shown to be more similar to lutetium and yttrium. So far, no experiments have been conducted to synthesize any element that could be the next group 3 element. Unbiunium (Ubu), which could be considered a group 3 element if preceded by lanthanum and actinium, might be synthesized in the near future, it being only three spaces away from the current heaviest element known, oganesson.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Characteristics
2.1 Chemical
2.2 Physical
3 Composition of group 3
4 Occurrence
5 Production
6 Biological chemistry
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Links to related articles
History[edit]
In 1787, Swedish part-time chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius found a heavy black rock near the Swedish village of Ytterby, Sweden (part of the Stockholm Archipelago).[1] Thinking that it was an unknown mineral containing the newly discovered element tungsten,[2] he named it ytterbite.[note 1] Finnish scientist Johan Gadolin identified a new oxide or "earth" in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and published his completed analysis in 1794;[3] in 1797, the new oxide was named yttria.[4] In the decades after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier developed the first modern definition of chemical elements, it was believed that earths could be reduced to their elements, meaning that the discovery of a new earth was equivalent to the discovery of the element within, which in this case would have been yttrium.[note 2] Until the early 1920s, the chemical symbol "Yt" was used for the element, after which "Y" came into common use.[5] Yttrium metal was first isolated in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler heated anhydrous yttrium(III) chloride with potassium to form metallic yttrium and potassium chloride.[6][7]
In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table, which had empty spaces for elements directly above and under yttrium.[8] Mendeleev made several predictions on the upper neighbor of yttrium, which he called eka-boron. Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team discovered the missing element in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite and prepared 2 grams of scandium(III) oxide of high purity.[9][10] He named it scandium, from the Latin Scandia meaning "Scandinavia". Chemical experiments on the element proved that Mendeleev's suggestions were correct; along with discovery and characterization of gallium and germanium this proved the correctness of the whole periodic table and periodic law. Nilson was apparently unaware of Mendeleev's prediction, but Per Teodor Cleve recognized the correspondence and notified Mendeleev.[11] Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture, at 700–800 °C, of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides.[12]
In 1751, the Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt discovered a heavy mineral from the mine at Bastnäs, later named cerite. Thirty years later, the fifteen-year-old Vilhelm Hisinger, from the family owning the mine, sent a sample of it to Carl Scheele, who did not find any new elements within. In 1803, after Hisinger had become an ironmaster, he returned to the mineral with Jöns Jacob Berzelius and isolated a new oxide which they named ceria after the dwarf planet Ceres, which had been discovered two years earlier.[13] Ceria was simultaneously independently isolated in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth.[14] Between 1839 and 1843, ceria was shown to be a mixture of oxides by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who lived in the same house as Berzelius: he separated out two other oxides which he named lanthana and didymia.[15] He partially decomposed a sample of cerium nitrate by roasting it in air and then treating the resulting oxide with dilute nitric acid.[16] Since lanthanum's properties differed only slightly from those of cerium, and occurred along with it in its salts, he named it from the Ancient Greek λανθάνειν [lanthanein] (lit. to lie hidden).[14] Relatively pure lanthanum metal was first isolated in 1923.[17]
Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain,[18] Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James[19] as an impurity in the mineral ytterbia, which was thought by most chemists to consist entirely of ytterbium. Welsbach proposed the names cassiopeium for element 71 (after the constellation Cassiopeia) and aldebaranium (after the star Aldebaran) for the new name of ytterbium but these naming proposals were rejected, although many German scientists in the 1950s called the element 71 cassiopeium. Urbain chose the names neoytterbium (Latin for "new ytterbium") for ytterbium and lutecium (from Latin Lutetia, for Paris) for the new element. The dispute on the priority of the discovery is documented in two articles in which Urbain and von Welsbach accuse each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other.[20][21] The Commission on Atomic Mass, which was responsible for the attribution of the names for the new elements, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones. An obvious problem with this decision was that Urbain was one of the four members of the commission.[22] The separation of lutetium from ytterbium was first described by Urbain and the naming honor therefore went to him, but neoytterbium was eventually reverted to ytterbium and in 1949, the spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium.[23][24] Ironically, Charles James, who had modestly stayed out of the argument as to priority, worked on a much larger scale than the others, and undoubtedly possessed the largest supply of lutetium at the time.[25]
André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, announced the discovery of actinium in 1899. He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium[26] and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.[27] Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902[28] as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it "emanium" in 1904.[29] After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne,[30] Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different times.[31][32]
Lawrencium, the only synthetic element in the group, was named after American physicist Ernest Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron atom-smasher and founder of discovery place, then-called Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
Lawrencium was first synthesized by the Albert Ghiorso and his team on February 14, 1961, at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now called the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) at the University of California in Berkeley, California, United States. The first atoms of lawrencium were produced by bombarding a three-milligram target consisting of three isotopes of the element californium with boron-10 and boron-11 nuclei from the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC).[33] The nuclide 257103 was originally reported, but then this was reassigned to 258103. The team at the University of California suggested the name lawrencium (after Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of cyclotron particle accelerator) and the symbol "Lw",[33] for the new element, but "Lw" was not adopted, and "Lr" was officially accepted instead. Nuclear-physics researchers in Dubna, Soviet Union (now Russia), reported in 1967 that they were not able to confirm American scientists' data on 257103.[34] Two years earlier, the Dubna team reported 256103.[35] In 1992, the IUPAC Trans-fermium Working Group officially recognized element 103, confirmed its naming as lawrencium, with symbol "Lr", and named the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of lawrencium.[36]
So far, no experiments were conducted to synthesize any element that could be the next group 3 element; if lutetium and lawrencium are considered to be group 3 elements, then the next element in the group should be element 153, unpenttrium (Upt). However, after element 120, filling electronic configurations stops obeying Aufbau principle. According to the principle, unpenttrium should have an electronic configuration of [Og]8s25g186f147d1[note 3] and filling the 5g-subshell should be stopped at element 138. However, the 7d-orbitals are calculated to start being filled on element 137, while the 5g-subshell closes only at element 144, after filling of 7d-subshell begins. Therefore, it is hard to calculate which element should be the next group 3 element.[37] Calculations suggest that unpentpentium (Upp, element 155) could also be the next group 3 element.[38] If lanthanum and actinium are considered group 3 elements, then element 121, unbiunium (Ubu), should be the fifth group 3 element. The element is calculated have electronic configuration of [Og]8s28p1/21, which is not associated with transition metals, without having a partially filled d-subshell.[37] No experiments have been performed to create unpenttrium, unbiunium or any element that could be considered the next group 3 element; however, unbiunium is the element with the lowest atomic number that has not been tried to be created and thus has chances to be,[39] while unpenttrium, unpentpentium or any other element considered if preceded by lawrencium is very unlikely to be created due to drip instabilities that imply that the periodic table ends soon after the island of stability at unbihexium.[40]
Characteristics[edit]
Chemical[edit]
Electron configurations of the group 3 elements[note 4]
Z
Element
Electron configuration
21 scandium 2, 8, 9, 2
39 yttrium 2, 8, 18, 9, 2
57 lanthanum 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2
89 actinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electron configurations, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior. However, lawrencium is an exception, since its last electron is transferred to the 7p1/2 subshell due to relativistic effects.[41][42]
Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group; chemical properties of both actinium and especially lawrencium are not well-characterized. The remaining elements of the group (scandium, yttrium, lutetium) are reactive metals with high melting points (1541 °C, 1526 °C, 1652 °C respectively). They are usually oxidized to the +3 oxidation state, even though scandium,[43] yttrium[44][45] and lanthanum[17] can form lower oxidation states. The reactivity of the elements, especially yttrium, is not always obvious due to the formation of a stable oxide layer, which prevents further reactions. Scandium(III) oxide, yttrium(III) oxide, lanthanum(III) oxide and lutetium(III) oxide are white high-temperature-melting solids. Yttrium(III) oxide and lutetium(III) oxide exhibit weak basic character, but scandium(III) oxide is amphoteric.[46] Lanthanum(III) oxide is strongly basic.[citation needed]
Physical[edit]
Elements that show tripositive ions with electronic configuration of a noble gas (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium) show a clear trend in their physical properties, such as hardness. At the same time, if group 3 is continued with lutetium and lawrencium, several trends are broken. For example, scandium and yttrium are both soft metals. Lanthanum is soft as well; all these elements have their outermost electrons quite far from the nucleus compared to the nuclei charges. Due to the lanthanide contraction, lutetium, the last in the lanthanide series, has a significantly smaller atomic radius and a higher nucleus charge,[47] thus making the extraction of the electrons from the atom to form metallic bonding more difficult, and thus making the metal harder. However, lutetium suits the previous elements better in several other properties, such as melting[48] and boiling points.[49] Very little is known about lawrencium, and none of its physical properties have been confirmed.[50][51]
Properties of the group 3 elements[note 5]
Name
Scandium
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Actinium
Melting point[48] 1814 K, 1541 °C 1799 K, 1526 °C 1193 K, 920 °C 1323 K, 1050 °C
Boiling point[49] 3109 K, 2836 °C 3609 K, 3336 °C 3737 K, 3464 °C 3471 K, 3198 °C
Density 2.99 g·cm−3[52] 4.47 g·cm−3[53] 6.162 g·cm−3 10 g·cm−3
Appearance silver metallic silver white gray silvery
Atomic radius[47] 162 pm 180 pm 187 pm 215 pm
Composition of group 3[edit]
It is disputed whether lanthanum and actinium should be included in group 3, rather than lutetium and lawrencium. Other d-block groups are composed of four transition metals,[note 6] and group 3 is sometimes considered to follow suit. Scandium and yttrium are always classified as group 3 elements, but it is controversial which elements should follow them in group 3, lanthanum and actinium or lutetium and lawrencium. Scerri has proposed a resolution to this debate on the basis of moving to a 32-column table and consideration of which option results in a continuous sequence of atomic number increase. He thereby finds that group 3 should consist of Sc, Y, Lu, Lr.[54] The current IUPAC definition of the term "lanthanoid" includes fifteen elements including both lanthanum and lutetium, and that of "transition element"[55] applies to lanthanum and actinium, as well as lutetium but not lawrencium, since it does not correctly follow the Aufbau principle. Normally, the 103rd electron would enter the d-subshell, but quantum mechanical research has found that the configuration is actually [Rn]7s25f147p1[note 7] due to relativistic effects.[41][42] IUPAC thus has not recommended a specific format for the in-line-f-block periodic table, leaving the dispute open.
Lanthanum and actinium are sometimes considered the remaining members of group 3.[56] In their most commonly encountered tripositive ion forms, these elements do not possess any partially filled f-orbitals, thus continuing the scandium—yttrium—lanthanum—actinium trend, in which all the elements have relationship similar to that of elements of the calcium—strontium—barium—radium series, the elements' left neighbors in s-block. However, different behavior is observed in other d-block groups, especially in group 4, in which zirconium, hafnium and rutherfordium share similar chemical properties lacking a clear trend. It has however been argued that this is irrelevant because the principle of increasing basicity down the table is more fundamental, and because the behavior of the group 3 elements is more similar to their s-block neighbors than their d-block neighbors.
In other tables, lutetium and lawrencium are classified as the remaining members of group 3.[57] In these tables, lutetium and lawrencium end (or sometimes succeed) the lanthanide and actinide series, respectively. Since the f-shell is nominally full in the ground state electron configuration for both of these metals, they behave most similarly to other period 6 and period 7 transition metals compared to the other lanthanides and actinides, and thus logically exhibit properties similar to those of scandium and yttrium. However, this resemblance in not unique to lutetium and lawrencium, but is common among all the late lanthanides and actinides.
Some tables, including the one published by IUPAC[58] refer to all lanthanides and actinides as being in group 3: 30 lanthanide and actinide elements together with scandium and yttrium. Lanthanides, as electropositive trivalent metals, all have a closely related chemistry, and all show many similarities to scandium and yttrium, but they also show additional properties characteristic of their partially filled f-orbitals which are not common to scandium and yttrium.
Exclusion of all elements is based on properties of earlier actinides, which show a much wider variety of chemistry (for instance, in range of oxidation states) within their series than the lanthanides, and comparisons to scandium and yttrium are even less useful.[59] However, these elements are destabilized,[60] and if they were stabilized to more closely match chemistry laws, they would be similar to lanthanides as well. Also, the later actinides from californium onwards behave more like the corresponding lanthanides, with only the valence +3 (and sometimes +2) shown.[59]
In 2015, IUPAC initiated a project to decide
... group 3 of the periodic table as consisting either of
the elements Sc, Y, Lu and Lr, or
the elements Sc, Y, La and Ac.
—  IUPAC, [61]
The project is led by Eric Scerri. Apparently, group 3 comprising 32 elements (as older periodic tables show) is not considered.
The La and Ac variant remains the most common in the literature, despite some calls for a change to the Lu and Lr variant. In terms of chemical behaviour,[62] and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point, electronegativity and ionic radius,[63][64] scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1–2 counterparts. In this variant, the number of f electrons in the most common (trivalent) ions of the f-block elements consistently matches their position in the f-block.[65] For example, the f-electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f-block elements are Ce 1, Pr 2 and Nd 3.[66]
Occurrence[edit]
Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and lutetium tend to occur together with the other lanthanides (except promethium) in the Earth's crust, and are often harder to extract from their ores. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust for group 3 is quite low — all the elements in the group are uncommon, the most abundant being yttrium with abundance of approximately 30 parts per million (ppm); the abundance of scandium is 16 ppm, while that of lutetium is about 0.5 ppm. The abundance of lanthanum is greater, being about 35 ppm. For comparison, the abundance of copper is 50 ppm, that of chromium is 160 ppm, and that of molybdenum is 1.5 ppm.[56]
Scandium is distributed sparsely and occurs in trace amounts in many minerals.[67] Rare minerals from Scandinavia[68] and Madagascar[69] such as gadolinite, euxenite, and thortveitite are the only known concentrated sources of this element, the latter containing up to 45% of scandium in the form of scandium(III) oxide.[68] Yttrium has the same trend in occurrence places; it is found in lunar rock samples collected during the American Apollo Project in a relatively high content as well.[70]
Monazite, the most important lutetium ore
The principal commercially viable ore of lutetium is the rare-earth phosphate mineral monazite, (Ce,La,etc.)PO4, which contains 0.003% of the element. The main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia. Pure lutetium metal is one of the rarest and most expensive of the rare-earth metals with the price about 10,000 USD/kg, or about one-fourth that of gold. Lanthanum is much more common, being the second most abundant rare earth, and in addition to monazite can also be extracted economically from bastnäsite.[71][72]
Production[edit]
The most available element in group 3 is yttrium, with annual production of 8,900 tonnes in 2010. Yttrium is mostly produced as oxide, by a single country, China (99%).[73] Lutetium and scandium are also mostly obtained as oxides, and their annual production by 2001 was about 10 and 2 tonnes, respectively.[74]
Group 3 elements are mined only as a byproduct from the extraction of other elements.[75] The metallic elements are extremely rare; the production of metallic yttrium is about a few tonnes, and that of scandium is in the order of 10 kg per year;[75][76] production of lutetium is not calculated, but it is certainly small. The elements, after purification from other rare-earth metals, are isolated as oxides; the oxides are converted to fluorides during reactions with hydrofluoric acid.[77] The resulting fluorides are reduced with alkaline earth metals or alloys of the metals; metallic calcium is used most frequently.[77] For example:
Sc2O3 + 3 HF → 2 ScF3 + 3 H2O
2 ScF3 + 3 Ca → 3 CaF2 + 2 Sc
Biological chemistry[edit]
Group 3 elements are generally hard metals with low aqueous solubility, and have low availability to the biosphere. No group 3 element has any documented biological role in living organisms. The radioactivity of the actinides generally makes them highly toxic to living cells, causing radiation poisoning.
Scandium has no biological role, but it is found in living organisms. Once reached a human, scandium concentrates in the liver and is a threat to it; some its compounds are possibly carcinogenic, even through in general scandium is not toxic.[78] Scandium is known to have reached the food chain, but in trace amounts only; a typical human takes in less than 0.1 micrograms per day.[78] Once released into the environment, scandium gradually accumulates in soils, which leads to increased concentrations in soil particles, animals and humans. Scandium is mostly dangerous in the working environment, due to the fact that damps and gases can be inhaled with air. This can cause lung embolisms, especially during long-term exposure. The element is known to damage cell membranes of water animals, causing several negative influences on reproduction and on the functions of the nervous system.[78]
Yttrium has no known biological role, though it is found in most, if not all, organisms and tends to concentrate in the liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, and bones of humans.[79] There is normally as little as 0.5 milligrams found within the entire human body; human breast milk contains 4 ppm.[80] Yttrium can be found in edible plants in concentrations between 20 ppm and 100 ppm (fresh weight), with cabbage having the largest amount.[80] With up to 700 ppm, the seeds of woody plants have the highest known concentrations.[80]
Lutetium has no biological role as well, but it is found even in the highest known organism, the humans, concentrating in bones, and to a lesser extent in the liver and kidneys.[81] Lutetium salts are known to cause metabolism and they occur together with other lanthanide salts in nature; the element is the least abundant in the human body of all lanthanides.[81] Human diets have not been monitored for lutetium content, so it is not known how much the average human takes in, but estimations show the amount is only about several micrograms per year, all coming from tiny amounts taken by plants. Soluble lutetium salts are mildly toxic, but insoluble ones are not.[81] Lanthanum is not essential for humans and has a low to moderate level of toxicity. However, it is essential for the methanotrophic bacterium Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, although the general similarity of the rare earths means that it may be substituted by some of the other early lanthanides with no ill effects.[82]
The high radioactivity of lawrencium would make it highly toxic to living cells, causing radiation poisoning. The same is true for actinium.
Notes[edit]
The Scandium sub-group comprises Scandium (sc),yttrium (Y) Lanthanum (La) and Actinium (Ac). In addition, the element of the cerium and thorium families are also included in the sub-group. the main characteristics of scandium and its analogous are summarised below: Atomic No. ( Sc)21 ( Y)39 ( La )57 Atomic wt. (44.95) (88A^9) (138;9) Valency electron. (3d'4s2) Scandium and its analogous are the first d-elements of thair period i.e.they are the first whose d-subs-hell of the penultimate shell being to be filled the presency of just one electron in the d-state accounts for the stabiliry oxidation state of III in scandium and its analogous. the stable co-ordonationv number increases in the transition from scandium to yttrium and
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(Berzelius) (1839) "Latanium — a new metal," Philosophical Magazine, new series, 14 : 390–391.
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Jump up ^ Urbain, G. (1909). "Lutetium und Neoytterbium oder Cassiopeium und Aldebaranium – Erwiderung auf den Artikel des Herrn Auer v. Welsbach". Monatshefte für Chemie (in German). 31 (10): I. doi:10.1007/BF01530262.
Jump up ^ Clarke, F. W.; Ostwald, W.; Thorpe, T. E.; Urbain, G. (1909). "Bericht des Internationalen Atomgewichts-Ausschusses für 1909". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in German). 42 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1002/cber.19090420104.
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Jump up ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. US: Oxford University Press. pp. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
Jump up ^ Debierne, André-Louis (1899). "Sur un nouvelle matière radio-active". Comptes rendus (in French). 129: 593–595.
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Jump up ^ Giesel, Friedrich Oskar (1902). "Ueber Radium und radioactive Stoffe". Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft (in German). 35 (3): 3608–3611. doi:10.1002/cber.190203503187.
Jump up ^ Giesel, Friedrich Oskar (1904). "Ueber den Emanationskörper (Emanium)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft (in German). 37 (2): 1696–1699. doi:10.1002/cber.19040370280.
Jump up ^ Debierne, André-Louis (1904). "Sur l'actinium". Comptes rendus (in French). 139: 538–540.
Jump up ^ Giesel, Friedrich Oskar (1904). "Ueber Emanium". Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft (in German). 37 (2): 1696–1699. doi:10.1002/cber.19040370280.
Jump up ^ Giesel, Friedrich Oskar (1905). "Ueber Emanium". Berichte der Deutschen Chemische Geselschaft (in German). 38 (1): 775–778. doi:10.1002/cber.190503801130.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghiorso, Albert; Sikkeland, T.; Larsh, A. E.; Latimer, R. M. (1961). "New Element, Lawrencium, Atomic Number 103". Phys. Rev. Lett. 6 (9): 473. Bibcode:1961PhRvL...6..473G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.473.
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Jump up ^ Donets, E. D.; Shchegolev, V. A.; Ermakov, V. A. (1965). "Synthesis of the isotope of element 103 (lawrencium) with mass number 256". Atomnaya Énergiya (in Russian). 19 (2): 109.
Translated in Donets, E. D.; Shchegolev, V. A.; Ermakov, V. A. (1965). "Synthesis of the isotope of element 103 (lawrencium) with mass number 256". Soviet Atomic Energy. 19 (2): 109. doi:10.1007/BF01126414.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Norman N. (1997). "Recent developments concerning the discovery of elements 101–111". Pure Appl. Chem. 69 (1): 179–184. doi:10.1351/pac199769010179.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
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^ Jump up to: a b Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U.; Ishikawa, Y. (1995). "Transition energies of ytterbium, lutetium, and lawrencium by the relativistic coupled-cluster method". Phys. Rev. A. 52: 291–296. Bibcode:1995PhRvA..52..291E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.52.291.
^ Jump up to: a b Zou, Yu; Froese, Fischer C. (2002). "Resonance Transition Energies and Oscillator Strengths in Lutetium and Lawrencium". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (18): 183001. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88b3001M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.023001. PMID 12005680.
Jump up ^ Corbett, J. D. (1981). "Extended metal-metal bonding in halides of the early transition metals". Acc. Chem. Res. 14 (8): 239–246. doi:10.1021/ar00068a003.
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Jump up ^ Kang, Weekyung; Bernstein, E. R. (2005). "Formation of Yttrium Oxide Clusters Using Pulsed Laser Vaporization". Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 26 (2): 345–348. doi:10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.2.345.
Jump up ^ Cotton, S. A. (1994). "Scandium, Yttrium and the Lanthanides: Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry". Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-93620-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Dean, John A. (1999). Lange's handbook of chemistry (Fifteenth edition). McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp. 589–592. ISBN 0-07-016190-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements Sorted by Melting Point". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements Sorted by Boiling Point". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Fournier, Jean-Marc (1976). "Bonding and the electronic structure of the actinide metals". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 37 (2): 235–244. Bibcode:1976JPCS...37..235F. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(76)90167-0.
Jump up ^ Penneman, R. A.; Mann, J. B. (1976). "'Calculation chemistry' of the superheavy elements; comparison with elements of the 7th period". Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium on the Chemistry of Transuranium Elements: 257–263. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-020638-7.50053-1.
Jump up ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Scandium". Chemical Book. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Yttrium". Chemical Book. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Jump up ^ Scerri, Eric (2012). "Mendeleev's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group ?". Chem. Int. 34 (4): 28–31. doi:10.1515/ci.2012.34.4.28.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "transition element".
^ Jump up to: a b Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
Jump up ^ "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements". Webelements.com. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Visual Elements". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Dolg, Michael. "Lanthanides and Actinides" (PDF). Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany. CLA01. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
Jump up ^ IUPAC (2015). "The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table". Retrieved 2016-11-10.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Harrington, T. J. (1973). The chemistry of the transition elements. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-19-855435-4.
Jump up ^ Aylward, G.; Findlay, T. (2008). SI chemical data (6th ed.). Milton, Queensland: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.
Jump up ^ Wiberg, N. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
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Jump up ^ Bernhard, F. (2001). "Scandium mineralization associated with hydrothermal lazurite-quartz veins in the Lower Austroalpie Grobgneis complex, East Alps, Austria". Mineral Deposits in the Beginning of the 21st Century. Lisse: Balkema. ISBN 90-265-1846-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Kristiansen, Roy (2003). "Scandium – Mineraler I Norge" (PDF). Stein (in Norwegian): 14–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Stwertka, Albert (1998). "Yttrium". Guide to the Elements (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-19-508083-1.
Jump up ^ Hedrick, James B. "Rare-Earth Metals" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
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Jump up ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Yttrium" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
Jump up ^ Emsley 2001, p. 241
^ Jump up to: a b Deschamps, Y. "Scandium" (PDF). mineralinfo.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Scandium" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lenntech (1998). "Scandium (Sc) — chemical properties of scandium, health effects of scandium, environmental effects of scandium". Lenntech. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, N. S.; Nusbaum, R. E.; Alexander, G. V. (1952). "The Skeletal Deposition of Yttrium" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 195 (2): 837–841. PMID 14946195.
^ Jump up to: a b c Emsley 2001, pp. 495–498
^ Jump up to: a b c Emsley 2001, p. 240
Jump up ^ Pol, Arjan; Barends, Thomas R. M.; Dietl, Andreas; Khadem, Ahmad F.; Eygensteyn, Jelle; Jetten, Mike S. M.; Op Den Camp, Huub J. M. (2013). "Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots". Environmental Microbiology. 16 (1): 255–64. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12249. PMID 24034209.
Jump up ^ Ytterbite was named after the village it was discovered near, plus the -ite ending to indicate it was a mineral.
Jump up ^ Earths were given an -a ending and new elements are normally given an -ium ending.
Jump up ^ Unpenttrium, according to calculations, should have an electronic configuration of [Og]8s25g186f117d28p1/22.[37]
Jump up ^ If lutetium and lawrencium are included instead, the table ends with the following lines:
Electron configurations of the group 3 elements
Z
Element
Electron configuration
71 lutetium 2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2
103 lawrencium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3
Jump up ^ If lutetium and lawrencium are included instead, the table ends with the following lines (the data for lawrencium is approximate):
Properties of the group 3 elements
Name
Lutetium
Lawrencium
Melting point 1925 K, 1652 °C ? 1900 K, ? 1627 °C
Boiling point 3675 K, 3402 °C ?
Density 9.84 g·cm−3 ? 16 g·cm−3
Appearance silver gray ?
Atomic radius 174 pm ?
Source: Lide, D. R., ed. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Jump up ^ However, the group 12 elements are not always considered to be transition metals.
Jump up ^ The expected configuration of lawrencium if it did obey the Aufbau principle would be [Rn]7s25f146d1, with the normal incomplete 6d-subshell in the neutral state.
Bibliography[edit]
Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
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Group 3 elements
Scandium
Sc
Atomic Number: 21
Atomic Weight: 44.955912
Melting Point: 1812 K
Boiling Point: 3109 K
Specific mass: 2.989 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 1.36
Yttrium
Y
Atomic Number: 39
Atomic Weight: 88.90585
Melting Point: 1799 K
Boiling Point: 3609 K
Specific mass: 4.469 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 1.22
Lanthanum
La
Atomic Number: 57
Atomic Weight: 138.90547
Melting Point: 1193 K
Boiling Point: 3737 K
Specific mass: 6.145 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 1.1
Actinium
Ac
Atomic Number: 89
Atomic Weight: [227]
Melting Point: 1323 K
Boiling Point: 3471 K
Specific mass: 10.07 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 1.1
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Lars and the Real Girl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lars and the Real Girl
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Craig Gillespie
Produced by
Sarah Aubrey
John Cameron
Sidney Kimmel
Written by
Nancy Oliver
Starring
Ryan Gosling
Emily Mortimer
Paul Schneider
Kelli Garner
Patricia Clarkson
Music by
David Torn
Cinematography
Adam Kimmel
Edited by
Tatiana S. Riegel
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
September 16, 2007 (2007-09-16) (TIFF)
October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12) (United States)
Running time
106 minutes
Country
Canada
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12 million[1]
Box office
$11.3 million[1]
Lars and the Real Girl is a 2007 comedy-drama film written by Nancy Oliver and directed by Craig Gillespie. It stars Ryan Gosling, Emily Mortimer, Paul Schneider, Kelli Garner and Patricia Clarkson. The film follows Lars (Gosling), a sweet but socially inept young man who develops a romantic yet non-sexual relationship with an anatomically correct sex doll, a "RealDoll" named Bianca.
Though a commercial failure, Lars and the Real Girl was critically acclaimed, receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay, while Gosling received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Critical reception
6 Awards and Nominations
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Lars Lindstrom lives a secluded life in a small Wisconsin town. It is gradually revealed that his mother died when he was born, causing his grief-stricken father to be a distant parent to Lars and his older brother, Gus. Gus left town as soon as he could support himself, returning only to inherit his half of the household when the father died.
The inheritance has been divided between the brothers: Lars lives in the converted garage; Gus and his pregnant wife Karin live in the house proper. Karin's attempts to invite Lars into the house for a family meal are usually unsuccessful; when he does come, conversation is difficult and he doesn't stay long. He avoids social contact, finding it difficult to interact with his family, co-workers, or members of his church. A co-worker, Margo, is interested in him, but he avoids anything more than brief encounters.
One day a large package arrives; that evening Lars tells Gus and Karin that he has a visitor whom he met via the Internet, a wheelchair-mobile missionary of Brazilian and Danish descent named Bianca. They discover that Bianca is a lifelike doll which Lars apparently ordered from an adult website. Concerned about his mental health, they convince Lars to take Bianca for a checkup to the family doctor, Dagmar, who is also a psychologist. Dagmar diagnoses Bianca with low blood pressure and advises Lars to bring her in for weekly treatments. Her aim is to have regular contact with Lars, hoping to get to the root of his behavior. She explains to Gus and Karin that his delusion is a manifestation of an underlying problem that needs to be addressed. She urges them to assist with his therapy by treating Bianca as a real person.
Lars begins to introduce Bianca as his girlfriend to the townspeople. Due to their concern for Lars, everyone treats Bianca as a real person. Lars soon finds himself interacting more with people. During this time, Margo has begun to date another co-worker, which silently bothers Lars.
Lars asks his brother when he knew he had become a man and what being a man means. Gus says when he began doing the right things for the right reasons, even when it hurts. Gus gives several examples, including their father keeping them, and taking care of them, even though he didn't know how. Gus says that he never should have left Lars alone with their father, and he apologizes for being selfish. Their conversation seems to reach Lars and his dependence on Bianca immediately seems to shift.
When a co-worker with whom Margo has been playing pranks goes a bit too far, Lars comforts her. During the ensuing conversation, Margo reveals she has broken up with her boyfriend. She invites Lars to go bowling, which he initially declines before reconsidering. The two spend a pleasant evening together along with some other townsfolk. Lars is quick to remind Margo he could never cheat on Bianca. Although obviously disappointed, Margo replies that the thought never crossed her mind. As they part, Lars takes his glove off to shake Margo's hand – a significant advance in his ability to interact with others; he earlier explained to the doctor that others' touch felt like "burning".
One morning soon after, Lars announces that Bianca is unresponsive, and an ambulance rushes her to the hospital. Once there, he tells his family that her prognosis is not good and that Bianca would like to be brought home. The news spreads through town, and everyone whose life has been touched by Bianca sends flowers or sits with Lars at the Lindstrom home. Gus and Karin ask Dagmar why this is happening, and she reveals that it indicates a significant shift for Lars. They suggest that Lars and Bianca join them for a visit to the lake. While the couple is hiking, Lars gives Bianca a very sad farewell kiss. As Gus and Karin make their way back from the hike, they discover despondent Lars in the lake with a 'dying' Bianca.
Bianca is given a full-fledged funeral that is well-attended by the townspeople. After Bianca is buried in the local cemetery, Lars and Margo linger at the grave site. When Margo states that she should catch up with everyone else, Lars asks her to take a walk with him instead, to which she happily agrees.
Cast[edit]
Ryan Gosling as Lars Lindstrom
Emily Mortimer as Karin Lindstrom
Paul Schneider as Gus Lindstrom
R. D. Reid as Reverend Bock
Kelli Garner as Margo
Nancy Beatty as Mrs. Gruner
Doug Lennox as Mr. Hofstedtler
Joe Bostick as Mr. Shaw
Liz Gordon as Mrs. Schindler
Nicky Guadagni as Mrs. Petersen
Patricia Clarkson as Dagmar Berman, MD
Karen Robinson as Cindy
Maxwell McCabe-Lokos as Kurt
Billy Parrott as Erik
Sally Cahill as Deb
Angela Vint as Sandy
Liisa Repo-Martell as Laurel
Boyd Banks as Russell
Darren Hynes as Moose
Víctor Gómez as Hector
Tommy Chang as Nelson
Arnold Pinnock as Baxter
Joshua Peace as Jerry
Aurora Browne as Lisa
Alec McClure as Steve
Tannis Burnett as Nurse Amy
Lauren Ash as Holly
Lindsey Connell as Victoria
Production[edit]
In The Real Story of Lars and the Real Girl, a special feature on the DVD release of the film, screenwriter Nancy Oliver reveals the inspiration for her script was an actual website, RealDoll.com, which is featured prominently in the film. While researching "weird websites" for an article, Oliver found RealDoll.com. She wrote the script in 2002.[2]
The film, set in the American state of Wisconsin, was filmed with a US$12 million budget on location in Alton, Elora, King Township, Toronto, Uxbridge, and Whitevale, all located in the Canadian province of Ontario.[3][4] Film credits include Rosalie MacKintosh as "Bianca wrangler" and Karly Bowen as "assistant Bianca wrangler."[5][6]
Release[edit]
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2007 before going into limited release in the U.S. on October 12, 2007. It initially opened on seven screens in New York City, New York; and Los Angeles, California, and earned $90,418 on its opening weekend. It later expanded to 321 theaters and remained in release for 147 days, earning $5,972,884 domestically and $5,320,639 in foreign markets for a worldwide box-office total of $11,293,663.[1][7]
The film was featured at the Austin Film Festival, the Heartland Film Festival, the Torino Film Festival, the Glasgow Film Festival, and the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival.[citation needed]
Critical reception[edit]
Lars and the Real Girl received overwhelming positive reviews from critics, with Gosling's performance being universally acclaimed.[8] On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 81% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 134 reviews with the consensus stating "Lars and the Real Girl could've so easily been a one-joke movie. But the talented cast, a great script, and direction never condescend to its character or the audience."[9] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 70 out of 100, based on 32 reviews.[10]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times observed, "The film wisely never goes for even one moment that could be interpreted as smutty or mocking. There are so many ways [it] could have gone wrong that one of the film's fascinations is how adroitly it sidesteps them. Its weapon is absolute sincerity. It has a kind of purity to it."[11]
Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called the film "a gentle comedy, offbeat but never cute, never lewd and never going for shortcut laughs that might diminish character."[12]
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said, "American self-nostalgia is a dependable racket, and if the filmmakers had pushed into the realm of nervous truth, had given Lars and the town folk sustained shadows, not just cute tics and teary moments, it might have worked. Instead the film is palatable audience bait of average accomplishment that superficially recalls the plain style of Alexander Payne, but without any of the lacerating edges or moral ambiguity."[13]
Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described it as "the sweetest, most innocent, most completely enjoyable film around," "a film whose daring and delicate blend of apparent irreconcilables will sweep you off your feet if you're not careful. The creators of this film were fiercely determined not to go so much as a millimeter over the line into sentiment, tawdriness or mockery. It's the rare film that is the best possible version of itself, but Lars fits that bill."[14]
Lou Lumenick of the New York Post awarded the film three out of four stars, calling it "an offbeat comedy that plays as if Preston Sturges came back to life and collaborated with the Coen Brothers on an updated version of the Jimmy Stewart film Harvey (1950). He added the script "eschews cheap laughs for character-driven humanist comedy, and is sensitively directed by Craig Gillespie."[15]
Alissa Simon of Variety stated, "Craig Gillespie's sweetly off-kilter film plays like a Coen brothers riff on Garrison Keillor's Lake Wobegon tales, defying its lurid premise with a gentle comic drama grounded in reality ... what's fresh and charming is the way the characters surrounding the protagonist also grow as they help him through his crisis."[16]
The film has received favorable reviews from Christian faith-based media,[17] and has been recommended as an instructional tool and a means for opening a dialogue on tolerance.[18]
Awards and Nominations[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Academy Awards February 24, 2008 Best Original Screenplay Nancy Oliver Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association December 13, 2007 Best Actor Ryan Gosling Nominated
Most Promising Director Craig Gillespie Nominated
Critics' Choice Awards January 7, 2007 Best Actor Ryan Gosling Nominated
Best Screenplay Nancy Oliver Nominated
Golden Globe Awards January 13, 2008 Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Ryan Gosling Nominated
Humanitas Prize September 17, 2008 Feature Film Nancy Oliver Won
National Board of Review January 15, 2008 Top Ten Films Lars and the Real Girl Won
Best Original Screenplay Nancy Oliver Won
Satellite Awards December 16, 2007 Best Film – Musical or Comedy Lars and the Real Girl Nominated
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Ryan Gosling Won
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Emily Mortimer Nominated
Best Original Screenplay Nancy Oliver Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards January 27, 2008 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Ryan Gosling Nominated
St. Louis Film Critics Association December 24, 2007 Best Film – Musical or Comedy Lars and the Real Girl Nominated
Best Actor Ryan Gosling Nominated
Best Screenplay Nancy Oliver Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards February 9, 2008 Best Original Screenplay Nancy Oliver Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lars and the Real Girl". Box Office Mojo. IMDb Inc. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wloszczyna, Susan (October 8, 2007). "'Lars' star Bianca isn't just your average movie actress". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1] IMDB "Filming Locations for Lars and the Real Girl"
Jump up ^ Goodman, Lee-Anne (2008). "The Real Deal". AOL. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ [2] IMDB "Crazy Credits for Lars and the Real Girl"
Jump up ^ Staff writer (undated). [3] "The Love of His Life Is a Real Doll". The Vancouver Sun. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "BoxOfficeMojo.com". BoxOfficeMojo.com. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Lars and the Real Girl' Breaks a Wooden Heart". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rotten Tomatoes.com". Rotten Tomatoes.com. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Metacritic.com". Metacritic.com. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (October 19, 2007). [4] "Lars and the Real Girl". Chicago Sun-Times. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (October 19, 2007). [5] "Review: Lars and the Real Girl – A (Platonic) Love Story". San Francisco Chronicle. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (October 12, 2007). [6] "Lars and the Real Girl (2007)". The New York Times. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (October 12, 2007). [7] "Lars and the Real Girl – The Movie Centers a Delightful, Capra-esque Story Around a Most Prurient Prop." Los Angeles Times. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lumenick, Lou (October 12, 2007). [8] "Midwestern Love for Dummies". New York Post. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Simon, Alissa (September 11, 2007). [9] "Lars and the Real Girl". Variety. Accessed April 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ [10] "Lars and the Real Girl". Christianity Today.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Rachel (July 28, 2009). [11] "Teaching Tolerance with Lars and the Real Girl". rosalindwiseman.com. Accessed April 24, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lars and the Real Girl
Lars and the Real Girl on IMDb
Lars and the Real Girl at AllMovie
Lars and the Real Girl at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
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Films directed by Craig Gillespie
Mr. Woodcock (2007)
Lars and the Real Girl (2007)
Fright Night (2011)
Million Dollar Arm (2014)
The Finest Hours (2016)
I, Tonya (2017)
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values: St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor

values: St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay

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values: Ларс и истинското момиче – Bulgarian

values: لارس و دختر واقعی – Persian

values: Une fiancée pas comme les autres – French

values: 내겐 너무 사랑스러운 그녀 (영화) – Korean

values: ラースと、その彼女 – Japanese

values: Ларс и настоящая девушка – Russian

values: Ларс има девојку – Serbian

values: Ларс і справжня дівчина – Ukrainian

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