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Kylo Ren
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Kylo Ren
Ben Solo
Star Wars character
Kylo Ren's costume displayed on a mannequin
First appearance
The Force Awakens (2015)
Created by
Lawrence Kasdan
J. J. Abrams
Michael Arndt
Portrayed by
Adam Driver
Voiced by
Adam Driver (Disney Infinity 3.0, Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises, Star Wars Rebels; archive recording)
Matthew Wood (Star Wars Battlefront II)
Roger Craig Smith (Star Wars Battlefront II)
Information
Full name
Ben Solo
Species
Human
Gender
Male
Occupation
Supreme Leader of the First Order
Master of the Knights of Ren
Former Jedi Padawan
Affiliation
First Order
Knights of Ren
New Jedi Order (formerly)
Family
Han Solo (father)
Leia Organa (mother)
Relatives
Luke Skywalker (maternal uncle)
Anakin Skywalker (maternal grandfather)
Padmé Amidala (maternal grandmother)
Bail Organa (adopted maternal grandfather)
Breha Organa (adopted maternal grandmother)
Shmi Skywalker (maternal great-grandmother)
Homeworld
Chandrila
Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he is portrayed by Adam Driver. Kylo Ren is the chosen name of Ben Solo,[1][2][3] the son of original Star Wars trilogy characters Han Solo and Leia Organa. Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi, he has been seduced to the dark side of the Force by Supreme Leader Snoke and aspires to be as powerful as his grandfather, Darth Vader, and create a new order in the galaxy separate from the legacies created by Luke and the Jedi Order. Kylo Ren is also the master of the Knights of Ren, as well as a commander and later the supreme leader of the First Order, an organization spawned from the fallen Galactic Empire. He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising and appears in the film's sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept and creation
2 Character
3 Appearances
3.1 Feature films
3.1.1 The Force Awakens (2015)
3.1.2 The Last Jedi (2017)
3.2 Related works and promotional material
3.3 Novels
4 Reception
5 Family tree
6 References
7 External links
Concept and creation
After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt, with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas. According to director Abrams, the First Order is inspired by ODESSA, a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II.[4]
Driver's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29, 2014.[5] Kylo Ren was first seen, but still not named, in the 88-second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28, 2014,[6][7] wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard.[8][9][10] The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm-designed Topps-style trading card mockup in December 2014.[11][12] A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo.[13]
In an interview with Time, The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren's mask be designed to be memorable for a child. After numerous attempts to gain Abrams' approval, the final design was selected. Kaplan said:
I don't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what, but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it. Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action. You know, if he's standing in front of fire you see that, so it almost brings you into the mask.[14]
Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it's from, but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask."[15]
According to other cast members, Driver is a method actor, which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes.[16] Driver explained that his goal was "to forget you're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that's filled with moments and problems", because from the perspective of the characters living within the film's universe, "Darth Vader is real".[16]
Ren's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo, the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi.[17][18][19][20] Additionally, critics have noted a resemblance between Ren's character design and that of Revan, the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic.[21][22]
Character
Abrams told Empire in August 2015, "Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force."[4] Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character, "came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren."[15] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as "a hot-headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper".[23] Abrams noted, "The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character."[15] The Telegraph also explains that Ren's wild and erratic temper and "angsty" instability make him dangerous.[24] Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren's use of the Force as "formidable", citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will.[25]
Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "I've written four Star Wars movies now, and there's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays. I think you're going to see something that's brand new to the saga," noting that the character is "full of emotion".[15] Abrams explained, "I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he isn't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader ... He is not your prototypical mustache-twirling bad guy. He is a little bit more complex than that."[15] Driver said in December 2015 that, despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader, Ren is "unlike any villain the franchise has seen before".[26] He explained:
I feel there's a recklessness about him that's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side. You normally think of order, and structure, and full commitment and no hesitation ... he's just a little bit more unpolished. It's in his costume, in his lightsaber—how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment; that it could just blow up. That’s kind of like a big metaphor for him.[26]
Appearances
Model of Kylo's cross-bladed lightsaber on display at Star Wars Launch Bay at Disney's Hollywood Studios (2015).
Feature films
The Force Awakens (2015)
Main article: Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as a commander in the First Order, a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire. After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates where Luke Skywalker is to be found, Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka, and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa. Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid, BB-8, with the map. Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn, who later finds BB-8, and the scavenger Rey. Finn, Rey, and BB-8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon, and are soon intercepted by the ship's former owner, Han Solo, and his co-pilot Chewbacca.
It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia, and was once one of Luke's Jedi pupils. He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order's Supreme Leader Snoke. He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke's new Jedi Academy. However, Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader, whose burnt helmet is in Ren's possession. Arriving at Maz Kanata's castle on Takodana, Ren captures Rey, who he senses has seen the map. While interrogating her with the Force, he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself, though unaware of it. Rey finds herself able to resist his powers and experience Ren's emotions, and confronts him over his fear that he will never be as powerful as his grandfather. She later uses the "Jedi mind trick" to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape. Han arrives at the First Order's battle station, Starkiller Base, as part of the Resistance's plan to destroy it.
After Han plants explosives to destroy the base, he confronts Ren—calling him by his real name, Ben—and implores him to abandon the dark side, warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy. Despite being conflicted, Ren refuses and kills his father, enraging Chewbacca, Han's copilot, who fires, injuring Ren. As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base, a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them. Finn fights Ren with Luke's recovered lightsaber, but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him. Rey then takes up the lightsaber and, using the Force, begins to overcome Ren, striking him on the face with the lightsaber and leaving with a scar on the right side of his face. Before the duel is finished, they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base. Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training.
The Last Jedi (2017)
Main article: Star Wars: The Last Jedi
Ren's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi, specifically through his conversations with Rey, with whom he connects through the Force. Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side. Ren captures her and brings her before Snoke, who orders Ren to kill her. However, Ren uses the Force to ignite a lightsaber at Snoke’s side and cut him in half, killing him. After that, Ren reveals to Rey his new goal to create a new order in the galaxy, separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke, and beseeches Rey to join him, while explaining to her about her true parentage, calling Rey a "nobody" to no one else in the galaxy except for Ren. Though tempted, Rey refuses, realizing that Ren will not turn back to the light side. After she escapes, Ren frames her for Snoke's assassination, declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order, and orders his forces to attack the Resistance base on Crait. Ren engages Luke in battle and appears to blow him up and cut him in half, but Luke remains standing; “Luke” is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch-To, serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order. When Luke vanishes, the First Order storms the base, but the Resistance has already evacuated; Ren shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance.
Related works and promotional material
He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add-on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game, with an Infinity character figurine available separately.[27][28][29][30] He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars: Force Arena.[31]
Hasbro has released a 3 3⁄4-inch (9.5 cm) Kylo Ren action figure,[32] and a 6-inch (15 cm) figure in their Black Series line.[33] He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren's Command Shuttle (2015)[34][35] and Battle on Takodana (2016),[36][37] as well as a Lego Buildable Figure.[38] The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises,[39][40][41][42] and as a playable character in Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[43]
In January 2016, Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars/Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live, with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named "Matt" to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him.[44]
Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II, voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith, masked and unmasked respectively. In the game, Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka's location (who possess the map to Luke Skywalker) using his Force abilities. When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka's location, Kylo leaves him for Hask, Del's former comrade in Inferno Squad.[45]
Novels
Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster.[46]
In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End, Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic.[47] Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars: Phasma.
Reception
Adam Driver received positive reviews for his performance as Kylo Ren.
Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver's performance have been positively received. Many complimented Ren's conflicted nature and depth, as well as his costume design, and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments.[48][49][50] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike, saying, "He is gorgeously cruel, spiteful and capricious – and unlike the Vader of old, he is given to petulant temper tantrums, with his lightsaber drawn."[51] Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver's performance "spectacular", noting that "his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one-dimensional, and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater." [52] Collin wrote, "To describe Kylo Ren as this film's Vader would be accurate in a sense ... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams, Kasdan and Arndt, and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him."[23] Comparing the character to the one-note Vader of the 1977 film, Leon calls Ren "a living battleground between darkness and light, making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we've ever seen in Star Wars ... [which] makes him a far more interesting villain."[25] Abrams told Entertainment Weekly, "it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role, because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way."[15] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted, "Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex, a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance."[53] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "The bald-faced attempt to clone Vader, one of the greatest badasses in film history, is clankingly obvious, but Driver, masked and unmasked, gives him hypnotic and haunting contours."[54] Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask.[55] Leon, however, argued:
But that face—that of a normal, vulnerable young man—is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams' reimagining of A New Hope. Rather than pure evil, Ren is something far more familiar: He is human. Just like the real-life young men with minds clouded by fear, hate, and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day ... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being "evil" enough—are all signs of Ren's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light.[25]
Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.[56] In January 2018, Kylo was voted seventh greatest movie villain of all time by the readers of Empire.[57]
Family tree
Main article: Solo family
[hide]
v
t
e
Skywalker family tree
Aika
Lars[a]
Cliegg
Lars[b]
Shmi
Skywalker[c]
Jobal
Naberrie[d]
Ruwee
Naberrie[d]
Beru
Whitesun[e]
Owen
Lars[f]
Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]
Padmé
Amidala[i]
Bail
Organa[j][k]
Breha
Organa[l]
Luke
Skywalker[m][n]
Leia
Organa[o]
Han
Solo[p]
Ben
Solo[p][q]
References:
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Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.
References
Jump up ^ Wendig, Chuck (2017). Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End. Del Rey. ISBN 9781101966976. What is known is this: The child’s name is Ben, and he takes his father’s last name, even as Leia keeps only her own family name, Organa.
Jump up ^ Star Wars: The Force Awakens (Little Golden Book). Golden Books. April 12, 2016. ISBN 9780736434911.
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Jump up ^ Kain, Erik (November 29, 2014). "5 Reasons The New Star Wars Trailer Was The Perfect First Look At The Force Awakens". Forbes. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Gilman, Greg (November 29, 2014). "Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens Trailer Unmasks a Stormtrooper, Teases Villain". TheWrap. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (December 11, 2014). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens character names revealed (in coolest way possible)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Digital Trading Cards". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna (May 4, 2015). "Adam Driver's and Lupita Nyong'o's Characters Revealed in Exclusive Star Wars: The Force Awakens Photos". Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Kylo Ren's Terrifying Mask Was Designed to Be Unforgettable to Kids". Time. December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Breznican, Anthony (August 12, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: Kylo Ren's shroud is pulled back at last, but..." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hiatt, Brian (December 2, 2015). "Star Wars Strikes Back: Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ McMillan, Graeme (December 23, 2015). "How the Abandoned Star Wars Expanded Universe Inspired Force Awakens". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bouie, Jamelle (December 16, 2015). "How The Force Awakens Remixes the Star Wars Expanded Universe". Slate. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kendrick, Ben (December 18, 2015). "Star Wars 7: Kylo Ren Backstory Explained". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Saavedra, John (December 17, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Easter Eggs and Reference Guide (Kylo Ren/Ben Solo and the Knights of Ren)". Den of Geek. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dickens, Donna (August 17, 2015). "Kylo Ren Looks An Awful Lot Like This Other Star Wars Character". HitFix. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chung, Frank (August 25, 2015). "Who is the new Star Wars villain?". News.com.au. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Collin, Robbie (December 18, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens review: 'the magic is back'". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "14 things Star Wars fans will love about The Force Awakens". The Telegraph. December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leon, Melissa (December 27, 2015). "Emo Kylo Ren: Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Polarizing Villain". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hawkes, Rebecca (December 17, 2015). "Adam Driver: why Kylo Ren is nothing like Vader". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Andy (October 12, 2015). "Disney Infinity: The Force Awakens Dated, Adds Kylo Ren And Poe Dameron". Forbes. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Valdes, Giancarlo (December 9, 2015). "Disney Infinity's Star Wars: The Force Awakens lets John Boyega play with himself". VentureBeat. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Play Set for Disney Infinity 3.0 Edition Now Available". StarWars.com. December 18, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (December 16, 2015). "Infinity adds to Force Awakens experience". USA Today. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Compendio, Chris (November 9, 2017). "Kylo Ren and Rey Finally Join Mobile Game Star Wars: Force Arena". Screen Rant. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Spry, Jeff (August 14, 2015). "Leaked peek at Hasbro's Kylo Ren, Captain Phasma and 10 more The Force Awakens action figures". Blastr. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Myatt, D. Martin. "03 Kylo Ren from Hasbro's The Black Series". Rebelscum.com. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "75104-1: Kylo Ren's Command Shuttle". Brickset.com. 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Minifigs: sw663: Kylo Ren (75104)". Brickset.com. 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "75139-1: Battle on Takodana". Brickset.com. 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Minifigs: sw717: Kylo Ren (75139)". Brickset.com. 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Li, Shirley (February 12, 2016). "The Force Awakens characters to appear in new LEGO Star Wars series". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LEGO Star Wars: The Resistance Rises to Debut on Disney XD February 15". Oh My Disney. February 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Watercutter, Angela (February 12, 2016). "This New Animated Lego Star Wars Short Looks Legit". Wired. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitbrook, James (February 12, 2016). "Poe Dameron Stages a Daring Rescue in the First The Force Awakens Lego Short". io9. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kylo Ren". IGN. June 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ McGee, Ryan (January 17, 2016). "Adam Driver on 'SNL': 3 Sketches You Have to See". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mroz, Guillaume [@guillaume_mroz] (November 15, 2017). "Sorry, incomplete information: Matthew Woods : Masked Kylo Ren Roger Craig Smith: Unmasked Kylo Ren" (Tweet). Retrieved November 22, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Foster, Alan Dean (2015). "Chapter I". The Force Awakens (e-book). ISBN 9781101965504.
Jump up ^ Trendacosta, Katharine (February 22, 2017). "Everything That Aftermath: Empire's End Reveals About the New Star Wars Universe". Gizmodo. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Review (Or How I Might Just Like Kylo Ren)". thebiglead.com. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Force Awakens Thrilling If Not Familiar Adventure". thereeldeal.com. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What Happened To Kylo Ren After The Force Awakens? The Villian Could Make A Return". Bustle.com. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (December 16, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens review – 'a spectacular homecoming'". The Guardian. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri. "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Review". IGN. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (December 16, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 16, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Kyle (November 11, 2015). "Let's Discuss the Ending of Star Wars: The Force Awakens". Vulture.com. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cohen, David S. (June 23, 2016). "The Force Awakens Rings Up Eight Saturn Awards". Variety. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Agar, Chris (January 22, 2018). "Kylo Ren Voted Seventh-Greatest Movie Villain". Screen Rant. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kylo Ren.
Kylo Ren in the StarWars.com Databank
Kylo Ren on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Kylo Ren on IMDb
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Regulation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Regulation (disambiguation).
This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2014)
Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:
in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis
in government, typically a regulation specifically means a piece of the delegated legislation drafted by subject matter experts to enforce a statutory instrument (primary legislation)
in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set rules with less government involvement
in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals
Contents
[hide]
1 Social
1.1 Reasons
1.2 History
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
4.1 Wikibooks
Social[edit]
Regulation can take many forms: legal restrictions promulgated by a government authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds[1]), social regulation (e.g. norms), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation.[2]
State-mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement policy and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur,[3] ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement. The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation"). Common examples of regulation include controls on market entries, prices, wages, development approvals, pollution effects, employment for certain people in certain industries, standards of production for certain goods, the military forces and services. The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analysed in regulatory economics.
In some countries (in particular the Scandinavian countries) industrial relations are to a very high degree regulated by the labour market parties themselves (self-regulation) in contrast to state regulation of minimum wages etc.[4]
Reasons[edit]
This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (March 2018)
Regulations may create costs as well as benefits and may produce unintended reactivity effects, such as defensive practice.[5] Efficient regulations can be defined as those where total benefits exceed total costs.
Regulations can be advocated for a variety of reasons, including:[citation needed]
Market failures - regulation due to inefficiency. Intervention due to what economists call market failure.
To constrain sellers' options in markets characterized by monopoly
As a means to implement collective action, in order to provide public goods
To assure adequate information in the market
To mitigate undesirable externalities
Collective desires - regulation about collective desires or considered judgments on the part of a significant segment of society[vague]
Diverse experiences - regulation with a view of eliminating or enhancing opportunities for the formation of diverse preferences and beliefs[vague]
Social subordination - regulation aimed to increase or reduce social subordination of various social groups[citation needed]
Endogenous preferences - regulation intended to affect the development of certain preferences on an aggregate level[vague]
Professional conduct - the regulation of members of professional bodies, either acting under statutory or contractual powers.[6]
Interest group transfers - regulation that results from efforts by self-interest groups to redistribute wealth in their favor, which may be disguised as one or more of the justifications above.
The study of formal (legal or official) and informal (extra-legal or unofficial) regulation constitutes one of the central concerns of the sociology of law.
History[edit]
Regulation of businesses existed in the ancient early Egyptian, Indian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Standardized weights and measures existed to an extent in the ancient world, and gold may have operated to some degree as an international currency. In China, a national currency system existed and paper currency was invented. Sophisticated law existed in Ancient Rome. In the European Early Middle Ages, law and standardization declined with the Roman Empire, but regulation existed in the form of norms, customs, and privileges; this regulation was aided by the unified Christian identity and a sense of honor in regard to contracts.[7]:5
Beginning in the late 19th and 20th century, much of regulation in the United States was administered and enforced by regulatory agencies which produced their own administrative law and procedures under the authority of statutes. Legislators created these agencies to allow experts in the industry to focus their attention on the issue. At the federal level, one of the earliest institutions was the Interstate Commerce Commission which had its roots in earlier state-based regulatory commissions and agencies. Later agencies include the Federal Trade Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission, Civil Aeronautics Board, and various other institutions. These institutions vary from industry to industry and at the federal and state level. Individual agencies do not necessarily have clear life-cycles or patterns of behavior, and they are influenced heavily by their leadership and staff as well as the organic law creating the agency. In the 1930s, lawmakers believed that unregulated business often led to injustice and inefficiency; in the 1960s and 1970s, concern shifted to regulatory capture, which led to extremely detailed laws creating the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
See also[edit]
Consumer protection
Rulemaking
Regulatory state
Deregulation
Environmental law
Public administration
Regulation of science
Regulatory capture
Regulatory economics
Tragedy of the commons
Public choice theory
Precautionary principle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, (2014) http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2573253
Jump up ^ Levi-Faur, David, Regulation and Regulatory Governance, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation and Governance, No.1, 2010
Jump up ^ Orbach, Barak, What Is Regulation? 30 Yale Journal on Regulation Online 1 (2012)
Jump up ^ Anders Kjellberg (2017) ”Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations” In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.) Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357-383
Jump up ^ McGivern, Gerry; Fischer, Michael Daniel (1 February 2012). "Reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine, psychotherapy and counselling" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 74 (3): 289–296. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.035. PMID 22104085.
Jump up ^ Harris, Brian; Andrew Carnes (February 2011). Disciplinary and Regulatory Proceedings. Jordans. ISBN 978-1-84661-270-1.
Jump up ^ John Braithwaite, Péter Drahos. (2000). Global Business Regulation. Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Regulation
Look up regulation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE)
New Perspectives on Regulation (2009) and Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation (2009)
US/Canadian Regulatory Cooperation: Schmitz on Lessons from the European Union, Canadian Privy Council Office Commissioned Study
A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law
Wikibooks[edit]
Legal and Regulatory Issues in the Information Economy
Lawrence A. Cunningham, A Prescription to Retire the Rhetoric of 'Principles-Based Systems' in Corporate Law, Securities Regulation and Accounting (2007)
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text:
National Lampoon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
National Lampoon may refer to:
National Lampoon (magazine), the original humor magazine from 1970 to 1998, and those spinoffs that directly related to the magazine:
National Lampoon Lemmings, a 1973 stage show
The National Lampoon Radio Hour, produced from 1973 to 1974
National Lampoon's Animal House, a 1978 film, also based upon stories from the magazine
National Lampoon's Movie Madness, a 1981 film
National Lampoon's Class Reunion, a 1983 film
National Lampoon's Vacation (film series), a series of comedy films based upon stories written for National Lampoon magazine
National Lampoon's Joy of Sex, a 1984 film
Loaded Weapon 1, a 1993 film sometimes known as National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1
National Lampoon's Senior Trip, a 1995 film
National Lampoon, Incorporated, a company formed in 2002 which licensed out all subsequent productions that went under the National Lampoon name
See also[edit]
List of National Lampoon films
J2 Communications, owner of the National Lampoon brand and properties from 1991 to 2002
The Harvard Lampoon
Lampoon (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title National Lampoon.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Lampoon&oldid=672846344"
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This page was last edited on 24 July 2015, at 07:27.
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