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Frank Sinatra filmography
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Sinatra, in c. 1943
Frank Sinatra (1915–1998) was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century.[1] Over the course of his acting career he created a body of work that one biographer described as being "as varied, impressive and rewarding as that of any other Hollywood star".[2]
Sinatra began his career as a singer, initially in his native Hoboken, New Jersey, but increasing success led to a contract to perform on stage and radio across the United States. One of his earliest film roles was in the 1935 short film Major Bowes' Amateur Theatre of the Air, a spin off from the Major Bowes Amateur Hour radio show.[3][4] He appeared in a full-length film in an uncredited cameo singing performance in Las Vegas Nights, singing "I'll Never Smile Again" with Tommy Dorsey's The Pied Pipers.[5] His work with Dorsey's band also led to appearances in the full-length films Las Vegas Nights (1941) and Ship Ahoy (1942). As Sinatra's singing career grew, he appeared in larger roles in feature films, several of which were musicals, including three alongside Gene Kelly: Anchors Aweigh (1945), On the Town (1949) and Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949).[1] As his acting career developed further, Sinatra also produced several of the film's in which he appeared, and directed one—None but the Brave—which he also produced and in which he starred.[6]
Sinatra's film and singing careers had declined by 1952, when he was out-of-contract with both his record company and film studio. In 1953 he re-kindled his film career by targeting serious roles: he auditioned for—and won—a role in From Here to Eternity for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.[1][7][8] Other serious roles followed, including a portrayal of an ex-convict and drug addict in The Man with the Golden Arm, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and the British Academy Film Award for the Best Actor in a Leading Role.[9][10]
Sinatra received numerous awards for his film work. He won the Golden Globe for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Pal Joey (1957),[8] and was nominated in the same category for Come Blow Your Horn (1963).[8] Three of the films in which Sinatra appears, The House I Live In (1945), The Manchurian Candidate (1962) and From Here to Eternity (1953)—have been added to the Library of Congress's National Film Registry. The House I Live In—a film that opposes anti-Semitism and racism—was awarded a special Golden Globe and Academy Award.[11] In 1970, at the 43rd Academy Awards, Sinatra was presented with the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award;[12] the following year he was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 As actor
2 As producer
3 As director
4 Shorts
5 Notes and references
5.1 References
5.2 Sources
As actor[edit]
Sinatra in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
Sinatra as Maggio in From Here to Eternity (1953)
Sinatra and Grace Kelly on the set of High Society (1956)
Sinatra in 1957
Sinatra in 4 for Texas (1963)
Sinatra as the title character in Tony Rome (1967)
Title[13][14]
Year
Role
Notes
Ref.
Las Vegas Nights
1941 !1941 Singer - Tommy Dorsey's Band Uncredited [15][16]
Ship Ahoy
1942 !1942 Singer - Tommy Dorsey Orchestra Uncredited [17][18]
Reveille with Beverly
1943.1 !1943 Himself [19][20]
Higher and Higher
1943.2 !1943 Himself [21][22]
Step Lively
1944 !1944 Russell !Glenn Russell [23][24]
Anchors Aweigh
1945.1 !1945 Doolittle !Clarence Doolittle [25][26]
Till the Clouds Roll By
1946 !1946 Himself Cameo [27][28]
It Happened in Brooklyn
1947 Miller !Danny Webson Miller [29][30]
Miracle of the Bells !The Miracle of the Bells
1948 Father Paul [31][32]
Kissing Bandit !The Kissing Bandit
1949.1 !1949 Ricardo [33][34]
Take Me Out to the Ball Game
1949.2 !1949 Ryan !Dennis Ryan [35][36]
On the Town
1949.3 !1949 Chip [37][38]
Meet Danny Wilson
1951.1 !1951 Wilson !Danny Wilson [39][40]
Double Dynamite
1951.2 !1951 Dalton !Johnny Dalton [41][42]
From Here to Eternity
1953 Maggio !Pvt. Angelo Maggio Winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture [43][7][8]
Suddenly
1954.1 !1954 Baron !John Baron [44][45]
Young at Heart
1954.2 !1954 Sloan !Barney Sloan [46][47]
Not as a Stranger
1955.1 !1955 Boone !Alfred Boone Nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role [48][49]
Guys and Dolls
1955.2 !1955 Detroit !Nathan Detroit [50][51]
Tender Trap !The Tender Trap
1955.3 !1955 Reader !Charlie Y. Reader [52][53]
Man with the Golden Arm !The Man with the Golden Arm
1955.4 !1955 Machine !Frankie Machine Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor
Nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role [54][9][10]
Meet Me in Las Vegas
1956.1 !1956 Man at Slot Machine Uncredited [55][56][3]
High Society
1956.2 !1956 Connor !Mike Connor [57][58]
Johnny Concho
1956.3 !1956 Concho !Johnny Concho [59][60]
Around the World in 80 Days
1956.4 !1956 Saloon Pianist Cameo [61][3]
Pride and the Passion !The Pride and the Passion
1957.1 !1957 Miguel [62][63]
Joker Is Wild !The Joker Is Wild
1957.2 !1957 Lewis !Joe E. Lewis [64][65]
Pal Joey
1957.3 !1957 Evans !Joey Evans Winner of the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy [66][8]
Kings Go Forth
1958.1 !1958 Loggins !1st Lt. Sam Loggins [67][68]
Some Came Running
1958.2 !1958 Hirsh !Dave Hirsh [69][70]
Hole in the Head !A Hole in the Head
1959.1 !1959 Manetta !Tony Manetta [71][72]
Never So Few
1959.2 !1959 Reynolds !Capt. Tom Reynolds [73][74]
Can-Can
1960.1 !1960 Durnais !François Durnais [75][76]
Ocean's 11
1960.2 !1960 Ocean !Danny Ocean [77][78]
Pepe
1960.3 !1960 Himself Cameo [79][80]
Devil at 4 O'Clock !The Devil at 4 O'Clock
1961 Harry [81][82]
Sergeants 3
1962.1 !1962 Merry !First-Sergeant Mike Merry [83][84]
Road to Hong Kong !The Road to Hong Kong
1962.2 !1962 Astronaut Uncredited, Cameo [85][3]
Manchurian Candidate !The Manchurian Candidate
1962.3 !1962 Marco !Major Bennett Marco [86][87]
List of Adrian Messenger !The List of Adrian Messenger
1963.1 !1963 Gypsy Cameo [88][89]
Come Blow Your Horn
1963.2 !1963 Baker !Alan Baker Nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy [90][8][91]
4 for Texas
1963.4 !1963 Thomas !Zack Thomas [92][93]
Paris When It Sizzles
1964.1 !1964 Singer Voice, Uncredited
Robin and the 7 Hoods
1964.2 !1964 Robbo [94][95]
None but the Brave
1965.1 !1965 Mate !Chief Pharmacist Mate [96][97]
Von Ryan's Express
1965.2 !1965 Ryan !Colonel Joseph L. Ryan [98][99]
Marriage on the Rocks
1965.3 !1965 Edwards !Dan Edwards [100][101]
Cast a Giant Shadow
1966.1 !1966 Talmadge !Vince Talmadge Cameo [102][103]
Assault on a Queen
1966.2 !1966 Brittain !Mark Brittain [104][105]
Oscar !The Oscar
1966.3 !1966 Himself Cameo [106][107]
Naked Runner !The Naked Runner
1967.1 !1967 Laker !Sam Laker [108][109]
Tony Rome
1967.2 !1967 Rome !Tony Rome [110][111]
Detective !The Detective
1968.1 !1968 Leland !Det. Sgt. Joe Leland [112][113]
Lady in Cement
1968.1 !1968 Rome !Tony Rome [114][115]
Dirty Dingus Magee
1970 Magee !Dingus Billy Magee [116][117]
That's Entertainment!
1974 – [118][119]
That's Entertainment, Part II
1976 – [120][121]
First Deadly Sin !The First Deadly Sin
1980 Delaney !Sgt. Edward Delaney [122][123]
Cannonball Run II
1984 Himself Cameo [124][125]
Who Framed Roger Rabbit
1988 Singing Sword Cameo; voice only [126]
Young at Heart
1995 Fictional version of Himself Television movie [126]
As producer[edit]
Sinatra in the recording studio in 1947
Year[14]
Title
Notes
Ref.
1956
Johnny Concho [59]
1959
Hole in the Head !A Hole in the Head Executive producer [71]
1962
Sergeants 3 [83]
1964
Robin and the 7 Hoods [94]
1965
None but the Brave [96]
1966
Assault on a Queen Executive producer [104]
1980
First Deadly Sin !The First Deadly Sin Executive producer [122]
As director[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
Ref.
1965
None but the Brave Also produced and starred [96]
Shorts[edit]
Sinatra in November 1950
Title[14]
Year
Role
Notes
Ref.
Major Bowes' Amateur Theatre of the Air
1935 Himself Performed in blackface [127]
Road to Victory
1944.1 !1944 Himself Running time, 10 minutes [127]
Show Business at War
1944.2 !1944 – Running time, 17 minutes [128]
House I Live In !The House I Live In
1945.1 !1945 Himself Running time, 10 minutes [129]
All-Star Bond Rally !The All-Star Bond Rally
1945.2 !1945 Himself Running time, 19 minutes [127]
Lucky Strike Salesman's Movie 48-A
1948 Himself Running time, 10 minutes [127]
Hollywood Night Life
1952 – Running time, 9 minutes [130]
Invitation to Monte Carlo
1959 Himself Running time, 46 minutes [131]
Sinatra in Israel
1962 Narrator Running time, 22.5 minutes [132]
Will Rogers Hospital Trailer
1965 Narrator / Himself Running time, 2.5 minutes [132]
Notes and references[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Mustazza, Leonard. "Sinatra, Frank". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 16, 2016. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ O'Brien 1998, p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d O'Brien 1998, p. 204.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, pp. 26–27.
Jump up ^ Feather, Leonard (November 24, 1973). Jazzmen Have Always Favored FS. Billboard. p. 44. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ O'Brien 1998, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 26th Academy Awards: 1954". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Frank Sinatra". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 28th Academy Awards: 1956". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Film: Foreign Actor in 1957". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Raymond 2015, p. 48.
Jump up ^ "The 43rd Academy Awards: 1971". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Frank Sinatra". British Film Institute. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Frank Sinatra". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas Nights". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Knight 2010, p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Ship Ahoy". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Knight 2010, p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Reveille with Beverly". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Higher and Higher". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 35.
Jump up ^ "Step Lively". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 39.
Jump up ^ "Anchors Aweigh". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 43.
Jump up ^ "Till the Clouds Roll By". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 49.
Jump up ^ "It Happened in Brooklyn". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 52.
Jump up ^ "The Miracle of the Bells". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 55.
Jump up ^ "The Kissing Bandit". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 58.
Jump up ^ "Take Me Out to the Ball Game". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 61.
Jump up ^ "On the Town". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 64.
Jump up ^ "Meet Danny Wilson". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 72.
Jump up ^ "Double Dynamite". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 69.
Jump up ^ "From Here to Eternity". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Suddenly". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 81.
Jump up ^ "Young at Heart". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 85.
Jump up ^ "Not As a Stranger". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Film: Foreign Actor in 1956". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Guys and Dolls". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 98.
Jump up ^ "The Tender Trap". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 91.
Jump up ^ "The Man with the Golden Arm". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Meet Me in Las Vegas". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 26.
Jump up ^ "High Society". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 114.
^ Jump up to: a b "Johnny Concho". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 111.
Jump up ^ "Around the World in Eighty Days". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Pride and the Passion". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 126.
Jump up ^ "The Joker Is Wild". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 129.
Jump up ^ "Pal Joey". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kings Go Forth". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 142.
Jump up ^ "Some Came Running". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 146.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Hole in the Head". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 151.
Jump up ^ "Never So Few". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 155.
Jump up ^ "Can-Can". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 161.
Jump up ^ "Ocean's Eleven". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 164.
Jump up ^ "Pepe". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 169.
Jump up ^ "The Devil at 4 O'Clock". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 172.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sergeants 3". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 177.
Jump up ^ "The Road to Hong Kong". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Manchurian Candidate". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 185.
Jump up ^ "The List of Adrian Messenger". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 193.
Jump up ^ "Come Blow Your Horn". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 189.
Jump up ^ "4 for Texas". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robin and the 7 Hoods". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 199.
^ Jump up to: a b c "None but the Brave". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 202.
Jump up ^ "Von Ryan's Express". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 206.
Jump up ^ "Marriage on the Rocks". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 210.
Jump up ^ "Cast a Giant Shadow". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 214.
^ Jump up to: a b "Assault on a Queen". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 220.
Jump up ^ "The Oscar". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 217.
Jump up ^ "The Naked Runner". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 225.
Jump up ^ "Tony Rome". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 229.
Jump up ^ "The Detective". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 233.
Jump up ^ "Lady in Cement". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 236.
Jump up ^ "Dirty Dingus Magee". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 239.
Jump up ^ "That's Entertainment". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 241.
Jump up ^ "That's Entertainment, Part 2". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Brien 1998, p. 210.
^ Jump up to: a b "The First Deadly Sin". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 245.
Jump up ^ "Cannonball Run II". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 248.
^ Jump up to: a b "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 249.
Jump up ^ Quinlan 2000, p. 477.
Jump up ^ Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Green 2014, p. 194.
Jump up ^ O'Brien 1998, p. 209.
^ Jump up to: a b Ringgold & McCarty 1973, p. 250.
Sources[edit]
Green, Paul (2014). Jeffrey Hunter: The Film, Television, Radio and Stage Performances. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-7868-2.
Knight, Timothy (2010). Sinatra: Hollywood His Way. Philadelphia, PA: Running Press Book Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7624-4174-7.
O'Brien, Daniel (1998). The Frank Sinatra Film Guide. London: Batsford Books. ISBN 978-0-7134-8418-2.
Quinlan, David (2000). Quinlan's Film Stars. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-8651-3.
Raymond, Emilie (2015). Stars for Freedom: Hollywood, Black Celebrities, and the Civil Rights Movement. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80607-5.
Ringgold, Gene; McCarty, Clifford (1973). The Films of Frank Sinatra. New York, NY: Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-0384-4.
[show]
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Frank Sinatra
Early life
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Records
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Awards
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Style
Concerts
Studio albums
Columbia
The Voice of Frank Sinatra
Songs by Sinatra
Christmas Songs by Sinatra
Frankly Sentimental
Dedicated to You
Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra
Capitol
Songs for Young Lovers
Swing Easy!
In the Wee Small Hours
Songs for Swingin' Lovers!
Close to You
A Swingin' Affair!
Where Are You?
A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra
Come Fly with Me
Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely
Come Dance with Me!
No One Cares
Nice 'n' Easy
Sinatra's Swingin' Session!!!
Come Swing with Me!
Point of No Return
Duets
Duets II
Reprise
Ring-a-Ding-Ding!
Sinatra Swings
I Remember Tommy
Sinatra and Strings
Sinatra and Swingin' Brass
All Alone
Sinatra Sings Great Songs from Great Britain
Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First
The Concert Sinatra
Sinatra's Sinatra
Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and Roses, Moon River, and Other Academy Award Winners
America, I Hear You Singing
It Might as Well Be Swing
12 Songs of Christmas
Softly, as I Leave You
September of My Years
My Kind of Broadway
A Man and His Music
Moonlight Sinatra
Strangers in the Night
That's Life
Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim
The World We Knew
Francis A. & Edward K.
The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas
Cycles
My Way
A Man Alone
Watertown
Sinatra & Company
Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back
Some Nice Things I've Missed
Trilogy: Past Present Future
She Shot Me Down
Qwest
L.A. Is My Lady
Live albums
Sinatra at the Sands
The Main Event – Live
Sinatra Saga
Sinatra Saga, Vol. 2
Sinatra & Sextet: Live in Paris
Sinatra 80th: Live in Concert
With Red Norvo Quintet: Live in Australia, 1959
Sinatra '57 in Concert
Live from Las Vegas
Sinatra: Vegas
Frank Sinatra: The Greatest Concerts
Live at the Meadowlands
Sinatra: New York
Best of Vegas
Sinatra: London
Sinatra: World On a String
Compilations
This Is Sinatra!
This Is Sinatra Vol. 2
Look to Your Heart
All the Way
Sinatra Sings of Love and Things
Sinatra '65: The Singer Today
Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits
Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Portrait of Sinatra – Forty Songs from the Life of a Man
Sinatra–Jobim Sessions
Screen Sinatra
All-Time Greatest Dorsey/Sinatra Hits, Vol. 1-4
Capitol Collector's Series
Sinatra Reprise: The Very Good Years
Sinatra Sings the Songs of Van Heusen & Cahn
Sinatra: Soundtrack to the CBS Mini-Series
The Best of the Capitol Years
Christmas Songs by Sinatra
Gold Collection
Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Johnny Mercer
Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Rodgers & Hart
The Complete Recordings Nineteen Thirty-Nine
Sinatra 80th: All the Best
Everything Happens to Me
Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Cole Porter
Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Sammy Cahn
Greatest Hits: Early Years
The Very Best of Frank Sinatra
Portrait of Sinatra: Columbia Classics
Lucky Numbers
Classic Sinatra: His Greatest Performances 1953–1960
Super Hits
My Way: The Best of Frank Sinatra
Love Songs
Greatest Love Songs
Christmas with the Rat Pack
Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection
Romance
Duets/Duets II: 90th Birthday Limited Collector's Edition
Romance: Songs from the Heart
Sinatra at the Movies
Nothing but the Best
Seduction: Sinatra Sings of Love
Classic Sinatra II
Christmas with Sinatra & Friends
36 Greatest Hits!
Come Fly Away
Sinatra/Jobim: The Complete Reprise Recordings
Sinatra/Basie: The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings
Sinatra: Best of the Best
Best of Duets
Sinatra, with Love
Soundtrack albums
High Society
Young at Heart
Robin and the 7 Hoods
Other albums
Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder
Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color
The Man I Love
Sleep Warm
Frank Sinatra Conducts Music from Pictures and Plays
Syms by Sinatra
Box sets
Sinatra–Jobim Sessions
The Reprise Collection
The Capitol Years
Concepts
The Complete Recordings
The Song Is You
The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings
The Complete Capitol Singles Collection
1943-1952
1943-1952: The V-Discs
Frank Sinatra & the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra
The Capitol Years
Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre
Frank Sinatra in Hollywood
The Real Complete Columbia Years V-Discs
The Voice: Frank Sinatra, the Columbia Years (1943–1952)
The Reprise Years
Duets: 20th Anniversary Deluxe Edition
Ultimate Sinatra
Tribute albums
A Jazz Portrait of Frank Sinatra
Perfectly Frank
Manilow Sings Sinatra
...Allow Us to Be Frank
Bolton Swings Sinatra
A Tribute to Frank Sinatra
Tribute films
The Rat Pack
The Night We Called It a Day
Videography
A Man and His Music
A Man and His Music – Part II
A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim
Francis Albert Sinatra Does His Thing
Sinatra
Sinatra in Concert at the Royal Festival Hall
Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back
Sinatra – The Main Event
Sinatra and Friends
The First 40 Years
The Man and His Music
Concert tours
Together Again Tour (1988)
The Diamond Jubilee World Tour (1990-1991)
Related
Frank Sinatra and Jewish activism
"Frank Sinatra Has a Cold"
Hoboken Four
Frank Sinatra Park
My Way killings
Nelson Riddle
None but the Brave
Rat Pack
Sinatra Doctrine
Book
Category
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Post–World War II economic expansion
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In the United States and several other countries, the boom was manifested in suburban development and urban sprawl, aided by automobile ownership.
The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973–75 recession.[1] The United States, Soviet Union, Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment. Contrary to early predictions, this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war, such as Japan (Japanese post-war economic miracle), West Germany and Austria (Wirtschaftswunder), France (Trente Glorieuses), Italy (Italian economic miracle), Greece (Greek economic miracle), Taiwan (Taiwan Miracle) and South Korea (Miracle of the Han River).
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Timeline
3 Global economic climate
4 Causes
4.1 Productivity
4.1.1 New products and services
4.2 Economic aftermath of war
4.3 Keynesian economics
4.3.1 Infrastructure spending
4.3.2 Military spending
4.4 Financial repression
4.5 Deregulation
4.6 Low oil prices
4.7 International cooperation
4.7.1 Institutional arrangements
4.7.1.1 US Council of Economic Advisers
5 Specific countries
5.1 United States
5.2 Canada
5.3 United Kingdom
5.4 Belgium
5.5 West Germany
5.6 France
5.7 Italy
5.8 Japan
5.9 Soviet Union
5.10 Sweden
6 Effects
7 Decline
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
Terminology[edit]
In academic literature, the period is frequently referred to as the post–World War II economic boom, though this term can refer to much shorter booms in particular markets. It is also known as the Long Boom, though this term is generic and can refer to other periods. The golden age of Capitalism is a common name for this period in both academic and economics books.
The term is also used in other contexts. In older sources and occasionally in contemporary ones, Golden age of Capitalism can refer to the period of the Second Industrial Revolution from approximately 1870 to 1914, which also saw rapid economic expansion. Yet another name for the quarter century following the end of World War II is the Age of Marx, though the Soviet Union's economic statistics were not reliable during this period.[2][3]
Timeline[edit]
Economist Roger Middleton states that economic historians generally agree on 1950 as the start date for the golden age,[4] while Robert Skidelsky states 1951 is the most recognized start date.[5] Both Skidelsky and Middleton have 1973 as the generally recognized end date, though sometimes the golden age is considered to have ended as early as 1970.
This long term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s:
the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971
the growing international trade in manufactured goods, such as automobiles and electronics
the 1973 oil crisis,
the 1973–1974 stock market crash,
the ensuing 1973–75 recession, and
May Day 1975 the deregulation of fixed fees for trading stocks and market based commissions
While this is the global period, specific countries experienced business expansions for different periods; in Taiwan, the Taiwan Miracle lasted into the late 1990s, for instance, while in France the period is referred to as Trente Glorieuses (30 glorious [years]) and is considered to extend for the 30-year period from 1945 to 1975.
Global economic climate[edit]
In the United States, unemployment fluctuated during the 1950s, but dropped steadily during the 1960s.
Real income in the United States by percentile, normalized to 2007 costs. All social classes grew wealthier during the 1950s and 1960s, but the lower percentiles have only seen marginal improvement since then.
OECD members enjoyed real GDP growth averaging over 4% per year in the 1950s, and nearly 5% per year in the 1960s, compared with 3% in the 1970s and 2% in the 1980s.[6]
Skidelsky devotes ten pages of his 2009 book Keynes: The Return of the Master to a comparison of the golden age to what he calls the Washington Consensus period, which he dates as spanning 1980–2009 (1973–1980 being a transitional period):[5]
Metric
Golden Age
Washington Consensus
Average global growth 4.8% 3.2%
Unemployment (US) 4.8% 6.1%
Unemployment (France) 1.2% 9.5%
Unemployment (Germany) 3.1% 7.5%
Unemployment (Great Britain) 1.6% 7.4%
Skidelsky suggests the high global growth during the golden age was especially impressive as during that period Japan was the only major Asian economy enjoying high growth (Taiwan and South Korea at the time being small economies). It was not until later that the world had the exceptional growth of China raising the global average. Skidelsky also reports that inequality was generally decreasing during the golden age, whereas since the Washington Consensus was formed it has been increasing.
Globally, the golden age was a time of unusual financial stability, with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after. Martin Wolf reports that between 1945–71 (27 years) the world saw only 38 financial crises, whereas from 1973–97 (24 years) there were 139.[7]
Causes[edit]
Productivity[edit]
See also: Agricultural productivity
High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war and until the early 1970s. Manufacturing was aided by automation technologies such as feedback controllers, which appeared in the late 1930s were a fast-growing area of investment following the war. Wholesale and retail trade benefited from new highway systems, distribution warehouses, and material handling equipment such as forklifts and intermodal containers.[8][9] Oil displaced coal in many applications, particularly in locomotives and ships.[10] In agriculture, the post WW II period saw the widespread introduction of the following:
Chemical fertilizers
Tractors
Combine harvesters
High-yielding variety
Pesticides
New products and services[edit]
Industries that were created or expanded during the post war period included television, commercial aviation and particularly in the US, computer technology.
Economic aftermath of war[edit]
Economists employing Marxian economic analysis and Crisis theory argue that the period of prosperity was a temporary phase in capitalist development fueled by a revival of capital stock, large pools of labor and raw materials, and technological innovation emerging from the end of the Second World War and the scale of defeats of the international working class.[11] This era of prosperity helped prop up the perspective that the crises and business cycles inherent to capitalism could be solved through macroeconomic Keynesian policies, when in actuality the fundamental instabilities of capitalism had not been resolved.[12]
Keynesian economics[edit]
Keynesian economists argue that the post war expansion was caused by adoption of Keynesian economic policies. Naomi Klein has argued the high growth enjoyed by Europe and America was the result of Keynesian economic policies and in the case of rapidly rising prosperity that this post war period saw in parts of South America, by the influence of developmentalist economics led by Raúl Prebisch.[13]
Infrastructure spending[edit]
Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period. Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro, Sweden.
One of Eisenhower's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.[14] He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War. It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, hence the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers.
Military spending[edit]
Another explanation for this period is the theory of the permanent war economy, which suggests that the large spending on the military helped stabilize the global economy; this has also been referred to as "Military Keynesianism".
Financial repression[edit]
This period also saw financial repression—low nominal interest rates and low or negative real interest rates (nominal rates lower than inflation plus taxation), via government policy—resulting respectively in debt servicing costs being low (low nominal rates) and in liquidation of existing debt (via inflation and taxation).[15] This allowed countries (such as the US and UK) to both deal with their existing government debt level and reduce the level of debt without needing to direct a high portion of government spending to debt service.
Deregulation[edit]
Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US[16]
When World War II ended, Congress lowered taxes and ended economic controls that were enacted prior to and during the Second World War. Some argue that these policies made the economy grow faster in 1946 and 1947 than government experts had expected and stabilized U.S. unemployment at 3.9%.[17]
Low oil prices[edit]
The real oil price was low during the post-war decades, with this ending in the 1973 oil crisis.
In the 1940s, the price of oil was about $17, rising to just over $20 during the Korean War (1951–1953). During the Vietnam War (1950s – 1970s) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20. During the Arab oil embargo of 1973—the first oil shock—the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price.
International cooperation[edit]
Poster for the Marshall Plan
See also: Aftermath of World War II
Among the causes can be mentioned the rapid normalization of political relations between former Axis powers and the western Allies. After the war, the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression, some of which were ascribed to post–World War I policy errors. The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation, though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated. In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years.
Institutional arrangements[edit]
Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in the post-war period. Structurally, the victorious Allies established the United Nations and the Bretton Woods monetary system, international institutions designed to promote stability. This was achieved through a number of policies, including promoting free trade, instituting the Marshall Plan, and the use of Keynesian economics.
US Council of Economic Advisers[edit]
In the United States, the Employment Act of 1946 set the goals of achieving full employment, full production, and stable prices. It also created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues. In its first 7 years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making:[18]
The replacement of a "cyclical model" of the economy by a "growth model,"
The setting of quantitative targets for the economy,
Use of the theories of fiscal drag and full-employment budget,
Recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation, and
Replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of low aggregate demand.
Specific countries[edit]
The economies of the United States, Japan, West Germany, France, and Italy did particularly well. Japan and West Germany caught up to and exceeded the GDP of the United Kingdom during these years, even as the UK itself was experiencing the greatest absolute prosperity in its history. In France, this period is often looked back to with nostalgia as the Trente Glorieuses, or "Glorious Thirty", while the economies of West Germany and Austria were characterized by Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle), and in Italy it is called Miracolo economico (economic miracle). Most developing countries also did well in this period.
United States[edit]
Main article: Economic history of the United States § Postwar prosperity: 1945–1973
See also: Economic stagnation § End of stagnation in the U.S. after the Great Depression
The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was one of the greatest eras of economic expansion in world history. In the US, Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975. By 1975, the US economy represented some 35% of the entire world industrial output, and the US economy was over 3 times larger than that of Japan, the next largest economy.[19]
$200 billion in war bonds matured, and the G.I. Bill financed a well-educated work force. The middle class swelled, as did GDP and productivity. The US underwent its own golden age of economic growth. This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes, which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period—labor union membership peaked during the 1950s. Much of the growth came from the movement of low-income farm workers into better-paying jobs in the towns and cities—a process largely completed by 1960.[20]
Canada[edit]
Allied war bonds matured during these years, transferring cash from governments to private households.
United Kingdom[edit]
The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the war ended, but was largely repaid by 1975.
A 1957 speech by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan[21] captures what the golden age felt like, even before the brightest years which were to come in the 1960s.
"Let us be frank about it: most of our people have never had it so good. Go round the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime – nor indeed in the history of this country."
Unemployment figures[22] show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after:
Epoch
Date range
Percentage of British labour force unemployed.
Pre Golden Age 1921–1938 13.4
Golden Age 1950–1969 1.6
Post Golden Age 1970–1993 6.7
In addition to superior economic performance, other social indexes were higher in the golden age; for example the proportion of Britain's population saying they are "very happy" has fallen from 52% in 1957 to just 36% in 2005.[23][24]
Belgium[edit]
Main article: Belgian economic miracle
Belgium experienced a brief but very rapid economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II. The comparatively light damage sustained by Belgium's heavy industry during the German occupation and the Europe-wide need for the country's traditional exports (steel and coal, textiles, and railway infrastructure) meant that Belgium became the first European country to regain its pre-war level of output in 1947. Economic growth in the period was accompanied by low inflation and sharp increases in real living standards.
However, lack of capital investment meant that Belgium's heavy industry was ill-equipped to compete with other European industries in the 1950s. This contributed to the start of deindustrialisation in Wallonia and the emergence of regional economic disparities.
West Germany[edit]
Main article: Wirtschaftswunder
Assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle in West Germany
West Germany, under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and economic minister Ludwig Ehrhard, saw prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s. Journalists dubbed it the Wirtschaftswunder or "Economic Miracle".[25] Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957, and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10% per year, providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe. Labor union's support of the new policies, postponed wage increases, minimized strikes, supported technological modernization, and a policy of co-determination (Mitbestimmung), which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system and required the representation of workers on the boards of large corporations,[26] all contributed to such a prolonged economic growth. The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948, US gifts of $1.4 billion Marshall Plan aid, the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices, and the opening of the global market.[27] West Germany gained legitimacy and respect, as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis. West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958.
France[edit]
Main article: Trente Glorieuses
Between 1947 and 1973, France went through a boom period (5% growth per year on average) dubbed by Jean Fourastié Trente Glorieuses - the title of a book published in 1979. The economic growth occurred mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours. Indeed, the working population grew very slowly, the "baby boom" being offset by the extension of the time dedicated to study. Productivity gains came from catching up with the United States. In 1950, the average income in France was 55% of that of an American; it reached 80% in 1973. Among the "major" nations, only Japan had faster growth in this era than France.[28]
The extended period of transformation and modernization also involved an increasing internationalization of the French economy. France by the 1980s had become a leading world economic power and the world's fourth-largest exporter of manufactured products. It became Europe's largest agricultural producer and exporter, accounting for more than 10 percent of world trade in such goods by the 1980s. The service sector grew rapidly and became the largest sector, generating a large foreign-trade surplus, chiefly from the earnings from tourism.[29]
Italy[edit]
Main article: Italian economic miracle
The Italian economy experienced very variable growth. In the 1950s and early 1960s the Italian economy boomed, with record high growth-rates, including 6.4% in 1959, 5.8% in 1960, 6.8% in 1961, and 6.1% in 1962. This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several[quantify] Italian businesspeople, the opening of new industries (helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons, made for iron and steel, in the Po valley), re-construction and the modernisation of most Italian cities, such as Milan, Rome and Turin, and the aid given to the country after World War II (notably through the Marshall Plan).[30][page needed][31][need quotation to verify]
Japan[edit]
Main article: Japanese economic miracle
A transistor radio made by Sanyo in 1959. Japan manufactured much of the world's consumer electronics during this period.
After 1950 Japan's economy recovered from the war damage and began to boom, with the fastest growth rates in the world.[32] Given a boost by the Korean War, in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force, Japan's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth, led by the manufacturing sectors. Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres, including steel working, car manufacturing and the manufacturing of electronics. Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade, GNP, and general quality of life. The high economic growth and political tranquility of the mid to late 1960s were slowed by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973. Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II. Another serious problem was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights. The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States.[33]
Soviet Union[edit]
In the 1950s the Soviet Union, having reconstructed the ruins left by the war, experienced a decade of prosperous, undisturbed, and rapid economic growth, with significant technological achievements most notably the first earth satellite. The nation ranked in the top 15 most prosperous countries. However, the growth slowed and ended by 1960, as the Khrushchev regime poured resources into large military and space projects, and the civilian sector languished. While every other major nation greatly expanded its service sector, that sector in the Soviet Union (medicine, for example) was given low priority.[34] Following Khrushchev's ouster, and the appointment of a collective leadership led by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin, the economy was revitalised.[35] The economy continued to grow apace during the mid-to-late 1960s, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan.[36] However, economic growth began to falter during the early to mid-1970s,[35] beginning the Era of Stagnation.
Sweden[edit]
Main article: Record years
Sweden emerged almost unharmed from World War II, and experienced tremendous economic growth until the early 1970s, as Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander held his office from 1946 to 1969. Sweden used to be a country of emigrants until the 1930s, but the demand for labor spurred immigration to Sweden, especially from Finland and countries like Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia. Urbanization was fast, and housing shortage in urban areas was imminent until the Million Programme was launched in the 1960s.
Effects[edit]
The increased free time of adolescents caused the rise of youth subcultures such as Mods.
The post-war economic boom had many social, cultural, and political effects (not least of which was the demographic bulge termed the baby boom). Movements and phenomena associated with this period include the height of the Cold War, postmodernism, decolonisation, a marked increase in consumerism, the welfare state, the space race, the Non-Aligned Movement, import substitution, counterculture of the 1960s, opposition to the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, the sexual revolution, the beginning of second-wave feminism, and a nuclear arms race. In the United States, the middle-class began a mass migration away from the cities and towards the suburbs. Thus, it can be summed up as a period of prosperity in which most people could enjoy a job for life, a house and a family.
In the West, there emerged a near-complete consensus against strong ideology and a belief that technocratic and scientific solutions could be found to most of humanity's problems, a view advanced by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962. This optimism was symbolized through such events as the 1964 New York World's Fair, and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs, which aimed at eliminating poverty in the United States.
Decline[edit]
The sharp rise in oil prices (due to the 1973 oil crisis) hastened the transition to the post-industrial economy, and a multitude of social problems began to emerge. During the 1970s steel crisis, demand for steel declined, and the Western world faced competition from newly industrialized countries. This was especially harsh for mining and steel districts such as the North American Rust Belt and the West German Ruhr area.
See also[edit]
Post-war consensus
Four Asian Tigers
Mexican miracle
Spanish miracle
Nixon shock
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414
Jump up ^ Desai, Meghnad (2002). Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism,. Verso. p. 216. ISBN 1-85984-429-4.
Jump up ^ Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard Paul (2002). The Cambridge history of twentieth-century political thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 1-85984-429-4.
Jump up ^ Middleton, Roger (2000). The British Economy Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. ISBN 0-333-68483-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Skidelsky, Robert (2009). Keynes: The Return of the Master. Allen Lane. pp. 116, 126. ISBN 978-1-84614-258-1.
Jump up ^ Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. The Golden Age of Capitalism. Clarendon Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Martin (2009). "3". Fixing Global Finance. Yale University Press. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1.
Jump up ^ Bjork, Gordon J. (1999). The Way It Worked and Why It Won’t: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth. Westport, CT; London: Praeger. pp. 2, 67. ISBN 0-275-96532-5.
Jump up ^ Grübler, Arnulf (1990). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport (PDF). Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. p. 87<Fig. 3.1.5>
Jump up ^ Yaffe, David; Bullock, Paul (1979). "Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom". Revolutionary Communist No. 3/4 (Second Edition), November 1979. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Panitch, Leo; Miliband, Ralph (1992). "The New World Order and the Socialist Agenda". The Socialist Register. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Klein, Naomi (2008). The Shock Doctrine. Penguin. p. 55.
Jump up ^ "The cracks are showing". The Economist. June 26, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Liquidation of Government Debt, Reinhart, Carmen M. & Sbrancia, M. Belen
Jump up ^ "U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1913–2011". Tax Foundation. 9 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Folsom, Burton W. and Anita, FDR Goes to War: How Expanded Executive Power, Spiraling National Debt, and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America, Simon and Schuster, 2011, ISBN 9781439183229, S. 311
Jump up ^ Salant, Walter S. "Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy-Making," History of Political Economy, 1973, Vol. 5 Issue 1, pp 36–49
Jump up ^ Countries GDP 1975: GDP annual comparison, CountryEconomy.com
Jump up ^ French, Michael. US Economic History Since 1945 (1997)
Jump up ^ "1957: Britons 'have never had it so good'". BBC. 1957-07-20. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Sloman, John (2004). Economics. Penguin. p. 811.
Jump up ^ Mark Easton (2006-05-02). "Britain's happiness in decline". BBC. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Nigel Healey, ed., Britain's Economic Miracle: Myth or Reality? (1992) excerpt
Jump up ^ Jurgen Weber, Germany, 1945-1990 (Central European University Press, 2004) pp. 37-60
Jump up ^ Friedrich Fürstenberg, "West German Experience with Industrial Democracy," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 431, (May, 1977), pp. 44–53 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Detlef Junker, ed., The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1968 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) vol 1:291-309
Jump up ^ P. Sicsic, and C. Wyplosz. "France: 1945-92." in Economic Growth in Europe since 1945, edited by N. Crafts and G. Toniolo. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Jump up ^ Andrea Boltho, "Economic Policy in France and Italy since the War: Different Stances, Different Outcomes?," Journal of Economic Issues 35#3 (2001) pp 713+ online
Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni, Vera, The economic history of Italy 1860-1990 (Oxford University Press, 1993)
Jump up ^ Giangiacomo Nardozzi, "The Italian" Economic Miracle". Rivista di storia economica (2003) 19$2 pp: 139-180, in English.
Jump up ^ James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (2002) pp 562-98
Jump up ^ Hans Brinckmann, and Ysbrand Rogge. Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy (2008)
Jump up ^ Gur Ofer, The service sector in Soviet economic growth (1973) p. 21 online
^ Jump up to: a b Sandle, Mark; Bacon, Edwin (2002). Brezhnev Reconsidered. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-333-79463-0.
Jump up ^ Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-84595-067-5.
Further reading[edit]
Brinckmann, Hans, and Ysbrand Rogge. Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy (2008)
Bullock, Paul and Yaffe, David [1975] Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3/4 November 1975, RCG
Crafts, N. and G. Toniolo, eds. Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Cairncross, Frances; Cairncross, Alec (1994), The Legacy of the Golden Age: 1960s and Their Economic Consequences, Routledge
Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. (1992), The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828741-4
Webber, Michael John; Rigby, David L. (1996), The golden age illusion: rethinking postwar capitalism
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text:
Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"
Single by Green Day
from the album Nimrod
B-side
"Desensitized"
"Rotting"
Released
October 17, 1997
Format
CD single
Recorded
March-July, 1997
Genre
Acoustic rock, soft rock, alternative rock
Length
2:34 (album version)
2:28 (music video)
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, and Tré Cool
Producer(s)
Rob Cavallo and Green Day
Green Day singles chronology
"Hitchin' a Ride"
(1997) "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"
(1997) "Redundant"
(1998)
"Hitchin' a Ride"
(1997) "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"
(1997) "Redundant"
(1998)
"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" is a song by the American punk rock band Green Day. Although written by lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong before the release of the band's third album Dookie (1994), the song was not released until Green Day's fifth album, Nimrod (1997), and was the second single released from that album. An alternative version (in a different key, with a faster tempo and sparer arrangement) appeared as a B-side to the 1995 European single for "Brain Stew/Jaded".[1] It has become a staple of the band's concerts and is usually played as the final song.
Although it was not issued as a single at the time of its release in the United States, "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" sold over 2.6 million copies as a digital download in the country.[2] The song was certified Platinum in the United Kingdom for sales of 600,000.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Writing and composition
2 Album version
3 Music video
4 Legacy
5 Credits and personnel
6 Track listing
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
8 See also
9 References
Writing and composition[edit]
Billie Joe Armstrong wrote "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" in 1990 about his girlfriend moving to Ecuador, with him naming the song "Good Riddance" to show anger towards his girlfriend.[4] He did not show the song to his bandmates until the Dookie recording sessions in 1993.[5] During the sessions, the song was determined to be too different from the rest of the songs on Dookie, and producer Rob Cavallo was unsure of how to structure the recording.[5] When the time came to record Nimrod, Armstrong decided to use the song, and Cavallo suggested they add strings to the track. He sent the band to play foosball in another room while he recorded the strings, which took "like fifteen, twenty minutes, maybe a half an hour at the most."[5] Cavallo reflected on his decision to add the strings "I knew we had done the right thing. It was a hit the second I heard it."[5]

In comparison to previous Green Day material, "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" features more mellow, contemplative lyrics with acoustic music. Band member Mike Dirnt said that the release of this song was probably the "most punk" thing they could have done.[6] The song is more commonly promoted on the radio as "Time of Your Life", and it became a Billboard Country Rock chart-topper and an international hit, and was the only song from Nimrod that was a crossover success when released in single form.[7]
Album version[edit]
The album version begins when Billie Joe Armstrong was playing the wrong note on his guitar twice and softly proclaims, "Fuck!" Then the actual song begins. Radio versions and the music video omitted this.[8]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Mark Kohr based on a concept by Billie Joe Armstrong.[9] The video features Armstrong singing and playing an acoustic guitar in a bedroom (filmed in LA's Ambassador Hotel), intercut with "pull-in" shots of various people involved in mundane activities. All of the subjects are shown seemingly staring into space absent-mindedly. Band members Mike Dirnt and Tré Cool make cameo appearances in the video as a person pumping gas (Dirnt), and an injured bike rider being attended by paramedics (Cool). When the video came out, the name of the song was inverted, hence the video's title is "Time of Your Life (Good Riddance)". This title was also used on the single cover.
In 1998 Green Day won their first MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video for "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" and they were also nominated for Viewer's Choice.[10]
The video can be found on their music video compilation DVD, International Supervideos!.
Legacy[edit]
To the band's surprise, the song became a hit at prom dances.[11][12][13][14] Because of the song's lyrics, which many graduating seniors interpret as nostalgic and reflective of their time in high school, it has become a staple song at proms. Armstrong remarked that, in retrospect, the lyrics make sense when viewed that way. "The people that you grew up and braved the trials of high school with will always hold a special place. Through all the BS of high school you hope that your friends had the time of their life, and that's what the song is talking about".[15]
In the Seinfeld episode "The Chronicle", a clip show that aired at the end of the show's ninth and final season, the song was played over a series of clips, outtakes and backstage moments.
In "Shades of Gray", the 19th episode of the fourth season of ER, PA Jeanie Boulet, played by actress Gloria Reuben, sang this song as a farewell to a young boy (Scott Anspaugh, son of Dr. Donald Anspaugh) who had died in her care.
In 2008, country singer-songwriter Glen Campbell recorded the song for his album Meet Glen Campbell. On August 18, 2008, he performed the song as part of his special on AOL Sessions.[16]
Four days prior to Jay Leno's initial departure from The Tonight Show in 2009, Dwight Yoakam ended his performance of "If There Was a Way" with the chorus' final stanza.[17]
On November 26, 2010, The American Idiot musical cast also performed the song on the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC.
On October 25, 2013, Albert Lee & Hogan's Heroes released a country cover recording of the song on their YouTube channel.[18] This recording subsequently appeared on their album "Frettening Behaviour".
On May 28, 2015, Rolling Stone named "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" as one of the 20 Best Graduation Songs of the Past 20 Years (1995–2015).[19]
On March 25, 2016, the Golden State Warriors used Green Day's song to honor David Lee in a tribute video. Lee played with the Warriors from 2010 to 2015 and became part of the 2014–2015 championship squad. [20]
This song has also been used on radio stations as a last song before changing formats. The most recent use of this song as a last song was on WISX in Philadelphia, when it dropped its Hot AC format for Rhythmic AC on June 29, 2017.[21]
Credits and personnel[edit]
Songwriting: Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, and Tré Cool
Production: Rob Cavallo and Green Day
Track listing[edit]
CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Good Riddance" (album version) 2:34
2. "Suffocate" (non-LP track) 2:47
3. "You Lied" (non-LP track) 2:25
4. "Good Riddance" (clean remix) 2:28
5. "Desensitized" (non-LP track) 2:47
6. "Rotting" (non-LP track) 2:50
Total length: 8:40
European CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Time of Your Life (Good Riddance)" (clean album remix) 2:28
2. "Desensitized" (non-LP track) 2:47
3. "Rotting" (non-LP track) 2:50
Total length: 8:05
Australian CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Redundant" 3:18
2. "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" (album version) 2:34
3. "Redundant" (video) 3:20
4. "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" (video) 2:29
Total length: 11:41
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1997–1998)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[22]
44
Australia (ARIA)[23]
As a double A-side with "Redundant"
2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[24]
5
Canada Rock/Alternative (RPM)[25]
7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[26]
40
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[27]
9
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[28]
11
US Radio Songs (Billboard)[29]
11
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[30]
11
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[31]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[32]
7
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[33]
13
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[34]
50
US Rock Digital Songs (Billboard)[35]
30
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1998)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[36]
As a double A-side with "Redundant"
8
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[37]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[38]
Gold 40,000^
Italy (FIMI)[39]
Gold 25,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[40]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[41]
Gold 500,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Graduation (Friends Forever) by Vitamin C
All the Young Dudes by Mott the Hoople
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Track Listing for "Brain Stew" Single
Jump up ^ Appel, Rich (November 13, 2014). "Revisionist History, Part 4: Queen Scores a Hat Trick, 'Good Riddance' to Three Dog Night". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Good Riddance (Time Of Your Life) Songfacts". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Spitz, Marc (2006). Nobody Likes You: Inside the Turbulent Life, Times, and Music of Green Day. Hyperion. p. 131. ISBN 978-1401309121.
Jump up ^ VH1 Top 100 Songs of the '90's: "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"
Jump up ^ The Charting power of "Time of Your Life"[dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2438
Jump up ^ "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life) by Green Day". Song Facts.
Jump up ^ Rock on the net MTV Video Music Award History
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (May 8, 2013). "The Best Prom Songs of the '80s, '90s and '00s". iVillage. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ CBS Local (April 30, 2012). "Top 10 Prom Songs". CBS. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill (c. 2006). "Top 10 Prom Songs 2006". Top 40 / Pop. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Atlantic Coast Entertainment. "Popular Prom Songs". Atlantic Coast Entertainment. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ CBS Local (April 30, 2012). "Top 10 Prom Songs". CBS. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Glen Campbell - Good Riddance (Time Of Your Life)". August 18, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dwight Yoakam - If there was a way (Live) HQ". May 26, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Albert Lee & Hogan's Heroes YouTube channel: Good Riddance (Time Of Your Life)
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone (May 28, 2015). ""The 20 Best Graduation Songs Of The Past 20 Years". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Katie Richcreek (March 26, 2016). ""Stephen Curry, Warriors Present David Lee His Ring in Pregame Ceremony". Bleacher Report. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "WISX Philadelphia Gets Real With Throwbacks". June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Green Day – Time Of Your Life (Good Riddance)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Green Day – Redundant / Time of Your Life (Good Riddance)". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 3469." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Rock/Alternative Tracks: Issue 3442." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Green Day – Time Of Your Life (Good Riddance)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Green Day: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Rock Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-1998.htm%7Ctitle=ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1998|publisher=ARIA|accessdate=May 12, 2018
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1998 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Green Day – Time of Your Life". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Green Day – Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Green Day – Good Riddance". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Good Riddance in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Green Day – Good Riddance". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
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