text:
List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha
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For other uses, see Member of Parliament (India).
As per the Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) of the Constitution of India, 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.
Current Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]
This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.
No.
Name[1]
Field
Affiliation [2]
Date of
Appointment[3]
Date of
Retirement[3]
1
Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04-Oct-2016 03-Oct-2022
2
Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07-Jun-2016 03-May-2022
3
Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
4
Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
5
Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
6
Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
7
Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
8
K. T. S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25-Feb-2014 24-Feb-2020
9
K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09-Jun-2012 28-Jun-2018
10
Rekha Art Nominated 27-Apr-2012 26-Apr-2018
11
Sachin Tendulkar Social service Nominated 27-Apr-2012 26-Apr-2018
12
Anu Aga Business Nominated 27-Apr-2012 26-Apr-2018
Complete List of Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]
This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.
Sr. No.
Image
Name
Tenure
1 – Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952–1953
2 Satyendranath Bose 1952–1960
3 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952–1960
4 – Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952–1954
5 – Kalidas Nag 1952–1954
6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952–1962
7 – N.R. Malkani 1952–1962
8 – Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952–1956
9 – Zakir Hussain 1952–1962
10 – Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952–1964
11 – Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952–1964
12 – Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952–1958
13 P.V. Kane 1953–1964
14 – Moturi Satyanarayana 1954–1966
15 – Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954–1966
16 – Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956–1968
17 – Tara Chand 1956–1968
18 – Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958–1964
19 – K.M. Panikkar 1959–1966
20 – Jairamdas Daulatram 1959–1976
21 – Mohanlal Saksena 1959–1964
22 – Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960–1966
23 – V.T. Krishnamachari 1961–1967
24 – R.R. Diwakar 1962–1968
25 – Gopal Singh 1962–1968
26 – M. Ajmal Khan 1964–1972
27 – Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964–1968
28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964–1970
29 – Badri Nath Prasad 1964–1970
30 – G. Ramachandran 1964–1970
31 – M. N. Kaul 1964–1972
32 – Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966–1972
33 – Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966–1972
34 – M.C. Setalvad 1966–1972
35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968–1972
36 Joachim Alva 1968–1974
37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968–1974
38 – K. Ramiah 1968–1974
39 – Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968–1974
40 – Maragatham Chandrasekhar 1970–1988
41 – Umashankar Joshi 1970–1976
42 – Rasheeduddin Khan 1970–1982
43 – Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971–1980
44 – Abu Abraham 1972–1978
45 – Pramathanath Bishi 1972–1978
46 – C. K. Daphtary 1972–1978
47 – Habib Tanvir 1972–1978
48 – Krishna Kriplani 1974–1980
49 Lokesh Chandra 1974–1986
50 – Scato Swu 1974–1986
51 – B.N. Banerjee 1976–1982
52 – Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978–1984
53 – Fathema Ismail 1978–1984
54 – Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978–1984
55 – Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978–1984
56 Nargis Dutt 1980–1986
57 Khushwant Singh 1980–1986
58 – Asima Chatterjee 1982–1990
59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982–1986
60 – Hayatullah Ansari 1982–1988
61 – Madan Bhatia 1982–1994
62 – V.N. Tiwari 1982–1984
63 – Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984–1987
64 – Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984–1990
65 – H.L. Kapur 1985–1988
66 Salim Ali 1985–1988
67 – Purushottam Kakodkar 1985–1991
68 Ela Bhatt 1986–1988
69 – Amrita Pritam 1986–1992
70 M.F. Husain 1986–1992
71 R.K. Narayan 1986–1992
72 Ravi Shankar 1986–1992
73 – Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988–1990
74 – Sat Paul Mittal 1988–1994
75 – Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988–1994
76 – Mohammad Yunus 1989–1995
77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990–1996
78 Jagmohan 1990–1996
79 – Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990–1996
80 – Russi Karanjia 1991–1997
81 – Mahendra Prasad 1993–1994
82 – M. Aram 1993–1999
83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993–1999
84 – B.B. Dutta 1993–1999
85 – Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993–1999
86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 – 1999 and 2004 – 2010
87 Shabana Azmi 1997–2003
88 – P. Selvie Das 1997–2003
89 – Kartar Singh Duggal 1997–2003
90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997–2003
91 – Raja Ramanna 1997–2003
92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997–2003
93 Mrinal Sen 1997–2003
94 – Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997–2003
95 – Nanaji Deshmukh 1999–2005
96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999–2005
97 – Fali Nariman 1999–2005
98 – Cho Ramaswamy 1999–2005
99 Hema Malini 2003–2009
100 – Bimal Jalan 2003–2009
101 K. Kasturirangan 2003–2009
102 – Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003–2009
103 – Vidya Niwas Misra 2003–2009
104 – Chandan Mitra 2003–2009
105 Dara Singh 2003–2009
106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006–2012
107 Ram Jethmalani 2006–2009
108 – Shobhana Bhartia 2006–2012
109 Shyam Benegal 2006–2012
110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007–2013
111 – C. Rangarajan 2008–2010
112 – H. K. Dua 2009–2015
113 – Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009–2015
114 – Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010–2016
115 Javed Akhtar 2010–2016
116 B. Jayashree 2010–2016
117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010–2011
118 – Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010–2016
119 – Mrinal Miri 2012–2016
120 – Anu Aga 2012–2018
121 – K. Parasaran 2012–2018
122 Rekha 2012–2018
123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012–2018
124 – K. T. S. Tulsi 2014-2020
125 Subramanian Swamy 2016-2022
126 M C Mary Kom 2016-2022
127 Narendra Jadhav 2016-2022
129 Suresh Gopi 2016-2022
130 – Swapan Dasgupta 2016-2022
131 – Sambhaji Raje 2016-2022
132 – Roopa Ganguly 2016-2022
References[edit]
Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar
Current list of Nominated Members
Specific
Jump up ^ "Statewise List". 164.100.47.5. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx
^ Jump up to: a b "Statewise Retirement". 164.100.47.5. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
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text:
All the Hits Tour (Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
All the Hits Tour
Tour by Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey
Start date
July 21, 2017
End date
September 5, 2017
Legs
1
No. of shows
22 in North America
Attendance
158,397 (83%)
Box office
$11,913,327
Lionel Richie tour chronology
All the Hits, All Night Long
(2013–15) All the Hits Tour
(2017) —
Mariah Carey tour chronology
The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour
(2016) All the Hits Tour
(2017) The Number Ones Tour
(2018)
The All the Hits Tour was an ongoing concert tour by American singer-songwriter Lionel Richie with special guest Mariah Carey as the opening act. [1] The tour was scheduled to begin on March 15, 2017, at the Royal Farms Arena in Baltimore.[2][3][4] The tour was delayed due to Richie's longer than expected recovery from a knee procedure and began in summer 2017.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Setlist
2 Tour dates
3 Cancelled shows
4 References
Setlist[edit]
Mariah Carey [show]
Carey has stated that she would arrange her setlist differently each night for her fans who have seen her shows before.[6]
"Love Hangover" / "Heartbreaker" (Diva Remix)
"I'm That Chick"
"Shake It Off"
"Touch My Body"
"I Know What You Want" (Snippet)
"One Sweet Day"
"My All"
"Always Be My Baby"
"Don't Forget About Us"
"All I Do" (Stevie Wonder song/Performed by Trey Lorenz)
"It's Like That"
"Vision of Love"
"We Belong Together"
Encore
"Hero"
Lionel Richie[7][8] [show]
"Easy" / "My Love"
"Running with the Night"
"Penny Lover"
"Truly"
"You Are"
"Stuck on You"
"Dancing on the Ceiling"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Sail On"
"Fancy Dancer" / "Sweet Love" / "Lady (You Bring Me Up)"
"Just to Be Close to You"
"Brick House" / "Fire"
"Hello"
"Say You, Say Me"
"We Are the World"
Encore
"All Night Long (All Night)"
Tour dates[edit]
List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening act, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue
Date
City
Country
Venue
Opening act
Attendance
Revenue
North America[9]
July 21, 2017
Oakland United States Oracle Arena Tauren Wells[10] 11,591/12,126 (95%) $951,858[11]
July 22, 2017
Sacramento Golden 1 Center 12,506/12,977 (96%) $719,584[12]
July 27, 2017
San Diego Viejas Arena — —
July 30, 2017
Anaheim Honda Center 11,566/14,287 (80%) $1,061,089[13]
July 31, 2017
Los Angeles Hollywood Bowl — —
August 3, 2017
Dallas American Airlines Center 8,095/8,095 (100%) $670,231
August 4, 2017
Houston Toyota Center 9,359/10,952 (85%) $829,273[14]
August 6, 2017
New Orleans Smoothie King Center — —
August 10, 2017
Sunrise BB&T Center — —
August 11, 2017
Tampa Amalie Arena — —
August 13, 2017
Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 7,974/8,635 (92%) $646,769[15]
August 16, 2017
Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 9,200/14,612 (62%) $622,386[16]
August 18, 2017
Newark Prudential Center 9,521/13,503 (70%) $631,294[16]
August 19, 2017
New York City Madison Square Garden 14,379/14,505 (99%) $1,168,544[12]
August 22, 2017
Boston TD Garden 10,192/13,264 (76%) $947,678[16]
August 24, 2017
Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre — —
August 26, 2017
Chicago United States United Center 12,692/14,859 (85%) $958,743[16]
August 27, 2017
Kansas City Sprint Center 9,264/11,801 (78%) $646,490[16]
August 29, 2017
Denver Pepsi Center 8,773/13,279 (66%) $527,074[16]
September 1, 2017
Edmonton Canada Rogers Place — —
September 3, 2017
Vancouver Rogers Arena 13,628/13,914 (97%) $820,386[17]
September 5, 2017
Seattle United States KeyArena 9,617/11,441 (84%) $711,998[16]
Total
158,397/188,250 (83%) $11,913,327
Cancelled shows[edit]
List of cancelled concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and reason for cancellation
Date
City
Country
Venue
Reason
March 15, 2017 Baltimore United States Royal Farms Arena Richie's longer-than-expected recovery from knee surgery.[18]
March 21, 2017 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena
March 24, 2017 St Paul Xcel Energy Center
March 28, 2017 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena
April 5, 2017 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena
April 7, 2017 Uniondale Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
April 11, 2017 Detroit Palace of Auburn Hills
April 14, 2017 Columbus Schottenstein Center
April 18, 2017 St. Louis Scottrade Center
April 21, 2017 Tulsa BOK Center
April 25, 2017 Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena
May 20, 2017 Nashville Bridgestone Arena
May 21, 2017 Charlotte Spectrum Center
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lionel Richie: All The Hits With Very Special Guest Mariah Carey". Live Nation.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (December 12, 2016). "Mariah Carey & Lionel Richie Announce North American All The Hits Tour for 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fekadu, Mesfin (December 12, 2016). "Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey joining forces for 2017 tour". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Varga, George (December 12, 2016). "Lionel Richie and Mariah Carey announce 'All The Hits' joint concert tour". U-T San Diego. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lionel Richie postpones tour with Mariah Carey scheduled to kick off in Baltimore in March". The Baltimore Sun. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ mariahxlambily (July 18, 2017), Mariah Carey Talks Setlist For 'All The Hits' Tour! (New Interview), retrieved August 14, 2017
Jump up ^ "Lionel Richie Setlist at BB&T Center, Sunrise". setlist.fm. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lionel Richie Setlist at Infinite Energy Arena, Duluth". setlist.fm. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (December 12, 2016). "Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey Plot Joint 'All the Hits' Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://taurenwellsofficial.com/tauren-wells-will-appear-lionel-richies-hits-tour-special-guest-mariah-carey/
Jump up ^ "Oakland Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sacramento and New York City Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Anaheim Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Houston Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Duluth Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Philadelphia Newark Boston Chicago Kansas Denver Seattle Boxscore Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vancouver Current Boxscore". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lionel Richie postpones tour with Mariah Carey scheduled to kick off in Baltimore in March". The Baltimore Sun. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Lionel Richie
Studio albums
Lionel Richie (1982)
Can't Slow Down (1983)
Dancing on the Ceiling (1986)
Louder Than Words (1996)
Time (1998)
Renaissance (2000)
Just for You (2004)
Coming Home (2006)
Just Go (2009)
Tuskegee (2012)
Live albums
Encore (2002)
Compilation albums
Back to Front (1992)
Truly: The Love Songs (1997)
The Definitive Collection (2003)
Singles
"Endless Love" (with Diana Ross) (1981)
"Truly" (1982)
"You Are" (1983)
"My Love" (1983)
"All Night Long (All Night)" (1983)
"Running with the Night" (1983)
"Hello" (1984)
"Stuck on You" (1984)
"Penny Lover" (1984)
"Say You, Say Me" (1985)
"Dancing on the Ceiling" (1986)
"Love Will Conquer All" (1986)
"Ballerina Girl" (1986)
"Deep River Woman" (1987)
"Se La" (1987)
"Do It to Me" (1992)
"My Destiny" (1992)
"Angel" (2000)
"Don't Stop the Music" (2001)
"Cinderella" (2001)
"To Love a Woman" (2003)
"Just for You" (2004)
"I Call It Love" (2006)
"Why" (2006)
"Just Go" (2009)
Related articles
Discography
Commodores
Book:Lionel Richie
[show]
v
t
e
Mariah Carey
Albums
Awards and nominations
Singles
Videography
Tours
Studio albums
Mariah Carey
Emotions
Music Box
Merry Christmas
Daydream
Butterfly
Rainbow
Charmbracelet
The Emancipation of Mimi
E=MC²
Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel
Merry Christmas II You
Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse
Live albums
MTV Unplugged
Compilation albums
#1's
Greatest Hits
The Remixes
The Ballads
The Essential Mariah Carey
#1 to Infinity
Soundtrack albums
Glitter
Video albums
The First Vision
Here Is Mariah Carey
Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden
Around the World
#1's
The Adventures of Mimi
Television
VH1 Divas
American Idol
A Christmas Melody
Mariah's World
Concert tours
Music Box Tour
Daydream World Tour
Butterfly World Tour
Rainbow World Tour
Charmbracelet World Tour
The Adventures of Mimi
Angels Advocate Tour
The Elusive Chanteuse Show
The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour
All the Hits Tour
The #1's Tour
Concert residencies
Live at the Pearl
All I Want for Christmas Is You, a Night of Joy and Festivity
#1 to Infinity
Fragrances
M by Mariah Carey
Luscious Pink
Forever
Companies
Monarc Entertainment
Butterfly MC Records
Related topics
Tommy Mottola
Nick Cannon
Lionel Cole
James Packer
VH1 Divas
Book
Category
Portal
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The Karate Kid (2010 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Karate Kid (disambiguation).
The Karate Kid
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Harald Zwart
Produced by
Jerry Weintraub
Will Smith
Jada Pinkett Smith
James Lassiter
Ken Stovitz
Screenplay by
Christopher Murphey
Story by
Robert Mark Kamen
Starring
Jackie Chan
Jaden Smith
Taraji P. Henson
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
Roger Pratt
Edited by
Joel Negron
Production
company
Columbia Pictures[1]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing[1]
Release date
June 11, 2010 (2010-06-11)
Running time
140 minutes[2]
Country
China[1]
Hong Kong[1]
United States[1]
Language
English
Chinese[1]
Budget
$40 million[3]
Box office
$359 million[4]
The Karate Kid is a 2010 family martial arts drama film directed by Harald Zwart. It stars Jaden Smith, Taraji P. Henson and Jackie Chan in lead roles, and it was produced by Jerry Weintraub, James Lassiter, Ken Stovitz and Jaden's parents Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. The screenplay by Christopher Murphey was from the story written by Robert Mark Kamen for the original The Karate Kid. Unlike the original, this remake is set in China, and features Kung Fu instead of Okinawan Karate. The film's music was composed by James Horner. It is an international co-production between China, Hong Kong, and the United States.
Principal photography took place in Beijing, China, and filming began in July 2009 and ended on October 16, 2009. The Karate Kid was released theatrically worldwide on June 11, 2010 by Sony Pictures. The Karate Kid received mixed reviews and it earned $359.1 million on a $40 million budget. The plot concerns 12-year-old Dre (Smith) from Detroit, Michigan who moves to Beijing, China with his mother (Taraji P. Henson) and runs afoul of the neighborhood bully (Zhenwei Wang). He makes an unlikely ally in the form of an aging maintenance man, Mr. Han (Chan), a kung fu master who teaches him the secrets of self-defense.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Alternate ending
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
5.3 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Dre Parker and his mother Sherry Parker move from Detroit to Beijing after Sherry gets a job transfer at her car factory. After a day in a park, Dre develops a crush on a young violinist, Meiying, who reciprocates his attention, but another boy Cheng, a rebellious kung fu prodigy whose family is close to Meiying's, attempts to keep them apart by violently attacking Dre, and later bullies him at school. During an attack, the maintenance man, Mr. Han comes to Dre's aid, and when Cheng and his friends try to interfere, Han defeats each of them in close combat, revealing himself as a kung fu master.
After Han mends Dre's injuries using fire cupping, Dre asks if Mr. Han could teach him kung fu. Han refuses, but meets Cheng's teacher, Master Li, to make peace. Li, who teaches his students to show no mercy to their enemies, challenges Dre to a fight with Cheng. Han instead proposes that Dre compete against Li's students at an open martial arts tournament, and also requests the students leave Dre alone to train in time for the tournament. Li accepts the offer, but warns Han that if Dre does not show up during the tournament, he will personally bring pain to Han and Dre.
Han promises to teach Dre kung fu and begins to train Dre by emphasizing movements that apply to life in general, and that serenity and maturity, not punches and power, are the true keys to mastering the martial art. He teaches this by having Dre go through various actions with his jacket, which teaches Dre muscle memory moves. Han then takes Dre to a Taoist temple in the Wudang Mountains where he trained with his father, and Dre witnesses a woman making a cobra reflect her movements and drinks the water from an ancient Taoist well.
As Dre's friendship with Meiying continues, they share a kiss at the festival. Dre persuades Meiying to cut school for a day of fun, but when she is nearly late for her violin audition which was brought forward a day without their knowledge, her parents deem him a bad influence and forbid her from spending more time with him.
During the course of their training, Han gives Dre a day off. Dre goes to Han that night and finds Han, apparently drunk, smashing a car he was working on. Han tells Dre that he crashed the same car years ago, and that his wife and ten-year-old son were with him and died in the car crash. Han fixes the car every year but smashes it to remind himself of what happened, which makes Dre work much harder in his training in order to help Han forget about the incident. Han assists Dre in writing a note of apology to Meiying's father in Chinese; he accepts and promises that Meiying will attend the tournament to support Dre.
At the tournament, the under-confident Dre is slow to achieve parity with his opponents, but soon begins beating them and advances to the semifinals, as does Cheng, who violently finishes off his opponents. Dre comes up against Liang, one of Li's more sympathetic students and the least vicious of Dre's tormentors, who (under Li's goading) severely hurts Dre's leg and Liang is disqualified as a result, while Dre is taken to the infirmary.
Despite Han's insistence that he has earned respect for his performance, Dre convinces Han to mend his leg by using fire cupping in order to continue. Dre returns to the arena, facing Cheng in the final. Dre delivers impressive blows, but Li orders Cheng to break Dre's leg. Cheng is horrified at the order, but obeys under Li's intimidation. As the match continues, Cheng seizes Dre's leg and delivers a vicious blow, doing further damage. Dre struggles to get up, and attempts the reflection technique to manipulate Cheng into changing his attack stance. Cheng begins reflecting Dre's movements and it goads him into charging Dre, but Dre flips and catches Cheng with a kick to his head, winning the tournament along with the respect of Cheng and his classmates. Cheng, instead of the presenter, awards Dre the trophy, and the Fighting Dragon students bow to Mr. Han in respect, accepting him as their new master.
Alternate ending[edit]
Li attempts to strike Cheng out of anger for Cheng's failure in the ring, but Han appears and prevents Li from doing so, resulting in a vicious fight with Li. While Li momentarily bests Han, Han pins Li down with a leg to head lock, and angrily reminds him his own rule; no mercy. Before Han attacks his nemesis, Dre appears, and discourages Han from his intentions, the Fighting Dragons students bow to Mr. Han, and the two leave. As a defeated and humiliated Li rises, Sherry and Meiying leave. However, Sherry stops to turn around briefly and punches Li in the jaw, presumably from finding out that he ordered his students to brutally attack her son.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Karate Kid characters
Jackie Chan as Mr. Han (S: 韩先生, T: 韓先生, P: Hán-xiānsheng)
The maintenance man who teaches Dre kung-fu.
Jaden Smith as Dre Parker (德瑞∙帕克 Déruì Pàkè)
A young boy from Detroit, Michigan who is bullied by another student, and learns to stand up to him in a kung-fu tournament.
Taraji P. Henson as Sherry Parker (雪莉∙帕克 Xuělì Pàkè)
Dre's mother, who is very protective of him.
Wenwen Han (韩雯雯) as Meiying (美莹 Měiyíng)
Dre's crush who quickly befriends him, and eventually becomes his girlfriend.
Zhenwei Wang as Cheng (陆伟程 Lù Wěichéng[5])
The primary antagonist; the school bully and top student of Master Li.
Yu Rongguang as Master Li (李师傅 Lǐ-shīfu)
A kung-fu teacher who instructs his students to be merciless towards their enemies.
Luke Carberry as Harry (哈里 Hālǐ)
A boy who also befriends Dre.
Shijia Lü (吕世佳) as Liang (梁子浩 Liáng Zǐhào)
A friend and classmate of Cheng's who is the least savage of Cheng's group. However, he is instructed by Master Li to cripple Dre during the tournament.
Ji Wang (王 姬) as Mrs. Po (博太太 Bó-tàitai)
The principal of Dre's new school.
Zhensu Wu (武振素) as Meiying's father
Zhiheng Wang (王志恒) as Meiying's mother
Yi Zhao (赵 毅) as Zhuang (秦壮壮 Qín Zhuàngzhuàng)
Cameron Hillman as Mark (马克)
Ghye Samuel Brown as Oz (奥兹)
Bo Zhang (张 博) as Song (宋)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On November 10, 2008, Variety reported that work on a Karate Kid remake had begun.[6][7] Variety stated that the new film, to be produced by Will Smith, "has been refashioned as a star vehicle for Jaden Smith" and that it would "borrow elements from the original plot, wherein a bullied youth learns to stand up for himself with the help of an eccentric mentor."[8] On June 22, 2009, Jackie Chan told a Los Angeles Chinatown concert crowd that he was leaving for Beijing to film the remake as Jaden Smith's teacher.[7]
Despite maintaining the original title, the 2010 remake does not feature karate, which is from Okinawa, but focuses on the main character learning kung fu in China. Chan told interviewers that film cast members generally referred to the film as The Kung Fu Kid, and he believed the film would only be called The Karate Kid in America, and The Kung Fu Kid in China.[9] This theory held true in the People's Republic of China, where the film is titled The Kung Fu Dream (Chinese: 功夫梦),[10] and in Japan[11] and South Korea,[12] where the film is titled Best Kid (Japanese: ベスト・キッド; Korean: 베스트 키드) after the local title of the 1984 film in both countries.
Sony had considered changing the title of the film, but Jerry Weintraub, one of the producers, rejected the idea. Weintraub was also the producer of the original Karate Kid.[13]
Filming[edit]
The Chinese government granted the filmmakers access to the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Wudang Mountains. On some occasions, the filmmakers had to negotiate with residents who were not accustomed to filming activity.[14]
Music[edit]
Icelandic composer Atli Örvarsson was originally hired to score the film, but he was replaced by American composer James Horner. The Karate Kid marked Horner's return to scoring after his work on the 2009 film Avatar.[15] The score was released on June 15, 2010.[16]
The official theme song to the film is "Never Say Never", a song written by Adam Messinger, Justin Bieber, Travis Garland, Omarr Rambert, and others, and produced by The Messengers (Adam Messinger and Nasri Atweh). It is performed by Bieber and Jaden Smith. The music video was released on May 31, 2010.[17]
The film started with "Do You Remember" by Jay Sean. "Remember the Name" by Fort Minor was used in the trailer to promote the movie. Parts of the song, "Back in Black" by AC/DC and "Higher Ground" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, were also used in the movie. The song "Hip Song" by Rain is used for promotion in the Asian countries and it appeared in the trailer. The music video was released on May 22, 2010.[18] "Bang Bang" by K'naan featuring Adam Levine and "Say" by John Mayer are also featured in the movie.[19] It also features Lady Gaga's "Poker Face", Flo Rida's "Low" and Gorillaz' "Dirty Harry" (being performed in Chinese). An abbreviated form of Frédéric Chopin's Nocturne No. 20 is featured, arranged for strings, in Meiying's violin audition scene, along with Sergei Rachmaninoff's piano transcription of "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Rimsky-Korsakov.
Release[edit]
The film premiered May 26 in Chicago, with appearances by Jackie Chan and Jaden Smith, and a brief surprise appearance from Will Smith.[20]
The United Kingdom premiere was held July 15. It was attended by Chan and Smith, as well as producers Will and Jada Pinkett Smith.[21]
In the Mainland China version of the film, scenes of bullying were shortened by the censors, and a kissing scene is removed. John Horn said that the editing ultimately resulted in "two slightly different movies".[14]
Home media[edit]
The Karate Kid was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 5, 2010 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, and it was released on Mastered in 4K Blu-ray on May 14, 2013.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The Karate Kid received mixed reviews.[22] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 65% based on 205 reviews, and the average rating is 6.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "It may not be as powerful as the 1984 edition, but the 2010 Karate Kid delivers a surprisingly satisfying update on the original."[23] Metacritic, another review aggregator, rated the film 61/100 based on 37 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[24]
Ann Hornaday described Jaden Smith as a revelation, and that he "proves that he's no mere beneficiary of dynastic largesse. Somber, self-contained and somehow believable as a kid for whom things don't come easily, he never conveys the sense that he's desperate to be liked. 'The Karate Kid' winds up being so likable itself."[25] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it a positive review, rating the film three and a half out of four stars, and calling it "a lovely and well-made film that stands on its own feet".[26] Claudia Puig of USA Today and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly each rated the film a 'B', stating "the chemistry between Jaden Smith and Jackie Chan grounds the movie, imbuing it with sincerity and poignance" and that the film is "fun and believable".[27][28]
Simon Abrams of Slant Magazine gave the film one and a half stars and noted "The characters just aren't old enough to be convincing in their hormone-driven need to prove themselves" and "This age gap is also a huge problem when it comes to the range that these kids bring to the project" and noted the portrayal of the child antagonist Cheng includes an "overblown and overused grimace, which looks like it might have originally belonged to Dolph Lundgren, looks especially silly on a kid that hasn't learned how to shave yet." Finally, Abrams noted "What's most upsetting is Dre's budding romance with Meiying. These kids have yet to hit puberty and already they're swooning for each other."[29]
Box office[edit]
The film was released on June 11, 2010 by Columbia Pictures to 3,663 theaters across the United States. The Karate Kid topped the box office on its opening day, grossing $18.8 million, and in its opening weekend, grossing $56 million[4] in North America, beating The A-Team, which grossed an estimated $9.6 million on the same opening day, and $26 million in its opening weekend.[30] It closed on September 18, 2010, after 101 days of release, grossing $176.7 million in the US and Canada along with an additional $182 million overseas for a worldwide total of $358 million, on a moderate budget of $40 million.[4]
Awards and nominations[edit]
People's Choice Awards 2011[31]
Favorite Family Movie (Nominated)
Favorite On-Screen Team – Jaden Smith & Jackie Chan (Nominated)
Favorite Action Star – Jackie Chan (Won)
2011 Kids' Choice Awards[32]
Favorite Movie (Won)
Favorite Buttkicker (Jackie Chan) (Won)
Favorite Movie Actor (Jaden Smith) (Nominated)
2011 MTV Video Music Aid Japan[33]
Best Song from a Movie ("Never Say Never" by Justin Bieber featuring Jaden Smith) (Nominated)
2011 MTV Movie Awards[34]
Biggest Badass Star (Jaden Smith) (Nominated)
32nd Young Artist Awards[35]
Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film (Jaden Smith) (Won)
2010 Teen Choice Awards[36]
Choice Summer: Movie (Nominated)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Karate Kid". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE KARATE KID rated PG by the BBFC". bbfc. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (June 10, 2010). "Movie projector: 'The Karate Kid' and 'The A-Team' fight it out in battle of the '80s". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Karate Kid". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Karate Kid." Film Business Asia. Retrieved on November 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Movies – News – 'Karate Kid' redo retitled 'Kung Fu Kid'". Digital Spy. March 31, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Brian Warmoth (May 6, 2009). "'Karate Kid' Remake Keeping Title, Taking Jaden Smith to China". MTV Movie Blog. Viacom.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (November 10, 2008). "Jaden Smith set for 'Karate Kid' redo – Entertainment News, Los Angeles, Media". Variety. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Larry Carrol (January 7, 2010). "Jackie Chan Unsure of Karate Kid Remake Title, Reveals Fate of Wax On, Wax Off". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "电影《功夫梦》_影音娱乐_新浪网". Ent.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
Jump up ^ "映画倫理委員会（映倫） - 審査作品".
Jump up ^ "등급자료조회 - 영화온라인등급분류서비스".
Jump up ^ Horn, John. "'Karate Kid' update breaks down some Chinese walls." Los Angeles Times. May 30, 2012. 2. Retrieved on August 27, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Horn, John. "'Karate Kid' update breaks down some Chinese walls." Los Angeles Times. May 30, 2012. 1. Retrieved on August 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Breaking news! James Horner to take over The Karate Kid remake". Film Music Reporter. March 24, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ScoreKeeper Previews James Horner's Score for The Karate Kid!". Ain't It Cool News. June 3, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Music Video: Justin Bieber feat. Jaden Smith – Never Say Never" Def Pen Radio; May 31, 2010
Jump up ^ Anderson, Kyle (June 1, 2010). "Rain, Drake Score Summer Songs 2010 Write-In Votes". MTV. Viacom.
Jump up ^ "Music from Karate Kid". MusicfromFilm.com. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
Jump up ^ "PHOTOS: The Karate Kid Chicago Premier". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
Jump up ^ Sarah Bull (July 16, 2010). "Heavily pregnant Natalie Cassidy shows off her curves in EXTREMELY tight LBD at Karate Kid premiere". The Daily Mail. London.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (June 13, 2010). "The business behind the show". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Karate Kid (2010) Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Karate Kid, The reviews at Metacritic.com". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ann Hornaday (June 11, 2010). "This old plot has new punch". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (June 9, 2010). "A faithful remake, well done". Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ Claudia Puig (June 11, 2010). ""The Karate Kid" remake honors its cinematic ancestors". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (June 11, 2010). "Movie Review: The Karate Kid". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc.
Jump up ^ Simon Abrams (June 8, 2010). "Review for The Karate Kid". Slant Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Estimates: Karate Kid Defeats A-Team". The-Numbers.com. June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards: Fan Favorites in Movies, Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com".
Jump up ^ "Kids' Choice Awards: Winners Gallery!". www.nick.com.
Jump up ^ jpopasia. "MTV Video Music Aid Japan Awards 2011 - Nominees". JpopAsia.
Jump up ^ "2011 MTV Movie Awards - Awards Show Highlights and Winners - MTV.com".
Jump up ^ "32nd Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards".
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards 2010 Final Nominees".
External links[edit]
Official website
The Karate Kid on IMDb
The Karate Kid at Box Office Mojo
The Karate Kid at Rotten Tomatoes
The Karate Kid at Metacritic
Film in the United States portal
China portal
Film portal
2010s portal
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Translation (biology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Overview of the translation of eukaryotic messenger RNA
Diagram showing the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins by a ribosome
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression.
In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell. The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is "read" by the ribosome.
Translation proceeds in three phases:
Initiation: The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the start codon.
Elongation: The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding to the next codon. The ribosome then moves (translocates) to the next mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid chain.
Termination: When a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the polypeptide.
In prokaryotes (bacteria), translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytosol or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in process called co-tanslational translocation. In co-translational translocation, the entire ribosome/mRNA complex binds to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the new protein is synthesized and released into the ER; the newly created polypeptide can be stored inside the ER for future vesicle transport and secretion outside the cell, or immediately secreted.
Many types of transcribed RNA, such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nuclear RNA, do not undergo translation into proteins.
A number of antibiotics act by inhibiting translation. These include anisomycin, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and puromycin. Prokaryotic ribosomes have a different structure from that of eukaryotic ribosomes, and thus antibiotics can specifically target bacterial infections without any harm to a eukaryotic host's cells.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic mechanisms
2 Genetic code
2.1 Translation tables
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Basic mechanisms[edit]
Further information: Prokaryotic translation and Eukaryotic translation
A ribosome translating a protein that is secreted into the endoplasmic reticulum. tRNAs are colored dark blue.
Tertiary structure of tRNA. CCA tail in orange, Acceptor stem in purple, D arm in red, Anticodon arm in blue with Anticodon in black, T arm in green.
The basic process of protein production is addition of one amino acid at a time to the end of a protein. This operation is performed by a ribosome. A ribosome is made up of two subunits, a small subunit and a large subunit. these subunits come together before translation of mRNA into a protein to provide a location for translation to be carried out and a polypeptide to be produced.[1] The choice of amino acid type to add is determined by an mRNA molecule. Each amino acid added is matched to a three nucleotide subsequence of the mRNA. For each such triplet possible, the corresponding amino acid is accepted. The successive amino acids added to the chain are matched to successive nucleotide triplets in the mRNA. In this way the sequence of nucleotides in the template mRNA chain determines the sequence of amino acids in the generated amino acid chain.[2] Addition of an amino acid occurs at the C-terminus of the peptide and thus translation is said to be amino-to-carboxyl directed.[3]
The mRNA carries genetic information encoded as a ribonucleotide sequence from the chromosomes to the ribosomes. The ribonucleotides are "read" by translational machinery in a sequence of nucleotide triplets called codons. Each of those triplets codes for a specific amino acid.
The ribosome molecules translate this code to a specific sequence of amino acids. The ribosome is a multisubunit structure containing rRNA and proteins. It is the "factory" where amino acids are assembled into proteins. tRNAs are small noncoding RNA chains (74-93 nucleotides) that transport amino acids to the ribosome. tRNAs have a site for amino acid attachment, and a site called an anticodon. The anticodon is an RNA triplet complementary to the mRNA triplet that codes for their cargo amino acid.
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (enzymes) catalyze the bonding between specific tRNAs and the amino acids that their anticodon sequences call for. The product of this reaction is an aminoacyl-tRNA. This aminoacyl-tRNA is carried to the ribosome by EF-Tu, where mRNA codons are matched through complementary base pairing to specific tRNA anticodons. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases that mispair tRNAs with the wrong amino acids can produce mischarged aminoacyl-tRNAs, which can result in inappropriate amino acids at the respective position in protein. This "mistranslation"[4] of the genetic code naturally occurs at low levels in most organisms, but certain cellular environments cause an increase in permissive mRNA decoding, sometimes to the benefit of the cell.
The ribosome has three sites for tRNA to bind. They are the aminoacyl site (abbreviated A), the peptidyl site (abbreviated P) and the exit site (abbreviated E). With respect to the mRNA, the three sites are oriented 5’ to 3’ E-P-A, because ribosomes move toward the 3' end of mRNA. The A-site binds the incoming tRNA with the complementary codon on the mRNA. The P-site holds the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain. The E-site holds the tRNA without its amino acid. When an aminoacyl-tRNA initially binds to its corresponding codon on the mRNA, it is in the A site. Then, a peptide bond forms between the amino acid of the tRNA in the A site and the amino acid of the charged tRNA in the P site. The growing polypeptide chain is transferred to the tRNA in the A site. Translocation occurs, moving the tRNA in the P site, now without an amino acid, to the E site; the tRNA that was in the A site, now charged with the polypeptide chain, is moved to the P site. The tRNA in the E site leaves and another aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site to repeat the process.[5]
After the new amino acid is added to the chain, and after the mRNA is released out of the nucleus and into the ribosome's core, the energy provided by the hydrolysis of a GTP bound to the translocase EF-G (in prokaryotes) and eEF-2 (in eukaryotes) moves the ribosome down one codon towards the 3' end. The energy required for translation of proteins is significant. For a protein containing n amino acids, the number of high-energy phosphate bonds required to translate it is 4n-1[citation needed]. The rate of translation varies; it is significantly higher in prokaryotic cells (up to 17-21 amino acid residues per second) than in eukaryotic cells (up to 6-9 amino acid residues per second).[6]
Even though the ribosomes are usually considered accurate and processive machines, the translation process is subject to errors that can lead either to the synthesis of erroneous proteins or to the premature abandonment of translation. The rate of error in synthesizing proteins has been estimated to be between 1/105 and 1/103 misincorporated amino acids, depending on the experimental conditions.[7] The rate of premature translation abandonment, instead, has been estimated to be of the order of magnitude of 10−4 events per translated codon.[8] The correct amino acid is covalently bonded to the correct transfer RNA (tRNA) by amino acyl transferases. The amino acid is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond. When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it, the tRNA is termed "charged". Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to the 5' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF). Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA. tRNA usually cannot recognize or bind to stop codons. Instead, the stop codon induces the binding of a release factor protein that prompts the disassembly of the entire ribosome/mRNA complex and the hydrolysis and the release of the polypeptide chain from the ribosome. Drugs or special sequence motifs on the mRNA can change the ribosomal structure so that near-cognate tRNAs are bound to the stop codon instead of the release factors. In such cases of 'translational readthrough', translation continues until the ribosome encounters the next stop codon.[9]
The process of translation is highly regulated in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell. In addition, recent work has revealed that genetic differences and their subsequent expression as mRNAs can also impact translation rate in an RNA-specific manner.[10]
Genetic code[edit]
Main article: Genetic code
Whereas other aspects such as the 3D structure, called tertiary structure, of protein can only be predicted using sophisticated algorithms, the amino acid sequence, called primary structure, can be determined solely from the nucleic acid sequence with the aid of a translation table.
This approach may not give the correct amino acid composition of the protein, in particular if unconventional amino acids such as selenocysteine are incorporated into the protein, which is coded for by a conventional stop codon in combination with a downstream hairpin (SElenoCysteine Insertion Sequence, or SECIS).
There are many computer programs capable of translating a DNA/RNA sequence into a protein sequence. Normally this is performed using the Standard Genetic Code, however, few programs can handle all the "special" cases, such as the use of the alternative initiation codons. For instance, the rare alternative start codon CTG codes for Methionine when used as a start codon, and for Leucine in all other positions.
Example: Condensed translation table for the Standard Genetic Code (from the NCBI Taxonomy webpage).
 AAs    = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
 Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M----------------------------
 Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
 Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
 Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Translation tables[edit]
Even when working with ordinary eukaryotic sequences such as the Yeast genome, it is often desired to be able to use alternative translation tables—namely for translation of the mitochondrial genes. Currently the following translation tables are defined by the NCBI Taxonomy Group for the translation of the sequences in GenBank:
The Standard
The Vertebrate Mitochondrial Code
The Yeast Mitochondrial Code
The Mold, Protozoan, and Coelenterate Mitochondrial Code and the Mycoplasma/Spiroplasma Code
The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code
The Ciliate, Dasycladacean and Hexamita Nuclear Code
The Echinoderm and Flatworm Mitochondrial Code
The Euplotid Nuclear Code
The Bacterial and Plant Plastid Code
The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code
The Ascidian Mitochondrial Code
The Alternative Flatworm Mitochondrial Code
Blepharisma Nuclear Code
Chlorophycean Mitochondrial Code
Trematode Mitochondrial Code
Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial Code
Thraustochytrium Mitochondrial Code
See also[edit]
DNA codon table
Expanded genetic code
Protein methods
Start codon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biology. McGraw hill education. p. 249. ISBN 978-981-4581-85-1.
Jump up ^ Neill C (1996). Biology (Fourth ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. pp. 309–310. ISBN 0-8053-1940-9.
Jump up ^ Stryer L (2002). Biochemistry (Fifth ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 826. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0.
Jump up ^ Moghal A, Mohler K, Ibba M (November 2014). "Mistranslation of the genetic code". FEBS Letters. 588 (23): 4305–10. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.035. PMC 4254111  . PMID 25220850.
Jump up ^ Griffiths A (2008). "9". Introduction to Genetic Analysis (9th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 335–339. ISBN 978-0-7167-6887-6.
Jump up ^ Ross JF, Orlowski M (February 1982). "Growth-rate-dependent adjustment of ribosome function in chemostat-grown cells of the fungus Mucor racemosus". Journal of Bacteriology. 149 (2): 650–3. PMC 216554  . PMID 6799491.
Jump up ^ Wohlgemuth, I; Pohl, C; Mittelstaet, J; Konevega, AL; Rodnina, MV (27 October 2011). "Evolutionary optimization of speed and accuracy of decoding on the ribosome". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 366 (1580): 2979–86. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0138. PMC 3158919  . PMID 21930591.
Jump up ^ Sin, C; Valleriani, A; Chiarugi, D (1 March 2016). "Quantitative assessment of ribosome drop-off in E. coli". Nucleic Acids Research. 44 (6): 2528. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw137. PMC 4824120  . PMID 26935582.
Jump up ^ Schueren F and Thoms S (2016). "Functional Translational Readthrough: A Systems Biology Perspective". PLOS Genetics. 12 (e1006196): 12. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.1006196. PMC 4973966  . PMID 27490485.
Jump up ^ Cenik C, Cenik ES, Byeon GW, Grubert F, Candille SI, Spacek D, Alsallakh B, Tilgner H, Araya CL, Tang H, Ricci E, Snyder MP (November 2015). "Integrative analysis of RNA, translation, and protein levels reveals distinct regulatory variation across humans". Genome Research. 25 (11): 1610–21. doi:10.1101/gr.193342.115. PMC 4617958  . PMID 26297486.
Further reading[edit]
Champe PC, Harvey RA, Ferrier DR (2004). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry (3rd ed.). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-2265-9.
Cox M, Nelson DR, Lehninger AL (2005). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (4th ed.). San Francisco...: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
Malys N, McCarthy JE (March 2011). "Translation initiation: variations in the mechanism can be anticipated". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (6): 991–1003. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0588-z. PMID 21076851.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Translation (biology).
Virtual Cell Animation Collection: Introducing Translation
Translate tool (from DNA or RNA sequence)
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Other concepts
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