text:
Magnetic dip
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Illustration of magnetic dip from Norman's book, The Newe Attractive
Magnetic dip, dip angle, or magnetic inclination is the angle made with the horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field lines. This angle varies at different points on the Earth's surface. Positive values of inclination indicate that the magnetic field of the Earth is pointing downward, into the Earth, at the point of measurement, and negative values indicate that it is pointing upward. The dip angle is in principle the angle made by the needle of a vertically held compass, though in practice ordinary compass needles may be weighted against dip or may be unable to move freely in the correct plane. The value can be measured more reliably with a special instrument typically known as a dip circle.
Dip angle was discovered by the engineer Georg Hartmann in 1544.[1] A method of measuring it with a dip circle was described by Robert Norman in England in 1581.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Explanation
2 Practical importance
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Explanation[edit]
Isoclinic lines for the year 2015.
Magnetic dip results from the tendency of a magnet to align itself with lines of magnetic field. As the Earth's magnetic field lines are not parallel to the surface, the north end of a compass needle will point downward in the northern hemisphere (positive dip) or upward in the southern hemisphere (negative dip). The range of dip is from -90 degrees (at the South Magnetic Pole) to +90 degrees (at the North Magnetic Pole). Contour lines along which the dip measured at the Earth's surface is equal are referred to as isoclinic lines. The locus of the points having zero dip is called the magnetic equator or aclinic line.[3]
Practical importance[edit]
The phenomenon is especially important in aviation, as it causes the airplane's compass to give erroneous readings during banked turns and airspeed changes. The latter errors occur because the compass card tilts on its mount when under acceleration.[4]
Compass needles are often weighted during manufacture to compensate for magnetic dip, so that they will balance roughly horizontally. This balancing is latitude-dependent; see Compass balancing (magnetic dip).
See also[edit]
Geomagnetism – Wikipedia book
Aircraft compass turns
South Atlantic Anomaly
Magnetic declination
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Charles Murray (2003). Human Accomplishment (First ed.). p. 176.
Jump up ^ Norman, Robert (1581). The newe attractive: shewing the nature, propertie, and manifold vertues of the loadstone: with the declination of the needle, touched therewith under the plaine of the horizon.
Jump up ^ James Wood, ed. (1907) [1900]. "Aclinic Line". The Nuttall Encyclopædia.
Jump up ^ Instrument Flying Handbook: FAA-H-8083-15B. Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation. 2014. pp. 5–13,5–14.
External links[edit]
Compass errors
Look up magnetic dip values
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_dip&oldid=783383820"
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Andrew Huang (musician)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Andrew Huang
Personal information
Born
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Nationality
Canadian
Residence
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Occupation
Musician, video producer, internet personality
Website
andrewhuang.com
YouTube information
Channel
songstowearpantsto
Years active
2009–present
Genre
Music, Comedy, Education Experimental music
Subscribers
1,001,340
Total views
124.4 million
Network
Fullscreen
Play buttons[show]
100,000 subscribers
1,000,000 subscribers
Subscriber and view counts updated as of September 17, 2017.
Andrew Huang is a Canadian musician, video producer, and YouTube personality. He is best known for his Song Challenge video series, which invites viewers to dare him in feats of musicianship, as well as viral hits such as Pink Fluffy Unicorns Dancing on Rainbows, 99 Red Balloons - played with red balloons, and Alphabetical 26-Genre Song.[1][2] Huang has released over 50 albums of original music, either through DFTBA Records or independently, under his own name as well as the pseudonyms Songs To Wear Pants To, Your Heart, Girl, Spokesman, The Cloud, Ghostface Kilobyte, and VS.[3][4]
As of September 2017, his YouTube videos have more than 124 million views with over 1,000,000 subscribers.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Early career: Songs To Wear Pants To
3 YouTube channel
4 Musical collaborations
4.1 Hannah Hart
4.2 Boyinaband
4.3 Hank Green
4.4 Emily Haines
4.5 Rhett and Link
4.6 WWF-Canada
4.7 Team Andrew and Dreamz
5 References
Personal life[edit]
Huang was born and raised in Ottawa, Ontario.[5] He obtained a Bachelor of Fine Arts at York University studying music and since then has been self-employed as a music producer and YouTube personality. He currently resides in Toronto, Ontario with his wife.[6][7]
Early career: Songs To Wear Pants To[edit]
After little success finding a part-time job during his university studies, Huang began auctioning off his songwriting skills to the highest bidder on eBay.[8] The winning bidders received a custom song in any genre, written and recorded to their specifications.[8]
In response to the success of the eBay auctions, in April 2004, Huang launched the website Songs To Wear Pants To, where visitors to the site could commission Huang to create songs based on personal requests submitted online.[9][10] The popularity of the site grew as Huang also began to take on commissions for free, providing the song idea interested him.[10] The free songs often took on a comedic angle, either by poking fun at the person who requested the song, or simply because Huang would choose the most outrageous of submitted ideas to write about.[11][10] What resulted was an eclectic archive of hip hop, classical, doo wop, electronic, folk, rock and heavy metal tunes performed entirely by Huang.[11]
YouTube channel[edit]
In October 2006, Huang started a channel on YouTube and began uploading fan-made music videos for the songs he created through Songs To Wear Pants To.[12][13]
Huang’s channel is known for a wide variety of musical genres, influences, and projects. Some categories on his channel include Rock/Pop/Folk, Rap, Eighties, Covers, Dubstep and Food & Drink themed songs. He also draws on popular culture for inspiration.[14][15][16] Huang’s videos often feature the artist himself. He frequently uses digital effects to create multiples of himself within the same frame in order to showcase all the various elements of the song.
Huang is most widely known for his Song Challenge series, an extension of the idea behind his Songs To Wear Pants To website. Andrew takes on musical challenges, often submitted by viewers via social media platforms, and performs them on YouTube.[17] In 2013, he released a rap song titled Vass Tunga, written in 5 different languages; English, French, Spanish, Swedish and Mandarin. He called on multi-lingual friends for aid in translation and pronunciation, and designed the lyrics to shift between all five languages while still remaining coherent. The final product manages to simultaneously rhyme and make sense in each language individually.[18]
Andrew also created a rap written entirely without the letter E. “I wasn’t sure I’d actually be able to do it because you have to come up with quite a bit of lyrical material. […] It was a really interesting challenge because E is the most common letter of the alphabet”. He followed this effort with another song featuring only words that do not have any vowels besides E.[19][20]
Huang earned some of his following for using ‘unusual instruments’ to cover songs. One of his early efforts was released a week before AMC’s Breaking Bad aired its series finale. Huang responded to the show’s hype by composing a cover of Breaking Bad’s unsettling title music, using equipment you would find in a meth lab. The cover was featured on several sites and became the first of many song challenges to feature music performed with unusual objects.[21]
Another example of his use of atypical sounds can be seen in his cover of 99 Red Balloons, a song he created with actual balloons. Huang considered recording the song with 99 balloons, but the finished project only required four.[22][23]
Following The Weeknd’s radio hit “Can’t Feel My Face”, Huang composed a cover that re-imagined the song using only dental equipment. Instruments included a rubber glove, drill, and air brush. The video was shot in the office of United Smiles of Kensington, Huang’s actual dentist.[7]
Musical collaborations[edit]
Hannah Hart[edit]
Huang collaborated with Hannah Hart (of My Drunk Kitchen fame) on two separate videos. “Show Me Where Your Noms At” and “Nomming Song” featured both creators singing and rapping on the subject of food.[24][25] [26]
Boyinaband[edit]
In 2013 Andrew teamed up with Dave Brown of Boyinaband to create the video Alphabetical 26-Genre Song, featuring an original composition that transitions through 26 genres of music in alphabetical order. The video was so popular they went on to make a second one.[27][28]
Hank Green[edit]
Andrew worked with Hank Green and the Perfect Strangers on their ‘Incongruent’ album, playing some of the guitar, bass, and drums and the album as well as helping with song arrangements and co-writing 'Hug Scream'. He has toured across the USA with the band.[29][30]
Emily Haines[edit]
In 2008 Huang entered a contest run by American Express and won a chance to develop a music project under the mentorship of Metric star Emily Haines. He created an interactive installation called “Ghost” which featured a series of videos that visitors could select and play in any combination to create ambient music.[31] The piece was on exhibit at the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto in November 2011.[32]
Rhett and Link[edit]
Huang produced the music for Rhett and Link's most viewed video in their Epic Rap Battle series, Geeks vs. Nerds.[33] [34] He later appeared as a guest in on their channel, where they made sounds with props from the set of their show Good Mythical Morning. Huang remixed these sounds into a piece on his channel - "Song Challenge: Good Mythical Morning", commonly referred to by fans as "Horse Juice" after a phrase Link utters that is used multiple times.
WWF-Canada[edit]
In 2012 Huang composed the anthem for WWF-Canada's official Earth Hour. The song was created using lyrics from over 9000 user-submitted suggestions, taking the title of ‘Canada’s first official crowd sourced song’. “I wanted the song to be upbeat and not pull at the heartstrings”. Huang later performed the song live during Toronto's 2012 and 2013 Earth Day celebrations.[35]
Team Andrew and Dreamz[edit]
In 2010, Huang teamed up with musician and internet personality Gunnarolla to produce videos and music, including the popular series We Are What You Tweet and New State Plates. The pair have toured North America, Australia, and New Zealand together, and are commonly referred to as "Team Andrew".
In 2013, Huang and Gunnarolla created the electro-pop music duo called Dreamz. They entered CBC Music's Searchlight contest under this new name, and their debut single "Come On" was selected as CBC Here and Now's Song of the Week on March 11, 2013.[36] They made it as far as the Top 16 of CBC Music's Searchlight contest, representing Toronto.[37][38]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Andrew Huang". youtube.com. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2014-11-25. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tingen, Paul (May 2017). "Internet Famous: How three musicians have craked the code and made it big on YouTube". AudioTechnology Magazine. Australia: Alchemedia Publishing. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Huang: The YouTube phenomenon with a thousand musical works". Cross Rhythms. November 30, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Huang Bandcamp". BandCamp. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Creative Learning Centre Opens Its Doors: Impact Report 2014" (PDF). Ashbury News. Ottawa: Ashbury College. Fall 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2015. See page 36 of document: "Andrew Huang '02..."
Jump up ^ Ton That, Corinne (November 9, 2013). "YouTube Video Creators in the Spotlight at the Buffer Festival". CTV Television Network. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Weeknd's 'Can't Feel My Face' re-imagined with dental utensils". ‘’CBC News’’. September 1, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Assar, Vijith (September 2011). "Tape Op Interviews". Tape Op - The Creative Recording Magazine. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wang, H. (March 3, 2014). "Outside the cubicle: Andrew Huang, YouTube artist". JPress Ryerson Journalism. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Interview with Andrew Huang". Newgrounds. August 26, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Efron, Sarah (March 9, 2005). "Ballad for an albino kitten please". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tingen, Paul (May 2017). "Internet Famous: How three musicians have craked the code and made it big on YouTube". AudioTechnology Magazine. Australia: Alchemedia Publishing. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Songs To Wear Pants To". Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnny Lieu (May 29, 2017). "Yep, someone has made music from a fidget spinner". Mashable. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ J. Freedom du Lac (January 2, 2015). "The amazing Taylor Swift, Jessie J and Pharrell medley made with a bag of kale and other household items". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Huang, Andrew (September 1, 2011). "Horsemanning Song". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ J. Freedom du Lac (January 2, 2015). "The amazing Taylor Swift, Jessie J and Pharrell medley made with a bag of kale and other household items". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Huang and David Brown deliver 26 genres of music". Yahoo Music. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Christina (March 6, 2014). "WATCH: Rap song in the key of [no] E". Global News. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Huang, Andrew (April 30, 2014). "One-Vowel Rap". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Sam (August 12, 2013). "Watch Breaking Bad Theme Song Played With Items You’d Find In A Meth Lab". Time Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Castrodale, Jelisa (September 12, 2014). "Musician Plays '99 Red Balloons' on Red Balloons". People Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dicker, Ron (September 10, 2014). "'99 Red Balloons' Played With Red Balloons Is Breathtaking". Huffington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Huang, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Nomming Song Ft. Hannah Hart". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hart, Hannah (September 27, 2011). "Show Me Where Your Noms At". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dryden, Liam (April 11, 2016). "10 YouTube Collabs You Completely Forgot Ever Happened". We The Unicorn. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bagg, Allison (November 19, 2014). "These Talented Guys Perform 26-Genres of Music From A to Z". Buzzfeed. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (November 18, 2014). "26 Genres of Music in Alphabetical Order #2 (A2Z)". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ juststeveschannel (July 1, 2014). "Hank Green Campfire Story-Hug Scream Live in Pomona". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Steven Matview (May 16, 2014). "Review: Hank Green and the Perfect Strangers ‘Incongruent’ (2014)". Punks In Vegas. Punks In Vegas LLC. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wyder, Alex (March 25, 2012). "Andrew Huang Talks Experimental Music with Vancouver Music Review". The Province. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lyonnais, Sheena (January 31, 2011). "Metric's Emily Haines & Toronto's Andrew Huang talk Room For Thought, Ghost, music and tech". Toronto Music Scene. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rhett and Link (October 3, 2013). "Epic Rap Battle: Geeks vs. Nerds". youtube.com. YouTube. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gutelle, Sam (October 3, 2013). "Rhett And Link Use A Rap Battle To Settle Geek Vs. Nerd Debate". Tubefilter. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tien Trinh, Brian Vinh (March 30, 2012). "Canada's Earth Hour Song Takes Place Among Inspiring Anthems". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CBC Radio Show Program Logs". cbc.ca. CBC Radio Show. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ CBC Music. "Meet our Searchlight Top 16 acts". music.cbc.ca. CBC Music. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Searchlight". cbc.ca. CBC Radio. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
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text:
Hypnic jerk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hypnic jerk
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Sleep medicine
[edit on Wikidata]
A hypnic jerk, hypnagogic jerk, sleep start, sleep twitch or night start is an involuntary twitch which occurs when a person is beginning to fall asleep, often causing them to awaken suddenly for a moment. Physically, hypnic jerks resemble the "jump" experienced by a person when startled,[1] sometimes accompanied by a falling sensation.[2] Hypnic jerks are associated with a rapid heartbeat, quickened breathing, sweat, and sometimes "a peculiar sensory feeling of 'shock' or 'falling into the void'".[3] A higher occurrence is reported in people with irregular sleep schedules.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Causes[edit]
According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine there is a wide range of potential causes, including anxiety, caffeine, stress and strenuous activities in the evening. However, most hypnic jerks occur essentially at random in healthy people.[5]
Another hypothesis is evolutionary, stretching back to our primate ancestors. A study at the University of Colorado has suggested that a hypnic jerk could be "an archaic reflex to the brain's misinterpretation of muscle relaxation with the onset of sleep as a signal that a sleeping primate is falling out of a tree. The reflex may also have had selective value by having the sleeper readjust or review his or her sleeping position in a nest or on a branch in order to assure that a fall did not occur."[6]
During an epilepsy and intensive care study, the lack of a preceding spike discharge measured on an epilepsy monitoring unit, along with the presence only at sleep onset, helped differentiate hypnic jerks from epileptic myoclonus.[7]
According to a study on sleep disturbances in the Journal of Neural Transmission, a hypnic jerk occurs during the non-rapid eye movement sleep cycle and is an "abrupt muscle action flexing movement, generalized or partial and asymmetric, which may cause arousal, with an illusion of falling".[8] Hypnic jerks are more frequent in childhood with 4 to 7 per hour in the age range from 8 to 12 years old, and they decrease toward 1 or 2 per hour by 65 to 80 years old.[8]
See also[edit]
Periodic limb movement disorder
Rapid eye movement
Anxiety
Exploding head syndrome, a related sleep phenomenon which may result from fatigue
Myoclonus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Medical College of Wisconsin, Sleep: A Dynamic Activity
Jump up ^ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep
Jump up ^ Why You Sometimes Feel Like You're Falling And Jerk Awake When Trying To Fall Asleep by Lauren F Friedman, Business Insider, May 21, 2014
Jump up ^ Basics of Sleep Behavior: NREM and REM Sleep
Jump up ^ A Case of the Jerks by Kaitlyn Syring, University Daily Kansan, February 28, 2008
Jump up ^ "Why You Sometimes Feel Like You're Falling And Jerk Awake When Trying To Fall Asleep". Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Fisch, Bruce J. Epilepsy and Intensive Care Monitoring: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos Medical, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Askenasy, J. J. M. (2003). "Sleep Disturbances in Parkinsonism" (PDF). Journal of Neural Transmission. Springer-Verlag. 110: 125–50. doi:10.1007/s007020300001.
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Psychophysiology: Sleep and sleep disorders (F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327)
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1 Not a sleep disorder.
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The Other Side of the Sky: A Memoir
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Other Side of the Sky: A Memoir
Author
Farah Ahmedi
Original title
The Story of My Life: An Afghan Girl on the Other Side of the Sky
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
Simon Spotlight Entertainment
Publication date
2005
Media type
Print (Paperback)
Pages
249
ISBN
978-1-4169-1837-0
OCLC
59552207
Dewey Decimal
305.23086/914 B 22
LC Class
HV640.4.U54 A3 2008
The Other Side of the Sky: A Memoir (originally published as The Story of my Life: An Afghan Girl on the Other Side of the Sky) is a memoir by Farah Ahmedi with Tamim Ansary. The book profiles the life of Farah Ahmedi from the time she was born until she was seventeen years old.[1]
This book is about the struggles Farah faces throughout her life. The story begins when she was growing up in war torn Afghanistan. One day when she was seven, Farah woke up late, so she decided to take a shortcut to school. Unknown to her, there was a landmine that was planted in the field she was cutting across. She accidentally stepped on it and it exploded. After her leg was amputated and she fled to Pakistan with her mother, World Relief accepted their applications to go to America. Once they arrived, Farah and her mother continued to struggle with the new culture, language, and the speed of the modern world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Background
3 Summary
4 Theme
5 Style
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
The Other Side of the Sky: A Memoir, by Farah Ahmedi, is about her struggles living in Afghanistan as a young girl and her perilous journey to the United States. This is based on a true story.
Background[edit]
The war in Afghanistan and Pakistan first began around December 1979. The Soviet army invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to spread communism. In 1980, Babrak Karmal was given the role of the country’s leader and he was supported by the Soviets. In retaliation to the Soviet invasion, the Mujahideen fought back, and were supported by the US, Pakistan, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia. By 1985, half of Afghanistan was estimated to be displaced or to have fled to Iran or Pakistan to avoid the war. Fighting continued until 1988 when Afghanistan, the Soviet Union, the US, and Pakistan sign peace agreements and the Soviet Union began pulling out their troops. The last of the Soviet troops left by 1989, but a civil war continued as the Mujahideen tried to overthrow Najibullah who replaced Karmal in 1986.
In 1996, the Taliban took over Kabul and began enforcing their strict Islamic views which meant banning women from work and introducing Islamic punishments, which included stoning and amputations. The Taliban controlled two thirds of the country and were recognized as legitimate rulers by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in 1997. The Taliban were accused of bombing US embassies in Africa, and the United States launched missile strikes at Osama bin Laden’s bases. In September 2001, Ahmad Shah Masood was assassinated. He was the leader of Northern Alliance: the main opposition towards the Taliban. On September 11, 2001, Al Queda attacked the United States. The US led bombings in Afghanistan shortly afterwards, and Anti-Taliban Northern Alliance forces entered Kabul.
The landmine that Farah stepped on as a young girl in Afghanistan was most likely placed by the Mujahideen, the Taliban, or the forces fighting against them.
Summary[edit]
Laura Bush meets with Farah Ahmedi in the Diplomatic Reception Room at the White House on May 5, 2005.
Farah Ahmedi was born in Kabul, Afghanistan near the end of the Soviet war in Afghanistan. When she was in second grade, she stepped on a land mine while taking a shortcut through a field to school. Farah was transferred to Germany where her leg was amputated. After over eighteen months in Germany, she returned to her home in Kabul. Shortly after she returned home, her father and two sisters were killed by a stray rocket while Farah and her mother were shopping for fabrics, and her two brothers left Afghanistan in order to avoid a draft. Fearing for their lives, Farah and her mother fled to Pakistan where they endured harsh conditions in refugee camps for a couple years before World Relief rescued them and provided them a home in Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, Farah and her mother began to adjust to their new life, with major help from Alyce Litz, one of Farah's new friends.[2]
Theme[edit]
The main theme of this book is overcoming struggles. Farah is constantly faced with hardships, but continually proves to show that she is strong by overcoming them.
Style[edit]
The events of Farah's life are told chronologically in the book. It begins with explaining her life as an Afghan child, and continues with telling the story of her experiences in Germany and America.
See also[edit]
Johnny Got His Gun
Landmines
Mujahideen
September 11 Attacks
Taliban
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Haynes, Monica (May 2, 2005). "Afghan teen who lost leg promotes prize-winning book". Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Farah Ahmedi." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Feb. 2013. Web. 20 May 2013. Hampton Brown. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. "The Other Side of the Sky: Summary and Book Reviews of The Other Side of the Sky by Farah Ahmedi, plus Links to an Excerpt from The Other Side of the Sky and a Biography of Farah Ahmedi."BookBrowse.com. N.p., 2007. Web. 20 May 2013.
External links[edit]
Information and reviews from Amazon.com
History of wars and conflicts in Afghanistan
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Phosphodiester bond
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Diagram of phosphodiester bonds (PO43−) between three nucleotides.
A phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds.[1]
Phosphodiester bonds are central to all life on Earth,[fn 1] as they make up the backbone of the strands of nucleic acid. In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon atom of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. Strong covalent bonds form between the phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds.
The phosphate groups in the phosphodiester bond are negatively charged. Because the phosphate groups have a pKa near 0, they are negatively charged at pH 7[citation needed]. This repulsion forces the phosphates to take opposite sides of the DNA strands and is neutralized by proteins (histones), metal ions such as magnesium, and polyamines.
In order for the phosphodiester bond to be formed and the nucleotides to be joined, the tri-phosphate or di-phosphate forms of the nucleotide building blocks are broken apart to give off energy required to drive the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. When a single phosphate or two phosphates known as pyrophosphates break away and catalyze the reaction, the phosphodiester bond is formed.[citation needed]
Hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds can be catalyzed by the action of phosphodiesterases which play an important role in repairing DNA sequences.[citation needed]
The phosphodiester linkage between two ribonucleotides can be broken by alkaline hydrolysis, whereas the linkage between two deoxyribonucleotides is more stable under these conditions. The relative ease of RNA hydrolysis is an effect of the presence of the 2' hydroxyl group.
Contents
[hide]
1 Enzyme activity
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Enzyme activity[edit]
A phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds, for instance a bond in a molecule of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP.
An enzyme that plays an important role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage is the 3'-phosphodiesterase.
During the replication of DNA, there is a hole between the phosphates in the backbone left by DNA polymerase I. DNA ligase is able to form a phosphodiester bond between the nucleotides.
See also[edit]
Phosphodiesterase
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
DNA replication, DNA, ATP
Teichoic acid, DNase I
PDE5
Nick (DNA)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Even prions, the only reproducers without nucleic acid and generally considered beyond the boundary of life, require RNA-containing life to reproduce themselves.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Phosphodiester bond". School of BioMedical Sciences Wiki.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphodiester_bond&oldid=807054091"
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Organophosphates
Molecular biology
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XXXTentacion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
XXXTentacion
Mug shot in October 2016
Background information
Birth name
Jahseh Dwayne Onfroy
Also known as
XXXTentacion
X
XXX
Young Dagger Dick
Xiller[1]
Born
(1998-01-23) January 23, 1998 (age 19)
Plantation, Florida, United States
Origin
Pompano Beach, Florida
Lauderhill, Florida
Genres
Hip hop
rap rock
Years active
2014–present
Associated acts
Members Only
Kodak Black
Ski Mask the Slump God
Jahseh Dwayne Onfroy (born January 23, 1998), known professionally as XXXTentacion (stylized as XXXTENTACION and xxxtentacion, who is often times called by a letter X; /ɛks.ɛks.ɛks.tɛn.təsˈjoʊn/ eks-eks-eks-ten-təs-YOHN),[5] is an American rapper, singer and songwriter from Lauderhill, Florida.
X found success from the audio distribution platform SoundCloud,[6][7] where he is a prominent artist for "SoundCloud Rap", which is a subgenre that was inspired by trap and lo-fi music.[8][9][10] Born and raised in Plantation, Florida, X spent most of his childhood in Lauderhill. X began writing music after being released from a youth correction center[11] and eventually released his first song on SoundCloud in 2014.[12]
X released his debut album, 17, on August 25, 2017.[13] The album debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200.[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 2014–16: Career beginnings and success with "Look at Me"
2.2 2017–present: Release from prison, Revenge, 17 and Bad Vibes Forever
3 Musical style
4 Controversies
4.1 Incidents at Concerts
4.2 Drake feud
4.3 Legal issues
5 Discography
5.1 Studio albums
5.2 Mixtapes
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Jahseh Dwayne Onfroy was born on January 23, 1998, in Plantation, Florida. He was born and raised living in Pompano Beach, Florida and Lauderhill, Florida, and is of Egyptian, Indian, German, Jamaican and Italian descent. He was mainly raised by his grandmother due to his mother's financial situation. Onfroy's interest in music initially started after his aunt persuaded him to begin attending school choir and then later on church choir. Onfroy was kicked out of school choir shortly after joining due to attacking another student. Onfroy was expelled from middle school after a series of physical altercations took place. His mother then enrolled him into Sheridan House Family Ministries for over six months.[15]
He attended Piper High School until he dropped out in the tenth grade.[16] Onfroy described himself as a "misfit" during his time at Piper High School, citing how quiet he was despite being popular and how regularly he was involved in physical confrontations.[17]
Career[edit]
2014–16: Career beginnings and success with "Look at Me"[edit]
In 2014, he spent a year in a juvenile detention center, working as a call center operator for gun possession charges,[15] where he met Stokeley Clevon Goulbourne,[18] better known as Ski Mask the Slump God. Onfroy and Goulbourne became good friends and began freestyling as an outlet.[19] The two would go on to collaborate with each other many times upon their release from detention.[20][11] Recalling his time in detention, Onfroy said that he was respectful to the officers and staff and used to protect people from other inmates, including a homosexual cellmate, whom Onfroy later beat for being "suspicious".[15]
That same year, following his release from a juvenile detention center, Onfroy bought a Blue Snowball microphone and began recording music.[19] After Onfroy adopted a moniker XXXTentacion, X uploaded his first official song, called Vice City on SoundCloud.[12] He would then continue uploading a small snippets of his songs that would either soon release or remain unreleased. X eventually joined fellow American rapper Ski Mask The Slump God's group Very Rare, before breaking off and starting the Members Only collective, which Ski Mask joined.[11] X released his first official extended play (EP), called The Fall on November 21, 2014.[21] Onfroy Ski Mask the Slump God released one collaboration album with Ski Mask the Slump God, called Members Only Vol. 1 before releasing Members Only Vol. 2, in 2015 with several members of the growing Members Only collective. In 2016, he released the EP Willy Wonka Was a Child Murderer,[22] with music heavily inspired by heavy metal and indie music. In 2016, X quit his job as a call center operator to provide for his then growing music career.[16]
In 2016, X released a song, called "Look at Me" to which has become X's most popular song to date.
2017–present: Release from prison, Revenge, 17 and Bad Vibes Forever[edit]
In 2017, X re-released his song, "Look at Me". The song peaked at number 34 on US Billboard Hot 100 and the Top 40 of the Canadian Hot 100.[23] The single helped him gain more popularity due to accusations of Canadian rapper Drake using a similar rap flow in his then unreleased song, now released under the track name, called "KMT" that he previewed at a concert in Amsterdam with feature guest appearance from a British rapper Giggs.[24][25]
On April 18, 2017, after his release from prison, X released three more songs on SoundCloud.[26] In an interview with WMIB, X announced that he is currently working on his studio albums of Bad Vibes and 17; as well as mixtape, I Need Jesus.[27][28][29] In an interview three days after his release from prison, X said to XXL, saying “I got this really really, really good album called 17. That’s more of an alternative, R&B sound — Then I’ve got this mixtape called I Need Jesus, which is mainly rap and the underground sound I did."[30]
He currently has over 400 million plays on SoundCloud.[31]
X announced his first nationwide tour on April 28, 2017. The tour, titled "The Revenge Tour" had 26 tour dates overall and was widely publicized due to numerous controversies which included a rapper being assaulted,[32] X was being involved in an altercation on stage that led to him being knocked unconscious[33] and an audience member stabbed,[34] X being thrown into a barricade by security[35] and X punching a fan.[36] X announced the cancellation of the rest of the tour dates due to his cousin being shot on June 24, 2017[37] though the final tour date in Broward County, Florida would still go ahead.[38]
X was named as the tenth pick on XXL's "2017 Freshman Class" after being voted in.[39][40][41] In his XXL freestyle (which is regularly done by freshmen where a rapper will rhyme a cappella), it was speculated that X verbally insulted a fellow American rapper J. Cole.[42]
On May 16, 2017, X released his major-label debut commercial project, called Revenge. The mixtape consists of eight previously released songs.[43] The collaborative mixtape, Members Only, Vol. 3, with Members Only, was released on June 26, 2017.
X announced that he will be taking a small break from social media on July 20, 2017[44] until he came back two weeks later to announce the release date for his upcoming debut album, called 17.[45] Rapper D.R.A.M brought X out at a concert in the Staples Centre during Kendrick Lamar's DAMN. Tour, being the first time that X performed at the arena and the first time he was brought out as an opening act by a mainstream artist.[46] This was following Lamar's comments about rappers using ghostwriters for song lyrics[47] which may have been directed at Drake, whom X was in a rap feud with earlier that year.[48]
On August 25, 2017, X released his major-label debut album, 17.[49] The album debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200, selling 86,000 album-equivalent units first week.[50] The album received a positive response from critics, some of which lauded the album for its personal narratives and diverse musical style.[51] On September 3, 2017, Onfroy announced that Bad Vibes Forever, his second album, is still in production.[52] 17 gave X's seven more songs — "Jocelyn Flores", "Revenge", "Fuck Love", "Everybody Dies in Their Nightmares", "Depression & Obsession", "Save Me" and "Carry On" — that debuted in the Billboard Hot 100 at number 31, 77, 41, 54, 91, 94 and 95, respectively with "Jocelyn Flores" becoming XXXTentacion's highest charting song since "Look At Me" that peaked it at 34.[53] X then received his ninth song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, after featured on Kodak Black's song, "Roll in Peace" taken from Project Baby 2. The song debuted at 52.[54]
On September 12, 2017, X released his first official music video for his 2016 song "Look at Me!"; as well as sharing a music video with his 2015 song "Riot".[55] The song generated controversy hours after being posted due to the video depicting a white child being hanged by Onfroy and as another black child observed.[56]
Musical style[edit]
X's influences are Kurt Cobain, Tupac Shakur, Cage the Elephant, The Fray, Papa Roach, Three Days Grace, Gorillaz and Coldplay. When speaking on his influences, X said, "I’m really into multi-genre things that aren’t just based around rapping itself. I’m more inspired by artists in other genres besides rap."[57] X as an artist has been defined as versatile[58] and his music has been described as having a "lo-fi" aesthetic,[59] being diverse[60] and experimental, drawing influence from heavy metal.[61] X's music also has the tendency to contain distorted bass[62] and an "intentional lack of polish".[9] Speaking about this, X has said that the intentionally bad mixing on his tracks make it "genuine"[63] Some fans have also noted that his music has inspired many up and coming artists, such as Craig Xen, Lil Pump (born Grazzy Garcia), Trippie Redd, Karami (born Keanu Richal Karami) and smokepurpp into channeling similar vibes into their music.[60]
X's generally changes his vocal style depending on the type of song he is performing on. His vocal style as has been described as displaying "emotional vulnerability" on much more depressing tracks[64] and as replicating screaming on much more aggressive tracks.[65] X's song writing has been described as outlandish and shocking, often referring to "violence, sex and drugs"[66] though on some projects such as The Fall and 17, X's songwriting is more emotional in comparison to his previous work, often referring to loneliness, depression, isolation, and anxiety.[67]
Controversies[edit]
X is generally considered a controversial figure within the hip-hop industry due to assaulting fans,[68] public feuds with other artists[69] and general social media scandals.[70][71][72][73] Spin has labelled X as "rap's most controversial man"[74] and XXL labelled X as their most "controversial freshman ever".[75]
On August 24, 2017, a day before the release of his debut album, 17, X uploaded a video to the social media platform Instagram of him depicting the act of suicide by hanging.[76] X later uploaded a video onto Instagram showcasing the video being part of a music video.[77]
On September 12, 2017, X uploaded a music video to Youtube for his song "Riot" after sharing a music video for his . The controversial scene portrays X placing a noose around the neck of a white child then hanging him (representing lynching.) The child's mother originally was anxious about the scene but said she was fine with the message being portrayed.[78] Talking on Instagram live, X told his followers that the video wasn't supporting Black Lives Matter or addressing police brutality but was supporting All Lives Matter.[79]
Incidents at Concerts[edit]
On March 26, 2017, following X's release from jail, X did a surprise concert that was arranged on April 7, in Miami, Florida. The show had a low admission price of $5 until it was apparently filled up, however, before he arrived for him to start performing, a riot breaks out. Police eventually escorted X out and closed the show down.[80]
Rapper and member of Onfroy's Members Only collective Wifisfuneral was assaulted at the first show in the Revenge Tour in Houston, Texas on May 31, 2017.[81] Wifisfuneral stage dived into the audience where several audience members proceeded to kick him and then leave the venue.[82]
During a concert in San Diego a physical altercation occurred, which led to X being knocked unconscious[83][84][85] and an audience member being stabbed,[86] though the injury was non-life-threatening.[87] The assailant was reported to be an associate of rapper Rob Stone, one of the individuals that was currently involved in an ongoing feud that involved X and fellow South Florida-native rapper Ski Mask the Slump God. The feud had already led to Ski Mask the Slump God being assaulted during rapper Desiigner's Outlet Tour.[88]
Stone released a diss track, titled "Xxxtracredit" in which he mentions the attack in San Diego and then proceeds to tell X to "not come back to California".[89] Later in a interview, Stone denied on knowing who that assailant is.[90][91]
On June 18, 2017, X punched an audience member during a concert at The Complex in Salt Lake City, Utah. He claimed this was in self-defense, as he had requested that no one in the audience touch him, warning that he'd punch them if they did.[92]
X was scheduled to perform at the Concord Music Hall in Chicago, Illinois on June 21, 2017. The concert was cancelled at the last minute, which led to hundreds of fans flooding the streets and nearly inciting a riot.[93] He stated that the reason for the performance being cancelled was the venue's decision to cancel at the last minute.[93] Four days later, his cousin was shot and he cancelled his tour.[94]
Following the release of X's 17 album, a free concert was announced to take place at the Orpheum in Tampa, Florida on September 2, 2017.[95] The venue only had the capacity to support 750 concert-goers, but over 3,000 people appeared to attend the concert and the venue had to cancel the concert before a safety hazard was created.[96] This led to many fans of the artist nearly rioting in the street and the police needing to break up the crowd.[97] Some fans began to claim online that they were tear-gassed by police officers following the riot.[98]
Drake feud[edit]
On January 28, 2017, a Canadian rapper Drake previewed a new track, titled "KMT". The song features guest appearance from a British rapper Giggs in Amsterdam.[99] The song was then compared by users on social media to X's breakout song "Look at Me!" due to the similar flow.[25] Drake would then followed him on Twitter, before the release of "KMT".[100] In an interview with XXL, he was questioned about the Drake comparisons, his response was "If Drake is gonna take the flow, and I don’t know if he legitimately did, but if that is the situation, at least reach out to a nigga, help a nigga out in this situation."[101] On March 18, 2017, Drake released a playlist, called More Life, to which it include that track "KMT".[102] Since X's release from prison on probation two weeks later, He was interviewed with WMIB, calling Drake a "bitch" and said that he respected Drake's influence but felt like "KMT" was disrespecting him.[103] The following day on Twitter, X began to post a picture of Drake's mother saying "she could get it".[104] He then posted a picture of Drake's mother and a child version of Drake with X's face photoshopped over that of Drake’s father, Dennis Graham.[105] Later in an interview with DJ Semtex, Drake denied those accusations that he stole X's "flow". Drake also denied knowing that rapper and said that he only heard about him regarding rumors circulated following the "KMT" snippet.[106][107] X replied on his twitter requesting that Drake come to Florida, after X saying that he won't "twitter rap with niggas",[108] X then was on a livestream, claiming that he could "out-rap" Drake.[105]
Photo of XXXTentacion taken by Florida Department of Corrections at the start of his probation
Rapper Offset from the hip-hop group Migos used Instagram's livestream feature to verbally attack Onfroy further escalating the feud.[109] Chicago rapper, 600Breezy, (who is currently in prison for violating his probation)[110] then claimed that Drake gave him permission to enter into the feud and attack Onfroy.[111] 600Breezy told Onfroy that he has "got a couple niggas that will knock you off in your own city".[112] 600Breezy later went to Florida to attempt to search for him, though it was fruitless.[113]
Following Onfroy being knocked unconscious on stage in San Diego, Drake liked a post on Instagram ridiculing him.[114]
Legal issues[edit]
In 2014, Onfroy was sent to a youth detention center for a year on gun possession charges.[15][11] According to him, during his time in detention, the district attorney was attempting to try the artist as an adult for gun posession charges which, according to him, would have landed him 5-10 years in prison.[15]
In July 2016, he was arrested and charged with robbery and assault with a deadly weapon.[115][116] After posting the bail of $10,000[117] in early October of the same year, while awaiting trial, the rapper was arrested again later that month on charges of false imprisonment, witness tampering, and aggravated battery of a pregnant victim.[118][119] On March 26, 2017, X was released from jail on bail[30][120][121] for his probation of robbery and assault with a deadly weapon started on March 27, 2017 and will last until March 26, 2023. His trial for aggravated battery of a pregnant victim was originally going to take place in May 2017 and has since been pushed back several times, which is now will be taking place on October 5, 2017.[122] On September 8, 2017, Pitchfork leaked the victim testimony of Geneva Ayala, the victim in X's aggravated battery case.[123]
Discography[edit]
Main article: XXXTentacion discography
Studio albums[edit]
17 (2017)
Mixtapes[edit]
Revenge (2017)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Jahseh Onfroy Mugshot - Jahseh Onfroy Arrest - Orange County, FL".
Jump up ^ "Broward County Rapper XXXTENTACION Arrested on Robbery & Assault Charges | ELEVATOR". ELEVATOR. 2016-07-16. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Miami-Dade arrest report". Scribd. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Jahseh D Onfroy - Arrested on Oct. 08, 2016". jailbase.com. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "XXXTentacion Is Out of Jail (For Now) | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com, HipHopDX -. "XXXTENTACION Freed From Jail". HipHopDX. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Miami-Dade County Clerk Criminal Justice". www2.miami-dadeclerk.com. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ "XXXTentacion’s Reported Victim Details Grim Pattern of Abuse in Testimony | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
External links[edit]
XXXTentacion on Twitter
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v
t
e
XXXTentacion
Discography
Studio albums
17
Mixtapes
Revenge
Singles
"Look at Me"
"Gospel"
"Revenge"
Other songs
"Jocelyn Flores"

Authority control
MusicBrainz: 61af87f4-16ee-4431-8504-cc06187079fb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XXXTentacion&oldid=802539733"
Categories:
1998 births
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