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Drone (bee)
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Drone bee
A drone is a male bee. Unlike the female worker bee, drones do not have stingers and do not gather nectar and pollen. A drone's primary role is to mate with a fertile queen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genetics
2 Anatomy
3 Role
4 Behaviour
5 Mating and the drone reproductive organ
6 Drone congregation areas
7 Varroa destructor
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Genetics[edit]
Drones are haploid, growing from unfertilised eggs by arrhenotoky.
Drones carry only one type of allele at each chromosomal position, because they are haploid (containing only one set of chromosomes from the mother). During the development of eggs within a queen, a diploid cell with 32 chromosomes divides to generate haploid cells called gametes with 16 chromosomes. The result is a haploid egg, with chromosomes having a new combination of alleles at the various loci. This process is called arrhenotokous parthenogenesis or simply arrhenotoky.
Because the male bee technically has only a mother, and no father, its genealogical tree is unusual. The first generation has one member (the male). One generation back also has one member (the mother). Two generations back are two members (the mother and father of the mother). Three generations back are three members. Four back are five members. That is, the numbers in each generation going back are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ... – the Fibonacci sequence.[1]
Much debate and controversy exist in the scientific literature about the dynamics and apparent benefit of the combined forms of reproduction in honey bees and other social insects, known as the haplodiploid sex-determination system. The drones have two reproductive functions: Each drone grows from the queen's unfertilized haploid egg and produces some 10 million male sperm cells, each genetically identical to the egg. Drones also serve as a vehicle to mate with a new queen to fertilize her eggs. Female worker bees develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid in origin, which means that the sperm from a father provides a second set of 16 chromosomes for a total of 32: one set from each parent. Since all the sperm cells produced by a particular drone are genetically identical, full sisters are more closely related than full sisters of other animals where the sperm is not genetically identical.
A laying worker bee exclusively produces totally unfertilized eggs, which develop into drones. As an exception to this rule, laying worker bees in some subspecies of honey bees may also produce diploid (and therefore female) fertile offspring in a process called thelytoky, in which the second set of chromosomes comes not from sperm, but from one of the three polar bodies during anaphase II of meiosis.
In honey bees, the genetics of offspring can best be controlled by artificially inseminating a queen with drones collected from a single hive, where the drones' mother is known. In the natural mating process, a queen mates with multiple drones,[citation needed] which may not come from the same hive. Therefore, batches of female offspring have fathers of a completely different genetic origin.
Anatomy[edit]
A drone is characterized by eyes that are twice the size of those of worker bees and queens, and a body size greater than that of worker bees, though usually smaller than the queen bee. His abdomen is stouter than the abdomen of workers or queen. Although heavy bodied, the drone must be able to fly fast enough to accompany the queen in flight.
An Apis cerana colony has about 200 drones during high summer peak time.
Drones die off or are ejected from the hive by the worker bees in late autumn, and do not reappear in the bee hive until late spring.
Role[edit]
The drones' main function is to be ready to fertilize a receptive queen. Drones in a hive do not usually mate with a virgin queen of the same hive because they drift from hive to hive. Mating generally takes place in or near drone congregation areas. How these areas are selected is poorly understood, but they do exist. When a drone mates with a queen of the same hive, the resultant queen will have a spotty brood pattern (numerous empty cells on a brood frame) due to the removal of diploid drone larvae by nurse bees (i.e., a fertilized egg with two identical sex genes will develop into a drone instead of a worker).
In flight
Mating occurs in flight, which accounts for drones's need for better vision, which is provided by their large eyes. Should a drone succeed in mating, he soon dies because the penis and associated abdominal tissues are ripped from the drone's body after sexual intercourse.[2]
Honey bee queen breeders may breed drones to be used for artificial insemination or open mating. A queen mating yard must have many drones to be successful.
In areas with severe winters, all drones are driven out of the hive in the autumn. A colony begins to rear drones in spring and drone population reaches its peak coinciding with the swarm season in late spring and early summer. The life expectancy of a drone is about 90 days.
Although the drone is highly specialized to perform one function, mating and continuing the propagation of the hive, it is not completely without side benefit to it. All bees, when they sense the hive's temperature deviating from proper limits, either generate heat by shivering, or exhaust heat by moving air with their wings—behaviours which drones share with worker bees.
Behaviour[edit]
Drones do not exhibit typical worker bee behaviours such as nectar and pollen gathering, nursing, or hive construction. While drones are unable to sting, if picked up, they may swing their tails in an attempt to frighten the disturber.[citation needed] In some species, drones buzz around intruders in an attempt to disorient them if the nest is disturbed.
Drones fly in abundance in the early afternoon and are known to congregate in drone congregation areas a good distance away from the hive.
Mating and the drone reproductive organ[edit]
The everted penis, with the cornua in focus, resembling hooks.
The extended bulbus of the penis, containing sperm, is in focus.
The drone penis is designed to disperse a large quantity of seminal fluid and spermatozoa with great speed and force. The penis is held internally in the drone (an endophallus). During mating, the organ is everted (turned inside out), into the queen. The eversion of the penis is achieved by contracting abdominal muscles, which increases hemolymph pressure, effectively "inflating" the penis. Cornua claspers at the base of the penis help to grip the queen.
Mating between a single drone and the queen lasts less than 5 seconds, and it is often completed within 1–2 seconds. Mating occurs mid-flight, and 10–40 m above ground. Since the queen mates with 12±7 drones, and drones die after mating, each drone must make the most of his single shot. The drone makes first contact from above the queen, his thorax above her abdomen, straddling her. He then grasps her with all six legs, and everts the endophallus into her opened sting chamber. If the queen’s sting chamber is not fully opened, mating is unsuccessful, so some males that mount the queen do not transfer semen. Once the endophallus has been everted, the drone is paralyzed, flipping backwards as he ejaculates. The process of ejaculation is explosive—semen is blasted through the queen’s sting chamber and into the oviduct. The process is sometimes audible to the human ear, akin to a "popping" sound. The ejaculation is so powerful that it ruptures the endophallus, disconnecting the drone from the queen. The bulb of the endophallus is broken off inside of the queen during mating—so drones mate only once, and die shortly after. The leftover penis remaining in the queen’s vagina is referred to as the “mating sign”. The plug will not prevent the next drone from mating with the same queen, but may prevent semen from flowing out of the vagina.[3]
Drone congregation areas[edit]
Mating between the drones and a virgin queen takes place away from the colony, in mid-air mating sites. These mating sites, called ‘congregation areas’, are specific locations, where drones wait for the arrival of virgin queens. A congregation area is typically 10–40 m above ground, and can have a diameter of 30–200 m. The boundaries of a congregation area are distinct; queens flying a few meters outside the boundaries are mostly ignored by the drones. Congregation areas are typically used year after year, with some spots showing little change over 12 years. Since drones are expelled from a colony during the winter, and new drones are raised each spring, inexperienced drones must find these congregation areas anew. This suggests some environmental cues define a congregation area, although the actual cues are unknown.
Congregation areas are typically located above open ground, away from trees or hills, where flight is somewhat protected from the wind (calm winds may be helpful during mating flight). At the same time, many congregation areas do not show such characteristics, such as those located above water or the forest canopy. Some studies have suggested that magnetic orientation could play a role, since drones older than 6 days contain cells in the abdomen that are rich in magnetite.
Congregation areas can be located by attaching a virgin queen (in a cage) to a balloon floating above ground. The person then moves around, taking note of where drones are attracted to the caged queen. Congregation areas are not found closer than 90 m from an apiary, and congregation areas located farther away from apiaries receive more drones. In a congregation area, drones accumulate from as many as 200 colonies, with estimates of up to 25,000 individual drones. This broad mixing of drones is how a virgin queen can ensure she will receive the genetic diversity needed for her colony. By flying to congregation areas further away from her colony, she further increases the probability of outbreeding.
A single drone visits multiple congregation areas during his lifetime, often taking multiple trips per afternoon. A drone’s mating flight averages 25–32 minutes, but can last up to 60 minutes, before he must return to the colony to refuel with honey. While at the site, the drones fly around passively, waiting for the arrival of a virgin. When the virgin queen arrives to the congregation area, the drones locate her by visual and olfactory cues. At this point, it is a race to mate with the virgin queen, to be genetically represented in the newly founded colony. The swarming drones, as they actively follow the queen, reportedly resemble a “drone comet”, dissolving and reforming as the drones chase the virgin queen. Drones greatly outnumber the quantity of virgin queens produced per season, so even with multiple mating by the queen, very few drones mate successfully (estimated at less than one in 1000). If needed, a virgin queen can embark on multiple ‘nuptial flights’, to be sure to receive enough semen from enough drones.
Varroa destructor[edit]
Varroa mite on a honey bee drone larva
Varroa destructor, a parasitic mite, propagates within the brood cell of bees. The Varroa mite prefers drone brood as it guarantees a longer development period, which is important for its own propagation success. The number of Varroa mites can be kept in check by removing the capped drone brood and either freezing the brood comb or heating it.
See also[edit]
Western honey bee life cycle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nickel, J. (2001). Mathematics: Is God Silent? (Revised ed.). Vallecito, CA: Ross House Books. p. 242. ISBN 1-879998-22-X.
Jump up ^ Winston, Mark L. (1991). The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-674-07409-2.
Jump up ^ Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2006). Asian Honey Bees: Biology, Conservation, and Human Interactions. Harvard University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-674-02194-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apoidea.
Close-up Video of a Drone bee
Video of drones being expelled from a hive
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I've Got to Have It
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"I've Got to Have It"
Single by Jermaine Dupri and Nas featuring Monica
from the album Big Momma's House (soundtrack)
Released
May 2, 2000 (2000-05-02)
Format
CD single
12" single
Genre
Hip hop
R&B
funk
Length
3:20
Label
So So Def
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Jermaine Dupri
Bryan-Michael Cox
Nasir Jones
Monica Arnold
Peter Gabriel
Producer(s)
Jermaine Dupri
Bryan Michael Cox (co-pro)
Jermaine Dupri singles chronology
"Get None"
(1999) Get None1999 "I've Got to Have It"
(2000) I've Got to Have It2000 "Ballin' Out of Control"
(2001) Ballin' Out of Control2001
Nas singles chronology
"Oochie Wally"
(2000) Oochie Wally2000 "I've Got To Have It"
(2000) I've Got To Have It2000 "Got Ur Self A..."
(2001) Got Ur Self A...2001
Monica singles chronology
"Right Here Waiting"
(1999) Right Here Waiting1999 "I've Got To Have It"
(2000) I've Got To Have It2000 "Just Another Girl"
(2001) Just Another Girl2001
"I've Got to Have It" is a song written by American rappers Jermaine Dupri, Nas, and American R&B singer Monica for the soundtrack of the comedy film Big Momma's House. The song heavily samples Peter Gabriel's 1986 hit single "Sledgehammer". The song was released as the lead single from the soundtrack in June 2000. In the US, it peaked at number 67 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. It never charted on the Billboard Hot 100.
Charts[edit]
These are the peak positions from chart providers.
Chart (2000)
Peak
position
Germany (Official German Charts)[1] 76
U.S. Hot Rap Tracks 15
U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks 67
U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay 68
U.S. Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles 1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Jermaine Dupri feat. Nas & Monica Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
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"Slow Jam"
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"Trust"
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"What's Going On (Dupri R&B Mix)"
Other songs
"Ain't Nobody"
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"Grown-Up Christmas List"
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
"I've Got to Have It"
"Just Another Girl"
[show]
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Call of Duty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the franchise. For the first installment, see Call of Duty (video game). For other uses, see Call of Duty (disambiguation).
Call of Duty
Genres
First-person shooter
Developer(s)
Primary
Infinity Ward
(2003–present)
Treyarch
(2005–present)
Sledgehammer Games
(2011–present)
Other[show]
Raven Software
Nerve Software
Gray Matter Interactive
Nokia
Exakt Entertainment
Spark Unlimited
Amaze Entertainment
n-Space
Aspyr
Rebellion Developments
Ideaworks Game Studio
nStigate Games
Neversoft
Certain Affinity
High Moon Studios
Beenox
Mercenary Technology
Kuju Entertainment
Publisher(s)
Activision
Platforms
Microsoft Windows
OS X
Nintendo DS
GameCube
Nokia N-Gage
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 4
PlayStation Portable
PlayStation Vita
Wii
Wii U
Xbox
Xbox 360
Xbox One
iOS
Android
BlackBerry
Platform of origin
Microsoft Windows
Year of inception
2003
First release
Call of Duty
October 29, 2003
Latest release
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4
October 12, 2018
Call of Duty is a first-person shooter video game franchise. The series began on Microsoft Windows, and expanded to consoles and handhelds. Several spin-off games have been released. The earlier games in the series are set primarily in World War II, but later games have typically been set in modern times or in futuristic settings. The most recent game, Call of Duty: Black Ops 4, was released on October 12, 2018.
The Call of Duty games are published and owned by Activision. Infinity Ward, Treyarch and Sledgehammer Games develop several of the titles with the release of the studios' games alternating with each other. Some games have been developed by Gray Matter Interactive, Nokia, Exakt Entertainment, Spark Unlimited, Amaze Entertainment, n-Space, Aspyr, Rebellion Developments, Ideaworks Game Studio, and nStigate Games. The games use a variety of engines, including the id Tech 3, the Treyarch NGL, and the IW engine.
As of February 2016, the Call of Duty series has sold over 250 million copies.[1] Sales of all Call of Duty games topped US$15 billion.[1]
Other products in the franchise include a line of action figures designed by Plan-B Toys, a card game created by Upper Deck Company, Mega bloks sets by Mega Brands, and a comic book mini-series published by WildStorm Productions.
Contents
1 Main series
1.1 World War II games
1.1.1 Call of Duty
1.1.2 Call of Duty 2
1.1.3 Call of Duty 3
1.1.4 Call of Duty: WWII
1.2 Modern Warfare story arc
1.2.1 Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
1.2.1.1 Remastered
1.2.2 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
1.2.3 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
1.3 Black Ops story arc
1.3.1 Call of Duty: World at War
1.3.2 Call of Duty: Black Ops
1.3.3 Call of Duty: Black Ops II
1.3.4 Call of Duty: Black Ops III
1.3.5 Call of Duty: Black Ops 4
1.4 Other story arcs
1.4.1 Call of Duty: Ghosts
1.4.2 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare
1.4.3 Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare
2 Primary developer rotation
3 Other games
3.1 Console titles
3.1.1 Call of Duty: Finest Hour
3.1.2 Call of Duty 2: Big Red One
3.1.3 Call of Duty: World at War – Final Fronts
3.1.4 Call of Duty: The War Collection
3.2 Handheld titles
3.2.1 Call of Duty: Roads to Victory
3.2.2 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized
3.2.3 Call of Duty: Black Ops DS
3.2.4 Call of Duty: Zombies and Zombies 2
3.2.5 Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified
3.2.6 Call of Duty: Strike Team
3.2.7 Call of Duty: Heroes
3.3 Call of Duty Online
4 Canceled titles
4.1 Call of Duty: Combined Forces
4.2 Call of Duty: Devil's Brigade
4.3 Call of Duty: Vietnam
4.4 Call of Duty: Roman Wars
5 Other media
5.1 Comic books
5.2 Merchandise
5.3 Short films
5.4 Films
6 eSports
7 Call of Duty Endowment
8 References
9 External links
Main series
Titles in the Call of Duty series
Year
Title
PC
6th Gen
7th Gen
8th Gen
Handheld
Developer
2003 Call of Duty Windows, OS X N/A X360, PS3 N/A N-Gage Infinity Ward
2005 Call of Duty 2 Windows, OS X N/A X360 Xbox One (BC) Mobile phone Infinity Ward
2006 Call of Duty 3 N/A PS2, Xbox X360, PS3, Wii Xbox One (BC) N/A Treyarch
2007 Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Windows, OS X N/A X360, PS3, Wii Xbox One, PS4 (Remastered) NDS Infinity Ward
2008 Call of Duty: World at War Windows PS2 X360, PS3, Wii Xbox One (BC) NDS, Windows Mobile Treyarch
2009 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Windows, OS X N/A X360, PS3 Xbox One (BC) NDS Infinity Ward
2010 Call of Duty: Black Ops Windows, OS X N/A X360, PS3, Wii Xbox One (BC) NDS Treyarch
2011 Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Windows, OS X N/A X360, PS3, Wii Xbox One (BC) NDS Infinity Ward
Sledgehammer Games
2012 Call of Duty: Black Ops II Windows N/A X360, PS3 Xbox One (BC), Wii U N/A Treyarch
2013 Call of Duty: Ghosts Windows N/A X360, PS3 Xbox One, PS4, Wii U N/A Infinity Ward
2014 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare Windows N/A X360, PS3 Xbox One, PS4 N/A Sledgehammer Games
2015 Call of Duty: Black Ops III Windows N/A X360, PS3 Xbox One, PS4 N/A Treyarch
2016 Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Windows N/A N/A Xbox One, PS4 N/A Infinity Ward
2017 Call of Duty: WWII Windows N/A N/A Xbox One, PS4 N/A Sledgehammer Games
2018 Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 Windows N/A N/A Xbox One, PS4 N/A Treyarch
World War II games
Call of Duty
Main article: Call of Duty (video game)
Call of Duty is a video game based on id Tech 3, and was released on October 29, 2003. The game was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game simulates the infantry and combined arms warfare of World War II.[2] An expansion pack, Call of Duty: United Offensive, was developed by Gray Matter Interactive with contributions from Pi Studios and produced by Activision. The game follows American and British paratroopers and the Red Army. The Mac OS X version of the game was ported by Aspyr Media. In late 2004, the N-Gage version was developed by Nokia and published by Activision. Other versions were released for PC, including Collector's Edition (with soundtrack and strategy guide), Game of the Year Edition (includes game updates), and the Deluxe Edition (which contains the United Offensive expansion and soundtrack; in Europe the soundtrack was not included). On September 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 were released together as Call of Duty: War Chest for PC.[3] Since November 12, 2007, Call of Duty games have been available for purchase via Valve's content delivery platform Steam.[4]
Call of Duty 2
Main article: Call of Duty 2
Call of Duty 2 is a first-person shooter video game and the sequel to Call of Duty. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game is set during World War II and is experienced through the perspectives of soldiers in the Red Army, British Army, and United States Army. It was released on October 25, 2005 for Microsoft Windows, November 15, 2005 for the Xbox 360, and June 13, 2006, for Mac OS X. Other versions were made for mobile phones, Pocket PCs, and smartphones.
Call of Duty 3
Main article: Call of Duty 3
Call of Duty 3 is a World War II first-person shooter and the third installment in the Call of Duty video game series. Released on November 7, 2006, the game was developed by Treyarch, and was the first major installment in the Call of Duty series not to be developed by Infinity Ward. It was also the first not to be released on the PC platform. It was released on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and Xbox 360.[5] Call of Duty 3 follows the American, Canadian, British, and Polish armies as well as the French Resistance after D-Day in the Falaise Gap.[citation needed]
Call of Duty: WWII
Main article: Call of Duty: WWII
Call of Duty: WWII is the fourteenth game in the series and was developed by Sledgehammer Games.[6] It was released worldwide on November 3, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[7] The game is set in the European theatre, and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division, following their battles on the Western Front, and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord.
Modern Warfare story arc
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Main article: Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is the fourth installment of the main series, and was developed by Infinity Ward. It is the first game in the series not to be set during World War II, but set in the modern day. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has sold over 13 million copies.[8]
Remastered
Main article: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered is a remastered version of Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC.[9] It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC.[10] The game was developed by Raven Software and executive produced by Infinity Ward.[11][12]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Main article: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 is the sixth installment of the main series. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision.[13][14] Activision Blizzard announced Modern Warfare 2 on February 11, 2009.[15][16] The game was released worldwide on November 10, 2009, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows.[13] A Nintendo DS iteration of the game, titled Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized, was released alongside the game and the Wii port of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare.[17][18] Modern Warfare 2 is the direct sequel to Call of Duty 4 and continues the same storyline, taking place five years after the first game and featuring several returning characters including Captain Price and "Soap" MacTavish.[19]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
Main article: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 is a first-person shooter video game. It is the eighth installment of the Call of Duty series and the third installment of the Modern Warfare arc. Due to a legal dispute between the game's publisher Activision and the former co-executives of Infinity Ward – which caused several lay-offs and departures within the company[20] – Sledgehammer Games assisted in the development of the game, while Raven Software was brought in to make cosmetic changes to the menus of the game.[21] The game was said to have been in development since only two weeks after the release of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.[21] Sledgehammer was aiming for a "bug free" first outing in the Call of Duty franchise, and had also set a goal for Metacritic review scores above 95 percent.[22]
The game continues the story from the point at which it ended in the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and continues the fictional battle story between the United States and Russia, which evolves into the Third World War between NATO allied nations and ultra-nationalist Russia.
Black Ops story arc
Call of Duty: World at War
Main article: Call of Duty: World at War
Call of Duty: World at War, developed by Treyarch, is the fifth installment of the main series. Released after Modern Warfare, it returns to the World War II setting of earlier titles,[23] featuring the Pacific theater and Eastern front. The game uses the same proprietary game engine as Call of Duty 4 and was released for the PC, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360 consoles and the Nintendo DS handheld in North America on November 11, 2008, and November 14, 2008 in Europe. As of June 2009, Call of Duty: World at War has sold over 11 million copies.[24] It acts as a prologue for Treyarch's next game, Black Ops, which is in the same universe, sharing characters and story references.[25][26]
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Main article: Call of Duty: Black Ops
Call of Duty: Black Ops is the seventh installment in the series,[27][28][29] the third developed by Treyarch, and was published by Activision for release on November 9, 2010. It is the first game in the series to take place during the Cold War and also takes place partially in the Vietnam War. It was initially available for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 and was later released for the Wii as well as the Nintendo DS.[30]
Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Main article: Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Call of Duty: Black Ops II is the ninth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was revealed on May 1, 2012.[31][32] It was the first game in the series to feature future warfare technology, and the campaign features multiple branching storylines driven by player choice and multiple endings. It was later released on November 12, 2012.
Call of Duty: Black Ops III
Main article: Call of Duty: Black Ops III
Call of Duty: Black Ops III is the twelfth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was released on November 6, 2015.
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4
Main article: Call of Duty: Black Ops 4
Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 is the fifteenth main installment in the series. It is being developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was released on October 12, 2018.[33]
Other story arcs
Call of Duty: Ghosts
Main article: Call of Duty: Ghosts
Call of Duty: Ghosts is the tenth main installment in the series, and was developed by Infinity Ward with Neversoft and Raven Software. The game was released on November 5, 2013.[34][35]
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare
Main article: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare is the eleventh main installment in the series, developed by Sledgehammer Games with assistance from Raven Software and High Moon Studios. It was released in November 2014.[36]
Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare
Main article: Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare
Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare is the thirteenth main installment in the series, developed by Infinity Ward, and was published by Activision. The game was released on November 4, 2016.[37]
Primary developer rotation
In 2006, Treyarch released Call of Duty 3, their first Call of Duty game of the main series. Treyarch and Infinity Ward signed a contract stating that the producer of each upcoming title in the series would alternate between the two companies. In 2010, Sledgehammer Games announced they were working on a main series title for the franchise. This game was postponed in order to help Infinity Ward produce Modern Warfare 3. In 2014, it was confirmed that Sledgehammer Games would produce the 2014 title, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, and the studios would begin a three-year rotation.[38][39] Advanced Warfare was followed by Treyarch's Call of Duty: Black Ops III in 2015, Infinity Ward's Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare in 2016, Sledgehammer Games's Call of Duty: WWII in 2017 and was followed by Treyarch's Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 in 2018.
Other games
Console titles
Call of Duty: Finest Hour
Call of Duty: Finest Hour is the first console installment of Call of Duty, and was released on the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of the game include an online multiplayer mode which supports up to 32 players. It also includes new game modes.
Call of Duty 2: Big Red One
Call of Duty 2: Big Red One is a spin-off of Call of Duty 2 developed by Treyarch, and based on the American 1st Infantry Division's exploits during World War II. The game was released on GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox.
Call of Duty: World at War – Final Fronts
Call of Duty: World at War – Final Fronts is the PlayStation 2 adaptation of Call of Duty: World at War. Developed by Rebellion Developments, Final Fronts features three campaigns involving the U.S. fighting in the Pacific theater, the Battle of the Bulge, and the British advancing on the Rhine River into Germany.
Call of Duty: The War Collection
Call of Duty: The War Collection is a boxed set compilation of Call of Duty 2, Call of Duty 3 and Call of Duty: World at War. It was released for the Xbox 360 on June 1, 2010.[40]
Handheld titles
Call of Duty: Roads to Victory
Call of Duty: Roads to Victory is a PSP game which is a portable spin-off of Call of Duty 3.[41]
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized is the Nintendo DS companion game for Modern Warfare 2. Developed by n-Space, the game takes place in the same setting as the main console game, but follows a different storyline and cast of characters. Playing as the S.A.S. and the Marines in campaign mode, both forces are trying to find a nuclear bomb.
Call of Duty: Black Ops DS
Call of Duty: Black Ops is the Nintendo DS companion game for Black Ops. Developed by n-Space, the game takes place in the same setting as the main console game, but follows a different storyline and cast of characters.[citation needed]
Call of Duty: Zombies and Zombies 2
Call of Duty: Zombies is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ideaworks Game Studio, and published by Activision for iOS. It is a spin-off of the Call of Duty series, and based on the "Nazi Zombies" mode of Call of Duty: World at War. A sequel for the iPhone and iPod Touch includes Shi No Numa that was originally released on the Xbox 360, PS3, and PC.[citation needed]
Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified
Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified is a PlayStation Vita Call of Duty game.[42]
Call of Duty: Strike Team
Main article: Call of Duty: Strike Team
Call of Duty: Strike Team is a first and third-person shooter game developed by The Blast Furnace, and published by Activision for iOS. The game is set in 2020 with players tasked with leading a U.S. Joint Special Operations Team after the country "finds themselves in a war with an unknown enemy". The game was released on September 5, 2013.[citation needed]
Call of Duty: Heroes
Main article: Call of Duty: Heroes
Call of Duty: Heroes is a real-time strategy game developed by Faceroll Games, and published by Activision for Android and iOS. The game takes a resemblance to Clash of Clans and was released on November 26, 2014.[citation needed]
Call of Duty Online
Call of Duty Online was announced by Activision when the company first stated their interest in an Massively multiplayer online game (MMO) in early 2011. By then, it had been in development for two years. Call of Duty Online is free-to-play for mainland China and is hosted by Tencent. Since Activision had lost the publishing rights to Call of Duty and several other franchises in China due to a legal dispute on most of the Western gaming consoles (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii), it had been rumored that it would be Microsoft Windows-exclusive, since PCs hold the dominant share of gamers in mainland China.[citation needed]
Canceled titles
Call of Duty: Combined Forces
Call of Duty: Combined Forces was a proposed concept draft originally intended to be a sequel to Call of Duty: Finest Hour. However, due to multiple legal issues that arose between Spark Unlimited, Electronic Arts, and Activision as well as other production problems, the game's draft and scripts never came to be. The game was projected to cost $10.5 million to produce after Finest Hour was complete. Eventually Activision deemed the pitch as more of an expansion than something entirely new, causing the company to reject the proposal and end their contract with Spark Unlimited shortly after.[43]
Call of Duty: Devil's Brigade
Call of Duty: Devil's Brigade was a canceled first-person shooter for the Xbox 360 developed by Underground Entertainment. The game was set in World War II, mainly focusing on the Italian Campaign.[44]
Call of Duty: Vietnam
Call of Duty: Vietnam was a third-person shooter set during the Vietnam War. It was in development for at least six to eight months at Sledgehammer Games. The development was stopped because Infinity Ward needed help finishing Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 due to the employee firings and departures in 2010.[45][46]
Call of Duty: Roman Wars
Call of Duty: Roman Wars was a canceled third and first-person video game in the Call of Duty franchise. The game was set in ancient Rome, and allowed players to take control of famous historical figure Julius Caesar, along with "low grunts", and officers of the Tenth Legion. It was eventually canceled, as Activision had uncertainties about branding it as a Call of Duty title.[47]
Other media
Comic books
Modern Warfare 2: Ghost is a six-part comic book mini-series based on Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. The storyline focuses on the backstory of the character Simon "Ghost" Riley. The series is published by WildStorm and the first issue was released on November 10, 2009, alongside the game.[48]
Call of Duty: Zombies is a six-part comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics. The series ties in with the Zombies game mode of the Black Ops subseries developed by Treyarch. The series is co-written by Justin Jordan, Treyarch's Jason Blundell and Craig Houston. The series is illustrated by artist Jonathan Wayshak and colorist Dan Jackson. The cover arts are handled by artist Simon Bisley. The series was announced by Treyarch on July 2016, with the first issue slated for release in October. After a slight delay, the first issue was released on October 26, 2016. The five other issues were released in the months of 2017: issue #2 released on January 11, 2017; issue #3 released on March 1, 2017; issue #4 released on April 19, 2017; issue #5 released on June 21, 2017; and issue #6 released on August 23, 2017. A paperback edition containing all six issues was released on November 15, 2017.[49]
Merchandise
The Call of Duty Real-Time Card Game was announced by card manufacturer Upper Deck.[50]
In 2004, Activision, in cooperation with the companies Plan-B Toys and Radioactive Clown, released the "Call of Duty: Series 1" line of action figures, which included three American soldiers and three German soldiers from the World War II era.[51] While the American G.I. action figure was made in 2004,[52] Plan-B Toys later discontinued a controversial Nazi SS Guard action figure based on the Nazi Totenkopf officer seen in Call of Duty.[53]
In 2008, McFarlane Toys announced their partnership with Activision to produce action figures for the Call of Duty series. McFarlane Toys' first series of action figures were released in October 2008 and consists of four different figures: Marine with Flamethrower, Marine Infantry, British Special Ops, and Marine with Machine Gun.[54]
Short films
Find Makarov is a fan-made film that was well received by Call of Duty publishers, Activision, who contacted We Can Pretend and subsequently produced a second short film, Operation Kingfish.[55]
Find Makarov: Operation Kingfish is a fan-made prequel to Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and was first shown at Call of Duty XP. The video was produced by We Can Pretend, with visual effects by The Junction, and was endorsed by Activision. The video tells the story of how Captain Price ended up in a Russian Gulag set before the events of Modern Warfare 2.
Films
On November 6, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Activision Blizzard launched a production studio called Activision Blizzard Studios and are planning a live action Call of Duty cinematic universe in 2019.[56]
eSports
The Call of Duty games were used in eSports, starting in 2006, alongside the game released at the time, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare.[57] Over the years, the series has extended with releases such as Call of Duty: World at War, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Black Ops, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Black Ops II, and Call of Duty: Ghosts. Games are played in leagues like Major League Gaming.
Players can compete in ladders or tournaments. The ladders are divided into several sub ladders such as: the singles ladder, doubles ladder, team ladder (3v3 – 6v6) and hardcore team ladder (3v3 – 6v6). The difference between the regular team ladder and the hardcore team ladder is the in game settings and thus a rule differentiation. Winning ladder matches on a competitive website rewards the user with experience points which add up to give them an overall rank.[58]
The tournaments offered on these websites provide players with the opportunity to win cash prizes and trophies. The trophies are registered and saved on the player's profile if/when they win a tournament and the prize money is deposited into his or her bank account. Call of Duty: Ghosts was the most competitively played game in 2014, with an average of 15,000 teams participating every season.[59]
For the past 6 seasons in competitive Call of Duty, Full Sail University has hosted a prize giveaway, giving $2,500 to the top team each season.[60] The other ladders give out credits and medals registered on players' profiles. Tournaments hosted on the Call of Duty: Ghosts's Arena give cost from 15 to 30 credits, thus averaging at a cost of about $18.75 per tournament. If the player competes with a team, the prize money is divided and an equal cut is given to each player. Other tournaments with substantial prizes are hosted in specific cities and countries for LAN teams.
The biggest Call of Duty tournament hosted was Call of Duty: Experience 2011, a tournament that began when Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 was released.[61]
Playing Call of Duty competitively is most popular in Europe and North America, with users who participate in tournaments and ladder matches daily.[62] Competitive players have an average of 500,000 followers on social media.[63]
Call of Duty Endowment
The Call of Duty Endowment (CODE) is a nonprofit foundation created by Activision Blizzard to help find employment for U.S. military veterans. The first donation, consisting of $125,000, was presented to the Paralyzed Veterans of America.[64]
Co-chairman General James L. Jones is a former U.S. National Security Advisor.[65] Founder Robert Kotick is the CEO of Activision Blizzard. Upon its founding in 2009, the organization announced a commitment to create thousands of career opportunities for veterans, including those returning from the Middle East.[66] Annual awards given by the endowment include the “Seal of Distinction,” a $30,000 initial grant given to selected veteran’s service organizations.[67] In November 2014, the endowment launched the “Race to 1,000 Jobs” campaign to encourage gamers to donate money to and get involved in organizations that provide veterans with services.[68] As of 2015, the Call of Duty Endowment had provided around $12 million in grants to veterans’ organizations in the United States, which has helped find jobs for 14,700 veterans.[69]
On March 30, 2010, CODE presented 3,000 copies of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, approximately $180,000 in value, to the U.S. Navy. The copies were delivered to over 300 ships and submarines as well as Navy Morale, Welfare, and Recreation facilities worldwide.[70]
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interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: Call of Duty (computerspelserie) – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: コール オブ デューティシリーズ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Call of Duty (datorspelsserie) – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: கால் ஆஃப் டியூட்டி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: คอลล์ออฟดิวตี (เกมชุด) – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
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values: 決勝時刻系列 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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