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Hippocratic Oath
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For other uses, see Hippocratic Oath (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hypocrisy.
The Greek physician Hippocrates (460–370 BC), the author of the oath.
The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing Gods, to uphold specific ethical standards. The Oath is the earliest expression of medical ethics in the Western world, establishing several principles of medical ethics which remain of paramount significance today. These include the principles of medical confidentiality and non-maleficence. Although the ancient text is only of historic and symbolic value, swearing a modified form of the Oath remains a rite of passage for medical graduates in many countries.
Hippocrates is often called the father of medicine in Western culture.[1] The original oath was written in Ionic Greek, between the fifth and third centuries BC.[2] It is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus.
Contents
1 Text of the oath
1.1 Earliest surviving copy
1.2 "First do no harm"
2 Context and interpretation
3 Modern versions and relevance
4 Breaking the Hippocratic Oath
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Text of the oath[edit]
Earliest surviving copy[edit]
A fragment of the Oath on the 3rd-century Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2547.
This is perhaps the earliest surviving version, (c. 275 AD),[3] of the Hippocratic Oath, in Greek and then followed by the English translation:
ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν καὶ Ὑγείαν καὶ Πανάκειαν καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ συγγραφὴν τήνδε:
ἡγήσεσθαι μὲν τὸν διδάξαντά με τὴν τέχνην ταύτην ἴσα γενέτῃσιν ἐμοῖς, καὶ βίου κοινώσεσθαι, καὶ χρεῶν χρηΐζοντι μετάδοσιν ποιήσεσθαι, καὶ γένος τὸ ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἀδελφοῖς ἴσον ἐπικρινεῖν ἄρρεσι, καὶ διδάξειν τὴν τέχνην ταύτην, ἢν χρηΐζωσι μανθάνειν, ἄνευ μισθοῦ καὶ συγγραφῆς, παραγγελίης τε καὶ ἀκροήσιος καὶ τῆς λοίπης ἁπάσης μαθήσιος μετάδοσιν ποιήσεσθαι υἱοῖς τε ἐμοῖς καὶ τοῖς τοῦ ἐμὲ διδάξαντος, καὶ μαθητῇσι συγγεγραμμένοις τε καὶ ὡρκισμένοις νόμῳ ἰητρικῷ, ἄλλῳ δὲ οὐδενί.
διαιτήμασί τε χρήσομαι ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμήν, ἐπὶ δηλήσει δὲ καὶ ἀδικίῃ εἴρξειν.
οὐ δώσω δὲ οὐδὲ φάρμακον οὐδενὶ αἰτηθεὶς θανάσιμον, οὐδὲ ὑφηγήσομαι συμβουλίην τοιήνδε: ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ γυναικὶ πεσσὸν φθόριον δώσω.
ἁγνῶς δὲ καὶ ὁσίως διατηρήσω βίον τὸν ἐμὸν καὶ τέχνην τὴν ἐμήν.
οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, ἐκχωρήσω δὲ ἐργάτῃσιν ἀνδράσι πρήξιος τῆσδε.
ἐς οἰκίας δὲ ὁκόσας ἂν ἐσίω, ἐσελεύσομαι ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων, ἐκτὸς ἐὼν πάσης ἀδικίης ἑκουσίης καὶ φθορίης, τῆς τε ἄλλης καὶ ἀφροδισίων ἔργων ἐπί τε γυναικείων σωμάτων καὶ ἀνδρῴων, ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων.
ἃ δ᾽ ἂν ἐνθεραπείῃ ἴδω ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπείης κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, ἃ μὴ χρή ποτε ἐκλαλεῖσθαι ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄρρητα ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα.
ὅρκον μὲν οὖν μοι τόνδε ἐπιτελέα ποιέοντι, καὶ μὴ συγχέοντι, εἴη ἐπαύρασθαι καὶ βίου καὶ τέχνης δοξαζομένῳ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐς τὸν αἰεὶ χρόνον: παραβαίνοντι δὲ καὶ ἐπιορκέοντι, τἀναντία τούτων.[4]
I swear by Apollo the Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygieia, by Panacea, and by all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will carry out, according to my ability and judgment, this oath and this indenture.
To hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider his family as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they want to learn it, without fee or indenture; to impart precept, oral instruction, and all other instruction to my own sons, the sons of my teacher, and to indentured pupils who have taken the physician’s oath, but to nobody else.
I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with a view to injury and wrong-doing. Neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion. But I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein.
Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free. And whatsoever I shall see or hear in the course of my profession, as well as outside my profession in my intercourse with men, if it be what should not be published abroad, I will never divulge, holding such things to be holy secrets.
Now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain for ever reputation among all men for my life and for my art; but if I break it and forswear myself, may the opposite befall me.[4] - Translation by James Loeb.
"First do no harm"[edit]
Main article: Primum non nocere
It is often said that the phrase "First do no harm" (Latin: Primum non nocere) is a part of the Hippocratic oath. The phrase does not appear in the oath. The phrase "primum non nocere" is believed to date from the 17th century (see detailed discussion in the article on the phrase).
Another equivalent phrase is found in Epidemics, Book I, of the Hippocratic school: "Practice two things in your dealings with disease: either help or do not harm the patient".[5] The exact phrase is believed to have originated with the 19th-century surgeon Thomas Inman.[6]
Context and interpretation[edit]
A 12th-century Greek manuscript of the Oath.
The Oath is arguably the best known text of the Hippocratic Corpus, although most modern scholars do not attribute it to Hippocrates himself, estimating it to have been written in the fourth or fifth century BC.[7] Alternatively, classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by the Pythagoreans, an idea that others questioned for lack of evidence for a school of Pythagorean medicine.[8]
Its general ethical principles are also found in other works of the Corpus: the Physician mentions the obligation to keep the 'holy things' of medicine within the medical community (i.e. not to divulge secrets); it also mentions the special position of the doctor with regard to his patients, especially women and girls.[9] However, several aspects of the Oath contradict patterns of practice established elsewhere in the Corpus. Most notable is its ban on the use of the knife, even for small procedures such as lithotomy, even though other works in the Corpus provide guidance on performing surgical procedures.[10]
Providing poisonous drugs would certainly have been viewed as immoral by contemporary physicians if it resulted in murder. However, the absolute ban described in the Oath also forbids euthanasia. Several accounts of ancient physicians willingly assisting suicides have survived.[11] Multiple explanations for the prohibition of euthanasia in the Oath have been proposed: it is possible that not all physicians swore the Oath, or that the Oath was seeking to prevent widely held concerns that physicians could be employed as political assassins.[12]
The Oath's prohibition of abortion is also not found in contemporary medical texts. The Hippocratic text On the Nature of the Child contains a description of an abortion, without any implication that it was morally wrong,[13] and descriptions of abortifacient medications are numerous in the ancient medical literature.[14] While many Christian versions of the Hippocratic Oath, particularly from the middle-ages, explicitly prohibited abortion, the prohibition is often omitted from many oaths taken in US medical schools today, though it remains controversial.[15] Scribonius Largus was adamant in 43 AD (the earliest surviving reference to the oath) that it preclude abortion.[16]
As with Scribonius Largus, there seemed to be no question to Soranus that the Hippocratic Oath prohibits abortion, although apparently not all doctors adhered to it strictly in his time. According to Soranus' 1st or 2nd century AD work Gynaecology, one party of medical practitioners banished all abortives as required by the Hippocratic Oath; the other party—to which he belonged—was willing to prescribe abortions, but only for the sake of the mother's health.[16][17]
The Oath stands out among comparable ancient texts on medical ethics and professionalism through its heavily religious tone, a factor which makes attributing its authorship to Hippocrates particularly difficult. Phrases such as 'but I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art' suggest a deep, almost monastic devotion to the art of medicine. He who keeps to the Oath is promised 'reputation among all men for my life and for my art'. This contrasts heavily with Galenic writings on professional ethics, which employ a far more pragmatic approach, where good practice is defined as effective practice, without reference to deities.[18]
The Oath's importance among the medical community is nonetheless attested by its appearance on the tombstones of physicians, and by the fourth century AD it had come to stand for the medical profession.[19]
The Oath continued to be in use in the Byzantine Christian world with its references to pagan deities replaced by a Christian preamble, as in the 12th century manuscript pictured in the shape of a cross.[20]
Modern versions and relevance[edit]
An engraving of Hippocrates by Peter Paul Rubens, 1638.[21]
The Hippocratic Oath has been a document of professional ethics by more extensive, regularly updated ethical codes issued by national medical associations, such as the AMA Code of Medical Ethics (first adopted in 1847), and the British General Medical Council's Good Medical Practice. These documents provide a comprehensive overview of the obligations and professional behaviour of a doctor to their patients and wider society. Doctors who violate these codes may be subjected to disciplinary proceedings, including the loss of their license to practice medicine. Nonetheless, the length of these documents has made their distillations into shorter oaths an attractive proposition. In light of this fact, several updates to the oath have been offered in modern times,[22][23] some facetious.[24]
The oath has been modified numerous times.
In the United States, the majority of osteopathic medical schools use the Osteopathic Oath in place of or in addition to the Hippocratic Oath. The Osteopathic Oath was first used in 1938, and the current version has been in use since 1954.[25]
One of the most significant revisions was first drafted in 1948 by the World Medical Association (WMA), called the Declaration of Geneva. "During the post World War II and immediately after its foundation, the WMA showed concern over the state of medical ethics in general and over the world. The WMA took up the responsibility for setting ethical guidelines for the world's physicians. It noted that in those years the custom of medical schools to administer an oath to its doctors upon graduation or receiving a license to practice medicine had fallen into disuse or become a mere formality".[26] In Germany during the Third Reich, medical students did not take the Hippocratic Oath, although they knew the ethic of "nil nocere" — do no harm.[27]
In the 1960s, the Hippocratic Oath was changed to require "utmost respect for human life from its beginning", making it a more secular obligation, not to be taken in the presence of God or any gods, but before only other people. When the Oath was rewritten in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, the prayer was omitted, and that version has been widely accepted and is still in use today by many US medical schools:[28]
I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.
I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.
In a 1989 survey of 126 US medical schools, only three reported use of the original oath, while thirty-three used the Declaration of Geneva, sixty-seven used a modified Hippocratic Oath, four used the Oath of Maimonides, one used a covenant, eight used another oath, one used an unknown oath, and two did not use any kind of oath. Seven medical schools did not reply to the survey.[29]
As of 1993, only 14 percent of medical oaths prohibited euthanasia, and only 8 percent prohibited abortion.[30]
In a 2000 survey of US medical schools, all of the then extant medical schools administered some type of profession oath. Among schools of modern medicine, sixty-two of 122 used the Hippocratic Oath, or a modified version of it. The other sixty schools used the original or modified Declaration of Geneva, Oath of Maimonides, or an oath authored by students and or faculty. All nineteen osteopathic schools used the Osteopathic Oath.[31]
In France, it is common for new medical graduates to sign a written oath.[32][33]
In 1995, Sir Joseph Rotblat, in his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize, suggested a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists.[34]
Breaking the Hippocratic Oath[edit]
There is no direct punishment for breaking the Hippocratic Oath, although an arguable equivalent in modern times is medical malpractice which carries a wide range of punishments, from legal action to civil penalties.[35] In the United States, several major judicial decisions have made reference to the classical Hippocratic Oath, either upholding or dismissing its bounds for medical ethics: Roe v. Wade, Washington v. Harper, Compassion in Dying v. State of Washington (1996), and Thorburn v. Department of Corrections (1998).[36] In antiquity, the punishment for breaking the Hippocratic oath could range from a penalty to losing the right to practice medicine.[37]
See also[edit]
Hippocrates
Hospital Corpsman Pledge
Medical ethics
Patient safety
Peelian principles
Primum non nocere
Sun Simiao
White Coat Ceremony
Ethical codes of conduct for physicians
Declaration of Geneva
Nightingale Pledge
Oath of Asaph
Seventeen Rules of Enjuin
Ethical principles for human experimentation
Declaration of Helsinki
Human experimentation in the United States
Nuremberg code
Ethical practices for engineers
Archimedean Oath
Order of the Engineer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kantarjian, Hagop (15 October 2014). "Relevant of the Hippocratic Oath in the 21st Century".
Jump up ^ Edelstein, Ludwig (1943). The Hippocratic Oath: Text, Translation and Interpretation. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8018-0184-6.
Jump up ^ Norman, Jeremy. "Perhaps the Earliest Surviving Text of the Hippocratic Oath". HistoryofInformation.com. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hippocrates of Cos (1923). "The Oath". Loeb Classical Library. 147: 298–299. doi:10.4159/DLCL.hippocrates_cos-oath.1923. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Lloyd, Geoffrey, ed. (1983). Hippocratic Writings (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 94. ISBN 0140444513.
Jump up ^ Sokol, Daniel K. (2013). "'First do no harm' revisited". BMJ. 347 (f6426). doi:10.1136/bmj.f6426. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Jouanna, Jacques (2001). Hippocrates. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801868184.
Jump up ^ Temkin, Owsei (2002). "On second thought" and other essays in the history of medicine and science. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6774-3.
Jump up ^ Potter, ed. and. transl. by Paul (1995). Hippocrates ([Reprint] ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Univ. Press u.a. pp. 295–315. ISBN 9780674995314. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Nutton, Vivian (2012). Ancient medicine (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-0415520959.
Jump up ^ Edelstein, Ludwig (1967). Ancient Medicine: Selected Papers of Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 9–15. ISBN 9780801801839.
Jump up ^ Markel, Howard. ""I Swear by Apollo" — On Taking the Hippocratic Oath" (PDF). www.nejm.org. Massachusetts Medical Society. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Lonie, Iain M. (1981). The Hippocratic treatises, "On generation," "On the nature of the child," "Diseases IV" a commentary. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 7. ISBN 9783110863963.
Jump up ^ King, Helen (1998). Hippocrates' woman : reading the female body in ancient Greece. London: Routledge. pp. 132–156. ISBN 978-0415138956.
Jump up ^ Markel, Howard (13 May 2004). ""I Swear by Apollo" — On Taking the Hippocratic Oath". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (20): 2026–2029. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048092. PMID 15141039.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scribonius Largus"
Jump up ^ Soranus, Owsei Temkin (1956). Soranus' Gynecology. I.19.60: JHU Press. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Wear, Geyer-Kordesch, French (eds) (1993). Doctors and Ethics: The Earlier Historical Setting of Professional Ethics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 10–37. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ von Staden, H (1996). "In a pure and holy way. Personal and professional conduct in the Hippocratic Oath". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (51): 404–437. doi:10.1093/jhmas/51.4.404.
Jump up ^ Nutton, Vivian (2012). Ancient medicine (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 415, note 87. ISBN 978-0415520959.
Jump up ^ National Library of Medicine 2006
Jump up ^ Buchholz B, et al. Prohibición de la litotomía y derivación a expertos en los juramentos médicos de la genealogía hipocrática. Actas Urologicas Espanolas. Volume 40, Issue 10, December 2016, Pages 640–645.
Jump up ^ Robin ED. The Hippocratic Oath updated. BMJ. 1994 Jul 9; 309(6947): 95–96. PMC 2540578
Jump up ^ The Hippocratic Oath -- Corporate Version N Engl J Med 1986; 314:62. January 2, 1986. doi:10.1056/NEJM198601023140122
Jump up ^ "Osteopathic Oath". osteopathic.org. American Osteopathic Association. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Jump up ^ World Medical Association, Inc. "WMA History". www.wma.net. World Medical Association, Inc. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Baumslag, Naomi (2005). Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus. Praeger Publishers. pp. xxv. ISBN 9780275983123.
Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.html
Jump up ^ Crawshaw, R (8 October 1994). "The Hippocratic oath. Is alive and well in North America". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 309 (6959): 952–953. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.952. PMC 2541124. PMID 7950672.
Jump up ^ Markel, Howard. ""I Swear by Apollo" — On Taking the Hippocratic Oath" (PDF). www.nejm.org. Massachusetts Medical Society. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Kao, AC; Parsi, KP (September 2004). "Content analyses of oaths administered at U.S. medical schools in 2000". Academic Medicine. 79 (9): 882–7. doi:10.1097/00001888-200409000-00015. PMID 15326016.
Jump up ^ Sritharan, Kaji; Georgina Russell; Zoe Fritz; Davina Wong; Matthew Rollin; Jake Dunning; Bruce Wayne; Philip Morgan; Catherine Sheehan (December 2000). "Medical oaths and declarations". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1440–1. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1440. PMC 1121898. PMID 11751345.
Jump up ^ Crawshaw, R; Pennington, T H; Pennington, C I; Reiss, H; Loudon, I (October 1994). "Letters". BMJ. 309 (6959): 952–953. doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.952. PMC 2541124. PMID 7950672.
Jump up ^ "Nobel Prize winner calls for ethics oath". Physics World. 19 December 1997. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
Jump up ^ Groner M.D., Johnathan. "The Hippocratic Paradox: The Role of The Medical Profession In Capital Punishment In The United States". Fordham Urban Law =2008.
Jump up ^ Hasday, Lisa (23 February 2013). "The Hippocratic Oath as Literary Text: A Dialogue". Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics. 2 (2): Article 4. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Nutton, Vivian (2004). Ancient Medicine. New York, NY: Routledge.
Further reading[edit]
Hulkower, Raphael (2010). "The History of the Hippocratic Oath: Outdated, Inauthentic, and Yet Still Relevant". The Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine. 25/26: 41–44.
The Hippocratic Oath Today: Meaningless Relic or Invaluable Moral Guide? – a PBS NOVA online discussion with responses from doctors as well as 2 versions of the oath. pbs.org
Kass, Leon (2008). Toward a More Natural Science. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0029170710.
Lewis Richard Farnell, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921.
"Codes of Ethics: Some History" by Robert Baker, Union College in Perspectives on the Professions, Vol. 19, No. 1, Fall 1999, ethics.iit.edu
External links[edit]
Hippocratic Oath, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (h2g2).
Hippocratic Oath – Classical version, pbs.org
Hippocratic Oath – Modern version, pbs.org
Hippocratis jusiurandum – Image of a 1595 copy of the Hippocratic oath with side-by-side original Greek and Latin translation, bium.univ-paris5.fr
Hippocrates | The Oath – National Institutes of Health page about the Hippocratic oath, nlm.nih.gov
Tishchenko P. D. Resurrection of the Hippocratic Oath in Russia, zpu-journal.ru
Medicine portal
Ethics portal
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Billy Gibbons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the guitarist. For the commissioner, see Bill Gibbons. For other uses, see William Gibbons.
Billy Gibbons
Gibbons in 2015
Background information
Birth name
William Frederick Gibbons
Born
(1949-12-16) December 16, 1949 (age 68)
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Genres
Hard rock, boogie rock, blues rock, blues
Occupation(s)
Musician, songwriter, actor
Instruments
Guitar
vocals
Years active
1967–present
Associated acts
ZZ Top, Moving Sidewalks, Jimi Hendrix, Brooks & Dunn, Roky Erickson, Nickelback, Queens of the Stone Age, DJ Screw, Screwed-up Click, Buddy Guy, Slash, Supersonic Blues Machine, Lance Lopez
Website
The Official Website of Billy F Gibbons
William Frederick Gibbons (born December 16, 1949)[1] is an American musician, singer, songwriter, producer, and actor, best known as the guitarist and lead vocalist of the American rock band ZZ Top. He began his career in the Moving Sidewalks, who recorded Flash (1968) and opened four dates for the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Gibbons formed ZZ Top in late 1969 and released ZZ Top's First Album in 1971.
Gibbons has made appearances with other artists and acted on television shows, most notably Bones. He was ranked at number 32 on the 2011 Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.[2]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Musical career
2.1 Moving Sidewalks
2.2 ZZ Top
2.3 Other music-related appearances
3 Other projects
3.1 Television
3.2 BFG Brand sauces
4 Personal life
5 Discography
5.1 The Moving Sidewalks
5.2 Solo
5.3 Guest singles
5.4 Music videos
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Gibbons was born to Frederick Royal ("Freddie") and Lorraine (née Duffy) Gibbons in the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston, Texas. His father was an entertainer, orchestra conductor, and concert pianist who worked alongside his second cousin, art director Cedric Gibbons, for Samuel Goldwyn at MGM Studios. A percussionist as a youth, Gibbons was sent by his father to New York City to study with Tito Puente[3] In 1963, Gibbons received his first electric guitar following his 13th birthday, a sunburst Gibson Melody Maker, accompanied by a Fender Champ amplifier, and was influenced by guitarists such as Jimmy Reed.
While attending Warner Brothers' art school in Hollywood, California, Gibbons engaged with his first bands including The Saints, Billy G & the Blueflames, and The Coachmen. By 18, Gibbons went forward forming an artfully designed band, conceptually inspired by friend and fellow musician, Roky Erickson and The 13th Floor Elevators, naming the group the Moving Sidewalks, penning the hit single "99th Floor", and engaging in a friendship with Jimi Hendrix.[4][5]
Musical career[edit]
Moving Sidewalks[edit]
Main article: Moving Sidewalks
Gibbons founded the Texas psychedelic group The Moving Sidewalks,[6] which recorded several singles and one full-length album, Flash. Gibbons and The Moving Sidewalks came to prominence opening for The Jimi Hendrix Experience during Hendrix's first American tour as a headliner. Also notable was the Gibbons-penned song, "99th Floor," its title a nod to the influence on Gibbons of fellow Texans and pioneering psychedelic band The 13th Floor Elevators. He has also commented during live performances while playing the string-bending intro to "Foxy Lady" that Hendrix taught him how to play the song when Gibbons was "about 17" in Dallas.[7]
ZZ Top[edit]
Main article: ZZ Top
Gibbons formed ZZ Top in late 1969, and quickly settled on bassist/vocalist Dusty Hill and drummer Frank "Rube" Beard, both being members of the band American Blues. After honing their trademark blues-rock style, they released the aptly titled ZZ Top's First Album on London Records in 1971.
Billy Gibbons at The Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas 12/7/13, private function
Other music-related appearances[edit]
Gibbons played the first slide guitar lead on the song "Dead End Streets" on Al Jourgensen of Ministry's side project Revolting Cocks album Cocked and Loaded.
He wrote, played guitar on and sang "Willin' For Satisfaction" from Def Leppard guitarist Vivian Campbell's 2005 solo album Two Sides Of If.
Gibbons collaborated with the Queens of the Stone Age on the song "Burn the Witch" from the album Lullabies to Paralyze. ZZ Top's "Precious and Grace" was recorded with lead vocals provided by Mark Lanegan as a bonus track for the album. Gibbons has claimed this was one of his favorite collaborations and "Precious and Grace" was later added back into ZZ Top's set lists. Gibbons was selected to guest the follow-up album Era Vulgaris but was unable due to scheduling conflicts.[8]
Together with The Raconteurs Gibbons performed at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. Gibbons was part of an ensemble chosen to play with the band, which included Lou Reed and Jim Jarmusch. The performance was heavily edited and cut short by MTV for broadcast.
Gibbons was one of several artists to join B.B. King on the song "Tired Of Your Jive," from the B.B. King & Friends album.
Gibbons appeared on Nickelback's album All the Right Reasons on the songs "Follow You Home," "Fight for All the Wrong Reasons" and "Rockstar."
Gibbons performed with Hank Williams III on the song "Trashville," from his album Lovesick, Broke and Driftin'.
Gibbons collaborated with Les Paul with his Les Paul & Friends American Made, World Played track "Bad Case of Loving You." Gibbons also performed guitar with John Mayall & Friends' track "Put It Right Back" from the album Along for the Ride. He was the first artist to appear on stage at Cleveland's State theater in November 2008 at the American Music Master Tribute to Les Paul, honoring the guitar and recording innovator, who died a few months later.
Gibbons was a guest vocalist on Kid Rock's "Hillbilly Stomp" from the album Kid Rock.
He was the guitarist during singer Luis Fonsi's presentation at the 7th Latin Grammy awards held in Madison Square Garden, New York, on November 2, 2006.
Lately[when?] Gibbons sang background vocals on Sammy Hagar's 2008 CD Cosmic Universal Fashion during the song "Switch on the Light."
Gibbons collaborated with Ronnie Dunn, of Brooks & Dunn fame, for Dunn's first solo work, playing guitar and singing along on the song, "Honky Tonk Stomp".
Gibbons played guitar on "Broke Down On the Brazos", the opening track of Gov't Mule's 2009 album By a Thread.
Gibbons played guitar on "Run Rudolph Run", the third track of We Wish you a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year compilation.
Gibbons joined Jeff Beck onstage at the 2009 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concert with a version of Jimi Hendrix's "Foxy Lady".
Gibbons made a special guest appearance behind Roky Erickson on Austin City Limits taped on November 12, 2007 and originally aired January 12, 2008. (ACL Season 33, Episode 12).
Gibbons plays lead guitar on two songs from the 2008 Everlast album Love, War and the Ghost of Whitey Ford: "Stone in My Hand" and "Anyone".
On January 22, 2010, Gibbons joined Ben Harper, Beck, Conan O'Brien, and others on the final episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien playing a Will Ferrell-led rendition of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird".[9]
On February 19, 2011, Gibbons appeared as a guest judge at the 5th Annual Misprint Beard and Moustache Contest at the Mohawk club in Austin, Texas.[10]
On December 15, 2012, Gibbons made a guest appearance at Social Distortion's concert at the House of Blues on the Sunset Strip. Frontman Mike Ness brought him out for two songs, "Drug Train" and "Black Magic". On November 19, 2014, Gibbons performed "Baby Please Don't Go" at the Vaclav Havel Bust Dedication Ceremony in the US Capitol.
On July 31, 2015 it was announced that Gibbons solo project will be named Billy Gibbons and the BFG's featuring musicians Mike Flanigin, GG Maartine (née Martine GuiGui), Joe Hardy and Greg Morrow. Their debut album, Perfectamundo, was released on November 6, 2015.[11][12]
Gibbons second solo album, The Big Bad Blues releases on September 21, 2018 via Concord Records [13]
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday, Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top!". MTV. December 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Guitarists". Retrieved January 3, 2005.
Jump up ^ Russel, K.F. (1997). "ZZ Top". Rhythm Music Magazine. 6. ...got into Afro-Caribbean rhythms as a youth when his father sent him to New York to study percussion with Tito Puente.
Jump up ^ "Texas Monthly Talks". KLRU. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jasinski, Laurie E. "ROCK-AND-ROLL". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
Jump up ^ Chest, Lance (June 9, 2005). "ZZ Top Is Zee Tops! (Why ZZ Top is the World's Greatest Band!)". Portland Mercury. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
Jump up ^ "ZZ TOP - Foxy Lady". YouTube. 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jonathan (April 13, 2007). "Reznor Guest Spot Adds Mystery To QOTSA Album". News > Articles. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (January 23, 2010). "Conan O'Brien Recruits Will Ferrell, Beck for Final Episode "Free Bird"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "5th Annual Beard and Moustache Contest Results and Wrap-up". Misprint Magazine. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Perfectomundo' - Billy Gibbons and the BFG's". iTunes. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Billy Gibbons: Pursuit of 'Perfectamundo'". Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "NEW SOLO ALBUM, "THE BIG BAD BLUES", SOON FROM ZZ TOP GUITARIST/VOCALIST AND ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME INDUCTEE BILLY F GIBBONS - Music News Net". www.musicnewsnet.com. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
[1]
Other projects[edit]
Television[edit]
Gibbons had a recurring role on the Fox network TV series Bones. He plays a fictionalized version of himself, as the father of Michaela Conlin's character, Angela Pearly Gates Montenegro.[2] He is never referred to by name on the show, though; every mention is limited to "Angela's father". Conlin's character's middle name is the same as Gibbons' Les Paul guitar. Gibbons's character is extremely protective of his daughter, and he often "threatens" or "haunts" Angela's husband and colleague Dr. Jack Hodgins, telling him that if he hurts Angela, he will pay. When Angela and Hodgins first broke up, he drugged and kidnapped Hodgins, during which time he also gave him a tattoo of Angela's face on his left deltoid area. After Angela discovers the tattoo, she informs Hodgins she wants it removed (he never removed it) and angrily exclaimed when she discovered it was her dad's doing, "I am so going to kick his Texan bad ass".
He has appeared in several other episodes of Bones, including one where he asks Hodgins to help him recover his car from some "biker hoods". In his next appearance, he argued with Hodgins over baby names. He wanted the child to be named "Staccato Mamba", which came to him in a song, while Angela and Hodgins wanted to name him "Michael Joseph". (Parents and grandfather compromised on "Michael Staccato".)[3] At the end of the episode, Hodgins discovers he has yet another tattoo on his right biceps, this time of his father-in-law with the word "Daddy" across Gibbons' beard (at which point Gibbons told Hodgins that celebratory tequila and he do not seem to mix). In a more recent episode, he asks to babysit his grandson Michael, pointing out that Angela had spent many nights when she was a baby sleeping soundly backstage while he played to sold-out stadiums. After initial reluctance of Angela and Hodgins, they agree due to the need to get some sleep, as Michael will not stop crying and go to sleep. Gibbons solves the problem by discovering the music Michael likes, including blues and boogie rock, such as ZZ Top's "Hi Fi Mama".
Gibbons voiced a character in episode 60 of Metalocalypse.
Gibbons also voiced a fictionalised version of himself in Fox's animated show King of the Hill which is set in the fictional town of Arlen, Texas. ZZ Top's appearance on the show was due to Dusty Hill being given the role as the cousin of the show's main character Hank Hill. Frank Beard also voiced himself for the band's appearances on the show.
Gibbons appeared as a dining room guest in the season-13 episode of Hell's Kitchen.
BFG Brand sauces[edit]
In 2011, Gibbons joined with Texas-based Mojo Products, LLC, to launch a line of hot sauces, barbecue sauces, and other products with his own personal branding, "BFG Brand". The sauces were sold as BFG No. 44 via his personal website.
In late 2012, Gibbons was featured in a series of television commercials for Fiesta Mart, a Texas supermarket chain. Some of the BFG Brand sauces were seen in these commercials.
In 2018 Billy Gibbons has teamed up with John Fogerty, the two guitar players are planning a summer tour under the "Holy Grail" title. John Fogerty wrote a song with the title "Holy Grail" which Gibbons has appeared on, adding his vocals and some guitar, Billy had this to say to 'Billboard Magazine': " "It's not an overstatement to say that writing a song with John Fogerty is a genuine bonus. It's fair to say that John and I are both pumped about our collaboration and we think this new one called 'Holy Grail' holds true with some great storytelling and some solid guitarist movin' the number right along. It begs a shout of, 'Turn it up!'" Fogerty is releasing a new album, and the collaboration is attracting some attention from the classic rock community. The new single "Holy Grail" is due for worldwide release on June 8th 2018.
Personal life[edit]
On December 14, 2005, Gibbons married long-time girlfriend Gilligan Stillwater (born Ellen J. Oetjen).[4]
Gibbons is an avid car collector and custom car enthusiast with an extensive collection that includes a 1948 Cadillac Series 62 (known as CadZZilla), a 1962 Chevrolet Impala (known as "Slampala"), a 1950 Ford Business Coupe, and a 1958 Ford Thunderbird.[5] One of his earliest custom cars, a 1933 Ford Coupe (known as "Eliminator"), was featured in three of ZZ Top's music videos and is also on the cover of their 1983 album, also titled Eliminator. Gibbons also published a book in 2011 about his love of cars and guitars titled Billy F Gibbons: Rock + Roll Gearhead.[6] The November 2014 issue of Guitar World magazine featured an interview with Gibbons and fellow guitarist Jeff Beck about their mutual appreciation of "cars, guitars, and everything in between".[7]
Discography[edit]
Further information: ZZ Top discography
The Moving Sidewalks[edit]
Main article: Moving Sidewalks
Flash (1968)
Solo[edit]
Perfectamundo (2015)
The Big Bad Blues (2018)
Guest singles[edit]
Year
Single
Artist
Peak chart
positions
Album
US Country
US
2009
"Honky Tonk Stomp"
Brooks & Dunn 16 96 #1s… and Then Some
Music videos[edit]
Year
Video
Director
2009 "Honky Tonk Stomp" (with Brooks & Dunn) Thein Phan
2015 "Treat Her Right"[8] Adam Rothlein
See also[edit]
ZZ Top equipment
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (April 4, 2014). "TV Q&A: 'Bones,' 'GMA' and various local news anchors who dared to take vacation time". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Michael. Bones, "The Killer in the Crosshairs," first aired March 10, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Texas Marriage Index, 1966-2011.
Jump up ^ Staff. "The 20 Biggest Celebrity Car Collectors". www.complex.com. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Billy F.; Vickers, Tom; Photography: Perry, David (2011). Billy F. Gibbons : rock + roll gearhead (Softcover ed.). Minneapolis, MN: MBI Pub. ISBN 978-0760340301. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Tolinski, Brad (2014-09-15). "Jeff Beck and ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons Discuss the Rocking Relationship Between Guitars, Cars and Everything in Between". Guitar World (November). Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "CMT : Videos : Billy Gibbons : Treat Her Right". Country Music Television. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official Billy Gibbons website
Official Billy Gibbons Facebook page
ZZ Top official website
Official Moving Sidewalks website
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Sharp Dressed Men: A Tribute to ZZ Top
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BNF: cb155893905 (data)
GND: 132960699
ISNI: 0000 0000 7849 7118
LCCN: no2004081929
MusicBrainz: f2c2f494-c2c3-42f9-85a8-576da85f9b90
SUDOC: 157648036
VIAF: 55322652
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Gibbons&oldid=851176982"
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Blind (poker)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A standard Texas hold 'em game with the blinds
The blinds are forced bets posted by players to the left of the dealer button in flop-style poker games. The number of blinds is usually two, but it can range from none to three.
The small blind is placed by the player to the left of the dealer button and the big blind is then posted by the next player to the left. The one exception is when there are only two players (a "heads-up" game), when the player on the button is the small blind, and the other player is the big blind. (Both the player and the bet may be referred to as big or small blind.)
After the cards are dealt, the player to the left of the big blind is the first to act during the first betting round. If any players call the big blind, the big blind is then given an extra opportunity to raise. This is known as a live blind. If the live blind checks, the betting round then ends.
Generally, the "big blind" is equal to the minimum bet. The "small blind" is normally half the big blind. In cases where posting exactly half the big blind is impractical due to the big blind being some odd-valued denomination, the small blind is rounded (usually down) to the nearest practical value. For example, if the big blind in a live table game is $3, then the small blind will usually be $1 or $2 since most casinos do not distribute large quantities of $0.50 poker chips.
The blinds exist because Omaha and Texas hold 'em are frequently played without antes, allowing a player to fold his hand without placing a bet. The blind bets introduce a regular cost to take part in the game, thus inducing a player to enter pots in an attempt to compensate for that expense.
It is possible to play without blinds. The minimum bet is then the lowest denomination chip in play, and tossing only one chip is considered as a call. Anything higher than that is considered a raise. Poker without blinds is usually played with everyone posting an ante to receive cards.
Contents
1 Blinds in cash games
1.1 Missed blinds
2 Blinds in tournament play
2.1 Goals
2.2 Example
3 See also
Blinds in cash games[edit]
In cash games, otherwise known as ring games, blinds primarily serve to ensure all players are subject to some minimum, ongoing cost for participating in the game. This encourages players to play hands they otherwise might not, thereby increasing the average size of the pots and, by extension, increasing the amount of rake earned by the cardroom hosting the game.
In cash games, the amount of the blinds are normally fixed for each particular table and will not change for the duration of the game. However, many cardrooms will allow blind levels to change in cases where all players unanimously agree to a change. Larger cardrooms will often include tables with different blind levels to give players the option of playing at whatever stakes they are most comfortable with. In online poker, blinds range from as little as one U.S. cent to USD1,000 or more.
The minimum and maximum buy-in at a table is usually set in relation to the big blind. At live games, the minimum buy-in is usually between 20 and 50 big blinds, while the maximum buy-in is usually between 100 and 250 big blinds. Some online cardrooms offer "short stack" tables where the maximum buy-in is 50 big blinds or less and/or "deep stack" tables where the minimum buy-in is 100 big blinds or more.
Missed blinds[edit]
In cash games that do not deal cards to players who are absent from the table at the start of the hand (or, in online games, are designated as "sitting out"), special rules are necessary to deal with players who miss their blinds.
In such a situation, if a player misses his or her big blind, he or she will not be dealt in again until the button has passed. At that point, if the player wishes to rejoin the game, he or she must "super-post" - he or she must post both the big and small blinds in order to be dealt cards. Of these, only the big blind is considered "live" while the small blind is "dead" - it is placed in the center of the pot apart from the big blind and will not count towards calling any additional bets or raises by other players. If the player has only missed the small blind, then the same procedure applies except that the player only has to post the "dead" small blind to rejoin the game. Most cardrooms allow players to relieve themselves of these obligations if they wait until they are again due to post the big blind before rejoining the game.
Some cardrooms hosting live cash games do not allow players to miss and/or avoid paying blinds in this manner. In these games, all players with chips on the table are dealt in whether or not they are present at the table. Any blinds due will be posted from the player's stack - depending on the cardroom's rules this will be done either by the dealer, another cardroom employee or a nearby player under staff supervision. Whenever a player has not returned to the table by the time it is his turn to act, his or her hand is automatically folded. Under such rules, if a player wishes to be absent from the table then the only way he or she can avoid paying blinds is to cash out and leave the game altogether.
Blinds in tournament play[edit]
In poker tournament play, blinds serve a dual purpose. In addition to the purpose explained above, blinds are also used to control how long the tournament will last. Before the tournament begins, the players will agree to a blinds structure, usually set by the tournament organizer. This structure defines how long each round is and how much the blinds increase per round. Typically, they are increased at a smooth rate of between 25% and 50% per round over the previous round. As the blinds increase, players need to increase their chip counts (or "stacks") to stay in the game. The blinds will eventually consume all of a player's stack if he or she does not play to win more.
Unlike many cash games, it is not possible for a player to "miss" blinds in a tournament. If a player is absent from the table, he will continue to have his or her cards dealt and mucked and will have blinds and, if applicable, antes taken from his stack as they are due, either until he or she returns or until his or her stack is completely consumed by blinds and antes. A player who loses his or her chips in this manner is said to have been "blinded off."
Goals[edit]
There are two main goals for the blinds structure:
Ensure that by the time the desired duration of the tournament is reached, it will be very hard for players with small stacks to stay in the game. This forces players with smaller stacks to play them aggressively, thus increasing their chip count or losing everything quickly.
Ensure that players, in general, do not have a large stack relative to the blind level.
If desired, antes can be added to further increase the pressure to win more chips.
Example[edit]
If each player in a tournament starts with 5,000 in chips and after four hours, the big blind is 10,000 (with a small blind of 5,000), it will be very difficult for a player with only 15,000 in chips to stay in the game.
See also[edit]
Betting in poker#Blinds
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blind_(poker)&oldid=838492253"
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