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Epistle of Jude
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Not to be confused with Gospel of Judas.
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The Epistle of Jude, often shortened to Jude, is the penultimate book of the New Testament and is traditionally attributed to Jude, the servant of Jesus and the brother of James the Just.
Contents
1 Composition
2 Content
2.1 Outline
2.2 Canonical status
2.3 Authorship
2.4 Style
3 Jude and 2 Peter
4 References to other books
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Composition[edit]
The letter of Jude was one of the disputed books of the Canon.[1] The links between the Epistle and 2 Peter, its use of the Apocryphal Books, and its brevity raised concern. It is one of the shortest books in the Bible: only 25 verses long.
Content[edit]
Jude urges his readers to defend the deposit of Christ's doctrine that had been closed by the time he wrote his epistle, and to remember the words of the apostles spoken somewhat before. Jude then asks the reader to recall how even after the Lord saved his own people out of the land of Egypt, he did not hesitate to destroy those who fell into unbelief, much as he punished the angels who fell from their original exalted status and Sodom and Gomorrah.[2] He describes in vivid terms the apostates of his day.[3] He exhorts believers to remember the words spoken by the Apostles, using language similar to the second epistle of Peter to answer concerns that the Lord seemed to tarry, How that they told you there should be mockers in the last time, who should walk after their own ungodly lusts...,[4] and to keep themselves in God's love,[5] before delivering a doxology.[6]
Jude quotes directly from the Book of Enoch, part of the scripture of the Ethiopian and Eritrean churches but rejected by other churches. He cites Enoch's prophecy that the Lord would come with many thousands of his saints to render judgment on the whole world. He also paraphrases (verse 9) an incident in a text that has been lost about Satan and Michael the Archangel quarreling over the body of Moses.
Outline[edit]
I. Salutation (1-3)
II. Occasion for the Letter (3-4)
A. The change of Subject (3)
B. The Reason for the Change: The Presence of Godless Apostates (4)
III. Warning against the False Teachers (5-16)
A. Historical Examples of the Judgement of Apostates (5-7)
1. Unbelieving Israel (5)
2. Angels who fell (6)
3. Sodom and Gomorrah (7)
B. Description of the Apostates of Jude's Day (8-16)
1. Their slanderous speech deplored (8-10)
2. Their character graphically portrayed (11-13)
3. Their destruction prophesied (14-16)
IV. Exhortation to Believers (17-23)
V. Concluding Doxology (24-25)[7]
Canonical status[edit]
The Epistle of Jude is held as canonical in the Christian Church. Conservative scholars date it between 70 and 90. Some scholars consider the letter a pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century because of its references to the apostles[8] and to tradition[9] and because of its competent Greek style.[10][11][12]
"More remarkable is the evidence that by the end of the second century Jude was widely accepted as canonical."[13] Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and the Muratorian canon considered the letter canonical. The first historical record of doubts as to authorship are found in the writings of Origen of Alexandria, who spoke of the doubts held by some, albeit not him. Eusebius classified it with the "disputed writings, the antilegomena." The letter was eventually accepted as part of the Canon by Church Fathers such as Athanasius[14] and the Synods of Laodicea (c. 363)[15] and Carthage (397).[16]
Authorship[edit]
The epistle title is written as follows: "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James" (NRSV). "James" is generally taken to mean James the Just, a prominent leader in the early church. Not a lot is known of Jude, which would explain the apparent need to identify him by reference to his better-known brother.[10]
As the brother of James the Just, it has traditionally meant Jude was also the brother of Jesus, since James is described as being the brother of Jesus. For instance Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–215 AD) wrote in his work "Comments on the Epistle of Jude" that Jude, the Epistle of Jude's author, was a son of Joseph and a brother of Jesus (without specifying whether he was a son of Joseph by a previous marriage or of Joseph and Mary).[17]
There is also a dispute as to whether "brother" means someone who has the same father and mother, or a half-brother or cousin or more distant familial relationship. This dispute over the true meaning of "brother" grew as the doctrine of the Virgin Birth evolved.[18][19][20]
Outside the book of Jude, a "Jude" is mentioned five times in the New Testament: three times as Jude the Apostle (Luke 6:16, Acts 1:13, John 14:22), and twice as Jude the brother of Jesus (Matthew 13:55, Mark 6:3) (aside from references to Judas Iscariot and Judah (son of Jacob)). Debate continues as to whether the author of the epistle is either, both, or neither. Some scholars have argued that since the author of the letter has not identified himself as an apostle and actually refers to the apostles as a third party, he cannot be identified with Jude the Apostle. Others have drawn the opposite conclusion, i.e., that, as an apostle, he would not have made a claim of apostleship on his own behalf.[21]
Style[edit]
The Epistle of Jude is a brief book of only a single chapter with 25 verses. It was composed as an encyclical letter—that is, one not directed to the members of one church in particular, but intended rather to be circulated and read in all churches.
The wording and syntax of this epistle in its original Greek demonstrates that the author was capable and fluent. The epistle is addressed to Christians in general,[22] and it warns them about the doctrine of certain errant teachers to whom they were exposed.
The epistle's style is combative, impassioned, and rushed. Many examples of evildoers and warnings about their fates are given in rapid succession.
The epistle concludes with a doxology, which is considered by Peter H. Davids to be one of the highest in quality contained in the Bible.[23]
Jude and 2 Peter[edit]
Part of Jude is very similar to 2 Peter (mainly 2 Peter chapter 2), so much so that most scholars agree that there is a dependence between the two, i.e., that either one letter used the other directly, or they both drew on a common source.[24]
Because this epistle is much shorter than 2 Peter, and due to various stylistic details, some writers consider Jude the source for the similar passages of 2 Peter.[25] However, other writers, arguing that Jude 18 quotes 2 Peter 3:3 as past tense, consider Jude to have come after 2 Peter.[26]
Some scholars who consider Jude to predate 2 Peter note that the latter appears to quote the former but omits the reference to the non-canonical book of Enoch.[27]
References to other books[edit]
The Epistle of Jude references at least two other books, with one being non-canonical in all churches and the other non-canonical in most churches.
Verse 9 refers to a dispute between Michael the Archangel and the devil about the body of Moses. Some interpreters understand this reference to be an allusion to the events described in Zechariah 3:1-2.[28][29] The classical theologian Origen attributes this reference to the non-canonical Assumption of Moses.[30] According to James Charlesworth, there is no evidence the surviving book of this name ever contained any such content.[31] Others believe it to be in the lost ending of the book.[31][32]
Verses 14–15 contain a direct quotation of a prophecy from 1 Enoch 1:9. The title "Enoch, the seventh from Adam" is also sourced from 1 En. 60:1. Most commentators assume that this indicates that Jude accepts the antediluvian patriarch Enoch as the author of the Book of Enoch which contains the same quotation. However, an alternative explanation is that Jude quotes the Book of Enoch aware that verses 14–15 are in fact an expansion of the words of Moses from Deuteronomy 33:2.[33][34][35] This is supported by Jude's unusual Greek statement that "Enoch the Seventh from Adam prophesied to the false teachers", not concerning them.[36]
The Book of Enoch is not considered canonical by most churches, although it is by the Ethiopian Orthodox church. According to Western scholars, the older sections of the Book of Enoch (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) date from about 300 BC and the latest part (Book of Parables) probably was composed at the end of the 1st century BC.[37] 1 Enoch 1:9, mentioned above, is part of the pseudepigrapha and is among the Dead Sea Scrolls [4Q Enoch (4Q204[4QENAR]) COL I 16–18].[38] It is generally accepted by scholars that the author of the Epistle of Jude was familiar with the Book of Enoch and was influenced by it in thought and diction.[39]
See also[edit]
Textual variants in the Epistle of Jude
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Eusebius, Church History 2 23
Jump up ^ Jude 5-7
Jump up ^ Jude 8-16
Jump up ^ Jude 18
Jump up ^ Jude 21
Jump up ^ Jude 24-25
Jump up ^ NIV Bible (Large Print ed.). (2007). London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd
Jump up ^ Jude: 17–18
Jump up ^ Jude:3
^ Jump up to: a b "scripture".
Jump up ^ Norman Perrin, (1974) The New Testament: An Introduction, p. 260
Jump up ^ Bauckham, RJ (1986), Word Biblical Commentary, Vol.50, Word (UK) Ltd. p.16
Jump up ^ Bauckham, RJ (1986), Word Biblical Commentary, Vol.50, Word (UK) Ltd. p.17
Jump up ^ Lindberg, Carter (2006). A Brief History of Christianity. Blackwell Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 1-4051-1078-3
Jump up ^ Council of Laodicea at bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
Jump up ^ B. F. Westcott, A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament (5th ed. Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 440, 541-2.
Jump up ^ "Jude wrote the Catholic Epistle, the brother of the sons of Joseph, and very religious, while knowing the near relationship of the Lord, yet did not say that he himself was His brother. But what said he? "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ,"— of Him as Lord; but "the brother of James." For this is true; he was His brother, (the son) of Joseph." of Alexandria, Clement. Comments on the Epistle of Jude. newadvent.org. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Jocelyn Rhys, Shaken Creeds: The Virgin Birth Doctrine: A Study of Its Origin, Kessinger Publishing (reprint), 2003 [1922] ISBN 0-7661-7988-5, pp 3–53
Jump up ^ Chester, A and Martin, RP (1994), 'The Theology of the Letters of James, Peter and Jude', CUP, p.65
Jump up ^ Bauckham, R. J. (1986), Word Biblical Commentary, Vol.50, Word (UK) Ltd. p.14
Jump up ^ Bauckham, R. J. (1986), Word Biblical Commentary, Vol.50, Word (UK) Ltd. p.14f
Jump up ^ Jude 1:1
Jump up ^ Davids, Peter H. (2006). The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Letters of 2 Peter and Jude. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 106. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Introduction to 2 Peter in Expositor's Bible Commentary, Ed. F. E. Gaebelein, Zondervan 1976–1992
Jump up ^ e.g. Terrance Callan, Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter, in Biblica 85 (2004), pp. 42–64.
Jump up ^ e.g. John MacArthur 1, 2, 3, John Jude 2007 p101 "...closely parallels that of 2 Peter (2:1–3:4), and it is believed that Peter's writing predated Jude for several reasons: (1) Second Peter anticipates the coming of false teachers (2 Pet. 2:1–2; 3:3), whereas Jude deals with their arrival (vv. 4, 11–12, 17–18); and (2) Jude quotes directly from 2 Peter 3:3 and acknowledges that it is from an apostle (vv. 17–18)."
Jump up ^ Dale Martin 2009 (lecture). "24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation". Yale University. Accessed July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Peter H. Davids; Douglas J. Moo; Robert Yarbrough (5 April 2016). 1 and 2 Peter, Jude, 1, 2, and 3 John. Zondervan. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-310-53025-1.
Jump up ^ R. C. Lucas; Christopher Green (2 May 2014). The Message of 2 Peter & Jude. InterVarsity Press. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-0-8308-9784-1.
Jump up ^ "ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second".
^ Jump up to: a b James Charlesworth Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, p. 76, Google books link
Jump up ^ The Assumption of Moses: a critical edition with commentary By Johannes Tromp. P270
Jump up ^ Charles R. Enoch OUP, p. 119
Jump up ^ Nickelsburg G. 1 Enoch Fortress
Jump up ^ Cox S. Slandering celestial beings
Jump up ^ AUTOI dative
Jump up ^ Fahlbusch E., Bromiley G. W. The Encyclopedia of Christianity: P-Sh page 411, ISBN 0-8028-2416-1 (2004)
Jump up ^ Clontz, T. E. and J., The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, Nag Hammadi Library, Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha, Plato, Egyptian Book of the Dead, Talmud, Old Testament, Patristic Writings, Dhammapada, Tacitus, Epic of Gilgamesh, Cornerstone Publications, 2008, p.711, ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5
Jump up ^ "Apocalyptic Literature" (column 220), Encyclopedia Biblica
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Epistle of Jude
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Jude
Online translations of the Epistle of Jude:
Jude in New American Bible
Online Bible at GospelHall.org
Jude at Bible Gateway (various versions)
Early Christian writings: Epistle of Jude: comparable translations and interpretations
Audiobook Version:
Jude public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Additional information:
Catholic Encyclopedia
Comprehensive study the Epistle of Jude
An Exegesis of Jude by Michael Quandt
Epistle of Jude
General Epistle
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Third John New Testament
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List of National Council of Churches members
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This List of National Council of Churches members mentions the individual member organizations of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA.
African Methodist Episcopal Church
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
Alliance of Baptists
American Baptist Churches USA
Diocese of the Armenian Church of America
Assyrian Church of the East
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
Church of the Brethren
Community of Christ
Coptic Orthodox Church in North America
Ecumenical Catholic Communion
Episcopal Church in the United States of America
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Hungarian Reformed Church in America
International Council of Community Churches
Korean Presbyterian Church in America
Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, American diocese
Mar Thoma Church
Moravian Church in America
National Baptist Convention of America
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
Orthodox Church in America
Patriarchal Parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church in the USA
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Polish National Catholic Church
Presbyterian Church (USA)
Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.
Rastafarianism
Reformed Church in America
Serbian Orthodox Church in the USA and Canada
Swedenborgian Church of North America
Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch, archdiocese of the Eastern U.S.A.
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA
United Church of Christ
United Methodist Church
External links[edit]
Member Communions, National Council of Churches website (last checked 11 June 2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Council_of_Churches_members&oldid=805085592"
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Members of the National Council of Churches
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Santo Domingo Church
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Santo Domingo Church
National Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval
Pambansang Dambana ng Mahál na Birhen ng Santísimo Rosario ng La Naval
Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario de La Naval
Façade and belfry of Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo Church
Location in Metro Manila
14°37′36″N 121°00′37″E / 14.626635°N 121.010202°E / 14.626635; 121.010202Coordinates: 14°37′36″N 121°00′37″E / 14.626635°N 121.010202°E / 14.626635; 121.010202
Location
537 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City
Country
Philippines
Denomination
Roman Catholic
Website
http://www.lanavaldemanila.com
History
Founded
October 10, 1954 (as a National Shrine)
February 23, 1972 (as a parish)[1]
Architecture
Functional status
Active
Heritage designation
National Cultural Treasure
Designated
October 2012
Architect(s)
José María Zaragoza
Architectural type
Church Building
Style
Spanish Modern Style
Groundbreaking
1952
Completed
1954
Specifications
Length
85 m (279 ft)
Width
40 m (130 ft)
Height
25 m (82 ft)
Floor area
3,300 m2 (36,000 sq ft)
Materials
Concrete
Administration
Archdiocese
Manila
Diocese
Cubao
Province
Manila
Clergy
Archbishop
His Eminence Luis Antonio Cardinal G. Tagle, D.D.
Bishop(s)
Most Rev. Honesto F. Ongtioco, D.D.
Rector
Rev. Fr. Roland D. Mactal, O.P.
Priest(s)
Rev. Fr. Mhandy S. Malijan, O.P. (Parish Priest)
Assistant priest(s)
Rev. Fr. Rudolf Steven Seno, O.P. (Parochial Vicar)
The Santo Domingo Church, also known as National Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila (Spanish: Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario de La Naval de Manila; Filipino: Pambansang Dambana ng Mahál na Birhen ng Santísimo Rosario ng La Naval), is the largest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia. It is a massive church complex that includes the motherhouse of the Filipino Dominicans, making it the center of Dominican activities in the archipelago and the Filipino Dominicans who have been sent to other parts of the world.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early church (1587)
1.2 Second church (1592)
1.3 Third church (early 17th century)
1.4 Fourth church (1862)
1.5 Fifth church (1887)
2 Current building (1954)
2.1 Architecture
2.2 Treasures
2.3 Pipe organ
2.4 Museo de Santo Domingo
2.5 Columbary and Mortuary
3 Declaration as a National Cultural Treasure
4 Gallery
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Early church (1587)[edit]
The first Catholic missionaries to arrive in Manila were Spanish Agustinians who came in 1571 with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. The Francsicans came a few years later, in 1578. It was in 1587 that the first Dominicans arrived in Manila from Cádiz (Spain). They were welcomed by Domingo Salazar, Bishop of Manila. The order temporarily stayed at the Franciscan convent in Manila while some of them were sent to Pangasinan and Bataan to start their missionary work. Salazar sponsored 3,000 pesos for the construction of the church and 300 pesos for the purchase of land. A small church was erected on August 6, 1587, made from light materials.[3] In January 1, 1588, the chapel was inaugurated and it enshrined the Miraculous image of Our Lady of the Rosary from Mexico.[4]
Second church (1592)[edit]
In 1589, the church was partially destroyed by an earthquake. Because the roof had collapsed, the Dominican friars decided to build a larger church made from stronger materials.[3] Through the direction of Father Alonzo Jiménez, the second church was made from stone. Contributions were given by Captain Castillo, María Pérez, and Captain Domingo Mendiola.. The church was inaugurated on April 9, 1592.[3][4]
Third church (early 17th century)[edit]
A fire of April 30, 1603, which destroyed a third of a city, consumed both the church and the convent. Almost immediately built a third church was built, bigger and more costly. It contained a stone vault as precaution against fire and earthquake.[3] Donations were again asked. Though made of stone, it was destroyed by another earthquake on November 30, 1645. Only the high altar remained.
Fourth church (1862)[edit]
A fourth church of stone and hardwood was built. There were wooden arches and three naves inside the church. This time, wooden posts supported the roof and divided the church into a central nave with side aisles. The artistic interior designs were executed under the direction of Father Francisco Gainza. The church took two years to build. The structural soundness of the church made it last for 250 years. Initiated by Father Castro, A new façade flanked by two towers and patterned after London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral designed by Christopher Wren, was built for the church. The façade lasted almost a year.[3] The church was inaugurated on June 15, 1862 with great festival. On June 3, 1863, the Philippines experienced one of the strongest earthquakes in its history. The church was ruined by an earthquake of the same intensity as that which hit Manila in 1645.[3]
Fifth church (1887)[edit]
A few months after the 1863 earthquake, Félix Roxas presented a plan for the church’s reconstruction, partly following the plan of the previous church and utilizing some of its salvageable parts. On August 30, 1864, the cornerstone of the present church was laid. In it was placed a lead box, containing art objects, gold coins, medals of saints and other things belonging to the “Orden de Predicadores”.[4] Construction occurred from 1864 to 1887 in the gotico fingido (neogothic) style,[3] using Philippine building materials. The immense columns resembling spreading tree branches, were of acle, molave and ipil. The vault was of zinc or galvanized iron. The colored glass windows were ordered from Europe. These gave a beautiful light inside the church. The four retablos were made under the direction of Father Joaquín Sabater, a professor of drawing at the University of Santo Tomás. Alberoni directed the painting of the main altar.[4]
The church measured 70 by 31 by 22 metres (230 ft × 102 ft × 72 ft) at the central aisles, and 16.6 metres (54 ft) high at the lateral aisles. Its towers rose to 23.3 metres (76 ft). Although Fr. Sixto and Fr. Ristoro would supervise construction of the church, the Dominicans contracted the services of the European-trained architect Félix Roxas Sr. Roxas, adapting the seismic realities, designed a church with story of stone an upper story of wood. He worked closely with Isabelo Tampinco who decorated the interior with carving imitating the fan vault reminiscent of the English gothic; the walls and ceiling of the sacristy were similarly treated. Even the furniture in the sacristy was treated in the gothic manner. The chapel of the Nuestra Señora de Rosario had an altar with lancet arches and gothic-inspired ornamented pinnacles.[3] Its floor was made of native molave and narra and the pulpit was of fine carving, with the images representing the different saints of the Order. A dove was attached to the sounding board of the pulpit, above which, there was an angel. The choir-loft was spacious and was protected by wrought from railing manufactured in the Philippines.[4] Over the central doorway, on the roof was enclosed in a glass case original Virgin of the Rosary, which had been there for many centuries. The central altar had three saints. In the center was Saint Dominic, at the left was Saint Francis and at the right was Saint Theresa of Jesus. Above Saint Dominic was the statue of Saint Mary Magdalene. The cupola above had many colored glass windows. Inside, was a balcony surrounded by iron railing.[3][4]
Our Lady of the Rosary had a separate chapel at the right of the high altar. This image was donated by the Governor-General Luis Perez Dasmarinas and carved by a Chinese, under competent direction. Many persons claim to have secured much help from this marvellous image especially from women, who placed the skirt of the image over their abdomen during their difficult delivery. It was recorded that this image saved the island during the Dutch invasions of 1646 and that on October 5, 1907, it was canonically crowned. Its ivory hands and face, costly garments and crown were very artistic. Saint Dominic was at the left of the image, kneeling and receiving a rosary, while at the right was Saint Catalina de Siena. In the same chapel, there were two more lofty altars. The one at the right, was dedicated to Saint Vincent Ferrer, and the other on the left, to the Holy Family. In this chapel, the interesting historical canvas, painted in Rome in 1909, represented the priest, Saint Dominic, baptizing a Chinese while the two other natives stand watching him.[3][4] Near this chapel was the sacristy in which were the chests of camagon with their fine carvings. These chests contained the costly vestments of the priests. A big crucifix was at one end of the hall near a stairway leading to the monastery. Below this image there was a half-length portrait of the Virgin Dolores. On the walls of sacristy, there were canvases of interest and value from a religious standpoint.[3][4] There were four more altars in the main church. The two on the left were dedicated to the Immaculate Conception and in Saint Thomas respectively: the two on the right, to Our Savior and to Saint Joseph. Below the Crucifix was the “Santo Sepulcro” which could be seen thru the glass cover. From the lofty ceiling of the church, there were costly and heavy chandeliers, and on the lateral walls, there were images carved in wood, showing the different stages of the life of Christ.[4]
The church incurred damage over time and was repaired. In 1887, the vault and the rose windows of batikuling were restored. The main altar was almost totally renovated, and the columns repaired. The roof of the bell towers was renovated to assume a crown-like form. In 1941, the Gothic church of Santo Domingo in Intramuros was destroyed at the advent of the Second World War. On December 21, 1941 the church and the Dominican monastery beside it were hit by Japanese bombs. This was the first church to be ruined during the Pacific War. The friars, archives, the image of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval and other movable property like ivory statues, gala vestments of the Virgin; jewelry, and sacred vessels were the only survivors of the war.[3] The image was transferred to Santísimo Rosario Church at the University of Santo Tomás (UST) in España, Manila.[2][5] The ruins was subsequently demolished, and the church transferred.
Current building (1954)[edit]
Santo Domingo Church facade
After the Second World War, the Dominicans constructed the sixth church in a new location. They built it on a portion of land they had purchased in Quezon City. The Dominicans commissioned José Ma. Zaragoza to design the building while he was still a student of architecture at UST.[2]
Architecture[edit]
The new Santo Domingo church was built in the Spanish Modern style, which was unlike the Baroque churches built during Spanish period. The church employed the latest technique in reinforced-concrete building.[3][6] The Mission-style architecture includes Romanesque and Gothic designs that accommodate more space. Measuring 85 by 40 metres (279 ft × 131 ft) with a height of 25 metres (82 ft), there is a total floor area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft). It is the biggest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.The Santo Domingo church complex was inaugurated on October 12, 1954.[3] They icon of Our Lady of La Naval was brought to the new church in 1957 in a spectacular procession.[2][6]
The church façade has receding planes with leaves designed in corbel arches. Over the triple portals of the church is a high-relief frieze depicting the story of the La Naval. The giant bas-relief of Santo Domingo was designed by the Italian sculptor and expatriate Francesco Monti.[3][4]
In the nave of the church there are eight colorful murals by National Artist Carlos Francisco depicting the life and times of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the Spaniard who founded the Order of Preachers. Francisco’s murals are just below the equally brilliant murals of the Four Evangelists in vivid brown tones by Vicente García Llamas.[3]
One of Galo Ocampo's stained class windows
Curved windows of the church frame masterful stained-glass designs by Galo Ocampo whose bases show different ecclesiastical seals.[3] The windows depict the original 15 Stations of the Holy Rosary as well as the Battle of Lepanto and La Naval de Manila; and the martyrdoms of San Vicente Liem de la Paz and San Francisco Capillas, Dominican protomartyrs of Vietnam and China, respectively.[7] Right behind Sto. Domingo Church’s facade is an intricately carved panels and stained glass windows lie a treasure trove of the Philippines’ rich cultural heritage and the object of centuries-old devotion, the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of La Naval, the oldest Marian icon in the country.[7]
Treasures[edit]
High-relief frieze at the facade depicting the story of the La Naval.
Aside from being an architectural jewel, the Santo Domingo Church houses artistic treasures.[2] The second to sixth Santo Domingos were bound by a common symbol, the image of the Nuestra Señora del Santísmo Rosario or La Naval de Manila.[4] The image of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval is kept on the left side altar all year round, except during the October fiesta when a special canopy and platforms are built for it behind the main altar. The La Naval image has been the object of Filipino devotion that dates back to the 16th century, and the icon’s shrine in Quezon City is host to an annual feast that culminates in a procession that draws tens of thousands of devotees.[7] Opposite in the left, a side altar dedicated to Saint Martín de Porres.[2][3][4]
Devotees of Our Lady of La Naval would offer her jewelry. In the church Marian jewelry collection, La Naval book described as “studded with small diamonds, seed pearls and colored gems.” It is believed to have been offered to the Virgin by a certain Ana Rojas, a native of Calumpit, Bulacan, in the 19th century.[7]
Somewhere in the vast church complex is a secret vault holding centuries-old ivory icons and wooden images of saints made by Filipino craftsmen; exquisite, gem-studded, age-old crowns; golden Marian robes; and fine jewelry for the Virgin presented by fervent devotees. The secrecy about the vault makes sense: In October 1762, thieves broke into the Sto. Domingo Church in Intramuros and took some of its rare treasures.[7]
Another notable gift is the National Artist medallion, which ardent devotee Nick Joaquin instructed his heirs to donate to the La Naval Virgin before he died in 2004. The medallion has been affixed to the statue’s foot since then. Stored in the vault, according to the book, are prewar ivory heads and hands for statues of several saints, including St. Dominic, St. Vincent Ferrer, St. Catherine de Ricci, St. Agnes of Montepulciano and St. Antoninus of Florence.[7]
Pipe organ[edit]
The giant choir loft where the century old pipe organ is located
In the giant choir loft is almost a century old pipe organ made by Fray Gregorio Hontomin, OP made in Rosaryhill in Hong Kong. The Dominicans transferred the pipe organ from Hong Kong to the Sto. Domingo Church in 1954 after the Chapel of St. Albert the Great’s Priory, the center of religious formation and studies of the Dominican Province of the Holy Rosary, closed.[2] The inauguration of the pipe organ was June 9, 1959. It was restored to its grandeur by Diego Cera Organbuilders Inc., custodians of the world-famous Las Piñas bamboo organ.[2][7] The restoration involved repositioning of the pipe organs from the edges to slightly forward, reconstruction and modernization of the organ console from scratch, and most likely a reworked wind pump system.
Museo de Santo Domingo[edit]
The Santo Domingo Museum (also Museo de Santo Domingo) houses other valuable objects—such as centuries-old crucifixes made of gold and silver, rosaries and a tabernacle, all of which had been used in the old Santo. Domingo Church in Intramuros.[2][7]
Columbary and Mortuary[edit]
The church has two mortuary facilities located at the right side of the church where wakes can be held for the deceased. One is located below the bellfry of the church, and the other, at the right side beside the altar and the entrance to their columbary. In addition, the former idle area and storage area of the church, at the rear part of the church adjacent to the altar has been developed to be a columbary, and an interment area. Called the Santuario de Santo Domingo, the facility offers columbary valuts for urns, with sections named after Dominican Saints. The central part of the Santuario is exclusively dedicated to the Order of Preachers, housing urns, bones and interred remains of Dominican clergymen.
Declaration as a National Cultural Treasure[edit]
The Dominicans endorsed the designation of the Santo Domingo Church and the Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila as a National Culture Treasure to the National Museum in 2011.[8] It has been listed as a National Cultural Treasure following the signing of Museum Declaration no. 4 on October 4, 2012 during the enthronement rites for theOur Lady of the Rosary of La Naval[9][10] and unveiling o the official marker on December 8, 2012.[7][8] The declaration is the highest distinction the government can confer on a cultural property. The declaration follows Republic Act No. 4846, otherwise known as the Cultural Properties Preservation and Protection Act.[2][5][7] It is the first national cultural treasure listed in Quezon City.[8]
Gallery[edit]
Courtyard
Interior ceiling
Hallway leading to the convent
Church library
Main altar
Relief at the facade depicting the story of La Naval
Santo Domingo Church inauguration marker
Right side altar dedicated to St. Martín de Porres
Relief of Santo Domingo
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Dominic Church (Quezon City).
Jump up ^ "National Museum to declare Sto. Domingo Church a national treasure". Office of the President. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Santo Domingo Church, La Naval de Manila shrine to be declared National Cultural Treasures". Inquirer Lifestyle.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Cultural Center of the Philippines (1994). CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art: Volume III. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Bañas, R. C. (1937). Brief historical sketches of Philippine Catholic churches. Manila, Philippines: Commonwealth Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Jose, R. T., & Ayala Museum (1991). Simbahan: Church art in colonial Philippines, 1565-1898. Metro Manila, Philippines: Ayala Museum.
^ Jump up to: a b Diocese of Cubao. (n.D.)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Sto. Domingo Church keeps rich cultural heritage". Inquirer Lifestyle.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sto. Domingo Church declared nat'l treasure". The Varsitarian. November 10, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sto. Domingo Church declared national cultural treasure". CBCP News. Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. October 5, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Santo Domingo Church, A National Cultural Treasure". Order of Preachers. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
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Thorax
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the anatomy concept. For other uses, see Thorax (disambiguation).
"Chest" redirects here. For the furniture used for storage, see Chest (furniture). For other uses, see Chest (disambiguation).
Thorax
Chest
X-ray image of the chest showing the internal anatomy of the rib cage, lungs and heart as well as the inferior thoracic border–made up of the diaphragm.
Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with the thorax or chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly, but more deeply it its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
thorax
Greek
θώραξ
TA
A01.1.00.014
FMA
9576
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet"[1] via Latin: thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.[2][3] The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Contents
1.2 The chest
1.3 Bones
1.4 Anatomical landmarks
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Injury
2.2 Pain
2.2.1 Non-cardiac causes of chest pain
2.3 Atelectasis
2.4 Pneumothorax
3 Other animals
3.1 In tetrapods
3.2 In arthropods
4 Additional Images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.
Contents[edit]
An X-ray of a human chest area, with some structures labeled
The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles and neck muscle); internal structures such as the diaphragm, esophagus, trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum, thoracic portion of the spine, collarbone, and the rib cage and floating ribs).
External structures are the skin and nipples.
The chest[edit]
In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest.
The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs. All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach.
Bones[edit]
The bones of the thorax, called the "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton.
It consists of the ribs and sternum.The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum, as 1-7 are, and therefore are termed "floating". Whereas ribs 8-10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above.
Anatomical landmarks[edit]
The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks. The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast, which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally. The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc, the areola. The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line.
Clinical significance[edit]
High-resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax, taken in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. Click here to scroll through the image stacks. This type of investigation can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma.
Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy, flail chest, atelectasis, and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma. Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition.
Injury[edit]
Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States.[4]
The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents, as in esophageal perforations, also must be considered. Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures). The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult, and this may compromise ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see the image below), are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism.
Pain[edit]
Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems, digestive issues, musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain.[5] While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck and arms, pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious.
Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions. If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If heart attack occurs, the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.
Non-cardiac causes of chest pain[edit]
Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough.
Atelectasis[edit]
Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.[6] It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.
Pneumothorax[edit]
Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space. It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury.[7] The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up, so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle. If it is untreated, blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own. Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath.
Other animals[edit]
The trilobite body is divided into three major sections, a cephalon with eyes, mouthparts and sensory organs such as antennae, a thorax of multiple similar segments (that in some species allowed them to roll up into a ball), and a pygidium, or tail section.
In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma, itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster.
In tetrapods[edit]
In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles.
In arthropods[edit]
Main article: Thorax (insect anatomy)
In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions (or tagmata) of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects, or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites. In most insects, the thorax itself is composed of three segments; the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. In extant insects, the prothorax never has wings, though legs are always present in adults; wings (when present) are restricted to at least the mesothorax, and typically also the metathorax, though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments. In the Apocritan Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax, where it forms a structure known as the propodeum. Accordingly, in these insects, the functional thorax is composed of four segments, and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the "thorax" of other insects.
Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts, the most significant of which are the dorsal portion (the notum), the lateral portion (the pleuron; one on each side), and the ventral portion (the sternum). In some insects, each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them (called sclerites), though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees.
Additional Images[edit]
Volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.
Thorax. Anterior view.
Thorax. Anterior view.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Pectus carinatum
Pectus excavatum
Thoracic cavity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ θώραξ, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ "thorax" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Thorax at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Jump up ^ Shahani, Rohit, MD. (2005). Penetrating Chest Trauma. eMedicine. Retrieved 2005-02-05.
Jump up ^ Chest Diseases Retrieved on 2010-1-26
Jump up ^ Atelectasis Lung and Airway Disorders. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
Jump up ^ Pleurisy Lung Diseases. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
External links[edit]
Look up thorax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chests (human torso).
Sam Gon III. "A guide to the Orders of Trilobites". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
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Petiole (insect)

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https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyti%27a
Pyti'a – Guarani
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Thorax – Azerbaijani
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Bruched – Breton
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracs
Thoracs – Welsh
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Thorax – German
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Torako – Esperanto
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torax
Torax – Basque
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Thorax – French
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https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torako
Torako – Ido
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Toraks – Indonesian
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Frambolur – Icelandic
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torace
Torace – Italian
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Thorax – Latin
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Toraks – Malay
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Thorax – Norwegian
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Torax – Occitan
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Thorax – Scots
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Toraks – Tagalog
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Toraks – Turkish
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Aek – Zhuang
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胸 – Chinese
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