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The Greatest Showman
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The Greatest Showman
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Michael Gracey
Produced by
Laurence Mark
Peter Chernin
Jenno Topping
Screenplay by
Jenny Bicks
Bill Condon
Story by
Jenny Bicks
Starring
Hugh Jackman
Zac Efron
Michelle Williams
Rebecca Ferguson
Zendaya
Music by
John Debney
Joseph Trapanese
Cinematography
Seamus McGarvey
Edited by
Tom Cross
Robert Duffy
Joe Hutshing
Michael McCusker
Jon Poll
Spencer Susser
Production
company
Chernin Entertainment
Seed Productions
Laurence Mark Productions
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) (RMS Queen Mary 2)
December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20) (United States)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$84 million[2]
Box office
$315.1 million[3]
The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical drama film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The film is inspired by the story of P. T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions.
Principal photography on the film began in New York City in November 2016, and it premiered on December 8, 2017 aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2. The film was released in the United States on December 20, 2017 by 20th Century Fox and has grossed over $315 million worldwide.
The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews, with praise for Jackman and the rest of the performances, music and production value but criticism aimed at the artistic license taken, with some reviewers calling it "faux-inspiring and shallow".[4][5][6] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for Jackman. For the song "This Is Me", the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Post-production
4 Music
4.1 Musical numbers
4.2 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
P. T. Barnum (Hugh Jackman) and his father, Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, and he becomes infatuated with their daughter Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters in New York City ("A Million Dreams (Reprise)"). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.
Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to build Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", he searches for "unique persons" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience, despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus".
Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, he meets playwright Phillip Carlyle (Zac Efron) and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler (Zendaya), an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria, Barnum meets Jenny Lind (Rebecca Ferguson), a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").
Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who insult Wheeler's lowly status, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her, trying to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a U.S. tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their children ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and forcibly kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus building on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued amid the chaos by Barnum but suffers burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and the picture of her kissing Barnum also reaches New York, resulting in the bank foreclosing on his mansion and Charity taking their daughters back to her parents' home.
Broken down, Barnum starts drinking at a pub. His troupe find him there and persuade him to rebuild the circus; Barnum has an epiphany that causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself ("From Now On"). Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share an intimate moment together.
Barnum leaves and finds his wife on the beach near her parents home, and they mend their relationship, falling into each other's arms. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it if Barnum will take him on as a full partner. Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The new, revamped circus is a huge success; Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle and retires to focus on his family ("The Greatest Show").
Cast[edit]
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.
Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum
Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice
Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. He is a composite character partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.
Skylar Dunn as Young Charity
Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, the singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".
Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8]
Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese blade-specialist.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, The Huge Man.
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, The Tattooed Man.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew, The Dog Boy.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, The "Siamese Twins".
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, The Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, The Juggler
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Production[edit]
The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[9] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[10] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[11] According to Jackman, the seven year development process was, in part, due to studios being unwilling to take a risk on an original musical.[12] Jackman mentioned that he took inspiration from Shah Rukh Khan for the film. Among other traits, Jackman used Khan's signature pose in the film.[13][14][15]
On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[16] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[17][18][19][20]
Filming[edit]
Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[21][22]
Post-production[edit]
In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to oversee the film's reshoots and post-production. This was due to the studio's concern that Gracey, a first-time director, was overwhelmed with the scope of the film and struggling with the pressure of an $84 million budget. Mangold was eventually given an executive producer credit.[23]
Music[edit]
Musical numbers[edit]
Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs.[24]
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
The soundtrack album features eleven tracks performed by the cast.
Release[edit]
The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017 aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[25][26] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film will be released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[27] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.
Marketing[edit]
On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[28]
On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[29][30]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of February 11, 2018[update], The Greatest Showman has grossed $146.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $167.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $315 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3]
In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[31][32] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[33] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[34] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[35][36] In its third week the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[37]
The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[38] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[39] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[40]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 203 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[41] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[33]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[43] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[44] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[45] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[46]
Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[47] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[48] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[49] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[50]
Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[51] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[52] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[53] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[54]
Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[55] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[56] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. the film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[57] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[58]
Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[59] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[60]
Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[61] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[62]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5, 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won [63][64]
Academy Awards March 4, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Pending [65]
Casting Society of America January 18, 2018 Big Budget – Comedy Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won [66]
Costume Designers Guild February 20, 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Pending [67]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards January 11, 2018 Best Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [68]
Dorian Awards February 24, 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated [69]
[70]
Empire Awards March 18, 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Pending [71]
[72]
Best Make-up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Pending
Georgia Film Critics Association January 12, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [73]
Golden Globe Awards January 7, 2018 Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated [74]
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated
Best Original Song – Motion Picture "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8, 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Pending [75]
Best Song/Recording Created for a Film "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Pending
Heartland Film Festival December 31, 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won [76]
Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24, 2018 Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Pending [77]
See also[edit]
The Greatest Show on Earth
Barnum
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Stone, Sasha (January 10, 2018). "Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees". Awards Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 6, 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 10, 2018). "'Call Me by Your Name' Leads Dorian Award Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 31, 2018). "Dorian Awards: 'Call Me by Your Name' Hailed as Film of the Year". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer (January 19, 2018). "Empire Film Awards 2018: The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley". London Evening Standard. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ritman, Alex (January 22, 2018). "'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' Leads Nominations for U.K.'s Empire Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 Awards". Georgia Film Critics Association. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Respers, Lisa (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe nominations 2018: The list". CNN. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sufjan Stevens, 'Greatest Showman,' 'Girls' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees". Variety. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Truly Moving Picture Award". Heartland Film. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 5, 2018). "Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards: 'Darkest Hour,' 'Wonder' Lead Feature Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
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[show]
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Limelight
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Limelight (disambiguation).
Diagram of a limelight burner
Limelight (also known as Drummond light or calcium light)[1] is a type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls. An intense illumination is created when an oxyhydrogen flame is directed at a cylinder of quicklime (calcium oxide),[2] which can be heated to 4,662 °F (2,572 °C) before melting. The light is produced by a combination of incandescence and candoluminescence. Although it has long since been replaced by electric lighting, the term has nonetheless survived, as someone in the public eye is still said to be "in the limelight". The actual lights are called "limes", a term which has been transferred to electrical equivalents.
Contents
1 History
2 See also
3 References
4 Bibliography
History[edit]
Heating calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) in a stove burner causes it to glow, although this is not as bright as a real limelight.
The limelight effect was discovered in the 1820s by Goldsworthy Gurney,[3][4] based on his work with the "oxy-hydrogen blowpipe", credit for which is normally given to Robert Hare. In 1825, a Scottish engineer, Thomas Drummond (1797–1840), saw a demonstration of the effect by Michael Faraday[5] and realized that the light would be useful for surveying. Drummond built a working version in 1826, and the device is sometimes called the Drummond light after him.
The earliest known use of limelight at a public performance was outdoors, over Herne Bay Pier, Kent, on the night of 3 October 1836 to illuminate a juggling performance by magician Ching Lau Lauro. This performance was part of the celebrations following the laying of the foundation stone of the Clock Tower. The advertising leaflet called it koniaphostic light and announced that "the whole pier is overwhelmed with a flood of beautiful white light".[6][7] Limelight was first used for indoor stage illumination in the Covent Garden Theatre in London in 1837 and enjoyed widespread use in theatres around the world in the 1860s and 1870s.[8] Limelights were employed to highlight solo performers in the same manner as modern followspots (spotlights).[9] Limelight was replaced by electric arc lighting in the late 19th century.
See also[edit]
Look up limelight or in the limelight in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Klieg light
List of light sources
Nineteenth-century theatrical scenery
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Zirconia light
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James R. Smith (2004) San Francisco's Lost Landmarks, Quill Driver Books.
Jump up ^ "Chemical of the Week -- Lime". scifun.chem.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-24.
Jump up ^ Limelight - Leeds University, accessed 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Faraday, Michael; James, Frank A. J. L (1999). The Correspondence of Michael Faraday. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-86341-251-6.
Jump up ^ Carver, Craig M. (1991). A history of English in its own words. New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 158. ISBN 0-06-270013-8.
Jump up ^ Bundock 2000, p. 6.
Jump up ^ The Mechanic and Chemist: A Magazine of the Arts and Sciences, p. 354 confirms the usage of "koniaphostic light" to mean limelight.
Jump up ^ Almqvist, Ebbe (2003). History of industrial gases. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-306-47277-0.
Jump up ^ Reid, Francis (2001). The Stage Lighting Handbook (Stage and Costume). U.K.: A & C Black Publishers Ltd; 6 Rev Ed edition (31 May 2001). ISBN 0-7136-5396-5.
Bibliography[edit]
Bundock, Mike (2000). Herne Bay Clock Tower: A descriptive history. Herne Bay: Pierhead Publications. ISBN 9780953897704.
Art Gallery of South Australia History of Limelights
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text:
Box jellyfish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Box jellyfish
Temporal range: Middle Cambrian–present
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
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J
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Pg
N
Chironex sp.
Carukia barnesi
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Subphylum: Medusozoa
Class: Cubozoa
Werner, 1975
Orders
Carybdeida
Chirodropida
Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae. Some species of box jellyfish produce extremely potent venom: Chironex fleckeri, Carukia barnesi and Malo kingi. Stings from these and a few other species in the class are extremely painful and can be fatal to humans.
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy and systematics
2 Description
3 Distribution
4 Ecology
4.1 Age and growth
4.2 Behavior
5 Danger to humans
5.1 Protection during swimming or diving
5.2 Treatment of stings
6 References
7 External links
Taxonomy and systematics[edit]
At least 51 species of box jellyfish were known as of 2018.[1] These are grouped into two orders and eight families.[2] A few new species have since been described, and it is likely that additional undescribed species remain.[3][4][5]
Class Cubozoa
Order Carybdeida
Family Alatinidae
Family Carukiidae
Family Carybdeidae
Family Tamoyidae
Family Tripedaliidae
Order Chirodropida
Family Chirodropidae
Family Chiropsalmidae
Family Chiropsellidae
Description[edit]
"Cubomedusae", from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
The medusa form of a box jellyfish has a squarish, box-like bell. From each of the four lower corners of this hangs a short pedalium or stalk which bears one or more long, slender, hollow tentacles. The rim of the bell is folded inwards to form a shelf known as a velarium which restricts the bell's aperture and creates a powerful jet when the bell pulsates.[6] As a result, box jellyfish can move more rapidly than other jellyfish; speeds of up to six meters per minute have been recorded.[7]
In the center of the underside of the bell is a mobile appendage called the manubrium which somewhat resembles an elephant's trunk. At its tip is the mouth. The interior of the bell is known as the gastrovascular cavity. It is divided by four equidistant septa into a central stomach and four gastric pockets. The eight gonads are located in pairs on either side of the four septa. The margins of the septa bear bundles of small gastric filaments which house nematocysts and digestive glands and help to subdue prey. Each septum is extended into a septal funnel that opens onto the oral surface and facilitates the flow of fluid into and out of the animal.[6]
The box jellyfish's nervous system is more developed than that of many other jellyfish. They possess a nerve ring around the base of the bell that coordinates their pulsing movements, a feature found elsewhere only in the crown jellyfish. Whereas some other jellyfish have simple pigment-cup ocelli, box jellyfish are unique in the possession of true eyes, complete with retinas, corneas and lenses. Their eyes are set in clusters called rhopalia, located in pockets halfway up the outer, flat surfaces of the bell. Each contains two rhopalial ocelli with lenses, one directed upwards and the other downwards and inwards towards the manubrium.[6] This enables the animal to see specific points of light, as opposed to simply distinguishing between light and dark. Box jellyfish also have twenty ocelli (simple eyes) that do not form images, but detect light and dark; they therefore have a total of twenty-four eyes.[8] Near the rhopalia are statoliths which detect gravitational pull and help the animal to orient itself.[9]
Box jellyfish also display complex, probably visually guided behaviors such as obstacle avoidance and fast directional swimming.[10] Research indicates that, owing to the number of rhopalial nerve cells and their overall arrangement, visual processing and integration at least partly happen within the rhopalia of box jellyfish.[10] The complex nervous system supports a relatively advanced sensory system compared to other jellyfish, and box jellyfish have been described as having an active, fish-like behavior.[11]
A fully grown box jellyfish can measure up to 20 cm (7.9 in) along each box side (or 30 cm (12 in) in diameter), and the tentacles can grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length. Its weight can reach 2 kg (4.4 lb). There are about 15 tentacles on each corner. Each tentacle has about 500,000 cnidocytes, containing nematocysts, a harpoon-shaped microscopic mechanism that injects venom into the victim.[12] Many different kinds of nematocysts are found in cubozoans.[13]
Some species have tentacles that can reach up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length. Box jellyfish can weigh up to 2 kg (4.4 lb).[14]
Distribution[edit]
Although the notoriously dangerous species of box jellyfish are largely restricted to the tropical Indo-Pacific region, various species of box jellyfish can be found widely in tropical and subtropical oceans, including the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean, with species as far north as California, the Mediterranean Sea (for example, Carybdea marsupialis)[15] and Japan (such as Chironex yamaguchii),[3] and as far south as South Africa (for example, Carybdea branchi)[4] and New Zealand (such as Copula sivickisi).[16]
Ecology[edit]
Age and growth[edit]
It has been found that the statoliths, which are composed of calcium sulfate hemihydrate, exhibit clear sequential incremental layers, thought to be laid down on a daily basis. This has enabled researchers to estimate growth rates, ages, and age to maturity. Chironex fleckeri, for example, increases its inter-pedalia distance (IPD) by 3 mm (0.12 in) per day, reaching an IPD of 50 mm (2 in) when 45 to 50 days old. The maximum age of any individual examined was 88 days by which time it had grown to an IPD of 155 mm (6 in).[9]
Behavior[edit]
The box jellyfish actively hunts its prey (small fish), rather than drifting as do true jellyfish. They are capable of achieving speeds of up to 1.5 to 2 metres per second or about 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).[14]
The venom of cubozoans is distinct from that of scyphozoans, and is used to catch prey (small fish and invertebrates, including prawns and bait fish) and for defence from predators, which include the butterfish, batfish, rabbitfish, crabs (blue swimmer crab) and various species of turtle including the hawksbill sea turtle and flatback sea turtle. It seems that sea turtles are unaffected by the stings because they seem to relish box jellyfish.[14]
Danger to humans[edit]
Box jellyfish warning signpost at a Cape Tribulation beach in Queensland, Australia
Jellyfish/stinger net exclosure at Ellis Beach, Queensland, Australia
Although the box jellyfish has been called "the world's most venomous creature",[17] only a few species in the Carukiidae family (order Carybdeida) have been confirmed to be involved in human deaths, and some species pose no serious threat at all.[5]
In Australia, fatalities are most often caused by the largest species of this class of jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. Researchers at the University of Hawaii's Department of Tropical Medicine found the venom causes cells to become porous enough to allow potassium leakage, causing hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiovascular collapse and death as quickly as within 2 to 5 minutes. It was postulated that a zinc compound may be developed as an antidote.[18]
In Australia, C. fleckeri has caused at least 64 deaths since the first report in 1883,[19] but even in this species most encounters appear to result only in mild envenoming.[20] Most recent deaths in Australia have been in children, which is linked to their smaller body mass.[19] In parts of the Malay Archipelago, the number of lethal cases is far higher (in the Philippines alone, an estimated 20-40 die annually from Chirodropid stings), probably owing to limited access to medical facilities and antivenom, and the fact that many Australian beaches are enclosed in nets and have vinegar placed in prominent positions allowing for rapid first aid.[20][21] Vinegar is also used as treatment by locals in the Philippines.[22]
A vinegar post in Queensland, Australia
The recently discovered and very similar Chironex yamaguchii may be equally dangerous, as it has been implicated in several deaths in Japan.[3] It is unclear which of these species is the one usually involved in fatalities in the Malay Archipelago.[3][22] In 1990, a 4-year-old child died after being stung by Chiropsalmus quadrumanus at Galveston Island in the Gulf of Mexico, and either this species or Chiropsoides buitendijki are considered the likely perpetrators of two deaths in West Malaysia.[22] Warning signs and first aid stations have been erected in Thailand following the death of a 5-year-old French boy in August 2014.[23][24] A woman died in July 2015 after being stung off Ko Pha Ngan,[25] and another at Lamai Beach at Ko Samui on 6 October 2015.[26] At least two deaths in Australia have been attributed to the thumbnail-sized Irukandji jellyfish.[27][28] Those who fall victim to these may suffer severe physical and psychological symptoms, known as Irukandji syndrome.[29] Nevertheless, most victims do survive, and out of 62 people treated for Irukandji envenomation in Australia in 1996, almost half could be discharged home with few or no symptoms after 6 hours, and only two remained hospitalized approximately a day after they were stung.[29]
Box jellyfish are known as the "sucker punch" of the sea not only because their sting is rarely detected until the venom is injected, but also because they are almost transparent.
In Australia (mainly northern; however, box jellyfish can live in subtropical waters as far south as Sydney, with Carybdea marsupialis being recorded as far south as Bermagui, Sapphire Coast)[30] the highest risk period for the box jellyfish is between October and May, but stings and specimens have been reported all months of the year. Similarly, the highest risk conditions are those with calm water and a light, onshore breeze; however, stings and specimens have been reported in all conditions.
In Hawaii, box jellyfish numbers peak approximately seven to ten days after a full moon, when they come near the shore to spawn. Sometimes the influx is so severe that lifeguards have closed infested beaches, such as Hanauma Bay, until the numbers subside.[31][32]
Protection during swimming or diving[edit]
Wearing pantyhose or full body lycra suits during diving (both by women and men, also under scuba-diving suit) is an effective protection against box jellyfish stings.[33] The pantyhose were formerly thought to work because of the length of the box jellyfish's stingers (nematocysts), but it is now known to be related to the way the stinger cells work. The stinging cells on a box jellyfish's tentacles are not triggered by touch, but are instead triggered by the chemicals found on skin; the chemicals are not present on the hose's outer surface, so the jellyfish's nematocysts do not fire.[14]
Treatment of stings[edit]
See also: Jellyfish § Treatment of stings
Once a tentacle of the box jellyfish adheres to skin, it pumps nematocysts with venom into the skin, causing the sting and agonizing pain. Flushing with vinegar is used to deactivate undischarged nematocysts to prevent the release of additional venom. A 2014 study reported that vinegar also increased the amount of venom released from already-discharged nematocysts; however, this study has been criticized on methodological grounds.[34]
Removal of additional tentacles is usually done with a towel or gloved hand, to prevent secondary stinging. Tentacles can still sting if separated from the bell, or after the creature is dead. Removal of tentacles may cause unfired nematocysts to come into contact with the skin and fire, resulting in a greater degree of envenomation.[citation needed]
Although commonly recommended in folklore and even some papers on sting treatment,[35] there is no scientific evidence that urine, ammonia, meat tenderizer, sodium bicarbonate, boric acid, lemon juice, fresh water, steroid cream, alcohol, cold packs, papaya, or hydrogen peroxide will disable further stinging, and these substances may even hasten the release of venom.[36] Heat packs have been proven for moderate pain relief.[37] Pressure immobilization bandages, methylated spirits, or vodka should never be used for jelly stings.[38][39][40][41] In severe Chironex fleckeri stings cardiac arrest can occur quickly.
In 2011, researchers at the University of Hawaii announced that they had developed an effective treatment against stings by Hawaiian box jellyfish by "deconstructing" the venom contained in their tentacles.[42] Its effectiveness was demonstrated in the PBS NOVA documentary Venom: Nature's Killer, originally shown on North American television in February 2012.[43]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Cubozoa". marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
Jump up ^ Bentlage B, Cartwright P, Yanagihara AA, Lewis C, Richards GS, Collins AG (February 2010). "Evolution of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa), a group of highly toxic invertebrates". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 277 (1680): 493–501. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1707. PMC 2842657  . PMID 19923131.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewis C, Bentlage B (2009). "Clarifying the identity of the Japanese Habu-kurage, Chironex yamaguchii, sp nov (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2030: 59–65.
^ Jump up to: a b Gershwin L, Gibbons M (2009). "Carybdea branchi, sp. nov., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) from South Africa" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2088: 41–50.
^ Jump up to: a b Gershwin, L. A.; Alderslade, P (2006). "Chiropsella bart n. sp., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida) from the Northern Territory, Australia" (PDF). The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory. 22: 15–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 139–149. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
Jump up ^ "Jellyfish Have Human-Like Eyes". LiveScience. 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Pitt, Kylie A.; Lucas, Cathy H. (2013). Jellyfish Blooms. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 280. ISBN 978-94-007-7015-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Skogh, C.; Garm, A.; Nilsson, D.E.; Ekström, P. (December 2006). "Bilaterally symmetrical rhopalial nervous system of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora". Journal of Morphology. 267 (12): 1391–405. doi:10.1002/jmor.10472. PMID 16874799.
Jump up ^ Nilsson, D.E.; Gislén, L.; Coates, M.M.; Skogh, C.; Garm, A. (2005). "Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye". Nature. 435 (7039): 201–205. doi:10.1038/nature03484. PMID 15889091.
Jump up ^ Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin J, eds. (1996). Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook. Surf Life Saving Australia and University of New North Wales Press Ltd. ISBN 0-86840-279-6. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Gershwin, L (2006). "Nematocysts of the Cubozoa" (PDF). Zootaxa (1232): 1–57.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Box Jellyfish, Box Jellyfish Pictures, Box Jellyfish Facts". NationalGeographic.com. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
Jump up ^ Carybdea marsupialis. Archived October 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The Jellies Zone. Retrieved April 28, 2010
Jump up ^ Gershwin L (2009). "Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Scyphozoa (Cnidaria)". In Gordon D. New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. 1: Kingdom Animalia. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Girl survives sting by world's deadliest jellyfish". Daily Telegraph. London. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Salleh, Anna (13 December 2012). "Box jelly venom under the microscope". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b Centre for Disease Control (November 2012). "Chironex fleckeri" (PDF). Northern Territory Government Department of Health.
^ Jump up to: a b Daubert, G. P. (2008). "Cnidaria Envenomation". eMedicine.
Jump up ^ Fenner PJ, Williamson JA (1996). "Worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings". The Medical Journal of Australia. 165 (11-12): 658–61. PMID 8985452.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fenner PJ (1997). The Global Problem of Cnidarian (Jellyfish) Stinging (PhD Thesis). London: London University. OCLC 225818293. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Box jellyfish warning in Ko Phangan". Bangkok Post. 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jellyfish warning for travellers swimming in Thailand". Tourism Authority of Thailand Newsroom. TAT. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Box jellyfish sting kills woman in Koh Phangan - Phuket Gazette". phuketgazette.net. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
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Jump up ^ Gershwin, L (2007). "Malo kingi: A new species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), possibly lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia". Zootaxa. 1659: 55–68.
^ Jump up to: a b Little M, Mulcahy RF (1998). "A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland". The Medical Journal of Australia. 169 (11-12): 638–41. PMID 9887916.
Jump up ^ "Facts About Box Jellyfish". Guardian.com. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Jellyfish: A Dangerous Ocean Organism of Hawaii". Archived from the original on 2001-11-17. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Hanauma Bay closed for second day due to box jellyfish". Retrieved 2010-10-06.
Jump up ^ http://lifehacker.com/5560147/use-pantyhose-to-protect-yourself-from-jellyfish-stings[full citation needed][unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Christie (9 April 2014). "Should we stop using vinegar to treat box jelly stings? Not yet—Venom experts weigh in on recent study". Science Sushi. Discover Magazine Blogs. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Zoltan T, Taylor K, Achar S (2005). "Health issues for surfers". Am Fam Physician. 71 (12): 2313–7. PMID 15999868.
Jump up ^ Fenner P (2000). "Marine envenomation: An update – A presentation on the current status of marine envenomation first aid and medical treatments". Emerg Med Australasia. 12 (4): 295–302. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2000.00151.x.
Jump up ^ Taylor, G. (2000). "Are some jellyfish toxins heat labile?". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal. 30 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
Jump up ^ Hartwick R, Callanan V, Williamson J (1980). "Disarming the box-jellyfish: nematocyst inhibition in Chironex fleckeri". Med J Aust. 1 (1): 15–20. PMID 6102347.
Jump up ^ Seymour J, Carrette T, Cullen P, Little M, Mulcahy R, Pereira P (2002). "The use of pressure immobilization bandages in the first aid management of cubozoan envenomings". Toxicon. 40 (10): 1503–5. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00152-6. PMID 12368122.
Jump up ^ Little M (June 2002). "Is there a role for the use of pressure immobilization bandages in the treatment of jellyfish envenomation in Australia?". Emerg Med (Fremantle). 14 (2): 171–4. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00291.x. PMID 12164167.
Jump up ^ Pereira PL, Carrette T, Cullen P, Mulcahy RF, Little M, Seymour J (2000). "Pressure immobilisation bandages in first-aid treatment of jellyfish envenomation: current recommendations reconsidered". Med. J. Aust. 173 (11–12): 650–2. PMID 11379519.
Jump up ^ UHMedNow, "Angel Yanagihara's box jellyfish venom research leads to sting treatment", March 4, 2011
Jump up ^ PBS Nova, Venom: Nature's Killer (transcript)
External links[edit]
Cubozoa classification
hide
v
t
e
Extant Cnidaria classes
Anthozoa
Anthozoa (corals, anemones)
Medusozoa
Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
Hydrozoa (hydrozoans)
Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish)
Polypodiozoa (Polypodium)
Myxozoa
Malacosporea
Myxosporea
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q273179
Wikispecies: Cubozoa
ADW: Cubozoa
EoL: 6681
EPPO: 1CUBOC
Fossilworks: 92033
GBIF: 176
IRMNG: 1069
ITIS: 51449
NCBI: 6137
NZOR: 0526c1e4-26b0-4ef3-8c82-6d27f45e714b
uBio: 256004
WoRMS: 135219
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Box_jellyfish&oldid=850092464"
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Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
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text:
Lambert Airport Terminal 2 station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lambert Airport Terminal 2
MetroLink light rail station
Location
10101 Lambert International Boulevard
Woodson Terrace, Missouri 63145
Coordinates
38°44′11″N 90°21′23″W / 38.736417°N 90.356484°W / 38.736417; -90.356484Coordinates: 38°44′11″N 90°21′23″W / 38.736417°N 90.356484°W / 38.736417; -90.356484
Owned by
Bi-State Development Agency
Operated by
Metro Transit
Line(s)
Red Line
Platforms
1 island platform
Tracks
2
Construction
Structure type
Elevated
Disabled access
Yes
History
Opened
December 23, 1998
Previous names
Lambert Airport East
Traffic
Passengers (2007)
1,095 daily  0%
Services
Preceding station
MetroLink
Following station
Lambert Airport Terminal 1
Terminus
Red Line
North Hanley
toward Shiloh–Scott
Lambert Airport Terminal 2 is a St. Louis MetroLink station. It is located at the Terminal 2 of Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, Missouri, United States, serving Terminal 2 (which exclusively serves Southwest Airlines). The station opened on December 23, 1998.[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2nd MetroLink station opens at Lambert". St. Louis Business Journal. 1998-12-23. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
External links[edit]
St. Louis Metro

This article related to Metro Transit (St. Louis) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
This Missouri train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Airport_Terminal_2_station&oldid=732729486"
Categories:
MetroLink stations in St. Louis County, Missouri
Red Line (St. Louis MetroLink)
Airport railway stations in the United States
Airport rail links in the United States
Railway stations opened in 1998
1998 establishments in Missouri
Metro Transit (St. Louis) stubs
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Hidden categories:
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This page was last edited on 2 August 2016, at 21:23.
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