text:
Mexican Pacific League
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Mexican Pacific League
Sport
Baseball
Founded
1970; 48 years ago (1970)
Director
Omar Canizales Soto
No. of teams
8
Country
Mexico
Continent
North America
Most recent
champion(s)
Tomateros de Culiacán
Most titles
Naranjeros de Hermosillo (16)
TV partner(s)
ESPN[1]
TVC Deportes
Megacable
Telemax
Televisoras Grupo Pacífico
iTV Deportes
Official website
LMP.mx
The Mexican Pacific League (Spanish: Liga Mexicana del Pacífico or LMP) is an independent winter professional baseball league in Mexico. The eight-team league regular season runs from October to December and is followed by a playoff series in January to determine the league champion. The league's winner takes part in the Caribbean Series each year.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Current teams
3 Champions
4 Liga Mexicana del Pacífico Championships by team (1958-59 - 2017-18)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Founded in 1945, the league was previously known as the Liga Invernal de Sonora (English: Sonora Winter League) and Liga Sonora-Sinaloa (English: Sonora-Sinaloa League) before adopting its present name in 1970.[2]
Current teams[edit]
Team
City
Stadium
Capacity
Águilas de Mexicali Mexicali, Baja California B'Air 19,000
Cañeros de Los Mochis Los Mochis, Sinaloa Emilio Ibarra Almada 11,000
Charros de Jalisco Guadalajara, Jalisco Charros de Jalisco y Atletismo 13,000
Mayos de Navojoa Navojoa, Sonora Manuel "Ciclón" Echeverría 11,500
Naranjeros de Hermosillo Hermosillo, Sonora Sonora 16,000
Tomateros de Culiacán Culiacán, Sinaloa Tomateros 20,000
Venados de Mazatlán Mazatlán, Sinaloa Teodoro Mariscal 15,000
Yaquis de Obregón Ciudad Obregón, Sonora Yaquis 16,000

Mexicali
Hermosillo
Ciudad Obregón
Navojoa
Los Mochis
Culiacán
Mazatlán
Jalisco
Champions[edit]
Season
Liga de la Costa del Pacífico Champion
1945-46 Venados de Mazatlán
1946-47 Presidentes de Hermosillo
1947-48 Ostioneros de Guaymas
1948-49 Tacuarineros de Culiacán
1949-50 Tacuarineros de Culiacán
1950-51 Tacuarineros de Culiacán
1951-52 Tacuarineros de Culiacán
1952-53 Venados de Mazatlán
1953-54 Venados de Mazatlán
1954-55 Venados de Mazatlán
1955-56 Tacuarineros de Culiacán|Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1956-57 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1957-58 Venados de Mazatlán
Season
Liga Invernal de Sonora Champion
1958-59 Ostioneros de Guaymas
1959-60 Ostioneros de Guaymas
1960-61 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1961-62 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1962-63 Ostioneros de Guaymas
1963-64 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1964-65 Ostioneros de Guaymas
season
Liga Sonora-Sinaloa Champion
1965-66 Yaquis de Ciudad Obregón
1966-67 Tomateros de Culiacán
1967-68 Ostioneros de Guaymas
1968-69 Cañeros de Los Mochis
1969-70 Tomateros de Culiacán
Season
Liga Mexicana del Pacífico Champion
1970-71 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1971-72 Algodoneros de Guasave
1972-73 Yaquis de Ciudad Obregón
1973-74 Venados de Mazatlán
1974-75 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1975-76 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1976-77 Venados de Mazatlán
1977-78 Tomateros de Culiacán
1978-79 Mayos de Navojoa
1979-80 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1980-81 Yaquis de Ciudad Obregón
1981-82 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1982-83 Tomateros de Culiacán
1983-84 Cañeros de Los Mochis
1984-85 Tomateros de Culiacán
1985-86 Águilas de Mexicali
1986-87 Venados de Mazatlán
1987-88 Potros de Tijuana
1988-89 Águilas de Mexicali
1989-90 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1990-91 Potros de Tijuana
1991-92 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1992-93 Venados de Mazatlán
1993-94 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1994-95 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
1995-96 Tomateros de Culiacán
1996-97 Tomateros de Culiacán
1997-98 Venados de Mazatlán
1998-99 Águilas de Mexicali
1999-2000 Mayos de Navojoa
2000-01 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
2001-02 Tomateros de Culiacán
2002-03 Cañeros de Los Mochis
2003-04 Tomateros de Culiacán
2004-05 Venados de Mazatlán
2005-06 Venados de Mazatlán
2006-07 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
2007-08 Yaquis de Obregón
2008-09 Venados de Mazatlán
2009-10 Naranjeros de Hermosillo
2010-11 Yaquis de Obregón
2011-12 Yaquis de Obregón
2012-13 Yaquis de Obregón
2013-14 Naranjeros de Hermosillo[3]
2014-15 Tomateros de Culiacán
2015-16 Venados de Mazatlán[4]
2016-17 Águilas de Mexicali
2017-18 Tomateros de Culiacán
Teams in gold Caribbean Series champions
Liga Mexicana del Pacífico Championships by team (1958-59 - 2017-18)[edit]
Rank
Team
Wins
Years
1
Naranjeros de Hermosillo 16 1961, 1962, 1964, 1971, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1982, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2001, 2007, 2010, 2014
2
Tomateros de Culiacán 11 1967, 1970, 1978, 1983, 1985, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2004, 2015, 2018
3
Venados de Mazatlán 9 1974, 1977, 1987, 1993, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2016
4
Yaquis de Cd. Obregón 7 1966, 1973, 1981, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013
5
Águilas de Mexicali 4 1986, 1989, 1999, 2017
6
Cañeros de Los Mochis 3 1969, 1984, 2003
7
Mayos de Navojoa 2 1979, 2000
8
Potros de Tijuana 2 1988, 1991
9
Algodoneros de Guasave 1 1972
See also[edit]
Mexican League
Caribbean Series
Salón de la Fama del Beisbol Profesional de México (hall of fame)
Mexico baseball awards
References[edit]
Jump up ^ includes ESPN 2 and ESPN 3
Jump up ^ "MEXICAN BASEBALL HISTORY 3: The Mexican Pacific League". Baseball Mexico. 19 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Mexico repeats as Caribbean Series champ". Major League Baseball. 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Venados beat Tigres to win the Caribbean Series". Sportsnet. 7 February 2016.
External links[edit]
LMP website - in Spanish
[show]
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Mexican Pacific League
Tomateros de Culiacán
Charros de Jalisco
Naranjeros de Hermosillo
Venados de Mazatlán
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Mayos de Navojoa
Yaquis de Obregón
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Welding Procedure Specification
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bend test coupons for welding procedure qualification.
A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is the formal written document describing welding procedures, which provides direction to the welder or welding operators for making sound and quality production welds as per the code requirements . The purpose of the document is to guide welders to the accepted procedures so that repeatable and trusted welding techniques are used. A WPS is developed for each material alloy and for each welding type used. Specific codes and/or engineering societies are often the driving force behind the development of a company's WPS. A WPS is supported by a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR or WPQR). A PQR is a record of a test weld performed and tested (more rigorously) to ensure that the procedure will produce a good weld. Individual welders are certified with a qualification test documented in a Welder Qualification Test Record (WQTR) that shows they have the understanding and demonstrated ability to work within the specified WPS.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 See also
3 References
4 List of standards
Introduction[edit]
The following are definitions for WPS and PQR found in various codes and standards:
According to the American Welding Society (AWS), a WPS provides in detail the required welding variables for specific application to assure repeatability by properly trained welders. The AWS defines welding PQR as a record of welding variables used to produce an acceptable test weldment and the results of tests conducted on the weldment to qualify a Welding Procedure Specification. For steel construction (civil engineering structures) AWS D1.1 is a widely used standard. It specifies either a pre-qualification option (chapter 3) or a qualification option (chapter 4) for approval of welding processes.[1]
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) similarly defines a WPS as a written document that provides direction to the welder or welding operator for making production welds in accordance with Code requirements.[2] ASME also defines welding PQR as a record of variables recorded during the welding of the test coupon. The record also contains the test results of the tested specimens.
The Canadian Welding Bureau, through CSA Standards W47.1,[3] W47.2[4] and W186,[5] specifies both a WPS and a Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS) to provide direction to the welding supervisor, welders and welding operators. The WPS provides general information on the welding process and material grouping being welded, while the WPDS provides specific welding variables/parameter/conditions for the specific weldment. All WPS and WPDS must be independently reviewed and accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau prior to use. These CSA standards also define requirements for procedure qualification testing (PQT) to support the acceptance of the WPDS. A record of the procedure qualification test and the results must be documented on a procedure qualification record (PQR). All PQTs are independently witnessed by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
In Europe, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has adopted the ISO standards on welding procedure qualification (ISO 15607 to ISO 15614), which replaced the former European standard EN 288. EN ISO 15607 defines a WPS as "A document that has been qualified by one of the methods described in clause 6 and provides the required variables of the welding procedure to ensure repeatability during production welding". The same standard defines a Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPQR) as "Record comprising all necessary data needed for qualification of a preliminary welding procedure specification".[6] In addition to the standard WPS qualification procedure specified in ISO 15614, the ISO 156xx series of standards provides also for alternative WPS approval methods. These include: Tested welding consumables (ISO 15610), Previous welding experience (ISO 15611), Standard welding procedure (ISO 15612) and Preproduction welding test (ISO 15613).
In the oil and gas pipeline sector, the American Petroleum Institute API 1104 standard is used almost exclusively worldwide. API 1104 accepts the definitions of the American Welding Society code AWS A3.0.[7]
WPS is of two types- Prequalified WPS(pWPS) & qualified WPS..
See also[edit]
List of welding codes
Welder certification
Welding
How to write a welding procedure specification (ISO 15614-1)
Writing compliant welding procedure specifications
ISO 15614-1 (2017) Changes and Updates from previous versions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ AWS D1.1/D1.1M: "Structural welding code - Steel"
Jump up ^ ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code section IX: "Qualification Standard for welding and brazing procedures, welders, brazers and welding and brazing operators", Article II, Section QW-200.
Jump up ^ CSA Standard W47.1: Certification of companies for the fusion welding of steel (2009)
Jump up ^ CSA Standard W47.2: Certification of companies for the fusion welding of aluminum (2011)
Jump up ^ CSA Standard W186: Welding of Reinforcing Bars in Reinforced Concrete Construction (1990)
Jump up ^ EN ISO 15607:2005 "Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules (ISO 15607:2003)"
Jump up ^ API 1104: "Welding of pipelines and related facilities", parts 3 (Definition of Terms)
List of standards[edit]
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code section IX: "Qualification Standard for welding and brazing procedures, welders, brazers and welding and brazing operators"
EN ISO 15607: "Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules (ISO 15607:2003)"
EN ISO 15609: "Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure specification (ISO 15609)", five parts.
EN ISO 15614: "Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test (ISO 15614)", 13 parts.
API 1104: "Welding of pipelines and related facilities", parts 5 (procedures)
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text:
List of mines in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
This list of mines in India is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, defunct and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output. For practical purposes stone, marble and other quarries may be included in this list. In India, the underground mine to surface mine ratio is 20:80[citation needed].
Contents
[hide]
1 Diamond
2 Iron Ore
3 Manganese
4 Copper
5 Bauxite
6 Coal
7 Petroleum or Mineral oil
8 Gold
9 Lead Ore Mines
Diamond[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Bunder Project Madhya Pradesh 24°21′16″N 79°20′34″E / 24.3544°N 79.3427°E / 24.3544; 79.3427
Kollur Mine Andhra Pradesh 16°18′03″N 80°26′34″E / 16.30083°N 80.44278°E / 16.30083; 80.44278 Guntur Koh-i-noor, Daria-i-Noor KARTHIK
Panna Madhya Pradesh 24°16′17″N 80°10′18″E / 24.2714°N 80.1717°E / 24.2714; 80.1717 National Mineral Development Corporation
Faizabad project Relaince industrial limited faizabad
Iron Ore[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Vyasanakere Mines Karnataka Hospet MSPL
Iyli Gurunath Iron Ore Mines Karnataka Hospet RMML-MSPL
Pathikonda Iron Ore Mines Karnataka Ballari MSPL
Alampara Iron Ore Mines Kerala Koyilandi Taluk MSPL
Barbil Odisha 22°07′N 85°24′E / 22.12°N 85.40°E / 22.12; 85.40
Mayurbhanj Odisha 22°11′N 86°10′E / 22.19°N 86.16°E / 22.19; 86.16
Joda Odisha
Kendujhar Odisha
Jajpur Odisha 20°51′N 86°20′E / 20.85°N 86.33°E / 20.85; 86.33
Sundergarh Odisha 22°01′N 84°30′E / 22.02°N 84.50°E / 22.02; 84.50
Cuttack Odisha 20°31′N 82°30′E / 20.52°N 82.50°E / 20.52; 82.50
Singhbhum Jharkhand SAIL
Bailadilla iron ore Chhattisgarh 21°11′N 81°17′E / 21.19°N 81.28°E / 21.19; 81.28 National Mineral Development Corporation, Ltd. (NMDC)
Dalli-Rajhara Chhattisgarh Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP)
Ratnagiri Maharashtra 16°59′N 73°18′E / 16.98°N 73.3°E / 16.98; 73.3
Bellary Karnataka share south India corporation (SICA)associated owner umarhyum ...approval last end 2 years project
Barajamda Jharkhand
Manganese[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Kendujhar Odisha Joda, Barbil
Rayagada Odisha
Sundergarh Odisha 22°07′N 84°02′E / 22.12°N 84.03°E / 22.12; 84.03
Balaghat Madhya Pradesh 21°48′N 80°11′E / 21.8°N 80.18°E / 21.8; 80.18
￼￼Nagpur￼￼ and bhandara Maharashtra
Copper[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Hazaribagh Jharkhand 23°59′N 85°21′E / 23.98°N 85.35°E / 23.98; 85.35 Hazaribagh
Singhbhum Jharkhand Coordinates: 22°30′N 85°30′E / 22.500°N 85.500°E / 22.500; 85.500 Ghatshilla
Khetri Rajasthan 27°59′N 75°48′E / 27.983°N 75.800°E / 27.983; 75.800 Khetri nagar HCL
Udaipur Rajasthan 24°35′N 73°41′E / 24.583°N 73.683°E / 24.583; 73.683 Udaipur
Sundergarh Odisha 22°00′N 80°42′E / 22.000°N 80.700°E / 22.000; 80.700 Taregaon
Malanjkhand Madhya Pradesh 22.02° N 80.71°E Balaghat HCL
Bauxite[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Balangir Odisha 20°53′N 82°51′E / 20.883°N 82.850°E / 20.883; 82.850
Bargarh Odisha 21°12′N 83°22′E / 21.20°N 83.37°E / 21.20; 83.37
Koraput Odisha 18°51′N 83°01′E / 18.850°N 83.017°E / 18.850; 83.017 Damanjodi NALCO
Kalahandi & Rayagada Odisha 19°35′N 83°22′E / 19.583°N 83.367°E / 19.583; 83.367 Lanjigarh Vedanta
Sambalpur Odisha
Sundergarh Odisha 21°55′N 85°18′E / 21.917°N 85.300°E / 21.917; 85.300
Katni, Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh 23°29′N 80°07′E / 23.483°N 80.117°E / 23.483; 80.117
Bilaspur & Maikal Chhattisgarh 22°23′N 82°08′E / 22.383°N 82.133°E / 22.383; 82.133
Lohardaga Jharkhand
Singhbhum Jharkhand
Jamnagar Gujarat
Coal[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Jharia Jharkhand 23°45′06″N 86°25′13″E / 23.75167°N 86.42028°E / 23.75167; 86.42028 BCCL
Bokaro Jharkhand 23°48′N 85°45′E / 23.800°N 85.750°E / 23.800; 85.750
Godda Jharkhand
Raniganj Coalfield West Bengal ECL West Bengal
Birbhum Coalfield West Bengal West Bengal
Korba Chhattisgarh 22°21′N 82°41′E / 22.350°N 82.683°E / 22.350; 82.683
Jharsuguda Odisha 22°03′N 83°43′E / 22.050°N 83.717°E / 22.050; 83.717 Belpahar, Brajrajnagar
Talcher Odisha 20°57′N 85°13′E / 20.950°N 85.217°E / 20.950; 85.217
Singareni Telangana Khammam
Neyveli Tamil Nadu Neyveli Neyveli Lignite Corporation
Nagpur Maharashtra Western Coalfields Limited
Ledo Assam
Petroleum or Mineral oil[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Digboi Assam 27°23′N 95°38′E / 27.383°N 95.633°E / 27.383; 95.633 Indian Oil Corporation
Naharkatiya Assam
Kalol Gujarat 22°36′22″N 73°27′47″E / 22.60611°N 73.46306°E / 22.60611; 73.46306
Ankleshwar Gujarat 21°36′N 73°00′E / 21.600°N 73.000°E / 21.600; 73.000
Godavari districts Andhra Pradesh
Bassein Maharashtra
Bombay High Maharashtra 19°25′00″N 71°20′00″E / 19.4167°N 71.3333°E / 19.4167; 71.3333
Dindigul Tamil Nadu
Gold[edit]
Mine
State
Coordinates
Associated town
Owner
Period of Operation
Notes
Hutti Karnataka 16°11′N 76°39′E / 16.183°N 76.650°E / 16.183; 76.650 Hutti Hutti Gold Mines Co. Ltd. Pre Ashokan times (expected)
Gadag Karnataka Gadag RMML - MSPL
Kolar Karnataka 12°57′N 78°16′E / 12.950°N 78.267°E / 12.950; 78.267 Kolar Indian Gold Mines Ltd. (Last owner) 1000BC - 2003AD
Lead Ore Mines[edit]

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|Quarina Mines & Minerals pvt Ltd Muzammil Pasha |Odisha |21°36′N 73°00′E / 21.600°N 73.000°E / 21.600; 73.000
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Business plan
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Corporate finance
Working capital
Cash conversion cycle
Return on capital
Economic value added
Just-in-time
Economic order quantity
Discounts and allowances
Factoring
Sections
Managerial finance
Financial accounting
Management accounting
Mergers and acquisitions
Balance sheet analysis
Business plan
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A business plan is a formal statement of business goals, reasons they are attainable, and plans for reaching them. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.
Business plans may target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their investment return in that timeframe.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Audience
2 Content
3 Presentation
4 Revising the business plan
4.1 Cost overruns and revenue shortfalls
5 Legal and liability issues
5.1 Disclosure requirements
5.2 Limitations on content and audience
6 Open business plans
7 Uses
8 Not for profit businesses
9 Satires
10 See also
11 References
Audience[edit]
Business plans may be internally or externally focused. Externally focused plans target goals that are important to external stakeholders, particularly financial stakeholders. They typically have detailed information about the organization or team attempting to reach the goals. With for-profit entities, external stakeholders include investors and customers.[2] External stake-holders of non-profits include donors and the clients of the non-profit's services.[3] For government agencies, external stakeholders include tax-payers, higher-level government agencies, and international lending bodies such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, various economic agencies of the United Nations, and development banks.
Internally focused business plans target intermediate goals required to reach the external goals. They may cover the development of a new product, a new service, a new IT system, a restructuring of finance, the refurbishing of a factory or a restructuring of the organization. An internal business plan is often developed in conjunction with a balanced scorecard or a list of critical success factors. This allows success of the plan to be measured using non-financial measures. Business plans that identify and target internal goals, but provide only general guidance on how they will be met are called strategic plans.
Operational plans describe the goals of an internal organization, working group or department.[4] Project plans, sometimes known as project frameworks, describe the goals of a particular project. They may also address the project's place within the organization's larger strategic goals.[5]
Content[edit]
Business plans are decision-making tools. The content and format of the business plan is determined by the goals and audience. For example, a business plan for a non-profit might discuss the fit between the business plan and the organization’s mission. Banks are quite concerned about defaults, so a business plan for a bank loan will build a convincing case for the organization’s ability to repay the loan. Venture capitalists are primarily concerned about initial investment, feasibility, and exit valuation. A business plan for a project requiring equity financing will need to explain why current resources, upcoming growth opportunities, and sustainable competitive advantage will lead to a high exit valuation.[citation needed]
Preparing a business plan draws on a wide range of knowledge from many different business disciplines: finance, human resource management, intellectual property management, supply chain management, operations management, and marketing, among others.[6] It can be helpful to view the business plan as a collection of sub-plans, one for each of the main business disciplines.[7]
"... a good business plan can help to make a good business credible, understandable, and attractive to someone who is unfamiliar with the business. Writing a good business plan can’t guarantee success, but it can go a long way toward reducing the odds of failure." [7]
Presentation[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The format of a business plan depends on its presentation context. It is common for businesses, especially start-ups, to have three or four formats for the same business plan.
An "elevator pitch" is a short summary of the plan's executive summary. This is often used as a teaser to awaken the interest of potential investors, customers, or strategic partners. It is called an elevator pitch as it is supposed to be content that can be explained to someone else quickly in an elevator. The elevator pitch should be between 30 and 60 seconds.[8]
A pitch deck is a slide show and oral presentation that is meant to trigger discussion and interest potential investors in reading the written presentation. The content of the presentation is usually limited to the executive summary and a few key graphs showing financial trends and key decision making benchmarks. If a new product is being proposed and time permits, a demonstration of the product may be included.[9]
A written presentation for external stakeholders is a detailed, well written, and pleasingly formatted plan targeted at external stakeholders.
An internal operational plan is a detailed plan describing planning details that are needed by management but may not be of interest to external stakeholders. Such plans have a somewhat higher degree of candor and informality than the version targeted at external stakeholders and others.
Typical structure for a business plan for a start up venture [10]
cover page and table of contents
executive summary
mission statement
business description
business environment analysis
SWOT analysis
industry background
competitor analysis
market analysis
marketing plan
operations plan
management summary
financial plan
attachments and milestones
Typical questions addressed by a business plan for a start up venture [11]
What problem does the company's product or service solve? What niche will it fill?
What is the company's solution to the problem?
Who are the company's customers, and how will the company market and sell its products to them?
What is the size of the market for this solution?
What is the business model for the business (how will it make money)?
Who are the competitors and how will the company maintain a competitive advantage?
How does the company plan to manage its operations as it grows?
Who will run the company and what makes them qualified to do so?
What are the risks and threats confronting the business, and what can be done to mitigate them?
What are the company's capital and resource requirements?
What are the company's historical and projected financial statements?
Revising the business plan[edit]
Cost overruns and revenue shortfalls[edit]
Cost and revenue estimates are central to any business plan for deciding the viability of the planned venture. But costs are often underestimated and revenues overestimated resulting in later cost overruns, revenue shortfalls, and possibly non-viability. During the dot-com bubble 1997-2001 this was a problem for many technology start-ups. Reference class forecasting has been developed to reduce the risks of cost overruns and revenue shortfalls and thus generate more accurate business plans.
Legal and liability issues[edit]
Disclosure requirements[edit]
An externally targeted business plan should list all legal concerns and financial liabilities that might negatively affect investors. Depending on the amount of funds being raised and the audience to whom the plan is presented, failure to do this may have severe legal consequences.
Limitations on content and audience[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Non disclosure agreements (NDAs) with third parties, non-compete agreements, conflicts of interest, privacy concerns, and the protection of one's trade secrets may severely limit the audience to which one might show the business plan. Alternatively, they may require each party receiving the business plan to sign a contract accepting special clauses and conditions.
This situation is complicated by the fact that many venture capitalists will refuse to sign an NDA before looking at a business plan, lest it put them in the untenable position of looking at two independently developed look-alike business plans, both claiming originality. In such situations one may need to develop two versions of the business plan: a stripped down plan that can be used to develop a relationship and a detail plan that is only shown when investors have sufficient interest and trust to sign an NDA.
Open business plans[edit]
Traditionally business plans have been highly confidential and quite limited in audience. The business plan itself is generally regarded as secret.
An open business plan is a business plan with unlimited audience. The business plan is typically web published and made available to all.
In the free software and open source business model, trade secrets, copyright and patents can no longer be used as effective locking mechanisms to provide sustainable advantages to a particular business and therefore a secret business plan is less relevant in those models.
Uses[edit]
Education
Business plans are used in some primary and secondary programs to teach economic principles.[12]
Wikiversity has a Lunar Boom Town project where students of all ages can collaborate with designing and revising business models and practice evaluating them to learn practical business planning techniques and methodology
Fundraising
Fundraising is the primary purpose for many business plans, since they are related to the inherent probable success/failure of the company risk.
Angel investors
Business loans
Grants
Startup company funding
Venture capital
Internal use
Management by objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives (as can be detailed within business plans) within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are in the organization.
Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Business plans can help decision makers see how specific projects relate to the organization's strategic plan.
Total quality management (TQM) is a business management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organizational processes. TQM has been widely used in manufacturing, education, call centers, government, and service industries, as well as NASA space and science programs.
Not for profit businesses[edit]
The business goals may be defined both for non-profit or for-profit organizations. For-profit business plans typically focus on financial goals, such as profit or creation of wealth. Non-profit, as well as government agency business plans tend to focus on the "organizational mission" which is the basis for their governmental status or their non-profit, tax-exempt status, respectively—although non-profits may also focus on optimizing revenue.
The primary difference between profit and non-profit organizations is that "for-profit" organizations look to maximize wealth versus non-profit organizations, which look to provide a greater good to society. In non-profit organizations, creative tensions may develop in the effort to balance mission with "margin" (or revenue).
Satires[edit]
The business plan is the subject of many satires. Satires are used both to express cynicism about business plans and as an educational tool to improve the quality of business plans. For example,
In his presentation, Five Criteria For a Successful Business Plan in Biotech, Dr. Roger Bernier, uses Dilbert comic strips to remind people what not to do when researching and writing a business plan for a biotech start-up.[13]
Selena Maranjian's "Fool on the Hill" article in The Motley Fool, "'South Park's' Investing Lesson" (November 8, 2001), references the "Underpants Gnomes" to illustrate the fallacy of focusing on goals without a clear implementation strategy. That "Gnomes" episode satirizes the business plans of the Dot-com era.[14]
See also[edit]
Business case
Business Motivation Model
Corporate finance
Cost overrun
Cost-benefit analysis
Marketing plan
Optimism bias
Parkinson's Law of Triviality
Reference class forecasting
Revenue shortfall
Strategic plan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pinson, Linda. (2004). Anatomy of a Business Plan: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Business and Securing Your Company’s Future (6th Edition). Page 20. Dearborn Trade: Chicago, USA.
Jump up ^ Small Business Notes business plan outline for small business start-up
Jump up ^ Tufts University non-profit business plan
Jump up ^ State of Louisiana, USA government agency operational plan
Jump up ^ Tasmanian government project management knowledge base government project plan Archived June 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Boston College, Carroll School of Management, Business Plan Project Archived 2008-01-16 at the Wayback Machine. The business school advises students that "To create a robust business plan, teams must take a comprehensive view of the enterprise and incorporate management-practice knowledge from every first-semester course." It is increasingly common for business schools to use business plan projects to provide an opportunity for students to integrate knowledge learned through their courses.
^ Jump up to: a b Eric S. Siegel, Brian R. Ford, Jay M. Bornstein (1993), 'The Ernst & Young Business Plan Guide' (New York: John Wiley and Sons) ISBN 0-471-57826-6
Jump up ^ "How to Master Your Elevator Pitch". Retrieved 2014-10-14.
Jump up ^ Contributor. "How To Create An Early-Stage Pitch Deck For Investors".
Jump up ^ Creating a Business Plan: Expert Solutions to Everyday Challenges. United States: Harvard Business School. 2007. p. 7. ISBN 1422118851.
Jump up ^ "Cayenne Consultng LLC Ten Big Questions" (PDF). 'Cayenne Consultng LLC'. Cayenne Consultng LLC. 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Business Plan Competition". Economic Spa. competition intended to teach economic principles to K-12 students
Jump up ^ Bernier, Roger Laurent. Five Criteria For a Successful Business Plan in Biotech. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maranjian, Selena (November 8, 2001). "'South Park's' Investing Lesson". The Motley Fool.
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Books of Samuel
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The two Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל), 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel, form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or "prophets" section of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, and are considered by many biblical scholars to belong to the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings) which constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.[1] According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan;[2] modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630–540 BC by combining a number of independent texts of various ages.[3][4]
Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel's birth[5] and God's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel's oppression by the Philistines, which brought about Samuel's anointing of Saul as Israel's first king. But Saul proved unworthy and God's choice turned to David, who defeated Israel's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem. God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Composition
2.1 Versions
2.2 Authorship and date of composition
2.3 Sources
3 Themes
3.1 Samuel
3.2 Saul
3.3 David
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
6.1 Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel
6.2 Commentaries on Samuel
6.3 General
7 External links
Summary[edit]
Ernst Josephson, David and Saul, 1878.
The childless Hannah vows to Yahweh of hosts that if she has a son, he will be dedicated to him. Eli, the priest of Shiloh (where the Ark of the Covenant is located), blesses her, and a child named Samuel is born. Samuel is dedicated to the Lord as a Nazirite – the only one beside Samson to be identified in the Bible. Eli's sons, Hophni and Phinehas, prove unworthy of the priesthood and are killed in battle during the Battle of Aphek, but the child Samuel grows up "in the presence of the Lord."
The Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh and take it to the temple of their god Dagon, who recognises the supremacy of Yahweh. The Philistines are afflicted with plagues and return the ark to the Israelites, but to the territory of the tribe of Benjamin rather than to Shiloh. The Philistines attack the Israelites gathered at Mizpah in Benjamin. Samuel appeals to Yahweh, the Philistines are decisively beaten, and the Israelites reclaim their lost territory.
In Samuel's old age, he appoints his sons Joel and Abijah as judges, but they are unworthy, and so the people clamour for a king. God directs Samuel to grant them a king despite his concerns, and gives them Saul of the tribe of Benjamin. Saul defeats the enemies of the Israelites, but sins against Yahweh.
Yahweh tells Samuel to anoint David of Bethlehem as king, and David enters Saul's court as his armour-bearer and harpist. Saul's son and heir Jonathan befriends David and recognises him as rightful king. Saul plots David's death, but David flees into the wilderness, where he becomes a champion of the Hebrews. David joins the Philistines, but continues secretly to champion his own people, until Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle at Mount Gilboa. At this point, David offers a majestic eulogy, where he praises the bravery and magnificence of both his friend Jonathan and King Saul.[7]
The elders of Judah anoint David as king, but in the north Saul's son Ish-bosheth, or Ishbaal, rules over the northern tribes. After a long war, Ishbaal is murdered by Rechab and Baanah, two of his captains who hope for a reward from David; but David has them killed for killing God's anointed. David is then anointed King of all Israel. David captures Jerusalem and brings the Ark there. David wishes to build a temple, but Nathan tells him that one of his sons will be the one to build the temple. David defeats the enemies of Israel, slaughtering Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Syrians and Arameans.
David commits adultery with Bathsheba and plots the death of her husband, Uriah the Hittite; for this Yahweh sends disasters against his house. Nathan tells David that the sword shall never depart from his house. For the remainder of his reign there are problems. Amnon (one of David's sons) rapes his half-sister Tamar (one of David's daughters). Absalom (another son of David) kills Amnon, rebels against his father, and David flees from Jerusalem. Absalom is killed following the Battle of the Wood of Ephraim, David is restored as king, and he returns to his palace. Finally only two contenders for the succession remain, Adonijah and Bathsheba's son Solomon.
The Second Book of Samuel concludes with four chapters (chapters 21 to 24) which lie outside the chronological narrative of Saul and David. The narrative is resumed with the first Book of Kings, which relates how, as David lies dying, Bathsheba and Nathan ensure Solomon's elevation to the throne.
The four supplementary [8] chapters cover a great famine during David's reign,[9] the execution of seven of Saul's remaining descendants, only Mephibosheth being saved,[10] David's song of thanksgiving,[11] which is almost identical to Psalm 18, his last words,[12] a list of David's "mighty warriors",[13] an offering made by David using water from the well of Bethlehem,[14] David's sinful census,[15] a plague over Israel which David opted for as preferable to either famine or oppression,[16] and the construction of an altar on land he purchased from Araunah the Jebusite.[17]
Composition[edit]
David and Bathsheba, by Artemisia Gentileschi. David is seen in the background, standing on a balcony.
Versions[edit]
What it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint, 1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively.[18]
Then, what it is now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516 such as the Vulgate and the Septuagint respectively.[19] It was in 1517 that use of the division we know now today used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics began. Some Bibles still preserve the old denomination, for example, Douay Rheims bible.[20]
1 and 2 Samuel were originally (and, in some Jewish bibles, still are[citation needed]) a single book, but the first Greek translation, produced around the second century BCE, divided it into two; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century.[21] The modern Hebrew text, called the Masoretic text, differs considerably from the Greek, and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents.[22]
Authorship and date of composition[edit]
According to passages 14b and 15a of the Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, the book was written by Samuel up until 1 Samuel 25, which notes the death of Samuel, and the remainder by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea. Martin Noth in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel: the Deuteronomistic history (made up of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings).[23] Although Noth's belief that the entire history was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned, his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars.[24]
The most common view today is that an early version of the history was composed in the time of king Hezekiah (8th century BC); the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson Josiah at the end of the 7th BC, with further sections added during the Babylonian exile (6th century BC) and the work was substantially complete by about 550 BC.[25] Further editing was apparently done even after then: for example, the silver quarter-shekel which Saul's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or Hellenistic periods.[26]
The 6th century BC authors and editors responsible for the bulk of the history drew on many earlier sources, including (but not limited to) an "ark narrative" (1 Samuel 4:1–7:1 and perhaps part of 2 Samuel 6), a "Saul cycle" (parts of 1 Samuel 9–11 and 13–14), the "history of David's rise" (1 Samuel 16:14-2 Samuel 5:10), and the "succession narrative" (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2).[27] The oldest of these, the "ark narrative," may even predate the Davidic era.[28]
Sources[edit]
The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following:[29]
Call of Samuel or Youth of Samuel (1 Samuel 1–7): From Samuel's birth his career as Judge and prophet over Israel. This source includes the Eli narrative and part of the ark narrative.[30]
Ark narrative (1 Samuel 4:1b–7:1 and 2 Samuel 6:1–20): the ark's capture by the Philistines in the time of Eli and its transfer to Jerusalem by David – opinion is divided over whether this is actually an independent unit.[31]
Jerusalem source: a fairly brief source discussing David conquering Jerusalem from the Jebusites.
Republican source: a source with an anti-monarchial bias. This source first describes Samuel as decisively ridding the people of the Philistines, and begrudgingly appointing an individual chosen by God to be king, namely Saul. David is described as someone renowned for his skill at playing the harp, and consequently summoned to Saul's court to calm his moods. Saul's son Jonathan becomes friends with David, which some commentators view as romantic, and later acts as his protector against Saul's more violent intentions. At a later point, having been deserted by God on the eve of battle, Saul consults a medium at Endor, only to be condemned for doing so by Samuel's ghost, and told he and his sons will be killed. David is heartbroken on discovering the death of Jonathan, tearing his clothes as a gesture of grief.
Monarchial source: a source with a pro-monarchial bias and covering many of the same details as the republican source. This source begins with the divinely appointed birth of Samuel. It then describes Saul as leading a war against the Ammonites, being chosen by the people to be king, and leading them against the Philistines. David is described as a shepherd boy arriving at the battlefield to aid his brothers, and is overheard by Saul, leading to David challenging Goliath and defeating the Philistines. David's warrior credentials lead to women falling in love with him, including Michal, Saul's daughter, who later acts to protect David against Saul. David eventually gains two new wives as a result of threatening to raid a village, and Michal is redistributed to another husband. At a later point, David finds himself seeking sanctuary amongst the Philistine army and facing the Israelites as an enemy. David is incensed that anyone should have killed Saul, even as an act of mercy, since Saul was anointed by Samuel, and has the individual responsible, an Amalekite, killed.
Court History of David or Succession narrative (2 Samuel 9–20 and 1 Kings 1–2): a "historical novel", in Alberto Soggin's phrase, telling the story of David's reign from his affair with Bathsheba to his death. The theme is of retribution: David's sin against Uriah the Hittite is punished by God through the destruction of his own family,[32] and its purpose is to serve as an apology for the coronation of Bathsheba's son Solomon instead of his older brother Adonijah.[23] Some textual critics have posited that given the intimacy and precision of certain narrative details, the Court Historian may have been an eyewitness to some of the events he describes, or at the very least enjoyed access to the archives and battle reports of the royal house of David.[33]
Redactions: additions by the redactor to harmonize the sources together; many of the uncertain passages may be part of this editing.
Various: several short sources, none of which have much connection to each other, and are fairly independent of the rest of the text. Many are poems or pure lists.
Themes[edit]
Hannah presenting Samuel to Eli, by Jan Victors, 1645.
The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and David in particular.[34] The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem (the "Song of Hannah"): (1), the sovereignty of Yahweh, God of Israel; (2), the reversal of human fortunes; and (3), kingship.[35] These themes are played out in the stories of the three main characters, Samuel, Saul and David.
Samuel[edit]
Main article: Samuel
Samuel answers the description of the "prophet like Moses" predicted in Deuteronomy 18:15–22: like Moses, he has direct contact with Yahweh, acts as a judge, and is a perfect leader who never makes mistakes.[36] Samuel's successful defence of the Israelites against their enemies demonstrates that they have no need for a king (who will, moreover, introduce inequality), yet despite this the people demand a king. But the king they are given is Yahweh's gift, and Samuel explains that kingship can be a blessing rather than a curse if they remain faithful to their God. On the other hand, total destruction of both king and people will result if they turn to wickedness.[23]
Saul[edit]
Main article: Saul
Saul is the chosen one, tall, handsome and "goodly",[37] a king appointed by Yahweh, and anointed by Samuel, Yahweh's prophet, and yet he is ultimately rejected.[38] Saul has two faults which make him unfit for the office of king: he carries out a sacrifice in place of Samuel (1 Samuel 13:8–14), and he fails to complete the genocide of the Amalekites as God has ordered (1 Samuel 15).[39]
David[edit]
Main article: David
One of the main units within Samuel is the "History of David's Rise", the purpose of which is to justify David as the legitimate successor to Saul.[40] The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully, always respecting "the Lord's anointed" (i.e. Saul) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence.[41] As God's chosen king over Israel, David is also the son of God ("I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me..." – 2 Samuel 7:14).[42] God enters into an eternal covenant (treaty) with David and his line, promising divine protection of the dynasty and of Jerusalem through all time.[43]
See also[edit]
Biblical judges
Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)
The Bible and history
History of ancient Israel and Judah
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Kingdom of Judah
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gordon 1986, p. 18.
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 29:29
Jump up ^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 197.
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 1:1-20
Jump up ^ Spieckerman 2001, p. 348.
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 1:17–27
Jump up ^ Sub-heading in Jerusalem Bible
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 21:1
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 21:2-9
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 22:1-51
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23:1-7
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23:8-39
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23:13-17
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24:1-9
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24:10-17
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24:18-25
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/First and Second Books of Kings
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Third and Fourth Books of Kings
Jump up ^ Douay Rheims bible
Jump up ^ Gordon 1986, pp. 19–20.
Jump up ^ Bergen 1996, pp. 25–27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Klein 2003, p. 316.
Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007, pp. 15–19.
Jump up ^ Walton 2009, pp. 41–42.
Jump up ^ Auld 2003, p. 219.
Jump up ^ Knight 1991, p. 853.
Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Jones, pp. 197–99
Jump up ^ Soggin 1987, pp. 210–11.
Jump up ^ Eynikel 2000, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Soggin 1987, pp. 216–17.
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Jonathan (2009). King David: The Real Life of the Man Who Ruled Israel. Random House LLC. pp. 307–09. ISBN 9780307567819.
Jump up ^ Klein 2003, p. 312.
Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Beytenbrach 2000, pp. 53–55.
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 9:2: King James Version
Jump up ^ Hertzberg 1964, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Klein 2003, p. 319.
Jump up ^ Dick 2004, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 198.
Jump up ^ Coogan 2009, pp. 216, 229–33.
Jump up ^ Coogan 2009, p. 425.
Bibliography[edit]
Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel[edit]
Samuel 1 and 2 at Bible Gateway
Commentaries on Samuel[edit]
Shmuel I – Samuel I (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Shmuel II – Samuel II (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Auld, Graeme (2003). "1 & 2 Samuel". In James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
Bergen, David T. (1996). 1, 2 Samuel. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 9780805401073.
Gordon, Robert (1986). I & II Samuel, A Commentary. Paternoster Press. ISBN 9780310230229.
Hertzberg, Hans Wilhelm (1964). I & II Samuel, A Commentary (trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0664223182.
Tsumura, David Toshio (2007). The First Book of Samuel. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823595.
General[edit]
Breytenbach, Andries (2000). "Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative?". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Coogan, Michael D. (2009) A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: the Hebrew Bible in its Context Oxford University Press
Dick, Michael B (2004). "The History of "David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies". In Bernard Frank Batto and Kathryn L. Roberts. David and Zion: biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060927.
Eynikel, Erik (2000). "The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Halpern, Baruch (2001). David's secret demons: messiah, murderer, traitor, king. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827975.
Jones, Gwilym H (2001). "1 and 2 Samuel". In John Barton and John Muddiman. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
Klein, R.W. (2003). "Samuel, books of". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. The international standard Bible encyclopedia. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. p. 62. ISBN 9780567292896.
Knight, Douglas A (1991). "Sources". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737.
McCarter Jr., P. Kyle (1984). II Samuel: A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary By. Anchor Bible. ISBN 9780385068086.
Schleffer, Eben (2000). "Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist". In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy. Past, present, future: the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets. Brill. ISBN 9789004118713.
Soggin, Alberto (1987). Introduction to the Old Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221560.
Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Leo G. Perdue. The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible. Blackwell. ISBN 9780631210719.
Van Seters, John (1997). In search of history: historiography in the ancient world and the origins of biblical history. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060132.
Walton, John H (2009). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. Zondervan. ISBN 9780631210719.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
1 Samuel (Bible)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
2 Samuel (Bible)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books of Samuel.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: First Book of Samuel
Masoretic Text
Samuel A - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University (Hebrew)
Samuel B - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition, Menachem Cohen, Bar Ilan University (Hebrew)
שמואל א Shmuel Aleph – Samuel A (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
שמואל ב Shmuel Bet – Samuel B (Hebrew – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
Jewish translations
1 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
2 Samuel at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
Christian translations
Bible: 1 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Bible: 2 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Related articles
Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible
Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible
Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from Forward Movement
1 Samuel at BibleStudyTools.com
2 Samuel at BibleStudyTools.com
Books of Samuel
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Judges Hebrew Bible Succeeded by
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Ruth Christian
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Samuel (Biblical figure)

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values: سفر صموئيل الأول – Arabic

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