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List of Empire episodes
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Empire is an American musical drama television series which debuted on Fox on January 7, 2015. The show centers around a hip hop music and Entertainment Company, Empire Entertainment, and the drama among the members of the founders' family as they fight for control of the company. The series was created by Lee Daniels and Danny Strong, and stars Terrence Howard and Taraji P. Henson.
The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 11, 2017, which premiered on September 27, 2017.[1][2][3][4] As of December 13, 2017,[update] 57 episodes of Empire have aired.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2015)
2.2 Season 2 (2015–16)
2.3 Season 3 (2016–17)
2.4 Season 4 (2017–18)
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings
First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(millions)
1 12 January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07) March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18) 5 17.33[5]
2 18 September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23) May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18) 5 15.94[6]
3 18 September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21) May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) 23 10.37[7]
4 18 September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) TBA TBA TBA
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
Main article: Empire (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" Lee Daniels Lee Daniels & Danny Strong January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07) 1AXP01 9.90[8]
2
2 "The Outspoken King" Lee Daniels Danny Strong & Ilene Chaiken January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14) 1AXP02 10.32[9]
3
3 "The Devil Quotes Scripture" Sanaa Hamri Ilene Chaiken & Joshua Allen January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21) 1AXP03 11.07[10]
4
4 "False Imposition" Rosemary Rodriguez Wendy Calhoun January 28, 2015 (2015-01-28) 1AXP04 11.36[11]
5
5 "Dangerous Bonds" John Singleton Malcolm Spellman February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04) 1AXP05 11.47[12]
6
6 "Out, Damned Spot" Michael Engler Eric Haywood February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11) 1AXP06 11.96[13]
7
7 "Our Dancing Days" Sanaa Hamri Attica Locke February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18) 1AXP07 13.02[14]
8
8 "The Lyon's Roar" Danny Strong Danny Strong February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25) 1AXP08 13.90[15]
9
9 "Unto the Breach" Anthony Hemingway David Rambo March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04) 1AXP09 14.33[16]
10
10 "Sins of the Father" Rob Hardy Eddie Gonzalez & Jeremy Haft March 11, 2015 (2015-03-11) 1AXP10 14.90[17]
11
11 "Die But Once" Mario Van Peebles Ilene Chaiken March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18) 1AXP11 15.82[18]
12
12 "Who I Am" Debbie Allen Danny Strong & Ilene Chaiken March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18) 1AXP12 17.62[18]
Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]
Main article: Empire (season 2)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
13
1 "The Devils Are Here" Lee Daniels Danny Strong & Ilene Chaiken September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23) 2AXP01 16.18[19]
14
2 "Without a Country" Dee Rees Carlito Rodriguez September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30) 2AXP02 13.74[20]
15
3 "Fires of Heaven" Craig Brewer Attica Locke October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07) 2AXP03 13.10[21]
16
4 "Poor Yorick" Danny Strong Danny Strong October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14) 2AXP04 12.22[22]
17
5 "Be True" Kevin Bray Wendy Calhoun & Janeika James October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21) 2AXP05 12.28[23]
18
6 "A High Hope for a Low Heaven" Mario Van Peebles Robert Munic November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04) 2AXP06 11.68[24]
19
7 "True Love Never" Sylvain White Ingrid Escajeda November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11) 2AXP07 11.20[25]
20
8 "My Bad Parts" Sanaa Hamri Malcolm Spellman November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18) 2AXP08 11.34[26]
21
9 "Sinned Against" Paul McCrane Eric Haywood November 25, 2015 (2015-11-25) 2AXP09 9.21[27]
22
10 "Et Tu, Brute?" Sanaa Hamri Radha Blank December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02) 2AXP10 11.81[28]
23
11 "Death Will Have His Day" Danny Strong Danny Strong March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30) 2AXP11 12.46[29]
24
12 "A Rose by Any Other Name" Michael Engler Ilene Chaiken April 6, 2016 (2016-04-06) 2AXP12 11.34[30]
25
13 "The Tameness of a Wolf" Paris Barclay Attica Locke & Joshua Allen April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13) 2AXP13 10.11[31]
26
14 "Time Shall Unfold" Cherien Dabis Ayanna Floyd Davis April 20, 2016 (2016-04-20) 2AXP14 9.56[32]
27
15 "More Than Kin" Sanaa Hamri Eric Haywood & Malcolm Spellman April 27, 2016 (2016-04-27) 2AXP15 10.03[33]
28
16 "The Lyon Who Cried Wolf" Millicent Shelton Joshua Allen May 4, 2016 (2016-05-04) 2AXP16 9.39[34]
29
17 "Rise by Sin" Paul McCrane Ayanna Floyd Davis & Jamie Rosengard May 11, 2016 (2016-05-11) 2AXP17 9.81[35]
30
18 "Past Is Prologue" Sanaa Hamri Lee Daniels & Ilene Chaiken May 18, 2016 (2016-05-18) 2AXP18 10.88[36]
Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]
Main article: Empire (season 3)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
31
1 "Light in Darkness" Sanaa Hamri Malcolm Spellman & Joshua Allen September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21) 3AXP01 10.87[37]
32
2 "Sin That Amends" Craig Brewer Cherien Dabis & Carlito Rodriguez September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28) 3AXP02 9.65[38]
33
3 "What Remains Is Bestial" Millicent Shelton Diane Ademu-John & Eric Haywood October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05) 3AXP03 9.25[39]
34
4 "Cupid Kills" Hanelle Culpepper Matt Pyken & Attica Locke October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12) 3AXP04 9.27[40]
35
5 "One Before Another" Mario Van Peebles Joshua Allen & Carlito Rodriguez November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09) 3AXP05 8.15[41]
36
6 "Chimes at Midnight" Sanaa Hamri Cherien Dabis & Eric Haywood November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16) 3AXP06 8.39[42]
37
7 "What We May Be" Kevin Bray Diane Ademu-John & Malcom Spellman November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30) 3AXP07 7.84[43]
38
8 "The Unkindest Cut" Dennie Gordon Attica Locke & Jamie Rosengard December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07) 3AXP08 7.00[44]
39
9 "A Furnace for Your Foe" Sanaa Hamri Ilene Chaiken & Matt Pyken December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14) 3AXP09 7.58[45]
40
10 "Sound and Fury" Craig Brewer Eric Haywood & Carlito Rodriguez March 22, 2017 (2017-03-22) 3AXP10 7.95[46]
41
11 "Play On" Benny Boom Story by: Malcolm Spellman
Teleplay by: Janeika James & Jasheika James March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29) 3AXP11 6.91[47]
42
12 "Strange Bedfellows" Bille Woodruff Matt Pyken & Attica Locke April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05) 3AXP12 6.35[48]
43
13 "My Naked Villainy" Cherien Dabis Joshua Allen & Jamie Rosengard April 12, 2017 (2017-04-12) 3AXP13 6.59[49]
44
14 "Love is a Smoke" Tricia Brock Diane Ademu-John & Cherien Dabis April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26) 3AXP14 6.31[50]
45
15 "Civil Hands Unclean" Howard Deutch Ilene Chaiken & Carlito Rodriguez May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03) 3AXP15 5.60[51]
46
16 "Absent Child" Millicent Shelton Attica Locke & Malcolm Spellman May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10) 3AXP16 6.32[52]
47
17 "Toil & Trouble, Pt. 1" Craig Brewer Diane Ademu-John & Eric Haywood May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17) 3AXP17 6.14[53]
48
18 "Toil & Trouble, Pt. 2" Sanaa Hamri Ilene Chaiken & Joshua Allen May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) 3AXP18 6.94[54]
Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]
Main article: Empire (season 4)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
49
1 "Noble Memory" Sanaa Hamri Brett Mahoney September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) 4AXP01 7.05[55]
50
2 "Full Circle" Craig Brewer Craig Brewer & Eric Haywood October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04) 4AXP02 5.89[56]
51
3 "Evil Manners" Bille Woodruff Matt Pyken & Carlito Rodriguez October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11) 4AXP03 5.93[57]
52
4 "Bleeding War" Sanaa Hamri Diane Ademu-John & Jamie Rosengard October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18) 4AXP04 5.65[58]
53
5 "The Fool" Howie Deutch Janeika James & Jasheika James November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08) 4AXP05 5.40[59]
54
6 "Fortune Be Not Crost" Sanaa Hamri Joshua Allen & Dianne Houston November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15) 4AXP06 6.05[60]
55
7 "The Lady Doth Protest" Karen Gaviola Matt Pyken & Eric Haywood November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29) 4AXP07 5.05[61]
56
8 "Cupid Painted Blind" Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum Diane Ademu-John & Carlito Rodriguez December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06) 4AXP08 5.70[62]
57
9 "Slave to Memory" Sanaa Hamri Joshua Allen & Dianne Houston December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13) 4AXP09 5.95[63]
Ratings[edit]
Empire : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Ep. 17
Ep. 18
1
9.90 10.32 11.07 11.36 11.47 11.96 13.02 13.90 14.33 14.90 15.82 17.62 N/A
2
16.18 13.74 13.10 12.22 12.28 11.68 11.20 11.34 9.21 11.81 12.46 11.34 10.11 9.56 10.03 9.39 9.81 10.88
3
10.87 9.65 9.25 9.27 8.15 8.39 7.84 7.00 7.58 7.95 6.91 6.35 6.59 6.31 5.60 6.32 6.14 6.94
4
7.05 5.89 5.93 5.65 5.40 6.05 5.05 5.70 5.95 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Source: Nielsen Media Research[64][65][66]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/01/empire-renewed-season-4-fox-tca-1201883228/
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/12/jean-claude-van-johnson-review-jean-claude-van-damme-phylicia-rashad-amazon-video-1202226384/
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6415502/
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/empire/episode-1-season-4/noble-memory/658356/
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (May 21, 2015). "Full 2014–15 Series Rankings". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Full 2015–16 TV Season Series Rankings". Deadline Hollywood. May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Final 2016-17 TV Rankings: 'Sunday Night Football' Winning Streak Continues". Deadline Hollywood. May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 9, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for 'Empire' & 'American Idol'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 16, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' & 'The Mentalist' Adjusted Up; 'The Mysteries of Laura' and 'black-ish' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 22, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire', 'American Idol', 'Criminal Minds' & 'Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; 'The 100 Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 29, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Stalker' & 'The 100' Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'Empire'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 5, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up, 'Fresh Off the Boat' & 'The 100' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 12, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire', 'Arrow' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'The Goldbergs', 'The 100', 'The Mentalist', 'The Mysteries of Laura', 'black-ish' & 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire', 'Arrow', 'American Idol' & 'Modern Family' Adjusted Up; 'The 100' & 'Stalker' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 26, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire', 'American Idol', 'Suvivor' & 'Arrow' Adjusted Up; 'The 100', 'black-ish' & 'Nashville' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 5, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 12, 2015). "'Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'CSI: Cyber' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (March 19, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Arrow' & 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; 'Supernatural' Adjusted Down & Final 'Empire' Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 24, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'Modern Family' & 'Law and Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; 'Nashville' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Dani (October 1, 2015). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Empire', 'Survivor', 'Modern Family' & 'Rosewood' Adjusted Up; 'Nashville' & 'Code Black' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 8, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire,' 'SVU' and others adjusted up, 'Arrow' holds, 'Nashville' adjusted down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 15, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire,' 'Modern Family' and 'Arrow' adjusted up, 'Nashville' adjusted down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 30, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Rosewood' adjusted up, 'Empire' and everything else hold". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 5, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Arrow' adjusts up, 'Criminal Minds' rises but still at series low". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 12, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Black-ish' and 'Code Black' adjust down". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 19, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Arrow,' 'Rosewood,' 'Survivor' and 'The Middle' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 30, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' adjusts up, 'Code Black' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 3, 2015). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Arrow,' 'Empire,' and 'Criminal Minds' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 31, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' adjusts up, 'Survivor' and 'Beyond Borders' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 7, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' and 'Modern Family' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 14, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'The Goldbergs' adjusts up, 'Black-ish' and 'Nashville' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 21, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' adjusts up, 'Heartbeat' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 28, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'The Middle' and 'Empire' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 5, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: Wednesday final ratings: 'Chicago PD' and 'Heartbeat' adjust up, 'Nashville' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 12, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' and 'The Goldbergs' adjust up, 'Black-ish' and 'Nashville' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 19, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire,' 'Goldbergs,' & 'SVU' adjust up, 'Arrow' & 'Supernatural' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 22, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire' adjusts up, 'Designated Survivor' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 29, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Empire,' 'Lethal Weapon,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'SVU' & 'Blindspot' all adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 6, 2016). "'Empire,' 'Survivor,' 'SVU,' 'Chicago PD' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2016). "'Empire' and 'The Goldbergs' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 10, 2016). "'Black-ish' adjusts down, others hold: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2016). "'Goldbergs' and 'Speechless' adjust up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 2, 2016). "'Empire' adjusts up, 'Black-ish' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (December 8, 2016). "'Modern Family' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2016). "'Survivor' finale adjusts down, 'SNL Christmas' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 23, 2017). "'Law & Order: SVU' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 30, 2017). "'Modern Family,' 'Survivor' and 'Chicago PD' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2017). "ABC comedies, 'SVU,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Shots Fired' all adjust up; 'Beyond Borders' down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (April 13, 2017). "'Designated Survivor' and ABC comedy encores all adjust down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 27, 2017). "'Survivor' and 'Black-ish' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 4, 2017). "'Empire,' 'Modern Family,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Chicago PD' adjust up, 'The 100' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 11, 2017). "'Empire,' 'Modern Family,' 'Criminal Minds' finale, 'Chicago PD' & 'Speechless' all adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 18, 2017). "'Empire,' 'Blindspot' finale adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 25, 2017). "'Empire' finale and 'Dirty Dancing' adjust up, 'Survivor' reunion adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 28, 2017). "'Survivor' premiere adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 5, 2017). "'SEAL Team,' 'Law & Order: SVU' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 12, 2017). "'Empire,' 'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs,' 'Blacklist' adjust up, 'Dynasty' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 19, 2017). "'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs,' 'SEAL Team' adjust up, 'Criminal Minds' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Empire,' 'SVU,' CMAs and others unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 16, 2017). "'The Goldbergs' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 1, 2017). "'Empire' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). "'Survivor,' 'SVU' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 14, 2017). "'Survivor' and 'Speechless' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Empire: Season One Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 19, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Empire: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. May 19, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Empire: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
External links[edit]
Television portal
Official website
List of Empire episodes on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Empire
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Characters
Lucious
Cookie
Andre
Jamal
Hakeem
Soundtracks
Season 1
Season 2 Volume 1
Season 2 Volume 2
Season 3
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Nice Work If You Can Get It (musical)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Nice Work If You Can Get It.
Nice Work If You Can Get It
Music
George Gershwin
Lyrics
Ira Gershwin
Book
Joe DiPietro
Productions
2012 Broadway
2014 US tour
2015 São Paulo
2015 Melbourne
Nice Work If You Can Get It is a musical featuring songs by George and Ira Gershwin, with a book written by Joe DiPietro, and based on material by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse.[1] Nice Work premiered on Broadway in April 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Productions
3 Plot
4 Musical numbers
5 Reception
6 Original cast recording
7 Awards and nominations
7.1 Original Broadway production
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The musical was initially produced in 2001 at the Goodspeed Opera House titled They All Laughed!, with the book by Joe DiPietro and direction by Christopher Ashley.[2] The musical received "mixed notices" according to Frank Rizzo, writing in the Hartford Courant.[3] New collaborators and producers then became involved.[4]
A workshop was held in November 2007, featuring Harry Connick, Jr. and Erin Dilly. At that time, the show was titled Heaven on Earth.[5] The musical was first scheduled to debut at the Colonial Theatre in Boston, running from December 2008 through January 2009. The production was expected to open on Broadway in Spring 2009, with Harry Connick, Jr. However, in 2008 it was announced that the musical was "officially postponed", due to a change in the producing team; Connick ultimately left the project.[6][7][8]
Productions[edit]
Preview performances began on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on March 29, 2012 with the opening on April 24, 2012. Directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall, the cast starred Matthew Broderick (Jimmy Winter) and Kelli O'Hara (Billie Bendix).[9] Additional cast included Judy Kaye as Estonia Dulworth, The Duchess of Woodford; Michael McGrath as Cookie McGee; Jennifer Laura Thompson as Eileen Evergreen; Terry Beaver as Senator Max Evergreen; Robyn Hurder as Jeannie Muldoon; Stanley Wayne Mathis as Chief Berry; Chris Sullivan as Duke Mahoney and Estelle Parsons as Millicent Winter, the mother of Jimmy.[1][9] In December 2012, Blythe Danner took over for Parsons as Millicent Winter,[10] and on April 2, 2013, Jessie Mueller assumed the role of Billie, replacing O'Hara.[11] The production closed on June 15, 2013, after 27 previews and 478 regular performances.[12]
A US national tour of the musical started September 2, 2014 at the Music Hall at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas, and ran, with an extended break for the winter holidays, until March 22, 2015. It finished at the Segerstrom Center for the Arts in Costa Mesa, California.[13]
The Australian premiere, a non-replica production directed by Roger Hodgman for The Production Company, played at the State Theatre, Arts Centre Melbourne from August 15 to 23, 2015. It featured Rohan Browne, Esther Hannaford, Christie Whelan-Browne, John Wood, Gina Riley, George Kapiniaris, and Nicki Wendt.[14]
Plot[edit]
Act I
It's 1927, in the midst of a riotous bachelor party for the oft-married Jimmy Winter ("Sweet and Lowdown"). Outside, a trio of bootleggers – Cookie, Billie and Duke – are trying to figure out where to hide the 400 cases of gin they have stashed on their boat. As a stranger approaches, Duke and Cookie rush off. A drunken Jimmy staggers and comes across the pants-wearing Billie and is immediately smitten. He explains his plight – he must marry someone respectable or his mother will disinherit him, so he's marrying someone he doesn't truly love. Billie isn't all that interested in his tale of woe, until he reveals that he has a huge Long Island beach house that he never uses, so she swipes his wallet to discover the address. Jimmy assumes Billie is falling for him, but Billie insists that love is for suckers. Jimmy vehemently disagrees ("Nice Work If You Can Get It"). Jimmy passes out, and Billie focuses on this interesting man unconscious on the ground before her ("Nice Work If You Can Get It - Reprise"). Cookie and Duke rush back on, and Billie tells them that she found a place to store their bootleg – a Long Island beach house. A police whistle pierces the air, and the bootleggers scatter. Senator Max Evergreen and Chief Berry enter, along with Duchess Estonia Dulworth, who has brought along her Vice Squad and vows to rid society of its greatest evil ("Demon Rum").
The next morning, Billie, Cookie and Duke have stored their 400 cases of gin in the cellar of Jimmy's ritzy beach house. Eileen Evergreen, the finest interpreter of modern dance in the world, enters with Jimmy. They were married that morning, and they are on their honeymoon, though Eileen has yet to allow Jimmy to touch her. Cookie, disguised as a butler, enters and they naturally assume he's their servant. They send him off, and Eileen tells Jimmy that she's ready for the honeymoon shenanigans to begin – as soon as she takes a bath. She exits into the house as Billie enters, stunned to see Jimmy. Jimmy has no memory of meeting her last night, and as Jimmy flirts with her, Billie confesses that she's never been kissed. Strictly for educational purposes, Jimmy kisses Billie, and she realizes what she's been missing ("Someone to Watch Over Me").
Four and a half hours later, Eileen is still bathing ("Delishious"). In the ritzy living room, Cookie and Billie devise a plan for Billie to distract Jimmy from the 400 cases of gin in his cellar. Billie runs off as Jimmy enters, followed by a gaggle of chorus girls who invite him for a group swim, which Jimmy almost accepts ("I've Got to be There"). Eileen enters with a flourish, and just as she is about to let Jimmy touch her, he receives a telegram revealing that his last wife has refused to sign the annulment, and an irate Eileen storms off to get her father. That night in Jimmy's ritzy bedroom, Billie breaks in and tries to seduce him, badly ("Treat Me Rough"). Chief Berry, who has been pursuing Billie, barges in to arrest her. But Jimmy convinces him that Billie is actually his newest wife ("Let's Call the Whole Thing Off") and Billie and Jimmy are forced to spend the whole night together in his bedroom.
The next morning, Jeannie, a happy-go-lucky chorus girl, comes upon Duke, a lug from New Jersey, and mistakes him for an actual English Duke. Duke, who is perpetually nervous around women, tries to escape, but Jeannie does everything in her power to get him to notice her ("Do it Again").
In the ritzy living room, Jimmy and Billie realize that they are hopelessly in love ("'S Wonderful") But Eileen returns with her father – the ultra-conservative Senator Evergreen – and her aunt – the Duchess Estonia Dulworth – to demand that Jimmy and Eileen have a legal wedding. Jimmy has no choice but to marry Eileen, and Billie pretends to be a cockney maid so she can stick around and guard the bootleg. As Eileen beelines towards the cellar to get the wedding china, Jimmy and Cookie frantically distract the wedding party away from the basement ("Fascinating Rhythm") as the curtain falls.
Act II
On the ritzy terrace, the Vice Squad and Chorus Girls revel ("Lady Be Good"). Billie enters and realizes she'll never be as happy as the dancing revelers around her ("But Not For Me"). Cookie and Duke enter and, since they're all now disguised as servants, they plot how they can get the impending wedding luncheon over and done with as quickly as possible. The Duchess barrels on to instruct Cookie in the finer points of luncheon preparation. She insists on hiring a string quartet for entertainment, but Cookie has other ideas ("By Strauss" / "Sweet and Lowdown - Reprise").
As Billie sets the ritzy luncheon table, Jimmy makes one last attempt to appease her ("Do, Do, Do"). But Billie will have none of it. As the luncheon begins, Cookie and Duke frantically serve the luncheon guests, and the Duchess continues to annoy Cookie, who spikes her lemonade with Gin. Billie entertains them all with a cockney song ("Hangin' Around With You") which mainly serves as an excuse to keep pouring hot soup on Jimmy's lap. But Billie accidentally pours some steaming soup onto Eileen, who immediately fires her. The Duchess, now happily drunk, defends Billie and reveals a deep secret as she grabs onto Cookie, climbs on the luncheon table and swings from a chandelier ("Looking for a Boy"). After he drags off the Duchess, an angry Jimmy calls Billie a common criminal, and they realize that they can never be together. Jimmy goes to prepare for his wedding, as Jeannie enters looking for Duke, who Billie accidentally reveals isn't a real duke. Jeannie is furious, so Duke tries to win her over with a poem ("Blah Blah Blah"), but Jeannie rushes away.
In the ritzy bedroom, Cookie is dressing Jimmy for his wedding as Billie enters to return his wallet. Jimmy and Billie both realize that this is the last time they'll ever see each other ("Will You Remember Me?").
The Chorus Girls and Vice Squad set up the wedding ("I've Got To Be There - Reprise"). As Senator Evergreen presides, Eileen makes her very grand entrance ("I've Got a Crush on You"). But just before vows are exchanged, Cookie and Duke rush in, pretending to be Prohibition Agents, though Chief Berry quickly enters and reveals their true identities. As they're arrested, Jeannie rushes in and proclaims her love for Duke, then the now sober Duchess proclaims her love for Cookie. Still, Senator Evergreen insists the bootleggers must be arrested, but Jimmy's mother, Millicent, makes an appearance, revealing the true nature of her son's heritage – Senator Evergreen is Jimmy's father. The senator proclaims the day a joyous one and all are free to pursue their new and surprising loves. Jimmy realizes that Billie has rushed to the boathouse to sail away forever, and he rushes to swear his devotion to her. Millicent follows and reveals that she happens to be the biggest rum-runner on Long Island, and she'd like Billie to marry her son and take over her business. Billie happily accepts ("Someone to Watch Over Me - Reprise"). And on the ritzy terrace under a starry night, love has blossomed, the bootleg is opened and the company celebrates their new found joy ("They All Laughed!").
Musical numbers[edit]
Act 1
"Sweet and Lowdown" – Jimmy, Jeannie, Chorus Girls and Society Guys
"Nice Work If You Can Get It" – Jimmy and Billie
"Nice Work If You Can Get It" (Reprise) – Billie
"Demon Rum" – Duchess, Chief Berry, Senator and Vice Squad
"Someone to Watch Over Me" – Billie
"Delishious" – Eileen, Bubble Girls and Boys
"I've Got to Be There" – Jimmy, Jeannie and Chorus Girls
"I've Got to Be There" (Reprise) – Jeannie and Chorus Girls
"Treat Me Rough" – Billie
"Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" – Jimmy, Billie and Chief Berry
"Do It Again" – Jeannie and Duke
"'S Wonderful" – Jimmy and Billie
"Fascinating Rhythm" – Jimmy, Cookie and Company
Act 2
"Lady Be Good" – Orchestra
"But Not for Me" – Billie
"By Strauss" – Duchess
"Sweet and Lowdown" (Reprise) – Cookie
"Do, Do, Do" – Jimmy, Elliot, Vic and Floyd
"Hangin' Around With You" – Billie
"Looking for a Boy" – Duchess and Cookie
"Blah, Blah, Blah" – Duke and Jeannie
"Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" (Reprise) – Billie and Jimmy
"Will You Remember Me?" – Billie and Jimmy
"I've Got to Be There" (Reprise) – Chorus Girls and Vice Squad
"I've Got a Crush on You" – Eileen, Chorus Girls and Vice Squad
"Blah, Blah, Blah" (Reprise) – Jeannie and Duke
"Looking for a Boy" (Reprise) – Cookie and Duchess
"Delishious" (Reprise) – Chief Berry and Eileen
"Someone to Watch Over Me" (Reprise) – Jimmy and Billie
"They All Laughed" – Full Company
Reception[edit]
Reviews of the Broadway production were mixed to positive. Ben Brantley, in his New York Times review, wrote: "Every now and then, a bubble of pure, tickling charm rises from the artificial froth of “Nice Work if You Can Get It,” the pastiche of a 1920s musical featuring songs by George and Ira Gershwin. Most of this show, which opened on Tuesday night at the Imperial Theater, registers as a shiny, dutiful trickle of jokes and dance numbers performed by talented people who don’t entirely connect with the whimsy of a bygone genre. [...] But then, all at once, there’s a moment of delicate ridiculousness, of utterly credible improbability, that signals what Kathleen Marshall, the production’s director and choreographer, must have been aiming for."[15]
The USA Today reviewer wrote: "[...] director/choreographer Kathleen Marshall and a stellar cast ensure that the show is as charming in execution as it is disheartening in theory. [...] For every sharp line, there are a couple that will make you wince — or would, if they weren't delivered with such disarming spirit and skill. [...] Broderick fares predictably well in the kind of role he does best: a sweetly deadpan social doofus. O'Hara proves once again that there's pretty much nothing she can't do on stage. [...] [T]he excellent Judy Kaye, playing a smug Prohibition advocate, sips spiked lemonade and gets flamboyantly frisky."[16]
The Newsday reviewer wrote: "Kathleen Marshall [...] has put together a rowdy, dopey-smart, dance-driven screwball comedy that never shies from the extravagant edge of clunky silliness. Kelli O'Hara and Matthew Broderick may not seem a likely romantic couple. But their different styles -- her crisp and sublime professionalism, his sleepy-faced cunning naiveté and low-watt skills -- spark unexpected chemistry. At least they are very sweet together. Joe DiPietro [...] has used some outlines of "Oh, Kay," a genuine Prohibition fluff ball from 1926, for his new story. He switches the power of the illegal-hooch gang from the guys to a plucky woman in guy's clothes—O'Hara."[17]
Original cast recording[edit]
An original Broadway cast recording was recorded in May 2012 for the Shout! Factory label and distributed by Sony Records.[18] The album was released in September 2012.[19]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2012 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated
Best Book of a Musical Joe DiPietro Nominated
Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Kelli O'Hara Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Michael McGrath Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won
Best Direction of a Musical Kathleen Marshall Nominated
Best Choreography Nominated
Best Orchestrations Bill Elliott Nominated
Best Costume Design Martin Pakledinaz Nominated
Best Sound Design Brian Ronan Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated
Outstanding Book of a Musical Joe DiPietro Won
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Kelli O'Hara Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Michael McGrath Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Won
Outstanding Director of a Musical Kathleen Marshall Nominated
Outstanding Choreography Nominated
Outstanding Costume Design Martin Pakledinaz Nominated
Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sommer, Elyse. "A CurtainUp Review. 'Nice Work If You Can Get It' " CurtainUp.com, April 21, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. S'wonderful: They All Laughed! Begins World Preem Run at Goodspeed June 29" playbill.com, June 29, 2001
Jump up ^ Rizzo, Frank. Broadway's "Nice Work" Rings a Goodspeed Bell" Hartford Courant, December 20, 2011
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Kathleen Marshall To Make Matthew Broderick Tap-Happy in Broadway's Nice Work Musical in 2012" Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, June 16, 2011
Jump up ^ New York Production Listings, backstage.com, June 24, 2009
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Connick, Jr. to Return to Broadway in Nice Work If You Can Get It; Marshall at Helm", Playbill, May 5, 2008
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth."Producing Partners of Nice Work Musical Part Ways; Marshall Is Out, Connick Remains" Playbill, June 2, 2008
Jump up ^ "A delay for 'Nice Work' with Harry Connick Jr.", The Boston Globe, July 25, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Kenneth. Nice Work, the "New" Gershwin Musical Starring Matthew Broderick and Kelli O'Hara, Opens on Broadway" Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, April 24, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. Blythe Danner Finds Nice Work on Broadway Starting Dec. 18 Playbill.com, December 18, 2013
Jump up ^ "Exclusive! Jessie Mueller to Star Opposite Matthew Broderick as Nice Work's New Leading Lady". Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Nice Work If You Can Get It Will End Broadway Run in June; National Tour Planned Playbill.com, April 24, 2013
Jump up ^ Alex Enterline and Mariah MacFarlane Set to Lead NICE WORK IF YOU CAN GET IT Tour; Full Cast Announced Retrieved August 21, 2014
Jump up ^ Woodhead, Cameron (16 August 2015). "Nice Work if You Can Get it zings with comic verve". The Age. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben. "Theater Review. Falling in Love, Footstep by Footstep" The New York Times, April 24, 2012
Jump up ^ Gardner, Elysa. Broderick and cast do a nice job with 'Nice Work'" USA Today, April 24, 2012
Jump up ^ Winer, Linda. "It is 'Nice Work If You Can Get It'" Newsday, April 24, 2012
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk."'Nice Work If You Can Get It' Cast Album in the Works!" broadwayworld.com, (webcache.googleusercontent.com), May 17, 2012
Jump up ^ Gordon, David.Shout! Factory to Release Nice Work If You Can Get It Broadway Cast Recording" theatermania.com, May 17, 2012
External links[edit]
Internet Broadway Database Listing
Official website
Nice Work If You Can Get It at Playbill Vault
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History of hard disk drives
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Main article: Hard disk drive
In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost.[1] After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc.,[1] the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive.[2] The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.[3]
The commercial usage of hard disk drives began in 1957, with the shipment of a production IBM 305 RAMAC system including IBM Model 350 disk storage.[4] US Patent 3,503,060 issued March 24, 1970, and arising from the IBM RAMAC program is generally considered to be the fundamental patent for disk drives.[5]
Each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive and more cumbersome devices. The earliest drives were usable only in the protected environment of a data center. Later generations progressively reached factories, offices and homes, eventually reaching ubiquity.
Disk media diameter was initially 24-inches in diameter but over time it has been reduced to today's 3.5" and 2.5" standard sizes. Drives with the larger 24-inch and 14-inch diameter media were typically mounted in standalone boxes (resembling washing machines) or large equipment rack enclosures. Individual drives often required high-current AC power due to the large motors required to spin the large disks. Drives with smaller media generally conformed to de facto standard form factors.
The capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. When hard drives became available for personal computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During the mid-1990s the typical hard disk drive for a PC had a capacity of about 1 gigabyte.[6] As of December 2017, desktop hard disk drives typically had a capacity of 1 to 6 terabytes, with the largest-capacity drives reaching 12 terabytes.
Contents
1 1950s–1970s
2 1980s, the transition to the PC era
3 1990s
4 2000 to present
5 Timeline
6 Manufacturing history
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
1950s–1970s[edit]
Main article: Early IBM disk storage
The IBM 350 Disk File was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson. It was announced in 1956 with the then new IBM 305 RAMAC computer.[7] A variant, the IBM 355 Disk File, was simultaneously announced with the IBM RAM 650 computer,[8] an enhancement to the IBM 650.
The IBM 350 drive had fifty 24-inch (0.6 m) platters, with a total capacity of five million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes).[9] A single head assembly having two heads was used for access to all the platters, yielding an average access time of just under 1 second.
The RAMAC disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.[10] Subsequently there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all ultimately were displaced by HDDs. Today SSDs compete with HDDs in the marketplace.
The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit,[11] announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings (self-flying heads) with one head per each surface of the disks.
Also in 1961, Bryant Computer Products introduced its 4000 series disk drives. These massive units stood 52 inches (1.3 m) tall, 70 inches (1.8 m) wide, and had up to 26 platters, each 39 inches (0.99 m) in diameter, rotating at up to 1,200 rpm. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds (ms). The drive's total capacity, depending on the number of platters installed, was up to 205,377,600 bytes (205 MB).[12][13]
The first disk drive to use removable media was the IBM 1311 drive. It was introduced in 1962 using the IBM 1316 disk pack to store two million characters. It was followed by the IBM 2311 (1964) using the IBM 1316 disk pack to store 5 megabyte, IBM 2314 (1965) using the IBM 2316 disk pack to store 29 megabytes, the IBM 3330 using 3336 disk packs to store 100 megabytes and the 3330-11 using the 3336-11 to store 200 megabytes.
A partially disassembled IBM 350 (RAMAC)
Memorex in 1968 shipped the first HDD, the Memorex 630, plug compatible to an IBM model 2311 marking the beginning of independent competition (Plug Compatible Manufacturers or PCMs) for HDDs attached to IBM systems. It was followed in 1969 by the Memorex 660, an IBM 2314 compatible, which was OEM'ed to DEC and resold as the RP02.
Removable disk packs
In 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive and the 3348 data module, the first significant commercial use of low mass and low load heads with lubricated platters and the last IBM disk drive with removable media. This technology and its derivatives remained the standard through 2011. Project head Kenneth Haughton named it after the Winchester 30-30 rifle because it was planned to have two 30 MB spindles; however, the actual product shipped with two spindles for data modules of either 35 MB or 70 MB.[14] The name 'Winchester' and some derivatives are still common in some non-English speaking countries to generally refer to any hard disks (e.g. Hungary, Russia).
Also in 1973, Control Data Corporation introduced the first of its series of SMD disk drives using conventional disk pack technology. The SMD family became the predominant disk drive in the minicomputer market into the 1980s.
Smaller diameter media came into usage during the 1970s and by the end of the decade standard form factors had been established for drives using nominally 8-inch media (e.g., Shugart SA1000) and nominally 5.25-inch media (e.g., Seagate ST-506).
During the 1970s, captive production, dominated by IBM's production for its own use, remained the largest revenue channel for HDDs, though the relative importance of the OEM channel grew. Led by Control Data, Diablo Systems, CalComp and Memorex, the OEM segment reached $631 million in 1979, but still well below the $2.8 billion associated with captive production.[15]
1980s, the transition to the PC era[edit]
The 1980s saw the minicomputer age plateau as PCs were introduced. Manufacturers such as DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to manufacture minicomputer compatible hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage. Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP 7935 as one such drive. But it was clear that smaller Winchester storage systems were eclipsing large platter hard drives.[citation needed]
Seagate 20 MB HDD and Western Digital Controller for PC
Hard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and very expensive optional feature; systems typically had only the less expensive floppy disk drives or even cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport media. However by the late '80s, hard disk drives were standard on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as transport media.
Most hard disk drives in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users by systems integrators such as the Corvus Disk System or the systems manufacturer such as the Apple ProFile. The IBM PC XT in 1983, included an internal standard 10MB hard disk drive, and soon thereafter internal hard disk drives proliferated on personal computers.
HDDs continued to get smaller with the introduction of the 3.5-inch form factor in the middle of the decade Rodime 1983 and the 2.5-inch form factor PrairieTek 1988.
Industry participation peaked with about 75 active manufacturers in 1985 and then declined thereafter even though volume continued to climb: by 1989 reaching 22 million units and $23 billion in revenue.[16]
1990s[edit]
Even though there were a number of new entrants, industry participants continued to decline in total to 15 in 1999. Unit volume and industry revenue monotonically increased during the 1990s to 174 million units and $26 billion.[17]
The industry production consolidated around the 3.5-inch and 2.5 inch form factors; the larger form factors dying off while several smaller form factors were offered but achieved limited success, e.g. HP 1.3-inch Kittyhawk, IBM 1-inch Microdrive, etc..
2000 to present[edit]
In 2001 the HDD industry experienced its first ever decline in units and revenue.
The number of industry participants decreased to 6 in 2009 and 3 in 2013.
Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million units and has been in a slow decline since then.[18] Shipments in 2016 estimated at about 424 million units.[19]
Timeline[edit]
1956 – IBM 350, shipment of test disk drive to Zellerbach, SF CA, USA
1957 – IBM 350, first production disk drive, 5 million characters (6-bit), equivalent to 3.75 megabytes.
1961 – IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit introduced with one head per surface and aerodynamic flying heads, 28 million characters (6-bit) per module.
1961 – Bryant Computer Products division of Ex-Cell-O, 1 meter platters, 1200 RPM, up to 205MB.
1962 – IBM 1311 introduced removable disk packs containing 6 disks, storing 2 million characters per pack
1964 – IBM 2311 with 7.25 megabytes per disk pack
1964 – IBM 2310 removable cartridge disk drive with 1.02 MB on one disk
1965 – IBM 2314 with 11 disks and 29 MB per disk pack
1968 – Memorex is first to ship an IBM-plug-compatible disk drive
1970 – IBM 3330 Merlin, introduced error correction, 100 MB per disk pack
1973 – IBM 3340 Winchester introduced removable sealed disk packs that included head and arm assembly, 35 or 70 MB per pack
1973 – CDC SMD announced and shipped, 40 MB disk pack
1976 – 1976 IBM 3350 "Madrid" – 317.5 megabytes, eight 14" disks, re-introduction of disk drive with fixed disk media
1979 – IBM 3370 introduced thin film heads, 571 MB, non-removable
1979 – 1979 IBM 62PC "Piccolo" – 64.5 megabytes, six 8" disks, first 8-inch HDD
1980 – The IBM 3380 was the world's first gigabyte-capacity disk drive. Two 1.26 GB, head disk assemblies (essentially two HDDs) were packaged in a cabinet the size of a refrigerator,[20] weighed 455 kg (1000 lb), and had a price tag of 81,000 USD (Model B4) which is 240,579 USD in present-day terms.[21]
1980 – ST-506 first 51⁄4 inch drive released with capacity of 5 megabytes, cost $1500 USD
1982 – HP 7935 404 megabyte, 7 platter hard drive for minicomputers, HP-IB bus, $27,000
1983 – RO351/RO352 first 31⁄2 inch drive released with capacity of 10 megabytes[22]
1986 – Standardization of SCSI
1988 – PrairieTek 220 – 20 megabytes, two 2.5" disks, first 2.5 inch HDD
1989 – Jimmy Zhu and H. Neal Bertram from UCSD proposed exchange decoupled granular microstructure for thin film disk storage media, still used today.
1990 – 1990 IBM 0681 "Redwing" – 857 megabytes, twelve 5.25" disks. First HDD with PRML Technology (Digital Read Channel with 'partial response maximum likelihood' algorithm).
1991 – IBM 0663 "Corsair" – 1,004 megabytes, eight 3.5" disks; first HDD using magnetoresistive heads
1991 – Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" – 21.4 megabytes, one 1.8" disk, first 1.8-inch HDD[23]
1992 – HP Kittyhawk – 20MB, first 1.3-inch hard-disk drive
1993 – IBM 3390 model 9, the last Single Large Expensive Disk drive announced by IBM
1994 – IBM introduces Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT)
1997 – IBM Deskstar 16GP "Titan" – 16,800 megabytes, five 3.5" disks; first (Giant Magnetoresistance) heads
1997 – Seagate introduces the first hard drive with fluid bearings[24]
1998 – UltraDMA/33 and ATAPI standardized
1999 – IBM releases the Microdrive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities
2002 – (Parallel) ATA breaks 137 GB (128 GiB) addressing space barrier
2003 – Serial ATA introduced
2003 – IBM sells disk drive division to Hitachi
2004 – MK2001MTN first 0.85-inch drive released by Toshiba with capacity of 2 gigabytes[23]
2005 – First 500 GB hard drive shipping (Hitachi GST)
2005 – Serial ATA 3 Gbit/s standardized
2005 – Seagate introduces Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR) and Thermal Spacing Control
2005 – Introduction of faster SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)
2005 – First perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) HDD shipped: Toshiba 1.8-inch 40/80 GB[25]
2006 – First 750 GB hard drive (Seagate)
2006 – First 200 GB 2.5" hard drive utilizing perpendicular recording (Toshiba)
2006 – Fujitsu develops heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) that could one day achieve one terabit per square inch densities[26]
2007 – First 1 terabyte[27] hard drive[28] (Hitachi GST)
2008 – First 1.5 terabyte[27] hard drive[29] (Seagate)
2009 – First 2.0 terabyte hard drive[30] (Western Digital)
2010 – First 3.0 terabyte hard drive[31][32] (Seagate, Western Digital)
2010 – First hard drive manufactured by using the Advanced Format of 4,096 bytes a block ("4K") instead of 512 bytes a block[33]
2011 – First 4.0 terabyte hard drive[34] (Seagate)
2011 – Floods hit many hard drive factories. Predictions of a worldwide shortage of hard disk drives cause prices to double.[35][36][37]
2012 – Western Digital announces the first 2.5-inch, 5 mm thick drive, and the first 2.5-inch, 7 mm thick drive with two platters[38] (Western Digital)
2012 – HGST announces helium-filled hard disk drives, promising cooler operation and the ability to increase the maximum number of platters from five to seven in the 3.5" form factor[39] (Hitachi GST)
2012 – TDK demonstrates 2 TB on a single 3.5-inch platter[40]
2012 – Hitachi Global Storage Technologies and Western Digital merge to one hard drive manufacturer. To ensure actual competition on the hard drive market after the merging, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission requires that Western Digital and Hitachi GST give assets and intellectual property rights to Toshiba.[41] This allows Toshiba to re-enter the 3.5" desktop hard disk drive market with capacities up to 3 TB.[42] Prior to this, Toshiba had only manufactured 2.5" laptop HDDs for many years.
2013 – Seagate announces that it will ship hard disk drives with capacities up to 5 TB using shingled magnetic recording (SMR), a method where tracks are written to partially overlap each other. The read head, being smaller, can still read the overlapped tracks.[43]
2013 – HGST announces a helium-filled 6 TB hard disk drive for enterprise applications[44]
2013 – Western Digital demonstrates heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technology[45][46][47][48]
2014 – Seagate introduces 6 TB hard drives that do not use helium, in turn increasing their power consumption and lowering their overall cost[49]
2014 – Seagate ships world's first 8 TB hard drives[50]
2015 – In June HGST ships Ultrastar Archive Ha10 SMR HDD, the world's first 10 TB HDD[51] followed in December by a conventional PMR HDD[52]
2017 – 12 TB Helium-based HDD available from Western Digital.[53]
2017 – 14 TB Helium-filled PMR HDD announced by Toshiba, with availability being promised for 2018 Q1 or Q2.[54]
Manufacturing history[edit]
See also: List of defunct hard disk manufacturers
Diagram of consolidation
Manufacturing began in California's Silicon Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the first HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350. The industry grew slowly at first with three additional companies in the market by 1964, Anelex Corp., Bryant Computer Products and Data Products Corp..[55] The industry grew rapidly in the late 1960s and again in the 1980s reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984.[56] There have been at least 221 companies manufacturing hard disk drives[57][58][59][60] but most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. Surviving manufacturers are Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as the senior participant having entered the market in 1977,[61] twenty years after IBM started the market.
From beginning and into the early 1980s manufacturing was mainly by US firms in the United States at locations such as Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City.[58]:Table 7 In the 1980s US firms, beginning with Seagate, began to shift production to Singapore and then other locations in southeast Asia. In a span of seven years, 1983 to 1990, Singapore became the single largest location of HDD production, amounting to 55% of worldwide production.[58]:Table 9 Japanese HDD companies later also moved their production to southeast Asia.[58]:Table 10 Today the three remaining firms all produce their units in the Pacific Rim.
By the 1990s the dollar value of magnetic recording devices produced by companies located in California's "Silicon Valley" exceeded the dollar value of semiconductor devices produced there leading some to suggest that a more appropriate name for this area would be "Iron Oxide Valley," after the magnetic material coating the disks.[62] All three remaining firms still have significant activities in Silicon Valley, but no manufacturing.
See also[edit]
History of floppy disks
History of IBM magnetic disk drives
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Proposal – Random Access File," A. J. Critchlow, IBM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY, San Jose, California, February 6, 1953
Jump up ^ US 3503060 DIRECT ACCESS MAGNETIC DISC STORAGE DEVICE March 24, 1970, invented by Goddard & Lynott, assigned to IBM
Jump up ^ The IBM 350 RAMAC Disk File, ASME Award, Feb 27, 1984.
Jump up ^ [ Bashe et. al. (1986). IBM's Early Computers. MIT Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-262-02225-7. ]
Jump up ^ Disk Drive Patent Archived 2011-08-28 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 1996 Disk Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, Figure 2 – Unit Shipment Summary
Jump up ^ "NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT- IBM 305 RAMAC," IBM Announcement Letter 256-114, September 4, 1956
Jump up ^ "NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT- RAM 650," IBM Announcement Letter 256-117, September 4, 1956
Jump up ^ Jacob, Bruce; Ng, Spencer W.; Wang, David T. (2008). Memory systems: cache, DRAM, disk. Elsevier Inc. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-12-379751-3.
Jump up ^ The IBM 350 RAMAC Disk File, ASME Award, Feb 27, 1984.
Jump up ^ IBM Archives: IBM 1301 disk storage unit
Jump up ^ "Bryant Model 2 Series 4000 Disc Files" (PDF). Bryant Computer Products. 1965-06-15. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
Jump up ^ "Data Storage, Data Backup and Storage Virtualization: Walking Through 50 Years of Hard Disk Drive History (slide 6)". eWEEK.com. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
Jump up ^ IBM Archives: IBM 3340 direct access storage facility
Jump up ^ Storage Industry Dynamics And Strategy Archived 2014-02-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Disk/Trend Report - Rigid Disk Drives, October 1989
Jump up ^ Gartner/Dataquest, Market Share and Forecast: Hard Disk Drives, Worldwide, 2001-2010, Chapter 2, (c) 2006
Jump up ^ "469 million HDDs Shipped in 2015, 651 million HDDs in 2010 – AnandTech". Storage Newsletter. March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Worldwide unit shipments of hard disk drives (HDD) from1976 to 2020 (in millions)". Statista. 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "IBM Arrchives: IBM 3380 direct access storage device". IBM. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://chmhdd.wetpaint.com/page/Rodime+RO352
^ Jump up to: a b Timeline: 50 Years of Hard Drives, Rex Farrance, PCWorld, Sep 13, 2006
Jump up ^ http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?locale=en-US&name=Seagate_Forms_Strategic_Partnerships_to_Manufacture_Fluid_Dynamic_Bearing_Motors_for_Hard_Disc_Drives&vgnextoid=be0c0b64f9e3e010VgnVCM100000dd04090aRCRD
Jump up ^ http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2004_12/pr1401.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/30024/135/
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.conversioncenter.net/bits-and-bytes-conversion/from-terabyte-%28TB%29-to-tebibyte-%28TiB%29
Jump up ^ Hitachi introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive
Jump up ^ Seagate Powers Next Generation Of Computing With Three New Hard Drives, Including World's First 1.5-Terabyte Desktop PC And Half-Terabyte Notebook PC Hard Drives
Jump up ^ WD launches industry's first 2 TB hard drives
Jump up ^ The World's First 3TB HDD: Seagate GoFlex Desk 3TB Review
Jump up ^ Western Digital, the first to ship an internal 3TB hard drive
Jump up ^ Ward, Mark (2010-03-09). "Hard drive evolution could hit XP". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Anandtech – Seagate Ships World's First 4TB External HDD
Jump up ^ Fuller, Thomas (6 November 2011). "Thailand Flooding Cripples Hard-Drive Suppliers". New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Western Digital's flood-hit Thailand ops to hurt company". Reuters. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Farming hard drives: how Backblaze weathered the Thailand drive crisis". 2012-10-09.
Jump up ^ IDF: Western Digital demonstrates 5mm thick hard disks
Jump up ^ HGST Announces Radically New, Helium-Filled Hard Disk Drive Platform
Jump up ^ TDK Finally crams 2TB on one 3.5-inch hard drive
Jump up ^ FTC: Western Digital and Hitachi must give assets and IP rights to Toshiba (update: sale approved)
Jump up ^ Toshiba Expands Product Portfolio with 3.5-Inch Client Hard Disk Drives ...
Jump up ^ Seagate to Ship 5TB HDD in 2014 using Shingled Magnetic Recording
Jump up ^ DailyTech – HGST Unveils Helium-Filled Enterprise HDDs
Jump up ^ Extreme Tech – Seagate hits 1 terabit per square inch, 60TB hard drives on their way
Jump up ^ Toms IT Pro – WD Demos Future HDD Storage Tech: 60TB Hard Drives
Jump up ^ TECHSPOT – Western Digital hoping for 5x larger hard drives with HAMR
Jump up ^ Pocket-Lint – This time next year you could be pre-ordering a 60TB HAMR hard drive
Jump up ^ - Seagate Enterprise Capacity 3.5 HDD Datasheet
Jump up ^ Seagate Ships World’s First 8TB Hard Drives
Jump up ^ HGST Delivers World’s First 10TB Enterprise HDD for Active Archive Applications
Jump up ^ Western Digital Corporation Is Now Shipping World’s First Helium-filled 10TB PMR HDD To Meet Exponential Growth In Data
Jump up ^ http://www.anandtech.com/show/11298/western-digital-starts-shipments-of-hgst-ultrastar-he12-12-tb-hdds
Jump up ^ https://www.anandtech.com/show/12134/toshiba-announces-14-tb-pmr-mg07aca-hdd-9-platters-heliumfilled-260-mbs
Jump up ^ Hess, Herman (1964). "A Comparison of the Characteristics of Modern Discs and Tapes". Disc File Applications. Nation's First Disc File Symposium. Detroit, MI, USA: American Data Processing Inc. pp. 60–70. 64-23108.
Jump up ^ Porter, James (October 1984). 1984 Disk/Trend Report - Rigid Disk Drives. Disk/Trend Inc. p. SUM-4.
Jump up ^ Maleval, Jean-Jacques (2013-03-28). "HISTORY: List of 221 Companies in HDD Manufacturing Since 1956". Retrieved 2017-03-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McKendrick, David (November 1997). "Sustaining Competitive Advantage in Global Industries: Technological Change and Foreign Assembly in the Hard Disk Drive Industry". Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2011-08-03. McKendrick lists 67 defunct hard disk drive manufacturers
Jump up ^ "TheRef - Hard Drives". TheRef lists 101 HDD manufacturers active from 1989 to 1996, only three of which remain in 2017.
Jump up ^ "硬盘" [Hard disk manufacturers] (in Chinese and English). Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2017-03-30. - lists 126 HDD manufacturers including 3 current ones.
Jump up ^ "Toshiba MK-100F/MK-300F". IPSJ Computer Museum. Retrieved April 18, 2017. This was a 14-inch fixed magnetic disk unit Toshiba started shipping in June 1977
Jump up ^ Livingston, James D. (1996). DRIVING FORCE - The Natural Magic Of Magnets. Harvard University Press. p. 148.
External links[edit]
A brief history of hard drives, retrieved 2014 Jan 11
Timeline, 50 years of hard drives retrieved 2010 Nov 25
HDD Price History.
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