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List of countries by minimum driving age
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The minimum driving age is the minimum age at which a person may obtain a driver's licence to lawfully drive a motor vehicle on public roads. That age is determined by and for each jurisdiction and is most commonly set at 18 years of age, but learner drivers may be permitted on the road at an earlier age under supervision. Before reaching the minimum age for a driver's licence or anytime afterwards, the person wanting the licence would normally be tested for driving ability and knowledge of road rules before being issued with a licence, provided he or she is above the minimum driving age. Countries with the lowest driving ages (below 17) are Australia, Canada, El Salvador, Iceland, Israel, India, Macedonia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Sweden, the United Kingdom (Mainland), United States and Zimbabwe. In several jurisdictions in the United States and Canada, drivers can be as young as 14.
Most jurisdictions recognise driver's licences issued by another jurisdiction, which may result in a young person who obtains a licence in a jurisdiction with a low minimum driving age being permitted to drive in a jurisdiction which normally has a higher driving age.
The minimum age may vary depending on vehicle type. This list refers to the minimum driving age for a motor vehicle with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3,500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver (not including a trailer).
Contents
[hide]
1 Africa
2 Americas
2.1 North America
2.2 Central America
2.3 South America
2.4 Caribbean
3 Asia
3.1 Middle East
3.2 South Asia
3.3 East Asia
3.4 Southeast Asia
4 Europe
4.1 European driving licence area
4.2 Rest of Europe
5 Oceania
6 See also
7 References
Africa[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Algeria 18[1]
Cameroon 16[citation needed]
Ethiopia 18[2]
Egypt 18[3]
Ghana 18[4]
Kenya 16[5]
Lesotho 18[6]
Libya 18[citation needed]
Mali 18[citation needed]
Mauritania 18[citation needed]
Mauritius 15 (autocycles), 17 (motorcycles), 18 (cars)[7]
Mayotte 18[citation needed]
Morocco 18[8][9]
Mozambique 18[citation needed]
Namibia 18[10]
Niger 23[11]
Nigeria 18[citation needed]
Réunion (France) 18[citation needed]
Senegal 18[citation needed]
South Africa 17 The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg. 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license, to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year. Yet to obtain an actual drivers license, the age is 18 years old.[12]
Swaziland 18[6]
Tanzania 18[13]
Tunisia 18[14]
Zambia 16[15]
Zimbabwe 16[16]
Americas[edit]
North America[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Canada 16 in most provinces
14 in Alberta
See also: Driving licence in Canada
Mexico 15 (with parental supervision), 16 (with parental agreement), 18[17]
United States 14 – 16 (for permit)
14, 3 months – 16 (for license)
varies between states
See also: Driver's license in the United States
Central America[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Costa Rica 18[citation needed]
El Salvador 15[citation needed]
Guatemala 16 (with parental agreement), 18[citation needed]
Honduras 18[citation needed]
Panama 18[18]
South America[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Argentina 17 21 is the minimum age to drive a truck, bus or emergency vehicle. 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped (without passengers)[19]
Bolivia 18[20]
Brazil 18[21] Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat. 'B' for at least one year before applying for a professional license. 'C' category are usually for load trucks, 'D' for buses and trucks and 'E' for articulated vehicles.
Chile 17 (with parental approval), 18,[22] 20 (professional license)[23]
Colombia 16[24]
Ecuador 18[25]
French Guiana 18[citation needed]
Guyana 17[26]
Paraguay 18[citation needed]
Peru 18[27]
Suriname 18[citation needed]
Uruguay 18[28]
Venezuela 18[29]
Caribbean[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Anguilla 18[30]
Bahamas 17[31]
Cuba 18[32]
Dominican Republic 16)[citation needed]
Guadeloupe 18[citation needed]
Jamaica 18[citation needed]
Martinique 18[citation needed]
Netherlands Antilles 18[33]
Puerto Rico 16 (with learner's permit)[34]
Saint Barthélemy 18[citation needed]
Saint Martin 18[citation needed]
Trinidad and Tobago 17[citation needed]
St. Kitts and Nevis 17(for permit)[35], 18 (for license)[36]
US Virgin Islands 16 (with learner's permit), 18[37]
Asia[edit]
Middle East[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Bahrain 18[38]
Iran 18[39]
Iraq 16 for motorcycles
18 for cars[citation needed]
Israel 16y for motorcycles
16y9months for cars[40]
Jordan 18[41]
Kuwait 18[42]
Lebanon 18[citation needed]
Oman 18[43]
Palestine 18[44]
Qatar 18[45]
Saudi Arabia 18 for cars
16 for motorcycles
17 for temporary permit for cars Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017.[46]
Syria 18[47]
United Arab Emirates 18[citation needed]
Yemen 18[48]
South Asia[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Afghanistan 18[49]
Bangladesh 18[50]
India 16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc
18 for geared bikes, cars and commercial vehicles[51]
Nepal 18[citation needed]
Pakistan 18[52]
Sri Lanka 18[53]
East Asia[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
China 18[54]
Hong Kong 18[55] Special Administrative Region of China
Japan 16 (motorcycles under 400cc)
18 (Ordinary/Semi-Medium vehicle and motorcycles over 401cc)[56]
See also: Driving licence in Japan
Driving age for cars is 18 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 20.
Macau 18[57] Special Administrative Region of China
South Korea 18 for motorbikes over 125cc
16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under 125cc
19 for commercial license
See also: Driving license in South Korea
Taiwan 18[58]
Southeast Asia[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Brunei 18[59]
Burma 18[citation needed]
Cambodia 18[60]
Indonesia 17[61][62]
Laos 18[63]
Malaysia 16 (Motorcycles/B2, B), 17 (Light Vehicles/D), 21 (Commercial Vehicles/E)[64]
Philippines 17 (Student Permit); 18 (non-professional & professional driver’s license)[65]
Singapore 18[66]
Thailand 15 (Motorcycles), 18 (Cars)[67][better source needed]
Vietnam 18[68]
Europe[edit]
Minimum driving age in Europe:
Minimum driving age is 18
Minimum driving age is 18; Supervised driving at 17
Minimum driving age is 18; Supervised driving at 16

Minimum driving age is 17
Minimum driving age is 17; Supervised driving at 16

Minimum driving age is 16 (only Isle of Man)
European driving licence area[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Austria 18 for cars
15 for mopeds[69] (17 with special training)
Belgium 18[70]
See also: Driving licence in Belgium
Bulgaria 18[citation needed]
Croatia 18[71]
Cyprus 18
See also: Driving licence in Cyprus
Czech Republic 18[citation needed]
Denmark 17 for cars[72]
15 for mopeds The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18.
Estonia 16[73] Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.[73] Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Finland 18 for cars
15 for mopeds and micro cars[citation needed]
See also: Driving licence in Finland
France 15[74] Driving age for cars is 15[74] with supervision. Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Germany 17[citation needed] Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.[75]
Gibraltar 17[76]
Greece 18[citation needed]
Hungary 17[citation needed]
Iceland 16[77][78] Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 17.
Ireland 17[79][80][81] 16 for work vehicles, tractors etc. and mopeds <45 km/h
Italy 17[82] 17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1/B1 licence.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Latvia 18[citation needed]
Liechtenstein 18[citation needed]
Lithuania 18[citation needed]
Luxembourg 17[citation needed] Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Malta 18[83]
Netherlands 17 for cars
16 for mopeds and tractors[84]
See also: Driving licence in the Netherlands
Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Driving lessons available at 16½.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Norway 18 for cars
16 for mopeds and light motorcycles
See also: Driving licence in Norway
Poland 18[citation needed]
Portugal 18 (cars)
16 (motorcycles)[citation needed]
Romania 18[citation needed]
Slovakia 17[citation needed] Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Slovenia 16 for cars and motorcycles[citation needed] Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Spain 18[citation needed]
Sweden 16 for cars
15 for mopeds and tractors
See also: Driving licence in Sweden
Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision.
Unrestricted licence available at 18.
Switzerland 18<Cars>14<mopeds and tractors>[85]
United Kingdom 17 (cars)
16 (mopeds and tractors) [86]
See also: Driving licence in the United Kingdom
Rest of Europe[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
Albania 18[citation needed]
Andorra 18[87]
Armenia 18[88]
Azerbaijan 18[89]
Belarus 18[90] 16 - mopeds (AM), <125cc/11 kW motorcycles (A1);
17 - <80 kW wheeled tractors and self-propelled machines (A) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors, SPMs and bulldozers (C);
18 - all kinds of motorcycles (A), cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses (B), trucks with light trailers (C), all kinds of wheeled tractors (B), SPMs (D), special vehicles (E) and <1m3 excavators (F);
21 - buses for more than 8 passengers(D), cars, trucks and buses with heavy trailers (BE, CE, DE), trams (F) and trolleybuses(I).[91]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 18[92]
Georgia 17[93]
Guernsey 17[94]
Isle of Man 16[95]
Jersey 17[96]
Kosovo 17[97]
Macedonia 18 (16 with parental supervision)[98]
Moldova 18[99]
Monaco 18[100]
Montenegro 18[101]
Northern Cyprus 18
See also: Driving licence in Northern Cyprus
Russia 18 (16 for motorcycles)[102]
San Marino 18[103]
Serbia 18 (17 with adult supervision)[104]
Turkey 18 (cars)
16 (mopeds and light-motorcycles)[105]
Ukraine 18[106][107]
Oceania[edit]
State
Minimum driving age
Notes
American Samoa 16[108]
Australia 15y9months
See also: Driving licence in Australia
Learner drivers may drive, under qualified supervision, from 15 years and 9 months in the Australian Capital Territory and 16 years in all other states and the Northern Territory.
Fiji 17[109][110]
Guam 16[111]
Marshall Islands 18[112]
New Zealand 16
See also: Driving licence in New Zealand
The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16. The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence, without any supervision or conditions, is 17½ years if a driver completes an advanced driving course.[113] Without an advanced driving course, the minimum age is 18, the same as a heavy vehicle licence.[114]
Northern Mariana Islands 15y6months[115]
Papua New Guinea 18[citation needed]
Tonga 18[116]
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Onion dome
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Detail of onion domes on Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow
An onion dome (Russian: луковичная глава, lúkovichnaya glavá; compare Russian: лук, luk, "onion") is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. These bulbous structures taper smoothly to a point.
It is the predominant form for church domes in Russia (mostly on Russian Orthodox churches) and in Bavaria, Germany (German: Zwiebelturm (literally "onion tower"), plural: Zwiebeltürme, mostly on Catholic churches), but can also be found regularly across Austria, northeastern Italy, Eastern Europe, Mughal India, the Middle East and Central Asia.
Other types of Eastern Orthodox cupolas include helmet domes (for example, those of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod and of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir), Ukrainian pear domes (Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev), and Baroque bud domes (St. Andrew's Church in Kiev).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Traditional view
3 Modern view
4 Symbolism
5 Internationally
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 External links
History[edit]
Onion domes of the Resurrection Church, Kostroma (1652)
Art historians disagree on when and why onion domes became a typical feature of Russian architecture. Byzantine churches and the architecture of Kievan Rus were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of a Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles.
By the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the Petrine period had bulbous domes. The largest onion domes were erected in the seventeenth century in the area around Yaroslavl, incidentally famous for its large onions. Quite a few had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with Ukrainian Baroque, while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of Transcaucasia.
Traditional view[edit]
Russian icons painted before the Mongol invasion of Rus do not feature churches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuilt—the Assumption Cathedral and the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius in Vladimir—display golden helmet domes. Restoration work on several other ancient churches revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas.
It has been posited that onion domes first appeared during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral have not been altered since the reign of Ivan's son Fyodor I, indicating the presence of onion domes in the sixteenth-century Russia.
Some scholars postulate that onion domes were borrowed by Russians from Muslim countries - probably from the Khanate of Kazan, whose conquest Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St. Basil's Cathedral.[citation needed] Eight of the nine domes featured on St. Basil's Cathedral represent each attack on Kazan. The ninth dome was constructed 36 years after the siege of Kazan as a tomb for Basil. The ornate finishes of these domes are bright in color and bold in shape as they are adorned with pyramids and stripes, and many other patterns seen on other cathedrals than Basil's.[1] Some believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above tent-like churches. According to this theory, onion domes were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on the roof.[2]
Based on the notion that onion domes did not exist in Russia before the mid-sixteenth century, restoration work on churches built before the seventeenth century have routinely involved replacement of onion domes with "more authentic" helmet-shaped domes. One example of such restoration is the Dormition Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.
Modern view[edit]
Wooden churches in Kizhi and Vytegra have as many as twenty-five onion domes
In 1946, the historian Boris Rybakov, while analysing miniatures of ancient Russian chronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward, display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes.[3] Nikolay Voronin, the foremost authority on pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that onion domes existed in Russia as early as the thirteenth century, although they presumably could not be widespread.[4] These findings demonstrated that Russian onion domes could not be imported from the Orient, where onion domes did not replace spherical domes until the fifteenth century.
Sergey Zagraevsky, a modern art historian, surveyed hundreds of Russian icons and miniatures, from the eleventh century onward. He concluded that most icons painted after the Mongol invasion of Rus display only onion domes. First onion domes displayed on some pictures of twelfth century (two miniatures from Dobrylov Evangelie).[5] He found only one icon from the late fifteenth century displaying a dome resembling the helmet instead of an onion. His findings led him to dismiss fragments of helmet domes discovered by restorators beneath modern onion domes as post-Petrine stylisations intended to reproduce the familiar forms of Byzantine cupolas. Zagraevsky also indicated that the oldest depictions of the two Vladimir cathedrals represent them as having onion domes, prior to their replacement by classicizing helmet domes. He explains the ubiquitous appearance of onion domes in the late thirteenth century by the general emphasis on verticality characteristic of Russian architecture from the late twelfth to early fifteenth centuries.[6] At that period, porches, pilasters, vaults and drums were arranged to create a vertical thrust, to make the church seem taller than it was.[7] It seems logical that elongated, or onion, domes were part of the same proto-Gothic trend aimed at achieving pyramidal, vertical emphasis.[8]
Symbolism[edit]
Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin (sixteenth century)
Prior to the eighteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to the exterior shape of a church.[9] Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believed to symbolise burning candles. In 1917, noted religious philosopher Prince Yevgeny Trubetskoy argued that the onion shape of Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According to Trubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude.[10] Another explanation has it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the edicula (cubiculum) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.[11]
Onion domes often appear in groups of three, representing the Holy Trinity, or five, representing Jesus Christ and the Four Evangelists. Domes standing alone represent Jesus. Vasily Tatischev, the first to record such interpretation, disapproved of it emphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by Patriarch Nikon, who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself and four lateral domes with four other patriarchs of the Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever held such a view.
The domes are often brightly painted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion. Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the Holy Trinity, the Holy Spirit, and Jesus, respectively. Black ball-shaped domes were once popular in the snowy north of Russia.
Internationally[edit]
The onion dome is not only found in Russian architecture: it was also used extensively in Mughal architecture, which later went on to influence Indo-Gothic architecture. Outside India, it is also used in Iran and other places in the Middle East and Central Asia. At the end of the 19th century, the Dutch built Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Aceh, Indonesia, which incorporated onion shaped dome. The shape of the dome has been used in numerous mosques in Indonesia since then.
Baroque domes in the shape of an onion (or other vegetables or flower-buds) were common in the Holy Roman Empire as well. The first one was built in 1576 by the architect John Holl (1512-1594) on the church of the Convent of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern in Augsburg. Usually made of copper sheet, onion domes appear on Catholic churches all over southern Germany, Czech lands, Austria and Sardinia and Northeast Italy. Onion domes were also a favourite of 20th-century Austrian architectural designer Friedensreich Hundertwasser.
The World's Only Corn Palace, a tourist attraction and basketball arena in Mitchell, South Dakota, also features onion domes on the roof of the structure.
Saint Leonard's Church in Mittersill, Austria
St. Mary's Church, Ramersdorf district, Munich, Germany
World's Only Corn Palace, Mitchell, South Dakota, U.S.
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque, Aceh, Indonesia
Cupola of Oristano cathedral's bell tower, Sardinia, Italy
San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice, Italy
See also[edit]
Canopy (building)
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Bridge, Nicole (2015). Architecture 101: An Essential Guide to Building Styles and Materials. Avon, MA: Adams Media. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4405-9007-8.
Jump up ^ A.П.Новицкий. Луковичная форма глав русских церквей. В кн.: Московское археологическое общество. Труды комиссии по сохранению древних памятников. Т. III. Moscow, 1909.
Jump up ^ Б.А.Рыбаков. «Окна в исчезнувший мир (по поводу книги А.В.Арциховского «Древнерусские миниатюры как исторический источник»). В кн.: Доклады и сообщения историч. факультета МГУ. Вып. IV. М., 1946. С. 50.
Jump up ^ Н.Н.Воронин. Архитектурный памятник как исторический источник (заметки к постановке вопроса). В кн.: Советская археология. Вып. XIX. М., 1954. С. 73.
Jump up ^ S. V. Zagraevsky. Forms of the domes of the ancient Russian temples. Published in Russian: Заграевский С.В. Формы глав (купольных покрытий) древнерусских храмов. М.: Алев-В, 2008.
Jump up ^ Г.К.Вагнер. О своеобразии стилеобразования в архитектуре Древней Руси (возвращение к проблеме). В кн.: Архитектурное наследство. Вып. 38. М., 1995. С. 25.
Jump up ^ See, for instance, the most authoritative survey of early Russian architecture: П.А.Раппопорт. Древнерусская архитектура. СПб, 1993.
Jump up ^ Another important consideration proposed by Zagraevsky links the onion-shaped form of Russian domes with the weight of traditional Russian crosses, which are much larger and more elaborate than those used in Byzantium and Kievan Rus. Such ponderous crosses would have fallen aground during a storm, if they had not been fixed to sizeable stones traditionally placed inside the elongated domes of Russian churches. It is impossible to place such a stone inside the flat dome of the Byzantine type.
Jump up ^ Бусева-Давыдова И.Л. Символика архитектуры по древнерусским письменным источникам XI-XVII вв. // Герменевтика древнерусской литературы. XVI - начало XVIII вв. Moscow, 1989.
Jump up ^ "The Byzantine cupola above the church represents the vault of heaven above the earth. On the other hand, the Gothic spire expresses unbridled vertical thrust, which rises huge masses of stone to the sky. In contrast to these, our native onion dome may be likened to a tongue of fire, crowned by a cross and tapering towards a cross. When we look at the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, we seem to see a gigantic candle burning above Moscow. The Kremlin cathedrals and churches, with their multiple domes, look like huge chandeliers. The onion shape results from the idea of prayer as a soul burning towards heaven, which connects the earthly world with the treasures of the afterlife. Every attempt to explain the onion shape of our church domes by utilitarian considerations (for instance, the need to preclude snow from piling on the roof) fails to account for the most essential point, that of aesthetic significance of onion domes for our religion. Indeed, there are numerous other ways to achieve the same utilitarian result, e.g., spires, steeples, cones. Why, of all these shapes, ancient Russian architecture settled upon the onion dome? Because the aesthetic impression produced by the onion dome matched a certain religious attitude. The meaning of this religious and aesthetic feeling is finely expressed by a folk saying - "glowing with fervour" - when they speak about church domes". - See Е.Н.Трубецкой. Три очерка о русской иконе. 1917. Новосибирск, 1991. С. 10.
Jump up ^ Лидов А.М. Иерусалимский кувуклий. О происхождении луковичных глав. // Иконография архитектуры. Moscow, 1990.
External links[edit]
Media related to Onion domes at Wikimedia Commons
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