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MythBusters
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MythBusters
Genre
Factual television
Science
Created by
Peter Rees
Presented by
Jamie Hyneman
Adam Savage
Tory Belleci
Scottie Chapman
Kari Byron
Grant Imahara
Jessi Combs
Narrated by
Robert Lee
Robin Banks (Europe)
Composer(s)
Daniel Thomas (pilot)
Bob Brozman (pilot)
Neil Sutherland
Country of origin
United States
Australia
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
15
No. of episodes
282 (list of episodes)
Production
Camera setup
Multiple
Running time
43–44 minutes
Distributor
Discovery Communications
Beyond Distribution[1]
Release
Original network
Discovery Channel
Picture format
NTSC (480i)
PAL (576i)
HDTV 1080i
First shown in
United States
Original release
January 23, 2003 (2003-01-23) – March 5, 2016 (2016-03-05)
Chronology
Related shows
Head Rush
External links
Website
dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters
MythBusters is a science entertainment television program created by Peter Rees and produced by Australia's Beyond Television Productions.[1] The series premiered on the Discovery Channel on January 23, 2003. The series was transmitted by numerous international broadcasters, including SBS Australia (first-run episodes, with repeat episodes shown on 7mate Australia), and other Discovery channels worldwide. The show's hosts, special effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman, used elements of the scientific method to test the validity of rumors, myths, movie scenes, adages, Internet videos, and news stories. The show was one of the oldest—and the most popular—on Discovery Channel, being preceded only by How It's Made and Daily Planet, both in Canada. From 2006 to 2016, the show was overseen by British show-runner Dan Tapster, working out of Sydney, San Francisco and Manchester.
Filmed in San Francisco and edited in Artarmon, New South Wales, Australia, MythBusters aired 282 total episodes before its cancellation at the end of its 2016 season in March. Planning and some experimentation took place at Hyneman's workshops in San Francisco; experiments requiring more space or special accommodations were filmed on location, typically around the San Francisco Bay Area and other locations in northern California, going to other states or even countries on occasion when required.
During the second season, members of Savage and Hyneman's behind-the-scenes team were organized into a second team of MythBusters ("The Build Team"). They generally tested myths separately from the main duo and operated from another workshop. This arrangement continued until August 2014, when it was announced at the end of "Plane Boarding" that Tory Belleci, Kari Byron, and Grant Imahara would be leaving the show. Savage and Hyneman subsequently hosted the final two seasons alone.[2][3] On October 21, 2015, it was announced that MythBusters would air its 14th and final season in 2016. The show aired its final episode on March 6, 2016.
On March 25, 2016, Discovery's sister network, Science, announced its intention of continuing the series with new hosts, to be chosen in a reality show. The show, whose finale aired on February 17, 2017, is titled MythBusters: The Search. The winners of the show, Jonathan Lung and Brian Louden, will host the new season of MythBusters debuting on November 15, 2017.[4] Adam Savage has confirmed that he and his former cohosts have no intentions of reuniting for future team projects.[5]
MythBusters refers both to the name of the program and the cast members who test the experiments.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Episodes
5 Format
5.1 Experiment approach
5.2 Outcomes of the experiments
5.2.1 Busted
5.2.2 Plausible
5.2.3 Confirmed
6 Warnings and self-censorship
7 Accidents
7.1 Esparto accident
7.2 Cannonball accident
8 Name lawsuit
9 Popularity and influence
9.1 Tours and exhibits
10 International broadcasts
11 Revival and reality-series spin-off
12 See also
12.1 Similar television series
12.2 General
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
The series concept was created for the Discovery Channel as Tall Tales or True[6] by Australian writer and producer Peter Rees of Beyond Productions in 2002. Discovery rejected the proposal initially because they had just commissioned a series on the same topic. Rees refined the pitch to focus on testing key elements of the stories rather than just retelling them. Discovery agreed to develop and co-produce a three-episode series pilot. Jamie Hyneman was one of a number of special effects artists who were asked to prepare a casting video for network consideration. Rees had interviewed him previously for a segment of the popular science series Beyond 2000 about the British/American robot combat television series Robot Wars. Adam Savage, who had worked with Hyneman in commercials and on the robot combat television series BattleBots, was asked by Hyneman to help co-host the show because, according to Savage, Hyneman thought himself too uninteresting to host the series on his own.[7][8]
MythBusters ratings peaked in 2006. The highest rated regular episode featured two stories; "straw through a palm tree," and "talking to plants." The highest rated two hour special was Hollywood Myths. The highest rated Shark Week special was Jaws Myths which screened in 2005.[citation needed]
During July 2006, an edited thirty-minute version of MythBusters began airing on BBC Two in the UK. The episodes shown on the European Discovery Channel sometimes include extra scenes not shown in the United States version (some of these scenes are included eventually in "specials", such as "MythBusters Outtakes").
The 14th season, which premiered in January 2016, was the final season for the series.[9]
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of MythBusters cast members
Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman are the original MythBusters, and initially explored all the myths of the series using their combined experience with special effects. The two worked at Hyneman's effects workshop, M5 Industries; they made use of his staff, who often work off-screen, with Hyneman and Savage usually shown doing most of the work at the shop. The show is narrated by Robert Lee, though in some regions his voice is replaced by a local narrator.
As the series progressed, members of Hyneman's staff were introduced and began to appear regularly in episodes. Three such members, artist Kari Byron, builder Tory Belleci and metal-worker Scottie Chapman, were organized as a second team of MythBusters during the second season, dubbed the "Build Team". After Chapman left the show during the third season, Grant Imahara, a colleague of Hyneman, was hired to provide the team with his electrical and robotics experience. Byron went on maternity leave in mid-2009, with her position on the Build Team temporarily filled by Jessi Combs,[10] best known for co-hosting Spike's Xtreme 4x4. Byron returned in the second episode of season eight. The Build Team worked at its own workshop, called M7,[11] investigating separate myths from the original duo. Each episode typically alternated between the two teams covering different myths. During the Build Team's tenure, Belleci was the only member to appear in every myth that the team tested. At the end of the 2014 season finale "Plane Boarding", Savage and Hyneman announced that Byron, Belleci, and Imahara would not be returning in 2015. Hyneman and Savage would return to being the sole hosts.[2][3]
The series had two interns, dubbed "Mythterns": Discovery Channel contest winner Christine Chamberlain and viewer building contest-winner Jess Nelson. During the first season, the program featured segments with folklorist Heather Joseph-Witham, who explained the origins of certain myths, and other people who had first-hand experience with the myths being tested, but those elements were phased out early during the series. The MythBusters still commonly consult with experts for myths or topics for which they need assistance. These topics include firearms, for which they mostly consult Lt. Al Normandy of the South San Francisco Police Department, and explosives, for which they consult retired FBI explosives expert Frank Doyle and Sgt. J.D. Nelson of the Alameda County Sheriff's Office. The MythBusters often ask other people, such as those supplying the equipment being tested, what they know about the myth under investigation. When guests are on the show, the MythBusters generally consult them or include them in the experiments.
Reception[edit]
In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that MythBusters "has the second-highest share of 'likes' from men of any show in the data, after 'Fast N' Loud'".[12]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of MythBusters episodes
There is no consistent system for organizing MythBusters episodes into seasons. The program has never followed a typical calendar of on and off air periods. The official MythBusters website lists episodes by year.[13] On the other hand, Discovery sells DVD sets for "seasons", which sometimes follow the calendar year and sometimes do not.[14] In addition, Discovery and retail stores also sell "collections" which divide up the episodes in a different way—each collection has about 10 or 12 episodes from various seasons.
The following table is organized according to year of first broadcast. A total of 282 episodes of MythBusters aired during the show's run.
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Pilots 3 January 23, 2003 (2003-01-23) March 7, 2003 (2003-03-07)
2003 8 September 23, 2003 (2003-09-23) December 12, 2003 (2003-12-12)
2004 17 January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11) December 22, 2004 (2004-12-22)
2005 26 February 2, 2005 (2005-02-02) November 16, 2005 (2005-11-16)
2006 28 January 11, 2006 (2006-01-11) December 13, 2006 (2006-12-13)
2007 25 January 10, 2007 (2007-01-10) December 12, 2007 (2007-12-12)
2008 20 January 16, 2008 (2008-01-16) November 19, 2008 (2008-11-19)
2009 23 April 8, 2009 (2009-04-08) December 28, 2009 (2009-12-28)
2010 24 January 4, 2010 (2010-01-04) December 22, 2010 (2010-12-22)
2011 22 April 6, 2011 (2011-04-06) November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)
2012 21 March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25) November 25, 2012 (2012-11-25)
2013 11 May 1, 2013 (2013-05-01) October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
2014 15 January 4, 2014 (2014-01-04) August 21, 2014 (2014-08-21)
2015 14 January 10, 2015 (2015-01-10) September 5, 2015 (2015-09-05)
2016 12 January 2, 2016 (2016-01-02) March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
Specials 13 March 21, 2004 (2004-03-21) May 1, 2013 (2013-05-01)
Format[edit]
Each MythBusters episode focuses typically on two or more popular beliefs, Internet rumors, or other myths. The list of myths tested by the series is compiled from many sources, including the personal experiences of cast and crew, as well as fan suggestions, such as those posted on The Discovery Channel online MythBusters forums.[15] Occasionally, episodes are produced in which some or all of the myths are related by theme such as pirates or sharks, and occasionally these are dubbed as "[Theme] Special" episodes. As of May 2009, four myths have required such extensive preparation and testing that they had entire episodes devoted solely to them,[16][17][18][19] and four specials have been double-length.[20][21][22][23] Several episodes (including the 2006 Holiday Special) have included the building of Rube Goldberg machines. Before a myth gets introduced by the hosts, a myth-related drawing is made on a blueprint. After the hosts introduce the myth, a comical video explaining the myth is usually shown.
Experiment approach[edit]
The MythBusters typically test myths in a two-step process. In early episodes, the steps were described as "replicate the circumstances, then duplicate the results" by Savage.[24] This means that first the team attempts to recreate the circumstances that the myth alleges, to determine whether the alleged result occurs; if that fails, they attempt to expand the circumstances to the point that will cause the described result. Occasionally the team (usually Savage and Hyneman) will hold a friendly competition between themselves to see which of them can devise a more successful solution to recreating the results. This is most common with myths involving building an object that can accomplish a goal (for example, rapidly cooling a beer, or finding a needle in a haystack).
While there is not any specific formula the team obeys in terms of physical procedure, most myths involve construction of various objects to help test the myth. They use their functional workshops to create whatever is needed, often including mechanical devices and sets to simulate the circumstances of the myth. Human actions are often simulated by mechanical means in order to increase safety, and to achieve consistency in repeated actions. Methods for testing myths are usually planned and executed in a manner to produce visually dramatic results,[25] which generally involves explosions, fires, and/or vehicle crashes. Thus, myths or tests involving explosives, firearms and vehicle collisions are relatively common.
Tests are sometimes confined to the workshop, but often require the teams to be outside. Much of the outdoor testing during early seasons took place in the parking lot of M5, and occasionally M6 and M7. A cargo container in the M7 parking lot commonly serves as an isolation room for dangerous myths, with the experiment being triggered from outside. However, budget increases have permitted more frequent travel to other locations in San Francisco and around the Bay Area. Common filming locations around the Bay Area include decommissioned (closed) military facilities (such as Naval Air Station Alameda, Naval Air Station Moffett Field, Concord Naval Weapons Station, Naval Station Treasure Island, Marin Headlands, Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Hamilton Air Force Base, and abandoned base housing at Marina, California's former Fort Ord), and the Alameda County Sheriff's facility in Dublin, California, especially the firing range, Emergency Vehicles Operation Course (EVOC), and bomb range. Occasionally, mainly for special episodes, production is out of state, or even out of the country.
Results are measured in a manner scientifically appropriate for the given experiment. Sometimes results can be measured by simple numerical measurement using standard tools, such as multimeters for electrical measurements, or various types of thermometers to measure temperature. To gauge results that do not yield numerical quantities, the teams commonly make use of several types of equipment which can provide other forms of observable effects. When testing physical consequences to a human body which would be too dangerous to test on a living person, the MythBusters commonly use analogues. Initially, they mainly used crash test dummies (most notably one they named Buster) for observing blunt trauma injury, and ballistic gelatin for testing penetrating trauma. They have since progressed to using pig carcasses when an experiment requires a more accurate simulation of human flesh, bone, and organs. They have also occasionally molded real or simulated bones within ballistics gel for simulations of specific body parts.
Both for the purposes of visual observation to determine a result, and simply as a unique visual for the program, high speed cameras are used during experiments and have become a trademark of the series. Very fast footage of moving objects in front of a measured scale is commonly utilized to determine the speed of the object.
Testing is often edited due to time constraints of a televised episode. It can often seem as if the teams draw results from fewer repetitions and a smaller data set than they actually have. During the Outtakes Special, they specifically stated that while they are, in fact, very thorough in testing myths and repeat experiments many times in many different configurations, it is simply impossible to display all of it during a program. Beginning in the fifth season, episodes typically contain a prompt for the viewer to visit the show's homepage to view outtake footage of either additional testing, or other facets of the myths being tested. However, Savage himself has acknowledged that they do not purport always to achieve a satisfactorily large enough set of results to overcome definitively all bias.[26] In response to criticisms they receive about their methods and results in previous episodes,[26] the staff produced several "Myths Revisited" episodes, in which the teams retest myths to see if the complaints have merit. These episodes have sometimes resulted in overturning results of several myths, as well as upholding some results for different reasons than originally concluded.
Occasionally the MythBusters will take the opportunity to test "mini myths" during the course of one of the episode's main myths, usually in the name of satisfying personal curiosity. These can either be planned in advance in order to take advantage of the testing location—for instance, in the "Peeing on the Third Rail" myth Adam got permission to find out if placing coins on a train track was sufficient to derail a train (he found that the test locomotive was not affected at all)—or can simply take place on the spur of the moment.
There are some myths the MythBusters refuse to test. Paranormal concepts, such as aliens or ghosts, are not addressed because they cannot be tested by scientific methods, although one exception, pyramid power, prompted Adam to comment, "No more 'oogie-boogie' myths, please" and state at a tour show in Indianapolis in 2012 that it was a mistake. The program generally avoids experiments harmful to live animals, though in one episode they bombarded cockroaches and other laboratory insects with lethal doses of radiation and the cast addressed this, saying that the insects were specifically bred for experiments and would have likely died anyway. However animal carcasses (including those of pigs and chickens) are often used, but the MythBusters have repeatedly emphasized that the animals have died of natural causes.
The book MythBusters: The Explosive Truth Behind 30 of the Most Perplexing Urban Legends of All Time (ISBN 1-4169-0929-X) also gives a list of a dozen myths that are unlikely to be explored (although four were eventually tested). Savage has commented that it is difficult to test myths that require them to disprove general claims because of the inherent difficulty in disproving a negative. As a result, when they do pursue such myths, they typically go about disproving specific methods that claim to achieve results.[27]
Additionally, certain myths are not tested due to various objections by Discovery Channel or their advertisers, most notably myths pertaining to radio-frequency identification (RFID) vulnerability.[28][29][30][31] Through nine seasons, a total of 2,391 experiments were performed and 12 tons of explosives were used to test 769 myths.[32] The team has also expressed reluctance to test conspiracy theory myths such as the JFK assassination or 9/11 conspiracies, although they have tested some of the conspiracy theories relating to the Apollo Moon landings.
Outcomes of the experiments[edit]
By the end of each episode, the myths are rated "busted", "plausible", or "confirmed."
Busted[edit]
Myths are rated as "Busted" when the myth's results cannot be replicated under either the described parameters or reasonably exaggerated ones. Often, when a myth is declared Busted, the team will attempt to see what would be required to replicate the result of the myth through scientific means, discarding the original parameters of the myth itself. Going to absolute limits of what's physically possible to replicate the results is the origin of what is unofficially titled the Mythbusters motto, "If it's worth doing, it's worth overdoing." This is also commonly referred to in the series as "the MythBusters way", and often reveals that the circumstances required to accurately recreate a 'Busted' myth are physically impossible or highly unlikely to occur with the scientific facts presented, or the equipment used in the myth used to gain the results is neither available to the general public, nor capable of producing the results. For example, when trying to see if diamonds can be made with a microwave, and the myth is busted, the team will arrange with an expert to have diamonds created with a large quantity of explosives.
Some of these myths are retested if the viewers are dissatisfied with the results, and are declared "Re-Busted" if the results of this second attempt results in the same conclusion as the original attempt. On rare occasions, re-tested myths result in a different conclusion than the first attempt, usually going from "Busted" the first time, to "Plausible" or even "Confirmed" on the re-test.
Plausible[edit]
Plausible is given under a few circumstances:
The myth's results can only be replicated by expanding some parameters of the myth by a realistic and reasonable margin. This may have been due to facts of the myth having been altered slightly over time by it being told and re-told by the time it was tested by the MythBusters. Also, certain materials may have had to be substituted for others in some cases as a matter of necessity during the course of the myth being tested, but the new materials are almost always very similar to the materials specified and usually are readily available, so as to prevent it from being prohibitively costly or impractical.
If there is no documentation of the myth occurring, yet the MythBusters were still able to duplicate it very closely to how the myth was described (such as the myth that pirates wore eye patches in order to keep their night vision, or an untrained pilot being talked through landing an airplane).
If the myth's results are achieved using the method described, but the underlying reason is different from the one described in the myth (such as in the myth of throwing a fire extinguisher into a fire to make it explode and extinguish the fire).
If it requires a highly improbable set of circumstances, yet is shown to be possible under similar yet artificial circumstances. For example, in the myth of "Can two colliding bullets fuse together?" it was shown that two bullets can fuse together but would be exceedingly difficult to actually get two period guns with period ammunition to collide in the correct way to cause the result. The results can be created in a similar laboratory setting, but the chances of the myth actually happening as described are remote.
If the results stated in the myth are attainable, but in such a way as to make the process either highly dangerous or less efficient than more common methods of achieving the same result. For example, in "Car vs. Rain", the MythBusters declared the myth "Plausible (but not recommended)", due to the danger in driving a car at high speeds on a wet road even though the myth was completely true.[33]
If a positive result is attained using surrogates for living creatures, but the procedure would result in injury or death if an actual creature was tested. For example, in "Holiday Special", two ballistics gel replicas of pet dogs were used to test the myth that a falling frozen turkey would crush a household pet; both replicas sustained serious injuries, as determined by a veterinarian, and the myth was dubbed "Plausible", as the Build Team was unwilling to test the myth on actual pets.
Occasionally, a myth will be labelled plausible if the described scenario produces a result similar to, but of less intensity than, the one described in the myth.
Confirmed[edit]
The term "True" was used instead of "Confirmed" in the first season.
The MythBusters are able to recreate or closely recreate the myth's purported outcome with the described circumstances. A Confirmed myth is usually corroborated with documented evidence of actual occurrences.
If the myth lacks any specific scenarios, the MythBusters will test every reasonable scenario, and just one scenario is enough for them to confirm the myth. For example, when testing to see whether shooting fish in a barrel was in fact very easy, in most tests, they could not hit the fish with a bullet, but the energy transfer to the water by the bullet was lethal to the fish; therefore, the myth was confirmed.
If there are no documented instances of the event occurring in real life, but the myth was taken from a specific scene or character in a specific movie, the myth will also be confirmed if they are able to replicate it with the same circumstances. For example, the Build Team gave a verdict of "confirmed" for a scene in Point Break where two skydivers—one without a parachute—jumped off the plane at different times, and yet, the second jumper was able to catch up to the first jumper. Even though there were no documented cases of this ever being attempted in real life, it was confirmed nonetheless, since it only came from a single scene in a specific movie. The same applied to the myth about the Knight Rider driving his car at highway speeds into a big rig via ramp, without any trouble; even though Adam and Jamie found no real-life occurrences of the stunt, it came from a specific TV show, and thus was confirmed.
In rare circumstances, a myth is considered "confirmed" when the testing process is consciously stopped, but news reports or other documentation are available that confirm it has happened at least once; in testing the Jet Taxi myth (in which a taxicab is flipped by the engine of a jet aircraft), both Adam and Jamie agreed that the myth couldn't be replicated accurately for insurance reasons, but news footage verified that such an event is possible. (In this case, three years later, they were allowed to return to the subject and confirm the myth using a Boeing 747.)
Warnings and self-censorship[edit]
Many of the myths tested involve purported household scenarios, so all episodes begin with a disclaimer against attempting the experiments seen on the series; most episodes also feature a second warning halfway through the running time. These disclaimers are not broadcast on SBS in Australia, in the Netherlands, Discovery Mix in Sweden, the Discovery Channel in Denmark, or on the Prime and Sky Discovery Channels in New Zealand. Often, they are presented with an element of humor, such as Savage wearing a padded suit as Hyneman hits him in the chest with a baseball bat, or Hyneman explaining that he and Savage are professionals before Savage slides into view and crashes into a barrier while saying, "Don't try this at home!".
The series employs various degrees of safety or courtesy-related censorship. Vulgar language is censored, as the show is considered family-friendly and most such language occurs incidentally when the team is surprised or overexcited; at other times there is a deliberate effort to keep the language clean. In addition to the standard bleep, the show often uses a relevant or humorous sound effect. Euphemisms and scientific terminology are used for potentially offensive terms.[34] In the "Peeing on the Third Rail" myth, the show censored the valve used to release urine from the dummy. The names of ingredients used in the production of hazardous materials and some explosives are usually censored to prevent amateurs from recreating potentially dangerous substances. For example, in the "Hindenburg" special, Savage ignited thermite with a hypergolic mixture of "blur" (a syrupy, pale blue liquid) and "blur" (a dark powder). In a Civil War-themed episode, the ingredients for making a form of homemade black powder were censored in similar fashion.
In one extreme instance of self-censorship, the team explored an urban legend stating that a widely available material could be used to create an explosive. To their surprise, the seemingly unlikely legend proved true, but the material was so easy to obtain, and the resulting explosion so powerful, that the production team decided it would be irresponsible to allow such information to reach the general public, instead electing to destroy all footage of the experiment and agreeing never to speak of the incident. Only several years later, when DARPA solicited advice from the public regarding potentially unknown bomb risks, did Savage contact them about their discovery.[35]
In another episode that focused on myths surrounding electronic security devices, there was a segment on defeating biometric fingerprint readers using various methods. One of these techniques involved creating a fake 3D fingerprint from a 2D image of the authorized print. After some trial and error, the team successfully cast a viable ballistics gel reproduction using a copper-coated circuit board, a picture of the fingerprint printed on acetate, and a photochemical acid etching process. After the reproduction was shown to defeat both fingerprint scanners, and although the chemicals used during the etching process are never identified, the narrator still hints at an important step having been edited out and discourages viewers from trying it themselves. None of the other techniques that successfully defeated the fingerprint scanners or the other security devices tested in the episode were censored or obfuscated, perhaps because the rest were all fairly simple and straightforward methods, such as holding up a bedsheet or moving extremely slowly to hide from ultrasonic motion detectors or holding up a pane of glass to defeat thermal motion detectors.
Brand names and logos are regularly blurred or covered with tape or a MythBusters sticker. Brand names are shown when integral to a myth, such as in the Diet Coke and Mentos experiment or Pop Rocks in the very first pilot episode of MythBusters.
The Diet Coke and Mentos experiment is also an outlier with respect to their safety warnings, as Savage and Hyneman stated on air that this myth was perfectly safe for viewers to replicate on their own. Another example of this is the "Phone Book Friction" episode, in which they investigated the difficulty of pulling two telephone books apart after their pages had been interleaved together. One episode from the 2014 season, "DO Try This at Home?", classified several myths as safe or unsafe for testing by viewers.
Accidents[edit]
Due to the nature of the experiments performed on the show, many have not gone as expected. Sometimes, these mishaps have rendered the test equipment unusable, such as when the rocket in the "Rocket Car Revisit" exploded on ignition. Others have even resulted in minor injuries to the personnel involved with the show, such as when Tory banged his knee falling off a fire tower; the fall was expected and prepared for using a safety harness, but him injuring his knee was not foreseen. The most common injuries come from moving safety equipment which has led to stitches and at least four broken fingers.[36] These kinds of incidents are usually included in the broadcast program, with little other media attention, but sometimes things fail in more spectacular and news-worthy ways.
Esparto accident[edit]
On March 20, 2009, the town of Esparto, California was shaken and windows were shattered by a blast created by 500 pounds (230 kg) of ANFO during filming of the myth "Knock Your Socks Off".[37] Some residents were upset that the blast took place without "telling anyone".[38] Chief Barry Burns, of Esparto Fire Department, had several firefighters on hand for the explosion. He said he made the decision not to notify anyone in town for safety's sake. "MythBusters is supposed to be a really popular show. Everybody would have been out there. We would have had to cancel it because it would have been too dangerous."[39] Representatives from the show replaced some of the windows that same day.[37] The experiment did air, but the hosts recounted in a 2011 special episode ("Location, Location, Location") that they have never returned to the Esparto quarry as a result of the mishap.
Cannonball accident[edit]
On December 6, 2011, while conducting the "Cannonball Chemistry" experiment, the MythBusters crew accidentally sent a cannonball through the side of a house and into a minivan in a Dublin, California neighborhood. Although the experiment was being carried out at the Alameda County Sheriff's Bomb Range under the supervision of the Alameda County Sheriff's Office, the errant projectile went over its intended target of water barrels and instead skipped up a hill that was intended as a secondary safety target, and soared 700 yd (640 m) into a neighboring community, striking a house and leaving a 10 in (25 cm) hole, before striking the roof of another house and smashing through a window of a parked minivan. No one was hurt by the rogue cannonball.[40][41]
A producer of the show visited the house to apologize,[42] followed by Savage and Hyneman; Savage later stated that production of the series would not be suspended because of the incident.[43] Savage and Kari Byron returned to Dublin High School on February 22, 2012, to participate in a moderated panel session at Dublin High School's Engineering and Design Academy Open House during National Engineers Week 2012, in part to help repair relations with the community. The sold-out event attracted an audience of over 1,000.[44][45][46]
During the airing of the experiment on November 11, 2012, the Build Team apologized for the accident and explained that they suspended testing after the accident in order to assess damage and start an investigation. The testing resumed several months later, at a rock quarry in a much more remote area.
Name lawsuit[edit]
In January 2005, children's author and adventurer Andrew Knight (aka "Bowvayne") commenced legal proceedings in Australia against Beyond Productions, the producer of MythBusters, alleging passing off in relation to the use of the name "MythBusters".[47] Knight asserted that he had previously organized a team of "MythBusters" and had used the name continuously since 1988 in relation to pursuing myths, ghosts, monsters, goblins, and other such mysteries in an offbeat manner all around the world. Knight authored a series of self-published children's books under the banner "MythBusters" in 1991, 1993, and 1996.[48][49] In February 2007, the Federal Court of Australia dismissed Knight's claims against Beyond Productions.[50] A parallel action, relying on the same three books and a collection of short television appearances was brought later that year in the Chancery Division of the High Court of England and Wales. Beyond Properties Pty Limited was again a defendant, as were two other Beyond companies and Discovery Communications Inc, the entity responsible for broadcasting the MythBusters programme in the UK. These claims were also dismissed.[51]
Popularity and influence[edit]
Savage (left) and Hyneman as keynote speakers at Symantec Vision 08
Hyneman and Savage have appeared on numerous entertainment programs, such as Good Morning America,[52] the Late Show with David Letterman,[53] NPR's news program All Things Considered,[54] the syndicated radio Bob and Tom Show, and in the movie The Darwin Awards (as two military surplus vendors who sold a JATO rocket to the main character). Skeptic magazine's Daniel Loxton interviewed the duo in a 2005 article titled "MythBusters Exposed".[55] Hyneman and Savage spoke at the annual convention of the National Science Teachers Association in March 2006, and the California Science Teachers Association named them honorary lifetime members in October 2006.[56] In 2009, they were the featured keynote speakers at RSA Conference.[57] They also are occasionally interviewed for articles by Popular Mechanics and are featured in that magazine's September 2009 issue.[58]
Hyneman and Savage occasionally appear at colleges around the United States to talk about what it is like to be a MythBuster; the show consists of an interview and discussion to give the audience the opportunity to ask the MythBusters questions. The Build Team members have sometimes made appearances in similar capacity. They hold lectures in both collegiate and corporate settings, though the technical colleges tend to be the most enthusiastic.[59][60] They have spoken at WPI, RPI, MIT, Michigan Tech, UC Berkeley and many others.
At the Discovery Channel Young Scientist Challenge posing with Skulls Unlimited International's Jay Villemarette and Joey Williams in 2004
Adam Savage has written a primer on mold-making for Make magazine, and has been featured guest at the San Mateo Maker Faire since 2008. Kari Byron was interviewed on The Late Show, on January 16, 2006.[61]
People involved in survival stories reported in local newscasts have sometimes mentioned previous viewings of MythBusters as an influence to their actions. Twenty-three-year-old Theresa Booth of St. Martin, Minnesota credits a MythBusters episode for her and her infant child's survival. On April 3, 2007, she skidded off the road into a drainage ditch which had filled with flood water from the Sauk River. In a local newscast, she is described as opening the car door as soon as it entered the water, and credits her watching of the show (specifically, the episode of the Underwater Car myth) for her knowledge of how to survive the accident.[62] On October 19, 2007, in Sydney, Australia, a teenager named Julian Shaw pulled a fainted middle-aged man off the railway tracks near a train station to safety below the platform. He pulled back as the train passed, citing that the "Train Suction" episode affected his response.[63]
The 3rd Annual Independent Investigative Group IIG Awards presented an award to MythBusters recognizing the promotion of science and critical thinking in popular media on May 18, 2009.[64]
On the May 1, 2008 episode of CSI, "The Theory of Everything", Hyneman and Savage appeared in a cameo as observers taking notes during a test to determine whether a taser bolt can set someone on fire under various circumstances (which was later tested on MythBusters itself).
During August 2008, Hyneman and Savage appeared on the stage of NVISION 08, an event sponsored by Nvidia, having been asked by Nvidia's Creative Director, David Wright, to provide a visual demonstration of the power of the GPU vs a CPU. They did this by creating an image of the Mona Lisa with a giant parallel processing paintball gun, setting a world record for largest paintball gun in the process.[65][66][67] An encore of the demonstration was given at YouTube Live featuring Hyneman standing in the path of the paintballs wearing a suit of armor.[68]
On the April 17, 2012, episode of NCIS, "Rekindled", the character Abby Sciuto demonstrates a thermite fire to her boss, Jethro Gibbs, by playing a clip from the MythBusters episode "End with a Bang". Gibbs asks if the men in the clip are pyromaniacs, and she replies, "Scientists, Gibbs! Okay, yeah, they're kind of pyromaniacs too."
Hyneman, Savage, and others from the MythBusters crew have appeared at The Amaz!ng Meeting, and subsequently were interviewed by Dr. Steven Novella and the "skeptical rogues" for the podcast The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe.[69][70] On April 16, 2010, Hyneman and Savage received the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism from the Harvard Humanist Chaplaincy.[71]
At the White House
The MythBusters at a 2015 performance in Iowa
On October 18, 2010, President Barack Obama, as part of the White House Science Fair, announced he had taped a segment of MythBusters and would appear on December 8, 2010. Obama's segment covered the Archimedes Solar Ray myth.[72][73]
Both men appeared at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear on October 30, 2010 in Washington, D.C. They had an experiment with the crowd involving the wave. They had the audience make various noises (e.g. popping their cheeks or laughing) all at the same time. They also had everyone in the crowd jump up at the same time to see if it would register on a seismograph.[74]
Hyneman and Savage received honorary doctorates from the University of Twente in the Netherlands for their role in popularizing science, on the occasion of the university's 50th anniversary, on November 25, 2011.[75]
As of November 2011, all five MythBusters have also appeared in new shows, segments or specials for Discovery's Science Channel including: Head Rush (Byron, 2010–present); Punkin Chunkin 2010 (Hyneman and Savage); Flying Anvils 2011 (Belleci); Road to Punkin Chunkin 2011 and Punkin Chunkin 2011 (Belleci, Byron and Imahara); Large Dangerous Rocket Ships 2010 and Large Dangerous Rocket Ships 2011 (Byron); "Killer Robots: RoboGames 2010" (Imahara); Curiosity (Savage); Punkin Chunkin 2012 (Belleci, Byron and Imahara). Savage and Hyneman are judges on the game show Unchained Reaction which premiered in March 2012. Belleci and Byron are also hosts of the 2015 Science Channel show Thrill Factor.
Aired on February 12, 2012, Hyneman and Savage lent their voices to The Simpsons episode "The Daughter Also Rises" to be featured on a show similar to MythBusters called Mythcrackers in which Hyneman and Savage take on the classic myth that a cat will always land on its feet. In the episode they do not want to harm a real cat so they took a Build A Bear carcass, stuffed it with ballistics gel, shot it with a 20' barrel steam cannon, then made a scatter plot of the remains. By the end of the experiment, Hyneman asked, "What was it we were trying to prove again?" to which Savage replied, "Don't know, don't care." Clips from this show appeared in the MythBusters' Simpsons Special that first aired in 2015.
On October 3, 2012, Byron and Belleci made a guest appearance on the Discovery series Sons of Guns. They test-fired some of the weapons in the Red Jacket shop, then watched as the staff re-tested a myth busted by the Build Team in 2008: that a propane tank could explode when hit with a bullet.
In 2015, Hyneman and Savage appeared in a series of Australian television commercials for Dulux paint, depicting them testing the maker's claims of durability.[76][77][78]
Tours and exhibits[edit]
A traveling museum exhibit called "MythBusters: The Explosive Exhibition"[79] was developed over the course of about five years, premiering at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, in March 2012.[80]
In 2011, Savage and Hyneman created a live stage show called the MythBusters Behind the Myths Tour, in which they conduct experiments on-stage and discuss some of the background details of the show.[81]
In March 2014, they announced that the tour will be coming to Australia and New Zealand for the first time.
International broadcasts[edit]
MythBusters is broadcast in several countries, primarily by each country's version of the Discovery Channel. In some countries, the English speech is either subtitled in the relevant language, or the narration voice-over is replaced, or the entire show (narration and hosts' voices) is dubbed. The United States customary units, used by the hosts throughout the show, are converted to metric in the process. In the UK since 2011, the use of US customary units in the show has often been retained, rather than being replaced with metric units. Sometimes, the part where the myth is explained in sketches is completely redrawn in that language. Excerpts of the show were also shown as part of the Beyond Television–produced Beyond Tomorrow.
Revival and reality-series spin-off[edit]
On March 31, 2016, it was reported that the Science channel was developing a game show to find new hosts for a planned Mythbusters revival. It is currently unknown if the show's original cast will take part in either series.[82] The spinoff show is called MythBusters: The Search.[83]
In September 2016, it was announced that Byron, Belleci and Imahara would star in a new popular science program for Netflix entitled White Rabbit Project, which premiered in December 2016.[84] The show is produced by Beyond International Group, which also produced Mythbusters.
On March 28, 2017, Discovery reported the new Mythbusters series to be on its upcoming schedule for 2017–2018, with the new hosts Brian Louden and Jonathan Lung.[85] In July 2017 at the Television Critics Association conference, Science Channel announced that it would premiere the revival with a 14-episode season on November 15, 2017.[86]
See also[edit]
Similar television series[edit]
Bang Goes the Theory
Bigger, Better, Faster, Stronger
The Boffin, the Builder and the Bombardier
Brainiac: Science Abuse
Food Detectives
It's Effin' Science
Man vs. Cartoon
Mega Builders
Prototype This!
Proving Ground
The Re-Inventors
Rock and Roll Acid Test
The Secret Life of Machines
Smash Lab
Time Warp
Urban Legends
White Rabbit Project
General[edit]
Hollywood Science
List of common misconceptions
The Skeptic's Dictionary
Snopes.com
The Straight Dope
Urban legend
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Adam Savage at The Last HOPE. July 2008. Event occurs at 4 minutes 37 seconds. Retrieved October 18, 2010. We will absolutely revisit when we think we screwed up the results. We won't stand by our results—you can't with a data set of one, and two, and five. But we do stand by our methodologies.
Jump up ^ Adam Savage at The Last HOPE. July 2008. Savage gives the example that when testing whether it is possible to obtain "free energy" (ie. building a system that outputs more energy than it requires in input), the best they could do was to test existing products that claim to produce free energy.
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Jump up ^ Adam Savage at The Last HOPE. July 2008. Savage discusses an incident in which Discovery refused to air an episode testing commercial teeth-whitening products after advertisers expressed concerns.
Jump up ^ Adam Savage at The Last HOPE. July 2008. Savage discusses how Discovery continuously responds to his desires to test audiophile myths, deeming them too boring; especially visually.
Jump up ^ "MythBusters by the numbers". Discovery Channel. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Car vs Rain". MythBusters. June 17, 2009. Discovery.
Jump up ^ For example, when testing myths about flatulence the crew called the phenomenon by its scientific designation (e.g. "flatulence" or "flatus"), while the word "fart" was bleeped out.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Michael. "Mythbusters Destroyed All Evidence of an Easy-to-Make Explosive". The Nerdist. 32:25-33:15. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "MythBusters 'Big Bang' Shatters Windows". KCRA-TV. March 25, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "MythBusters 'Big Bang' Shatters Windows". Kcra.com. March 26, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'MythBusters' misfire sends cannonball through neighborhood". Los Angeles Times. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "MythBusters stunt sends cannonball flying through Bay Area home". wsbtv.com. December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Leibowitz, Barry (December 8, 2011). ""MythBusters" Misfire: Cannonball crashes through house in TV show mishap". CBS News. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Sofia (December 8, 2011). "'MythBusters' Stars Adam Savage, Jamie Hyneman Apologize for Cannonball Accident". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "MythBusters hosts visit Dublin High". BC 7/KGO-TV. 2012.
Jump up ^ "'MythBusters' TV stars talk science at Dublin High School". MercuryNews.com. 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stars Of TV Show 'MythBusters' Visit Dublin High". Patch.com. 2012.
Jump up ^ Porter, Jeni (June 17, 2005). "Wheel falls off serene machine (Here comes the son)". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Bowvayne, Andrew E. (October 8, 1993). Nut Cases (MythBusters S). Elfshot Productions. p. 96. ISBN 1-898412-00-6.
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Jump up ^ "Keynote: Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman". RSA Conference. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Wolfman Productions". wolfmanproductions.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
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Jump up ^ "IIG | The IIG Awards". Iigwest.com. August 21, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "NVISION 08 Highlights: GPU vs CPU Demonstration". NVIDIA Corporation. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Adam Savage and Tory Belleci (February 7, 2007). "Podcast 81". The Skeptics' Guide To The Universe (Interview: Audio/.MP3). Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "MythBusters to Receive Harvard Humanism Award". Huminist Chaplaincy at Harvard. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Bhold.watch (February 1, 2016). "Dulux Mythbusters Markers Challenge" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Bhold.watch (February 1, 2016). "Dulux Mythbusters Wine Challenge" – via YouTube.
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Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 26, 2017). "Science Channel Sets 'Mythbusters' Return Date – TCA". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
External links[edit]
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Cell death
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the journal, see Cell Death & Differentiation.
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis.
Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, or may result from such factors as disease, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part. Kinds of cell death include the following:
Programmed cell death (or PCD) is cell death mediated by an intracellular program.[1][2] PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.
Apoptosis or Type I cell-death, and autophagy or Type II cell-death are both forms of programmed cell death, while necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.[3] Necrosis is cell death caused by external factors such as trauma or infection, and occurs in several different forms. Recently a form of programmed necrosis, called necroptosis, has been recognized as an alternate form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations.
Mitotic catastrophe is a mode of cell death that is due to premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis. It is the most common mode of cell death in cancer cells exposed to ionizing radiation and many other anti-cancer treatments.[4]
Autophagy is cytoplasmic, characterized by the formation of large vacuoles that eat away organelles in a specific sequence prior to the destruction of the nucleus.[5]
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms.[6] Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. It is now thought that – in a developmental context – cells are induced to positively commit suicide whilst in a homeostatic context; the absence of certain survival factors may provide the impetus for suicide. There appears to be some variation in the morphology and indeed the biochemistry of these suicide pathways; some treading the path of "apoptosis", others following a more generalized pathway to deletion, but both usually being genetically and synthetically motivated. There is some evidence that certain symptoms of "apoptosis" such as endonuclease activation can be spuriously induced without engaging a genetic cascade, however, presumably true apoptosis and programmed cell death must be genetically mediated. It is also becoming clear that mitosis and apoptosis are toggled or linked in some way and that the balance achieved depends on signals received from appropriate growth or survival factors.[7]
Macroautophagy, often referred to as autophagy, is a catabolic process that results in the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic contents, abnormal protein aggregates, and excess or damaged organelles. Autophagy is generally activated by conditions of nutrient deprivation but has also been associated with physiological as well as pathological processes such as development, differentiation, neurodegenerative diseases, stress, infection and cancer.
Other pathways of programmed cell death have been discovered.[8] Called "non-apoptotic programmed cell-death" (or "caspase-independent programmed cell-death" or "necroptosis"), these alternative routes to death are as efficient as apoptosis and can function as either backup mechanisms or the main type of PCD.
Other forms of programmed cell death include anoikis, almost identical to apoptosis except in its induction; cornification, a form of cell death exclusive to the eyes; excitotoxicity; ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death[9] and Wallerian degeneration.
Plant cells undergo particular processes of PCD similar to autophagic cell death. However, some common features of PCD are highly conserved in both plants and metazoa.
Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is a programmed cell death caused by the interaction of Fas receptor (Fas, CD95)and Fas ligand (FasL, CD95 ligand).[10] It occurs as a result of repeated stimulation of specific T-cell receptors (TCR) and it helps to maintain the periphery immune tolerance.[11] Therefore, an alteration of the process may lead to autoimmune diseases.[10] In the other words AICD is the negative regulator of activated T-lymphocytes.
Ischemic cell death, or oncosis, is a form of accidental, or passive cell death that is often considered a lethal injury. The process is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, cytoplasm vacuolization, and swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm.[12]
Immunogenic cell death or immunogenic apoptosis is a form of cell death caused by some cytostatic agents such as anthracyclines, oxaliplatin and bortezomib, or radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT).[13]
Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response in myeloid cells.
The term "cell necrobiology" has been used to describe the life processes associated with morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes which predispose, precede, and accompany cell death, as well as the consequences and tissue response to cell death. The word is derived from the Greek νεκρό meaning "death", βìο meaning "life", and λόγος meaning "the study of". The term was initially coined to broadly define investigations of the changes that accompany cell death, detected and measured by multiparameter flow- and laser scanning- cytometry.[14] It has been used to describe the real-time changes during cell death, detected by flow cytometry [15]
See also[edit]
Biology portal
Programmed cell death 1, a protein
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Engelberg-Kulka H, Amitai S, Kolodkin-Gal I, Hazan R (2006). "Bacterial Programmed Cell Death and Multicellular Behavior in Bacteria". PLoS Genetics. 2 (10): e135. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020135. PMC 1626106  . PMID 17069462.
Jump up ^ Green, Douglas (2011). Means To An End. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-887-4.
Jump up ^ Kierszenbaum, Abraham (2012). Histology and Cell Biology - An Introduction to Pathology. Philadelphia: ELSEVIER SAUNDERS.
Jump up ^ Ianzini, Fiorenza; Mackey, Michael A (2007). Mitotic Catastrophe in Apoptosis, Senescence, and Cancer. Humana Press. pp. 73–91. ISBN 978-1-58829-527-9.
Jump up ^ Schwartz LM, Smith SW, Jones ME, Osborne BA (1993). "Do all programmed cell deaths occur via apoptosis?". PNAS. 90 (3): 980–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.3.980. PMC 45794  . PMID 8430112. ;and, for a more recent view, see Bursch W, Ellinger A, Gerner C, Fröhwein U, Schulte-Hermann R (2000). "Programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis, autophagic PCD, or others?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 926: 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05594.x. PMID 11193023.
Jump up ^ Green, Douglas (2011). Means To An End. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-888-1.
Jump up ^ D. Bowen, Ivor (1993). Cell Biology International 17. Great Britain: Portland Press. pp. 365–380. doi:10.1006/cbir.1993.1075. ISSN 1095-8355. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Kroemer G, Martin SJ (2005). "Caspase-independent cell death". Nature Medicine. 11 (7): 725–30. doi:10.1038/nm1263. PMID 16015365.
Jump up ^ Dixon Scott J.; Lemberg Kathryn M.; Lamprecht Michael R.; Skouta Rachid; Zaitsev Eleina M.; Gleason Caroline E.; Patel Darpan N.; Bauer Andras J.; Cantley Alexandra M.; et al. "Ferroptosis: An Iron-Dependent Form of Nonapoptotic Cell Death". Cell. 149 (5): 1060–1072. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.042.
^ Jump up to: a b Zhang J, Xu X, Liu Y. (2004), Activation-Induced Cell Death in T Cells and Autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 1(3):186-92
Jump up ^ Kabelitz D, Janssen O. (1997), Antigen-induced death of T-lymphocytes. Front Biosci. 2:d61-77
Jump up ^ "Oncosis". Retrieved 10 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Garg AD, Nowis D, Golab J, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Agostinis P (2010). "Immunogenic cell death, DAMPs and anticancer therapeutics: an emerging amalgamation". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1805 (1): 53–71. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.08.003. PMID 19720113.
Jump up ^ Darzynkiewicz Z, Juan G, Li X, Gorczyca W, Murakami T, Traganos F. (1997) Cytometry in cell necrobiology: analysis of apoptosis and accidental cell death (necrosis). 1997;27(1):1-20. PMID 9000580
Jump up ^ Warnes G, Martins S. (2011)Real-time flow cytometry for the kinetic analysis of oncosis. Cytometry A. 79:181-91.PMID 21254392 doi:10.1002/cyto.a.21022.
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