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Moran (surname)
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Moran
Family name
Meaning
"no"
Region of origin
Ireland
Related names
Ó Móráin
Moran (Irish: Ó Móráin) is a modern Irish surname and derived from membership of a medieval dynastic sept. The name means a descendent of Mórán. Morans were a respected sept of the Uí Fiachrach dynasty in the western counties of Mayo and Sligo. In Ireland, where the name descended from the Gaelic, it is generally pronounced /ˈmɒrən/ MORR-ən[1] anglicised approximate of the Irish pronunciation.
Elsewhere, pronunciation follows the French surname, Morant, anglicised to /məˈræn/ mə-RAN or /mɒˈræn/ morr-AN.[1][2] There are many different crests of Moran, many bearing three stars and the motto Lucent in tenebris, Latin for "They shine in darkness".[3] Another crest, attributed to the family of a Moran family living in Ballina, County Mayo, is described thus: "Azure on a mount proper, two lions combatant or, holding between them a flagstaff also proper, therefrom a flag argent; a crest: out of amural crown, a demi-saracen, head in profile, all proper; and a motto: 'Fides non timet.'" (This motto translates as "Faith does not fear" or "The Faithful Fear Not".)[4][5][6]
The majority bearers of this surname in County Mayo are descended from the Ó Móráin sept whose ancient kingdom was in north Mayo, surrounding the modern town of Ballina. Following the Norman invasion, their territory was usurped by the Barretts and Burkes and the sept lost its central organisation. The modern distribution of the surname within Mayo suggests that the Morans spread southwards and today are chiefly found in the central area of the county, particularly in the barony of Carra.
Contents
[hide]
1 People named Moran
2 Fictional characters
3 See also
4 References
People named Moran[edit]
Bill Moran (disambiguation)
Brad Moran (AFL) (born 1986), Australian rules football player
Brian Moran (born 1959), American politician
Bugs Moran (1891–1957), Chicago prohibition-era gangster
Caitlin Moran (born 1975), British writer and journalist
Charles Moran (baseball) (1879–1934), American baseball player
Charley Moran (1878–1949), American baseball player and football coach
Chris Moran (1956–2010), Royal Air Force officer
Chris Moran (ice hockey) (born 1987), American ice hockey player
Colin Moran (disambiguation)
Crissy Moran (born 1975), American former pornographic actress & model
Daniel Keys Moran (born 1962), American computer programmer and science fiction writer
David Moran (disambiguation)
Denis Moran (Gaelic footballer) (born 1956), Irish Gaelic football player
Dennis Moran (computer criminal) (1982–2013), American computer
Dennis Moran (rugby league) (born 1977), British rugby league
Diana Moran (born 1939), British model, fitness expert and journalist
Dolores Moran (1926–1982), American film actress and model
Dov Moran (born c.1956), Israeli engineer, inventor and businessman
Dylan Moran (born 1971), Irish comedian, writer, actor and film-maker
Earl Moran (1893–1984), American pin-up and glamour artist
Edward Moran (disambiguation)
Ellen Moran (born 1967), American politician
Emilio Moran, American anthropologist
Erin Moran (1960–2017), American actress
Frank Moran (1887–1967), American boxer and film actor
Gayle Moran (fl. 1970s), British musician
Gussie Moran (1923–2013), American tennis player
Hap Moran (1901–1994), American professional football player
Herbert Moran (1885–1945), Australian rugby union player
Ian Moran (born 1972), American professional ice hockey player
Ian Moran (born 1979), Australian cricketer
Jack Moran (disambiguation)
Jackie Moran (1923–1990), American movie actor
James Moran (disambiguation)
Jason Moran (1967–2003), Australian criminal
Jason Moran (musician) (born 1975), American jazz pianist
Jerry Moran (born 1954), United States Senator from Kansas
Jim Moran (disambiguation)
Joe Moran, British social and cultural historian
John Moran (disambiguation)
Judy Moran (born 1944), matriarch of Australian criminal family
Julie Moran (born 1962), American television personality
Kenneth Moran (c. 1919–1946), New Zealand boxer
Kevin Moran (disambiguation)
Lewis Moran (1941–2004), Australian criminal
Lindsay Moran (born 1969), American former Central Intelligence Agency officer, now a writer
Lois Moran (1909–1990), American actress
Malcolm Moran, American sports writer
Margaret Moran (born 1955), British politician
Margarita Moran-Floirendo (born 1953), Filipino former Miss Universe, peace advocate
Mark Moran (disambiguation)
Matt Moran, Australian chef
Mayo Moran (born 1959), dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Toronto
Michael Moran (disambiguation)
Michelle Moran (born 1980), American novelist
Mike Moran (music producer) (born 1948), English keyboard musician and producer
Nancy Moran, American singer and songwriter
Nick Moran (born 1968), British actor
Paddy Moran (disambiguation)
Pat Moran (disambiguation)
Patrick Moran (disambiguation)
Paul Moran (disambiguation)
Pauline Moran (born 1947), English actress
Peggy Moran (1918–2002), American film actress
Percy Moran (1862–1935), American artist
Peter K. Moran (1767–1831), Irish composer and pianist
Polly Moran (1883–1952), American actress and comedian
Rachel Moran (born 1976), Irish feminist activist and author
Reid Venable Moran (1916–2010), American botanist and museum curator
Richard Moran (disambiguation)
Robert Moran (born 1937), American composer
Robert Moran (shipbuilder) (1857–1943), American shipbuilder
Rocky Moran (born 1950), American race car driver
Roger Moran, British hillclimb driver
Ronnie Moran (1934–2017), British football coach
Sam Moran (born 1978), Australian entertainer
Sean Moran (born 1973), American football player
Shawn Moran (born 1961), American speedway rider
Simon Moran, British concert promoter
Shlomo Moran (born 1947), Israeli computer scientist
Steve Moran (born 1961), English football player
Terry Moran (born 1959), American journalist
Terry Moran (public servant) (born 1947), senior official in the Australian Public Service
Thomas Moran (disambiguation)
Tom Moran (disambiguation)
Tony Moran, American remixer, producer and singer-songwriter
Tony Moran (actor) (born 1957), American actor and producer
William Joseph Moran (1906–1996), American Roman Catholic bishop
William L. Moran (1921–2000), American Assyriologist
Fictional characters[edit]
Alex Moran, principal character in the Spike TV series Blue Mountain State
Blake Moran, main character of the TV series Madam Secretary who is also played by a Jewish actor.
Jacques Moran, second narrator and seeker of the eponymous Molloy in the novel by Samuel Beckett
Lucy Moran, character in Twin Peaks
Michael Moran, the central character in John McGahern's novel Amongst Women
Moran, a female Irish Quidditch player in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Pamela Moran, a main character from the TV series Army Wives
Sebastian Moran, Moriarty's henchman in the Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of the Empty House"
Summer Moran, a recurring character in Clive Cussler's novels featuring Dirk Pitt
See also[edit]
Moeran
Moran family
Morán
Fernando Morán (disambiguation)
Morin (disambiguation)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Daniel; Gimson, Alfred C. (1977) [1917]. Everyman's English Pronunciation Dictionary. Everyman's Reference Library (14 ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-03029-9.
Jump up ^ Etymology of Last Names
Jump up ^ Motto and Crest
Jump up ^ http://genforum.genealogy.com/moran/messages/1264.html
Jump up ^ http://www.irishgathering.ie/clan_info.asp?clanID=843
Jump up ^ http://celticowboy.com/Appiii.htm
This page lists people with the surname Moran. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
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text:
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
3 Adoption
3.1 Journey to Congress
3.2 Congressional debate
3.3 Proposal and ratification
4 Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment
5 Elections since 1804
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Text[edit]
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.
The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.[Note 1]
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.[1]
Background[edit]
Under the original procedure for the Electoral College, as provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, each elector could vote for two persons. The two people chosen by the elector could not both inhabit the same state as that elector. This prohibition was designed to keep electors from voting for two "favorite sons" of their respective states.[2] The person receiving the greatest number of votes, provided that number equaled a majority of the electors, was elected President.
If there were more than one individual who received the same number of votes, and such number equaled a majority of the electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of them to be President. If no individual had a majority, then the House of Representatives would choose from the five individuals with the greatest number of electoral votes. In either case, a majority of state delegations in the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen to be President.
Selecting the Vice President was a simpler process. Whichever candidate received the second greatest number of votes became Vice President. The Vice President, unlike the President, was not required to receive votes from a majority of the electors. In the event of a tie for second place, the Senate would choose who would be Vice President from those tied, with each Senator casting one vote. It was not specified in the Constitution whether the sitting Vice President could cast a tie-breaking vote for Vice President under the original formula.
When George Washington decided not to seek a third term problems with the original procedure emerged.
In the 1796 election, John Adams, the Federalist Party presidential candidate, received a majority of the electoral votes. However, the Federalist electors scattered their second votes, resulting in the Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate, Thomas Jefferson, receiving the second highest number of electoral votes and thus being elected Vice President. It became apparent that if the Vice President was a defeated electoral opponent of the President the two might not work together effectively. By having the President and Vice President elected on a party ticket, this possibility would be eliminated but it raised a different flaw in the arrangements.
On January 6, 1797, Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina responded to this result by presenting a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution requiring each elector to cast one vote for President and another for Vice President.[3] However, no action was taken on his proposal, setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800.
The 1800 election exposed a defect in the original formula in that if each member of the Electoral College followed party tickets, there would be a tie between the two candidates from the most popular ticket. The emergence of partisan political activity caused the failure of the original constitutional plan.
The Federalist states in the House of Representatives decided to give their votes to Aaron Burr for President when he and Jefferson tied in the Presidential election of 1800. Their aim was to prevent Jefferson, who was influential and rich in new visions, from becoming President, at any cost. With help from Alexander Hamilton, the gridlock was finally broken on the thirty-sixth vote and Jefferson was elected President on February 17, 1801.[4] The events in the House, combined with the increasing Democratic-Republican majorities in the House and Senate, prompted the Democratic-Republicans to call for a Constitutional amendment requiring separate votes for President and Vice President in the Electoral College. By doing this, the Democratic-Republicans could dash the Federalists' hopes of having any impact on the Presidential election of 1804.
Adoption[edit]
Journey to Congress[edit]
In March 1801, weeks after the election of 1800 was resolved, two amendments were proposed in the New York state legislature that would form the skeleton of the Twelfth Amendment. Governor John Jay submitted an amendment to the state legislature that would require a district election of electors in each state. Assemblyman Jedediah Peck submitted an amendment to adopt designations for the votes for President and Vice President. The two amendments were not considered until early 1802 because the state legislature took a break for the summer and winter. New York state senator DeWitt Clinton moved for the adoption of the amendment in January 1802. Shortly thereafter, Clinton won a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate, where he was instrumental in bringing the designation amendment to Congress. The process continued in New York on February 15 when Representative Benjamin Walker of New York proposed the designation and district election amendments to the House. Debate on the amendments began in May. The Republicans wanted to decide on the amendment quickly, but the Federalists argued that the ideas needed more time than the current session allowed. Federalist Samuel W. Dana of Connecticut wanted to examine the necessity of a Vice President. The amendment ultimately failed in the New York State Senate, but DeWitt Clinton brought the amendment discussion to the House of Representatives.[5]
Congress was ready to debate the presented amendment, but the Democratic-Republicans decided to wait for the 8th Congress. The 8th Congress would allow the Democratic-Republicans a better chance of meeting the two-third vote requirement for submitting a proposed Constitutional amendment.
Congressional debate[edit]
On its first day, the 8th Congress considered the designation amendment. The first formulation of the amendment had the five highest electoral vote earners on the ballot in the House if no one candidate had a majority of the electoral votes. Republican John Clopton of Virginia, the largest state in the Union, argued that having five names on the list for a contingency election took the power from the people, so he proposed that there be only two names on the list. On October 20, the House appointed a seventeen-member committee (one Representative from each state) to fine-tune the amendment.[6]
The original proposal starting in the New York state legislature was a dual-amendment that, along with designation, put forward the idea of district election of electors that Treasury Secretary Gallatin had supported. Shortly after the committee was formed, Federalist Benjamin Huger attempted to add a provision regarding district elections to the proposed amendment. The committee ignored him and district election disappeared.[7]
The committee then submitted an updated version of the designation amendment to the House on October 23 that changed the number of candidates in a contingency election from five to three and allowed the Senate to choose the Vice President if there were a tie in that race. Small Federalist states disliked the change from five to three, because it made it far less likely that a small-state candidate would make it to a contingency election. Huger and New York Federalist Gaylord Griswold argued that the Constitution was a compromise between large and small states and the method chosen by the Framers is supposed to check the influence of the larger states. Huger even asserted that the Constitution itself was not a union of people, but a union of large and small states in order to justify the original framework for electing the President. Designation, argued Griswold and Huger, would violate the spirit of the Constitution by taking away a check on the power of the large states.[5]
Next up for the Federalists was Seth Hastings of Massachusetts, who submitted the argument that the designation amendment rendered the Vice Presidency useless and advocated for the elimination of the three-fifths clause. John C. Smith asked the inflammatory question of whether or not the proposed amendment was to help the reelection of Jefferson. Speaker Nathaniel Macon called this inappropriate. After Matthew Lyon of Kentucky denounced any reference to the three-fifths clause as mere provocation, the House easily passed the resolution 88-39 on October 28.
By October 28, the Senate had already been discussing the designation amendment. Republican DeWitt Clinton expected that the Senate, with a 24-9 Republican majority would quickly passing the amendment. Federalist Jonathan Dayton proposed that the office of the Vice President should be eliminated and his colleague, Uriah Tracy, seconded it. On the other side, Wilson Cary Nicholas was simply worried that Congress would not submit the amendment in time for the states to ratify it before the 1804 election. Despite Nicholas’ concern, the Senate would not seriously deal with the amendment again until November 23.[8]
Much as it had in the House, debate centered around the number of candidates in a contingency election and the philosophical underpinnings of the Constitution. Again, small Federalist states vehemently argued that three candidates gave too much power to large states to pick presidents. Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina argued that the issues with the election of 1800 were unlikely to happen again and he would not advocate changing the Constitution simply to stop a Federalist Vice President. John Quincy Adams argued that the change from five to three gave an advantage to the people that violated the federative principle of the Constitution. Rather than have the office of the President balanced between the states and the people, Adams felt designation of President and Vice President would tip that scale in favor of the people.[9]
Federalist Senators argued for retaining the original procedure for the Electoral College. Senator Samuel White of Delaware claimed that the original procedure had not been given "a fair experiment" and criticized the proposed amendment for entrenching the two-party system that had taken over presidential elections.[10]
In response, the Republicans appealed to democratic principles. Samuel Smith of Maryland argued that the presidency ought to be as closely accountable to the people as possible. As such, having three candidates in a contingency election is far better than having five, because it is possible to have the fifth best candidate become President otherwise. Also, designation itself would drastically cut down the number of elections that would reach the house, and the President is then much more likely to be the people’s choice. Another of Smith’s arguments was simply the election of 1800. William Cocke of Tennessee took a different approach when he argued that the entire small state argument of the Federalists was simply out of self-interest.[11]
One last order of business for the amendment was to deal with the possibility that the House would fail to choose a President by March 4. It was the least controversial portion of the Twelfth Amendment and John Taylor proposed that the Vice President would take over as President in that peculiar occurrence, “as in case of the death or other Constitutional disability of the President."[12]
It seemed clear all along that the Republican dominance would render this a no-contest and the Republicans were just waiting for all of their votes to be present, but the Federalists had one last defense. A marathon session of debate, lasting from 11 A.M. to 10 P.M., was the order of the day on December 2, 1803. Most notably, Uriah Tracy of Connecticut argued in a similar vein as Adams when he invoked the federative principle of the Constitution. Tracy claimed the original procedure was formulated to give the small states a chance to elect the Vice President, who would be a check on the President’s powers. In essence, the states balanced the power of the people. However, this only works if you make it partisan, as Georgia (for example) was a Republican small state.[13]
Proposal and ratification[edit]
Twelfth Amendment in the National Archives
The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the 8th Congress on December 9, 1803, when it was approved by the House of Representatives by vote of 83–42,[14] having been previously passed by the Senate, 22–10, on December 2.[15] The amendment was officially submitted to the states on December 12, 1803, and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states:[16]
North Carolina: December 21, 1803
Maryland: December 24, 1803
Kentucky: December 27, 1803
Ohio: December 30, 1803
Pennsylvania: January 5, 1804
Vermont: January 30, 1804
Virginia: February 3, 1804
New York: February 10, 1804
New Jersey: February 22, 1804
Rhode Island: March 12, 1804
South Carolina: May 15, 1804
Georgia: May 19, 1804
New Hampshire: June 15, 1804[Note 2]
Having been ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the several states, there being 17 states in the Union at the time, the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment was completed. It was subsequently ratified by:
14. Tennessee: July 27, 1804
15. Massachusetts: 1961 (after rejection: February 3, 1804)
The amendment was rejected by:
Delaware: January 18, 1804
Connecticut: May 10, 1804
On September 25, 1804, in a circular letter to the governors of the states, Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified by three-fourths of the states.
Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment[edit]
While the Twelfth Amendment did not change the composition of the Electoral College or the duties of the electors, it did change the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected. The new electoral process was first used for the 1804 election. Each presidential election since has been conducted under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment.
The Twelfth Amendment stipulates that each elector must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President, instead of two votes for President. Additionally, electors may not vote for presidential and vice-presidential candidates who both reside in the elector's state—at least one of them must be an inhabitant of another state.
If no candidate for President has a majority of the total votes, the House of Representatives, voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under the original procedure, chooses the President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three highest receivers of electoral votes, compared to five under the original procedure.
The Twelfth Amendment requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President for that person to be elected Vice President by the Electoral College. If no candidate for Vice President has a majority of the total votes, the Senate, with each Senator having one vote, chooses the Vice President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose between the candidates with the "two highest numbers" of electoral votes. If multiple individuals are tied for second place, the Senate may consider all of them, in addition to the individual with the greatest number of votes. The Twelfth Amendment introduced a quorum requirement of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators for the conduct of balloting. Furthermore, the Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose a Vice President by way of the affirmative votes of "a majority of the whole number" of Senators.
To prevent deadlocks from keeping the nation leaderless, the Twelfth Amendment provided that if the House did not choose a President before March 4 (then the first day of a Presidential term), the individual elected Vice President would "act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President." The Twelfth Amendment did not state for how long the Vice President would act as President or if the House could still choose a President after March 4. Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment, adopted in 1933, supersedes that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date upon which a new presidential term commences to January 20, clarifying that the Vice President-elect would only "act as President" if the House has not chosen a President by January 20, and permitting Congress to statutorily provide "who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected" if there is no President-elect or Vice President-elect by January 20. It also clarifies that if there is no President-elect on January 20, whoever acts as President does so until a person "qualified" to occupy the Presidency is elected to be President.
The Twelfth Amendment explicitly states the constitutional requirements as provided for the President also apply to being Vice President. It is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment both bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[17] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as Vice President.[18] The applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, and thus the courts have never been required to make a judgment regarding the matter. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but was advised it would be unconstitutional.[19]
Elections since 1804[edit]
Certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
Starting with the election of 1804, each Presidential election has been conducted under the Twelfth Amendment.
Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President: In 1824, Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) 84, William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37. All of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party (though there were significant political differences among them), and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win. Because the House could only consider the top three candidates, Clay could not become President. Crawford's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely. Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him, as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes.[Note 3] Instead, the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states, followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four.[20] Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House. When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State, many—particularly Jackson and his supporters—accused the pair of making a "Corrupt Bargain".[21][22] In the less contested election for vice president, John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright.
In 1836, the Whig Party nominated different candidates in different regions in the hopes of splintering the electoral vote and denying Martin Van Buren, the Democratic candidate, a majority in the Electoral College, thereby throwing the election into the Whig-controlled House. However, this strategy failed with Van Buren winning majorities of both the popular and electoral vote. In that same election no candidate for Vice President secured a majority in the electoral college as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Richard Mentor Johnson did not receive the electoral votes of Democratic electors from Virginia, because of his relationship with a former slave. As a result, Johnson received 147 electoral votes, one vote short of a majority; to be followed by Francis Granger with 77, John Tyler with 47 and William Smith with 23. This caused the Senate to choose whether Johnson or Granger would be the new Vice President. Johnson won with 33 votes, with Granger receiving 16.[23]
Since 1836, no major U.S. party has nominated multiple regional presidential or vice presidential candidates in an election. However, since the Civil War there have been two serious attempts by Southern-based parties to run regional candidates in hopes of denying either of the two major candidates an electoral college majority. Both attempts (in 1948 and 1968) failed, but not by much—in both cases a shift in the result of two close states would have forced the respective elections into the House.[24][25]
In modern elections, a running mate is often selected in order to appeal to a different set of voters. A Habitation Clause issue arose during the 2000 presidential election contested by George W. Bush (running-mate Dick Cheney) and Al Gore (running-mate Joe Lieberman), because it was alleged that Bush and Cheney were both inhabitants of Texas and that the Texas electors therefore violated the Twelfth Amendment in casting their ballots for both. Bush's residency was unquestioned, as he was Governor of Texas at the time. Cheney and his wife had moved to Dallas five years earlier when he assumed the role of chief executive at Halliburton. Cheney grew up in Wyoming and had represented it in Congress. A few months before the election, he switched his voter registration and driver's license to Wyoming and put his home in Dallas up for sale. Three Texas voters challenged the election in a federal court in Dallas and then appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, where it was dismissed.[26]
See also[edit]
Electoral College (United States)
United States presidential eligibility legislation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This sentence is superseded by Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment
Jump up ^ Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804, when the New Hampshire legislature ratified the amendment. The state's governor, John Taylor Gilman, vetoed the resolution of ratification on June 20, and the act failed to pass again by the two-thirds vote then required by the state constitution. However, Article V of the U.S. Constitution specifies that amendments shall become effective "when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States or by conventions in three-fourths thereof" and so it has been generally believed that an approval or veto by a governor is without significance.
Jump up ^ The popular vote in 1824 did not consist of all of the states, since many states chose their electors through their legislatures instead of by a vote of their people.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27". National Archives. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
Jump up ^ The Electoral College – Origin and History Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
Jump up ^ United States Congress (1797). Annals of Congress. 4th Congress, 2nd Session. p. 1824. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ Wood, Gordon (2009). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 127–128.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 128.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 133–136.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 136–137.
Jump up ^ Alder, Carolyn (March 3, 2016). "A Far Superior Method—the Original Electoral College". Freedom Formula. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 137.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 139.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 140–141.
Jump up ^ "13 Annals of Congress 775 (1805)". Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "13 Annals of Congress 209 (1805)". Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE CONSTITUTION of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION, Centennial Edition, INTERIM EDITION: ANALYSIS OF CASES DECIDED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES TO JUNE 26, 2013" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 28. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck (July 31, 2007). "Constitutional Sleight of Hand". National Review. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant; Bruce G. Peabody (2006-06-13). "How to bring back Bill". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
Jump up ^ 1339 GMT (2039 HKT) September 15, 2015 (September 15, 2015). "Hillary Clinton: Bill as VP has 'crossed her mind'". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andrew Costly. "BRIA 8 4 a The Election of 1824-25: When the House Chose the President - Constitutional Rights Foundation".
Jump up ^ McNamara, Robert. "The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives". About.com. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Lynn Hudson (2009). The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-975424-3.
Jump up ^ "VP Richard Mentor Johnson". 30 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Student Activity: Presidential Campaign of 1948". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "American Experience: George Wallace - 1968 Campaign". PBS. 2000. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bravin, Jess. Obscure Texas Case Offers Peek Into Role Of Court Nominee, The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 7, 2005.
.
External links[edit]
Constitution of the United States, via Wikisource
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twelfth Amendment, via Cornell Law School
Ellis, E. S. (1903). Thomas Jefferson: A Character Sketch., via Project Gutenberg
U. S. Electoral College, via Office of the Federal Register
Hawley, Joshua. "The Transformative Twelfth Amendment". University of Missouri School of Law.
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Second city of the United Kingdom
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The second city of the United Kingdom is an unofficial claim made at various times by several cities since the establishment of the UK in 1707. Commonly a country's second city is the city that is thought to be the second-most important, usually after the capital or first city according to criteria such as population size, economic importance and cultural contribution.
Historically several cities have been considered the "second city of the British Empire". In the early 19th Century, Dublin was considered by many to be the second city; later in the century, Glasgow and Liverpool burgeoned as major industrial centres and had competing claims to be the busiest ports in the world for ship building and freight transport. Calcutta also laid the claim from as far away as India as the most populous city, while in 1911 the editor of the Irish Times laid a second claim for Dublin during a ceremonial visit by George V.
Birmingham has generally been regarded as the second city of the United Kingdom in terms of populace and GDP while Edinburgh has been promoted as the second city by virtue as the capital of Scotland.[1][2] Less authoratitive claims have been made on behalf of Cardiff and Belfast due to their status as the respective capital cities of Wales and Northern Ireland.[3] Furthermore, a number of opinion polls have been conducted since 2000 and complicate the issue further, with public response showing a consistent view amongst the British population that Manchester is the second city. Birmingham is technically the United Kingdom's most populous city; the City of London has fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and Greater London is not recognized as a city.
Contents
1 History
2 Modern points of view
2.1 Public opinion polls
2.2 Ministerial statements
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Since the formation of the United Kingdom, several places have been described as the "second city". Aristocrat-dominated Georgian Dublin was the second-most populous city at the time of the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 (it was also the fifth-most populous in Europe), and was often described as the second city of the UK.[4] Though it lost that position towards the end of the 19th century as the empire's Victorian cities grew through more rapid industrialisation.[5] Dublin, and the rest of the Republic of Ireland, became independent of the UK in the 1920s.
Later, the title Second City of Empire or Second City of the British Empire was claimed by a number of cities in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Commercial trading city Liverpool was regarded as holding this title with its massive port, merchant fleet and world-wide trading links.[6][7][8] Liverpool was constantly referred to as the New York of Europe.[9] Others included Dublin,[10] Glasgow (which continues to use the title as a marketing slogan),[11][12] and (outside the UK) Calcutta[13] and Philadelphia.[14]
Prior to the union with Scotland in 1707, from the English Civil War until the 18th century, Norwich was the second-largest city of England, being a major trading centre, Britain's richest provincial city and county town of Norfolk, at that time the most populous county of England.[15] Bristol was the second-wealthiest city in England in the 16th century;[16] and by the 18th century, Bristol was often described as the second city of England.[17] During the 19th century, claims were made for Manchester,[18] Liverpool[19] and York.[20] York had also been named as the second city in earlier centuries.[21]
By the early 19th century, Glasgow was frequently referred to as the second city;[22] and during much of the 20th century it had a population of over one million, larger than that of Birmingham until the 1951 census. For example, the Official Census population for Glasgow was 0.784 million in April 1911; 1.034 million in April 1921; 1.088 million in April 1931 and 1.090 million in April 1951.[23] However, slum clearances in the 1960s led to displacement of residents from the city centre to new communities located outside the city boundaries. This, together with local government reorganisation, resulted in the official population of Glasgow falling sharply. The Glasgow City Council area currently has a population of 600,000 although the surrounding conurbation of Greater Glasgow has a population of 1,199,629.[24] In contrast, the population of the city of Birmingham has remained steady around the one million mark; its central population fell like Glasgow's, but the city boundaries were extended several times in the early 20th century. Occasional claims were made for Liverpool,[25] Birmingham[26] and Manchester.[27]
Modern points of view[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2014)
Since World War I, and up to the beginning of the 21st century, Birmingham had been considered by many to be the second city.
Based on population within actual city boundaries the City of Birmingham, the most populous local government district in Europe, is substantially larger than the City of Manchester, which is the fifth largest in the UK (2006 estimates, see List of English districts by population). However, most sources do not use formal city boundaries as the sole criterion for population comparison. The surrounding conurbations and the areas that can be considered informally part of each city are hard to define. However, after the 1974 reorganisation of local government and the creation of metropolitan counties, the City of Birmingham was included with the City of Coventry and five other metropolitan boroughs (one, Wolverhampton gained city status in 2000) in a new West Midlands county. The City of Manchester joined with the neighbouring City of Salford and eight other Metropolitan boroughs within the County of Greater Manchester.
While the second city status of any country is decided upon a variety of economic or cultural indices, both Birmingham and Manchester have shown an edge in each over the years. For example, in 2010, Manchester City Centre became second to London for new office building take-up with almost a million square foot (86,400 m2) occupied in the year,[28] whilst praise for Birmingham's striking modern architecture was cited as confirmation of its claim to second city status.[29]
Public opinion polls[edit]
As the Second City is an unofficial title and one of subjective opinion, a number of polls have been conducted over the years. Despite Birmingham being viewed as the traditional second city, public polls have shown a consistent preference for Manchester since 2000. This shift has been attributed to Manchester's and the wider Greater Manchester region's rebranding of itself, most notably after the 1996 Manchester bombing and the successful hosting of the 2002 Commonwealth Games:
A 2002 survey conducted by Ipsos MORI, commissioned by "Visit Manchester" (Manchester's tourism department), Manchester received the highest response for the category of second city at 34%, compared to Birmingham at 29%; and in the same poll, Manchester had the highest response for the category of third city with 27% of the vote, 6% more than the 21% for Birmingham.[30] 85% of respondents put London as first City.[31]
A 2007 survey conducted by GfK commissioned by the BBC in December 2006 investigating the subject of the "'Second city' of England" (as opposed to the UK as a whole), 48% of 1,000 people placed Manchester, with 40% choosing Birmingham.[32][33]
A 2015 survey by YouGov showed that 30% thought Manchester was the second city, 20% thought Birmingham and 12% thought Edinburgh.[34]
A 2017 survey by BMG Research, commissioned by the Birmingham Mail, showed 38% preferred Manchester as the second city versus 36% for Birmingham. 16% choose Edinburgh with 10% for other cities. The opinion poll also found a stark generational divide with 44% of 18 to 24 year olds choosing Manchester as their preferred second city compared with only 19% who stated Birmingham and 25% of this age group also selecting Edinburgh over Birmingham. However, of those 65 and older, 40% preferred Birmingham and 38% preferred Manchester.[35]
Ministerial statements[edit]
There have been a variety of Ministerial statements and opinions on the subject for some time. These include:
In February 2015 UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated "Birmingham is Britain’s second city, it is a powerhouse."[36] On 16 February 2016 he emphasised that "We recognise Birmingham’s status as Britain’s second city". He repeated this claim on the 16th March 2016 when he stated "Birmingham is the second city of our country" during Prime Minister's Questions.
David Miliband, the former Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, and former Shadow Foreign Secretary said "However, if you look at Birmingham, I think a lot of people would say that it's a city, Britain's second city..."[37]
Digby Jones, Baron Jones of Birmingham (born and raised in Birmingham), former Minister of State at the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and the Foreign Office (former Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) said "Birmingham is naturally the second-most important city in Britain after London because of where she is and how important she is as part of that crossroads,".[38] Jones later said "As a Brummie it's not easy to say, but I can find no better place than the north west in terms of having a diverse manufacturing base, whether it's engineering manufacturing at Rolls-Royce, automotive manufacturing at Bentley or pharmaceuticals manufacturing at AstraZeneca." which contradicts what he said about Birmingham being the most important base outside London. He also praised "Manchester's 'first-class global' university, knowledge and transport infrastructure were the two key factors that determined the success of a city or region."[39] In 2011, Jones stated that Birmingham is now in danger of losing its unofficial title to Manchester[40]
John Prescott (born in Wales and raised in Cheshire), former Deputy Prime Minister and Member of Parliament for the constituency of Hull East, was also quoted as saying "Manchester – our second city", but this was later played down by his department, claiming they were made in a "light-hearted context".[41]
Graham Stringer (born and raised in and currently representing Manchester), MP for Blackley and Broughton, responded with "Manchester has always been the second city after the capital, in many ways it is the first. Birmingham has never really been in the competition."[41]
Sandra White (born and raised in and representing Glasgow), a Scottish National Party MSP for Glasgow, claimed "Glasgow was always seen as the second city in the Empire, and Glasgow is still the second British city. Manchester is probably the second city in England after London."[41]
Phil Woolas (born in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, living in Lees, Greater Manchester and representing the constituency of Oldham East and Saddleworth), Former Minister of State for the Environment – "And, of course, I, and colleagues in Manchester, am pleased to see its very sensible plans to relocate to Manchester – Britain's third city."[42]
See also[edit]
List of city nicknames in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hopkins, Eric (2001). Birmingham: The Making of the Second City 4850-1939. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2327-4.
Jump up ^ The New York Times, August 6, 1989: "Edinburgh's castle high on the rock has looked down on many a triumph and tragedy in the proud Scots capital, but every year since 1947, Britain's Second City steals the spotlight from London during the three weeks of the international festival."
Jump up ^ Hoge, Warren (25 June 2003). "LETTER FROM EUROPE; The Last Hard Case: Bleak, Stubborn Belfast". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Sidney Edwards Morse and Jedidiah Morse, A New System of Geography, Ancient and Modern, p.177, 1824
Jump up ^ BBC: "A Short History of Ireland" – "The population, which had been 58,000 in 1683, was close to 129,000 by 1772 and 182,000 including the garrison by 1798, making Dublin the second largest city in the British Empire."
Jump up ^ "The Empire in one city?". Manchester University Press. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007. Liverpool University: "... the city's pre-eminent position at the turn of the 19th century resulted from the port's willingness to handle a very wide range of cargo (including millions of migrants to the new world). Liverpool was second only to London in this respect – and this, together with its great ethnic diversity, was the basis of its claim to being the 'second city of empire'."
Jump up ^ "Untitled Document".
Jump up ^ "Port of Liverpool contact information". Worldportsource.com. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "When you remember that Dublin has been a capital for thousands of years, that it is the second city of the British Empire, that it is nearly three times as big as Venice it seems strange that no artist has given it to the world." James Joyce, Letter to Stanislaus Joyce, c. 24 September 1905 (Letters of James Joyce, vol. II, pp. 109–112. (Viking Press, 1966).
Jump up ^ "The Second City". Glasgow City Council (glasgow.gov.uk). Archived from the original on 2 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Fraser, W Hamish. "Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914". The Glasgow Story.
Jump up ^ Tourism of India – Special Feature – Relics of the Raj Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania facts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania travel videos, flags, photos". National Geographic. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Williams, Laura; Jones, Alexandra; Lee, Neil; Griffiths, Simon. "Enabling Norwich in the Knowledge Economy" (PDF). The Work Foundation web pages. The Work Foundation. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
Jump up ^ J. E. T. and A. G. L. Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, p.82, 1887
Jump up ^ Charles Knight, The Popular History of England, p.8, 1859
Jump up ^ Robert Southey, Letters from England, p.177, 1836
Jump up ^ James Richard Joy, An Outline History of England, p.26, 1890
Jump up ^ John Major, Aeneas James George Mackay and Thomas Graves Law, A History of Greater Britain as Well England as Scotland, p.xxxvi, 1892
Jump up ^ John Macky, A Journey Through England, p.208, 1722
Jump up ^ For example, see T. H. B. Oldfield, The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland, p.566, 1816 or Spencer Walpole, A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815, p.103, 1878
Jump up ^ Roberson, D. J. (1958). "Population, Past and Present". Chapter 2 in: Cunnison, J. and Gilfillan, J. B. S. (1958). The Third Statistical Account of Scotland, Volume V. The City of Glasgow. Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.
Jump up ^ "Key Statistics for Settlements and Localities Scotland". General Register Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
Jump up ^ D. Appleton, Appletons' American Standard Geographies, p.130, 1881.
Jump up ^ W. Stewart & Co., The Journal of Education, p.38, 1867.
Jump up ^ Chetham Society, Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancashire and Chester, 1862, p.531.
Jump up ^ "Commercial property will continue to prosper in 2011 – Manchester Evening News". Menmedia.co.uk. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Birmingham: Britain’s second city | EuroCheapo's Travel Tips
Jump up ^ "// Visit Manchester / Homepage //". Destinationmanchester.com. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Manchester 'England's second city'". Ipsos MORI North. 2002. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Manchester tops second city poll". BBC News. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham Versus Manchester". YouTube. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Manchester top choice for UK's 'second capital'". yougov.uk. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ "The battle of the second city". Birmingham Mail. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-11.
Jump up ^ "Cameron: Birmingham is England's second city". Birmingham Post. Trinity Mirror. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Labour troubles". BBC Sunday AM. BBC. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Manchester tops second city poll". BBC News. BBC. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
Jump up ^ "Jones: North west best for innovation". Manchester Evening News. 10 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Leading Article: Second Best, www.independent.co.uk. accessed 18 May 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c "Prescott ranks Manchester as second city". Manchester Evening News. M.E.N media. 3 February 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2007. We have had fantastic co-operation here in Manchester – our second city, I am prepared to concede.
Jump up ^ "'Setting the Standard' – Speech by Phil Woolas MP at the fifth Annual Assembly of Standards Committees on 16 October 2006". Department for Communities and Local Government. Department for Communities and Local Government. 16 October 2006. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2007. And, of course, I, and colleagues in Manchester, am pleased to see its very sensible plans to relocate to Manchester – Britain's third city.
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