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The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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The Wizard of Oz
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Victor Fleming
King Vidor
George Cukor
Norman Taurog
Produced by
Mervyn LeRoy
Screenplay by
Noel Langley
Florence Ryerson
Edgar Allan Woolf
Based on
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
by L. Frank Baum
Starring
Judy Garland
Frank Morgan
Ray Bolger
Bert Lahr
Jack Haley
Billie Burke
Margaret Hamilton
Charley Grapewin
Music by
Herbert Stothart
Cinematography
Harold Rosson
Edited by
Blanche Sewell
Production
company
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
Loew's, Inc.[1]
Release date
August 25, 1939 (1939-08-25)
Running time
101 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2.8 million[3][4]
Box office
$3 million
(original release)[3]
$23.3 million
(unadjusted, re-releases)[4]
The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history,[5] it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[6] It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed as Toto), and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins.[7]
Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score, and memorable characters, it has become an icon of American popular culture. It was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind. It did win in two other categories, including Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow" and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939, it failed to generate profit for MGM, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget, which made it MGM's most expensive production to date.[3][8][9]
The 1956 broadcast television premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the wider public and eventually made the presentation an annual tradition, making it one of the best known films in movie history.[6] The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress, which also included the film in its National Film Registry in its inaugural year in 1989. Designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant".[10] It is also one of the few films on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[11] The film is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.
The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar "Yip" Harburg (lyrics) and Harold Arlen (music). The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart.
The Wizard of Oz theatrical poster
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Munchkins
3 Production
3.1 Development and pre-production
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.3.1 Richard Thorpe as director
3.3.2 George Cukor's brief stint
3.3.3 Victor Fleming, the main director
3.3.4 King Vidor's finishing work as director
3.4 Post-production
4 Music
4.1 Song list
4.2 Underscoring
5 Release
5.1 Box office
6 Reception
7 Re-releases
8 Television
9 Home media
10 Awards and honors
10.1 Academy Awards
10.2 American Film Institute lists
10.3 Other honors
11 Differences from the novel
12 Sequels and reinterpretations
13 Cultural impact
13.1 Ruby slippers
13.2 Impact upon LGBT culture
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
16.1 Bibliography
17 External links
Plot[edit]
Stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry The Dog, as Toto
Margaret Hamilton as The Wicked Witch of the West with Dorothy Gale
The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone. Dorothy Gale lives with her dog, Toto, on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farm. Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch, when he bites her. However, Dorothy's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles. Miss Gulch produces an order from the sheriff allowing her to have Toto put down. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who, fearing that Miss Gulch will return, decides to run away from home.
After some miles Dorothy and Toto encounter Professor Marvel, a kindly fortune teller who, realizing Dorothy has run away, uses his crystal ball to convince her that Aunt Em is ill. Dorothy races home just as a tornado approaches. Locked out of the storm cellar, she seeks safety in the house, where a wind-blown window sash knocks her out. She awakens to find the tornado has sent the house spinning into the sky. Outside the window during the flight she and Toto see farm animals, an old lady knitting in a chair, two men rowing a boat, and finally Miss Gulch, who transforms into a cackling witch riding a broomstick.
Dorothy (Judy Garland, right) with Glinda the Good Witch of the North (Billie Burke)
Suddenly the house strikes the ground and all is quiet. As Dorothy opens the door the film changes to technicolor – she and Toto have landed in Munchkinland, part of the Land of Oz. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine – the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her feet poking out from under. In the middle of the celebration, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister's ruby slippers, but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy's feet before the witch can get them. The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister's death. Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City, where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home.
On her way, Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow, who wants a brain, and invites him to join her on her journey. Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man, who desires a heart. After they invite him to come along, the Witch appears and makes threats to them. Deep in the woods, they meet a Cowardly Lion, who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well. After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field, they finally reach the Emerald City. Inside, after being initially rejected, they are permitted to see the Wizard, who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire. He agrees to grant their wishes when they bring him the Witch of the West's broomstick, implying they must kill her to get it.
On their journey to the Witch's castle, they pass through the Haunted Forest, while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball. She sends her winged monkeys to attack them; they capture Dorothy and Toto. At the castle, the Witch is stymied by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy's feet, then remembers that she must be dead first. Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion to the castle. After ambushing three Winkie guards, they march inside wearing the stolen guards' uniforms and free her, but the Witch discovers and traps them. The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape, being chased by the Witch and her guards, but are finally surrounded. The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her. The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude.
Back at the Emerald City, they bring the broomstick to the Wizard. But when they ask him to keep his promises, the Wizard delays granting their requests much to their shock and frustration. During the argument, Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the "Wizard" as a normal middle-aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image; he denies Dorothy's accusation that he is a bad man, but admits to being a humbug. He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Lion a medal and the Tin Man a ticking heart-shaped clock, making them realize that they had what they wanted all along. They just did not know it yet. He then prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off, and as she tries to get him back, the balloon leaves without them. Suddenly, Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers. After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends, Dorothy follows Glinda's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats, "There's no place like home". She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas, surrounded by her family, the farmhands, Professor Marvel and Toto. Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream, she insists that it was all real, and that there is no place like home.
Cast[edit]
The film's main characters (left to right): the Cowardly Lion, Dorothy, Scarecrow, and the Tin Man
Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel/The Wizard/Doorman/Cabbie/Guard
Ray Bolger as Hunk/Scarecrow
Jack Haley as Hickory/Tin Man
Bert Lahr as Zeke/Cowardly Lion
Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North
Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West
Clara Blandick as Aunt Em
Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry
Pat Walshe as Nikko (the Winged Monkey King)
Terry as Toto (though credited as Toto)
Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain (credited only in the IMAX version)
Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tinman's song "If I only had a heart" (uncredited).[citation needed]
Bert Lahr as The Cowardly Lion
Munchkins[edit]
Charlie Becker as Munchkin Mayor
Meinhardt Raabe as Munchkin Coroner
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich as Lollipop Guild/Munchkin
Jerry Maren as Lollipop Guild/Munchkin
Harry Doll Earles as Lollipop Guild/Munchkin
Billy Curtis as Braggart Munchkin
Harry Monty as Soldier/Winged Monkey
Mickey Carroll as Fiddler/Town Crier/Soldier
Karl Slover as Lead trumpeter/Soldier/"Sleepyhead"/Villager
Olga C. Nardone as the Littlest Lullaby League
Margaret Pellegrini as "Sleepyhead"
Ruth Duccini as a Munchkin Villager
The Doll Family as Munchkin Villagers
The Singer Midgets as the Munchkins
William H. O'Docharty as Munchkin Carriage Footman
Production[edit]
Development and pre-production[edit]
Development began when Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) showed that films adapted from popular children's stories and fairytale folklore could be successful.[12][13] In January 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the rights to the hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn, who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor, who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow.[13]
The script went through a number of writers and revisions before the final shooting.[14] Mervyn LeRoy's assistant William H. Cannon had submitted a brief four-page outline.[14] Because recent fantasy films had not fared well, he recommended that the magical elements of the story be toned down or eliminated. In his outline, the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields, and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity; this torture softened him into someone gentle and kind.[14] His vision was similar to Larry Semon's 1925 film adaptation of the story, in which the magical element is absent.
After that, LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who soon delivered a 17-page draft of the Kansas scenes, and a few weeks later, a further 56 pages. Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash were also hired to write separate versions of the story. None of these three knew about the others, and this was not an uncommon procedure. Nash delivered a four-page outline, Langley turned in a 43-page treatment and a full film script. He[who?] turned in three more, this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg. Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing. They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book. However, producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley.[15] During filming, Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further, adding and cutting some scenes. In addition, Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence.
The final draft of the script was completed on October 8, 1938, following numerous rewrites.[16] All in all, it was a mish-mash of many creative minds, but Langley, Ryerson, and Woolf got the film credits. Along with the contributors already mentioned, others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include: Irving Brecher, Herbert Fields, Arthur Freed, Yip Harburg, Samuel Hoffenstein, Jack Mintz, Sid Silvers, Richard Thorpe, Cukor and Vidor.[13]
In addition, songwriter Harburg's son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg reported:[17]
“ So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains, and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he – there was eleven screenwriters on that – and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn't get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing. ”
The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight-ahead fantasy; therefore, it was reconceived as a lengthy, elaborate dream sequence. Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles, the score had featured a song called "The Jitterbug", and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests. A spoiled, selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta, and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize. This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes.[18] The plan was later dropped.
Another scene, which was removed before final script approval and never filmed, was a concluding scene back in Kansas after Dorothy's return. Hunk (the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow) is leaving for agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him. The implication of the scene is that romance will eventually develop between the two, which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions. This plot idea was never totally dropped, but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy, just before she is to leave Oz, tells the Scarecrow, "I think I'll miss you most of all."[19]
In his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Baum describes Kansas as being "in shades of gray". Further, Dorothy lived inside a farmhouse which had its paint blistered and washed away by the weather, giving it an air of grayness. The house and property were situated in the middle of a sweeping prairie where the grass was burnt gray by harsh sun. Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were "gray with age". Effectively, the use of monochrome sepia tones for the Kansas sequences was a stylistic choice that evoked the dull and gray countryside.[citation needed] Much attention was given to the use of color in the production, with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others. Consequently, it took the studio's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road.[20]
Casting[edit]
See also: Munchkin § In the 1939 film
LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start; however, evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy, on loan from 20th Century Fox. A persistent rumor also existed that Fox, in turn, was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the film suggested that Temple, then 10 years old, was slightly too young for the part. Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks, "There's no place like home", suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time.[21] A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place, but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal.
Actress Deanna Durbin, who was under contract to Universal Studios, was also considered for the part of Dorothy. Durbin, at the time, far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two-reeler titled Every Sunday. The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin's operatic style of singing against Garland's jazzier style. Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes, also an operatic singer, to rival Garland's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film.
Buddy Ebsen's first makeup test as the Tin Man
Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow.[16] Bolger, however, longed to play the Scarecrow, as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902; with that very performance, Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place. Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man (reportedly claiming, "I'm not a tin performer; I'm fluid"), Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired.[22] Ebsen did not object; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow's distinctive gait with Bolger (as a professional dancer, Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous "wobbly-walk" of Stone's Scarecrow), he recorded all of his songs, went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast.[23]
Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25, 1938; the next month, Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12.
W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard, a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small, but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields' fee; instead, another contract player, Frank Morgan, was cast on September 22.
Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) into the familiar "ugly hag". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part, and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird in 1940; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms (1939).
According to Aljean Harmetz, the "gone-to-seed" coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually presented to her. But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story; Hamilton considered it a concocted studio rumor.[24]
Filming[edit]
Richard Thorpe as director[edit]
Filming commenced October 13, 1938, on the MGM lot in Culver City, California, under the direction of Richard Thorpe (replacing original director Norman Taurog, who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned). Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage (nine days in total) involving Dorothy's first encounter with the Scarecrow, as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch's castle, such as Dorothy's rescue (which, though unreleased, comprises the only footage of Ebsen's Tin Man).
According to most sources, ten days into the shoot, Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore. He was hospitalized in critical condition, and subsequently was forced to leave the project; in a later interview (included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz), he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital. Filming halted while a replacement for him was found. No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released – only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos. His replacement, Jack Haley, simply assumed he had been fired.[25] Author and screen-writer George MacDonald Fraser offers an alternative story, told to him by Burt Lancaster's producing partner, Jim Hill, that Ebsen had refused to be painted silver and was fired.[26]
George Cukor's brief stint[edit]
LeRoy, after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production, adversely affecting the actors' performances, had Thorpe replaced. During reorganization on the production, George Cukor temporarily took over, under LeRoy's guidance. Initially, the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy "baby-doll" makeup, and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion; now, Cukor changed Garland's and Hamilton's makeup and costumes, and told Garland to "be herself". This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be discarded and reshot. Cukor also suggested that the studio cast Jack Haley, on loan from Fox, as the Tin Man. To keep down on production costs, Haley only rerecorded "If I Only Had a Heart" and solo lines during "The Jitterbug" and "If I Only Had the Nerve"; as such, Ebsen's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals. The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste, with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath to protect his skin; although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley, he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it.[citation needed]
In addition, Bolger's original recording of "If I Only Had a Brain" had been far more sedate compared to the version heard in the film; during this time, Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy's initial meeting with the Scarecrow (initially, it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe's footage), and was rerecorded as such. At first thought to be lost for over seven decades, a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009.[27]
Victor Fleming, the main director[edit]
Director Victor Fleming on set with cast
Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film, merely acting as something of a "creative advisor" to the troubled production, and, because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind, he left on November 3, 1938, when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility. As director, Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor's creative realignment, as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking.
Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and cumbersome process that ran for over six months, from October 1938 to March 1939. Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4:00 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes, and often did not leave until 7 pm or later. Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight-bright lighting the early Technicolor process required, which could heat the set to over 100 °F (38 °C). Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary;[28] the toxicity of Hamilton's copper-based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days.[29] It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road.
All of the Oz sequences were filmed in three-strip Technicolor.[13][14] The opening and closing credits, as well as the Kansas sequences, were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia-tone process.[13] Sepia-toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch's crystal ball.
An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins; this meant that most of the film's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin. According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren, the little people were each paid over $125 a week. Meinhardt Raabe, who played the coroner, revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department, under the direction of designer Adrian, had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences. They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production.
In Hamilton's exit from the Munchkinland a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit. The first take ran well but in the second take the flames did not go out in time. The flames set fire to her green, copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face. She spent three months healing before returning to work[30].
King Vidor's finishing work as director[edit]
On February 12, 1939, Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind; the next day, King Vidor was assigned as director by the studio to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz (mainly the sepia-toned Kansas sequences, including Garland's singing of "Over the Rainbow" and the tornado). In later years, when the film became firmly established as a classic, Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until after the death of his friend Fleming in 1949.
Post-production[edit]
Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16, 1939; nonetheless, reshoots and pick-up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June, under the direction of producer LeRoy. After the deletion of the "Over the Rainbow" reprise during subsequent test screenings in early June, Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the "Auntie Em, I'm frightened!" scene without the song; the footage of Blandick's Aunt Em, as shot by Vidor, had already been set aside for rear-projection work, and was simply reused.
After Hamilton's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator, she refused to do the pick-ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke, so LeRoy chose to have stand-in Betty Danko perform the scene, instead; as a result, Danko was severely injured doing the scene due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism.[31]
At this point, the film began a long arduous post-production. Herbert Stothart had to compose the film's background score, while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required, including many of the rear projection shots. The MGM art department also had to create the various matte paintings for the background of many of the scenes.
One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor. Each frame was to be hand-tinted to maintain the sepia tone; however, because this was too expensive and labor-intensive, it was abandoned and MGM used a simpler and less expensive variation of the process. During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame; once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting. This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland; if one looks carefully, the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot, from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse-angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy as she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge.
Test screenings of the film began on June 5, 1939.[32] Oz initially ran nearly two hours long. LeRoy and Fleming knew that at least a quarter of an hour needed to be deleted to get the film down to a manageable running time; the average film in 1939 ran for just about 90 minutes. Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara, Pomona and San Luis Obispo, California, helped guide LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting. Among the many cuts were "The Jitterbug" number, the Scarecrow's elaborate dance sequence following "If I Only Had a Brain", reprises of "Over the Rainbow" and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", and a number of smaller dialogue sequences. This left the final, mostly serious portion of the film with no songs, only the dramatic underscoring.
One song that was almost deleted was "Over the Rainbow". MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long, as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children. The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard. LeRoy, uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in, and they all eventually won. The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year, and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song. In 2004, the song was ranked no. 1 by the American Film Institute on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list.
After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July, the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101-minute running time.
Music[edit]
Main article: Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz
Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz, which was recorded at the MGM studios.
Lobby card with still of deleted musical number "Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!", sung upon the triumphant return to Emerald City
The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack. The music was composed by Harold Arlen, and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg, both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow". The song was ranked first in two lists: the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America's "365 Songs of the Century".
MGM composer Herbert Stothart, a well-known Hollywood composer and songwriter, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his original score.
Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman, Murray Cutter, Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements (as usual, Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed.)
The song "The Jitterbug", written in a swing style, was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch's castle. Due to time constraints, the song was cut from the final theatrical version. The film footage for the song has been lost, although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived. The sound recording for the song, however, is intact and was included in the two-CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack, as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film. A reference to "The Jitterbug" remains in the film: the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because "I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them."
Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (blended with "We're Off to See the Wizard" and "The Merry Old Land of Oz") with the lyrics altered to "Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!" This started with the Witch's guard saying "Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch is dead!" and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard. Today, the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive, along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers. The entire audio still exists and is included on the two-CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack.[33]
In addition, a brief reprise of "Over the Rainbow" was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch's castle, but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense. The original soundtrack recording still exists, however, and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993-onwards.[34]
The songs were recorded in the studio's scoring stage before filming. Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast. Therefore, while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup, his singing voice remained in the soundtrack (as noted in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition). In the group vocals of "We're Off to See the Wizard", his voice can be heard. Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent, thus did not pronounce the r in wizard. By contrast, Ebsen was a Midwesterner, like Garland, and pronounced it. Haley rerecorded Ebsen's solo parts later.
Judy Garland singing "Over the Rainbow" with Terry
Song list[edit]
"Over the Rainbow" – Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
Munchkinland Sequence:
"Come Out ..." – Billie Burke as Glinda, and the Munchkins
"It Really Was No Miracle" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins
"We Thank You Very Sweetly" – Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – Billie Burke as Glinda (speaking) and the Munchkins
"As Mayor of the Munchkin City"
"As Coroner, I Must Aver"
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (Reprise) – The Munchkins
"The Lullaby League"
"The Lollipop Guild"
"We Welcome You to Munchkinland" – The Munchkins
"Follow the Yellow Brick Road/You're Off to See the Wizard" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, and the Munchkins
"If I Only Had a Brain" – Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy
"We're Off to See the Wizard" – Judy Garland as Dorothy, and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
"If I Only Had a Heart" – Jack Haley as the Tin Man
"If I Only Had a Heart" (original recording) – Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man
"We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 1) – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man
"If I Only Had the Nerve" – Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, and Judy Garland as Dorothy
"We're Off to See the Wizard" (Reprise 2) – Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow, Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man, and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
"Optimistic Voices" – MGM Studio Chorus
"The Merry Old Land of Oz" – Frank Morgan as Cabby, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as Scarecrow, Jack Haley as the Tin Man, Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople
"If I Were King of the Forest" – Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion, Judy Garland as Dorothy, Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man
"The Jitterbug" – Although this song was removed from the final film, it is still available on some extended edition CDs.[35]
Underscoring[edit]
Extensive edits in the film's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film. However, the film was fully underscored, with instrumental snippets from the film's various leitmotifs throughout. There was also some recognizable popular music, including:
Excerpts from Schumann's "The Happy Farmer", at several points early in the film, including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch, when Toto escapes from her, and when the house is "riding" the tornado.
An excerpt of Mendelssohn's "Opus 16, #2", when Toto escapes from the Witch's castle.
An excerpt of Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain", when Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch's castle.
"In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree", when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees.
"Gaudeamus Igitur" during the Wizard's presentation of awards to the group.
"Home! Sweet Home!", in part of the underscore of the closing scene, at Dorothy's house in Kansas.
(The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection.)
Release[edit]
A memorial commemorating the film's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin on August 12, 1939
The film's first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino, California.[36] The film was previewed in three test markets: on August 11, 1939, at Kenosha, Wisconsin and Cape Cod, Massachusetts,[37][38] and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, on August 12.[39]
The Hollywood premiere was on August 15, 1939,[38] at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[40] The New York City premiere, held at Loew's Capitol Theatre on August 17, 1939, was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney. They continued to perform there after each screening for a week, extended in Rooney's case for a second week and in Garland's to three (with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr replacing Rooney for the third and final week). The film opened nationwide on August 25, 1939.
Box office[edit]
According to MGM records, during the film's initial release, it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world, resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000. While these were considerable earnings, the high production cost, in association with various distribution and other costs, meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio.[3] It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 rerelease earned an additional $1.5 million (about $15 million today). However, for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film, it was considered at least more successful than anyone thought it would be. According to Christopher Finch, author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow: The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland, "Fantasy is always a risk at the box office. The film had been enormously successful as a book, and it had also been a major stage hit, but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures." Finch also writes that after the success of the film, Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary, making her one of the top-ten box office stars in the United States.[41]
Reception[edit]
The film received much acclaim upon its release. Frank Nugent considered the film a "delightful piece of wonder-working which had the youngsters' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters. Not since Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well."[42] Nugent had issues with some of the film's special effects, writing, "with the best of will and ingenuity, they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest, however vaguely, a Singer's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade. Nor can they, without a few betraying jolts and split-screen overlappings, bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place." According to Nugent, "Judy Garland's Dorothy is a pert and fresh-faced miss with the wonder-lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales, but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion are on the move."[42]
Writing in Variety, John C. Flinn predicted that the film was "likely to perform some record-breaking feats of box-office magic," noting, "Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment." He also called Garland "an appealing figure" and the musical numbers "gay and bright."[43]
Harrison's Reports wrote, "Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type, it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment. The performances are good, and the incidental music is of considerable aid. Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry."[44]
Film Daily wrote:
“ Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar—the one that comes from way down—for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh-and-blood... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor, with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy, its stimulus to the imagination, its procession of unforgettable settings, its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box-office.[45] ”
Not all reviews were positive. Some moviegoers felt that the 16-year-old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be. Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed "no trace of imagination, good taste, or ingenuity" and declared it "a stinkeroo,"[46] while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote, "It has dwarfs, music, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor, as well - and as for the light touch of fantasy, it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet."[47] Still, the film placed seventh on Film Daily's year-end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939.[48]
Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films, writing that "The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music, special effects and excitement, but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood, stirs them and then reassures them."[49]
Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged "The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence" in his 2002 musings about the film.[50] He has written: "When I first saw The Wizard of Oz, it made a writer of me."[51] His first short story, written at the age of 10, was titled "Over the Rainbow".[51]
In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film's "entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history – a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination."[52]
On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 99% based on 109 reviews, with an average score of 9.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant, The Wizard of Oz is a must-see film for young and old."[53] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100, based on 4 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim",[54] which, as of August 2017, is matched only by five other films.
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum
Re-releases[edit]
Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone, as in the original release, beginning with the 1955 re-issue, and continuing until the film's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989, these opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed. (This includes television showings.)[55]
The MGM "Children's Matinees" series rereleased the film twice, in both 1970 and 1971.[56] It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA.
For the film's then-upcoming 60th anniversary, Warner Bros. Pictures released a "Special Edition" on November 6, 1998, digitally restored with remastered audio.
In 2002, the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters, earning only $139,905.[57]
On September 23, 2009, the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one-night-only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17, 2009.[58]
An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary.[59] Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere) in Hollywood. It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood's first 3D IMAX screen. It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.[60] This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office.[61]
In 2013, in preparation for its IMAX 3D release, the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification. According to MPAA rules, a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification, as the 3-D conversion fell within that guideline. Surprisingly, the 3D version received a PG rating for "Some scary moments", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating.[62]
The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies.[63]
Television[edit]
Main article: The Wizard of Oz on television
The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, by CBS, as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee.[64]
Home media[edit]
The film was released multiple times for the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases include an edited English version (roughly 10 minutes, and roughly 20 minutes), as well as edited Spanish versions of the classic. Also, a full commercial release of it was made on Super 8 (on multiple reels) that came out in the 1970s, as well, for the commercial market.[65]
The film was among the first videocassettes (on both VHS and Betamax format for the 1980 release) by MGM/CBS Home Video in 1980;[66] all current home video releases are by Warner Home Video (via current rights holder Turner Entertainment). The first LaserDisc release of it was in 1982, with two versions of a second (one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track) for the 50th anniversary release in 1989, a third in 1991, a fourth in 1993, a fifth in 1995 and a sixth and final LaserDisc release on September 11, 1996.[67]
In addition to VHS (and later, LaserDisc), the film has been released multiple times during the 1980s on the Betamax format, beginning in 1980 simultaneously with the VHS release.[68]
The film was released for the first and only time on the CED format in 1982 by MGM/UA Home Video.[69]
Outside of the North American and European markets, the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia.[70]
The first DVD release was on March 26, 1997, by MGM/Turner and contained no special features or supplements. It was re-released by Warner Bros. for its 60th anniversary on October 19, 1999, with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix. The monochrome-to-color transition was more smoothly accomplished by digitally keeping the inside of the house in monochrome while Dorothy and the reveal of Munchkinland are in color. [clarification needed] The DVD also contained a behind-the-scenes documentary, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic, produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury, which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film; it had been featured in the 1993 "Ultimate Oz" LaserDisc release. Outtakes, the deleted "Jitterbug" musical number, clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations, trailers, newsreels, and a portrait gallery were also included, as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film.
In 2005, two DVD editions were released, both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track. One of the two DVD releases was a "Two-Disc Special Edition", featuring production documentaries, trailers, various outtakes, newsreels, radio shows and still galleries. The other set, a "Three-Disc Collector's Edition", included these features, as well as the digitally restored 80th-anniversary edition of the 1925 feature-length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz, other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version.
The film was released on Blu-ray on September 29, 2009, for its 70th anniversary in a four-disc "Ultimate Collector's Edition", including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector's Edition DVD, new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins, the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story, and the miniseries MGM: When the Lion Roars. For this edition, Warner commissioned a new transfer at 8K resolution from the original film negatives. The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World.[71] This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track.[72] A DVD version was also released as a Two-Disc Special Edition and a Five-Disc Ultimate Collector's Edition.[citation needed]
On December 1, 2009,[citation needed] three Blu-ray discs of the Ultimate Collector's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive "Emerald Edition", with an Emerald Edition four-disc DVD arriving the following week. A single-disc Blu-ray, containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two-disc Special Edition DVD, also became available on March 16, 2010.[citation needed]
In 2013, the film was re-released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and as part of its 75th anniversary.[59][73]
Also, multiple special editions were released in celebration of the film's the 75th anniversary in 2013, exclusively by both Best Buy (a SteelBook of the 3D Blu-ray) and another version that came with a keepsake lunch bag released by Target stores.[74][75]
Awards and honors[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
Awards
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient
Outcome
Academy Awards[76] February 29, 1940 Best Picture Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Nominated
Best Cinematography, Color Harold Rosson
Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning
Best Effects, Special Effects A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer
Best Music, Original Score Herbert Stothart Won
Best Music, Original Song "Over the Rainbow"
Music by Harold Arlen; Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg
Academy Juvenile Award Judy Garland
For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year. (She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz). Honorary
American Film Institute lists[edit]
The American Film Institute (AFI) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof.
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – No. 6
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 43
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
Wicked Witch of the West – No. 4 villain
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Over the Rainbow" – No. 1
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – No. 82
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore." (Dorothy Gale) – No. 4
"There's no place like home." (Dorothy) – No. 23
"I'll get you, my pretty – and your little dog, too!" (Wicked Witch of the West) – No. 99
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – No. 3
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 26
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 10
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 1 Fantasy film[77]
Other honors[edit]
1999: Rolling Stone's 100 Maverick Movies – No. 20.[78]
1999: Entertainment Weekly's 100 Greatest Films – No. 32.[79]
2000: The Village Voice's 100 Best Films of the 20th Century – No. 14.[80]
2002: Sight & Sound's Greatest Film Poll of Directors – No. 41.[81]
2005: Total Film's 100 Greatest Films – No. 83.[82]
2005: ranked among the top ten of the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14.[83]
2007: Total Film's 23 Weirdest Films – No. 1.[84]
2007: The Observer ranked the film's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks.[85]
Differences from the novel[edit]
Roughly 40 identifiable major differences exist between the original book and the MGM interpretation.[86][87]
Sequels and reinterpretations[edit]
Main article: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz
The film was dramatized as a one-hour radio play on Lux Radio Theatre, which was broadcast on December 25, 1950, with Garland reprising her earlier role. In 1964, a one-hour animated cartoon called Return to Oz was shown as an afternoon weekend special on NBC.[citation needed] An official 1972 sequel, the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli, daughter of Garland, was produced to commemorate the original film's 35th anniversary.[88]
In 1975, the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway. It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage. It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned a number of Tony Awards. Its financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder. Its inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow.[citation needed]
In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film Return to Oz, which starred (and introduced) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale.[89] Based loosely on The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907), it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned.[90][91]
In 1995, Gregory Maguire published the novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, which was adapted into the wildly successful Broadway musical Wicked. The story describes the life of the Wicked Witch of the West and other events prior to Dorothy's arrival.[citation needed]
For the film's 56th anniversary, a 1995 stage show also titled The Wizard of Oz was based upon it and the book by L. Frank Baum. It toured from 1995 to 2012, except for 2004.[citation needed]
In 2005, The Muppets Studio produced The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, a television film for ABC, starring Ashanti as Dorothy, Jeffrey Tambor as the Wizard, David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry, and Queen Latifah as Aunt Em. Kermit the Frog portrayed the Scarecrow, Gonzo portrayed the Tin Thing (Tin Man), Fozzie Bear portrayed the Lion and Miss Piggy portrayed all the Witches of the West, East, North and South.[citation needed]
In 2007, The Sci-Fi Channel released the three-part miniseries Tin Man, a science fiction continuation starring Zooey Deschanel as DG.
Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name, which opened in 2011 at the West End's London Palladium. It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice. Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show, Over the Rainbow. Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto.[92] A reality TV show, also titled Over the Rainbow, found a Canadian girl, Danielle Wade, to play Dorothy.[93][94] The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013.[95] An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney beginning December 2017.[96]
An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video, incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy's "protectors".[97] A sequel titled Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.[98]
In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled, Oz the Great and Powerful. It was directed by Sam Raimi, and starred James Franco, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams. It was the second film based on Baum's Oz series to be produced by Disney, after Return to Oz. It was a commercial success and received a mixed critical reception.[99][100]
In 2014, now-defunct independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big-budget animated musical film, Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return,[101] which follows Dorothy's second trip to Oz. The film was a box office bomb and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers.
Cultural impact[edit]
Regarding the original Baum storybook, it has been said that "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America's greatest and best-loved home grown fairytale. The first totally American fantasy for children, it is one of the most-read children's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes, including a wizard from Omaha, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal."[102]
The film also has been deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress, which selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1989. In June 2007, the film was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[103] The film placed at number 86 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments.[104] In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz, a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research; it was updated in 1989.[105]
Ruby slippers[edit]
Main article: Ruby slippers
Because of their iconic stature,[106] the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history.[107] The silver slippers that Dorothy wore in the book series were changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process. Adrian, MGM's chief costume designer, was responsible for the final design. A number of pairs were made, though no one knows exactly how many.
After filming, the slippers were stored among the studio's extensive collection of costumes and faded from attention. They were found in the basement of MGM's wardrobe department during preparations for a mammoth auction in 1970. One pair was the highlight of the auction, going for a then unheard of $15,000 to an anonymous buyer, who apparently donated them to the Smithsonian Institution in 1979. Four other pairs are known to exist; one sold for $666,000 at auction in 2000. A pair was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids, Minnesota and remains missing.[108]
Another, differently styled pair unused in the film was sold at auction with the rest of her collections by owner actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 (not including the buyer's premium) in June 2011.[109]
Impact upon LGBT culture[edit]
For information on the film's impact on LGBT culture in America, see Friend of Dorothy.
See also[edit]
Oz portal
Film portal
List of films considered the best
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Wizard of Oz festival
Dark Side of the Rainbow
The Wizard of Oz, the 2011 stage musical
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz". American Film Institute. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE WIZARD OF OZ". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved August 25, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study .
^ Jump up to: a b "The Wizard of Oz (1939)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies". www.afi.com. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Fricke, John (1989). The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-51446-2.
Jump up ^ Note: All actors share equal billing; the Singer Midgets are listed in the credits as "The Munchkins".
Jump up ^ Nugent, Frank S. (August 18, 1939). "The Screen in Review; 'The Wizard of Oz,' Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood, Works Its Magic on the Capitol's Screen – March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace". Retrieved August 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ King, Susan (March 11, 2013). "How did 'Wizard of Oz' fare on its 1939 release?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film". Library of Congress. December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz (Victor Fleming 1939), produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fricke, John; Scarfone, Jay; Stillman, William (1986). The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History. New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 0-446-51446-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Making of a Movie Classic (1990). CBS Television, narrated by Angela Lansbury. Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Aljean Harmetz (2004). The Making of The Wizard of Oz. Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8352-9. See the Chapter "Special Effects.
Jump up ^ Coan, Stephen (December 22, 2011). "KZN's very own screen wizard". The Witness. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Warner Bros. "Wizard of Oz Timeline". Warnerbros.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Democracy Now. November 25, 2004 Archived November 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Fordin, Hugh (1976). World of Entertainment. City: Avon Books (Mm). ISBN 978-0-380-00754-7.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Reporter, Oct. 20, 2005". [dead link]
Jump up ^ Clarke, Gerald (2001). Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland. Delta. p. 94. ISBN 0-385-33515-6.
Jump up ^ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Making of a Movie Classic. CBS Television, 1990, narrated by Angela Lansbury. Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz.
Jump up ^ Cemetery Guide, Hollywood Remains to Be Seen, Mark Masek.
Jump up ^ Fricke, John and Scarfone and William Stillman. The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History, Warner Books, 1989
Jump up ^ Hearn, Michael Patrick. Keynote address. The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention. Indiana University, August 2000.
Jump up ^ Smalling, Allen (1989). The Making of the Wizard of Oz: Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM. Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8352-9.
Jump up ^ MacDonald Fraser, George (2003). The Light's on at Signpost. Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-732563-4.
Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Interview of Ray Bolger (1990). The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: 50 Years of Magic. Jack Haley Jr Productions. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Leopold, Ted (August 25, 2014). "'The Wizard of Oz' at 75: Did you know...?". CNN. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Margaret Hamilton's copper-based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous, so she lived on a liquid diet during the film, and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day.
Jump up ^ Aylesworth, Thomas (1984). History of Movie Musicals. New York City: Gallery Books. p. 97. ISBN 0-8317-4467-7.
Jump up ^ The Making of the Wizard of Oz – Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM – and the Miracle of Production #1060, 10th Edition, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc./Random House, 1989.
Jump up ^ Jim's "Wizard of Oz" Website Directory. ""The Wizard of Oz"... A Movie Timeline". geocities.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – The Deluxe Edition, 2-CD set, original recording remastered, Rhino Records # 71964 (July 18, 1995)
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition, program notes and audio extras.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] - Original Soundtrack - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ Down The Yellow Brick Road: The Making of The Wizard Of Oz"McClelland, 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications (Harcourt Brace Jonavich)
Jump up ^ Williams, Scott (July 21, 2009). "Hello, yellow brick road". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved October 21, 2011. John Fricke, a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz, said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure, which cost nearly $3 million to produce. Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th, one day before Oconomowoc's preview, on Cape Cod in Dennis, Massachusetts, and in another southeastern Wisconsin community, Kenosha.
^ Jump up to: a b Cisar, Katjusa (August 18, 2009). "No Place Like Home: 'Wizard of Oz' premiered here 70 years ago". Madison.com. Retrieved October 21, 2011. Oconomowoc's Strand Theatre was one of three small-town movie theaters across the country where "Oz" premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug. 15, 1939 ... It's possible that one of the other two test sites – Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis, Massachusetts – screened the film a day earlier, but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own.
Jump up ^ "Beloved movie's premiere was far from L.A. limelight". Wisconsin State Journal. August 12, 2009. p. a2.
Jump up ^ "Grauman's Chinese Makeover: How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Finch, Christofer (1975). Rainbow: The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland. Ballantine Books. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-345-28407-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Nugent, Frank S. (August 18, 1939). "The Wizard of Oz, Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood, Works Its Magic on the Capitol's Screen". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Flinn, John C. (August 16, 1939). "Review: 'The Wizard of Oz'". Variety. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz". Harrison's Reports. New York: Harrison's Reports, Inc.: 134 August 26, 1939.
Jump up ^ "Reviews: The Wizard of Oz". Film Daily: 6. August 10, 1939.
Jump up ^ Overbey, Erin (March 8, 2013). "The Allure of Oz". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Meyerson, Harold; Harburg, Ernie (1995). Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, lyricist. University of Michigan Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-472-08312-1.
Jump up ^ ""Ten Best" of 1939". Film Daily: 1. January 12, 1940.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (December 22, 1996). "The Wizard of Oz (1939)". rogerebert.com. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rushdie, Salman (2000). The Wizard of Oz. BFI Pub. ISBN 0-85170-300-3. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Rushdie, Salman (2003). Step Across This Line. Random House. ISBN 0-679-78349-0.
Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (October 30, 2009). "Thoughts on 'The Wizard of Oz' at 70". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz garners full approval at Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cruz, Gilbert (August 30, 2010). "The Wizard of Oz". Time. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "THE WIZARD OF OZ (1939, U.S.)". Kiddiematinee.com. November 3, 1956. Archived from the original on January 12, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz (2002 re-issue) (2002) - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event". Creative Loading.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Wizard of Oz' coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run". Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Graser, Marc (August 28, 2013). "Warner Bros. Plans $25 Million Campaign Around 'The Wizard of Oz'". Variety. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz (3D/IMAX) (2013)". Box Office Mojo. October 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hicks, Chris (August 14, 2013). "Chris Hicks: 'The Wizard of Oz' reissue could signal the end of the G rating".
Jump up ^ "TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz". Variety. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2003). "Ford Star Jubilee". The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 – present. Ballantine Books. p. 425. ISBN 0-345-45542-8. Last telecast: November 3, 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee, however, was really something special. It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition – Garland's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, with Judy's 10-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr (the Cowardly Lion from the film) on hand to introduce it.
Jump up ^ "WOO Super 8". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "MGM/CBS Home Video ad". Billboard. November 22, 1980. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Julien WILK (February 28, 2010). "LaserDisc Database – Search: Wizard of Oz". Lddb.com. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "WOO Beta". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "WOO CED Exclusive". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "WOO VCD". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE WIZARD OF OZ (1939) 3D". Prime Focus World.
Jump up ^ "Off To See The Wizards: HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of 'The Wizard of Oz' (UPDATED – Before and After Pics!)". Highdefdigest.com. September 11, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Wizard of Oz' Goes 3D for W.B. 90th Celebration". ETonline.com. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "WOO Target Exclusive". Retrieved July 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Fantasy". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "100 Maverick Movies in 100 Years from Rolling Stone". Filmsite.org. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly". Filmsite.org. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "100 Best Films – Village Voice". Filmsite.org. January 4, 2000. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sight & Sound | Top Ten Poll 2002 – The rest of the directors' list". BFI. September 5, 2006. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Total Film (October 24, 2005). "Film news Who is the greatest?". TotalFilm.com. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 50 films you should see by the age of 14". Daily Mail. London. July 20, 2005. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Total Film's 23 Weirdest Films of All Time on Lists of Bests". Listsofbests.com. April 6, 2007. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly (March 18, 2007). "The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jahangir, Rumeana (March 17, 2009). "Secrets of the Wizard of Oz". BBC. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Jesse (January 2009). "There's No Place Like Home". Smithsonian. 39 (10). p. 25.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline". The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released, an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (June 21, 1985). "Film: A New 'Oz' Gives Dorothy New Friends". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2013. Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests, Return to Oz... is more of a grim variation. This time, in a story derived largely from L. Frank Baum's The Land of Oz [sic] and Ozma of Oz, a pint-sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks; for instance, instead of traveling to Oz with Toto, Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation, Billina the Chicken. Once there, she meets a whole new set of friends ...
Jump up ^ Geraghty, Lincoln (2011). American Hollywood. Intellect Books. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-84150-415-5.
Jump up ^ "Flashback Exclusive: A 'Return to Oz'". ET Online. March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canada to Launch OVER THE RAINBOW Reality Show to Cast 'Dorothy' in ALW's THE WIZARD OF OZ", Broadway World, September 17, 2012
Jump up ^ "Over the Rainbow: About the Show", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CBC fall season reflects reduced budget", CBC News, September 17, 2012
Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael and Andrew Gans. "North American Tour of The Wizard of Oz, Starring Danielle Wade, Kicks Off Sept. 10 in Las Vegas" Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia". Wizard of Oz The Musical. The Really Useful Group. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz Blu-ray Blu-ray, Retrieved June 17, 2016
Jump up ^ TOM AND JERRY: BACK TO OZ Warnerbros.com, Retrieved June 18, 2016
Jump up ^ "Oz The Great and Powerful (2013)". Box Office Mojo. August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. March 5, 2013. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tampubolon, Rama (May 7, 2013). "3D Animated Movie, LEGENDS OF OZ: DOROTHY'S RETURN, Voice Starring Lea Michele, Opens May 9, 2014 And It's Coming To Cannes". Rama's Screen. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Wizard of Oz: An American Fairy Tale".
Jump up ^ "UNESCO chooses The Wizard of Oz as USA's Memory of the World". UNESCO. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments". Bravotv.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ ISBN 0-7868-8352-9
Jump up ^ Dwight Blocker Bowers (January 2010). "The Ruby Slippers: Inventing an American Icon". The Lemelson Center. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Burke, Monte (December 3, 2008). "Inside The Search For Dorothy's Slippers". Forbes. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Rhys (1989). The Ruby Slippers of Oz. Tale Weaver Pub. ISBN 0-942139-09-7.
Jump up ^ "Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection". Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Memories of a Munchkin: An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske (Back Stage Books, 2005), ISBN 0-8230-9193-7
The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas (Tale Weaver, 1989), ISBN 0-942139-09-7, ISBN 978-0-942139-09-9
The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic – Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman (Applause Books, 2004), ISBN 0-517-20333-2, ISBN 978-0-517-20333-0
The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox (Cumberland House, 1996) ISBN 1-58182-269-3, ISBN 978-1-58182-269-4
"Did these stories really happen?" by Michelle Bernier (Createspace, 2010) ISBN 1-4505-8536-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Wizard of Oz
Official website
The Wizard of Oz on IMDb
The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database
The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie
The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo
The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes
The Judy Garland Museum
Finding aid author: John N. Gillespie (2013). "The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs". Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Provo, UT. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater: December 25, 1950
Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
[show]
v
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The Wizard of Oz
Elements
"Surrender Dorothy"
Ruby slippers
Music
"Over the Rainbow"
"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead"
"We're Off to See the Wizard"
"If I Only Had a Brain"
"Optimistic Voices"
"The Merry Old Land of Oz"
"If I Were King of the Forest"
"The Jitterbug" (cut from final film)
Versions, sequels, and
adaptations
Stage musicals: 1942, 1987, 2011
The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True
On television
Was
Apocalypse Oz
Off to See the Wizard
Journey Back to Oz
The Wiz
The Wizard of Oz (TV series)
Return to Oz (1985)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz
Wicked
Oz the Great and Powerful
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz
Lost In Oz
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz
Games
Arcade game
Pinball
Video game
Related
The Making of The Wizard of Oz
Friend of Dorothy
Over the Rainbow
Dark Side of the Rainbow
Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz
Lego Dimensions
L. Frank Baum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
[show]
v
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The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Canonical books
L. Frank Baum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Ruth Plumly
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Alternate
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Locations
and elements
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Munchkin Country
Gillikin Country
Winkie Country
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Oogaboo
Deadly Desert
Nonestica
Forest of Burzee
Land of Ev
Merryland
Mo
Ix
Nome Kingdom
Noland
Ruby slippers
Silver Shoes
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
Characters
Dorothy Gale
Toto
Princess Ozma
The Wizard of Oz
Scarecrow
Tin Woodman
Cowardly Lion
Jack Pumpkinhead
Tik-Tok
Sawhorse
Trot
Hungry Tiger
Good Witch of the North
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South
Wicked Witch of the West
Wicked Witch of the East
Aunt Em
Uncle Henry
Betsy Bobbin
Billina
Boq
Button-Bright
Cap'n Bill
Eureka
Herby
Jellia Jamb
Jenny Jump
Jinjur
Jinnicky the Red Jinn
John Dough
Kabumpo
Mombi
Munchkins
Nome King
Ojo the Lucky
Pastoria
Patchwork Girl
Peter Brown
Pigasus
Polychrome
Queen Lurline
Shaggy Man
Soldier with the Green Whiskers
Winged monkeys
Woggle-Bug
Other writers
Authors
John R. Neill
Jack Snow
Rachel Cosgrove Payes
Eloise Jarvis McGraw
Dick Martin
Alexander Volkov
Gregory Maguire
Sherwood Smith
Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
William Wallace Denslow
Frank Kramer
Dirk Gringhuis
Dick Martin
Eric Shanower
William Stout
[show]
Adaptations and other derivative works
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)
Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz (1910)
The Land of Oz (1910)
John Dough and the Cherub (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)
The Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Wizard of Oz (1933)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Return to Oz (1964)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)
Journey Back to Oz (1974)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1975)
The Wiz (1978)
The Wizard of Oz (1982)
Return to Oz (1985)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)
Lion of Oz (2000)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2011)
After the Wizard (2011)
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)
Ozland (2014)
Guardians of Oz (2015)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)
Stage
The Wizard of Oz (1902)
The Woggle-Bug (1905)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)
The Wizard of Oz (1942)
The Wiz (1974)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)
The Wizard of Oz (1987)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2000)
The Wizard of Oz (2011)
The Woodsman (2012)
Television
Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961)
Off to See the Wizard (1967)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986)
The Wizard of Oz (1990)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Lost in Oz (2002)
Once Upon a Time (since 2011)
The Wiz Live! (2015)
Lost In Oz (2015)
Emerald City (2017)
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017)
Comics
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05)
Adventures in Oz (1986–92)
The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986)
Oz Squad (1991)
Lost Girls (1991–92)
Oz (1994)
Dorothy of Oz (2006)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009)
Video
games
The Wizard of Oz (1993)
The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)
Emerald City Confidential (2009)
Parodies
The Wozard of Iz
Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's
Wizard of Odd
Reimagining
The Wizard of Mars (1965)
Hunter (1973)
Zardoz (1974)
Oz (1976)
The Number of the Beast (1980)
A Barnstormer in Oz (1982)
The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1990)
Twister (1994)
The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass (1997)
Tin Man (2007)
Dorothy Must Die (2014)
The Wicked Will Rise (2015)
The Wicked
Years
Wicked
Son of a Witch
A Lion Among Men
Out of Oz
Wicked (musical)
Characters
Others
Rainbow Road to Oz
MÄR
The Wizard of Oz (pinball)
The Wizard of Oz (arcade game)
Related
The International Wizard of Oz Club
The Baum Bugle
Category
Portal
[show]
v
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Judy Garland
Discography
Performances
Songs
Awards and honors
Studio albums
Miss Show Business
Judy
Alone
Judy in Love
The Letter
That's Entertainment!
The Garland Touch
Live albums
Garland at the Grove
Judy at Carnegie Hall
Judy Garland Live!
"Live" at the London Palladium
Judy Garland at Home at the Palace: Opening Night
Soundtracks
Summer Stock
A Star Is Born
Gay Purr-ee
I Could Go On Singing
Other
Biographies
As gay icon
Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall
Rufus! Rufus! Rufus! Does Judy! Judy! Judy!: Live from the London Palladium
Liza Minnelli
The Judy Monologues (2010 play)
[show]
v
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Films directed by Victor Fleming
When the Clouds Roll by (1919)
The Mollycoddle (1920)
Mama's Affair (1921)
Woman's Place (1921)
The Lane That Had No Turning (1922)
Red Hot Romance (1922)
Anna Ascends (1922)
Dark Secrets (1923)
Law of the Lawless (1923)
To the Last Man (1923)
The Call of the Canyon (1923)
Code of the Sea (1924)
Empty Hands (1924)
The Devil's Cargo (1925)
Adventure (1925)
A Son of His Father (1925)
Lord Jim (1925)
The Blind Goddess (1926)
Mantrap (1926)
The Way of All Flesh (1927)
Hula (1927)
The Rough Riders (1927)
Abie's Irish Rose (1928)
The Awakening (1928)
Wolf Song (1929)
The Virginian (1929)
Common Clay (1930)
Renegades (1930)
Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks (1931)
Red Dust (1932)
The Wet Parade (1932)
Treasure Island (1934)
Reckless (1935)
The Farmer Takes a Wife (1935)
Captains Courageous (1937)
Test Pilot (1938)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
Tortilla Flat (1942)
A Guy Named Joe (1943)
Adventure (1945)
Joan of Arc (1948)
[show]
v
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Arthur Freed musical productions
As producer
Babes in Arms (1939)
Strike Up the Band (1940)
Little Nellie Kelly (1940)
Lady Be Good (1941)
Babes on Broadway (1941)
Panama Hattie (1942)
For Me and My Gal (1942)
Cabin in the Sky (1943)
DuBarry Was a Lady (1943)
Best Foot Forward (1943)
Girl Crazy (1943)
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
Yolanda and the Thief (1945)
The Harvey Girls (1946)
Ziegfeld Follies (1946)
Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
Good News (1947)
Summer Holiday (1948)
The Pirate (1948)
Easter Parade (1948)
Words and Music (1948)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949)
The Barkleys of Broadway (1949)
On the Town (1949)
Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
Pagan Love Song (1950)
Royal Wedding (1951)
Show Boat (1951)
An American in Paris (1951)
The Belle of New York (1952)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
The Band Wagon (1953)
Brigadoon (1954)
It's Always Fair Weather (1955)
Kismet (1955)
Invitation to the Dance (1956)
Silk Stockings (1957)
Gigi (1958)
Bells Are Ringing (1960)
Uncredited
as producer
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
Meet the People (1944)
Non-musicals
The Clock (1945)
Any Number Can Play (1949)
Crisis (1950)
The Subterraneans (1960)
Light in the Piazza (1962)
[show]
v
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Busby Berkeley: Choreographer and director
Broadway
pre-Hollywood
Holka Polka (chor, 1925)
The Wild Rose (chor, 1926)
Lady Do (chor, 1927)
A Connecticut Yankee (chor, 1927)
White Eagle (chor, 1927)
Present Arms (chor, 1928)
Earl Carroll's Vanities (1928) (chor, 1928)
Good Boy (chor, 1928)
Rainbow (chor, 1928)
Hello, Daddy (chor, 1928)
Pleasure Bound (chor, 1929)
A Night in Venice (chor, 1929)
Broadway Nights (chor, 1929)
The Street Singer (dir & prod, 1929)
Nine-Fifteen Revue (chor, 1930)
The International Review (chor, 1930)
Sweet and Low (chor, 1930)
1930s
Whoopee! (chor, 1930)
Kiki (chor, 1931)
Palmy Days (chor, 1931)
Flying High (chor, 1931)
Sky Devils (chor, 1932)
Girl Crazy (chor, 1932)
Night World (chor, 1932)
Bird of Paradise (chor, 1932)
The Kid From Spain (chor, 1932)
42nd Street (chor, 1933)
Gold Diggers of 1933 (chor, 1933)
She Had to Say Yes (dir, 1933)
Footlight Parade (chor, 1933)
Roman Scandals (chor, 1933)
Dames (dir mus nmbrs, 1934)
Fashions of 1934 (chor & dir mus nmbrs, 1934)
Wonder Bar (chor, 1934)
Gold Diggers of 1935 (dir & chor, 1935)
Bright Lights (dir, 1935)
I Live for Love (dir & chor, 1935)
In Caliente (chor & dir mus nmbrs, 1935)
Stars Over Broadway (chor & dir mus nmbrs, 1935)
Stage Struck (dir, 1936)
Varsity Show (dir finale, 1937)
The Singing Marine (chor & dir mus nmbrs, 1937)
Gold Diggers of 1937 (dir mus nmbrs, 1937)
The Go Getter (dir, 1937)
Hollywood Hotel (dir & chor, 1937)
Men Are Such Fools (dir, 1938)
Gold Diggers in Paris (chor & dir mus nmbrs, 1938)
Garden of the Moon (dir, 1938)
Comet Over Broadway (dir, 1938)
Broadway Serenade (dir finale, 1939)
They Made Me a Criminal (dir, 1939)
Fast and Furious (dir, 1939)
Babes in Arms (dir, 1939)
The Wizard of Oz (Scarecrow's dance-cut, 1939)
1940s
Forty Little Mothers (dir, 1940)
Strike Up The Band (dir, 1940)
Blonde Inspiration (dir, 1941)
Lady Be Good (dir mus nmbrs, 1941)
Ziegfeld Girl (dir mus nmbrs, 1941)
Babes on Broadway (dir, 1941)
For Me and My Gal (dir, 1942)
Calling All Girls (chor & dir mus nmbrs, 1942)
Born to Sing (dir finale, 1942)
Cabin in the Sky (dir "Shine" seq, 1943)
The Gang's All Here (dir & chor, 1943)
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All Star Musical Revue (dir mus nmbrs, 1945)
Cinderella Jones (dir, 1946)
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1950s
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Big Town (dir TV series, 1950)
Weeks With Love (chor, 1950)
Call Me Mister (chor, 1951)
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Million Dollar Mermaid (chor, 1952)
Small Town Girl (chor, 1953)
Easy to Love (chor, 1953)
Rose Marie (chor, 1954)
1960s
Billy Rose's Jumbo (chor & dir 2nd unit, 1962)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 316753484
LCCN: n88179164
GND: 4301474-4
SUDOC: 033392390
BNF: cb12426260d (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)&oldid=827501845"
Categories:
1939 films
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The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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values: ساحر أوز (فيلم 1939) – Arabic

values: দ্য উইজার্ড অব অজ (১৯৩৯-এর চলচ্চিত্র) – Bangla

values: Магьосникът от Оз – Bulgarian

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values: Ο Μάγος του Οζ (ταινία) – Greek

values: The Wizard of Oz (1939ko filma) – Basque

values: جادوگر شهر از (فیلم) – Persian

values: The Wizard of Oz (filme de 1939) – Galician

values: The Wizard of Oz (film 1939) – Indonesian

values: הקוסם מארץ עוץ (סרט) – Hebrew

values: ოზის ჯადოქარი (1939 წლის ფილმი) – Georgian

values: Волшебникот од Оз – Macedonian

values: ദ വിസെഡ് ഒവ് ഒസ് – Malayalam

values: Vrăjitorul din Oz (film din 1939) – Romanian

values: Волшебник страны Оз (фильм, 1939) – Russian

values: Чаробњак из Оза (филм из 1939) – Serbian

values: The Wizard of Oz (film, 1939) – Serbo-Croatian

values: Ihmemaa Oz (vuoden 1939 elokuva) – Finnish

values: เดอะวิซาร์ดออฟออซ (ภาพยนตร์ พ.ศ. 2482) – Thai

values: Чарівник країни Оз (фільм, 1939) – Ukrainian

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