text:
Josef Mengele
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Mengele" redirects here. For other uses, see Mengele (disambiguation).
Josef Mengele
Mengele, prior to 1945
Birth name
Josef Mengele
Nickname(s)
Angel of Death (German: Todesengel)[1]
Born
(1911-03-16)16 March 1911
Günzburg, Bavaria, German Empire
Died
7 February 1979(1979-02-07) (aged 67)
Bertioga, São Paulo, Brazil
Allegiance
Nazi Germany
Service/branch
Schutzstaffel
Years of service
1938–45
Rank
SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain)
Service number
NSDAP #5,574,974
SS #317,885
Awards
Iron Cross First Class
Black Badge for the Wounded
Medal for the Care of the German People
Spouse(s)
Irene Schönbein (m. 1939; div. 1954)
Martha Mengele (widow of his brother Karl) (m. 1958)
Signature
Josef Mengele (German: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈmɛŋələ]; 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a German Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and physician in Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. Mengele was a member of the team of doctors responsible for the selection of victims to be killed in the gas chambers and for performing deadly human experiments on prisoners. Arrivals deemed able to work were admitted into the camp, and those deemed unfit for labor were immediately killed in the gas chambers. Mengele left Auschwitz on 17 January 1945, shortly before the arrival of the liberating Red Army troops. After the war, he fled to South America, where he evaded capture for the rest of his life.
Mengele received doctorates in anthropology and medicine from Munich University and began a career as a researcher. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the SS in 1938. Initially assigned as a battalion medical officer at the start of World War II, he was transferred to the concentration camp service in early 1943 and assigned to Auschwitz. There he saw the opportunity to conduct genetic research on human subjects. His subsequent experiments, focusing primarily on twins, had no regard for the health or safety of the victims.[2][3]
Assisted by a network of former SS members, Mengele sailed to Argentina in July 1949. He initially lived in and around Buenos Aires, then fled to Paraguay in 1959 and Brazil in 1960 while being sought by West Germany, Israel, and Nazi hunters such as Simon Wiesenthal so that he could be brought to trial. In spite of extradition requests by the West German government and clandestine operations by the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, Mengele eluded capture. He drowned after suffering a stroke while swimming off the Brazilian coast in 1979 and was buried under a false name. His remains were disinterred and positively identified by forensic examination in 1985.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Military service
3 Auschwitz
3.1 Human experimentation
4 After Auschwitz
5 In South America
5.1 Efforts by Mossad
5.2 Later life and death
6 Exhumation
7 Legacy
8 Summary of SS career
9 Journal articles
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Mengele was born the eldest of three children on 16 March 1911 to Karl and Walburga (Hupfauer) Mengele in Günzburg, Bavaria, Germany.[4] His younger brothers were Karl Jr and Alois. Mengele's father was founder of the Karl Mengele & Sons company, producers of farm machinery.[5] Mengele did well in school and developed an interest in music, art, and skiing.[6] He completed high school in April 1930 and went on to study medicine at Goethe University Frankfurt and philosophy at the University of Munich.[7] Munich was the headquarters of the Nazi Party.[8] In 1931 Mengele joined the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, a paramilitary organization that was absorbed into the Nazi Sturmabteilung (Storm Detachment; SA) in 1934.[9][7]
In 1935, Mengele earned a PhD in anthropology from the University of Munich.[7] In January 1937, at the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, he became the assistant to Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a scientist conducting genetics research, with a particular interest in twins.[7] As an assistant to von Verschuer, Mengele focused on the genetic factors resulting in a cleft lip and palate or cleft chin.[10] His thesis on the subject earned him a cum laude doctorate in medicine in 1938.[11] Both of his degrees were later rescinded by the issuing universities.[12] In a letter of recommendation, von Verschuer praised Mengele's reliability and his ability to verbally present complex material in a clear manner.[13] The American author Robert Jay Lifton notes that Mengele's published work did not deviate much from the scientific mainstream of the time, and would probably have been viewed as valid scientific efforts even outside Nazi Germany.[13]
On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met while working as a medical resident in Leipzig.[14] Their only son, Rolf, was born in 1944.[15]
Military service[edit]
The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism, racial hygiene, and eugenics, and combined them with pan-Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum (living space) for the Germanic people.[16] Nazi Germany attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or kill the Jews and Slavs living there, who were considered inferior to the Aryan master race.[17]
Mengele joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the Schutzstaffel (SS; protection squadron) in 1938. He received basic training in 1938 with the Gebirgsjäger (mountain infantry) and was called up for service in the Wehrmacht (German armed forces) in June 1940, some months after the outbreak of World War II. He soon volunteered for medical service in the Waffen-SS, the combat arm of the SS, where he served with the rank of SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) in a medical reserve battalion until November 1940. He was next assigned to the SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt (SS Race and Resettlement Main Office) in Posen, evaluating candidates for Germanisation.[18][19]
In June 1941, Mengele was posted to Ukraine, where he was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class. In January 1942, he joined the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking as a battalion medical officer. He rescued two German soldiers from a burning tank and was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, as well as the Wound Badge in Black and the Medal for the Care of the German People. He was seriously wounded in action near Rostov-on-Don in mid-1942, and was declared unfit for further active service. After recovery, he was transferred to the Race and Resettlement Office in Berlin. He also resumed his association with von Verschuer, who was at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics. Mengele was promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) in April 1943.[20][21][22]
Auschwitz[edit]
In early 1943, encouraged by von Verschuer, Mengele applied to transfer to the concentration camp service, where he foresaw the opportunity to undertake genetic research on human subjects.[20][23] His application was accepted, and he was posted to Auschwitz concentration camp. He was appointed by SS-Standortarzt Eduard Wirths, chief medical officer at Auschwitz, to the position of chief physician of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp), located in the sub-camp at Birkenau.[20][23]
"Selection" of Hungarian Jews on the ramp at Auschwitz-II (Birkenau), May/June 1944
By late 1941, Adolf Hitler decided that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated, so Birkenau, originally intended to house slave laborers, was re-purposed as a combination labor camp / extermination camp.[24][25] Prisoners were transported there by rail from all over German-occupied Europe, arriving in daily convoys.[26] By July 1942, the SS were conducting "selections". Incoming Jews were segregated; those deemed able to work were admitted into the camp, and those deemed unfit for labor were immediately killed in the gas chambers.[27] The group selected to die, about three-quarters of the total,[a] included almost all children, women with small children, pregnant women, all the elderly, and all those who appeared on brief and superficial inspection by an SS doctor not to be completely fit.[29][30] Mengele, a member of the team of doctors assigned to do selections, undertook this work even when he was not assigned to do so in the hope of finding subjects for his experiments.[31] He was particularly interested in locating sets of twins.[32] In contrast to most of the doctors, who viewed undertaking selections as one of their most stressful and horrible duties, Mengele undertook the task with a flamboyant air, often smiling or whistling a tune.[33][34]
Mengele and other SS doctors did not treat inmates, but supervised the activities of inmate doctors forced to work in the camp medical service.[34] Mengele made weekly visits to the hospital barracks and sent to the gas chambers any prisoners who had not recovered after two weeks in bed.[35] He was also a member of the team of doctors responsible for supervising the administration of Zyklon B, the cyanide-based pesticide that was used to kill people in the gas chambers at Birkenau. He served in this capacity at the gas chambers located in crematoria IV and V.[36]
When an outbreak of noma (a gangrenous bacterial disease of the mouth and face) struck the Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study to determine the cause of the disease and develop a treatment. He enlisted the aid of prisoner Dr. Berthold Epstein, a Jewish pediatrician and professor at Prague University. Mengele isolated the patients in a separate barrack and had several afflicted children killed so that their preserved heads and organs could be sent to the SS Medical Academy in Graz and other facilities for study. The research was still ongoing when the Romani camp was liquidated and its remaining occupants killed in 1944.[2]
In response to a typhus epidemic in the women's camp, Mengele cleared one block of 600 Jewish women and sent them to the gas chamber. The building was then cleaned and disinfected, and the occupants of a neighboring block were bathed, de-loused, and given new clothing before being moved into the clean block. The process was repeated until all the barracks were disinfected. Similar disinfections were used for later epidemics of scarlet fever and other diseases, but with all the sick prisoners being sent to the gas chambers. For his efforts, Mengele was awarded the War Merit Cross (Second Class with Swords) and was promoted in 1944 to First Physician of the Birkenau subcamp.[37]
Human experimentation[edit]
Richard Baer, Mengele and Rudolf Höss at Auschwitz, 1944. Höcker Album
Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his anthropological studies and research on heredity, using inmates for human experimentation.[2] The experiments had no regard for the health, safety, or physical and emotional suffering of the victims.[2][3] He was particularly interested in identical twins, people with heterochromia iridum (eyes of two different colours), dwarfs, and people with physical abnormalities.[2] A grant was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, applied for by von Verschuer, who received regular reports and shipments of specimens from Mengele. The grant was used to build a pathology laboratory attached to Crematorium II at Auschwitz II-Birkenau.[38] Dr. Miklós Nyiszli, a Hungarian Jewish pathologist who arrived in Auschwitz on 29 May 1944, performed dissections and prepared specimens for shipment in this laboratory.[39] Mengele's twin research was in part intended to prove the supremacy of heredity over environment and thus bolster the Nazi premise of the superiority of the Aryan race.[40] Nyiszli and others report that the twins studies may also have been motivated by a desire to improve the reproduction rate of the German race by improving the chances of racially desirable people having twins.[41]
Mengele's research subjects were better fed and housed than other prisoners and temporarily safe from the gas chambers.[42] He established a kindergarten for children that were the subjects of experiments, along with all Romani children under the age of six. The facility provided better food and living conditions than other areas of the camp, and even included a playground.[43] When visiting his child subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets.[44] But he was also personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims that he killed via lethal injection, shootings, beatings, and through selections and deadly experiments.[45] Lifton describes Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, and extremely antisemitic, believing the Jews should be eliminated entirely as an inferior and dangerous race.[46] Mengele's son Rolf said his father later showed no remorse for his wartime activities.[47]
A former Auschwitz prisoner doctor said:
He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay.[48]
Jewish twins kept alive to be used in Mengele's medical experiments. These children were liberated from Auschwitz by the Red Army in January 1945.
Twins were subjected to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes by Mengele or one of his assistants.[49] Experiments performed by Mengele on twins included unnecessary amputation of limbs, intentionally infecting one twin with typhus or other diseases, and transfusing the blood of one twin into the other. Many of the victims died while undergoing these procedures.[50] After an experiment was over, the twins were sometimes killed and their bodies dissected.[51] Nyiszli recalled one occasion where Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night via a chloroform injection to the heart.[34] If one twin died of disease, Mengele killed the other so that comparative post-mortem reports could be prepared.[52]
Mengele's experiments with eyes included attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects and killing people with heterochromatic eyes so that the eyes could be removed and sent to Berlin for study.[53] His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays.[3] Many of the victims were sent to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further study.[54] Mengele sought out pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to the gas chambers.[55] Witness Vera Alexander described how he sewed two Romani twins together back to back in an attempt to create conjoined twins.[50] The children died of gangrene after several days of suffering.[56]
After Auschwitz[edit]
Photo from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)
Along with several other Auschwitz doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Lower Silesia on 17 January 1945. He brought along two boxes of specimens and records of his experiments. Most of the camp medical records had already been destroyed by the SS.[57][58] The Red Army liberated Auschwitz on 27 January.[59] Mengele fled Gross-Rosen on 18 February, a week before the Soviets arrived, and traveled westward disguised as a Wehrmacht officer to Saaz (now Žatec). Here he temporarily entrusted his incriminating Auschwitz documents to a nurse with whom he had struck up a relationship.[57] He and his unit hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets and were taken prisoner of war by the Americans in June. Mengele was initially registered under his own name, but because of the disorganization of the Allies regarding the distribution of wanted lists and the fact that Mengele did not have the usual SS blood group tattoo, he was not identified as being on the major war criminal list.[60] He was released at the end of July and obtained false papers under the name "Fritz Ullman", documents he later altered to read "Fritz Hollmann".[61]
After several months on the run, including a trip to the Soviet-occupied area to recover his Auschwitz records, Mengele found work near Rosenheim as a farmhand.[62] Worried that his capture would mean a trial and death sentence, he fled Germany on 17 April 1949.[63][64] Assisted by a network of former SS members, Mengele traveled to Genoa, where he obtained a passport under the alias "Helmut Gregor" from the International Committee of the Red Cross. He sailed to Argentina in July.[65] His wife refused to accompany him, and they divorced in 1954.[66]
In South America[edit]
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, Mengele worked as a carpenter while residing in a boarding house in the suburb of Vicente López.[67] After a few weeks he moved to the house of a Nazi sympathiser in the more affluent neighborhood of Florida, Buenos Aires. He next worked as a salesman for his family's farm equipment company, and beginning in 1951 he made frequent trips to Paraguay as sales representative for that region.[68] An apartment in the center of Buenos Aires became his residence in 1953, the same year he used family funds to buy a part interest in a carpentry concern. In 1954 he rented a house in the suburb of Olivos.[69] Files released by the Argentine government in 1992 indicate that Mengele may have practiced medicine without a license, including performing abortions, while living in Buenos Aires.[70]
After obtaining a copy of his birth certificate through the West German embassy in 1956, Mengele was issued an Argentine foreign residence permit under his real name. He used this document to obtain a West German passport, also under his real name, and embarked for a visit to Europe.[71][72] He met up in Switzerland for a ski holiday with his son Rolf (who was told Mengele was his "Uncle Fritz"[73]) and his widowed sister-in-law Martha, and spent a week in his home town of Günzburg.[74][75] Upon his return to Argentina in September, Mengele began living under his real name. Martha and her son Karl Heinz followed about a month later, and the three took up residence together. The couple married while on holiday in Uruguay in 1958 and bought a house in Buenos Aires.[71][76] Business interests now included part ownership of Fadro Farm, a pharmaceutical company.[74] Along with several other doctors, Mengele was questioned and released in 1958 under suspicion of practicing medicine without a license after a teenage girl died following an abortion. Worried that the publicity would lead to his Nazi background and wartime activities being discovered, he took an extended business trip to Paraguay and was granted citizenship under the name José Mengele in 1959.[77] He returned to Buenos Aires several times to wrap up his business affairs and visit his family. Martha and Karl Heinz lived in a boarding house in the city until December 1960, when they returned to Germany.[78]
Mengele's name was mentioned several times during the Nuremberg trials, but Allied forces were convinced that he was dead.[79] Irene and the family in Günzburg also said that he was dead.[80] Working in West Germany, Nazi hunters Simon Wiesenthal and Hermann Langbein collected information from witnesses as to Mengele's wartime activities. In a search of the public records, Langbein found Mengele's divorce papers listing an address in Buenos Aires. He and Wiesenthal pressured West German authorities into drawing up an arrest warrant on 5 June 1959, and starting extradition proceedings.[81][82] Initially Argentina turned down the request, because the fugitive was no longer living at the address given on the documents. By the time extradition was approved on 30 June 1960, Mengele had already fled to Paraguay, where he was living on a farm near the Argentine border.[83]
Efforts by Mossad[edit]
In May 1960, Isser Harel, director of Mossad (the Israeli intelligence agency), personally led the successful effort to capture Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires. He hoped to track down Mengele as well so he too could be brought to trial in Israel.[84] Under interrogation, Eichmann provided the address of a boarding house that had been used as a safe house for Nazi fugitives. Surveillance of the house did not reveal Mengele or any members of his family, and the neighborhood postman said that although Mengele had recently been receiving letters there under his real name, he had since relocated, leaving no forwarding address. Harel's inquiries at a machine shop where Mengele had been part owner did not turn up any leads either, so he had to give up.[85]
In spite of having provided Mengele with legal documents in his real name in 1956, thus enabling him to regularize his residency in Argentina, West Germany offered a reward for his capture. Ongoing newspaper coverage of his wartime activities (accompanied by photographs of the fugitive) led Mengele to relocate again in 1960. Former pilot Hans-Ulrich Rudel put him in touch with the Nazi supporter Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele get across the border into Brazil.[78][86] He stayed with Gerhard on his farm near São Paulo until more permanent accommodation was found with Hungarian expatriates Geza and Gitta Stammer. Helped by an investment from Mengele, the couple bought a farm in Nova Europa, and Mengele was given the job of manager. In 1962 the three bought a coffee and cattle farm in Serra Negra, with Mengele owning a half interest.[87] Initially, Gerhard told the couple that Mengele's name was "Peter Hochbichler", but they discovered his true identity in 1963. Gerhard convinced them not to report Mengele's location to the authorities, saying they could themselves get in trouble for harboring the fugitive.[88] West Germany, tipped off to the possibility that Mengele had relocated there, widened its extradition request to include Brazil in February 1961.[89]
Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, one of the Mossad agents who had been involved in the Eichmann capture, was placed in charge of a team of agents tasked with locating Mengele and bringing him to trial in Israel. Inquiries in Paraguay gave no clues as to his whereabouts, and they were unable to intercept any correspondence between Mengele and his wife Martha, then living in Italy. Agents following Rudel's movements did not produce any leads.[90] Aharoni and his team followed Gerhard to a rural area near São Paulo, where they located a European man believed to be Mengele.[91] Aharoni reported his findings to Harel, but the logistics of staging a capture, budgetary constraints, and the need to focus on the nation's deteriorating relationship with Egypt led the Mossad chief to call a halt to the operation in 1962.[92]
Later life and death[edit]
Mengele and the Stammers bought a house on a farm in Caieiras in 1969, with Mengele as half owner.[93] When Wolfgang Gerhard returned to Germany in 1971 to seek medical treatment for his seriously ill wife and son, he gave his identity card to Mengele.[94] The Stammers had a falling out with Mengele in late 1974 and bought a house in São Paulo; Mengele was not invited.[b] The Stammers bought a bungalow in the Eldorado neighbourhood of São Paulo, which they rented out to Mengele.[97] Rolf, who had not seen his father since the ski holiday in 1956, visited him there in 1977 and found an unrepentant Nazi who claimed he had never personally harmed anyone and had only done his duty.[98]
Mengele's health had been steadily deteriorating since 1972, and he had a stroke in 1976.[99] He had high blood pressure and an ear infection that affected his balance. While visiting his friends Wolfram and Liselotte Bossert in the coastal resort of Bertioga on 7 February 1979, he suffered another stroke while swimming and drowned.[100] Mengele was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose identification card he had been using since 1971.[101]
Other pseudonyms used by Mengele included Dr. Fausto Rindón and S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu.[102]
Exhumation[edit]
Meanwhile, Mengele sightings were reported all over the world. Wiesenthal claimed to have information that placed Mengele on the Greek island of Kythnos in 1960,[103] Cairo in 1961,[104] in Spain in 1971,[105] and in Paraguay in 1978, 18 years after he had left.[106] He insisted as late as 1985—six years after Mengele's death—that he was still alive, in 1982 offering a reward of $100,000 for his capture.[107] Worldwide interest in the case was raised by a mock trial held in Jerusalem in February 1985 featuring the testimony of over a hundred victims of Mengele's experiments. Shortly afterwards, the governments of West Germany, Israel, and the United States launched a coordinated effort to determine Mengele's whereabouts. Rewards for his capture were offered by the Israeli and West German governments, The Washington Times, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[108]
On 31 May 1985, acting on a tip received by the West German prosecutor's office, police raided the house of Hans Sedlmeier, a lifelong friend of Mengele and sales manager of the family firm in Günzburg.[109] They found a coded address book and copies of letters to and from Mengele. Among the papers was a letter from Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's death.[110] German authorities notified the police in São Paulo, who contacted the Bosserts. Under interrogation, they revealed the location of the grave.[111] The remains were exhumed on 6 June 1985, and extensive forensic examination confirmed with a high degree of probability that the body was Mengele's.[112] Rolf Mengele issued a statement on 10 June admitting that the body was his father's. He said that the news of his father's death had been kept quiet to protect the people who had sheltered him for many years.[113] In 1992, DNA testing confirmed Mengele's identity.[114] Family members refused repeated requests by Brazilian officials to repatriate the skeletal remains to Germany.[115] The bones remain in storage at the São Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine, and are used as educational aids during forensic medicine courses at the University of São Paulo's medical school.[116]
Legacy[edit]
Mengele's life was the inspiration for a novel and film titled The Boys from Brazil (1978), where a fictional Mengele (portrayed by Gregory Peck[117]) produces clones of Hitler in a clinic in Brazil.[118] In 2007, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum received as a donation the Höcker Album, an album of photographs of Auschwitz staff taken by Karl-Friedrich Höcker. Eight of the photographs include Mengele.[119]
In February 2010, a 180-page volume of Mengele's diary was sold by Alexander Autographs at auction for an undisclosed sum to the grandson of a Holocaust survivor. The unidentified previous owner, who acquired the journals in Brazil, was reported to be close to the Mengele family. A Holocaust survivors' organization described the sale as "a cynical act of exploitation aimed at profiting from the writings of one of the most heinous Nazi criminals."[120] Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center was glad to see the diary fall into Jewish hands. "At a time when Ahmadinejad's Iran regularly denies the Holocaust and anti-Semitism and hatred of Jews is back in vogue, this acquisition is especially significant," he said.[121] In 2011, a further 31 volumes of Mengele's diaries were sold—again amidst protests—by the same auction house to an undisclosed collector of World War II memorabilia for $245,000.[122]
Mengele's stay in Patagonia was used as the basis of the 2013 Argentinian film The German Doctor with Àlex Brendemühl in the lead role.[123]
Summary of SS career[edit]
SS number: 317,885
Nazi Party number: 5,574,974
Primary positions: WVHA, Medical Physician (Auschwitz Concentration Camp)
Waffen-SS Service:
Medical Staff Officer, Waffen-SS Medical Inspectorate (1940)
Medical Officer, Pioneer Battalion No. 5, 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking (1941–1943)
Medical Officer, Battalion "Ost", 3rd SS Division Totenkopf (1943)
Dates of rank
Mengele's SS-ranks
Date
Rank
May 1938[c] SS-Schütze
1939 SS-Hauptscharführer der Reserve (d.R.)
1 August 1940 SS-Untersturmführer d.R.
30 January 1942 SS-Obersturmführer d.R.
20 April 1943 SS-Hauptsturmführer d.R.
Awards
Iron Cross (First and Second Class)
War Merit Cross (Second Class with Swords)
Eastern Front Medal
Wound Badge (Black)
Social Welfare Decoration
German Sports Badge (Bronze)
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard[d]
Journal articles[edit]
Racial-Morphological Examinations of the Anterior Portion of the Lower Jaw in Four Racial Groups. This dissertation, completed in 1935 and first published in 1937, earned him a PhD in anthropology from Munich University. In this work Mengele sought to demonstrate that there were structural differences in the lower jaws of individuals from different ethnic groups, and that racial distinctions could be made based on these differences.[7][125]
Genealogical Studies in the Cases of Cleft Lip-Jaw-Palate (1938), his medical dissertation, earned him a doctorate in medicine from Frankfurt University. Studying the influence of genetics as a factor in the occurrence of this deformity, Mengele conducted research on families who exhibited these traits in multiple generations. The work also included notes on other abnormalities found in these family lines.[7][126]
Hereditary Transmission of Fistulae Auris. This journal article, published in Der Erbarzt (The Genetic Physician), focuses on fistula auris (an abnormal fissure on the external ear) as a hereditary trait. Mengele noted that individuals who have this trait also tend to have a dimple on their chin.[13]
See also[edit]
Aribert Heim
Nazi eugenics
Shirō Ishii
Kurt Blome
List of solved missing persons cases
References[edit]
Informational notes
Jump up ^ Of the Hungarians who arrived in mid-1944, 85 percent were killed immediately.[28]
Jump up ^ Based on entries in Mengele's journals and interviews with his friends, historians such as Gerald Posner and Gerald Astor believe he had a sexual relationship with Gitta Stammer.[95][96]
Jump up ^ Mengele's enlisted service is mentioned on only a single document of his official SS file. His entry date into the SS is stated to have occurred in early 1938, and by the date of his commissioning in 1940, Mengele was serving as an SS-First Sergeant in the Waffen-SS Reserve.[124]
Jump up ^ Mengele's SS service record indicates this decoration, even though he was not a Nazi Party or SS member prior to 1933, which was a primary requirement for the Old Guard Chevron.[124]
Citations
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 242.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kubica 1998, p. 320.
^ Jump up to: a b c Astor 1985, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Astor 1985, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 6–7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kubica 1998, p. 318.
Jump up ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 8, 10.
Jump up ^ Weindling 2002, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Allison 2011, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 234 (footnote).
^ Jump up to: a b c Lifton 1986, p. 340.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Evans 2008, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Longerich 2010, p. 132.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Kubica 1998, pp. 318–319.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kubica 1998, p. 319.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 16–18.
Jump up ^ Astor 1985, p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b Allison 2011, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Steinbacher 2005, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Longerich 2010, pp. 282–283.
Jump up ^ Steinbacher 2005, pp. 104–105.
Jump up ^ Rees 2005, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Steinbacher 2005, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 235–237.
Jump up ^ Astor 1985, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 248–249.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lifton 1985.
Jump up ^ Astor 1985, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Piper 1998, pp. 170, 172.
Jump up ^ Kubica 1998, pp. 328–329.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 33–34.
Jump up ^ Steinbacher 2005, p. 114.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, pp. 358–359.
Jump up ^ Nyiszli 2011, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Kubica 1998, pp. 320–321.
Jump up ^ Lagnado & Dekel 1991, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, p. 341.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, pp. 376–377.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1985, p. 337.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, p. 350.
^ Jump up to: a b Posner & Ware 1986, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, p. 351.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, pp. 347, 353.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, p. 362.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, p. 360.
Jump up ^ Brozan 1982.
Jump up ^ Mozes-Kor 1992, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Levy 2006, p. 255.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Steinbacher 2005, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 63, 68.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 68, 88.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 87.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 263.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 264–265.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 88,108.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 104–105.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 107–108.
Jump up ^ Nash 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b Levy 2006, p. 267.
Jump up ^ Astor 1985, p. 166.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Astor 1985, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 269–270.
^ Jump up to: a b Levy 2006, p. 273.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 76, 82.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 261.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 271.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 269–270, 272.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 139.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 142–143.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 162.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 279–281.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 280, 282.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 168.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 166–167.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 184–186.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 184, 187–188.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 289.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 178–179.
Jump up ^ Astor 1985, p. 224.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 242–243.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 2, 279.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 289, 291.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 294–295.
Jump up ^ Blumenthal 1985, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, p. 586.
Jump up ^ Segev 2010, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Walters 2009, p. 317.
Jump up ^ Walters 2009, p. 370.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 296.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, pp. 297, 301.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 306–308.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 89, 313.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 302.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 315, 317.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, pp. 319–321.
Jump up ^ Posner & Ware 1986, p. 322.
Jump up ^ Saad 2005.
Jump up ^ Simons 1988.
Jump up ^ "Nazi doctor Josef Mengele's bones used in Brazil forensic medicine courses". The Guardian. Associated Press. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Turner 2003.
Jump up ^ Levy 2006, p. 287.
Jump up ^ USHMM website.
Jump up ^ Oster 2010.
Jump up ^ Hier 2010.
Jump up ^ Aderet 2011.
Jump up ^ Rolfe, Pamela (27 September 2013). "Oscars: Argentina Nominates 'Wakolda' for Foreign Language Oscar". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b SS service record, NARA.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, p. 339.
Jump up ^ Lifton 1986, pp. 339–340.
Bibliography
Aderet, Ofer (22 July 2011). "Ultra-Orthodox man buys diaries of Nazi doctor Mengele for $245,000". Haaretz. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Allison, Kirk C. (2011). "Eugenics, race hygiene, and the Holocaust: Antecedents and consolidations". In Friedman, Jonathan C. Routledge History of the Holocaust. Milton Park; New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-0-415-77956-2.
Astor, Gerald (1985). Last Nazi: Life and Times of Dr Joseph Mengele. New York: Donald I. Fine. ISBN 0-917657-46-2.
Blumenthal, Ralph (22 July 1985). "Scientists Decide Brazil Skeleton Is Josef Mengele". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Brozan, Nadine (15 November 1982). "Out of Death, a Zest for Life". The New York Times.
Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
Hier, Marvin (2010). "Wiesenthal Center Praises Acquisition of Mengele's Diary". Simpn Wiesenthal Center. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
Kubica, Helena (1998) [1994]. "The Crimes of Josef Mengele". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 317–337. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2.
Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Dekel, Sheila Cohn (1991). Children of the Flames: Dr Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-09695-6.
Levy, Alan (2006) [1993]. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7.
Lifton, Robert Jay (21 July 1985). "What Made This Man? Mengele". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Lifton, Robert Jay (1986). The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04905-9.
Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
Mozes-Kor, Eva (1992). "Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account". In Annas, George J.; Grodin, Michael A. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 53–59. ISBN 978-0-19-510106-5.
Nash, Nathaniel C. (11 February 1992). "Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
Nyiszli, Miklós (2011) [1960]. Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61145-011-8.
Oster, Marcy (3 February 2010). "Survivor's grandson buys Mengele diary". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Piper, Franciszek (1998) [1994]. "Gas Chambers and Crematoria". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 157–182. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2.
Posner, Gerald L.; Ware, John (1986). Mengele: The Complete Story. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-050598-5.
Rees, Laurence (2005). Auschwitz: A New History. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 1-58648-303-X.
Saad, Rana (1 April 2005). "Discovery, development, and current applications of DNA identity testing". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 18 (2): 130–133. PMC 1200713  . PMID 16200161.
Segev, Tom (2010). Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51946-5.
Simons, Marlise (17 March 1988). "Remains of Mengele Rest Uneasily in Brazil". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
"SS service record of Josef Mengele". College Park, Maryland: National Archives and Records Administration.
Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. Auschwitz: A History. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 0-06-082581-2.
"The Album". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Turner, Adrian (14 June 2003). "Gregory Peck: Elder statesman of the screen who stood for nobility, honour and decency". The Independent. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
Walters, Guy (2009). Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2873-1.
Weindling, Paul (2002). "The Ethical Legacy of Nazi Medical War Crimes: Origins, Human Experiments, and International Justice". In Burley, Justine; Harris, John. A Companion to Genethics. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 53–69. doi:10.1002/9780470756423.ch5. ISBN 0-631-20698-1.
Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-897502-2.
Further reading
Harel, Isser (1975). The House on Garibaldi Street: the First Full Account of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-38028-8.
Levin, Ira (1991). The Boys from Brazil. London: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-29004-5.
Lieberman, Herbert A. (1978). The Climate of Hell. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-82236-5.
Wharam, Philip (2015). Right to Live: an historical novel based on Mengele's life between 1945 and 1963. London: Lynfa Publishing. ISBN 9781508488996.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josef Mengele.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Josef Mengele
Breitman, Richard (April 2001). "Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records". US National Archives.
Office of Special Investigations, Criminal Division (October 1992). "In the Matter of Josef Mengele: A Report to the Attorney General of the United States" (PDF). United States Department of Justice.
Papanayotou, Vivi (18 September 2005). "Skeletons in the Closet of German Science". Deutsche Welle.
Posner, Gerald; Ware, John (18 May 1986). "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years". Chicago Tribune Magazine.
[show]
v
t
e
The Holocaust in Poland
Main article
The Holocaust
Related articles by country
Belarus
Belgium
Croatia
Denmark
Estonia
France
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Russia
Ukraine
[show]
v
t
e
Camps, ghettos and operations
Camps
Extermination
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Chełmno
Majdanek
Operation Reinhard death camps
Bełżec
Sobibór
Treblinka
Concentration
Kraków-Płaszów
Potulice
Soldau
Stutthof
Szebnie
Trawniki
Warsaw
Mass shootings
AB Action
Bronna Góra
Erntefest
Jedwabne
Kielce cemetery
Aktion Krakau
Lviv pogroms
Lwów professors
Palmiry
Sonderaktion Krakau
Tannenberg
Tykocin
Bydgoszcz
Wąsosz
Bloody Sunday
Ghettos
List of 277 Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland (1939–1942)
Będzin
Białystok
Brest
Częstochowa
Grodno
Kielce
Kraków
Lwów
Łódź
Lubartów
Lublin
Międzyrzec Podlaski
Mizocz
Nowy Sącz
Pińsk
Radom
Siedlce
Sambor
Słonim
Sosnowiec
Stanisławów
Tarnopol
Wilno
Warsaw
Other atrocities
Action T4
Grossaktion Warsaw
Human medical experimentation
[show]
v
t
e
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
Major perpetrators
Organizers
Josef Bühler
Eichmann
Eicke
Ludwig Fischer
Hans Frank
Globocnik
Glücks
Greiser
Himmler
Hermann Höfle
Fritz Katzmann
Wilhelm Koppe
Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
Kutschera
Erwin Lambert
Ernst Lerch
Oswald Pohl
Reinefarth
Scherner
Seyss-Inquart
Sporrenberg
Streckenbach
Thomalla
Otto Wächter
Wisliceny
Camp command
Aumeier
Baer
Boger
Braunsteiner
Eberl
Eupen
Kurt Franz
Karl Frenzel
Karl Fritzsch
Göth
Grabner
Hartjenstein
Hering
Höss
Hössler
Josef Kramer
Liebehenschel
Mandel
Matthes
Michel
Möckel
Mulka
Johann Niemann
Oberhauser
Reichleitner
Heinrich Schwarz
Stangl
Gustav Wagner
Christian Wirth
Gas chamber executioners
Erich Bauer
Bolender
Hackenholt
Klehr
Hans Koch
Herbert Lange
Theuer
Physicians
von Bodmann
Clauberg
Gebhardt
Fritz Klein
Mengele
Horst Schumann
Trzebinski
Eduard Wirths
Ghetto command
Auerswald
Biebow
Blösche
Bürkl
Konrad
Palfinger
von Sammern-Frankenegg
Stroop
Einsatzgruppen
Wolfgang Birkner
Blobel
Felix Landau
Schaper
Schöngarth
von Woyrsch
Personnel
Camp guards
Juana Bormann
Danz
Demjanjuk
Margot Dreschel
Kurt Gerstein
Grese
Höcker
Kaduk
Kollmer
Muhsfeldt
Orlowski
Volkenrath
By camp
Sobibór
Treblinka
Organizations
Einsatzgruppen (SS)
Ordnungspolizei (Orpo battalions)
WVHA
RKFDV
VoMi
General Government
Hotel Polski
Collaboration
Belarusian
Belarusian Auxiliary Police
BKA battalions
Brigade Siegling
Black Cats
Central Rada
Jewish
Jewish Ghetto Police
Żagiew ("Torch Guard")
Group 13
Kapos
Judenräte
Russian
Waffen-SS "RONA"
Waffen-SS "Russland"
Ostlegionen, Bataillone (Cossack Division, Russian "ROA")
Ukrainian
Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
SS Galizien
Ukrainian Liberation Army
Schutzmannschaft (Battalion 118, Brigade Siegling, 30. Waffen SS Grenadier Division)
Trawnikimänner
Other nationalities
Estonian Auxiliary Police
Latvian Auxiliary Police (Arajs Kommando)
Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions (Schutzmannschaft, Ypatingasis būrys)
Pieter Menten (Nederlandsche SS)
[show]
v
t
e
Resistance: Judenrat, victims, documentation and technical
Organizations
AK
AOB
Bund
GL
PKB
ŻOB
ŻZA
Uprisings
Ghetto uprisings
Białystok
Częstochowa
Sobibór
Treblinka
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Leaders
Mordechai Anielewicz
Icchak Cukierman
Mordechai Tenenbaum
Marek Edelman
Leon Feldhendler
Paweł Frenkiel
Henryk Iwański
Itzhak Katzenelson
Michał Klepfisz
Miles Lerman
Alexander Pechersky
Witold Pilecki
Frumka Płotnicka
Roza Robota
Szmul Zygielbojm
Judenrat
Jewish Ghetto Police
Adam Czerniaków
Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski
Victim lists
Ghettos
Kraków
Łódź
Lvov (Lwów)
Warsaw
Camps
Auschwitz
Bełżec
Gross-Rosen
Izbica
Majdanek
Sobibór
Soldau
Stutthof
Trawniki
Treblinka
Documentation
Nazi sources
Auschwitz Album
Frank Memorandum
Höcker Album
Höfle Telegram
Katzmann Report
Korherr Report
Nisko Plan
Posen speeches
Special Prosecution Book-Poland
Stroop Report
Wannsee Conference
Witness accounts
Graebe affidavit
Gerstein Report
Vrba–Wetzler report
Witold's Report
Sonderkommando photographs
Concealment
Sonderaktion 1005
Technical and logistics
Identification in camps
Gas chamber
Gas van
Holocaust train
Human medical experimentation
Zyklon B
[show]
v
t
e
Aftermath, trials and commemoration
Aftermath
Holocaust survivors
Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
Bricha
Kielce pogrom
Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–46
Ministry of Public Security
Trials
West German trials
Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
Treblinka trials
Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
Auschwitz trial (Poland)
Stutthof trials
Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
Memorials
Museum of the History of Polish Jews
Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum
Majdanek State Museum
Sobibór Museum
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
March of the Living
Righteous Among the Nations
Polish Righteous Among the Nations
Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
Garden of the Righteous
[show]
v
t
e
National Socialist German Workers' Party
Leader
Anton Drexler (1919–1921)
Adolf Hitler (1921–1945)
Martin Bormann (1945)
Related articles
Germany and World War I
Stab-in-the-back myth
Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles
Occupation of the Ruhr
Politischer Arbeiter-Zirkel
German Workers' Party
Thule Society
National Socialist Program
Nuremberg Rally
Ranks and insignia
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Beer Hall Putsch
Brown House, Munich
Horst-Wessel-Lied
Party songs
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
Night of the Long Knives
Schutzstaffel (SS)
Enabling Act of 1933
NSDAP/AO
Greater German Reich
Hitler Youth
World War II
Operation Werwolf
Denazification
Article 21 Paragraph 2 (de facto prohibition)
National Socialism
German Question
Jewish Question
Anti-Semitism in Germany
Party offices
NSDAP Office of Racial Policy
NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs
NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy
NSDAP Office of Military Policy
Hitler's Chancellery
Nazi Party Chancellery
Amt Rosenberg
Publications
Völkischer Beobachter
Das Schwarze Korps
Das Reich
Innviertler Heimatblatt
Arbeitertum
Der Angriff
Members
Gottfried Feder
Dietrich Eckart
Alfred Rosenberg
Joseph Goebbels
Heinrich Himmler
Reinhard Heydrich
Hermann Göring
Gregor Strasser
Otto Strasser
Albert Speer
Rudolf Hess
Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Adolf Eichmann
Joachim von Ribbentrop
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Hans Frank
Rudolf Höss
Richard Walther Darré
Baldur von Schirach
Artur Axmann
Ernst Röhm
Wilhelm Frick
Josef Mengele
Ernst Hanfstaengl
Julius Streicher
Hermann Esser
Derivatives
Black Front (Strasserism) / German Social Union
Deutsche Rechtspartei (through entryism) / Deutsche Reichspartei / National Democratic Party of Germany
Socialist Reich Party
[show]
v
t
e
Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
Fugitives
German / Austrian
Ludolf von Alvensleben
Klaus Barbie
Hermine Braunsteiner
Alois Brunner
Adolf Eichmann
Aribert Heim
Walter Kutschmann
Johann von Leers
Josef Mengele
Hermann Michel
Erich Priebke
Walter Rauff
Eduard Roschmann
Walter Schreiber
Horst Schumann
Josef Schwammberger
Franz Stangl
Gustav Wagner
Croatian
Milivoj Ašner
Andrija Artuković
Anton Geiser
Ante Pavelić
Dinko Šakić
Vjekoslav Vrančić
Belgian
Pierre Daye
Léon Degrelle
René Lagrou
Ukrainian
John Demjanjuk
Feodor Fedorenko
Mykola Lebed
Danish
Søren Kam
Carl Værnet
Estonian
Aleksander Laak
Karl Linnas
Latvian
Viktors Arājs
Herberts Cukurs
Other nationalities
Tscherim Soobzokov (Circassian)
Assistance
Organizations
Ratlines
State involvement
Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
Franco (Spain)
Perón (Argentina)
Videla (Argentina)
Operation Paperclip (USA)
Robert Leiber (Holy See)
Banzer (Bolivia)
Stroessner (Paraguay)
Other persons
Rodolfo Freude
Alois Hudal
Charles Lescat
Hans-Ulrich Rudel
Otto Skorzeny
Hunters
Serge and Beate Klarsfeld
Eli Rosenbaum
Simon Wiesenthal
Efraim Zuroff
Disputed / dubious
Krunoslav Draganović
ODESSA
Stille Hilfe
See also
List of Most Wanted Nazi War Criminals
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 20476549
LCCN: n81068925
ISNI: 0000 0000 6675 6143
GND: 118783262
SELIBR: 217254
SUDOC: 02727103X
BNF: cb11934884h (data)
NDL: 00621120
NKC: xx0029939
BNE: XX1580893
SNAC: w6931ktt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mengele&oldid=835622616"
Categories:
1911 births
1979 deaths
20th-century German writers
Accidental deaths in Brazil
Auschwitz concentration camp personnel
Combat medics
Deaths by drowning
Formerly missing people
Genocide perpetrators
German anthropologists
German eugenicists
German expatriates in Argentina
German expatriates in Brazil
German expatriates in Italy
German male writers
German medical writers
German military personnel of World War II
German military doctors
Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Nazi human subject research
Nazi physicians
Nazis in South America
People from Günzburg
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Porajmos perpetrators
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Waffen-SS personnel
People who died at sea
Hidden categories:
Good articles
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Use American English from April 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Articles containing German-language text
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
47 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 20:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Mengele_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Mengele (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em

values:
row
padding-right: 1em

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Munich_University
mw-redirect
Munich University

values:
/wiki/University_of_Munich
mw-redirect
University of Munich

values:
/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate
mw-redirect
Cleft lip and palate

values:
/wiki/SS-Rasse-_und_Siedlungshauptamt
mw-redirect
SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt

values:
/wiki/Prague_University
mw-redirect
Prague University

values:
/wiki/Identical_twins
mw-redirect
Identical twins

values: International Committee of the Red Cross

values:
/wiki/Florida,_Buenos_Aires
mw-redirect
Florida, Buenos Aires

values:
/wiki/Olivos,_Buenos_Aires_Province
mw-redirect
Olivos, Buenos Aires Province

values:
/wiki/3rd_SS_Division_Totenkopf
mw-redirect
3rd SS Division Totenkopf

values:
/wiki/Human_mandible
mw-redirect
Human mandible

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
/wiki/Arthur_Ochs_Sulzberger,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.

values:
/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War
mw-redirect
The Third Reich at War

values:
/wiki/Yisrael_Gutman
mw-redirect
Yisrael Gutman

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16200161

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756423.ch5

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values: The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia

values:
/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe
mw-redirect
Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe

values: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland

values: Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland

values:
/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)
mw-redirect
Hans Koch (SS man)

values:
/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl
mw-redirect
Franz Bürkl

values:
/wiki/Orpo_battalions
mw-redirect
Orpo battalions

values: SS Main Economic and Administrative Office

values: Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood

values: Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II

values: Byelorussian collaboration with the Axis powers

values:
/wiki/Belarusian_Black_Cats
mw-redirect
Belarusian Black Cats

values: Russian collaborationism with the Axis powers

values: 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS

values: Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers

values: 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)

values: Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance

values: Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto

values: Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto

values: Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto

values: Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto

values: Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Bełżec extermination camp

values: Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Izbica concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Sobibór extermination camp

values: Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp

values: Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp

values:
/wiki/Holocaust_train
mw-redirect
Holocaust train

values: Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath

values: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews

values: Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust

values: Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:#555555; color:white;

values: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

values:
/wiki/Jewish_Question
mw-redirect
Jewish Question

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives

values: Template talk:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives

values:
/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)
mw-redirect
Ratlines (World War II)

values:
/wiki/Serge_and_Beate_Klarsfeld
mw-redirect
Serge and Beate Klarsfeld

values: List of Most Wanted Nazi War Criminals according to the Simon Wiesenthal Center

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/20476549

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000066756143

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118783262

values:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/217254

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/02727103X

values: Category:Auschwitz concentration camp personnel

values: Category:German expatriates in Argentina

values: Category:German military personnel of World War II

values: Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland

values: Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

values: Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

values: Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 1st class

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use American English from April 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Josef_Mengele
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: يوزاف منغيله – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: ইয়োসেফ ম্যাঙ্গেলা – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Іозеф Менгеле – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Йозеф Менгеле – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Γιόζεφ Μένγκελε – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: یوزف منگله – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: 요제프 멩겔레 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ժոզեֆ Մենգելե – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: יוזף מנגלה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: იოზეფ მენგელე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Јозеф Менгеле – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ജോസഫ് മെൻഗെളെ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ヨーゼフ・メンゲレ – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Менгеле, Йозеф – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Јозеф Менгеле – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: โยเซ็ฟ เม็งเงอเลอ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Йозеф Менгеле – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 約瑟夫·門格勒 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Josef_Mengele rootpage-Josef_Mengele skin-vector action-view