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Sara Tancredi
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Sara Tancredi
Prison Break character
First appearance
"Pilot"
Portrayed by
Sarah Wayne Callies
Information
Aliases
Kelli Foster (S2E10)
Stephanie Reed (S4E03)
Occupation
Former prison doctor
Family
Frank Tancredi (father, deceased)
Michael Scofield (husband)
Michael (Mike) Scofield, (son)
Lincoln Burrows (brother-in-law)
L.J. Burrows (nephew)
Jacob Anton-Ness (ex-husband)
Spouse(s)
Michael Scofield
Dr. Sara Scofield (nee Tancredi) is a fictional character from the American television series, Prison Break. She is played by Sarah Wayne Callies. Her role in the first season of the series is a prison physician.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Appearances
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
3 Characteristics
4 Concept and creation
4.1 Character development
4.2 Portrayal
5 Production details
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Raised in Chicago, Sara Tancredi's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young. While at Northwestern University, where she was a Phi Beta Kappa, she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian, which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary.[1] Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction, culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over, because she was high, which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season, "Brother's Keeper". At 29 years old, Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River. Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father. Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois, Frank Tancredi (portrayed by John Heard). Due to her father's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs, she did not have a close relationship with him. In episode "Buried", it was revealed that her mother has already died.
Appearances[edit]
In the first season, Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield, while in the second season, Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi, Paul Kellerman or by herself. She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1, 2 and 4 except for second season episodes, "Otis" and "John Doe".Her death was faked early in the third season, apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan, and her "head" was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows. In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive.
Season 1[edit]
Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode. In the first and second episode, their interactions are cordial but formal. However, Sara's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her, and after she checks his academic record, she is surprised that he had graduated with a master's degree. In "Allen", she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes. However, she dismisses it after his test apparently passed (but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar). Michael's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point, as it represents a major step in his plan. Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode "Cell Test", and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one. Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits, initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her. However, after Michael rescues Sara from inmates' intent to rape and kill her in "Riots, Drills, and the Devil", she begins to grow more comfortable around him. This is not without duality, though, as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment. However, she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners, and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him, such as when she is required to conduct a medical check-up on Michael's brother Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell), and questions him on Michael's background. She also visits Michael's former psychiatrist in "Tweener". As Sara’s character searches for clues about Michael, and though she knows that something is very suspicious, she can't stop herself from being attracted to him.
In later episodes, though, Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael. After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode "And Then There Were 7", she announces that they will now be doctor-patient only. In the following episodes, her tone with Michael is more distant, though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship. After meeting with Lincoln Burrows' lawyers on his execution day in episode "The Rat", Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln's case after Michael pleads with her. Her father denies the appeal, but additional information emerges to postpone the execution. Sara's character plays a critical role in the episode "The Key", where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door. He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys, but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it. Instead, he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys. His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael’s wife has stolen the keys from her, and becomes very cold towards him. At the end of the episode, she has the locks to the infirmary door changed, thwarting his efforts. Michael is then forced to come clean in "Tonight" and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison. Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not. Eventually, Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door. Horribly distressed at what she has done, Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary. Suspected for being an accessory to the escape, police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose. The character's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season.
Season 2[edit]
After recovering from her drug overdose in "Manhunt", Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln's murder setup. Posing as Lance, a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, Agent Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield. Learning that six other convicts joined Michael's escape, Sara feels betrayed by him, and the two characters initially have a strained relationship. After her father alerts her of Kellerman's suspicious identity and her father's subsequent death in episode "Buried", Sara becomes part of the show's conspiracy plot as she holds the key (left by her father) to information that may exonerate Lincoln. Following this, several attempts on Sara's life are made by The Company, which force her to find Michael via his coded messages. She meets with Michael in the episode "Rendezvous" at Gila, New Mexico but their reunion is short-lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone (William Fichtner) find out about their rendezvous point. At first, Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after. Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode "Bolshoi Booze", in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her. Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away.
Two episodes later, Sara returns in "The Message". She reunites with Michael in Evansville, Indiana in "Chicago". Together with the brothers, Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln's innocence. On the train to Chicago, Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him, and they kiss. Later in the episode, Michael admits he has fallen in love with her. Michael, Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it’s not legally valid as evidence. They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead. When this fails, Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country. When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI, she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape. Sara is then faced with a 12-year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty, Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf. His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in "Sona", and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news. However, when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael, Sara shoots Kim in the chest. With nowhere to run, Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara's surprise, Michael confesses to Kim's killing instead of her. She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln.
Season 3[edit]
In this season, standbys are used to portray the character, including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode "Call Waiting". She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company, and is said in "Good Fences" to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt. She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box. Michael swears to avenge her death.
Season 4[edit]
In Season 4, Sara’s death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes. After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara's death was faked, Michael contacts Bruce Bennett, the former aide of Governor Tancredi (Sara's father) and asks him for help tracking down Sara. The two are reunited later in the episode. Much of Sara's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael. After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt, Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with , they must get their hands on Scylla, The Company’s little black book. Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards, such as in "Breaking and Entering" where she slips, most notably in "Eagles and Angels" where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar. She manages not to drink, and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her. In the next episode, she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him. In "Five the Hard Way" Sara's character takes part in holding the general's daughter, Lisa, hostage. The team is then betrayed by Self, who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer. Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self (Self murdered Trishanne, faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it). Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago, although they decided to stay and help. In the next episode, Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla. Sara urges him to get medical attention, but he resists despite her insistence, and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired. She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections. However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance, and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention. Nevertheless, Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self. Despite their best efforts, they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla, and Michael, who is captured by The Company at the end of "Just Business".
In the last third of the season, Sara becomes Michael's only remaining ally, as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael's surgery. Michael refuses to accept this deal, and escapes from The Company's clutches after the surgery with Sara's help. The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla. Sara's character gives critical help to Michael, such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky, a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company. Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother, Christina Rose Scofield, is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla. In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael's child. In "Cowboys and Indians", Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina. Meanwhile, Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom. In this and the next episode "Rate of Exchange", Sara shares screen-time with T-Bag for the first time. She is almost raped by him, but is rescued by Michael at the last minute. In the series finale, they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated. Their happiness is short-lived when it is revealed that Michael’s tumor is back. In the epilogue of the series set four years later, Sara is shown living in Panama with her son, Michael Scofield Jr. (presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break). She then appears at Michael's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series' principal characters - Lincoln, Mahone and Sucre. She lays flowers on Michael's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun.
Characteristics[edit]
Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect. Given this fact, she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible. In the episode "The Rat", Sara's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows, to which she replies, "It's my job to advocate for [my patients]."[2] Sarah Wayne Callies, who portrays Sara Tancredi, remarks that the character "feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys. Partly because who her father is... she's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family."[3]
In the second season, Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln's escape, and her father's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln's case. She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in "Buried". Sara later confides in Michael in episode "Chicago" that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father's death. The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as "gutsy",[4] while TV Guide's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is "one tough cookie".[5] Regarding her character's change in the second season, Callies says, "She's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm. She's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now, and I certainly don't think she'll be the same person after this."[4]
Concept and creation[edit]
Character development[edit]
Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot. The background story of the character, revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season, was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series. Callies commented in an interview that it was the "very first inkling" that she had about the character's past. Also in the same interview, the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot, she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that "it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic".[6]
The character's continuation as a major role in the second season was a "surprise" to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison. The actress states that it is "some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now" and that she was given "lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who [the character] is".[4] As the characterization of Sara continues to develop, Scheuring describes the character as "one of [the series'] strongest components".
Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break, Callies' pregnancy was announced.[7] With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show, the story was written in such a way to account for Sara's disappearance during Callies' maternity leave. At the time Paul Scheuring commented, "It actually fits into what we were already planning." He also claimed that the original treatment would have included "explanations for why she wasn't in the first [batch] of episodes" of the third season,[7] later revealing that it would set up a planned 13-episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character's death.[8]
However, due to Callies and the show's producers being unable to agree on a new contract, the character was suddenly "killed off" in the fourth episode, much earlier than planned. Her sparse appearances during the season (including the use of stand-ins with their faces obscured) and her gruesome, off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress, as well as for dramatic and emotional impact.[8]
However, Sara's fate was retconned due to "fan backlash" and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4.[7]
Portrayal[edit]
The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role.[9] Incidentally, Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member.[10] In season 3, other actresses were used to portray the role, though their faces were never shown on screen.
Production details[edit]
A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series (as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment). The article gives Sara's middle name as "Wayne" (the same as that of the actress portraying her). It also says that she is the "second-eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi" (later retconned in the episode "Buried").
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting Company, Dr. Sara Tancredi's biography, Official site of Prison Break.
Jump up ^ Dialogue spoken by Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi in "The Rat", Prison Break season 1 episode 14.
Jump up ^ Ryan, M, "In the Big House with the 'Prison Break' cast. Chicago Tribune. August 24, 2005. Retrieved on March 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bobbin, J, "'Prison Break' Breaks More Rules". Zap2it.com. January 22, 2007. Retrieved on March 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Schechter, M, "November 20, 2006: Disconnect". TV Guide. November 21, 2006. Retrieved on March 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, M. W., "Prison Break: Is the Doctor (Gulp) Out?", TV Guide. May 15, 2006. Retrieved on February 19, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ausiello, M., "Exclusive! Prison Break Leading Lady Pregnant!", TV Guide. January 23, 2007. Retrieved on February 19, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, M., "Prison Break Exclusive: The Real Story Behind Sara's Death", TV Guide. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Prison Break DVD News, Season 2 Preview!. TV Guide. August 8, 2006. Retrieved on September 17, 2006.
Jump up ^ Riots, Drills and the Devil (Part 1), Prison Break Season 1 DVD commentary, Paul Scheuring and cast.
External links[edit]
Mitovich, M. W., "Sarah Wayne Callies: Prison Break's Sara Is in Deep Water", TV Guide. November 20, 2006.
[hide]
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Prison Break
Seasons
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Episodes
"Pilot"
"Allen"
"Cute Poison"
"English, Fitz or Percy"
"Riots, Drills and the Devil"
"Manhunt"
"Rendezvous"
"Bolshoi Booze"
" Disconnect"
"The Killing Box"
"John Doe"
"The Message"
"Chicago"
"Panama"
"Fin Del Camino"
"Scylla"
"Breaking & Entering"
"Shut Down"
"Eagles & Angels"
"Safe & Sound"
"Blow Out"
"Five the Hard Way"
"The Price"
"Greatness Achieved"
"The Legend"
"Quiet Riot"
"Selfless"
"Ogygia"
"Kaniel Outis"
"The Liar"
"The Prisoner's Dilemma
Characters
Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Brad Bellick
Lincoln Burrows
Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
Paul Kellerman
Alexander Mahone
Michael Scofield
Fernando Sucre
Sara Tancredi
Minor characters
Cast members
Universe
Fox River State Penitentiary
Penitenciaría Federal de Sona
The Company
Other media
The Final Break (movie)
Proof of Innocence
The Conspiracy
Soundtracks
Seasons 1 & 2
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Awards and nominations
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text:
Hard disk drive performance characteristics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Higher performance in hard disk drives comes from devices which have better performance characteristics.[1][2] These devices include those with rotating media, hereby called rotating drives, i.e., hard disk drives (HDD), floppy disk drives (FDD), optical discs (DVD-RW / CD-RW), and it also covers devices without moving parts like solid-state drives (SSD). For SSDs, most of the attributes related to the movement of mechanical components are not applicable, but the device is actually affected by some other electrically based element that still causes a measurable delay when isolating and measuring that attribute.[3] These performance characteristics can be grouped into two categories: access time and data transfer time (or rate).[4]
Contents
1 Access time
1.1 Seek time
1.1.1 Short stroking
1.1.2 Effect of audible noise and vibration control
1.2 Rotational latency
1.2.1 Effect of reduced power consumption
1.3 Other
2 Data transfer rate
2.1 Effect of file system
2.2 Effect of areal density
2.3 Interleave
3 Power consumption
4 Shock resistance
5 See also
6 References
Access time[edit]
A hard disk head on an access arm resting on a hard disk platter
The access time or response time of a rotating drive is a measure of the time it takes before the drive can actually transfer data. The factors that control this time on a rotating drive are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads. It is composed of a few independently measurable elements that are added together to get a single value when evaluating the performance of a storage device. The access time can vary significantly, so it is typically provided by manufacturers or measured in benchmarks as an average.[4][5] For SSDs this time is not dependent on moving parts, but rather electrical connections to solid state memory, so the access time is very quick and consistent.[6] Most testing and benchmark applications do not draw a distinction between rotating drives and SSDs so they both go through the same measurement process.
The key components that are typically added together to obtain the access time are:[2][7]
Seek time
Rotational latency
Command processing time
Settle time
Seek time[edit]
See also: Hard disk drive § Seek time
With rotating drives, the seek time measures the time it takes the head assembly on the actuator arm to travel to the track of the disk where the data will be read or written.[7] The data on the media is stored in sectors which are arranged in parallel circular tracks (concentric or spiral depending upon the device type) and there is an actuator with an arm that suspends a head that can transfer data with that media. When the drive needs to read or write a certain sector it determines in which track the sector is located.[8] It then uses the actuator to move the head to that particular track. If the initial location of the head was the desired track then the seek time would be zero. If the initial track was the outermost edge of the media and the desired track was at the innermost edge then the seek time would be the maximum for that drive.[9][10] Seek times are not linear compared with the seek distance traveled because of factors of acceleration and deceleration of the actuator arm.[11]
A rotating drive's average seek time is the average of all possible seek times which technically is the time to do all possible seeks divided by the number of all possible seeks, but in practice it is determined by statistical methods or simply approximated as the time of a seek over one-third of the number of tracks.[7][9][12] Average seek time ranges from under 4 ms for high-end server drives,[13] to 15 ms for mobile drives, with the most common mobile drives at about 12 ms[14] and the most common desktop drives typically being around 9 ms.
The first HDD[15] had an average seek time of about 600 ms, and by the middle 1970s, HDDs were available with seek times of about 25 ms.[16] Some early PC drives used a stepper motor to move the heads, and as a result had seek times as short as 80–120 ms, but this was quickly improved by voice coil type actuation in the 1980s, reducing seek times to around 20 ms. Seek time has continued to improve slowly over time.
The other two less commonly referenced seek measurements are track-to-track and full stroke. The track-to-track measurement is the time required to move from one track to an adjacent track.[7] This is the shortest (fastest) possible seek time. In HDDs this is typically between 0.2 and 0.8 ms.[6] The full stroke measurement is the time required to move from the outermost track to the innermost track. This is the longest (slowest) possible seek time.[9]
With SSDs there are no moving parts, so a measurement of the seek time is only testing electronic circuits preparing a particular location on the memory in the storage device. Typical SSDs will have a seek time between 0.08 and 0.16 ms.[6]
Short stroking[edit]
Short stroking is a term used in enterprise storage environments to describe an HDD that is purposely restricted in total capacity so that the actuator only has to move the heads across a smaller number of total tracks.[17] This limits the maximum distance the heads can be from any point on the drive thereby reducing its average seek time, but also restricts the total capacity of the drive. This reduced seek time enables the HDD to increase the number of IOPS available from the drive. The cost and power per usable byte of storage rises as the maximum track range is reduced.[18][19]
Effect of audible noise and vibration control[edit]
Measured in dBA, audible noise is significant for certain applications, such as DVRs, digital audio recording and quiet computers. Low noise disks typically use fluid bearings, lower rotational speeds (usually 5,400 rpm) and reduce the seek speed under load (AAM) to reduce audible clicks and crunching sounds. Drives in smaller form factors (e.g. 2.5 inch) are often quieter than larger drives.[20]
Some desktop- and laptop-class disk drives allow the user to make a trade-off between seek performance and drive noise. For example, Seagate offers a set of features in some drives called Sound Barrier Technology that include some user or system controlled noise and vibration reduction capability. Shorter seek times typically require more energy usage to quickly move the heads across the platter, causing loud noises from the pivot bearing and greater device vibrations as the heads are rapidly accelerated during the start of the seek motion and decelerated at the end of the seek motion. Quiet operation reduces movement speed and acceleration rates, but at a cost of reduced seek performance.[21]
Rotational latency[edit]
Typical HDD figures
HDD spindle
speed [rpm]
Average
rotational
latency [ms]
4,200 7.14
5,400 5.56
7,200 4.17
10,000 3.00
15,000 2.00
Rotational latency (sometimes called rotational delay or just latency) is the delay waiting for the rotation of the disk to bring the required disk sector under the read-write head.[22] It depends on the rotational speed of a disk (or spindle motor), measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).[7][23] For most magnetic media-based drives, the average rotational latency is typically based on the empirical relation that the average latency in milliseconds for such a drive is one-half the rotational period. Maximum rotational latency is the time it takes to do a full rotation excluding any spin-up time (as the relevant part of the disk may have just passed the head when the request arrived).[24]
Maximum latency = 60/rpm
Average latency = 0.5*Latency Time
Therefore, the rotational latency and resulting access time can be improved (decreased) by increasing the rotational speed of the disks.[7] This also has the benefit of improving (increasing) the throughput (discussed later in this article).
Further information: Disk storage § CAV-CLV
The spindle motor speed can use one of two types of disk rotation methods: 1) constant linear velocity (CLV), used mainly in optical storage, varies the rotational speed of the optical disc depending upon the position of the head, and 2) constant angular velocity (CAV), used in HDDs, standard FDDs, a few optical disc systems, and vinyl audio records, spins the media at one constant speed regardless of where the head is positioned.
Another wrinkle occurs depending on whether surface bit densities are constant. Usually, with a CAV spin rate, the densities are not constant so that the long outside tracks have the same number of bits as the shorter inside tracks. When the bit density is constant, outside tracks have more bits than inside tracks and is generally combined with a CLV spin rate. In both these schemes contiguous bit transfer rates are constant. This is not the case with other schemes such as using constant bit density with a CAV spin rate.
Effect of reduced power consumption[edit]
Power consumption has become increasingly important, not only in mobile devices such as laptops but also in server and desktop markets. Increasing data center machine density has led to problems delivering sufficient power to devices (especially for spin-up), and getting rid of the waste heat subsequently produced, as well as environmental and electrical cost concerns (see green computing). Most hard disk drives today support some form of power management which uses a number of specific power modes that save energy by reducing performance. When implemented, an HDD will change between a full power mode to one or more power saving modes as a function of drive usage. Recovery from the deepest mode, typically called Sleep where the drive is stopped or spun down, may take as long as several seconds to be fully operational thereby increasing the resulting latency.[25] The drive manufacturers are also now producing green drives that include some additional features that do reduce power, but can adversely affect the latency including lower spindle speeds and parking heads off the media to reduce friction.[26]
Other[edit]
The command processing time or command overhead is the time it takes for the drive electronics to set up the necessary communication between the various components in the device so it can read or write the data. This is of the order of 3 μs, very much less than other overhead times, so it is usually ignored when benchmarking hardware.[2][27]
The settle time is the time it takes the heads to settle on the target track and stop vibrating so they do not read or write off track. This time is usually very small, typically less than 100 μs, and modern HDD manufacturers account for it in their seek time specifications.[28]
Data transfer rate[edit]
A plot showing dependency of transfer rate on cylinder
The data transfer rate of a drive (also called throughput) covers both the internal rate (moving data between the disk surface and the controller on the drive) and the external rate (moving data between the controller on the drive and the host system). The measurable data transfer rate will be the lower (slower) of the two rates. The sustained data transfer rate or sustained throughput of a drive will be the lower of the sustained internal and sustained external rates. The sustained rate is less than or equal to the maximum or burst rate because it does not have the benefit of any cache or buffer memory in the drive. The internal rate is further determined by the media rate, sector overhead time, head switch time, and cylinder switch time. These are not applicable to SSDs.[7][29]
Media rate
Rate at which the drive can read bits from the surface of the media.
Sector overhead time
Additional time (bytes between sectors) needed for control structures and other information necessary to manage the drive, locate and validate data and perform other support functions.[30]
Head switch time
Additional time required to electrically switch from one head to another, re-align the head with the track and begin reading; only applies to multi-head drive and is about 1 to 2 ms.[30]
Cylinder switch time
Additional time required to move to the first track of the next cylinder and begin reading; the name cylinder is used because typically all the tracks of a drive with more than one head or data surface are read before moving the actuator. This time is typically about twice the track-to-track seek time. As of 2001, it was about 2 to 3 ms.[31]
Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools, then reading back the file.
As of 2010[update], a typical 7200 RPM desktop HDD has a "disk-to-buffer" data transfer rate up to 1030 Mbit/s.[32] This rate depends on the track location, so it will be higher on the outer zones (where there are more data sectors per track) and lower on the inner zones (where there are fewer data sectors per track); and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000 RPM drives.
Floppy disk drives have sustained "disk-to-buffer" data transfer rates that are one or two orders of magnitude lower than that of HDDs.
The sustained "disk-to-buffer" data transfer rates varies amongst families of Optical disk drives with the slowest 1x CDs at 1.23 Mbit/s floppy-like while a high performance 12x Blu-ray disc drive at 432 Mbit/s approaches the performance of HDDs.
A current widely used standard for the "buffer-to-computer" interface is 3.0 Gbit/s SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte/s (10-bit encoding) from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today's disk-to-buffer transfer rates.
SSDs do not have the same internal limits of HDDs, so their internal and external transfer rates are often maximizing the capabilities of the drive-to-host interface.
Effect of file system[edit]
Transfer rate can be influenced by file system fragmentation and the layout of the files. Defragmentation is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk.[33] Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically. Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays, the procedure can slow response when performed while the computer is in use.[34]
Flash memory–based SSDs do not need defragmentation; however, because SSDs write pages of data that are much larger than the blocks of data managed by the file system, over time, an SSD's write performance can degrade as the drive becomes full of pages which are partial or no longer needed by the file system. This can be ameliorated by a TRIM command from the system or internal garbage collection. Flash memory wears out over time as it is repeatedly written to; the writes required by defragmentation wear the drive for no speed advantage.[35]
Effect of areal density[edit]
HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the disks and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, increasing density has become the main method to improve sequential transfer rates.[36] Areal density (the number of bits that can be stored in a certain area of the disk) has been increased over time by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk, and the number of sectors per track. The latter will increase the data transfer rate for a given RPM speed. Improvement of data transfer rate performance is correlated to the areal density only by increasing a track's linear surface bit density (sectors per track). Simply increasing the number of tracks on a disk can affect seek times but not gross transfer rates. According to industry observers and analysts for 2011 to 2016,[37][38] “The current roadmap predicts no more than a 20%/yr improvement in bit density”.[39] Seek times have not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in bit density and storage capacity.
Interleave[edit]
Low-level formatting software from 1987 to find highest performance interleave choice for 10 MB IBM PC XT hard disk drive
Sector interleave is a mostly obsolete device characteristic related to data rate, dating back to when computers were too slow to be able to read large continuous streams of data. Interleaving introduced gaps between data sectors to allow time for slow equipment to get ready to read the next block of data. Without interleaving, the next logical sector would arrive at the read/write head before the equipment was ready, requiring the system to wait for another complete disk revolution before reading could be performed.
However, because interleaving introduces intentional physical delays between blocks of data thereby lowering the data rate, setting the interleave to a ratio higher than required causes unnecessary delays for equipment that has the performance needed to read sectors more quickly. The interleaving ratio was therefore usually chosen by the end-user to suit their particular computer system's performance capabilities when the drive was first installed in their system.
Modern technology is capable of reading data as fast as it can be obtained from the spinning platters, so hard drives usually have a fixed sector interleave ratio of 1:1, which is effectively no interleaving being used.
Power consumption[edit]
Power consumption has become increasingly important, not only in mobile devices such as laptops but also in server and desktop markets. Increasing data center machine density has led to problems delivering sufficient power to devices (especially for spin up), and getting rid of the waste heat subsequently produced, as well as environmental and electrical cost concerns (see green computing). Heat dissipation is tied directly to power consumption, and as drives age, disk failure rates increase at higher drive temperatures.[40] Similar issues exist for large companies with thousands of desktop PCs. Smaller form factor drives often use less power than larger drives. One interesting development in this area is actively controlling the seek speed so that the head arrives at its destination only just in time to read the sector, rather than arriving as quickly as possible and then having to wait for the sector to come around (i.e. the rotational latency).[41] Many of the hard drive companies are now producing Green Drives that require much less power and cooling. Many of these Green Drives spin slower (<5,400 rpm compared to 7,200, 10,000 or 15,000 rpm) thereby generating less heat. Power consumption can also be reduced by parking the drive heads when the disk is not in use reducing friction, adjusting spin speeds,[42] and disabling internal components when not in use.[43]
Drives use more power, briefly, when starting up (spin-up). Although this has little direct effect on total energy consumption, the maximum power demanded from the power supply, and hence its required rating, can be reduced in systems with several drives by controlling when they spin up.
On SCSI hard disk drives, the SCSI controller can directly control spin up and spin down of the drives.
Some Parallel ATA (PATA) and Serial ATA (SATA) hard disk drives support power-up in standby (PUIS): each drive does not spin up until the controller or system BIOS issues a specific command to do so. This allows the system to be set up to stagger disk start-up and limit maximum power demand at switch-on.
Some SATA II and later hard disk drives support staggered spin-up, allowing the computer to spin up the drives in sequence to reduce load on the power supply when booting.[44]
Most hard disk drives today support some form of power management which uses a number of specific power modes that save energy by reducing performance. When implemented an HDD will change between a full power mode to one or more power saving modes as a function of drive usage. Recovery from the deepest mode, typically called Sleep, may take as long as several seconds.[45]
Shock resistance[edit]
Shock resistance is especially important for mobile devices. Some laptops now include active hard drive protection that parks the disk heads if the machine is dropped, hopefully before impact, to offer the greatest possible chance of survival in such an event. Maximum shock tolerance to date is 350 g for operating and 1,000 g for non-operating.[46]
See also[edit]
vRPM
Hybrid drive
IOPS
Standard RAID levels
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hard Disk (Hard Drive) Performance – transfer rates, latency and seek times". pctechguide.com. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Red Hat Documentation: Hard Drive Performance Characteristics". redhat.com. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
Jump up ^ Lee, Yu Hsuan (December 2008). "To Defrag or Not to Defrag–That Is the Question for SSD". rtcmagazine.com. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Access Time". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Getting the hang of IOPS". 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Understanding Solid State Drives (part two – performance)" (PDF). HP. 2008-10-27. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Hard Drive Data Recovery Glossary". New York Data Recovery. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
Jump up ^ http://www.techopedia.com/definition/3558/seek-time
^ Jump up to: a b c Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Seek Time". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Hard Disk Tracks, Cylinders and Sectors". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ Chris Ruemmler; John Wilkes (March 1994). "An introduction to disk drive modeling" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Definition of Average Seek time" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (2010-04-06). "Western Digital's New VelociRaptor VR200M: 10K RPM at 450GB and 600GB". anandtech.com. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
Jump up ^ "WD Scorpio Blue Mobile: Drive Specifications". Western Digital. June 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
Jump up ^ "IBM Archives – IBM 350 disk storage unit". IBM. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
Jump up ^ "IBM Archives – IBM 3350 direct access storage". IBM. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
Jump up ^ http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/short-stroking-hdd,2157.html
Jump up ^ Schmid, Patrick; Roos, Achim (2009-03-05). "Accelerate Your Hard Drive By Short Stroking". tomshardware.com. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Jump up ^ Null, Linda; Lobur, Julia (14 February 2014). The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 499–500. ISBN 978-1-284-15077-3.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Noise and Vibration". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Seagate's Sound Barrier Technology" (PDF). November 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ In the 1950s and 1960s magnetic data storage devices used a drum instead of flat discs.
Jump up ^ In some early PCs the internal bus was slower than the drive data rate so sectors would be missed resulting the loss of an entire revolution. To prevent this sectors were interleaved to slow the effective data rate preventing missed sectors. This is no longer a problem for current PCs and storage devices.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Scott (2010-02-12). "Calculate IOPS in a storage array". techrepublic.com. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Adaptive Power Management for Mobile Hard Drives". IBM. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Momentus 5400.5 SATA 3Gb/s 320-GB Hard Drive". Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Command Overhead Time". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Settle Time". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Transfer Performance Specifications". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Head switch Time". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Cylinder switch Time". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Speed Considerations". Seagate. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ Kearns, Dave (2001-04-18). "How to defrag". ITWorld. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
Jump up ^ Broida, Rick (2009-04-10). "Turning Off Disk Defragmenter May Solve a Sluggish PC". PCWorld. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Sustaining SSD Performance" (PDF). 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ Kozierok, Charles (2001-04-17). "Areal Density". pcguide.com. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
Jump up ^ "HDD Areal Density Doubling in Five Years" (Press release). IHSi iSuppli Research. storagenewsletter.com. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
Jump up ^ Dave Anderson (2013). "HDD Opportunities & Challenges, Now to 2020" (PDF). Seagate. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, David S.H.; Rosenthal, Daniel C.; Miller, Ethan L.; Adams, Ian F. (2012-09-28). The Economics of Long-Term Digital Storage (PDF). UNESCO International Conference, Memory of the World in the Digital Age: Digitization and Preservation (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 513–528.
Jump up ^ Artamonov, Oleg (6 December 2007). "Hard Disk Drive Power Consumption Measurements: X-bit's Methodology". Xbit Laboratories. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ e.g. Western Digital's Intelliseek Archived 2012-11-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Hitachi Unveils Energy-Efficient Hard Drive with Variable Spindle Speed". Xbitlabs.com. 22 October 2007. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Webber, Lawrence; Wallace, Michael (2009). Green tech: how to plan and implement sustainable IT solutions. p. 62. ISBN 0-8144-1446-X.
Jump up ^ Trusted Reviews (31 August 2005). "Hitachi Deskstar 7K500 500GB HDD: As fast as it's big?".
Jump up ^ "Adaptive Power Management for Mobile Hard Drives". Almaden.ibm.com. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Momentus 5400.5 SATA 3Gb/s 320-GB Hard Drive Archived 2010-11-29 at the Wayback Machine.
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Interstate 95 in North Carolina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the section of Interstate 95 in North Carolina. For the entire route, see Interstate 95.
Interstate 95
Route information
Maintained by NCDOT
Length
181.71 mi[2][3] (292.43 km)
Existed
1958[1] – present
Major junctions
South end
I-95 at the SC state line
I‑74 / US 74 near Lumberton
US 13 / NC 295 in Eastover
I‑40 near Benson
I‑795 / US 264 near Wilson
US 64 in Rocky Mount
North end
I-95 at the VA state line
Location
Counties
Robeson, Cumberland, Harnett, Johnston, Wilson, Nash, Halifax, Northampton
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
North Carolina Highway System
Interstate
U.S.
State
Scenic
← NC 94 NC 96 →
Interstate 95 (I-95) is a major Interstate Highway, running along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maine. In North Carolina, I-95 runs diagonally across the eastern third of the state, from Rowland at the South Carolina border to Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. From south to north, the route passes through or near the cities of Lumberton, Fayetteville, Wilson, Rocky Mount and Roanoke Rapids. The entire route is rural, forming the informal border between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of the state. There are two auxiliary routes for I-95 in the state: Future I-295, a partially completed bypass of Fayetteville and I-795, a spur route connecting I-95 to the city of Goldsboro.
Contents
[hide]
1 Route description
1.1 Services
1.2 Dedicated and memorial names
2 History
2.1 Tolls
3 Future
4 Auxiliary routes in North Carolina
5 Exit list
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Route description[edit]
Interstate 95 enters North Carolina at the South Carolina line, just north of the South of the Border attraction and just to the south of the town of Rowland. Traveling mostly northeast from the border, the road enters Lumberton where it interchanges with I-74. Frontage roads through Lumberton have extensive travel services, including restaurants, shops, and hotels. Leaving Lumberton, the route turns due north through a rural area of the state, past the small farming community of St. Pauls. I-95 serves as the eastern bypass of Fayetteville where Interstate 95 Business, an older alignment, connects I-95 to downtown Fayetteville.
I-95 interchanges with I-40 in Benson, North Carolina, U.S. 264 in Wilson, and U.S. 64 in Rocky Mount, three of the main east-west routes in the eastern part of the state. The last city it passes is Roanoke Rapids before leaving the state near the unincorporated community of Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. For most of the route, I-95 is paralleled closely by U.S. 301.
Services[edit]
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) operate and maintain two welcome centers and six rest areas along I-95. Welcome centers, which have a travel information facility on site, are located at mile markers 5 (northbound) and 181 (southbound); rest areas are located at mile markers 47 (north and southbound), 99 (north and southbound) and 142 (north and southbound). Common at all locations are public restrooms, public telephones, vending machines, picnic area and barbecue grills.[4]
The North Carolina Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) operate and maintain four truck inspection/weigh stations along I-95. The Robeson County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 24, each has one fixed scale. The Halifax County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 151, each has two fixed scales.[5]
Dedicated and memorial names[edit]
Interstate 95 in North Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges, interchanges and stretches of freeway.
Blue Star Memorial Highway: Official North Carolina honorary name of Interstate 95 throughout the state (approved on June 13, 1980).[6][7][8]
Dick Fleming Freeway: Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 from exit 95, in Smithfield, to exit 97, in Selma, in Johnston County. He is honored as being a visionary businessman, who help spur businesses along the two exits and the establishment of Carolina Pottery Store in 1983, which later grew to become Carolina Premium Outlets (approved January, 2013; dedicated March 22, 2013).[9]
Hector MacLean Highway: Official North Carolina name of Interstate 95 within Lumberton city limits (approved on October 3, 1997).[6]
History[edit]
I-95 Entering into NC from VA
Established in 1956, as part of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, I-95 was routed along or near existing US 301 throughout the state of North Carolina. By 1961, two stretches of the interstate opened: from mile marker 56, in Fayetteville, to mile marker 107, near Kenly; the other a small bypass near Saint Pauls. In 1964, the Saint Pauls section extended further south into Lumberton; while another small stretch opened from US 158, in Roanoke Rapids, to the Virginia state line. In 1969, I-95 was extended further south from Roanoke Rapids to exit 145, in Rocky Mount (later used for NC 4). In 1973, Interstate 95 was completed from Saint Pauls to the South Carolina state line.
By the mid 1970s, I-95 had two gaps along its route: Fayetteville and Kenly-Gold Rock. In May 1978, two Interstate 95 Business loops were established, both overlapping US 301, to help connect through the gaps and make I-95 appear as one continuous route throughout the state. In November 1978, the first gap to be completed was the Kenly-Gold Rock section.[10] The final section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1980, an easterly bypass of Fayetteville.[11][12]
Tolls[edit]
The idea of tolling I-95 started in 2001 as a way to pay for improvements along the route. In 2003, state officials sought permission from the Federal Highway Administration for a plan that would cost $3 billion and put toll booths every thirty miles along the entire route. However, this was quickly killed by Governor Mike Easley, who did not support tolls.[13]
In 2006, when the Virginia General Assembly passed the resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway, North Carolina was asked to join in on the compact of putting tolls along the entire length of Interstate 95 in both states.[14] Again, this was stopped by Governor Mike Easley, who did not see the benefit in such a compact and reiterated his opposition of tolls along Interstate 95.[12]
In 2010, North Carolina leaders revived talks on tolling Interstate 95, submitting a request to the Federal Highway Administration to toll the entire route. Approval would be considered after an environmental assessment and other conditions. Support has grown in a number of factors including the fact that the interstate is mostly rural and used predominantly by out-of-state drivers.[12]
On January 20, 2012, NCDOT received final approval of the Environmental Assessment for improvements along I-95 in North Carolina. The following recommendations were made:
Widen I-95 to eight lanes (four lanes in each direction) from exit 31 to exit 81;
Widen the remaining sections of I-95 to six lanes (three lanes in each direction);
Make necessary repairs to pavement;
Raise and rebuild bridges;
Improve interchanges; and
Bring I-95 up to current safety standards for interstates.
It is estimated to cost $4.4 billion with recommendation that it should be paid through tolls. Construction would begin in two phases: Phase 1 (exit 31-exit 81) would begin in 2016 with tolls starting after completion; phase 2 would begin in 2019, which covers the remainder of the interstate.[15][16][17] With a possible 2019 start date for the tolls, NCDOT plans to install nine overhead toll collection sensors every twenty miles with additional toll collection sensors at exits before tolls (to reduce drivers from jumping off and on at each toll); main toll stations will charge twenty miles each while exit tolls will charge ten miles each. Gaps along the route, where no toll collectors are located, will allow local traffic to utilize the interstate toll free. Though the toll rates have not been established, a NCDOT report suggest charging 19.2 cents per mile (11.9 ¢/km) for cars in the phase 1 section, with a much lower rate of 6.4 ¢/mi (4.0 ¢/km) on phase 2 sections; which would work out to be $19.20 from border to border (trucks with three axles or more will be charged more). Drivers that do not carry a toll transponder (i.e. North Carolina Quick Pass) will have their license numbers recorded by cameras and will be billed by mail, at a higher toll rate.[18]
Future[edit]
NCDOT plans to widen I-95 from four to six lanes between mile markers 14 and 21, in Robeson County. However, it is currently flagged "Scheduled for Reprioritization," with no estimated cost or date established.[19]
An improvement project along I-95 includes widening sections of the interstate in Cumberland and Robeson counties between Exit 22 & Exit 40 and in Harnett & Johnston counties between Exit 71 & Exit 81 to eight lanes. Currently, funding is expected for the Cumberland and Robeson section after 2027 and construction scheduled for the Harnett & Johnston counties section in 2026.[20]
Auxiliary routes in North Carolina[edit]
Interstate
City
Type
Notes
Interstate 95 Business Fayetteville Business loop Expressway and boulevard grades.
Interstate 95 Business Wilson and Rocky Mount Business loop Boulevard grade. Decommissioned.
Interstate 295 Fayetteville Bypass Future; completed segments designated as NC 295.
Interstate 495 Raleigh Connector Connected between I-40 and I-540; future to I-95 in Rocky Mount. Replaced by I-87.
Interstate 795 Wilson and Goldsboro Spur
Exit list[edit]
County
Location
mi[3]
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes
Robeson
0.00
0.00 I-95 south – Florence Continuation into South Carolina
1 US 301 / US 501 – Rowland, Laurinburg, Dillon Signed as exits 1A (south) and 1B (north) southbound; exits 1 northbound and 1A southbound are in South Carolina

2.3
3.7 2 NC 130 to NC 904 – Rowland, Fairmont

7.2
11.6 7 Raynham Road – McDonald, Raynham

10.4
16.7 10 US 301 south – Raynham South end of US 301 overlap
Lumberton
13.0
20.9 13 I‑74 / US 74 – Whiteville, Wilmington, Laurinburg, Rockingham Signed as exits 13A (east) and 13B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes
13.7
22.0 14 US 74 Permanently closed in 2007; replaced by exit 13
17.0
27.4 17 NC 72 / NC 711 – Lumberton, Pembroke, Red Springs
18.7
30.1 19 Carthage Road
19.9
32.0 20 NC 211 to NC 41 – Lumberton, Red Springs, Fairmont
21.5
34.6 22 US 301 north – Lumberton North end of US 301 overlap

25.0
40.2 25 US 301
St. Pauls
31.4
50.5 31 NC 20 – St. Pauls, Raeford
33.0
53.1 33 US 301 to NC 71 – Parkton, St. Pauls

I‑295 Proposed interchange (unfunded)[21]
Cumberland
40.0
64.4 40 I‑95 Bus. north to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg
Hope Mills
41.3
66.5 41 NC 59 north – Hope Mills

43.9
70.7 44 Snow Hill Road – Fayetteville Regional Airport

46.0
74.0 46 NC 87 – Elizabethtown, Fayetteville Signed as exits 46A (south) and 46B (north); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes
Fayetteville
49.0
78.9 49 NC 53 / NC 210 – Fayetteville
Vander
51.6
83.0 52 NC 24 – Fayetteville, Clinton Signed as exits 52A (east) and 52B (west); cloverleaf interchange with C/D lanes
Eastover
54.6
87.9 55 Murphy Road
55.1
88.7 56 I‑95 Bus. south to US 301 – Fayetteville, Fort Bragg
58.0
93.3 58 US 13 north / NC 295 south to US 401 – Newton Grove, Fort Bragg

61.2
98.5 61 Wade–Steadman Road – Wade

65.3
105.1 65 NC 82 – Godwin, Falcon
Harnett
69.5
111.8 70 Bud Hawkins Road

70.8
113.9 71 Long Branch Road
Dunn
72.4
116.5 72 Pope Road
73.0
117.5 73 US 421 / NC 55 – Dunn, Clinton, Newton Grove

75.0
120.7 75 Jonesboro Road

76.9
123.8 77 Hodges Chapel Road
Johnston Benson
79.5
127.9 79 NC 50 / NC 242 to NC 27 – Benson, Newton Grove
81.0
130.4 81 I‑40 – Wilmington, Raleigh, Durham Signed southbound as exits 81A (west) and 81B (east)
Four Oaks
87.6
141.0 87 Keen Road – Four Oaks
89.8
144.5 90 US 701 south / NC 96 – Newton Grove
Smithfield
93.1
149.8 93 Brogden Road – Smithfield
94.8
152.6 95
US 70 Bus. – Smithfield, Goldsboro To Carolina Premium Outlets
Selma
96.9
155.9 97 US 70 (NC 39) – Selma, Pine Level, Goldsboro
98.0
157.7 98 Pine Level–Selma Road – Selma
Micro
101.4
163.2 101 Pittman Road
102.5
165.0 102 Main Street – Micro
Kenly
104.6
168.3 105 Bagley Road
106.0
170.6 106 Truck Stop Road
107.2
172.5 107 US 301 – Kenly, Wilson To Gov. Charles B. Aycock Birthplace and Tobacco Farm Life Museum
Wilson
116.4
187.3 116 NC 42 – Wilson, Clayton
Wilson
119.4
192.2 119A I‑795 south / US 264 east – Wilson, Greenville, Goldsboro Signed as exits 119A (east/south) and 119B (west)
Cloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways
119B US 264 west – Raleigh
121.5
195.5 121
US 264 Alt. – Wilson, Sims
Nash
126.9
204.2 127 NC 97 – Rocky Mount–Wilson Regional Airport

132.4
213.1 132 To NC 58 / Sandy Cross Road
Rocky Mount
Sunset Avenue Proposed interchange (unfunded).[22][23]
138.5
222.9 138 US 64 – Nashville, Raleigh, Rocky Mount, Tarboro Signed as exits 138A (west) 138B (east)
To NC Aquarium and Cape Hatteras National Seashore
Cloverleaf interchange with collector/distributor roadways
Dortches
140.8
226.6 141 NC 43 – Red Oak
Rocky Mount
145.0
233.4 145 NC 4 / NC 48 to US 301 – Gold Rock, Rocky Mount

149.8
241.1 150 NC 33 – Whitakers
Halifax
153.7
247.4 154 NC 481 – Enfield

160.5
258.3 160 NC 561 – Halifax To Medoc Mountain State Park

167.7
269.9 168 NC 903 – Halifax
Roanoke Rapids
170.7
274.7 171 NC 125 – Roanoke Rapids
173.0
278.4 173 US 158 – Roanoke Rapids, Weldon
Northampton
175.8
282.9 176 NC 46 – Gaston, Garysburg

180.0
289.7 180 NC 48 – Gaston

181.7
292.4 I-95 north – Richmond Continuation into Virginia
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Closed/former
Concurrency terminus
Unopened
See also[edit]
North Carolina portal
U.S. Roads portal
Cape Fear River
Lake Gaston
Lumber River
Neuse River
Roanoke River
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I-95 Fact Sheet" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. June 21, 2008. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration Route Log and Finder List, Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002
^ Jump up to: a b Google (February 13, 2012). "Interstate 95 in North Carolina" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NCDOT: North Carolina Rest Areas System". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NCDPS - Weigh Stations". North Carolina Department of Public Safety. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "North Carolina Memorial Highways and other Named Facilities" (PDF). Retrieved October 7, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "NCDOT: NC Blue Star Memorial Marker Locations". Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Blue Star Memorial Marker Program Directory" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (March 22, 2013). "NCDOT Names Section of I-95 in Johnston County as Dick Fleming Freeway". Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Opening of I-95 Set For Monday". Spring Hope Enterprise. November 16, 1978. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NCRoads.com: I-95". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Siceloff, Bruce (June 13, 2010). "Talk of I-95 tolls revives". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interstate-Guide: Interstate 95". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "SJ 184 Interstate Route 95". Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (January 20, 2012). "Environmental Assessment Approved for I-95 Improvements". NCDOT. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press (January 21, 2012). "NC report recommends tolls on Interstate 95". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dorsey, Steve (January 21, 2012). "NC DOT considers making I-95 a toll road". Durham, NC: WTVD-TV. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Siceloff, Bruce (February 12, 2012). "Plan fights evasion of I-95 toll in North Carolina". The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NCDOT: Project I-3806". Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ webmaster. "NCDOT News Release: Fourteen New Projects for Division 6 in Updated Draft Transportation Plan". apps.ncdot.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
Jump up ^ Staff. "NCDOT Project U-2519". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff. "City of Rocky Mount TIP Status Report" (PDF). City of Rocky Mount. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff. "NCDOT Project U-5026". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
External links[edit]
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
Display on Google Maps
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 95 in North Carolina
KML is from Wikidata
Media related to Interstate 95 in North Carolina at Wikimedia Commons
Driving95|I-95 Corridor Planning & Financial Study
Internatate 95 North Carolina @ SoutheastRoads.com (AARoads)
Exitlists.com (I-95)
Interstate 95
Previous state:
South Carolina North Carolina Next state:
Virginia
[hide]
v
t
e
Auxiliary routes of Interstate 95
Florida
195
295
395
595
7952
Georgia
Business
North Carolina
2952
4951
795
Business
Virginia
195
295
395
495
5951
8951
District of Columbia
295
395
495
695
Maryland
195
295
395
495
5954
695
795
895
Delaware
295
495
8951
Pennsylvania
295
4951
6953
8953
New Jersey
195
295
4951
6953
8953
New York
295
495
695
8951
Connecticut
395
Rhode Island
195
295
8953
Massachusetts
195
295
395
495
6953
8953
Maine
195
295
395
4954
1Former
2Future
3Unbuilt
4Unsigned
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_95_in_North_Carolina&oldid=842832736"
Categories:
Interstate 95
Interstate Highways in North Carolina
Transportation in Fayetteville, North Carolina
Transportation in Robeson County, North Carolina
Transportation in Cumberland County, North Carolina
Transportation in Harnett County, North Carolina
Transportation in Johnston County, North Carolina
Transportation in Wilson County, North Carolina
Transportation in Nash County, North Carolina
Transportation in Halifax County, North Carolina
Transportation in Northampton County, North Carolina
Hidden categories:
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