text:
Mount of Beatitudes
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Mount of Beatitudes, seen from Capernaum
Roman Catholic chapel at Mount of Beatitudes
Mosaic floor beside the church
The Mount of Beatitudes (Hebrew: Har HaOsher הר האושר) is a hill in northern Israel where Jesus is believed to have delivered the Sermon on the Mount.
Contents
1 Location
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Location[edit]
The traditional location for the Mount of Beatitudes is on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, between Capernaum and Gennesaret (Ginosar). Its highest point is 58 metres (190 ft) below sea level, which is approximately 155 metres (509 ft) above the surface of the lake.[1] The actual location of the Sermon on the Mount is not certain, but the present site (also known as Mount Eremos) has been commemorated for more than 1600 years. The site is very near Tabgha. Other suggested locations have included the nearby Mount Arbel, or even the Horns of Hattin.
History[edit]
A Byzantine church was erected lower down the slope from the current site in the 4th century, and it was used until the 7th century. Remains of a cistern and a monastery are still visible. The current Roman Catholic Franciscan chapel was built in 1937-38 following plans by Italian architect Antonio Barluzzi.
Pope John Paul II celebrated a Mass at this site in March 2000. The Jesus Trail pilgrimage route connects the Mount to other sites from the life of Jesus.
See also[edit]
Christianity in Israel
Domus Galilaeae
Tourism in Israel
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Survey of Israel, 1:50000 topographic series, grid 252529/754954 [1]; Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research [2].
Macmillan Bible Atlas, ISBN 0-02-500605-3
Oxford Archaeological Guide: The Holy Land (paperback, fourth edition (1998)), pg 279. ISBN 0-19-288013-6
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount of Beatitudes.

Coordinates: 32°52′56.04″N 35°33′18.61″E / 32.8822333°N 35.5551694°E / 32.8822333; 35.5551694
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_of_Beatitudes&oldid=823581323"
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Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals (CGCCA) is the intermediate appellate court for criminal convictions in the U.S. Coast Guard. It is located in Arlington, Virginia.
The Court was established under Article 66, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), by the Judge Advocate General of the Coast Guard. The Court is normally composed of five appellate military judges, organized in panels of three for consideration of referred cases. All but the Chief Judge have other primary duties, so that their service on the Court constitutes a collateral duty.
Contents
[hide]
1 Jurisdiction
1.1 Review of courts-martial
1.2 Writ review
2 Judges
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
Jurisdiction[edit]
Review of courts-martial[edit]
See also: Courts-martial in the United States
In general, the Court reviews and acts on the records by affirming, reversing, or modifying in part the findings or sentence in each case of trial by court-martial in which the sentence, as approved, extends to death; dismissal of a commissioned officer or cadet; dishonorable discharge; bad conduct discharge; or confinement of one year or more. The Court also reviews other courts-martial with lesser sentences if the Judge Advocate General so directs.
After CGCCA review, the next level of appeal is to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
Writ review[edit]
Also reviewed by the Court are petitions for extraordinary writs, petitions for new trial which have been referred to the Court, and appeals by the United States under Article 62, UCMJ.
Judges[edit]
The judges may be commissioned officers or civilians. As of 2013, the Court is constituted[1] as follows:
Chief Judge Lane I. McClelland
Judge Patrick J. McGuire
Judge Brian T. McTague
Judge John F. Havranek
Judge Charlie M. Johnson
Judge Kathleen A. Duignan
Judge Andrew J. Norris
Clerk of the Court: Andrew A. Alder
See also[edit]
Court-martial
Coast Guard Legal Division
Coast Guard Investigative Service
Army Court of Criminal Appeals
Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
External links[edit]
Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ CGCCA Court Listing
[show]
v
t
e
United States Military Judicial Authority
Military justice
Law of the United States
Authority
United States Constitution, Article I
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
Standards
Manual for Courts-Martial
Convening authority (court-martial)
Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)
Army
Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army (Army JAG)
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Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division
Navy
Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy (Navy JAG)
Air Force
Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force
Coast Guard
Coast Guard Legal Division
Non-judicial punishment
UCMJ Article 15
Military tribunals in the United States
Court systems
Trial
Courts-martial
Guantanamo military commissions
Appeal
Army Court of Criminal Appeals
Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
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review
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text:
Virginia Declaration of Rights
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Created
May 1776
Ratified
June 12, 1776
Location
Library of Congress (first draft)[1]
Author(s)
George Mason (primary), Thomas Ludwell Lee
Purpose
Declare the inherent rights of Virginians (and mankind in general).
The Virginia Declaration of Rights is a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government.[2] It influenced a number of later documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the United States Bill of Rights (1789).[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Drafting and adoption
2 Contents
3 Text
4 Influence
5 Quotations derived from the Declaration
6 Notes
7 External links
Drafting and adoption[edit]
George Mason was the principal author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
The Declaration was adopted unanimously by the Fifth Virginia Convention at Williamsburg, Virginia on June 12, 1776 as a separate document from the Constitution of Virginia which was later adopted on June 29, 1776.[4] In 1830, the Declaration of Rights was incorporated within the Virginia State Constitution as Article I, but even before that Virginia's Declaration of Rights stated that it was '"the basis and foundation of government" in Virginia.[5] A slightly updated version may still be seen in Virginia's Constitution, making it legally in effect to this day.
Ten articles were initially drafted by George Mason circa May 20–26, 1776; three other articles were added in committee, seen in the original draft in the handwriting of Thomas Ludwell Lee, but the author is unknown. James Madison later proposed liberalizing the article on religious freedom, but the larger Virginia Convention made further changes. It was later amended by Committee and the entire Convention, including the addition of a section on the right to a uniform government (Section 14). [6] Patrick Henry persuaded the Convention to delete a section that would have prohibited bills of attainder, arguing that ordinary laws could be ineffective against some terrifying offenders.[7] Edmund Pendleton proposed the line "when they enter into a state of society" which allowed slave holders to support the declaration of universal rights which would be understood not to apply to slaves as they were not part of civil society.[8]
Mason based his initial draft on the rights of citizens described in earlier works such as the English Bill of Rights (1689), and the writings of John Locke and the Declaration can be considered the first modern Constitutional protection of individual rights for citizens of North America. It rejected the notion of privileged political classes or hereditary offices such as the members of Parliament and House of Lords described in the English Bill of Rights.
The Declaration consists of sixteen articles on the subject of which rights "pertain to [the people of Virginia]...as the basis and foundation of Government."[9] In addition to affirming the inherent nature of rights to life, liberty, property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety, the Declaration both describes a view of Government as the servant of the people, and enumerates its separation of powers into the administration, legislature, and judiciary. Thus, the document is unusual in that it not only prescribes legal rights, but it also describes moral principles upon which a government should be run.[10]
Contents[edit]
Articles 1–3 address the subject of rights and the relationship between government and the governed. Article 1 states that "all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights of which . . . they cannot deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety," a statement later made internationally famous in the first paragraph of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, as "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
Articles 2 and 3 note the revolutionary concept that "all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people..."[11] and that "whenever any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community hath an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to reform, alter or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal."
Article 4 asserts the equality of all citizens, rejecting the notion of privileged political classes or hereditary offices – another criticism of British institutions such as the House of Lords and the privileges of the peerage: "no set of men, are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which, not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator, or judge be hereditary."
Articles 5 and 6 recommend the principles of separation of powers and free elections, "frequent, certain, and regular"[12] of executives and legislators: "That the legislative and executive powers of the state should be separate and distinct from the judicative; and, that the members of the two first...should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken...by frequent, certain, and regular elections."[12]
Articles 7–16 propose restrictions on the powers of the government, declaring the government should not have the power of suspending or executing laws, "without consent of the representatives of the people";[13] establishing the legal rights to be "confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage," and to prevent a citizen from being "compelled to give evidence against himself."[14] protections against "cruel and unusual punishments",[15] baseless search and seizure,[16] and the guarantees of a trial by jury,[17] freedom of the press,[18] freedom of religion ("all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion"),[19] and "the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free state" rested in a well regulated militia composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, that standing armies in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty;[20] Article 8 protects a person against "being deprived of his liberty except by the law of the land" which later evolved into the due process clause in the federal Bill of Rights.[18] Article 12 is the first ever codification of the right to a free press and was an important precursor to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[21]
Text[edit]
The following is the complete text of the Virginia Declaration of Rights:
A DECLARATION OF RIGHTS made by the representatives of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and free convention which rights do pertain to them and their posterity, as the basis and foundation of government.
Section 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
Section 2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people; that magistrates are their trustees and servants and at all times amenable to them.
Section 3. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, protection, and security of the people, nation, or community; of all the various modes and forms of government, that is best which is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety and is most effectually secured against the danger of maladministration. And that, when any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community has an indubitable, inalienable, and indefeasible right to reform, alter, or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal.
Section 4. None of mankind is entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which, not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator, or judge to be hereditary.
Section 5. That the legislative and executive powers of the state should be separate and distinct from the judiciary; and that the members of the two first may be restrained from oppression, by feeling and participating the burdens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken, and the vacancies be supplied by frequent, certain, and regular elections, in which all, or any part, of the former members, to be again eligible, or ineligible, as the laws shall direct.
Section 6. That elections of members to serve as representatives of the people, in assembly ought to be free; and that all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, and attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their own consent or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not, in like manner, assented for the public good.
Section 7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised.
Section 8. That in all capital or criminal prosecutions a man has a right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of twelve men of his vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty; nor can he be compelled to give evidence against himself; that no man be deprived of his liberty except by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers.
Section 9. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Section 10. That general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, or whose offense is not particularly described and supported by evidence, are grievous and oppressive and ought not to be granted.
Section 11. That in controversies respecting property, and in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury is preferable to any other and ought to be held sacred.
Section 12. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments.
Section 13. That a well-regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defense of a free state; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power.
Section 14. That the people have a right to uniform government; and, therefore, that no government separate from or independent of the government of Virginia ought to be erected or established within the limits thereof.
Section 15. That no free government, or the blessings of liberty, can be preserved to any people but by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality, and virtue and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles.
Section 16. That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and therefore all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practise Christian forbearance, love, and charity toward each other. Written by George Mason, and adopted by the Virginia Constitutional Convention on June 12, 1776.
[22]
Influence[edit]
The Virginia Declaration of Rights heavily influenced later documents. Thomas Jefferson is thought to have drawn on it when he drafted the United States Declaration of Independence in the same month (June 1776). James Madison was also influenced by the Declaration while drafting the Bill of Rights (introduced September 1789, ratified 1791).[23]
The Virginia Declaration of Rights was one of the earliest documents to emphasize the protection of individual rights, rather than protecting only members of Parliament or consisting of simple laws that can be changed as easily as passed. For instance, it was the first declaration of rights to call for a free press.[24]
Virginia's western counties cited the Declaration of Rights as a justification for rejecting the state's Ordinance of Secession before the American Civil War. The delegates to the Wheeling Convention argued that under the Declaration of Rights, any change in the form of government had to be approved by a referendum. Since the Secession Convention had not been convened by a referendum, the western counties argued that all of its acts were void. This set in motion the chain of events that ultimately led the western counties to break off as the separate state of West Virginia.
Quotations derived from the Declaration[edit]
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. —That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed" — United States Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common utility." — Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." (although the Virginia Declaration makes no reference to a "right to keep or bear arms") — Second Amendment to the United States Constitution (December 1791)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Treasures Exhibit Object Focus". Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Virginia Declaration of Rights; Article 3". Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Robert (2008). "Mason, George (1725–1792)". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. p. 321. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n194.
Jump up ^ Virginia Gazette, Purdie, July 05, 1776 supplement, page 1.
Jump up ^ Pittman, R. "The Virginia Declaration of Rights; Its Place in History" (1955).
Jump up ^ Rutland, Robert, editor, The Papers of George Mason (1970), vol. 1 pp. 274–89
Jump up ^ Randolph, Edmund. History of Virginia, page 255 (Virginia Historical Society 1970).
Jump up ^ We Hold These Truths . . . And Other Words That Made America, Paul Aron, Colonial Williamsburg and Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2008
Jump up ^ Preamble, Virginia Declaration of Rights.
Jump up ^ Lieberman, Jethro (1987). The Enduring Constitution: A Bicentennial Perspective. West Publishing Co. p. 28. ISBN 0-314-32025-3.
Jump up ^ Article 2
^ Jump up to: a b Article 5
Jump up ^ Article 7
Jump up ^ Article 8
Jump up ^ Article 9
Jump up ^ Article 10
Jump up ^ Article 11
^ Jump up to: a b Article 12
Jump up ^ Article 16
Jump up ^ Article 13
Jump up ^ Mellen, Roger P. "The Origins of a Free Press in Prerevolutionary Virginis, pp. 254–63 (2009).
Jump up ^ George Mason (June 12, 1776). "The Virginia Declaration of Rights". Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Declaration of Rights". Primary Documents in American History. Library of Congress. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Craig R. (1993). To form a more perfect union. Long Beach, CA: Center for First Amendment Studies. p. 21.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Virginia Declaration of Rights
Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason's Draft, 20–26 May 1776)
Virginia Declaration of Rights (Committee Draft, 27 May 1776)
Virginia Declaration of Rights (Final Draft, 12 June 1776)
Shaping the Constitution: Virginia Declaration of Rights, from the Library of Virginia and the Library of Congress
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Population Registration Act, 1950
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Population Registration Act, 1950
Act to make provision for the compilation of a Register of the Population of the Union; for the issue of Identity Cards to persons whose names are included in the Register; and for matters incidental thereto.
Citation
Act No. 30 of 1950
Enacted by
Parliament of South Africa
Date of Royal Assent
22 June 1950
Date commenced
7 July 1950
Date repealed
28 June 1991
Administered by
Minister of the Interior
Repealing legislation
Population Registration Act Repeal Act, 1991
Status: Repealed
The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that each inhabitant of South Africa be classified and registered in accordance with his or her racial characteristics as part of the system of apartheid.[1][2][3]
Race classification certificate issued in terms of the Population Registration Act
Explanation of South African identity numbers in an identity document during apartheid in terms of official White, Coloured and Indian population subgroups
Social rights, political rights, educational opportunities, and economic status were largely determined by the group to which an individual belonged. There were three basic racial classifications under the law: Black, White and Coloured (mixed). Indians (that is, South Asians from the former British India, and their descendants) were later added as a separate classification as they were seen as having "no historical right to the country".
An Office for Race Classification was set up to overview the classification process. Classification into groups was carried out using criteria such as outer appearance, general acceptance and social standing. For example, it defined a "white person" as one who "in appearance is obviously a white person who is generally not accepted as a coloured person; or is generally accepted as a white person and is not in appearance obviously a white person." Because some aspects of the profile were of a social nature,[2] reclassification was not uncommon, and a board was established to conduct that process. For example, the following criteria were used for separating the coloureds from the whites:[2]
Characteristics of the person's head hair
Characteristics of the person's other hair
Skin colour
Facial features
Home language and especially the knowledge of Afrikaans
Area where the person lives, the person's friends and acquaintances
Employment
Socioeconomic status
Eating and drinking habits
This law worked in tandem with other laws passed as part of the apartheid system. Under the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, it was illegal for a white person to marry a person of another race. With the enactment of the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, it also became a crime for a white person and a person of another race to have sexual intercourse.
Under the act, as amended, Coloureds and Indians were formally classified into various subgroups, including Cape Coloured, Malay, Griqua, Chinese, Indian, Other Asian and Other Coloured.[4][5]
The South African Parliament repealed the act on June 17, 1991. However, the racial categories defined in the act remain ingrained in South African culture[6][7] and they still form the basis of some official policies and statistics aimed at redressing past economic imbalances (Black Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity).[8][9]
See also[edit]
Demographics of South Africa
Pencil test
Urban apartheid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "South African Demographic Health Survey" (PDF). Department of Health. 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Posel, Deborah (2001). "What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife" (PDF). Michigan State University. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "South African activist teacher gets education doctorate". Stanford News Service. 1991. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Valentine, Sue. "An appalling 'science'". Sunday Times Heritage Project. The Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Leach, Graham (1986). South Africa : no easy path to peace (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 70. ISBN 0710208480.
Jump up ^ Rondganger, Lee (6 June 2006). "Being an African makes me who I am". IOL. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ du Preez, Max (9 March 2011). "Are we all 'coloured'?". News24. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Lehohla, Pali (5 May 2005). "Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA". Business Report. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2013. Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme.
Jump up ^ Davis, Rebecca (25 November 2013). "DA: We're not over race, but united we stand". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
External links[edit]
The full text of Population Registration Act, 1950 at Wikisource
hide
v
t
e
Apartheid legislation in South Africa
Precursors
(before 1948)
Hut tax (1884)
Franchise and Ballot Act (1892)
Glen Grey Act (1894)
Natal Legislative Assembly Bill (1894)
Transvaal Asiatic Registration Act (1906)
South Africa Act (1909)
Mines and Works Act (1911)
Natives Land Act (1913)
Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923)
Immorality Act (1927)
Native Administration Act (1927)
Representation of Natives Act (1936)
Native Trust and Land Act (1936)
Native (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act (1945)
Asiatic Land Tenure Act (1946)
Malan to
Verwoerd
(1948–1966)
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)
Immorality Amendment Act (1950)
Population Registration Act (1950)
Group Areas Act (1950)
Suppression of Communism Act (1950)
Native Building Workers Act (1951)
Separate Representation of Voters Act (1951)
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act (1951)
Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
Native Laws Amendment Act (1952)
Pass Laws Act (1952)
Public Safety Act (1953)
Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act (1953)
Bantu Education Act (1953)
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
Natives Resettlement Act (1954)
Group Areas Development Act (1955)
Riotous Assemblies Act (1956)
Industrial Conciliation Act (1956)
Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act (1956)
Immorality Act (1957)
Bantu Investment Corporation Act (1959)
Extension of University Education Act (1959)
Promotion of Bantu Self-government Act (1959)
Unlawful Organizations Act (1960)
Indemnity Act (1961)
Coloured Persons Communal Reserves Act (1961)
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1961)
Urban Bantu Councils Act (1961)
General Law Amendment Act (1963)
Coloured Persons Representative Council Act (1964)
Post-Verwoerd
(1966–1994)
Terrorism Act (1967)
Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act (1968)
Prohibition of Political Interference Act (1968)
Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970)
Bantu Homelands Constitution Act (1971)
Aliens Control Act (1973)
Indemnity Act (1977)
National Key Points Act (1980) - List of National Key Points
Internal Security Act (1982)
Black Local Authorities Act (1982)
Republic of South Africa Constitution Act (1983)
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text:
Barren Island (Andaman Islands)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Barren Island
Barren Island
Location of Barren Island
Geography
Location
Bay of Bengal
Coordinates
12°17′N 93°52′E / 12.28°N 93.86°E / 12.28; 93.86Coordinates: 12°17′N 93°52′E / 12.28°N 93.86°E / 12.28; 93.86
Archipelago
Andaman Islands
Adjacent bodies of water
Indian Ocean
Total islands
1
Major islands
Barren Island
Area
8.34 km2 (3.22 sq mi)[1]
Length
3.4 km (2.11 mi)
Width
3.1 km (1.93 mi)
Coastline
12.38 km (7.693 mi)
Highest elevation
354 m (1,161 ft)[2]
Administration
India
District
North and Middle Andaman
Island group
Andaman Islands
Island sub-group
East Volcano Islands
Taluk
Rangat Taluk
Demographics
Population
0 (2017)
Pop. density
0.00 /km2 (0 /sq mi)
Additional information
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN
744202[3]
Telephone code
031927 [4]
ISO code
IN-AN-00[5]
Official website
www.and.nic.in
Avg. summer temperature
30.2 °C (86.4 °F)
Avg. winter temperature
23.0 °C (73.4 °F)
Census Code
35.639.0004
Barren Volcano
Barren Island erupting in 1995
Elevation
353 metres (1,158 ft)
Geography
Location
Andaman Islands, India
Geology
Mountain type
Stratovolcano with pyroclastic cones
Last eruption
2015 (ongoing)
Barren Island is an island located in the Andaman Sea, dominated by Barren Volcano, the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia. And the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar.[6] Along with the rest of the Andaman Islands, it is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 138 km (86 mi) northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Biodiversity
4 Tourism
4.1 Scuba diving
5 Administration
6 Demographics
7 Image gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one being in 2017.[7] After the first recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803–04, and 1852. After nearly one and half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage.[8]
The 1991 eruption was particularly harmful to the island's fauna. A team from the Geological Survey of India visited Barren Island on 8-9 April 1993 to assess the impact of the eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of animal species. The report found that the eruption had reduced the number of bird species and their population. The team only observed 6 of the 16 known species of birds on the island. The Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant among the 6 species observed. In a survey conducted at night, the team spotted one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders. The report also noted that the volcano was still emitting gas at the time.[6] There were eruptions in 1994–95 and 2005–07, the latter considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.[8] A Lighthouse that was established on 1993 was destroyed by the recent eruptions.[9]
A team from the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) spotted the volcano erupting on 23 January 2017. Abhay Mudholkar, the head of the team, said, "The volcano is erupting in small episodes of about five to ten minutes. During the day, only ash clouds were observed. However, after sundown, red lava fountains were spewing from the crater into the atmosphere and hot lava flowed streaming down its slopes."[10][11][12]
Based on Ar-Ar dating of samples from Barren Island it is now established that the oldest subaerial lava flows of the volcano is 1.6 million year old and the volcano is located on an oceanic crust which is ~106 million year old.[13] All recorded eruptions lie on the low end of the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The 2017 eruption was recorded as a 2 on the index.[6]
Geography[edit]
This volcanic island stands in the midst of a volcanic belt on the edge of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates. Narcondam Island is a dormant volcano in the area, apart from volcanic seamounts like Alcock and Sewell. All the historical and recent eruptions (1789 and after) are confined within and around an active polygenetic cinder cone in a 2 km (1.2 mi) wide caldera that was formed by the Pleistocene collapse of a primitive cone of a stratovolcano. The remnant of the primitive volcanic cone forms a precipitous cliff around the island (commonly referred as caldera wall), with a break towards the west. The highest elevation on the island is 354 m (1,161 ft), with most of the primitive volcano underwater (standing on the seafloor 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) below sea level). The island is 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with a total surface area of 8.34 km2 (3.22 sq mi).[14]
Biodiversity[edit]
True to its name, it has a barren landscape uninhabited by humans, though it has a small population of goats.[15] Also birds, bats like flying foxes and a few rodent species such as rats are known to survive the harsh conditions.[16]
The island is devoid of any significant vegetation.[6]
Tourism[edit]
Scuba diving[edit]
The waters surrounding Barren Island are reputed to be among the world's top scuba diving destinations. Major attractions here are the crystal clear visibility, Manta Rays, interesting basalt formations, topography of past lava flows and fast growing coral gardens. This dive destination is remote but can be accessed by either a live aboard ship or with scuba-operators based at Havelock Island.
Administration[edit]
It belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[17]
Demographics[edit]
The island is uninhabited as of 2017.
Image gallery[edit]
Barren Island erupts
Outline map of the Andaman Islands, with the location of Barren Island highlighted (red circle)
Topography of the island
See also[edit]
List of volcanoes in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census" (PDF). Government of Andaman.
Jump up ^ pro star
Jump up ^ "A&N Islands - Pincodes". 2016-09-22. Archived from the original on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2016-09-22. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ code
Jump up ^ Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code
^ Jump up to: a b c d Koshy, Jacob. "Why did Barren Island volcano erupt again?". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barren Island". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
^ Jump up to: a b Jørgen S. Aabech. "Barren Island, Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean". Retrieved June 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "NIO finds Andaman volcano spewing lava - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "India’s only live volcano active again: National Institute of Oceanography". The Indian Express. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Barren Island volcano, India’s only live volcano, became active in January". http://www.hindustantimes.com/. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Ray et al., Bull Volcanol 77: 57, 2015
Jump up ^ "Barren Island Volcano, Indian Ocean - facts & information". Volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved June 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Barren goats
Jump up ^ "Scientific Expedition to Barren Island (Andaman Islands, Indian Ocean)". 2003. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved June 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands" (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barren Island (Andaman Islands).
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Barren Island.
India portal
Geological Survey of India : THE BARREN ISLAND VOLCANO
Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay
Bhaumik, Subir (11 July 2005). "Andamans volcano is post-tsunami hit". BBC News. Retrieved June 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Geological Survey of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands travel guide from Wikivoyage
[show]
v
t
e
North and Middle Andaman district
Tehsils
and
villages
Diglipur
Aerial Bay
Amber Chad
Austin II
Bandhan Nallaha
Bara Dabla
Baskata Nallaha
Beach Dera
Borang
Burmachad
Coffe Dera
Curlew Island (FCPA)
Deshbandhugram
Diglipur
Durgapur
East Island (Police post & Light house)
Elezabeth Bay
Gandhi Nagar
Gandhi Nagar (Forest Beat)
Ganesh Nagar
Ganna Dabla
Ganna Level
Hara Tikry
Haran Nallaha
Haridas Kattai
Hoari Bay
Jagannath Dera
Kalighat
Kalipur
Karen Basti
Keralapuram
Khudirampur (EFA)
Khudirampur
Kishori Nagar
Krishnapuri
Lamiya Bay
Lamiya Bay (WLS)
Land Fall Island (Police post)
Laxmipur (EFA)
Laxmipur
Madhupur
Madhyamgram
Milangram
Mohanpur
Mutha Nallaha
Nabagram
Narayan Tikri
Narcondam Island (Police post)
Nischintapur
Paranghara
Paschimsagar
Pathi Level
Pilone Nallaha (FDCA)
Rabindrapalli
Radha Nagar (EFA)
Radha Nagar
Ramakrishnagram
Ramnagar
Sagar Dweep
Santi Nagar
Shibpur
Shyam Nagar (EFA)
Shyam Nagar
Sitanagar (EFA)
Sitanagar
Smith
Smith (Timber Export Depot)
Srinagar
Stewart Island
Subhashgram
Swarajgram
Tal Bagan
Vidyasagarpalli
Mayabunder
Asha Nagar
Aves Island
Bajato (EFA & 40 acre plot)
Bamboo Nallaha
Basantipur
Birsa Nagar
Buddha Nallaha
Chainpur (EFA)
Chainpur
Chappa Nali
Chuglum Gum
Danpur
Devpur
Dukennagar
Ganesh Nagar I & II
Govindpur
Hanspuri (including JPP Camps)
Harinagar
Interview Island (WLS)
Jaipur
Kamalapur
Kanchi Nallaha & Bamboo Nallaha
Karanch Khari
Karmatang
Karmatang IX
Karmatang X incl.Bihari Plot
Khukari Tabla
Lataw
Lauki Nallaha
Lucknow
Luis-in-Let-Bay (JPPC)
Mayabunder
Pahalgaon
Paiket Bay
Paresh Nagar
Pather Tikry
Pinakinagar
Pokadera
Profullya Nagar
Pudumadurai
Rampur
Santipur
Shippi Tikry
Sundari Khari
Swadesh Nagar
Tugapur
Webi
Rangat
Abaygarh
Adojig (including EFA)
Amkunj
Bakultala
Bamboo Tikry (JPPC)
Bangaon
Bejoygarh
Between Chotaligbang and Foul Bay (JA)
Bharatpur
Bolcha
Boroinyol II (FC)
Charlungta (FC)
Charlungta II (FC)
Chotaligbang (JA)
Cutbert Bay
Desharatpur
Dhani Nallaha
Dhani Nallaha (JA)
Dharmapur
Foster Valley
Foul Bay (JA)
Gol Pahar
Janakpur
Kadamtala
Kalsi
Kanchangarh
Kaushalyanagar
Khatta Khari (EFA)
Khatta Khari
Lakra Lungta (JA)
Lalajig Bay (AC)
Laxmanpur
Long Island
Lorrojig (FC) & Vishnu Nallaha (APWDC)
Macarthy Valley
Merk Bay (AC)
Mithila
Nayagarh
Nilambur (EFA)
Nilambur
Nimbutala
Padmanabhapuram
Panchawati (EFA)
Panchawati
Papita Dera (FC)
Parnasala
Pawajig (FC)
Porlobjig No. 15 (FC, APWDC & JPPC)
Porlobjig No. 3 (JPPC, APWDC & ANIFPDC)
Raglachang (Nayadera) (FC)
Raglachang
Rajatgarh (EFA)
Rajatgarh
Ramachandra Nagar
Rampur
Rangat
Sabari
Sagwan Nallaha (FC)
Saktigarh
Sanker Nallaha (PWDC)
Santanu
Shivapuram
Shyamkund
Sippi Tikry
Sitapur
South Creek (EFA, FC & APWDC)
Strait Island (AS)
Sukha Nallaha
Sundergarh (including EFA)
Thiruvanchikulam
Thoraktang (FC)
Udhaygarh
Urmilapur
Uttara
Vishnupur
Wrafter's Creek (EFA)
Wrafter's Creek
Yeratiljig
Yeratiljig No. 11 (JPPC)
Yeratiljig No. 9 (JPPC)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barren_Island_(Andaman_Islands)&oldid=800349673"
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Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Uninhabited islands of India
Active volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes
Polygenetic cinder cones
Volcanic calderas of Asia
Volcanoes of India
Volcanoes of the Indian Ocean
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This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 00:30.
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values: Barren Island is located in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

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Land Fall Island (Police post)

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Interview Island (WLS)

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Lalajig Bay (AC)

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Long Island, Andaman

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Merk Bay (AC)

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Strait Island (AS)

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