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Remand (court procedure)
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For other uses, see Remission.
Not to be confused with Remand (detention).
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up remand in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The remand court procedure is used by higher courts to send cases back to lower courts for further action.
In the law of the United States, appellate courts remand cases to district courts for actions such as a new trial. Federal appellate courts, including the Supreme Court, have the power to "remand [a] cause and ... require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances."[1] This includes the power to make summary "grant, vacate and remand" or GVR orders.[2]
Appellate courts remand cases whose outcome they are unable to finally determine. For example, cases may be remanded when the appellate court decides that the trial judge committed a procedural error, excluded admissible evidence, or ruled improperly on a motion.
In common law jurisdictions, remand refers to the adjournment (continuance) of criminal proceedings, when the accused is either remanded in custody or on bail. Appellate courts are said to remit matters to lower courts for further consideration.
Contents
1 Details
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Details[edit]
When the United States Supreme Court grants certiorari and reverses a decision of a state supreme court or a Federal appeals court, it may remand the case. Likewise, an appeals court may remand a case to a trial court. A remand may be a full remand, essentially ordering an entirely new trial; when an appellate court grants a full remand, the lower court's decision is "reversed and remanded."
Alternatively, it may be "with instructions" specifying, for example, that the lower court must use a different legal standard when considering facts already entered at trial. A partial remand occurs when an appellate court affirms a conviction while directing the lower court to revisit the sentencing phase of the trial. Finally, it may remand a case upon concluding that the lower court made a mistake and also did not adjudicate issues that must be considered.
A federal court may also remand when a civil case is filed in a state court and the defendant removes the case to the local federal district court. If the federal court decides that the case was not one in which removal was permissible, it may remand the case to state court. Here, the federal court is not an appellate court as in the case above, and the case was remanded because the removal to the federal court was improper.
In federal tribunals in the United States, it is possible for an Article III court to remand a case to an Article I court (if the case was originally decided by the Article I court and then appealed to the Article III court),[3] or for a higher-level administrative tribunal within an executive agency to remand a case to a lower-level tribunal within the same agency.[4]
While Article III courts are allowed to remand a case back to Article I courts, there is a recent trend divesting magistrate judges from the power to remand cases back to state court.[5] The same statutory basis for divesting magistrate judges of their power to remand may logically be applied to Article I judges.
See also[edit]
GVR order
Remand (detention)
Criminal justice
Related concepts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2106.
Jump up ^ Lawrence v. Chater, 516 U.S. 163 (1996) (per curiam), p. 166.
Jump up ^ Examples: 20 C.F.R. 404.983–20 C.F.R. 404.984 and 20 C.F.R. 416.1483–20 C.F.R. 416.1484, pertaining to the remand of cases from the United States Federal courts to the Social Security Administration's Office of Disability Adjudication and Review.
Jump up ^ Examples: 20 C.F.R. 404.977 and 20 C.F.R. 416.1477, pertaining to the remand of cases from the Appeals Council in the Office of Disability Adjudication and Review of the Social Security Administration to an administrative law judge of the Office of Disability Adjudication and Review in the Social Security Administration.
Jump up ^ Flam v. Flam , 12-17285 (9th Cir. June 8, 2015).
References[edit]
Rosenbloom, David H.; O'Leary, Rosemary (1997). Public Administration and Law. New York: M. Dekker. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-585-08202-8.
Van, Dervort T. R.; Van, Dervort T. R. (2000). American Law and the Legal System: Equal Justice Under the Law. Albany, NY: West Legal Studies/Thomson Learning. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7668-1740-1.
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Leader of the Opposition (India)
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Leader of the Opposition of India
Emblem of India
Incumbent
None (No opposition with more than 10% seats) (in Lok Sabha)
Ghulam Nabi Azad (in Rajya Sabha)
Website
www.parliamentofindia.nic.in
The Leader of the Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in either House of the Parliament of India.
While the position also existed in former Central Legislative Assembly of British India, and holders of it there included Motilal Nehru, it received statutory recognition through the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 which defines the term "Leader of the Opposition" as that member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha who, for the time being, is the Leader of that House of the Party in Opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised, as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. However, in order to get formal recognition, the concerned party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the House (55 seats in the Lok Sabha). If any party fails to get 10% seats in opposition, the House will not have recognised leader of the opposition.[1][2] A single party has to meet the 10% seat criteria, not an alliance.[3]
This is the most accepted or most spoken rule of appointing this post but when we refer to "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977" by which the post has got official and statutory status, the majority required is decided by the heads of the houses, that is speaker and chairman as the case maybe.Refer to definition of Leader of Opposition in the act.
The Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003, clause 4, provides for the leader of the largest opposition party to be inducted as a member of the selection committee in a scenario where the lower house of parliament does not have a recognised leader of the opposition.[4]
Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha[edit]
The Lok Sabha had no recognised Leader of the Opposition until 1969 . The post was also vacant between 1980 and 1989.[5]
Name
Party
Term
Lok Sabha
Vacant No official opposition 26 January 1952 – 4 April 1957 First
Vacant No official opposition 4 April 1957 – 4 March 1967
Second
Third
Vacant No official opposition 4 March 1967 – 12 December 1969 Fourth
Ram Subhag Singh Indian National Congress (O) 17 December 1969 – 27 December 1970
Vacant No official opposition 27 December 1970 – 30 June 1977 Fifth
Y. B. Chavan Indian National Congress 1 July 1977 – 11 April 1978 Sixth
C. M. Stephen 12 April 1978 – 9 July 1979
Y. B. Chavan 10–28 July 1979
Jagjivan Ram Janata Party 29 July – 22 August 1979
Vacant No official opposition[6] 22 August 1979 – 18 December 1989 Seventh
Eighth
Rajiv Gandhi Indian National Congress 18 December 1989 – 23 December 1990 Ninth
L. K. Advani Bharatiya Janata Party 24 December 1990 – 13 March 1991
21 June 1991 – 26 July 1993 Tenth
Atal Bihari Vajpayee 21 July 1993 – 10 May 1996
P. V. Narasimha Rao Indian National Congress 16 May 1996 – 31 May 1996 Eleventh
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bharatiya Janata Party 1 June 1996 – 4 December 1997
Sharad Pawar Indian National Congress 19 March 1998 – 26 April 1999 Twelfth
Sonia Gandhi 31 October 1999 – 6 February 2004 Thirteenth
L. K. Advani Bharatiya Janata Party 21 May 2004 – 18 May 2009 Fourteenth
Sushma Swaraj 21 December 2009 – 19 May 2014 Fifteenth
Vacant No official opposition [7] 20 May 2014 - Till date Sixteenth
Source:[8]
List of Leaders of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha[edit]
In Rajya Sabha until 1969, there was no Leader of the Opposition in real sense of the term. Till then, the practice was to call the Leader of the party in Opposition having the largest number of the members as the Leader of the Opposition, without according him any formal recognition, status or privilege. The office of Leader of the Opposition was given official recognition through the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This Act defines the Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha, as a member of the Council of States who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government constituting the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman of the Council of States. Thus, the Leader of the Opposition should satisfy three conditions, namely, (i) he should be a member of the House (ii) the Leader in Rajya Sabha of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and (iii) be recognised as such by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Following members have been the Leaders of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha.[9]
Name
Party
Term
1 Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra Indian National Congress (O) December 1969 – March 1971
2 M. S. Gurupadaswamy March 1971 – April 1972
3 Kamalapati Tripathi Indian National Congress 30 March 1977 – 15 February 1978
4 Bhola Paswan Shastri Indian National Congress (O) 24 February 1978 – 23 March 1978
5 Kamalapati Tripathi Indian National Congress 23 March 1978 – 8 January 1980
6 L. K. Advani Bharatiya Jana Sangh 21 January 1980 – 7 April 1980
7 P. Shiv Shankar Indian National Congress 18 December 1989 – 2 January 1991
8 M. S. Gurupadaswamy Janata Dal 28 June – 21 July 1991
9 S. Jaipal Reddy 22 July 1991 – 29 June 1992
10 Sikander Bakht Bharatiya Janata Party 7 July 1992 – 23 May 1996
11 Shankarrao Chavan Indian National Congress 23 May 1996 – 1 June 1996
12 Sikander Bakht Bharatiya Janata Party 1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998
13 Manmohan Singh Indian National Congress 21 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
14 Jaswant Singh Bharatiya Janata Party 3 June 2004 – 16 May 2009
15 Arun Jaitley 3 June 2009 – 26 May 2014
16 Ghulam Nabi Azad Indian National Congress 8 June 2014 - incumbent
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977". Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Parliament Of India. Legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in. Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-house-cannot-have-opposition-leader/article6034355.ece
Jump up ^ http://cvc.nic.in/cvcact.pdf
Jump up ^ http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/column/ls-election-no-leader-of-oppn-there-wasnt-any-in-nehru-indira-rajiv-days/20140523.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-leader-of-the-opposition-in-the-16th-lok-sabha-sources-576622
Jump up ^ Lok Sabha. Legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in. Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ Rajya Sabha Introduction. Rajyasabha.nic.in. Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
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Bath & Body Works
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bath and Body Works, LLC
Industry
Retail
Founded
August 3, 1990 New Albany, Ohio, U.S.
Headquarters
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Products
Bath, beauty, fragrance, and candles
Revenue
US$ $2.285 billion (FY '06)
Parent
L Brands
Website
bathandbodyworks.com
Bath & Body Works, LLC is an American retailer under the L Brands (formerly Limited Brands) umbrella, along with Victoria's Secret. It was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio and has since expanded across the United States, Canada, Chile and Peru.[1][2] In 1997, it was the largest bath shop chain in the United States.[3] It specializes in shower gels, lotions, fragrance mists, perfumes, candles, and home fragrances.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Products
2.1 Body Care
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio. The company's first store opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall in September 1990.[4] In 1997, a secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was launched.[3] The division has since been renamed White Barn Candle Company.[citation needed]
Bath & Body Works launched both a seasonal catalog and a website in 2006. In November 2006, the company launched its first television commercial advertisement.[5] Net sales as of January 28, 2006 were $2.3 billion, significantly higher than all other L Brands companies other than Victoria's Secret.[citation needed]
In July 2008, the company announced that it was opening six locations in Canada. With the company acquiring Canadian-based La Senza, they felt it was the opportunity to move into a growing Canadian market, with The Body Shop being its main competition.[6][7]
Bath & Body Works operates more than 1,600 stores.[8] In October 2010, it opened its first stores outside of North America in Kuwait, by the franchise giant M.H. Alshaya.[citation needed]
Products[edit]
Bath and Body Works stocks a wide range of bath and beauty products in the United States. The retail store has products ranging from candles to hand soaps. The products are a part of one of the brand's main segments, body care, hand soaps and hand sanitizers and home fragrance.[citation needed]
Body Care[edit]
The body care segment has multiple collections within it. These collections include Signature collection, Retired fragrances, True Blue Spa, C.O. Bigelow, Aromatherapy and Travel Body Care. The Signature collection includes shower gels, body lotions, body creams, fragrance mists and body scrubs, with items that are tailored to both men and women This collection includes the fragrance Japanese Cherry Blossom, which is Bath and Body Works' best seller.[9][10] It also includes a fragrance titled A Thousand Wishes, which won a consumer's choice award in 2015.[clarification needed] The True Blue Spa collections includes products with a more therapeutic purpose, including a cracked heel treatment and paraffin hand lotion.
C.O. Bigelow has products for both men and women. Majority of these products also provide a luxury feel. Products include, shave foam and cream, mentha body (body buffer, body wash, body lotion, bar soap and lip care), C.O. Bigelow lemon and C.O. Bigelow Barber.
The Aromatherapy collection has body care items such as body lotions, shower gels, massage oils and body mists. The fragrances included in this collection are used to enhance psychological well-being. This collection has aromatherapy fragrances for stress which include, eucalyptus spearmint, eucalyptus tea and eucalyptus basil. The sleep fragrances include, lavender vanilla and lavender chamomile. The energy fragrances are orange ginger and lemon zest. The sensual fragrances are jasmine vanilla and black currant vanilla.
The Travel Body Care items are 3 ounce bottles of body lotion, shower gel, fine fragrance mists and body creams. True Blue Spa and Aromatherapy collection also have limited products in the Travel Body Care collection.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://tocador.cl/2015/09/bath-body-works-abre-su-primera-tienda-en-chile/
Jump up ^ "Bath & Body Works at Everything2.com". Everything2.com. 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bath & Body Works: 'The McDonald's of Toiletries'". BusinessWeek. 4 August 1997. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Tiffany Yannetta (December 3, 2014). "How Bath & Body Works Became America's Biggest Mall Beauty Brand". Racked. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Elleview.com. Elleview.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press. "Bath & Body Works takes plunge into Canada". CBC.ca. July 10, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mah, Bill. "Body Shop aims to boost its green cred" Archived May 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., The Edmonton Journal. August 8, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bath and Body Works Franchise Information". Home-business-expo.com. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
Jump up ^ "A Service From Broadridge". materials.proxyvote.com. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldberger, Paul (10 March 1991). "Architecture View: A Shot of Adrenaline for Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
External links[edit]
Bath & Body Works website
Neil Fiske Article
Diane Neal Article
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bath & Body Works.
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Music at sporting events
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The use of music at sporting events is a practice that is thousands of years old, but has recently had a resurgence as a noted phenomenon. Some sports have specific traditions with respect to pieces of music played at particular intervals. Others have made the presentation of music very specific to the team—even to particular players. Music may be used to build the energy of the fans, and music may also be introduced in ways that are less directly connected with the action in a sporting event.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of music at sporting events
2 Music used for dramatic effect
3 Association of songs with sporting events
3.1 Basketball music
3.2 Baseball music
3.2.1 Repertoire
3.3 Hockey music
3.4 Association football music
3.5 Theme music in American football
3.6 Theme music in other sports
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History of music at sporting events[edit]
The ancient Greeks intently tied the performance of music to sporting events, particularly at their quadrenniel Olympic games.
"The extent to which cultural elements were included in the Pan-Hellenic games is enlightening. At several festivals, including Delphi, Isthmia and Athens, music played a prominent role in the athletic contests."[1]
The revival of the Olympic games in 1896 also incorporated music into the festivities surrounding the competitions. On March 25 of that year, "the Philharmonic Orchestra played the National Anthem and the first Olympic Hymn, written by poet Kostis Palamas and set to music by the well-known Greek composer Spyridon Samaras."
Music used for dramatic effect[edit]
Composer Carl Orff's O Fortuna is most commonly played over a sports venue's public-address system, just before the start of many important, significant professional and collegiate games.
Within its first two notes, coupled with its booming operatic vocals and percussive instrumentation, Orff’s O Fortuna is based upon a 13th-century poem entitled, Carmina Burana. Orff's legendary composition laments fate, and it forms the beginning and end of his interpretation of the poetry.[1]
Association of songs with sporting events[edit]
Certain songs have historically been associated with particular sporting events. Fans of the home team at collegiate athletic events may serenade the losing visitors with a song recorded by Steam, titled "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye", with its familiar refrain, "na na, na na na na, hey, hey, hey, goodbye."
Queen's standards '"We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions" have also become common fare at sporting events, as have Five Stone's "Make Noise", Gary Glitter's "Rock and Roll Part 2", and Zombie Nation's "Kernkraft 400". Most collegiate sports are accompanied by a band that plays brass and drum instrumental music designed to accentuate the experience.
Basketball music[edit]
At NBA games, repetitive organ music is played at key points of the game. For example, the announcers often play the "Charge" fanfare to accompany the home team entering the visitor's side of the court with possession of the ball. A different theme is used to encourage the home team in defense of their own side of the court. Many NBA teams now play a particular theme to accompany the home team taking the court to begin the game. They also use chant such as the defence chant to show support and pump up the crowd.
The NCAA does not use organ music, but in many Division I schools, a smaller pep band plays at games (as compared to the full-size football marching bands). However, during a 2004 game between Michigan State University and the University of Kentucky at Ford Field, both teams' full football marching bands played.[citation needed]
Baseball music[edit]
Ballpark music performed by an organist debuted at Chicago's Wrigley Field in 1941, and had spread to most other Major League parks by the 1960s.
Beginning in the mid-1970s, pre-recorded pop and rock music began to supplement the organ music (or replace it entirely) at many ballparks.[2] A very popular theme song is "Meet the Mets" from 1962 when the Mets joined the MLB. The Mets also had a theme song for their World Series run in 1986, it was "Lets go Mets".
In the modern evolution of the sport, many athletes now have "theme songs" that are played when they come up to bat. Slate notes that Major League Baseball players "can pick several songs as personal themes for their plate appearances, sometimes a rotation of four different tracks a game." Indeed, in 2004, the Wall Street Journal reported that the longtime organist for Dodger Stadium "has been usurped by a deejay who sits directly below her. He plays a selection of hip-hop and rock, interspersed with devices designed to pump up the crowd and the stadium's volume." In that same year, the Dropkick Murphys' version of a 1902 Red Sox fight song ended up inspiring Red Sox fandom, as their team headed to victory in both the 2004 ALCS and the 2004 World Series.
The Atlanta Braves are known for an organist whose primary duty is playing the visiting player's walkup music, which is often fan-selected or plays on a player's name, with special dispensation for certain players. Former Braves usually are greeted with the theme to Welcome Back, Kotter. Georgia natives having the popular state anthem Georgia on My Mind. Players who played college baseball at one of the currently 14 Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) or currently 14 Southeastern Conference (SEC) schools (both conferences' fan bases reach the city) or Big Ten–school Maryland (which had been an ACC member until the 2013-14 season, since former Terrapins probably made visits to the state of Georgia while playing college baseball) receive their respective school's fight song. (The fight song is played for all players who played at current ACC-schools Louisville, Notre Dame, and Pittsburgh or current SEC-schools Missouri and Texas A&M—the five most recent members of the respective conferences in baseball—even if their team played in the American (then–Big East) or Big 12 conference at the time.)
Repertoire[edit]
In some cases a particular song may be played at a specific time in the game.
Take Me Out to the Ball Game is often played or sung at major- or minor-league baseball games, typically during the seventh-inning stretch.
At Fenway Park, Neil Diamond's song, "Sweet Caroline," is played during the eighth inning of Boston Red Sox home games, and has been a regular part of the program since 2002.
Since 2006, Sweet Caroline has also played over the sound system during the middle of the eighth inning of New York Mets home games.
Consequently, Diamond's hit single became a standing tradition after several years of playing it based upon the home-team's performance.[3]
The National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills, have been credited for playing "Seven Army Nation" by the White Stripes before each team kickoff.
Hockey music[edit]
Many NHL hockey teams feature an organist to lead crowd chants, cues and other prompts. Hockey organists may adapt popular music for the organ and play genres such as rock, film scores, or pop on the organ in instrumental form.
Association football music[edit]
In the many countries where football is popular, and in the UK in particular, football music is a varied and popular subgenre of popular music. Songs are often released to coincide with specific events, such as the World Cup, or to become anthems for particular teams. Since football has a huge spectator base, such songs are often very popular on the charts. Examples of music created to be football songs include New Order's "World in Motion", and "Three Lions" by The Lightning Seeds in collaboration with comedians and football fans: David Baddiel and Frank Skinner. A subset of football music is novelty football music, which typically includes humorous lyrics. Examples of novelty football songs include "Vindaloo" by Fat Les, "Meat Pie, Sausage Roll", and numerous Frank Sidebottom songs.
The Village People/Pet Shop Boys song "Go West" has also become popular, and an instrumental version of the music was used as the theme for the 2006 World Cup.
Liverpool adopted "You'll Never Walk Alone", specifically the version performed by Merseybeat band Gerry & The Pacemakers, as its theme song.[2] Manchester City have adopted Blue Moon as their song whilst I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles can be heard at games involving West Ham United.[3] Stoke City fans' anthem has been Delilah since the 1970s.[4]
Theme music in American football[edit]
Many College Football teams have marching bands that play during the game at football games and march on the field during halftime.
Currently two teams have marching bands in the NFL. The Washington Redskins have featured a marching band since 1938, and the Baltimore Ravens have featured a marching band since its 1996 inception; however, Baltimore's Marching Ravens dating to the All-American Football Conference (a league which merged with the NFL) team in Baltimore, MD, featured a marching band when it began in 1947, went through many years with the Colts, and continued operations after being abandoned by the Irsay family when the team moved to Indianapolis in 1984. However, that band stayed intact in the area and began playing at other events, including the Preakness Stakes, and was used for the two-year CFL experiment known as the Baltimore Stallions. When the NFL returned to Baltimore with an expansion team in 1996 (the NFL suspended the Cleveland Browns franchise, and awarded an "expansion team" in Baltimore in a complex deal), the loyal band was rewarded by becoming the new Ravens' marching band. For the two years that the Ravens played at the Memorial Statium (former home of the Baltimore Colts) they remained "The Marching Colts." Once the new stadium opened in 1998, the group's name was changed to Baltimore's Marching Ravens to reflect the new era for the new team. During their existence, the Los Angeles Rams had a marching band during their time at both the LA Coliseum and Anaheim Stadium. The practice was abandoned when the team relocated to St. Louis.
The Seattle Seahawks adopted The Verve's "Bittersweet Symphony" as their theme song, and it is heard whenever something special happens to the home team. For instance, when the team takes the field to a sellout crowd, the song blares throughout the reverberating stadium, or when the Seahawks score the game-winning field goal, it would undoubtedly be played. When the New England Patriots come out from the tunnel, Ozzy Osbourne's hit "Crazy Train" is played. A common song for the New Orleans Saints during and since their Super Bowl Season is "Half-time", or "Stand Up and Get Crunk" by Ying Yang Twins. The Green Bay Packers play Todd Rundgren's "Bang the Drum All Day" after every Packers touchdown at Lambeau Field.
A common choice of music to be played over PA systems as games are being kicked off is "Start Me Up" by the Rolling Stones and "Welcome to the Jungle" by Guns N' Roses.
Theme music in other sports[edit]
Entire teams will occasionally adopt a theme song (such as the Chicago Bears with their 1985 Super Bowl Shuffle, sung by the members of the team). Up until 2011, Monday Night Football had its own theme, sung by Hank Williams, Jr.; the Hockey Night in Canada theme has sometimes been referred to as Canada's second national anthem; and the Olympic Games have long had powerful theme music composed to accompany ceremonies opening and closing the games.
Perhaps the most extreme example of this can be found in professional wrestling and some mixed martial arts promotions, where almost every wrestler has an entry theme written to suit their particular character.
An album entitled "ESPN Presents Stadium Anthems" has been released that includes many songs that are played over the Public Address system at North American sporting events. Similar albums, such as Jock Jams have been released in the past.
See also[edit]
Sports portal
Figure skating#Music and clothing
Entrance music
Fight song
Football chant
Stadium anthem
Music in professional wrestling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/top-10-classical-music-pieces-men-should-know_1.html
Jump up ^ Coslett, Paul. "You'll never walk alone". BBC Liverpool. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blue Moon:Significance". www.mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stoke City fans back Tom Jones's Delilah to top charts". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
External links[edit]
Sports-Music Programming
Culture and Tradition: The Ancient Olympic Games[permanent dead link]
Music and the Olympic Spirit
The Sports Economist, Economic Commentary on Sports & Society, Wednesday, August 18, 2004: Technical change at the ballpark
Why does stadium rock all sound the same?
The Sports Court: Rock and Jocks
Total Request Live at the ballpark
Baltimore's Marching Ravens
Music and Sports : an exploration of crossroads
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Gwendoline Christie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gwendoline Christie
Christie at the San Diego Comic Con International in 2017.
Born
Gwendoline Manuela Mariett Josephine Christie Brown[1][2]
(1978-10-28) 28 October 1978 (age 39)[1][3]
Worthing, West Sussex, England, United Kingdom
Residence
London, England
Alma mater
Drama Centre London
Occupation
Actress
model
Years active
2006–present
Height
6 ft 3 in (191 cm)
Partner(s)
Giles Deacon (2013-present)
Gwendoline Manuela Mariett Josephine Christie Brown[1] (born 28 October 1978),[2] known professionally as Gwendoline Christie, is an English actress and model. She is best known for portraying the warrior Brienne of Tarth in the HBO fantasy-drama series Game of Thrones since 2012, and the First Order stormtrooper Captain Phasma in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) and Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Stage actress and early on-screen career (2006-2011)
2.2 Joining Game of Thrones and Wizards vs Aliens (2011-2015)
2.3 Star Wars and Top of the Lake (2015-present)
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Theatre
4.4 Video games
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Gwendoline Manuela Mariett Josephine Christie Brown was born in Worthing, West Sussex, to a housewife mother and a father who worked in sales and marketing.[1][4] She grew up in a hamlet near the South Downs.[5] She trained as a gymnast as a child, but after a spine injury forced her to abandon that career, she took up acting.[6] Around 2002, she worked in a funky interiors boutique in Brighton called Pussy.[7]
She graduated from Drama Centre London in 2005.[5] During her years at the school, she was told she "would probably never work because I didn't look the same as most actors", due to her unconventional physique, and was even told "well, good luck with that" by her agent after stating she would like to work on screen; however, she was inspired to continue pursuing this goal after being inspired by Tilda Swinton's performance in Orlando. In a 2017 interview, she recalled thinking "Well, she is in a film, she is otherworldly, and is definitely outside of the room. [...] I realised that maybe there is a place for me too."[8][9][10]
Career[edit]
Stage actress and early on-screen career (2006-2011)[edit]
Christie performing on stage at the London Palladium in November 2009.
In 2002, Christie's height attracted the attention of a nigerian photographer name Good Boy Gupta Polly Borland, who made Christie the subject of a noted series of photographs, entitled Bunny, between 2002 and 2008.[7] According to Christie, she felt then that the photographs—in which she appears mostly nude—could help her come to terms with her body, and challenge notions of femininity. However, she later said that she was shocked in retrospect that she had agreed to them.[4]
Christie's mentor since drama school has been actor and author Simon Callow.[5] Her theatrical career includes a performance as the Queen in Shakespeare's Cymbeline opposite Tom Hiddleston, portraying Mag Wildwood in Breakfast at Tiffany's, and "standing out" as Lucifer in Marlowe's Doctor Faustus (2010).[5][11][12][13]
On film, Christie debuted with a 2007 short film titled The Time Surgeon, written and directed by Nathaniel Mellors. In the following years, she continued to appear in his works, such as Seven Ages of Britain Teaser, a short TV film acting as an introduction to the final episode of the documentary series Seven Ages of Britain, and the first four films of his Ourhouse series of experimental short films, released between 2010 and 2011 as parts of art exhibitions or in selected public screenings.[14] She was also involved in Ourhouse behind the scenes, acting as associate producer and being credited for casting, costumes, props, and make-up. Meanwhile, she made her feature film debut with a minor role in the Terry Gilliam film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus in 2009.
Joining Game of Thrones and Wizards vs Aliens (2011-2015)[edit]
In July 2011, Christie was cast as the warrior Brienne of Tarth in the second season of HBO's fantasy TV series Game of Thrones.[15] Her character – an unusually tall, muscular, and plain-looking woman – is a favourite among many readers of the novels, and Christie had been proposed for the role by fans long before auditions took place.[5] Christie said that she could draw on her own experiences of having been bullied for her height and androgynous looks to play the part of Brienne, a role that she was passionate to play after reading the A Song of Ice and Fire novels which the show adapts.[6] To prepare even for the auditions, she started wearing unisex clothing to help her get into her character's more masculine mindset, and took up an intensive training regime, gaining over a stone (6.4 kg, 14 lb) of muscle mass.[5] According to series co-writer, producer, and author of the novels, George R. R. Martin, she obtained the role practically without debate after an arresting audition at which she appeared already made up and costumed as Brienne.[16] After being cast in the role, she prepared for it by working out extensively, taking horsemanship, sword-fighting, and stagefighting lessons.[17][5][9]
Christie with her Game of Thrones co-stars Carice van Houten (left) and Liam Cunningham at the San Diego Comic Con International in 2015.
Her debut was in the second season's third episode, "What Is Dead May Never Die", which aired on 15 April 2012.[17] Her debut performance was well received by critics; Nina Shen Rastogi praised her "eloquent and economical physical performance", noting that her walk, stance, and mien effectively conveyed Brienne's single-minded devotion to her self-given quest to become a knight.[18][19] For her performance as Brienne in the show's third season, Christie was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2014.[20] As a part of the cast, she was also nominated for a total of four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (she was not a part of the nominated cast on certain years depending of her number of appearances each season).[21][22][23][24][25]
In addition to her role in Game of Thrones, Christie appeared in the British science fantasy series Wizards vs Aliens by Doctor Who writers Russell T Davies and Phil Lord from 2012 to 2013, in the main role of Lexi, the 17-year-old Princess of the Nekross, the alien species invading earth.[26] For the role, she wore heavy make-up, although she also appeared with her usual physique as Lucy, the human form of Lexi.[26] She also had a minor role in another Terry Gilliam movie, The Zero Theorem, released in 2013.
Star Wars and Top of the Lake (2015-present)[edit]
In 2015, Christie played Commander Lyme in the final film in The Hunger Games series, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2. Actress Lily Rabe had signed on for the part previously, but had to back out due to scheduling conflicts.[27] The same year, she joined the cast of Swallows and Amazons as Mrs. Blackett, but later dropped out.[28]
Also in 2015, Christie co-starred in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, as Captain Phasma, one of the film's supporting antagonists.[29][30] Her performance, and the character's design, were both praised; however, her minimal role in the film, particularly after the character was prominently featured in promotional material, was criticized.[31][32][33]
In 2017, Christie reprised her role of Captain Phasma in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, a sequel to The Force Awakens.[34] The same year, she had a main role in China Girl, the second season of Top of the Lake, as Miranda Hilmarson, a Constable in the Sydney Police Force, and the new partner of the show's main character played by Elisabeth Moss; the character was written especially for Christie by series co-creator Jane Campion, after Christie asked her to be a part of the series.[35]
In 2018, she will appear as a bounty hunter in The Darkest Minds, an adaptation of the book trilogy The Darkest Minds by Alexandra Bracken, as Anna in the Robert Zemeckis film The Women of Marwen, and as Gwen in the Peter Strickland film In Fabric.[36][37][38][39]
Personal life[edit]
Christie is 6 feet, 3 and a quarter inches tall (1.91 m).[9][4] She has always been particularly tall, which led her to being bullied when she was young.[40][41]
She has been in a relationship with fashion designer Giles Deacon since early 2013.[42][43]
Christie at the Calgary Comic Expo in 2015.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Director(s)
Notes
2007 The Time Surgeon The Tape Nathaniel Mellors Short film
2009 The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus Classy Shopper 2 Terry Gilliam
2010 Ourhouse, Episode 1: 'Games' Annalise "Babydoll" Wilson Nathaniel Mellors Short film; also associate producer, and responsible for casting, costumes, props, and make-up
2010 Ourhouse, Episode 4: 'Internal Problems' Annalise "Babydoll" Wilson Nathaniel Mellors Short film; also associate producer, and responsible for casting, costumes, props, and make-up
2011 Ourhouse, Episode 2: 'Class' Annalise "Babydoll" Wilson Nathaniel Mellors Short film; also associate producer, and responsible for casting, costumes, props, and make-up
2011 Ourhouse, Episode 3: 'The Cure of Folly' Annalise "Babydoll" Wilson Nathaniel Mellors Short film; also associate producer, and responsible for casting
2013 The Zero Theorem Woman in Commercial Terry Gilliam
2015 The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 Commander Lyme Francis Lawrence
2015 Star Wars: The Force Awakens Captain Phasma J. J. Abrams
2016 Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie Herself Mandie Fletcher Cameo
2016 The Dress The Woman Barnaby Roper Short film
2017 Star Wars: The Last Jedi Captain Phasma Rian Johnson
2018 The Darkest Minds TBA Jennifer Yuh Nelson Post-production
2018 The Women of Marwen Anna Robert Zemeckis Post-production
2018 In Fabric Gwen Peter Strickland Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010 Seven Ages of Britain Teaser The Operator Short TV film
2012–present Game of Thrones Brienne of Tarth Main role
Empire Hero Award (2015, together with the cast)[44]
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television (2013)
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2013–15, 2017)
2012–2013 Wizards vs Aliens Lexi Main role; 26 episodes
2017 Top of the Lake: China Girl Miranda Hilmarson Main role; 6 episodes
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Pravda Cindy Chichester Festival Theatre
2006 Mirandolina Ortensia Royal Exchange Theatre
2007 Cymbeline Queen Barbican Theatre
2009 Giantbum Sir Boss London's Tate Britain
2009 Skin Deep Susannah Dangerfield Leeds Grand Theatre
2009 Breakfast at Tiffany's Mag Wildwood Theatre Royal Haymarket, London
2010 Dr. Faustus Lucifer Royal Exchange, Manchester
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2016 Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens Captain Phasma Voice[45]
2017 Star Wars Battlefront II Captain Phasma Voice
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gwendoline Christine, Christie Ventures Ltd; findthecompany.co.uk (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "England and Wales Birth Index 1916–2005". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "England and Wales Birth Index 1916–2005". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 5 October 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b c McQuoid, Debbie (27 March 2013). "Gwendoline Christie: Natural Born Warrior". Stylist. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Game of Thrones: Gwendoline Christie Interview". SFX. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Lash, Jolie (17 April 2012). "'Game of Thrones' – Gwendoline Christie Talks Digging Deep To Play Brienne". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Esther (29 June 2008). "How We Met: Gwendoline Christie & Polly Borland". The Independent. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Top of the Lake: China Girl's Gwendoline Christie tells how she was inspired by Tilda Swinton". news.com.au. August 20, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "She Slays!". Vogue. April 9, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones star Gwendoline Christie owes it to Tilda Swinton". The Sunday Post. August 27, 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Best, Jason (30 May 2007). "Cymbeline". The Stage. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast at Tiffanys – Theatre Royal Haymarket London – Cast and creative". london-theatreland.co.uk. 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Walker, Lynne (16 September 2010). "Doctor Faustus, Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester". The Independent. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ourhouse". Official Ourhouse website. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (8 July 2011). "'Game of Thrones' casts fan favorite Brienne". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R. (7 July 2011). "The Maid of Tarth". Retrieved 12 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffery, Morgan (12 April 2012). "'Game of Thrones' Gwendoline Christie: 'I'm similar to Brienne'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Shen Rastogi, Nina (16 April 2012). "Game of Thrones Recap: How Do You Sleep?". Vulture.com. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Shen Rastogi, Nina (8 April 2012). "TV's best show about women". Salon. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gravity, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Lead Saturn Awards Noms"
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (December 11, 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' Leads SAG Awards with 4 Nominations". Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nominations for the 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". ComingSoon.net. December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach (December 10, 2014). "SAG Awards 2015: Complete List of Nominations!". E! News. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards Nominations: Complete List". Variety. December 9, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (13 December 2017). "SAG Award Nominations: Complete List". Variety. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pantozzi, Jill (October 6, 2012). "Game of Thrones' Brienne Of Tarth Is One Of Russell T. Davies' Aliens In Wizards Vs. Aliens". The Mary Sue. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 2' Adds 'Game of Thrones' Actress Gwendoline Christie". The Hollywood Reporter. 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ de Semlyen, Phil (24 June 2015). "Rafe Spall And Gwendoline Christie Join Swallows And Amazons". Empire.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: The Force Awakens – Gwendoline Christie Confirmed As Captain Phasma". Retrieved 4 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Feeney, Nolan (2 June 2014). "Lupita Nyong'o, Gwendoline Christie Join New Star Wars Film Cast". Time. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ McAloon, Jonathan (December 18, 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: 12 loose ends and big questions". The Telegraph. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Guerrasio, Jason (December 18, 2015). "I saw Star Wars: The Force Awakens, and I have one big complaint about the movie". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (April 3, 2016). "6 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Characters Who Need to Up Their Game in 'Episode VIII'". Collider.com. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/dec/12/star-wars-the-last-jedi-review-episode-viii-rian-johnson
Jump up ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (23 March 2017). "Gwendoline Christie on Playing the 'Complete Opposite' of Brienne of Tarth". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Kit, Boris (23 March 2017). "Gwendoline Christie Joins Sci-Fi Thriller 'Darkest Minds' (Exclusive)". THR.
Jump up ^ Kit, Boris (23 March 2017). "BREAKING! GWENDOLINE CHRISTIE HAS BEEN CAST AS LADY JANE IN 'THE DARKEST MINDS'!". THR.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (June 28, 2017). "Gwendoline Christie Joins Steve Carell in Robert Zemeckis' Drama". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Warner, Sam (November 28, 2017). "Hayley Squires, Julian Barratt, Gwendoline Christie join Peter Strickland's 'In Fabric'". Screen Daily. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gwendoline Christie: 'Games of Thrones helped me overcome body issues'". Belfast Telegraph. July 12, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Warrior woman: How Gwendoline Christie escaped the pressure to fit in". The Sydney Morning Herald. November 24, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stephens, Brittney (August 31, 2017). "Yes, Gwendoline Christie Is in a Relationship — and Her Man Has Royal Connections". PopSugar. PopSugar. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cronin, Emily (6 August 2016). "Game of Thrones actress Gwendoline Christie talks working with partner Giles Deacon: 'I wear armour and I wear couture – both fascinate me'". Retrieved 14 September 2017 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Empire Hero Award". Empire. Bauer Consumer Media. 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Jump up ^ McGillan, Graeme (4 May 2016). "'Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens' Writer Talks New Mythology and Celebrity Voices". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gwendoline Christie.
Gwendoline Christie on IMDb
"Meet the British stars of Game of Thrones". Radio Times.
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Gaztelugatxe
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Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe is an islet on the coast of Biscay belonging to the municipality of Bermeo, Basque Country (Spain). It is connected to the mainland by a man-made bridge. On top of the island stands a hermitage (named Gaztelugatxeko Doniene in Basque; San Juan de Gaztelugatxe in Spanish), dedicated to John the Baptist, that dates from the 10th century, although discoveries indicate that the date might be the 9th century. With another small neighboring island, Aketx, they form a protected biotope that extends from the town of Bakio until Cape Matxitxako, on the Bay of Biscay.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Description
2.1 Hermitage
3 Strategic uses
4 Filming location
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word gaztelugatxe [ɡas̻teluɡatʃe] comes from the Basque gaztelu = "castle", "fort" and gaitz = "difficult", "tremendous", forming gaztelu gaitza, gaztelugatxe "the craggy fort".
Description[edit]
Stairway and path up the crag
The Basque coast is rough in this area. The sea ceaselessly erodes the rocky coast creating tunnels, arches and caves. The island of Gaztelugatxe is in the center of this section of coast next to the small Aketx island, a sanctuary for marine birds.
Next to the hermitage there is a small shelter with sea views that is used for picnicking and for refuge from the wind.
The hermitage is accessed by a narrow path, crossing the solid stone bridge, and going up 231 steps[1] (other sources cite the number as 229 or 237). According to legend, after the slightly strenuous climb to the top of the crag one should ring the bell three times and make a wish.
Hermitage[edit]
The small church, 80 metres above sea level,[1] dates from the 10th century. In the year 1053 it was donated, by don Íñigo López, Lord of Biscay, to the monastery of San Juan de la Peña near Jaca in Huesca. Medieval burials from the 9th and 12th centuries have been found on the esplanade and in the hermitage.
In 1593 it was attacked and sacked by Francis Drake. Among other incidents, it has caught fire several times. On November 10, 1978, it was destroyed in one such fire. Two years later, on June 24, 1980, it was re-inaugurated. The hermitage belongs to the parish of San Pelayo in Bakio.
The hermitage also houses votive offerings from sailors who survived shipwrecks.
Strategic uses[edit]
The strategic location of the site has given it an important role in historic episodes. It was one of the places where the Lord of Biscay, Juan Núñez de Lara, confronted Alfonso XI, King of Castile, in 1334.
In 1594 it was attacked by the Huguenots of La Rochelle, who sacked it and killed the caretaker. In the 18th century it was assaulted by English troops; in the Spanish Civil War the naval Battle of Cape Machichaco took place nearby.
Filming location[edit]
HBO filmed scenes for season 7 of its fantasy series Game of Thrones at the islet.[2] Gaztelugatxe stood in for Dragonstone, with a digitally created castle on top of the islet.
Gallery[edit]
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe, with Flag of Basque Country
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
Gaztelugatxe
A panoramical view of Gaztelugatxe
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, guggenheim-bilbao.eus, Retrieved 12 February 2017
Jump up ^ "'Juego de Tronos' elige el entorno de San Juan de Gaztelugatxe" ['Game of Thrones' chooses the environs of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe]. EITB. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. serving as the castle Dragonstone
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gaztelugatxe.
Gaztelugatxe, Bermeo Town Council website.
Coordinates: 43°26′49″N 2°47′06″W / 43.447°N 2.785°W / 43.447; -2.785
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaztelugatxe&oldid=859452734"
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Islands of the Bay of Biscay
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/wiki/Lord_of_Biscay
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Lord of Biscay

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/wiki/San_Juan_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a
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San Juan de la Peña

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/wiki/Huesca_(province)
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Huesca (province)

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values: Category:Landforms of the Basque Country

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values: Գաստելուգաչե – Armenian

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