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Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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Galactic Empire
Emblem of the Galactic Empire
Universe
Star Wars
Type
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (de jure; pre-Civil War)
Authoritarian dictatorship under an absolute monarchy (de facto; post-Civil War)
Founded
19 BBY from the Galactic Republic
Location
Coruscant (Imperial Center)
Leader
Emperor:
Sheev Palpatine (19 BBY-4 ABY)
Mas Amedda (4 ABY–5 ABY)
Rae Sloane (5 ABY)
Gallius Rax (5 ABY)
Key people
Darth Vader
Grand Moff Tarkin
Grand Vizier Mas Amedda
Grand Admiral Thrawn
Imperial Senate
Employees
Boba Fett, Dengar, Bossk
Purpose
To bring order to the galaxy
Products
none known
Technologies
pressurized rooms, medical droids
Powers
strong military
Affiliations
Imperial Army, Imperial Navy, Imperial Starfighter Corps, Council of Moffs, Royal Guard, Order Of The Sith Lords
Subsidiaries
None known
Enemies
Jedi Order
Rebel Alliance
Saw Gerrera's Partisans
New Republic
Yuuzhan Vong Empire (Legends)
New Jedi Order (Legends)
Currency
Galactic Standard Credit (Imperial Dataries)
Founding documents
Declaration of a New Order
Imperial Charter
Official language
Imperial Basic
The Galactic Empire is a fictional autocracy featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels: The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983) and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the sequel trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has since collapsed and has been succeeded by the First Order.
The Empire's origins are depicted in the prequel Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005), where it replaces the Galactic Republic at the end of the Clone Wars orchestrated by Palpatine, who was then the Republic's Supreme Chancellor. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi and restore the Sith to power in the galaxy. Palpatine's Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate and declares the Jedi to have committed treason. Palpatine declares that the civil war with the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS) in combination with the Jedi coup d'état require the reorganization of the Republic into a state that can provide stability, and a safe and secure society, a Galactic Empire with himself as Emperor. The Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatine's decision.
Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, and replaces them by redeeming the Sith. Though Palpatine's Sith identity remains a secret to most, his apprentice Darth Vader is the Sith Lord who is publicly known to the galaxy as the ally of Palpatine who is serving the Empire to purge the galaxy of the Jedi. By the time of Episode IV: A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Alliance To Restore The Republic.
The Galactic Empire is described and portrayed in various Star Wars media as a brutal dictatorship, one based on "nationalization, state terrorism, xenophobic hatred, enslavement and genocide of nonhumans, power projection, threat of lethal force, and, above all else, constant fear".[1]
Flag of the Galactic Empire
Contents
1 Depiction
1.1 Origins
1.2 Organization of power
1.2.1 Imperial Government
1.2.2 Imperial Military
1.3 Galactic Civil War
1.4 Successor
1.5 Expanded universe
2 Themes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Fan societies / clubs
Depiction[edit]
Origins[edit]
Twilight of the Republic
The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic. However, its seeds are planted during the Clone Wars, the epic war between the Republic and the Confederacy of Independent Systems depicted in Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
In Episode I: The Phantom Menace, amid a trade dispute, blockade and invasion of Naboo in the Mid Rim Territories by the Trade Federation, then-Senator Palpatine convinces Naboo's Queen Padmé Amidala to address the Galactic Senate, in order to call for a vote of no confidence in Chancellor of the Republic Finis Valorum's leadership, due to his alleged inability to act quickly to end the occupation of Naboo. The crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor.
When the extent of the CIS threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate, the legislature of the Republic, grants Palpatine emergency powers to deal with the crisis. This conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and order is restored to the galaxy. His first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, and by the time of Episode III, he is effectively a dictator.
The Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellor's motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers, will continue until CIS leader General Grievous is killed. Their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa. The film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the CIS against each other.
The Great Jedi Purge
When the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, he returns to the Jedi Temple to inform Jedi Master Mace Windu what he has learned. Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Anakin ignores Mace Windu's directive and returns to the Chancellor's office to prevent the Jedi from killing him; Palpatine has manipulated him into believing that he has the power to save Anakin's pregnant wife, Padmé Amidala, from dying in childbirth. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatine's office and declares that he is under arrest for crimes against the Republic, and that the Senate will determine his fate. Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting "I am the Senate!". Palpatine produces a lightsaber and quickly dispatches all but Windu. When Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatine's behalf by cutting off Windu's lower arm, disarming Windu and allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning. Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force , becoming Palpatine's third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader.
Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66: Operation Knightfall. During the creation of the Clone Army, Palpatine ordered Jedi Master Syfo-Dyas to instruct the Kaminoans to implant a fail-safe chip into the clones, with a code embedded that allowed them to turn on their Jedi commanders, allowing for the commencement of Operation Knightfall. Led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, with himself as Emperor for life. The Senate enthusiastically supports Palpatine, although a few senators, like Padmé and Bail Organa, realize that the freedom enshrined by the Republic has been destroyed in the name of a "safe and secure society." A deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope.
Two remaining Jedi, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda, attempt to attack and destroy the Sith once and for all. Yoda confronts Palpatine, and Obi-Wan duels his former apprentice, now Darth Vader. Obi-Wan defeats Vader and leaves him for dead, but Yoda's duel with Palpatine ends in a stalemate and he is forced to flee for his life; both Jedi are forced to go into exile. Grievously wounded, Vader is rescued by Palpatine and fitted with cybernetics and a black suit of armor with a life support system, which he will wear for the rest of his life. Padme's children, with their mother dead and their father a Sith Lord, are placed into adoptive families until the time is right for the Jedi to reappear in the galaxy and overthrow the Empire.
Organization of power[edit]
Imperial Government[edit]
Imperial Palace
With the end of the Clone Wars, the purging of the Jedi Order and the formation of the First Galactic Empire, Palpatine rules with absolute power as Emperor. He retains the emergency powers that had been voted to him in Attack of the Clones, allowing him to rule for decades under what amounts to martial law. Lord Darth Vader is the Emperor's second-in-command and his ruthless chief enforcer, greatly feared throughout the galaxy; a command from Vader is to be considered a command from Palpatine. In the 19 years between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, Palpatine rules the galaxy from the confines of his heavily guarded Imperial Palace on Coruscant. During that same time, Vader travels extensively to most of the galactic regions to enforce the Emperor's rule.
The Imperial Palace, once known as the Jedi Temple when it was the home of the Jedi Order, was a complex on Coruscant that served as the seat of power for Darth Sidious during his reign.
Imperial Senate and Grand Moffs
The Senate, now known as the Imperial Senate, nominally continues to exist, though it is virtually powerless. Palpatine dissolves the Senate (off-camera) in A New Hope after discovering that several members of the Senate are founding members of the Rebellion. Aside from Palpatine, the real power in the Empire is in the hands of planetary system-administrators (regional governors), the "Moffs" (sector governors) and the "Grand Moffs" (quadrant governors) who oversee collections of sectors such as the "Outer Rim". After Palpatine dissolves the Senate, he commissioned the regional governors with a Star Destroyer, a division of soldiers and are formally granted direct control over their planet territories; each reports directly to their respective Moffs and Grand Moffs. The Grand Moffs themselves held such prestige that they outranked Darth Vader's authority de facto; as was demonstrated by Vader's deference to Tarkin's command on the Death Star.[2] Through this chain of command, Palpatine dictates direct control over all population centers.
Imperial Military[edit]
Further information: Death Star
In A New Hope, Grand Moff Tarkin explains the Empire's military doctrine of peacekeeping, internal security, and counter-insurgency; describing its state terrorism-philosophy as rule through fear of force rather than force itself. The instrument of this power is the military, which includes the Imperial Stormtroopers, a massive fleet of Star Destroyers, and the Death Star, a moon-sized superweapon capable of destroying entire planets. Plans for the Death Star first appear (in universe chronology) in Attack of the Clones and construction begins at the end of Revenge of the Sith.
Imperial Guard
The Imperial Guard (or Red Guard) were elite, red-helmeted and red-cloaked stormtroopers who serve as Emperor Palpatine's personal bodyguards. In addition to strict requirements of height, strength, intelligence, and loyalty, only the most capable soldiers in the Imperial Military qualified for duty in the ranks of the Royal Guard. On occasion if needed or ordered by Palpatine, they could take orders from his apprentice, Darth Vader.
In the waning days of the Republic, Supreme Chancellor Sheev Palpatine formed a personnel security detail of red-robed guards whom he favored over the Senate Guard. He additionally began to phase out the Senate Guard with the clone shock troopers of the Coruscant Guard. Eventually, as Galactic Emperor, Palpatine disbanded the Senate Guard altogether and replaced them with his Royal Guard and the stormtroopers of the Galactic Empire.
Imperial Army Command
The Imperial Army Command (IAC) is the main ground force of the Galactic Empire. It operates massive ground combat vehicles and maintains garrisons across the galaxy. It also cooperates with other branches of the Empire in a variety of operations. The Imperial Army consists of a considerable number of legions, enough to project power throughout the galaxy. Some of the legions are stationed on the capital planet Coruscant as part of the Emperor's personal security, while others are scattered in the Imperial Navy and planetary garrisons across the galaxy. Imperial Army officers and crew typically wear the Imperial standard green uniforms when not clad in armor.
Imperial Naval Command
Further information: Star Destroyer
The Imperial Naval Command (INC), also referred to as the Imperial Starfleet, was the military arm of the Galactic Empire in charge of maintaining security, peace and order in the galaxy. Commanded by Darth Vader, it absorbed the military forces of the Galactic Republic after Palpatine's declaration of the New Order. Organization of the Imperial Navy was assigned to the Moffs.
At its peak, the Imperial Navy fielded millions of warships, including an estimated 25,000 Star Destroyers, fulfilling the Emperor's will throughout the galaxy. The Empire's central warship cadre is well structured and uniformed, but the Imperial Navy suffers against strike craft, largely due to the inadequacies of its own starfighters and point defense. The Empire's focus on size, firepower, and terror came at the expense of a well-balanced fleet. After its defeat at the Battle of Endor, the Galactic Empire split up into warring factions and the Imperial Starfleet along with it. While much of the remnants of the Imperial Navy were later reunited under impressive Imperial commanders, the military organization covered in this article ceased to exist shortly after the death of the Emperor.
Specific responsibilities of the Imperial Navy included defending Imperial citizens from space-based threats (such as pirates, smugglers and rebel contingents), enforcing Imperial will, and overseeing commerce through customs and blockade operations. The Imperial Navy also performed orbital bombardments and transported major ground force deployments, supporting them with space, orbital, and aerial support.
Imperial Navy officers wore the same standard uniform that their Army counterparts used but was colored grey, and both services used colored chest plaques to denote rank.
After the Battle Of Endor (4 ABY), the navy was scattered.
Imperial Starfighter Corps
Further information: TIE fighter
The Imperial Starfighter Corps (ISC) was the starfighter pilot branch of the Galactic Empire. Although the Corps was a component of the Navy,[3] most pilots were assigned to ground operations with the Imperial Army.[4] Some Imperial starfighters include TIE (Twin Ion Engine) fighters, TIE Intercepters, TIE Strikers, TIE Silencers (by the First Order), and TIE Bombers. The corps was scattered after the Battle Of Endor (4 ABY).
Imperial Stormtrooper Corps
Further information: Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
Contrary to popular belief, Imperial Stormtrooper Corps (ISC) are not in fact the army, but rather an elite corps that works as a ground force for the Navy—similar to a Marine Corps. The Stormtroopers operate in conjunction with the Army and Navy, but in practice are organized like marines with their own separate divisions. When not in their signature white armor, Stormtrooper officers wear black uniforms.
Imperial Security Bureau
The Imperial Security Bureau (ISB) are the principal military intelligence, law enforcement, and internal security agency of the Galactic Empire. The ISB was charged with matters of counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, criminal investigation, internal affairs, state security and ensuring the loyalty of citizens to the Empire. It functions autonomously as a secret police organization (ISB officers are often found as political officers in Army and Navy units). Officers of the ISB wear white uniforms. Aside from that, it happened to be one of the many umbrella organizations under the greater Commission for the Preservation of the New Order, and was larger than its sister agency Imperial Intelligence.
Imperial Central Intelligence
The Imperial Central Intelligence (ICI) was an espionage organization of the Galactic Empire that provided services to the Imperial Military, the Joint Chiefs, and Emperor Sheev Palpatine. ICI was responsible for the gathering, processing, analyzing and dissemination of information throughout the Star Wars galaxy for the purpose national security and propaganda. Its clandestine operations allowed it to operate outside the chain of command, but had no military or law enforcement authority in itself. It had oversight of the operations of the Naval Intelligence Agency which was briefly made its own separate organization before being folded back under Imperial Intelligence. The Imperial Security Bureau was a sister agency and rival to Imperial Central Intelligence over resources, abilities, and areas of responsibility.
Galactic Civil War[edit]
Main article: Galactic Civil War (Star Wars)
With the formation of the Empire and the purge of the Jedi now complete, martial law was immediately declared throughout the universe. Those in hiding, or attempting to either flee from or oppose the New Imperial Order, would be subject to persecution or death. This was the start of the bloody decades-long Galactic Civil War.
In a deleted scene in Revenge of the Sith (and in fear of that incoming conflict), several influential senators including Bail Organa of Alderaan, Padme Amidala of Naboo, and Mon Mothma of Chandrila, meet in secret to form what will later become the Alliance to Restore the Republic, more commonly referred to as the Rebel Alliance. During the two decades that take place between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, the Rebellion grows and becomes a formidable enemy of the Empire.
The Death Star, a moon-sized space station with sufficient firepower to destroy an entire planet, is designed to be the supreme weapon of the Empire's power. Grand Moff Willhuff Tarkin, the station's commander, shortly after informing the heads of the Imperial Military that Palpatine has dissolved the Senate, demonstrates that power in A New Hope, when he destroys Alderaan merely as a show of force. In the film's climactic scene, however, the station is assaulted by a small force of Rebel starfighters who have come into possession of the station's blueprints. The battle ends with the Death Star's destruction at the hands of Luke Skywalker, which is the Rebel Alliance's first major success against the Empire.
After several more years of conflict, the Alliance finally overthrows the Empire in Return of the Jedi. In the film's climactic battle, the Rebellion destroys the second Death Star and a number of capital ships that contain a great portion of the Imperial Navy's highest-ranking officers. During this battle, Vader redeems himself by killing Palpatine in order to save his son Luke Skywalker, but in this act of self-sacrifice he is himself mortally wounded in the process.
Successor[edit]
Further information: First Order (Star Wars)
After the destruction of the second Death Star, the remnants of the Empire fractured into several splinter factions. The First Order is one of these groups, led by former Imperial officers who adhere to the principles of the Empire's government. They become a major faction in the galaxy in The Force Awakens and face a reformed Rebel Alliance called the Resistance.
Expanded universe[edit]
Further information: Star Wars expanded universe
In the Star Wars expanded universe, the Rebels, renamed the New Republic, fight to claim the galaxy from remaining Imperials styling themselves as independent controllers of portions of the galaxy.
Jedi Prince series
In the Jedi Prince novel series, a group of impostors calling themselves the Prophets of the Dark Side install a three-eyed mutant named Trioculus as Emperor by claiming that he is Palpatine's son, reforming the Empire (as Trioculus's Empire). By the end of the series, Palpatine's true son, Triclops, helps the Rebels defeat this new enemy.
Thrawn Trilogy
In the Thrawn trilogy book series, the New Republic is almost brought to its knees by Grand Admiral Thrawn, the new leader of the remnants of the Empire (which are known as Thrawn's Empire) and a military genius. By the time of the third book in the series, Thrawn has nearly defeated the New Republic, but they claim victory in a last-ditch effort, and Thrawn is killed by his own bodyguard, shattering the Empire's unity.
Dark Empire
In the Dark Empire comic book series, Palpatine is reborn in a clone body and unites most of the scattered remnants of the Empire (forming the Dark Empire), hoping to retake control of the galaxy. By the sequel, Empire's End, he is defeated and destroyed once and for all.
Jedi Academy Trilogy
In the Jedi Academy Trilogy, an Imperial admiral named Daala commandeers the remainder of the Imperial Navy (the Crimson Empire) and mounts a ferocious assault on the New Republic. She nearly succeeds in taking over the galaxy, but is foiled by New Republic pilots Wedge Antilles and Lando Calrissian in the final entry, Champions of the Force.
Darksaber
In the novel Darksaber, Admiral Daala, frustrated with the Imperial warlords in the Core fighting and bickering amongst themselves, orchestrates the warlords' deaths and unites and becomes the leader of the remaining Imperial forces. After being defeated in battle once again by the New Republic, she resigns and selects Gilad Pellaeon (originally in the Thrawn Trilogy) as the new leader, where he becomes Grand Admiral Pellaeon.
New Jedi Order
By the time of the New Jedi Order series, the remaining Imperial military factions sign a truce with the New Republic, becoming the Imperial Remnant. The former enemies then become allies against the invading Yuuzhan Vong. A few years later, the Remnant help the Galactic Alliance fight an assimilating insect species known as the Killiks, and in the early Legacy era they are a third party in the Second Galactic Civil War but made peace with the Alliance and Confederation. All three of these were represented by former Imperial commanders.
Legacy (series)
The Star Wars: Legacy comic book series, set 130 years after the original Star Wars film, explains that, during a civil war, the New Galactic Empire known as the Fel Empire declares war on the Galactic Federation Of Free Alliances (Galactic Alliance), the successor state of the New Republic. This conflict begins the Sith-Imperial War, which after three years leads to the eventual defeat of the Galactic Alliance and the Galactic Empire asserting its domination over the galaxy once again. Another split occurs as the Sith Lord Darth Krayt the leader of the One Sith, usurps the throne and forces Emperor Roan Fel to take refuge in the fortress planet of Bastion. The Galactic Alliance Remnant led by Admiral Gar Stazi, Fel's forces known as the Empire-in-exile led by Empress Marasiah Fel, and the New Jedi Order led by Jedi Master K'Krukk united against Darth Krayt's Galactic Empire and successfully destroy it and the three united factions formed a new galactic government out of their organizations called the Galactic Federation Triumvirate but the former Empire-in-exile still technically carried on the New Order that Palpatine had created. The One Sith however, led by Darth Wredd, remain at large and wage a war against the GFT known as the Darth Wredd's insurgency but two years later in 140 ABY, the former Empire-in-exile works with the other two factions and kill Wredd, dissolve the One Sith, which defeats the Sith once and for all and allows the Galaxy to enter an era of peace (the Post-Legacy era).
Successors
In the Expanded Universe the successor to the Empire was Trioculus's Empire (ruled by Trioculus) whose successor was Thrawn's Empire (led by Grand Admiral Thrawn from Wayland in the Wayland System of the Ojoster Sector of the Outer Rim Territories) whose successor was the Dark Empire (ruled by Emperor Palpatine from Byss in the Byss System of the Deep Core) which successor was the Crimson Empire (by Carnor Jax from Ord Cantrell of the Ord Cantrell system of the Fath Sector of the Outer Rim Territories) whose successor was the Imperial Remmant whose successor was the Fel Empire.
Themes[edit]
See also: Star Wars sources and analogues
Augustus in the robes and cloak of his position as Pontifex Maximus.
Star Wars creator George Lucas sought to make the Galactic Empire aesthetically and thematically similar to Nazi Germany and to appear to be fascist.[5] Like Nazi Germany, the Galactic Empire is a dictatorship based on rigid control of society that dissolved a previous democracy and is led by an all-powerful supreme ruler.[6] The Empire, like the Nazis, desires the creation of totalitarian order[7] and utilizes excessive force and violence to achieve their ends.[7] The name of the Empire's main soldiers, the Stormtroopers, is somewhat similar to the name given to Hitler's Sturmabteilung (SA, "storm detachment") paramilitary bodyguards.[6] The visual appearance of Darth Vader in his all-black uniform combined with his devout obedience to the Emperor has allusion to the black-uniformed Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS).[6] The uniforms of Imperial military officers also bear resemblance to uniforms used in Nazi Germany as well as nineteenth-century Germany's ulans (mounted lancers)—who wore a tunic, riding breeches, and boots like the Empire's officers wear—as well as the Imperial officers' cap resembling the field caps historically worn by German and Austrian troops.[5] In addition to Nazi Germany, there was also at least one portion of the Galactic Empire that was based on the Soviet Union, which is the various military personnel and TIE Fighters are flying in formation as Palpatine arrives on the Death Star in Return of the Jedi. In the commentary track for the film's DVD release, Lucas admitted that the ceremony for the Emperor's arrival was inspired by May Day military parades in the Soviet Union.[8] Lucas has also indicated in various sources that the Galactic Empire was largely derived from America during the time of the Vietnam War, and more specifically Richard Nixon's time as President, with it dating back as early as 1973 when he first started working on the first film, with his friend Walter Murch also verifying this to be the case.[9][10]
Palpatine's rise to power, and transforming a democracy into a dictatorship has been related to those of Julius Caesar, Augustus, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler.[11]
Palpatine's consolidation of power and declaring himself emperor is like the Roman political figure Octavian (later renamed Augustus), in that Octavian manipulated the Roman Senate as Palpatine did with the Galactic Senate; he legitimized authoritarian rule by saying that corruption in the Senate was hampering the powers of the head of state; he pressured the Roman Senate to give him extraordinary powers as Consul of the Republic to deal with a crisis and he falsely claimed that he would rescind those powers once the crisis was over; and, like the transition of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire, Octavian, like Palpatine, relied on his strong control over military force.[11]
Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler in black SS uniform, visiting a concentration camp. Star Wars and History published by Lucasfilm says that Darth Vader's relationship with Palpatine is like Himmler's relationship with Adolf Hitler.[11] Mary Henderson in Star Wars: The Magic of Myth contends that Darth Vader's all-black uniform and his devout obedience to the Emperor is an allusion to Nazi Germany's SS.
The power relationship in the Galactic Empire between Emperor Palpatine and Darth Vader has been likened to that within Nazi Germany between Hitler and Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, as well as that between Joseph Stalin and the head of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria, in that Darth Vader is a dictator's main henchman who is completely ruthless in serving his master.[11]
See also[edit]
Isaac Asimov's Galactic Empire
Imperium of Mankind
List of Star Wars characters
Utopian and dystopian fiction
State terrorism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Palpatine, Emperor," in Stephen J. Sansweet, Star Wars Encyclopedia (New York: Del Rey, 1998), p. 224, ISBN 0-345-40227-8
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPAY2NanCcU
Jump up ^ sohttps://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062466828/
Jump up ^ http://titanmagazines.com/t/star-wars-insider/us/156/
^ Jump up to: a b Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary S. Henderson; Mary Henderson (1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-553-37810-8.
Jump up ^ George Lucas, commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century Fox, 2004), disc 1.
Jump up ^ Chris Taylor, How Star Wars Conquered the Universe: The Past, Present Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise, New York, New York, USA: Basic Books, 2014-2015. Pp. 87-88. "The third mode that [George] Lucas intended to use to depict [American involvement in the] Vietnam [War]—the allegorical, futuristic lens—was only just taking shape, but already it was being influenced by Lucas' thinking about the present tense.* Lucas was fascinated by the notion of how a tiny nation could overcome the largest military power on Earth, and this was baked into The Star Wars right from its earliest notes in 1973: "A large technological empire going after a small group of freedom fighters."
* Though Star Wars was ultimately set "a long time ago," Lucas's earliest plan was to set it in the thirty-third century.
Jump up ^ Michael Ondaatje. The Conversations: Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film. 2004. p.70. "Originally George Lucas was going to direct ('Apocalypse Now'), so it was a project that George and John [Milius] developed for [American] Zoetrope. That was back in 1969. Then when Warner Brothers cancelled the funding for Zoetrope, the project was abandoned for a while. After the success of 'American Graffiti' in 1973, George wanted to revive it, but it was still too hot a topic, the [Vietnam] war was still on, and nobody wanted to finance something like that. So George considered his options: What did he really want to say in 'Apocalypse Now?' The message boiled down to the ability of a small group of people to defeat a gigantic power simply by the force of their convictions. And he decided, All right, if it’s politically too hot as a contemporary subject, I’ll put the essence of the story in outer space and make it happen in a galaxy long ago and far away. The rebel group were the North Vietnamese, and the Empire was the United States. And if you have 'the force,' no matter how small you are, you can defeat the overwhelmingly big power. ‘Star Wars’ is George’s transubstantiated version of 'Apocalypse Now.'"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Star Wars and History. Lucasfilm.
"Vision of the Future", 1st paperback printing 1999, Timothy Zahn, ISBN 0-553-57879-0
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galactic Empire (Star Wars).
Galactic Empire in the StarWars.com Databank
Galactic Empire on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
DomusPublica.net (No longer active, this archive as of September 27, 2005 has at least some of the essays intact)
The Case for the Empire, The Weekly Standard
Web.Archive.org, "No Case for the Empire"
GalacticEmpireDatabank.com
Why did The Galactic Empire Hate Aliens?
Fan societies / clubs[edit]
The Empire Reborn - Roleplaying and gaming society (PC Games)
The Galactic Empire - Roleplaying game with strong emphasis on political and military training.
The Emperor's Hammer Strike Fleet - PC Gaming club for all Star Wars games and Star Conflict.
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Kumar Sanu
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Kumar Sanu
Background information
Native name
Kumar Sanu
Birth name
Kedarnath Bhattacharya
Also known as
Melody King,King Sanu[1]
Born
(1955-10-20) 20 October 1955 (age 62)
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Genres
Film
pop
Occupation(s)
Playback singer
Instruments
Vocals
Years active
1989-present
Labels
Yash Raj Films, T-Series, Sony Music, Zee Music, Tips, Saregama, Venus Records & Tapes and Vishesh Films
Children
Jaan Kumar Sanu, Shannon K., Annabel K.
v
t
e
Kedarnath Bhattacharya, better known as Kumar Sanu (born 20 October 1957), is a leading Indian playback singer of Bengali background, popular for rendering his voice in Bollywood movies of the 1990s and early 2000s. He was awarded the Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer Award for five consecutive years. In 2009, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in recognition of his achievements.[2][3]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Significant collaborations
3.1 Nadeem Shravan
3.2 Anu Malik
3.3 Jatin Lalit
3.4 Himesh Reshammiya
3.5 Rajesh Roshan
3.6 Viju Shah
3.7 Anand-Milind
3.8 Other composers
4 Other work
5 Work with other singers
6 Politics
7 Comeback
8 Discography
9 Awards
9.1 Civil honours
9.2 Filmfare Awards
9.3 Other awards
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Early life[edit]
Kumar Sanu's father Pashupati Bhattacharya was a vocalist and composer. He, Sanu and Sanu's elder sister lived in the Sinthee area (Dumdum, Kolkata) near Biswanath Park.
Career[edit]
Kumar Sanu started his playback career, as Shanu Bhattacharya. In 1986, he got Bangladeshi film Tin Kanya,[2] directed by Shibli Sadiq.[citation needed] Sanu had his first major Bollywood song in Hero Hiralal (1989).
In 1989, Jagjit Singh introduced Kumar Sanu to Kalyanji-Anandji at their residence Vimal Bunglows in Mumbai. On their suggestion, he changed his name from "Kedarnath Bhattacharya" to "Kumar Sanu" because his voice and singing style were much influenced by Kishore Kumar. Anandji shared this story on the show Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai, hosted by Farooq Sheikh. Sanu then relocated to Mumbai, where Kalyanji-Anandji gave him a chance to sing in the film Jaadugar.
For the 1990 film Aashiqui, music directors Nadeem-Shravan got Sanu to sing all but one of the songs. He won the first of his record five consecutive Filmfare Awards as Best Male Playback Singer. His next Filmfare Awards came for songs in the movies Saajan (1991), Deewana (1992), Baazigar (1993) and 1942: A Love Story (1994). He won 5 back to back Filmfare awards for singing, between 1990 to 1994.
Significant collaborations[edit]
Nadeem Shravan[edit]
Sanu with Shravan and Thakur Doultani
Kumar Sanu got his major break when Gulshan Kumar with music directors Nadeem and Shravan gave him chance to sing most of the songs of movie Aashiqui (1990), songs were recorded earlier for an album and later movie was made around the songs. The movie as well as the songs were a grand success. Thereafter, they worked together in many films, including Saajan (1991), Phool Aur Kaante (1991), Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991), Sadak (1991), Deewana (1992), Dil Ka Kya Kasoor (1992), Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993), Sainik (1993), Sapne Sajan Ke (1993), Waqt Hamara Hai (1993), Rang (1993), Dilwale (1994), Barsaat (1995), Raja Hindustani (1996), Pardes (1997), Dhadkan (2000), Kasoor (2001), Hum Ho Gaye Aapke (2001), Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love (2001), Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa (2002), Dil Hai Tumhaara (2002), Tum Se Achcha Kaun Hai (2002), Dil Ka Rishta (2003) Footpath (2003) and Andaaz (2003). He has sung his most number of songs for them (293 songs).
Anu Malik[edit]
Sanu has sung songs of various genres with Anu Malik. It was Malik who made Sanu sing his first western-style song "Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhe", from the film Baazigar (1993). Some other achievements of the combo are Chamatkar (1992), Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee (1993), Sir (1993), Imtihaan (1994), Vijaypath (1994), Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994), Naaraaz (1994), Naajayaz (1995), Diljale (1995), Virasat (1997), Judwaa (1997), Tamanna (1997), Duplicate (1998), Kareeb (1998), Soldier (1998), Ishq Vishq (2003), Fida (2004) and No Entry (2005). In 2015, they were again back with songs in Dum Laga Ke Haisha.
Jatin Lalit[edit]
Sanu started his work with Jatin Lalit on the 1992 film Khiladi. From then on he provided his voice for hit movies including Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman (1992), Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (1993), Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995), Khamoshi (1996), Yes Boss (1997), Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai (1998), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha (1998), Ghulam (1998), Dil Kya Kare (1999), Khubsoorat (1999), Sangharsh (1999), Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (1999), Vaastav (1999) and Sarfarosh (1999). He has sung a total of 136 songs for them.
Himesh Reshammiya[edit]
Sanu worked for Himesh Reshammiya, for all title tracks of TV serials which Reshammiya produced. All the title tracks were sung by Sanu, and then in his debut film as a music director, Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya and further for many other films such as Kurukshetra, Yeh Hai Jalwa, Humraaz, Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye, Hello Brother, Bandhan, Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge, Jodi No.1, Uljhanh and Taarzan: The Wonder Car.
Rajesh Roshan[edit]
Beginning with "Jab Koi Baat Bigad Jaye" in the movie Jurm (1990), Sanu's collaboration with Rajesh Roshan produced one hit after another. Significant movies include Karan Arjun (1995), Sabse Bada Khiladi (1995), Papa Kehte Hai (1996), Dastak (1996), Koyla (1997), Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), Kya Kehna (2000), Karobaar: The Business of Love (2000) and Aetbaar (2004).
Viju Shah[edit]
Sanu has rendered his voice for some of Viju Shah's greatest compositions. Mohra (1994), Tere Mere Sapne (1996), Gupt (1997), Aar Ya Paar (1997), Beti No. 1 (1999), Bulandi (2000), Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat (2001) and Kasam (2001) are some of their notable albums.
Anand-Milind[edit]
Sanu has recorded over 150 songs with Anand-Milind. Breaking away from his romantic image, he has sung peppy numbers for the duo, his most famous ones being for actor Govinda. He worked with the duo and successfully delivered hits such as Jigar (1992), Raja Babu (1994), Suhaag (1994), Jai Kishan (1994), Elaan (1994), Coolie No 1 (1995), Hero No. 1 (1997), Gair (1998), Chal Mere Bhai (2000), Army (1996), Trinetra, Lootere (1993), Gopi Kishan (1994) and Rakshak (1996).
Other composers[edit]
In a career spanning three decades, he has sung with other composers including R.D. Burman, Bappi Lahiri, Arup-Pranoy, Suresh Wadkar, Talat Aziz, Anup Jalota, Vishal-Shekhar, Shyam Surendar, Tapan, Ismail Darbar, Kalyanji Anandji, Laxmikant-Pyarelal, Sajid-Wajid, Viju Shah, Uttam Singh, Raam Laxman, A. R. Rahman, Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen, Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Naushad, Aadesh Shrivastava, Jeet Gannguli, Damodar Raao, and Aryan R. Jain.
Other work[edit]
Kumar Sanu has composed music for various Indian films. Utthaan and Yeh Sunday Kyun Aata Hai are most remarkable among them. Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Anuradha Paudwal, Sapna Mukherjee, Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sonu Nigam, Sadhana Sargam, Sudesh Bhonsle, Shaan, Shreya Ghosal, Hema Sardesai, Sunidhi Chauhan and many more lent their voices for his music. "Yeh Kaisa Utthhan Hai" (sung by Asha Bhosle and Sonu Nigam in two different versions) and "Jisne Sapna Dekha" (sung by Sanu himself) are critically acclaimed.
Sanu sang the title song for the TV show Yeh Duniyan Gazab Ki, with singer Udit Narayan.
Other than singing and composing music for films, he has also shown interest in producing films. In 2006, he produced his first Hindi film Utthaan.
Currently, he is working with a fellow producer, Rakesh Bhhatia on a new project named Yeh Sunday Kyun Aata Hai. The film is based on the lives of four children who live in the streets of Mumbai and polish shoes at a train station in order to earn their livelihoods. The film will feature Mithun Chakraborty in a leading role. Recently, Sanu sang for a Bangladeshi Bengali film Hason Raja, which was directed by a UK-based filmmaker Ruhul Amin. This movie was never released. He also has composed for some Bengali movies; Amrita and Tobu Aporichito.
Sanu was on the panel of judges on Sony TV for Waar Parriwar, a reality show based on the bringing together of a singing gharana (family of singers) and on Zee Bangla TV in a music reality show called Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Vishwa Sera.
In 2012, he judged the Zee Bangla musical reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa – Gane Gane Tomar Mone. At present, he is one of the judges on the Bengali version of the popular musical reality show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs.
Recently he recorded an album named Hum aur Tum. He also recorded a Spanish song for an album. He has also the record for the most recordings of songs in a single day, 28 songs.
He also made special appearances as an actor in the movies Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain (1999) and Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015).
Sanu is a trustee and Brand Ambassador of Bishwa Bandhan,[4] a foundation for cerebral palsy.
Sanu opened a primary school, Kumar Sanu Vidya Niketan,[5] for underprivileged children in Karol Bagh, Delhi. The students are given uniforms and books free of cost.[6]
Work with other singers[edit]
Sanu had multiple hit duet numbers with singers Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Anuradha Paudwal, Alka Yagnik, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Sadhana Sargam, Alisha Chinai, Sunidhi Chauhan, Sapna Mukherjee, Poornima, Sapna Awasthi, Shreya Ghoshal, Akriti Kakkar, Monali Thakur and others. Sanu also multiplied duet with her daughter Shannon K, pop singer and songwriter, who has launched her career in the United States in 2017.[7].
Sanu is also credited with the highest number of version songs and male duet hits with the finest singers of 1980s and 1990s. Some of the notable songs are as follows:
Song
Film
Other version sung by singer(s)
"O Priya Suno Priya" Arjun Pandit (1999) Hariharan
"Dil Ka Aalam" Aashiqui (1990) Nitin Mukesh
"Dil Ka Rishta" Dil Ka Rishta (2002) Udit Narayan and Babul Supriyo
"Kajal Kajal" Sapoot (1996) Amit Kumar
"Raja Ko Rani Se" Akele Hum Akele Tum (1995) Udit Narayan
"Pardesi Pardesi" Raja Hindustani (1996) Udit Narayan and Suresh Wadkar (sad version)
"Aakhon Main Base ho Tum" Takkar (1995) Abhijeet Bhattacharya
"Tum Dil Ki" Dhadkan (2000) Abhijeet Bhattacharya
"Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hai Dilse" Dhadkan (2000) Sonu Nigam, Udit Narayan
"Woh Aankh Hi Kya" Khuddar (1994) Sonu Nigam
"Jeeye Toh Jeeya Kyse" Saajan (1991) Pankaj Udhas and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
"Dil kya kare" Dil Kya Kare (1999) Udit Narayan
"Janam meri janam" Mr. Bechara (1996) Udit Narayan
"O Dil Tod Ke Hasti Ho Mera" Bewafa Sanam (1995) Udit Narayan
"Is Tarah aashiqui ka" Imtihaan (1994) Amit Kumar
"Dil Mera Churaya Kyu" Akele Hum Akele Tum (1995) Udit Narayan
"Cahaton Ka Silsila" Shabd (2005) Udit Narayan
"Jis Ghadi Tujhko" Prithvi (1997 film) Udit Narayan
"Salma Pe Dil Aa Gaya" Salma Pe Dil Aa Gaya (1997) Udit Narayan, Asha Bhosle and Amit Kumar
Politics[edit]
He joined the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2004 in a ceremony headed by then Party President Venkiah Naidu, but he later resigned to concentrate on singing.[8] He rejoined BJP on 2 December 2014, inducted by Amit Shah, the current BJP president.[9]
Comeback[edit]
Kumar Sanu returned to playback singing in 2012. He made a comeback at the urge of composer Sajid-Wajid. Sajid-Wajid gave him "Chammak Challo Chhail Chhabili" - Rowdy Rathore, a wedding song with Shreya Ghoshal. In 2015, Kumar Sanu replaced Lata Mangeshkar as the background voice of Yash Raj Films logo for the film Dum Laga Ke Haisha. This was the first time in YRF's 60-year history that Lata Mangeshkar's voice was replaced.[10]
Discography[edit]
Main article: List of songs recorded by Kumar Sanu
Awards[edit]
Filmfare awards — 1991-1995
Padma Shri
Screen award for Best Male Playback
Civil honours[edit]
Year
Award
Honouring body
2001 31 March - Kumar Sanu Day: first Indian singer to achieve such honour in America Michael R. Turner, Mayor, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.[11]
2001 Doctorate (honorary) University of America
2009 Padma Shri: India's 4th highest civilian honour Government of India
2012 Dr. Ambedkar Awards[12] People Education Society
2014 Maharashtraratna Awards Government of Maharashtra
2014 Mahanayak Samman Lifetime Achievement: as Bengali Playback Singer Government of West Bengal
2015 Sangeet Samman Lifetime Achievement Award Government of West Bengal[13]
2017 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Nobel Award[12] International Human Rights Council
2018 Felicitation at the UK Houses of Parliament : First Indian singer to receive such honour in UK along with Anuradha Paudwal for contribution in Indian Music and also social services. Indo-British All Party Parliamentary Group [14]
Filmfare Awards[edit]
Won
Year
Song
Film
Music director(s)
Lyricist
1990 "Ab Tere Bin" Aashiqui Nadeem-Shravan Sameer
1991 "Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai" Saajan Nadeem-Shravan Sameer
1992 "Sochenge Tumhe Pyaar" Deewana Nadeem-Shravan Sameer
1993 "Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhen" Baazigar Anu Malik Dev Kohli
1994 "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" 1942: A Love Story R.D. Burman Javed Akhtar
Nominated
Year
Song
Film
1993 "Baazigar O Baazigar" Baazigar
1995 "Tujhe Dekha To" Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
1997 "Do Dil Mil Rahe Hain" Pardes
1998 "Ladki Badi Anjaani Hai" Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
1999 "Aankhon Ki Gusthakiyaan" Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
2003 "Sanam Mere Humraaz" Humraaz
2003 "Kisise Tum Pyar Karo" Andaaz
Other awards[edit]
2017: BAIBASUTA Award
2016: 8th position on "Google most searched Indian singers in last 10 years"[15]
2016: International Bhojpuri Film Awards (IBFA), Dubai – Golden Voice Award
2016: Most trusted singer according to "Celebrity / Personality Brand Trust Report: India Study 2016"
2015: "Prudent Personality of the Nation" by Parwaz Corporate Today
2004: Kala Vedika Awards - "Pride Of India Award", for Promoting Indian Culture Through Indian Music
2004: Global Excellence Award
2003: Bollywood Music Award For "Best Artist of the Decade"
2001: Channel V Award For Best Male Playback for "Chand Sitare" - Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai
2000: Hero Honda Award For Best Playback Singer (Male) for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
2000: Kalashree Award For Best Male Playback for "Chaand Sitare" - Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai
2000: Nomination: IIFA Award for Best Male Playback for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
2000: Nomination: MTV Award for "Dil ne yeh" with Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik
1999: Mohammed Rafi Memorial Award for Best Playback Singer For "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
1999: Nomination: MTV Award for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" With Kavita Krishnamurthy - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
1999: Zee Gold Awards for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
1999: Kalakar Awards for "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
1999: CSR Gold Award for Best Playback Singer "Aankhon ki gustakhiyaan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
1999: Stardust Award for Best Playback Singer For "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyaan" - Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
1999: Anandalok Awards for Best Playback Singer (Male) Kumar Sanu for Ami Sei Meye
1998: Lions' Club Gold Award For Best Playback Singer "Ladki Badi Anjani Hai" - Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
1998: Grammy W. Indian
1998: Punjabi Kalirangan Award
1998: Anandalok Awards For Best Playback Singer (Male) Kumar Sanu for Gane Bhuban Bhoriye Debo
1997: BFJA Award for film Lathi
1997: Punjabi Kalirangan Award
1996: BFJA Award for film Kencho Khurte Keote
1995: Deva Award
1995: Channel V Award For Best Male Playback "Tujhe Dekha To Yeh Jaana Sanam" - Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
1995: Ashirwad Award For Best Male Playback "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" - 1942: A Love Story
1995: Screen Award for Best Male Playback for "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha" - 1942: A Love Story
1993: SUMU Award For Best Male Playback Singer in 1993 for Singing Maximum Good Songs
1993: SUMU Award For Best Male Playback Singer, in Baazigar
See also[edit]
List of Indian playback singers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "All reality shows are money minting programmes: Kumar Sanu - Times of India". Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Khole, Purva (23 September 2013). "Kumar Sanu, happy birthday". Bollywoodlife.com. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Soman, Deepa (29 August 2013). "Kumar Sanu: Love to sing more". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Singer Kumar Sanu opens school for the underprivileged.. - Bollywood.com News". Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview with talented Pop Singer Shannon K". CreativInn Art Mag.
Jump up ^ "Kumar Sanu will "sing" for BJP". The Hindu. 17 March 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bollywood singer Kumar Sanu joins BJP". Times Of India. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lata Mangeshkar Replaced By Kumar Sanu For Ayushmann Khurrana's Dum Laga Ke Haisha". Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Day tripper: Kumar Sanu goes global". Filmfare. July 2001. Archived from the original on 30 August 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "International Human Rights Council Honours Dharmendra With Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Nobel Award". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/bappi-lahiri-kumar-sanu-given-lifetime- achievement-awards/
Jump up ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kumar-sanu-anuradha-paudwal-uk-houses-of-parliament-5251042/
Jump up ^ "Salman Khan, Sunny Leone are Google's most searched Indian actors of last 10 years". 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kumar Sanu.
Kumar Sanu on IMDb
Kumar Sanu news at DNA India
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Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer
1960-1980
Mukesh (1960)
Mohammed Rafi (1961)
Mohammed Rafi (1962)
No Award (1963)
Mahendra Kapoor (1964)
Mohammed Rafi (1965)
No Award (1966)
Mohammed Rafi (1967)
Mahendra Kapoor (1968)
Mohammed Rafi (1969)
Kishore Kumar (1970)
Mukesh (1971)
Manna Dey (1972)
Mukesh (1973)
Narendra Chanchal (1974)
Mahendra Kapoor (1975)
Kishore Kumar (1976)
Mukesh (1977)
Mohammed Rafi (1978)
Kishore Kumar (1979)
K. J. Yesudas (1980)
1981-2000
Kishore Kumar (1981)
Amit Kumar (1982)
Kishore Kumar (1983)
Kishore Kumar (1984)
Kishore Kumar (1985)
Kishore Kumar (1986)
No Award (1987)
No Award (1988)
Udit Narayan (1989)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1990)
Kumar Sanu (1991)
Kumar Sanu (1992)
Kumar Sanu (1993)
Kumar Sanu (1994)
Kumar Sanu (1995)
Udit Narayan (1996)
Udit Narayan (1997)
Abhijeet (1998)
Sukhwinder Singh (1999)
Udit Narayan (2000)
2001-present
Lucky Ali (2001)
Udit Narayan (2002)
Sonu Nigam (2003)
Sonu Nigam (2004)
Kunal Ganjawala (2005)
Himesh Reshammiya (2006)
Shaan and Kailash Kher (2007)
Shaan (2008)
Sukhwinder Singh (2009)
Mohit Chauhan (2010)
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (2011)
Mohit Chauhan (2012)
Ayushmann Khurrana (2013)
Arijit Singh (2014)
Ankit Tiwari (2015)
Arijit Singh (2016)
Arijit Singh (2017)
Arijit Singh (2018)
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Screen Award for Best Male Playback Singer
1995-2000
Kumar Sanu (1995)
Hariharan (1996)
Udit Narayan (1997)
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Sukhwinder Singh (1999)
Sukhwinder Singh (2000)
2001-present
Lucky Ali (2001)
Sonu Nigam (2002)
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Kailash Kher (2004)
Sonu Nigam (2005)
Sonu Nigam (2006)
Shaan (2007)
Soham Chakrabarty (2008)
KK (2009)
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (2010)
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (2011)
Mohit Chauhan (2012)
Javed Ali (2013)
Arijit Singh (2014)
Arijit Singh (2015)
Papon (2016)
Amit Mishra (2017)
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Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Award
Playback Singer
Manna Dey (1967)
Dwijen Mukhopadhyay (1974)
Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay (1975)
Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay (1976)
Anup Ghoshal (1981)
Shibaji Chatterjee (1986)
Kishore Kumar (1987)
Manna Dey (1988)
Shibaji Chatterjee (1989)
Anup Ghoshal (1992)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (1995)
Kumar Sanu (1996)
Kumar Sanu (1997)
Indranil Sen (1999)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (2000)
Abhijeet (2001)
Srikanto Acharya (2002)
Babul Supriyo (2003)
Kharaj Mukherjee (2004)
Nachiketa Chakraborty (2005)
Babul Supriyo (2006)
Pranjan Bakshi (2007)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 8046814
BNF: cb17126841z (data)
GND: 13542139X
ISNI: 0000 0000 6689 3295
MusicBrainz: 9c58542d-d049-4f3b-a6e1-ff75d87472eb
VIAF: 80173462
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumar_Sanu&oldid=857087363"
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1957 births
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text:
Hydrochloride
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In chemistry, a hydrochloride is an acid salt resulting, or regarded as resulting, from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (e.g. an amine). An alternative name is chlorhydrate, which comes from French. An archaic alternative name is muriate, derived from hydrochloric acid's ancient name: muriatic acid.
For example, reacting pyridine (C5H5N) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) yields its hydrochloride salt, pyridinium chloride. The molecular formula is either written as C5H5N·HCl or as C5H5NH+ Cl−.
Uses[edit]
Converting insoluble amines into hydrochlorides is a common way to make them water-soluble. This characteristic is particularly desirable for substances used in medications.[1] The European Pharmacopoeia lists more than 200 hydrochlorides as active ingredients in medications.[2] These hydrochlorides, compared to free bases, may more readily dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract and be able to be absorbed into the bloodstream more quickly. In addition, many hydrochlorides of amines have a longer shelf-life than their respective free bases
See also[edit]
Chloride, inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid
Free base (chemistry)
Quaternary ammonium cation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ P. Heinrich Stahl (Editor), Camille G. Wermuth (Editor): Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, 2. Ed., Wiley, 2011, ISBN 978-3-90639-051-2.
Jump up ^ European Pharmacopoeia 7th Edition 2011, EDQM.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrochloride&oldid=801255944"
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