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The Stanley Hotel
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"Stanley Hotel" redirects here. For the hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, see Stanley Hotel, Nairobi.
The Stanley Hotel
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Location
333 Wonderview Avenue, Estes Park, Colorado
Coordinates
40°23′0″N 105°31′6″W / 40.38333°N 105.51833°W / 40.38333; -105.51833Coordinates: 40°23′0″N 105°31′6″W / 40.38333°N 105.51833°W / 40.38333; -105.51833
Architect
Freelan Oscar Stanley, T. Robert Weiger, Henry Rogers
Architectural style
Colonial Revival
NRHP reference #
85001256[1]
Added to NRHP
May 26, 1977 (expanded June 20, 1985 and April 16, 1998)
The Stanley Hotel is a 142-room Colonial Revival hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, United States of America. Approximately five miles from the entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park, the Stanley offers panoramic views of Lake Estes, the Rockies and especially Long's Peak. It was built by Freelan Oscar Stanley of Stanley Steamer fame and opened on July 4, 1909, catering to the American upper class at the turn of the century.[2] The hotel and its surrounding structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[1]
The Stanley Hotel hosted the horror novelist Stephen King, serving as inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in his 1977 bestseller The Shining and its 1980 film adaption of the same name, as well as the location for the 1997 miniseries. Today, it includes a restaurant, spa, and bed-and-breakfast, and provides guided tours which feature the history and alleged paranormal activity of the site.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Gallery
3 Architecture
3.1 Main Building
3.2 Concert Hall
3.3 The Lodge
3.4 The Hedge Maze
4 The Shining
5 Film location and arts venue
6 Haunted reputation
7 Famous guests
8 Ownership history
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
In 1903, the Yankee steam-powered car inventor Freelan Oscar Stanley (1849-1940) was stricken with a life-threatening resurgence of tuberculosis.[3] The most highly recommended treatment of the day was fresh, dry air with lots of sunlight and a hearty diet. Therefore, like many "lungers" of his day, Stanley resolved to take the curative air of Rocky Mountain Colorado. He and Flora arrived in Denver in March and, in June, decided to spend the rest of the summer in the mountains, in Estes Park. Over the course of the season, Stanley's health improved dramatically.[2] Impressed by the beauty of the valley and grateful for his recovery, he decided to return every year. He lived to the ripe age of 91, dying of a heart attack in Newton, Massachusetts, one year after his wife, in 1940.
By 1907, Stanley had recovered completely. However, not content with the rustic accommodations, lazy pastimes and relaxed social scene of their new summer home, Stanley resolved to turn Estes Park into a resort town. In 1907, construction began on the Hotel Stanley, a 48-room grand hotel that catered to the class of wealthy urbanites who composed the Stanleys' social circle back east.[3]
The 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl
The land was officially purchased in 1908 through the representatives of Lord Dunraven, the Anglo-Irish peer who had originally acquired it by stretching the provisions of the Homestead Act and pre-emption rights. Between 1872 and 1884, Dunraven claimed 15,000 acres (61 km2) of the Estes Valley in an unsuccessful attempt to create a private hunting preserve, making him one of the largest foreign holders of American lands. Unpopular with the local ranchers and farmers, Dunraven left the area for the last time in 1884 relegating the ranch to the management of an overseer.[2][3] Dunraven's presence in Colorado had become so well known in the United States that his situation was parodied in Charles King's novel Dunraven Ranch (1892) as well as James A. Michener's Centennial (1974). His reputation was such that, when Stanley suggested "The Dunraven" as a name for his new hotel, 180 people signed a buckskin petition requesting that he name it for himself instead.
The structure was completed in 1909 and featured a hydraulic elevator, dual electric and gas lighting, running water, a telephone in every guest room and a fleet of specially-designed Stanley "Model Z" Mountain Wagons to bring guests from the train depot twenty miles away; all of this at a time when Estes Park was little more than a locale for hunters and naturalists. Originally, Stanley chose an ocher color for the hotel's exterior with white accents and trim. The hotel was not equipped with heat until 1983 and closed for the winter every year. The presence of the hotel and Stanley's own involvement greatly contributed to the growth of Estes Park (incorporated in 1917) and the creation of the Rocky Mountain National Park (established in 1915).
Stanley operated the hotel almost as a pastime remarking once that he spent more money than he made each summer. In 1926, he sold the Stanley to a private company incorporated for the sole purpose of running it. The venture failed and, in 1929, Stanley purchased his property out of foreclosure selling it again, in 1930, to fellow auto and hotel magnate Roe Emery of Denver. During Emery's tenure as owner, the structures were painted white inside and out and most of the original electro-gas fixtures were replaced.
Gallery[edit]
June 2008
February 2011
South elevation
Lobby looking east
Music room looking south
Architecture[edit]
The Stanley Hotel National Register Historic District contains eleven contributing buildings including the main hotel, a concert hall, carriage house and The Lodge, a smaller bed-and-breakfast originally called Stanley Manor. The buildings were designed by F.O. Stanley with the professional assistance of Denver architect T. Robert Wieger, Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, and contractor Frank Kirchoff. The site was chosen for its vantage overlooking the Estes valley and Long's Peak within the National Park. The main building is a steel-frame structure with wood cladding resting upon a granite masonry foundation. Wood for flooring, clapboarding and finishing was brought from Kirchoff's Denver Lumberyard and the Bluff City Lumber Company of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The Griffith sawmill near Bierstadt Lake and Stanley's own Hidden Valley lumber operation, located in the future national park, supplied framing material. The materials were brought to Lyons, Colorado by rail and thence to Estes Park by mule-drawn wagon. Simultaneously, Stanley oversaw the construction of a hydroelectric power plant which brought electricity to Estes Park for the first time in 1909. Stanley claimed that his hotel was the first to be powered entirely by electricity from the lighting to the kitchens. Water was supplied by the Black Canyon Creek which was dammed in 1906.
The style of the campus is so-called Colonial Revival. Although rare in the western United States, F.O. Stanley chose the Colonial Revival for its fashionable popularity in New England where he had already designed his own home and a social club in the style. The hotel's clientele would presumably, like the Stanleys, have identified the style with New England respectability and sophistication in contrast to the rusticity of the surrounding town. At one time, Stanley planned to build another, more economical hotel in Estes Park as well as a headquarters and residence for the superintendent of the Rocky Mountain National Park in the same style, to harmonize with his grand hotel. While the forms and layouts of the buildings are suited to their modern uses, their ornamentation exhibits the stylistic hallmarks of Georgian or Federal architecture from the staunch symmetry of the south elevation to the cupola, dormers, Palladian windows, side- and fan-lights, scroll brackets and "swan's neck" pediments that articulate the exterior.
Main Building[edit]
The floor plan of the main hotel building was laid out to accommodate the various activities popular with the American upper class at the turn of the twentieth century and the spaces are decorated accordingly. The music room, for instance, with its cream-colored walls (originally green and white), large windows and fine, classical plaster-work was designed for letter-writing during the day and chamber music at night - cultured pursuits perceived as feminine. On the other hand, the smoking lounge (today the Piñon Room) and adjoining billiard room, with their dark stained-wood elements and granite fireplace were designated for enjoyment by male guests. Stanley himself, having been raised in a Protestant household in the tee-totaling State of Maine and having recovered from a serious lung disease, did not smoke cigars or drink alcohol, but these were essential after-dinner activities for most men at the time. Billiards, however, was among Stanley's most cherished pastimes.
The layout was also determined by air circulation. The window at the top of the grand stair provides a pleasant breeze across the lobby, French doors in the state rooms open onto shaded verandas and the two curving staircases connecting the guest corridors prevent stagnant air in the upper floors. Although the hotel was finally updated with central heating in 1983, guests still depend on Rocky Mountain breezes for cooling in the summer. Also completed in 1983, the hotel's service tunnel connects the basement level to the staff entrance. It is cut directly through the granite on which the hotel sits.
Concert Hall[edit]
The concert hall, east of the hotel, was built by Stanley in 1909 with the assistance of Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, the same architect who designed his summer cottage. According to popular legend, it was built as a gift for Flora Stanley who was an avid pianist despite her failing eyesight. The interior is decorated in the same manner as the smaller music room and somewhat resembles that of the Boston Symphony Hall (McKim, Mead & White, 1900) with which the Stanleys may have been familiar. The stage features a trap door, used for theatrical entrances and exits. The lower level once housed a bowling alley. This feature has long since disappeared but it possibly resembled the one at the Stanley's Hunnewell Club in Newton, pictures of which are archived in the Newton Free Library. The hall underwent extensive repair and renovation in the 2000s.
The Lodge[edit]
Once called Stanley Manor, this smaller hotel between the main structure and the concert hall is a 2:3 scaled-down version of the main hotel. Unlike its model, the manor was fully heated from completion in 1910 which may indicate that Stanley planned to use it as a winter resort when the main building was closed for the season. However, unlike many other Colorado mountain towns now famous for their winter sports, Estes Park never attracted off-season visitors in Stanley's day and the manor remained empty for much of the year. Today it is called The Lodge and serves as a bed-and-breakfast off-limits to the public.
The Hedge Maze[edit]
In 2015, the open area in front of the hotel, originally a driveway for Stanley Steamers and a promenade for guests to enjoy mountain views, was replaced with a hedge maze. This non-historic feature was added to evoke the hotel's connection to The Shining. Although a hedge maze features prominently in Stanley Kubrick's version of The Shining, no such feature can be found in Stephen King's novel. The lawn of the Overlook Hotel, as King imagined it, was adorned with topiary animals and it was set that way for the shooting of the miniseries in 1996. Historically, neither feature existed at the Stanley. The design was the result of a competition, chosen from amongst 300 entrants from across the globe. The winning submission was designed by New York architect Mairim Dallaryan Standing.[4]
In 2016, John Cullen, owner of the Stanley Hotel, announced a competition for a sculpture to be the centerpiece of the terrace in front of the hotel. Sculptors Sutton Betti and Daniel Glanz won the competition with a sculpture of F.O. Stanley holding one of his violins. The sculpture was installed and dedicated on September 29, 2016. Another hotel was used for filming the outside shots, and the Stanley for inside shots.
The Shining[edit]
Cover of The Shining, first edition, 1977
On October 30, 1974, horror writer Stephen King and his wife Tabitha spent one night at the Stanley Hotel during their one year of residency in Boulder, Colorado.[5] They were driving through Estes Park as night approached when they happened upon the Stanley Hotel. They decided to book a room and, upon checking in, discovered that they were the only overnight guests. "They were just getting ready to close for the season, and we found ourselves the only guests in the place — with all those long, empty corridors."[6][7] He and his wife were served dinner in an empty dining room accompanied by canned orchestral music. "Except for our table all the chairs were up on the tables. So the music is echoing down the hall, and, I mean, it was like God had put me there to hear that and see those things."[8] That night, according to King, "I dreamed of my three-year-old son running through the corridors, looking back over his shoulder, eyes wide, screaming. He was being chased by a fire-hose. I woke up with a tremendous jerk, sweating all over, within an inch of falling out of bed. I got up, lit a cigarette, sat in a chair looking out the window at the Rockies, and by the time the cigarette was done, I had the bones of The Shining firmly set in my mind."[9]
The Shining was published in 1977 and became the third great success of King's career after Carrie and 'Salem's Lot. The Overlook Hotel - the fictional hotel in King's book inspired by the Stanley - is an evil entity haunted by its many victims. Room 217 of the Overlook features prominently in the novel, having been the room where King spent the night at the Stanley. This is the room on the second floor in the center of the west wing with a balcony overlooking the south terrace. Room 217 remains the hotel's most requested accommodation.
Film location and arts venue[edit]
In 1980, The Shining became the basis for a film adaptation directed by Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick's vision for the movie differed from King's significantly in many ways, including the portrayal of the Overlook Hotel. The exteriors of Kubrick's Overlook were supplied by the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon. Inspiration for the interior sets (erected at Elstree Studios in England) came from the 1927 Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. The management of the Timberline Lodge, fearful that guests would refuse to stay in their Room 217 if it were featured in a horror movie, insisted that Kubrick change the haunted room in the film to Room 237.
In 1997 The Shining TV series was produced, with the Stanley Hotel as the primary shooting location. A playhouse version of the main building which adorned the lawn of the Overlook Hotel in the series can be viewed in the basement of the Stanley.
The Hotel has also been used as a filming location for other movies and TV shows; most notably, as the fictional "Hotel Danbury" of Aspen, Colorado, in the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber.[10]
From 2013 to 2015, the hotel property hosted the Stanley Film Festival, an independent horror film festival operated by the Denver Film Society, held in early May. The festival featured screenings, panels, student competitions, audience awards and receptions.[11] The Stanley Film Festival was put on hiatus in 2016, and canceled for 2017.[12]
The historic Stanley Concert Hall serves as venue for various musical groups such as country-punk band Murder By Death which has performed a Shining-themed series of concerts in the space.
Bravo's cooking competition, Top Chef, also used the Stanley as a venue for Episode 10 of Season 15, all of which took place in various locations in Colorado.
Haunted reputation[edit]
Despite a peaceful early history, in the years following the publication of The Shining, The Stanley Hotel has gained a reputation among paranormal investigators for frequent activity.[13][14][15] The hotel offers guided "Ghost Tours" to guests and visitors which feature spaces reputed to be exceptionally active.[16][17] The hotel has also served as a location for numerous paranormal investigation shows such as Ghost Hunters[18][19] and Ghost Adventures.[20]
Famous guests[edit]
The Stanley Hotel has hosted the following persons of note:
1934 - Erich Fromm, the German psychoanalyst[21]
1936 - Gov. Alf Landon (R, Kansas): opponent to Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s re-election[22][23]
1974 - Stephen King, author who was inspired to write The Shining from his stay in room 217[5]
1976 - Bob Dylan & Joan Baez, classic rock icons during the Rolling Thunder Revue tour[24]
1994 - HM Emperor Akihito of Japan, Empress Michiko and Crown Prince Naruhito, on a state visit to the US[25]
1994 - Dumb and Dumber cast and crew including Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels for the “Danbury Hotel” location[26]
1996 - The Shining (miniseries) cast and crew including Rebecca De Mornay and Steven Weber[27]
Ownership history[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1908–26 - Freelan Oscar Stanley
1926–29 - The Stanley Corporation
1929–30 - Freelan Oscar Stanley[28]
1930–1946 - Roe Emery[28]
1946–1966 - Abbell Management Company (later Abbell Hotel Company), run by Maxwell Abbell, Chicago real estate investor[28][29]
?–1969 - Stanley Properties, Inc., headed by Maurice L. Albertson, civil engineer at CSU[30]
1969–? - Richard R. Holechek, Charles F. Hanson and Carol Hanson Pick of Riverside and Palm Springs, California[30]
1995–present - Grand Heritage Hotel Group
See also[edit]
The Shining (novel)
The Shining (film)
The Shining (miniseries)
Colonial Revival Architecture
National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rocky Mountain Legends". LegendsOfAmerica.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rocky Mountain National Park - Culture". US-Parks.com. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Turkewitz, Julie (3 September 2015). "Hotel That Inspired 'The Shining' Builds on Its Eerie Appeal". New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Beahm, George (September 1998). Stephen King from A to Z: An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 9780836269147.
Jump up ^ "The Stephen King Companion" Beahm, George Andrews McMeel press 1989
Jump up ^ "Stephen King Country" Beahm, George Running Press 1999
Jump up ^ Vvdailypress.com Archived October 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Stephen King: America's Best Loved Boogeyman" Beahm, George Andrews McMeel Press 1998
Jump up ^ "Stanley Hotel Ghost Story". Allstays.com. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
Jump up ^ McHargue, Brad. "Inaugural Stanley Film Festival to Showcase Independent Horror Cinema May 2–5 at the Stanley Hotel". Mile High Cinema. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Walker, Chris (15 November 2016). "Stanley Hotel Cancels 2017 Horror Film Fest; Film Center Director Resigns". Westword. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Haunted Hotel History". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Ghost Stories Shine with Authenticity". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Sky (14 April 2016). "Stanley Hotel guest captures creepy figure in lobby". Fox News.
Jump up ^ "Hotel Tours | Estes Park Colorado Tours | The Stanley Hotel". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: Haunted Stanley Hotel Suspends Ghost Hunts".
Jump up ^ "The Stanley Hotel: Season 2, Episode 22". Syfy.
Jump up ^ "Best of the Stanley Hotel: Season 3, Episode 5". Syfy.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Hotel - Ghost Adventures - TravelChannel.com". Travel Channel.
Jump up ^ Funk, Rainer (2000). Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas, an Illustrated Biography. A&C Black. p. 82. ISBN 9780826415196. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Steve (2016). Legendary Locals of Estes Park. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781439655955. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Headquarters at Estes Park for Alf Landon". Newspapers.com. Greeley Daily Tribune from Greeley, Colorado. June 24, 1936. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Tracy (2000). Encounters with Bob Dylan: If You See Him, Say Hello. humble Press. ISBN 9780964700925. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "(album.rmnp100.com)". album.rmnp100.com. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "9 Places From TV And Movies You Can Actually Visit". Huffington Post. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ Tuckwood, Jan (September 21, 1997). "King's Room 217". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c yongli (2016-03-16). "Stanley Hotel". coloradoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Greeley Daily Tribune from Greeley, Colorado on July 11, 1957 · Page 11". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Kansas City Times from Kansas City, Missouri on November 21, 1968 · Page 33". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
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Official Website
Stanley Hotel National Register Nomination
Colorado Experience: The Stanley Hotel by Rocky Mountain PBS
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Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same chemical substance, water.
A chemical substance[1], also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.[2] It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds.[3] Chemical substances can be chemical elements, chemical compounds, ions or alloys.
Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refined sugar (sucrose). However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical.
Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases, or plasma, and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure. Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions.
Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not matter, and are thus not "substances" in this regard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 History
3 Chemical elements
4 Chemical compounds
5 Substances versus mixtures
6 Chemicals versus chemical substances
7 Naming and indexing
8 Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 External links
Definition[edit]
Colors of a single chemical (Nile red) in different solvents, under visible and UV light, showing how the chemical interacts dynamically with its solvent environment.
A chemical substance may well be defined as "any material with a definite chemical composition" in an introductory general chemistry textbook.[4] According to this definition a chemical substance can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound. But, there are exceptions to this definition; a pure substance can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties.[5] The chemical substance index published by CAS also includes several alloys of uncertain composition.[6] Non-stoichiometric compounds are a special case (in inorganic chemistry) that violates the law of constant composition, and for them, it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of palladium hydride. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".[7]
In geology, substances of uniform composition are called minerals, while physical mixtures (aggregates) of several minerals (different substances) are defined as rocks. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into solid solutions, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms. Feldspars are a common example: anorthoclase is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.
In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the EU regulation REACH defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing process. For example, charcoal is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made to a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.
Polymers almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the molar mass distribution. For example, polyethylene is a mixture of very long chains of -CH2- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE and UHMWPE.
History[edit]
The concept of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist Joseph Proust on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as basic copper carbonate.[8] He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the law of constant composition.[9] Later with the advancement of methods for chemical synthesis particularly in the realm of organic chemistry; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of analytical chemistry used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern chemistry, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.
Isomerism caused much consternation to early researchers, since isomers have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation for the chemical identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism - that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement - was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers.
Chemical elements[edit]
Native sulfur crystals. Sulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, in sulfide and sulfate minerals and in hydrogen sulfide.
Main article: Chemical element
See also: List of elements
An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction. This is so, because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons, though they may be different isotopes, with differing numbers of neutrons.
As of 2012, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by radioactive decay into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (allotropes). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). The majority of elements are classified as metals. These are elements with a characteristic lustre such as iron, copper, and gold. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile.[10] Around a dozen elements,[11] such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, are classified as non-metals. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high electronegativity and a tendency to form negative ions. Certain elements such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids.
Chemical compounds[edit]
Potassium ferricyanide is a compound of potassium, iron, carbon and nitrogen; although it contains cyanide anions, it does not release them and is nontoxic.
Main article: Chemical compound
See also: List of organic compounds and List of inorganic compounds
A pure chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of molecules or ions. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.
A chemical compound can be either atoms bonded together in molecules or crystals in which atoms, molecules or ions form a crystalline lattice. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called organometallic compounds.
Compounds in which components share electrons are known as covalent compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions are known as ionic compounds, or salts.
In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called isomers. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, may be isolated and do not spontaneously convert to each other. A common example is glucose vs. fructose. The former is an aldehyde, the latter is a ketone. Their interconversion requires either enzymatic or acid-base catalysis. However, there are also tautomers, where isomerization occurs spontaneously, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers. A common example is glucose, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the hemiacetal form. Materials may also comprise other entities such as polymers. These may be inorganic or organic and sometimes a combination of inorganic and organic.
Substances versus mixtures[edit]
Cranberry glass, while it looks homogeneous, is a mixture consisting of glass and gold colloidal particles of ca. 40 nm diameter, which give it a red color.
Main article: Mixture
All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Butter, soil and wood are common examples of mixtures.
Grey iron metal and yellow sulfur are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a magnet to attract the iron away from the sulfur.
In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56 grams (1 mol) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound iron(II) sulfide, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as melting point and solubility, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.
Chemicals versus chemical substances[edit]
While the term chemical substance is a precise technical term that is synonymous with chemical for chemists, the word chemical is used in general usage in the English speaking world to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called compounds),[12] and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process.[13][14][15] In other words, the chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs.[13][14]
Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals, fine chemicals and chemicals found in research only:
Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not sold.
The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The production of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP", United States Pharmacopeia). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example, gasoline is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositionsl, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and octane rating.
Naming and indexing[edit]
Every chemical substance has one or more systematic names, usually named according to the IUPAC rules for naming. An alternative system is used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known sugar glucose is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol. Natural products and pharmaceuticals are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world.[16] An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known.[17] The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also it is difficult to keep the track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like IUPAC and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as CAS registry number to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as chemistry journals and patents). This information is compiled as a database and is popularly known as the Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information, are: SMILES and the International Chemical Identifier or InChI.
Identification of a typical chemical substance
Common name
Systematic name
Chemical formula
Chemical structure
CAS registry number
InChI
Alcohol, or
ethyl alcohol Ethanol C2H5OH
[64-17-5] 1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification[edit]
Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a mixture, for example from a natural source (where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a chemical reaction (which often give mixtures of chemical substances).
See also[edit]
Chemistry portal
Chemical safety signs
IUPAC nomenclature
Prices of elements and their compounds
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Chemical Substance".
Jump up ^ Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13). The Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262299947.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p5, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005
Jump up ^ "Pure Substance – DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia". Diracdelta.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Appendix IV: Chemical Substance Index Names
Jump up ^ "What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory?". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., p37, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
Jump up ^ Law of Definite Proportions Template:Web-archive
Jump up ^ Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S. General Chemistry, 4th ed., pp 45–46, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
Jump up ^ The boundary between metalloids and non-metals is imprecise, as explained in the previous reference.
Jump up ^ compound in Oxford Online Dictionaries
^ Jump up to: a b chemical in Oxford Online Dictionaries
^ Jump up to: a b Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 1997
Jump up ^ "What is a chemical". Nicnas.gov.au. 2005-06-01. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ Joachim Schummer. "Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists". Rz.uni-karlsruhe.de. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Chemical Abstracts substance count". Cas.org. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
External links[edit]
Media related to Chemical substances at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_substance&oldid=809080178"
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text:
List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons
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Exterior of the Wells Fargo Center, the current home of the 76ers.
The Philadelphia 76ers, often referred to as the "Sixers", are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia. The Sixers play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). In sixty-six NBA seasons, the franchise has played in the NBA Finals nine times and won three NBA championships.[1] The Sixers have the third-highest victory total and third most playoff appearances in NBA history.[2] Since 1996, the Sixers have played home games at Wells Fargo Center.
In 1937, owner Daniel Biasone founded the franchise as the Syracuse Nationals, a member of the National Basketball League (NBL).[3] The Nationals qualified for the playoffs three times then joined the NBA in 1949, one of seven NBL teams to merge with the rival Basketball Association of America (BAA). The Nationals qualified for the playoffs in every season played in Syracuse, advancing to three Finals and defeating the Pistons in the 1955 Finals.[4] For the 1963–64 season, the year following the departure of the Philadelphia Warriors for San Francisco, the Syracuse Nationals relocated to Philadelphia as the 76ers.
The franchise has played fifty-three seasons as the Philadelphia 76ers, with thirty-three playoff appearances and two NBA championships.[1] The Sixers acquired Philadelphia-native Wilt Chamberlain in 1964 from the Warriors and defeated Wilt's former team in the 1967 Finals, but suffered a sharp fall from grace due to the loss of Chamberlin to retirement and Billy Cunningham to the ABA:[5] in 1972–73 the team won only nine games, the fewest in an 82-game NBA season. Under coaches Gene Shue and Cunningham, and the on-court leadership of forward Julius Erving, the 76ers returned as a power quite rapidly, achieving winning records in all but one season from 1975–76 to 1990–91. The Sixers won their last title in 1983 against the Los Angeles Lakers, sweeping them in four games.
During the 1990s, the 76ers declined to an 18–64 record in 1995–96 before popular high-scoring guard Allen Iverson led the team back up the table. In 2000–01 the Iverson-led 76ers won fifty-six games and defeated the Milwaukee Bucks in the Eastern Conference Finals to reach the 2001 Finals but lost to the Lakers four games to one in the best-of-seven series. The 76ers were a middle-of-the-road team on-court during the following dozen seasons, but by the early 2010s financial problems led incoming general manager Sam Hinkie to clean out any expensive players in order to save money and gain draft choices for the future.[6] Lacking on-court talent, the 76ers set many records for ineptitude in the following three seasons, becoming the second NBA team after the 1995–96 to 1998–99 Grizzlies to suffer three consecutive seasons winning fewer than twenty games. In 2015–16 by going 10–72 the 76ers suffered the ignominy of having suffered the two all-time worst 82-game NBA season winning percentages.[a]
Contents
[hide]
1 Seasons
2 Notes
3 Sources
4 References
Seasons[edit]
League championships Conference championships Division titles Playoff berth
Season
Team
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards
Syracuse Nationals
1949–50
1949–50 NBA — — Eastern 1st 51 13 .797 — Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Knicks) 2–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2
1950–51
1950–51 NBA — — Eastern 4th 32 34 .485 8 Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–2
1951–52
1951–52 NBA — — Eastern 1st 40 26 .606 — Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–1
1952–53
1952–53 NBA — — Eastern 2nd 47 24 .662 0.5 Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–0
1953–54
1953–54 NBA — — Eastern T-2nd 42 30 .583 2 Won Division Finals (Celtics) 2–0
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3
1954–55
1954–55 NBA — — Eastern 1st 43 29 .597 — Won Division Finals (Celtics) 3–1
Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3
1955–56
1955–56 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 35 37 .486 10 Won Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Warriors) 3–2
1956–57
1956–57 NBA — — Eastern 2nd 38 34 .528 6 Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 3–0
1957–58
1957–58 NBA — — Eastern 2nd 41 31 .569 8 Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1
1958–59
1958–59 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 35 37 .486 17 Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3
1959–60
1959–60 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 45 30 .600 14 Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1
1960–61
1960–61 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 38 41 .481 19 Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
1961–62
1961–62 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 41 39 .513 19 Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–2
1962–63
1962–63 NBA — — Eastern 2nd 48 32 .600 10 Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2
Philadelphia 76ers
1963–64
1963–64 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 34 46 .425 25 Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2
1964–65
1964–65 NBA — — Eastern 3rd 40 40 .500 22 Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3
1965–66
1965–66 NBA — — Eastern 1st 55 25 .688 — Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1 Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)
Dolph Schayes (CoY)
1966–67
1966–67 NBA — — Eastern 1st 68 13 .840 — Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–2 Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)
1967–68
1967–68 NBA — — Eastern 1st 62 20 .756 — Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–2
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3 Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)
1968–69
1968–69 NBA — — Eastern 2nd 55 27 .671 2 Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1
1969–70
1969–70 NBA — — Eastern 4th 42 40 .512 18 Lost Division Semifinals (Bucks) 4–1
1970–71
1970–71 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic[b] 2nd 47 35 .573 5 Lost Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–3
1971–72
1971–72 NBA Eastern 6th Atlantic 3rd 30 52 .366 26 —
1972–73
1972–73 NBA Eastern 8th Atlantic 4th 9 73 .110 59 —
1973–74
1973–74 NBA Eastern 8th Atlantic 4th 25 57 .305 31 —
1974–75
1974–75 NBA Eastern 7th Atlantic 4th 34 48 .415 26 —
1975–76
1975–76 NBA Eastern 4th Atlantic 2nd 46 36 .561 8 Lost First Round (Braves) 2–1
1976–77
1976–77 NBA Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 50 32 .610 — Won Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–2
1977–78
1977–78 NBA Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 55 27 .671 — Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–2
1978–79
1978–79 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 47 35 .573 7 Won First Round (Nets) 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3
1979–80
1979–80 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 59 23 .720 2 Won First Round (Bullets) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2
1980–81
1980–81 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 62 20 .756 — Won First Round (Pacers) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3 Julius Erving (MVP)
1981–82
1981–82 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 58 24 .707 5 Won First Round (Hawks) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2
1982–83
1982–83 NBA Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 65 17 .793 — Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–0 Moses Malone (MVP, FMVP)
Bobby Jones (SMoY)
Julius Erving (JWKC)
1983–84
1983–84 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 52 30 .634 10 Lost First Round (Nets) 3–2
1984–85
1984–85 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 58 24 .707 5 Won First Round (Bullets) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1
1985–86
1985–86 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 2nd 54 28 .659 13 Won First Round (Bullets) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
1986–87
1986–87 NBA Eastern 5th Atlantic 2nd 45 37 .549 14 Lost First Round (Bucks) 3–2
1987–88
1987–88 NBA Eastern 10th Atlantic 4th 36 46 .439 21 —
1988–89
1988–89 NBA Eastern 7th Atlantic 2nd 46 36 .561 6 Lost First Round (Knicks) 3–0
1989–90
1989–90 NBA Eastern 3rd Atlantic 1st 53 29 .646 — Won First Round (Cavaliers) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1
1990–91
1990–91 NBA Eastern 5th Atlantic 2nd 44 38 .537 12 Won First Round (Bucks) 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1
1991–92
1991–92 NBA Eastern 10th Atlantic 5th 35 47 .427 16 —
1992–93
1992–93 NBA Eastern 13th Atlantic 6th 26 56 .317 34 — Dana Barros (MIP)
1993–94
1993–94 NBA Eastern 11th Atlantic 6th 25 57 .305 32 —
1994–95
1994–95 NBA Eastern 13th Atlantic 6th 24 58 .293 33 —
1995–96
1995–96 NBA Eastern 15th Atlantic 7th 18 64 .220 42 —
1996–97
1996–97 NBA Eastern 14th Atlantic 6th 22 60 .268 39 — Allen Iverson (RoY)
1997–98
1997–98 NBA Eastern 14th Atlantic 7th 31 51 .378 24 —
1998–99[c]
1998–99 NBA Eastern 6th Atlantic 3rd 28 22 .560 5 Won First Round (Magic) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–0
1999–00
1999–00 NBA Eastern 5th Atlantic 3rd 49 33 .598 3 Won First Round (Hornets) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2
2000–01
2000–01 NBA Eastern 1st Atlantic 1st 56 26 .683 — Won First Round (Pacers) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Raptors) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–1 Allen Iverson (MVP)
Dikembe Mutombo (DPoY, JWKC)
Aaron McKie (SMoY)
Larry Brown (CoY)
2001–02
2001–02 NBA Eastern 6th Atlantic 4th 43 39 .524 9 Lost First Round (Celtics) 3–2
2002–03
2002–03 NBA Eastern 4th Atlantic 2nd 48 34 .585 1 Won First Round (Hornets) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2
2003–04
2003–04 NBA Eastern 11th Atlantic 5th 33 49 .402 14 —
2004–05
2004–05 NBA Eastern 7th Atlantic 2nd 43 39 .524 2 Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1
2005–06
2005–06 NBA Eastern 9th Atlantic 2nd 38 44 .463 11 —
2006–07
2006–07 NBA Eastern 9th Atlantic 3rd 35 47 .427 12 —
2007–08
2007–08 NBA Eastern 7th Atlantic 3rd 40 42 .488 26 Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–2
2008–09
2008–09 NBA Eastern 6th Atlantic 2nd 41 41 .500 21 Lost First Round (Magic) 4–2
2009–10
2009–10 NBA Eastern 13th Atlantic 4th 27 55 .329 23 — Samuel Dalembert (JWKC)
2010–11
2010–11 NBA Eastern 7th Atlantic 3rd 41 41 .500 15 Lost First Round (Heat) 4–1
2011–12[d]
2011–12 NBA Eastern 8th Atlantic 3rd 35 31 .530 4 Won First Round (Bulls) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3
2012–13
2012–13 NBA Eastern 9th Atlantic 4th 34 48 .415 20 —
2013–14
2013–14 NBA Eastern 14th Atlantic 5th 19 63 .232 29 — Michael Carter-Williams (RoY)
2014–15
2014–15 NBA Eastern 14th Atlantic 4th 18 64 .220 31 —
2015–16
2015–16 NBA Eastern 15th Atlantic 5th 10 72 .122 46 —
2016–17
2016–17 NBA Eastern 14th Atlantic 4th 28 54 .341 25 —
Regular season
2,754
2,632
.511
47 playoff berths
11 division titles
3 conference titles
Playoffs
217
205
.514
9 Conference Championships
3 NBA Championships
Notes[edit]
a The 1992–93 Dallas Mavericks actually had a point differential of -15.2, and the 2011–12 Bobcats of -13.9, vis-à-vis the 1972–73 76ers -12.1 and 2015–16 76ers -10.2.
b The Eastern Division was renamed the Eastern Conference, and split into the Atlantic and Central divisions.
c Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[7]
d Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.
Sources[edit]
NBA History, nba.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Philadelphia 76ers, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Playoff Index, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Philadelphia 76ers Franchise Index". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sixers Celebrate 50th Anniversary of Wilt’s 100-Point Game - 3/2/2012". Philadelphia 76ers. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Porter, edited by David L. (2005). Basketball : a biographical dictionary. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313309526. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Grasso, John (2010). Historical dictionary of basketball. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810867635.
Jump up ^ Wright, Kyle; The NBA from Top to Bottom: A History of the NBA from the No. 1 Team through No. 1,153; p. 84 ISBN 9780595697960
Jump up ^ Mutoni, Marcel; ‘Philadelphia Sixers GM Sam Hinkie Steps Down’; SLAMonline, April 06, 2016
Jump up ^ "NBPA History". National Basketball Players Association. Archived from the original on 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
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Philadelphia 76ers
Founded in 1946
Formerly the Syracuse Nationals (1946–1963)
Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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1970s
1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79
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Bold indicates NBA Finals victory
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