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Aoraki / Mount Cook
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"Mount Cook" redirects here. For other uses, see Mount Cook (disambiguation).
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Aoraki / Mount Cook
Aoraki / Mount Cook from Hooker Lake
Highest point
Elevation
3,724 m (12,218 ft)
Prominence
3,724 m (12,218 ft)
Ranked 39th
Isolation
3,140 kilometres (1,950 mi)
Listing
Country high point
Ultra
Coordinates
43°35′42.2″S 170°8′31.7″E / 43.595056°S 170.142139°E / -43.595056; 170.142139Coordinates: 43°35′42.2″S 170°8′31.7″E / 43.595056°S 170.142139°E / -43.595056; 170.142139 [1]
Geography
Aoraki / Mount Cook
South Island, New Zealand
Parent range
Southern Alps
Climbing
First ascent
1894 by Tom Fyfe, George Graham, Jack Clarke
Easiest route
glacier/snow/ice climb
Aoraki / Mount Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand. Its height since 2014 is listed as 3,724 metres (12,218 feet), down from 3,764 m (12,349 ft) before December 1991, due to a rockslide and subsequent erosion.[2] It lies in the Southern Alps, the mountain range which runs the length of the South Island. A popular tourist destination,[3] it is also a favourite challenge for mountain climbers. Aoraki / Mount Cook consists of three summits, from South to North the Low Peak (3,593 m or 11,788 ft), Middle Peak (3,717 m or 12,195 ft) and High Peak. The summits lie slightly south and east of the main divide of the Southern Alps, with the Tasman Glacier to the east and the Hooker Glacier to the southwest.[1]
There was a large rock fall in 1991 that turned the summit into a knife-edge ridge and reduced the height of the mountain by an estimated 10 m or so at that time.[4] A/MC was measured in 2013 to be 3724 m, which is 30 m down from its pre-1991 rock-fall measurement.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
2 Local climate
3 Naming and European discovery
4 Geology
5 Surrounding forests and glaciers
6 Climbing history
7 Māori history, legends and traditions
8 Timeline
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Location[edit]
The mountain is in the Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park, in the Canterbury region. The park was established in 1953 and along with Westland National Park, Mount Aspiring National Park and Fiordland National Park forms one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The park contains more than 140 peaks standing over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and 72 named glaciers, which cover 40 percent of its 700 square kilometres (170,000 acres).
The peak is located at the northern end of the Kirikirikatata / Mount Cook Range, where it meets with the main spine of the Main Divide, forming a massif between the Hooker Valley to the southwest and the Tasman Valley east of the mountain. These two valleys provide the closest easily accessible view points of Aoraki / Mount Cook. A lookout point at the end of the Hooker Valley Track located only 10 km from the peak has views of the entire mountainside.[5][6]
The settlement of Mount Cook Village, also referred to as "Aoraki / Mount Cook", is a tourist centre and base camp for the mountain. It is 7 km from the end of the Tasman Glacier and 15 km south of Aoraki / Mount Cook's summit.[7]
On clear days, Aoraki / Mount Cook is visible from the West Coast as far north as Greymouth, some 150 kilometres away, and from most of State Highway 80 along Lake Pukaki and State Highway 6 south of Lake Pukaki. The near horizontal ridge connecting the mountain's three summits forms a distinctive blocky shape when viewed from an eastern or western direction. Another popular view point is from Lake Matheson on the West Coast, described as the "view of views", where on calm days, the peaks of Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mt Tasman are reflected in Lake Matheson.[8]
Local climate[edit]
Aoraki / Mount Cook receives substantial orographic precipitation throughout the year, as breezy, moisture-laden westerly winds dominate all year-round, bringing rainclouds from the Tasman Sea with them.
Annual precipitation around the mountain ranges varies greatly as the local climate is dominated by the eastward movement of depressions and anticyclones from across the Tasman Sea. The Aoraki / Mount Cook massif is a major obstacle to the prevailing westerly winds as they push depressions and associated cold fronts of moist air from the subtropics in the northwest against the mountain range. As the air rises towards the peaks, it expands and cools, and forms clouds. Rain and snowfall is often heaviest around the 1,200 m (3,900 ft) level and can last for several days if the front is slow-moving.[9]
As a result of the local weather patterns, the western slopes of Aoraki / Mount Cook can receive well over 10,000 mm (394 in)[9] of annual precipitation, whereas the nearby Mount Cook Village, only 15 km (9 mi) south of the mountain receives 4,484 mm (176.5 in) of rain or snowfall.[10] While the weather on the eastern side of the mountain is generally better, rain or snow can quickly become widespread on that side as well if the wind turns to the south or southeast. This brings with it a rapid drop in temperature and poor visibility,[9] adding to the difficult climbing conditions on Aoraki / Mount Cook.[11]
Temperatures at the mountain's base in the Hooker Valley around 800 metres (2,600 feet) range from −13 °C (9 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F), and generally fall just over 1 °C for every 200 metres of altitude.[12]
From about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and higher, semi-permanent snow and ice fields exist during winter. Winter and spring are usually less settled than summer and autumn. Anticyclones often bring days of settled weather in summer, or clear cold conditions in winter with severe frost.[13]
Naming and European discovery[edit]
Aoraki / Mount Cook seen from the south, taken from a glider flying at 4,000 metres (13,000 ft)
Aoraki is the name of a person in the traditions of the Ngāi Tahu iwi; an early name for the South Island is Te Waka o Aoraki (Aoraki's Canoe). In the past many believed it meant "Cloud Piercer",[14] a romantic rendering of the name's components: ao (world, daytime, cloud, etc.) and raki or rangi (day, sky, weather, etc.).[15] Historically, the Māori name has been spelt Aorangi, using the standard Māori form.
Aoraki / Mount Cook became known to Māori after their arrival in New Zealand some time around the 14th Century CE. The first Europeans who may have seen Aoraki / Mount Cook were members of Abel Tasman's crew, who saw a "large land uplifted high" (probably some part of the Southern Alps) while off the west coast of the South Island, just north of present-day Greymouth[16][17] on 13 December 1642 during Tasman's first Pacific voyage. The English name of Mount Cook was given to the mountain in 1851 by Captain John Lort Stokes to honour Captain James Cook who surveyed and circumnavigated the islands of New Zealand in 1770. Captain Cook did not sight the mountain during his exploration.[18]
Following the settlement between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown in 1998, the name of the mountain was officially changed from Mount Cook to Aoraki / Mount Cook to incorporate its historic Māori name, Aoraki.[19] As part of the settlement, a number of South Island placenames were amended to incorporate their original Māori name. Signifying the importance of Aoraki / Mount Cook, it is the only one of these names where the Māori name precedes the English. Under the settlement the Crown agreed to return title to Aoraki / Mount Cook to Ngāi Tahu, who would then formally gift it back to the nation.[19] Neither transfer has yet occurred; Ngāi Tahu can decide when this will happen.[20]
Geology[edit]
Aoraki / Mount Cook from LandSat
The Southern Alps on the South Island were formed by tectonic uplifting and pressure as the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates collided along the island's western coast. The uplifting continues, raising Aoraki / Mount Cook an average of 7 millimetres (0.28 in) each year. However, erosive forces are also powerful shapers of the mountains. The severe weather is due to the mountain's jutting into powerful westerly winds of the Roaring Forties which run around approximately 45°S latitude, south of both Africa and Australia. The Southern Alps are the first obstacle the winds encounter after South America, having moved east across the Southern Ocean.
The height of Aoraki / Mount Cook was established in 1881 by G. J. Roberts (from the west side) and in 1889 by T. N. Brodrick (from the Canterbury side). Their measurements agreed closely at 12,349 feet (3,764 m). The height was reduced by 10 metres (33 ft) when approximately 12–14 million cubic metres of rock and ice fell off the northern peak on 14 December 1991.[21][22] Two decades of erosion of the ice cap exposed after this collapse reduced the height by another 30 m to 3724 m, as revealed by new GPS data from a University of Otago climbing expedition in November 2013.[23][24]
Mt Cook lies in the centre of the distinctive alpine fault, a 650 km long active fault in the Southern Alps. It is responsible for the uplift of Mt Cook and is believed to move every 100 to 300 years. It last moved in 1717.[25]
Aoraki / Mount Cook as seen from the end of the Hooker Valley Track, with the Hooker Glacier's moraine lake in the foreground.
Surrounding forests and glaciers[edit]
The average annual rainfall in the surrounding lowlands, in particular to the west, is around 5 to 10 metres (200 to 390 in).[9] This very high rainfall leads to temperate rainforests in these coastal lowlands and a reliable source of snow in the mountains to keep the glaciers flowing. These include the Tasman Glacier to the east of the mountain and the smaller Hooker Glacier immediately to its south.
The vegetation in the valleys to the east, in particular the Tasman Valley, is noticeably less lush than that on the western slopes of the mountain. Forest would normally grow to about 1,300 m in this area, but a lack of soil due to scree, rock falls and the effects of glaciation prevent this in most localities around the mountain. Snow tussock and other alpine plants cling to as high as 1,900 m. Above the snowline, only lichen can be found amongst the rock, snowfields and ice that dominate the highest parts of Aoraki / Mt Cook.[26]
Climbing history[edit]
View of Aoraki / Mount Cook from the Tasman Lake south of the mountain.
The first recorded attempt on the summit was made by the Irishman Rev. William S. Green and the Swiss hotelier Emil Boss and the Swiss mountain guide Ulrich Kaufmann on 2 March 1882 via the Tasman and Linda Glaciers.[27] Mt Cook Guidebook author Hugh Logan believe they came within 50 metres of the summit.[28]
The first known ascent was on 25 December 1894, when New Zealanders Tom Fyfe, John Michael (Jack) Clarke and George Graham reached the summit via the Hooker Valley and the north ridge.[29] Despite an earlier failed attempt on 20 December, the local climbers were spurred on by their desire for the first ascent to be made by New Zealand mountaineers amid reports that the American mountaineer Edward FitzGerald had his eye on the summit.[30] The party reached the summit at approximately 1:30pm after bounding up the last leg of the mountain full of excitement at reaching the top.[31] The route they had successfully traversed was not repeated again until the 100th ascent over 60 years later in 1955.[30] Swiss guide Matthias Zurbriggen of FitzGerald's party made the second ascent on 14 March 1895 from the Tasman Glacier side, via the ridge that now bears his name. This is credited as the first solo ascent, although Zurbriggen was accompanied part of the way up the ridge by J Adamson. After Zurbriggen's ascent it was another ten years before the mountain was climbed again. In February 1905 Jack Clarke with four others completed the third ascent following Zurbriggen's route. So Clarke therefore became the first person to do a repeat ascent.
The first woman to ascend the mountain was Freda Du Faur, an Australian, on 3 December 1910. Local guide George Bannister, a nephew of another guide, Pahikore Te Koeti Turanga of Ngāi Tahu,[32] was the first Māori to successfully scale the peak in 1912.[33] A traverse of the three peaks was first accomplished in 1913 by Freda Du Faur and guides Peter and Alex Graham. This 'grand traverse' was repeated in January 1916 by Conrad Kain, guiding the 57-year-old Mrs. Jane Thomson, considered at the time "a marvellous feat unequalled for daring in the annals of the Southern Alps".[34]
Sir Edmund Hillary made his first ascent in January 1948. In February 1948 with Ruth Adams, Harry Ayres and Mick Sullivan, Hillary made the first ascent of the South Ridge to the Low Peak[35] In order to celebrate the life of Hillary the South Ridge was renamed as Hillary Ridge in August 2011.[36]
Aoraki / Mount Cook is a technically challenging mountain with a high level of glaciation. Its level of difficulty is often underestimated and can change dramatically depending on weather, snow and ice conditions. The climb crosses large crevasses, and involves risks of ice and rock falls, avalanches and rapidly changing weather conditions.[11]
Since the early 20th century, around 80 people have died attempting to climb the mountain,[37] making it New Zealand's deadliest peak. The climbing season traditionally runs from November to February, and hardly a season goes by without at least one fatality.[11]
Māori history, legends and traditions[edit]
Aoraki / Mount Cook at sunset from Hooker Valley
According to Māori legend, Aoraki was a young boy who, along with his three brothers, were the sons of Rakinui, the Sky Father. On their voyage around the Papatūānuku, the Earth Mother, their canoe became stranded on a reef and tilted. Aoraki and his brothers climbed onto the top side of their canoe. However, the south wind froze them and turned them to stone. Their canoe became the Te Waka o Aoraki, the South Island, and their prows, the Marlborough Sounds. Aoraki, the tallest, became the highest peak, and his brothers created the Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, the Southern Alps.[38][39][40]
The Ngāi Tahu, the main iwi (tribe) of New Zealand's southern region, consider Aoraki as the most sacred of the ancestors that they had descended from. Aoraki brings the iwi with its sense of community and purpose, and remains the physical form of Aoraki and the link between the worlds of the supernatural and nature.
Timeline[edit]
1642 – Aoraki possibly sighted by Abel Tasman and crew members[41]
1770 – Captain Cook named the Southern Alps
1851 – Captain Stokes of the survey ship HMS Acheron gave the name Mount Cook to Aoraki
1894 – First ascent of Aoraki / Mount Cook, on Christmas Day, by Jack Clarke, Tom Fyfe and George Graham
1910 – Freda du Faur became the first woman to climb Aoraki / Mount Cook
1913 – First ascents of the footstool and Mt Sefton made by Freda du Faur's climbing party
1914 – First fatal accident, when three men were caught in avalanche on Linda Glacier
1982 – Mark Inglis trapped in snow cave
1991 – Avalanche of 10 million cubic metres of snow and rock causes 10 metres to be lost off the top of Aoraki / Mount Cook[21] Two decades of erosion of the ice cap exposed after this collapse reduced the height by another 30 m to 3,724 m, as revealed by new GPS data from a University of Otago climbing expedition in November 2013.[42][43]
1998 – The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act officially recognises the original name, renaming the mountain Aoraki / Mount Cook[19]
See also[edit]
New Zealand portal
List of mountains of New Zealand by height
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Aoraki/Mount Cook, Canterbury – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mt Cook shrinks by 30m". Stuff.co.nz. 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park Management Plan 2004" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b [1]
Jump up ^ "Hooker Valley Track". Tourism New Zealand. Retrieved 2016-08-30.
Jump up ^ Mike Yardley (26 Aug 2016). "Alpine Highs in Aoraki/Mt.Cook". Newstalk ZB. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mount Cook, Canterbury – NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Lake Matheson Walk". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Aoraki/Mount Cook Education Resource" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2010. p. 16. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Climate Data and Activities". NIWA Science. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Climbers missing on Aoraki-Mt Cook may never be found". The New Zealand Herald. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mount Cook Education Resource" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2010. p. 8. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Map Alpine". NIWA. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
Jump up ^ Te Maire Tau (21 December 2006). "Ngāi Tahu – Aoraki – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Māori Dictionary Online". Maoridictionary.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
Jump up ^ John Wilson (21 December 2006). "European discovery of New Zealand – Abel Tasman – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 8 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "European discovery of New Zealand – Abel Tasman". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
Jump up ^ James Cook (1728–1779). "Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World". pp. Sunday, 18 March 1770. Archived from the original on 19 July 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Graham, Doug (13 October 1998). "Ngai Tahu Settlement Section 3: Aoraki/Mount Cook". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Trevett, Claire (18 May 2010). "Tuhoe veto followed parks advice". The New Zealand Herald.
^ Jump up to: a b The landslide carried with it another 40 million cubic metres of rock and ice. The impact caused an earth quake of 3.9 on the Richter scale. [P207 In search Of Ancient NZ.Campball and Hutching.GNS science/Penguin.2011.] Michael J. Crozier. "Mt Cook landslide". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
Jump up ^ T. J. Chinn; M. J. McSaveney (1992). "Mount Aoraki (Mount Cook) rock avalanche". Tai Awatea — Knowledge Net (More of Te Papa online). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Height of NZ's tallest peak Aoraki/Mt Cook slashed by 30m". The New Zealand Herald. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Otago-led study revises height of Aoraki/Mt Cook". University of Otago. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
Jump up ^ Campball and Hutching. In Search of Ancient New Zealand, p. 139.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mount Cook Education Resource" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2010. p. 17. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ Green, Reverend William Spotswood (1883). The High Alps of New Zealand, or A Trip to the Glaciers of The Antipodes with an Ascent of Mount Cook.
Jump up ^ p 11, Logan, H. (1990) Great peaks of New Zealand, New Zealand Alpine Club, Wellington, and John McIndoe Limited, Dunedin, New Zealand, ISBN 0-86868-125-3.
Jump up ^ Haynes, J. (1994) Piercing the Clouds. Tom Fyffe: First to climb Mt Cook. Hazard Press, New Zealand, ISBN 0-908790-64-3.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aoraki/Mt Cook". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mountaineering – First Ascent Aoraki/Mt Cook". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
Jump up ^ " Te Koeti Turanga", te Ara
Jump up ^ "Mountaineering – Guided climbing". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
Jump up ^ J.M.T., Conrad Kain, 1833–1934 In Memoriam, American Alpine Journal Vol 2, p.236 (1934)
Jump up ^ Sir Edmund Hillary, View from the Summit, p. 62, Pocket Books, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-7434-0067-4
Jump up ^ "South Ridge of Mt Cook to be renamed Hillary Ridge". Radio New Zealand. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Anna Pearson (20 Dec 2014). "Mt Cook: Does reaching summit outweigh risks?". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mt Cook – History". New Zealand Tourism Guide. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki (Mt Cook) in the Southern Alps". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Aoraki/Mount Cook Education Resource" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2010. p. 5. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "2. – European discovery of New Zealand – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ "Height of NZ's tallest peak Aoraki/Mt Cook slashed by 30m". The New Zealand Herald. 16 January 2014. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
Jump up ^ Otago-led study revises height of Aoraki/Mt Cook
Further reading[edit]
In Search of Ancient NZ. Hamish Campbell and Gerard Hutching. GNS/Penguin. 2011. ISBN 9780143206170.
External links[edit]
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Aoraki/Mount Cook (category)
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Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park homepage
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text:
National Commission for Women
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body of the Government of India, generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women. It was established in January 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution,[1] as defined in the 1990 National Commission for Women Act.[2] The first head of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik. As of 2017, Rekha Sharma is the chairperson.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Activities
2 Controversies
2.1 Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code
2.2 Mangalore pub attack controversy
2.3 Guwahati molestation controversy
3 Chairpersons
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Activities[edit]
The objective of the NCW is to represent the rights of women in India and to provide a voice for their issues and concerns. The subjects of their campaigns have included dowry, politics, religion, equal representation for women in jobs, and the exploitation of women for labour. They have also discussed police abuses against women.[4]
The commission regularly publishes a monthly newsletter, Rashtra Mahila, in both Hindi and English.[5]
Controversies[edit]
Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code[edit]
In December 2006 and January 2007, the NCW found itself at the center of a minor controversy over its insistence that Section 497[6] of the Indian Penal Code not be changed to make adulterous wives equally prosecutable by their husbands.
But the grounds on which Ms. Vyas resists the logic of making this a criminal offence — particularly for women, as often recommended — are not as encouraging. She is averse to holding the adulterous woman equally culpable as the adulterous man because women, she believes, are never offenders. They are always the victims.[7]
The NCW has demanded that women should not be punished for adultery, as a woman is "the victim and not an offender" in such cases. They have also advocated the amendment of Section 198 of the CrPC to allow women to file complaints against unfaithful husbands and prosecute them for their promiscuous behaviour. This was in response to "loopholes" in the Indian Penal Code that allowed men to file adultery charges against other men who have engaged in illicit relations but did not allow women to file charges against their husbands.[8]
The Commission has also worked to guarantee women security in unconventional relationships.[7]
Mangalore pub attack controversy[edit]
Main article: 2009 Mangalore pub attack
The NCW came under sharp criticism for their response to the attack by forty male members of the Hindu right-wing Sri Ram Sena on eight women in a bar in Mangalore in late January 2009. Video from the attack shows the women were punched, pulled by their hair, and thrown out of the pub.[9][10]
NCW member Smt Nirmala Venkatesh was sent to assess the situation, and said in an interview that the pub did not have adequate security and that the women should have protected themselves. Venkatesh said, "If the girls feel they were not doing anything wrong why are they afraid to come forward and give a statement?"[11] On 6 February, the NCW said they decided not to accept Venkatesh's report but would not be sending a new team to Mangalore. On 27 February, the Prime Minister's Office approved the removal of Nirmala Venkatesh on disciplinary grounds.[12]
Guwahati molestation controversy[edit]
Main article: 2012 Guwahati molestation case
The NCW came under fire again after the molestation of a 17-year-old girl by a gang of men outside a pub in Guwahati on 9 July 2012. NCW member Alka Lamba was accused of leaking the name of the minor victim to the media, and was subsequently removed from the fact-finding committee, though she remains a member of the commission.[13] The following week, NCW chairperson Mamta Sharma made comments suggesting that women "be careful how you dress", which invited criticism that she was guilty of victim blaming. The controversy led activists to call for a restructuring of the commission.[14][15]
Chairpersons[edit]
This is a list of current and former chairpersons of the NCW: [16]
No.
Name
From
To
1 Jayanti Patnaik 000000001992-02-03-00003 February 1992 000000001995-01-30-000030 January 1995
2 Dr. V. Mohini Giri 000000001995-07-21-000021 July 1995 000000001998-07-20-000020 July 1998
3 Vibha Parthasarathi 000000001999-01-18-000018 January 1999 000000002002-01-17-000017 January 2002
4 Dr. Poornima Advani 000000002002-01-25-000025 January 2002 000000002005-01-24-000024 January 2005
5 Dr. Girija Vyas[17] 000000002005-02-16-000016 February 2005 000000002008-02-15-000015 February 2008
6 Dr. Girija Vyas 000000002008-04-09-00009 April 2008 000000002011-04-08-00008 April 2011
7 Mamta Sharma[18] 000000002011-08-02-00002 August 2011 000000002014-08-01-00001 August 2014
8 Lalitha Kumaramangalam 000000002014-09-29-000029 September 2014 000000002017-09-29-000029 September 2017
9 Rekha Sharma[3] 000000002017-09-30-000030 September 2017
See also[edit]
Feminism in India
Nirmala Sitaraman – member, 2003–05
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NCW :: About NCW". ncw.nic.in. National Commission for Women. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Act No. 20 of 1990 of Govt. of India
^ Jump up to: a b http://ncw.nic.in/frmcurrentcommission.aspx
Jump up ^ http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/may/wom-ncw.htm
Jump up ^ http://ncw.nic.in/publications.htm
Jump up ^ "NCW rejects proposal to punish women for adultery". The Hindu. 26 December 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b One World.net
Jump up ^ Prakash, Satya, "What constitutes adultery?" Hindustan Times, 25 December 2006, [1]
Jump up ^ "Mangalore: Attack on Pub now a National Concern!". Retrieved 6 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "India shocked as 'moral police' beat girls out of pub". Russia Today. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Roche, Florine (2009-01-30). "Mangalore Pub Attack - National Commission for Women Recommends Punishment Under Article 307". Retrieved 2009-02-06.
Jump up ^ "NCW rejects report, blames security lapse for pub attacks". 2009-02-06. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Guwahati molestation case: Chief Minister's office accidentally names victim, then retracts". www.ndtv.com. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Guwahati molestation: NCW chief Mamta Sharma advises women to dress 'carefully'". 18 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guwahati molestation: Activists demand NCW restructure". Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "NCW::Chairpersons of the Commission". ncw.nic.in. National Commission for Women. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Girija Vyas is new NCW chairperson - The Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 9 February 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mamta Sharma is NCW chief". The Hindu. New Delhi. 3 August 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
External links[edit]
The National Commission for Women, India, official website
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Mamma Mia! (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mamma Mia!
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Phyllida Lloyd
Produced by
Judy Craymer
Gary Goetzman
Screenplay by
Catherine Johnson
Based on
Mamma Mia!
by Catherine Johnson
Starring
Meryl Streep
Pierce Brosnan
Colin Firth
Stellan Skarsgård
Julie Walters
Dominic Cooper
Amanda Seyfried
Christine Baranski
Music by
Benny Andersson
Björn Ulvaeus
Cinematography
Haris Zambarloukos
Edited by
Lesley Walker
Production
company
Relativity Media
Littlestar Productions
Playtone
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 30, 2008 (2008-06-30) (Leicester Square)
July 10, 2008 (2008-07-10) (United Kingdom)
July 17, 2008 (2008-07-17) (Germany)
July 18, 2008 (2008-07-18) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes
Country
Germany
United Kingdom
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$52 million[2]
Box office
$615.7 million[2]
Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, also written by Johnson, which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA, including the title song, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film features an ensemble cast, including Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Julie Walters, Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski. The plot follows a young bride-to-be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding, each one with the possibility of being her father. The film was an international co-production between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and was co-produced by Relativity Media, Playtone and Littlestar Productions.
Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos, Greece from August to September 2007. The film was distributed by Universal Pictures. Mamma Mia! held its world premiere on June 30, 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4, 2008 in Stockholm, Sweden, with Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance. The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom, on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the musical numbers and production values, but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers, in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård. Nonetheless, the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget, becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 2008. A sequel, titled Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, was released on July 20, 2018, with much of the main cast returning.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Production
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.
Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.
Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.
At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.
In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.
Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, each agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.
Cast[edit]
ABBA appeared together with the film's cast in 2008. (Left to right: Benny Andersson, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried, Meryl Streep, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, Christine Baranski, Colin Firth, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Judy Craymer, Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper)
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an Irish-American architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.
Chris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.
Cameo appearances and uncredited roles
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess
Musical numbers[edit]
See also: Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack
A soundtrack album was released on July 7, 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally, respectively. The recording was produced by Benny Andersson. The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film, including a hidden track. The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25, 2008.
"I Have a Dream" – Sophie
"Honey, Honey" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Mamma Mia" – Donna
"Chiquitita – Rosie, Tanya and Donna†
"Dancing Queen" – Tanya, Rosie and Donna
"Our Last Summer" – Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna
"Lay All Your Love on Me" – Sky and Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Voulez-Vous" – Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper
"The Name of the Game" – Sophie‡
"SOS" – Sam and Donna
"Does Your Mother Know" – Tanya and Pepper
"Slipping Through My Fingers" – Donna and Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" – Donna
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – Sam and Donna†
"When All Is Said and Done" – Sam and Donna
"Take a Chance on Me" – Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry
"Waterloo" – Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie†
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie§
† Featured in the film, but omitted from the soundtrack album.
‡ Included in the soundtrack album, but omitted from the film.
§ Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track.
Production[edit]
The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia!.
Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August/September 2007),[3] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[3] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[3] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.
The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[4]
The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos
The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[5][6]
Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[7] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[8]
Release[edit]
Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[9]
Home media[edit]
In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[10] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.
In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[11] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[12]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[13] It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.
In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[14] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]
When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[15]
The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[16] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[17]
Critical response[edit]
Pierce Brosnan's singing was heavily panned by critics
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[citation needed]
BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[20] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, and expressed a "need to vomit".[21] Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[22] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together: "Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."[23][dead link] Angie Errigo of Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[24]
The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[25] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[26] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[27] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[28] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[29]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
ACE Eddie Awards February 15, 2009 Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated [30]
British Academy Film Awards February 8, 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia! Nominated [31]
Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated
Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17, 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated [32]
Empire Awards March 29, 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won [33]
Golden Globe Awards January 11, 2009 Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia! Nominated [34]
Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards February 21, 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won [35]
Golden Reel Awards February 21, 2009 Best Sound Editing – Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis, Martin Lowe, Robert Houston Won [36]
Grammy Awards February 8, 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated [37]
Irish Film and Television Awards February 14, 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won [38]
MTV Movie Awards May 31, 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated [39]
National Movie Awards September 8, 2008 Best Musical[40] Mamma Mia! Won [40]
Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won
Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated
Colin Firth Nominated
People's Choice Awards January 7, 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia! Nominated [41]
Favorite Cast Mamma Mia! Nominated
Favorite Song from a Soundtrack "Mamma Mia" Won
Rembrandt Awards March 9, 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won [42]
Best International Actress Won
Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won
Satellite Awards December 14, 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated [43]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios, said that it would take a while, but there would be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[44] Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[45] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[46] It was announced that Seyfried,[47] Cooper, Streep, Firth and Brosnan would be returning.[48] In July 2017, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[49]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mamma Mia! (2008) | BFI". British Film Institute. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mamma Mia! (2008)". The Numbers. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mansfield, Paul (2008-07-15). "Mamma Mia! – Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FLAMIN - Page not found". 16 August 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "45' Teak Ketch 1933. Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole". Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole. Sandeman Yacht Company. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Tai-Mo-Shan". Coburg Yacht Brokers website. Coburg Yacht Brokers. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ Hiscock, John (2008-07-04). "Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Meryl Streep, speaking on 'Abba: The Mamma Mia Story', ITV
Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro (2008-07-04). "ABBA återförenades på röda mattan (Swedish)". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Mark (2008-12-31). "'Mamma Mia!' breaks U.K. DVD record". Archived from the original on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. "MAMMA MIA! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Nyheterna - tv4.se". nyheterna.se. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Williams, Trey (2017-06-24). "'Wonder Woman' passes 'Mamma Mia!' as highest-grossing film by female director". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
Jump up ^ "UK all time top grossing films". 25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Greece Box Office Index". Box Office Mojo. June 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. July 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
Jump up ^ Michael Gioia, Vichet Chum (December 30, 2014). ""Into the Woods" Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box-Office Totals, Beating "Unbroken"". Playbill. Retrieved 2012-01-05. As previously reported, the Rob Marshall-directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since "Mamma Mia!" ($27.8 million). CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Mamma Mia! Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Mama Mia reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia". BBC Radio 5 live. 2008-07-11. Retrieved 2016-12-19 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw. "Mamma Mia! | Culture". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ "MOVIEBOB: Mama Mia". YouTube. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Telegraph review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Angie Errigo (3 July 2008). "Mamma Mia! Review | Movie". gb: Empireonline.com. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer (2008-07-05). "Mamma Mia!". Variety. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ "The Dark Knight – Mamma Mia! – The Exiles". Nymag.com. New York Magazine Movie Review. 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Rickey, Carrie (2008-07-17). "'Mamma Mia,' here we go again – this time on screen". Philly.com. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Rene. "Mamma Mia! (PG-13) **Â½ | Singing! And dancing! Not much of a story! Who cares!?! | MiamiHerald.com". Archived from the original on 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
Jump up ^ Brunson, Matt (2008-07-23). "Out of tune | Reviews". Charlotte.creativeloafing.com. Creative Loafing Charlotte. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Knegt, Peter (12 January 2009). "ACE Eddie Noms Announced". IndieWire. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Film Nominations in 2009". Film Awards – BAFTA. 2009-01-17. Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
Jump up ^ "10th Annual Awards 2008". Costume Designers Guild. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (March 30, 2009). "Empire Awards 2009: The Winners". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "66th Annual Golden Globe Award Winners". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John (2009). "29th Annual Golden Raspberry (Razzie) Award "Winners"". Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation. Golden Raspberry Award Foundation. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ "2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees: Feature Films". Motion Picture Sound Editors. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "51st Annual Grammy Awards – 2008". grammy.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Winners 2009 | IFTA | Irish Film & Television Academy | Irish Film & Television Awards". Irish Film & Television Academy. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sciretta, Peter (May 31, 2009). "2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners". SlashFilm. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt, Veronica (9 September 2008). "Mamma Mia wins at National Movie Awards". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 6 September 2010. More than one of |website= and |work= specified (help)
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards Past Nominees & Winners: 2009". PCAvote.com. Sycamore Productions. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
Jump up ^ van Oosten, Jasper (10 March 2009). "Oorlogswinter en Mamma Mia! winnen Film1 Rembrandt Awards". Film1. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nominees and Winners; 2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards". The International Press Academy. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye (2008-10-17). "Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel, Kate Winslet, Leonardo DiCaprio and much more". Mail Online. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander (2017-05-19). "'Mamma Mia' sequel 'Here We Go Again' coming next summer". US Today. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
Jump up ^ Anita Busch (May 19, 2017). "'Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again!' On Universal Pictures' 2018 Schedule". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr (June 1, 2017). "Amanda Seyfried Set For 'Mamma Mia!' Reprise". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer (June 22, 2017). "Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for 'Mamma Mia 2': It's 'a Phone Call I've Been Waiting For'". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jenna Busch (July 12, 2017). "Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver's Lily James". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Louise FitzGerald, Melanie Williams: Mamma Mia! The Movie: Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon. I.B. Tauris, 2013, ISBN 9781848859425
External links[edit]
Official website
Mamma Mia! on IMDb
Mamma Mia! at AllMovie
Mamma Mia! at Box Office Mojo
Mamma Mia! at Rotten Tomatoes
Mamma Mia! at Metacritic
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values: ماما ميا! (فيلم) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ماما میا! (فیلم) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Մամա Միա (ֆիլմ) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מאמא מיה! (סרט) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: მამა მია! (ფილმი) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Мама Миа (филм) – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: มัมมา มีอา! วิวาห์วุ่น ลุ้นหาพ่อ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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