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Offer and acceptance
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Contract law
Part of the common law series
Contract formation
Offer and acceptance
Posting rule
Mirror image rule
Invitation to treat
Firm offer
Consideration
Implication-in-fact
Collateral contract
Defenses against formation
Lack of capacity
Duress
Undue influence
Illusory promise
Statute of frauds
Non est factum
Contract interpretation
Parol evidence rule
Contract of adhesion
Integration clause
Contra proferentem
Excuses for non-performance
Mistake
Misrepresentation
Frustration of purpose
Impossibility
Impracticability
Illegality
Unclean hands
Unconscionability
Accord and satisfaction
Rights of third parties
Privity of contract
Assignment
Delegation
Novation
Third-party beneficiary
Breach of contract
Anticipatory repudiation
Cover
Exclusion clause
Efficient breach
Deviation
Fundamental breach
Remedies
Specific performance
Liquidated damages
Penal damages
Rescission
Quasi-contractual obligations
Promissory estoppel
Quantum meruit
Related areas of law
Conflict of laws
Commercial law
Other common law areas
Tort law
Property law
Wills, trusts, and estates
Criminal law
Evidence
v
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Offer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law. The offer and acceptance formula, developed in the 19th century, identifies a moment of formation when the parties are of one mind. This classical approach to contract formation has been modified by developments in the law of estoppel, misleading conduct, misrepresentation and unjust enrichment.
Contents
1 Offer
1.1 Unilateral contract
1.2 Invitations to treat
1.3 Revocation of offer
2 Acceptance
2.1 Test of acceptance
2.2 Rules of acceptance
2.2.1 Communication of acceptance
2.2.2 Counter-offers and correspondence
2.3 Battle of the forms
2.4 Postal Rule
2.4.1 Knowledge of the offer
2.5 Rejection of an offer or lapse of time
2.5.1 Death of offeror
2.5.2 Death of offeree
3 Time of contract formation
4 See also
5 References
Offer[edit]
Treitel defines an offer as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed", the "offeree".[1] An offer is a statement of the terms on which the offeror is willing to be bound. It is the present contractual intent to be bound by a contract with definite and certain terms communicated to the offeree.
The expression of an offer may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper advertisement, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract.
Whether the two parties have reached agreement on the terms or whether a valid offer has been made is an issue which is determined by the courts using criteria known as 'the objective test' which was explained in the leading English case of Smith v. Hughes.[2][3] In Smith v. Hughes, the court emphasised that the important thing in determining whether there has been a valid offer is not the party's own (subjective) intentions, but how a reasonable person would view the situation.
Unless the offer included the key terms of the contract, it cannot be the basis of a binding contract. For example, as a minimum requirement for sale of goods contracts, a valid offer must include at least the following 4 terms: Delivery date, price, terms of payment that includes the date of payment and detail description of the item on offer including a fair description of the condition or type of service. Unless the minimum requirements are met, an offer of sale is not classified by the courts as a legal offer but is instead seen as an advertisement.
Unilateral contract[edit]
A unilateral contract is created when someone offers to do something "in return for" the performance of the act stipulated in the offer.[4] In this regard, acceptance does not have to be communicated and can be accepted through conduct by performing the act.[5] Nonetheless, the person performing the act must do it in reliance on the offer.[6]
A unilateral contract can be contrasted with a bilateral contract, where there is an exchange of promises between two parties. For example, when (A) promises to sell her car and (B) promises to buy the car.
The formation of a unilateral contract can be demonstrated in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.[5] In order to guarantee the effectiveness of the Smoke Ball remedy, the company offered a reward of 100 pounds to anyone who used the remedy and contracted the flu. Once aware of the offer, Carlill accepted the offer when he purchased the Smoke Ball remedy and completed the prescribed course. Upon contracting the flu, he became eligible for the reward. Therefore, the company's offer to pay 100 pounds "in return for" the use of the Smoke Ball remedy and guarantee not to contract the flu was performed by Carlill.
Invitations to treat[edit]
An invitation to treat is not an offer, but an indication of a person's willingness to negotiate a contract. It's a pre-offer communication. In Harvey v. Facey,[7] an indication by the owner of property that he or she might be interested in selling at a certain price, for example, has been regarded as an invitation to treat. Similarly in Gibson v Manchester City Council[8] the words "may be prepared to sell" were held to be a notification of price and therefore not a distinct offer, though in another case concerning the same change of policy (Manchester City Council underwent a change of political control and stopped the sale of council houses to their tenants) Storer v. Manchester City Council,[9] the court held that an agreement was completed by the tenant's signing and returning the agreement to purchase, as the language of the agreement had been sufficiently explicit and the signature on behalf of the council a mere formality to be completed. Statements of invitation are only intended to solicit offers from people and are not intended to result in any immediate binding obligation. The courts have tended to take a consistent approach to the identification of invitations to treat, as compared with offer and acceptance, in common transactions. The display of goods for sale, whether in a shop window or on the shelves of a self-service store, is ordinarily treated as an invitation to treat and not an offer.[10][11]
The holding of a public auction will also usually be regarded as an invitation to treat. Auctions are, however, a special case generally. The rule is that the bidder is making an offer to buy and the auctioneer accepts this in whatever manner is customary, usually the fall of the hammer.[12][13] A bidder may withdraw his or her bid at any time before the fall of the hammer, but any bid in any event lapses as an offer on the making of a higher bid, so that if a higher bid is made, then withdrawn before the fall of the hammer, the auctioneer cannot then purport to accept the previous highest bid. If an auction is without reserve then, whilst there is no contract of sale between the owner of the goods and the highest bidder (because the placing of goods in the auction is an invitation to treat), there is a collateral contract between the auctioneer and the highest bidder that the auction will be held without reserve (i.e., that the highest bid, however low, will be accepted).[14] The U.S. Uniform Commercial Code provides that in an auction without reserve the goods may not be withdrawn once they have been put up.[15]
Revocation of offer[edit]
An offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the revocation must be communicated to the offeree (although not necessarily by the offeror,[16]). If the offer was made to the entire world, such as in Carlill's case,[5] the revocation must take a form that is similar to the offer. However, an offer may not be revoked if it has been encapsulated in an option (see also option contract), or if it is a "firm offer" in which case it is irrevocable for the period specified by the offeror.
If the offer is one that leads to a unilateral contract, the offer generally cannot be revoked once the offeree has begun performance.
Acceptance[edit]
A promise or act on the part of an offeree indicating a willingness to be bound by the terms and conditions contained in an offer. Also, the acknowledgment of the drawee that binds the drawee to the terms of a draft.
Test of acceptance[edit]
For the acceptance, the essential requirement is that the parties had each from a subjective perspective engaged in conduct manifesting their assent. Under this meeting of the minds theory of contract, a party could resist a claim of breach by proving that he had not be intended to be bound by the agreement, only if it appeared subjectively that he had so intended. This is unsatisfactory, as one party has no way to know another's undisclosed intentions. One party can only act upon what the other party reveals objectively (Lucy V Zehmer, 196 Va 493 84 S.E. 2d 516) to be his intent. Hence, an actual meeting of the minds is not required. Indeed, it has been argued that the "meeting of the minds" idea is entirely a modern error: 19th century judges spoke of "consensus ad idem" which modern teachers have wrongly translated as "meeting of minds" but actually means "agreement to the [same] thing".[17]
The requirement of an objective perspective is important in cases where a party claims that an offer was not accepted and seeks to take advantage of the performance of the other party. Here, we can apply the test of whether a reasonable bystander (a "fly on the wall") would have perceived that the party has impliedly accepted the offer by conduct.
Rules of acceptance[edit]
Communication of acceptance[edit]
There are several rules dealing with the communication of acceptance:
The acceptance must be communicated.[18][19] Theisger LJ said in Household Fire and Carriage that "an acceptance which remains in the breast of the acceptor without being actually and by legal implication communicated to the offeror, is no binding acceptance".[20] Prior to acceptance, an offer may be withdrawn.
As acceptance must be communicated, the offeror cannot include an Acceptance by Silence clause. This was affirmed in Felthouse v Bindley,[21] here an uncle made an offer to buy his nephew's horse, saying that if he didn't hear anything else he would "consider the horse mine". This did not stand up in court, and it was decided there could not be acceptance by silence.
An exception exists in the case of unilateral contracts, in which the offeror makes an offer to the world which can be accepted by some act. A classic instance of this is the case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1893] 2 Q.B. 484 in which an offer was made to pay £100 to anyone who having bought the offeror's product and used it in accordance with the instructions nonetheless contracted influenza. The plaintiff who was Mrs Carlill bought the smoke ball and used it according to the instructions but she contracted influenza.She sued the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. for £100. The court held that the inconvenience she went through by performing the act amounted to acceptance and therefore ordered £100 to be given to Mrs.Carlill. Her actions accepted the offer - there was no need to communicate acceptance. Typical cases of unilateral offers are advertisements of rewards (e.g., for the return of a lost dog).
An offer can only be accepted by the offeree, that is, the person to whom the offer is made.
An offeree is not usually bound if another person accepts the offer on their behalf without his authorisation, the exceptions to which are found in the law of agency, where an agent may have apparent or ostensible authority, or the usual authority of an agent in the particular market, even if the principal did not realise what the extent of this authority was, and someone on whose behalf an offer has been purportedly accepted may also ratify the contract within a reasonable time, binding both parties: see agent (law).
It may be implied from the construction of the contract that the offeror has dispensed with the requirement of communication of acceptance (called waiver of communication - which is generally implied in unilateral contracts).[22]
If the offer specifies a method of acceptance (such as by post or fax), acceptance must be by a method that is no less effective from the offeror's point of view than the method specified. The exact method prescribed may have to be used in some cases but probably only where the offeror has used very explicit words such as "by registered post, and by that method only".[23]
However, acceptance may be inferred from conduct.[24][25]
Counter-offers and correspondence[edit]
The "mirror image rule" states that if you are to accept an offer, you must accept an offer exactly, without modifications; if you change the offer in any way, this is a counter-offer that kills the original offer and the original offer cannot be accepted at a future time.[26]
However, a mere request for information about the terms of the offer is not a counter-offer and leaves the offer intact.[27] It may be possible to draft an enquiry such that it adds to the terms of the contract while keeping the original offer alive.
Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Sec. 2-207(1), a definite expression of acceptance or a written confirmation of an informal agreement may constitute a valid acceptance even if it states terms additional to or different from the offer or informal agreement. The additional or different terms are treated as proposals for addition into the contract under UCC Sec. 2-207(2). Between merchants, such terms become part of the contract unless:
a) the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer,
b) material alteration of the contract results,
c) notification of objection to the additional/different terms are given in a reasonable time after notice of them is received.
Material is defined as anything that may cause undue hardship/surprise, or is a significant element of the contract.
If there is no contract under 2-207(1), then under UCC Sec. 2-207(3), conduct by the parties that recognize there is a contract may be sufficient to establish a contract. The terms for this contract include only those that the parties agree on and the rest via gap fillers.
Battle of the forms[edit]
Often when two companies deal with each other in the course of business, they will use standard form contracts. Often these standard forms contain terms which conflict (e.g. both parties include a liability waiver in their form). The 'battle of the forms' refers to the resulting legal dispute arising where both parties accept that a legally binding contract exists, but disagree about whose standard terms apply. Such disputes may be resolved by reference to the 'last document rule', i.e. whichever business sent the last document, or 'fired the last shot' (often the seller's delivery note) is held to have issued the final offer and the buyer's organisation is held to have accepted the offer by signing the delivery note or simply accepting and using the delivered goods.
In U.S. law, this principle is referred to as the last shot rule.
Under English law, the question was raised in Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd,[28] as to which of the standard form contracts prevailed in the transaction. Lord Denning MR preferred the view that the documents were to be considered as a whole, and the important factor was finding the decisive document; on the other hand, Lawton and Bridge LJJ preferred traditional offer-acceptance analysis, and considered that the last counter-offer prior to the beginning of performance voided all preceding offers. The absence of any additional counter-offer or refusal by the other party is understood as an implied acceptance.
In Leicester Circuits Ltd. v. Coates Brothers plc (2002) and GHSP Incorporated v AB Electronic Ltd (2010) the English High Court has found that companies may have not agreed on any terms, and so the 'last document rule' may not apply. In the GHSP case, there was no situation where one company could have been said to have accepted the other's standard terms, as they remained in unresolved dispute. The court held that neither party's terms applied and therefore the contract was governed by the implied terms of the UK Sale of Goods Act 1979.
Postal Rule[edit]
Main article: Mailbox rule
As a rule of convenience, if the offer is accepted by post, the contract comes into existence at the moment that the acceptance was posted.[29] This rule only applies when, impliedly or explicitly, the parties have post in contemplation as a means of acceptance.[30] It excludes contracts involving land, letters incorrectly addressed and instantaneous modes of communication. The relevance of this early 19th century rule to modern conditions, when many quicker means of communication are available has been questioned, but the rule remains good law for the time being.
Knowledge of the offer[edit]
In Australian law, there is a requirement that an acceptance is made in reliance or pursuance of an offer.[6]
Rejection of an offer or lapse of time[edit]
An offer can be terminated on the grounds of rejection by the offeree, that is if the offeree does not accept the terms of the offer or makes a counter-offer as referred to above.
Also, upon making an offer, an offeror may include the period in which the offer will be available. If the offeree fails to accept the offer within this specific period, then the offer will be deemed as terminated.
Death of offeror[edit]
Generally death (or incapacity) of the offeror terminates the offer. This does not apply to option contracts.
The offer cannot be accepted if the offeree knows of the death of the offeror.[31] In cases where the offeree accepts in ignorance of the death, the contract may still be valid, although this proposition depends on the nature of the offer. If the contract involves some characteristic personal to the offeror, the offer is destroyed by the death.
Death of offeree[edit]
An offer is rendered invalid upon the death of the offeree.[32]
Time of contract formation[edit]
A contract will be formed (assuming the other requirements for a legally binding contract are met) when the parties give objective manifestation of an intent to form the contract.
Because offer and acceptance are necessarily intertwined, in California, offer and acceptance are analyzed together as subelements of a single element, known either as consent of the parties or mutual assent.[33]
See also[edit]
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica definition of Acceptance
Bataille des conditions générales (The Battle of the Forms in France)
Harris v Nickerson
Implied in fact contract
Last shot rule
Proposal (business)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Treitel, GH. The Law of Contract (10th ed.). p. 8.
Jump up ^ Smith v. Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597
Jump up ^ Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc [2002] HCA 8, (2002) 209 CLR 95.
Jump up ^ Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth [1954] HCA 20, (1954) 92 CLR 424.
^ Jump up to: a b c Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA 1, [1893] 1 QB 256.
^ Jump up to: a b R v Clarke [1927] HCA 47, (1927) 40 CLR 227.
Jump up ^ Harvey v. Facey [1893] A.C. 552
Jump up ^ Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 W.L.R. 294
Jump up ^ Storer v. Manchester City Council [1974] 3 All E.R. 824
Jump up ^ Pharmaceutical Society of GB v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1956] EWCA 6, [1953] 1 QB 401 - self-service displays.
Jump up ^ Fisher v. Bell [1961] 1 QB 394 (shop window display).
Jump up ^ British Car Auctions Ltd v. Wright [1972] 1 W.L.R. 1519.
Jump up ^ the British Sale of Goods Act 1979 s.57(2).
Jump up ^ Warlow v. Harrison (1859) 1 E. & E. 309.
Jump up ^ U.C.C., s2-328(3)
Jump up ^ Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) 2 Ch.D. 463
Jump up ^ R. Austen-Baker, "Gilmore and the Strange Case of the Failure of Contract to Die After All" (2000) 18 Journal of Contract Law 1.
Jump up ^ Powell v Lee (1908) 99 L.T. 284
Jump up ^ Robophone Facilities Ltd v. Blank [1966] 3 All E.R. 128.
Jump up ^ Household Fire and Carriage (1879) 4 Exch Div 216
Jump up ^ Felthouse v Bindley [1862] EWHC J35, [1862] 142 ER 1037.
Jump up ^ Re Selectmove Ltd [1994] BCC 349.
Jump up ^ Yates Building Co. Ltd v. R.J. Pulleyn & Sons (York) Ltd (1975) 119 Sol. Jo. 370.
Jump up ^ Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Company (1877) 2 App. Cas. 666
Jump up ^ Rust v. Abbey Life Assurance Co. Ltd
Jump up ^ Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334.
Jump up ^ Stevenson v. McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346.
Jump up ^ Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd [1979] WLR 401.
Jump up ^ Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250
Jump up ^ Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27.
Jump up ^ Fong v. Cilli (1968) 11 FLR 495
Jump up ^ Re Irvine.
Jump up ^ Lopez v. Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., 118 Cal. App. 4th 1224 (2004).
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Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)[1]
Recorded
2015–2016
Genre
Film soundtrack
Length
53:31
2:11:26 (Deluxe Edition)
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Alan Menken
Matt Sullivan
Mitchell Leib
Singles from Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Beauty and the Beast"
Released: February 2, 2017
"Evermore"
Released: March 3, 2017[2]
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast. In the film, Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself.
The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Commercial performance
3 Charts
4 Certifications
5 See also
6 References
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Alan Menken. Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman. Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice.
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Overture" (Score) Alan Menken 3:05
2. "Main Title: Prologue Pt. 1" Hattie Morahan (narration) 0:42
3. "Aria" Audra McDonald 1:02
4. "Main Title: Prologue Pt. 2" Hattie Morahan (narration) 2:21
5. "Belle" Emma Watson, Luke Evans, Ensemble 5:33
6. "How Does a Moment Last Forever (Music Box)" Kevin Kline 1:03
7. "Belle (Reprise)" Emma Watson 1:15
8. "Gaston" Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble 4:25
9. "Be Our Guest" Ewan McGregor, Emma Thompson, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Ian McKellen 4:48
10. "Days in the Sun" Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Emma Thompson, Audra McDonald, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Clive Rowe 2:40
11. "Something There" Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Emma Thompson, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw 2:54
12. "How Does a Moment Last Forever (Montmartre)" Emma Watson 1:55
13. "Beauty and the Beast" Emma Thompson 3:19
14. "Evermore" Dan Stevens 3:14
15. "The Mob Song" Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Stanley Tucci, Nathan Mack, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor, Gerard Horan, Haydn Gwynne 2:28
16. "Beauty and the Beast (Finale)" Audra McDonald, Emma Thompson, Ensemble 2:14
17. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" Celine Dion 3:37
18. "Beauty and the Beast" Ariana Grande & John Legend 3:47
19. "Evermore" Josh Groban 3:09
Total length: 53:31
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc one (Bonus Tracks)
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
20. "Aria" (Demo) Menken 0:36
21. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo) Menken 0:59
22. "Days in the Sun" (Demo) Menken 3:30
23. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo) Menken 1:21
24. "Evermore" (Demo) Menken 2:55
Total length: 62:52
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc two
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Main Title: Prologue" (Score) Menken 3:01
2. "Belle Meets Gaston" (Score) Menken 0:54
3. "Your Mother" (Score) Menken 2:13
4. "The Laverie" (Score) Menken 1:22
5. "Wolf Chase" (Score) Menken 3:14
6. "Entering the Castle" (Score) Menken 1:18
7. "A White Rose" (Score) Menken 3:57
8. "The Beast" (Score) Menken 4:03
9. "Meet the Staff" (Score) Menken 1:00
10. "Home" (extended mix) (Score) Menken 2:04
11. "Madame de Garderobe" (Score) Menken 1:28
12. "There's a Beast" (Score) Menken 2:02
13. "A Petal Drops" (Score) Menken 1:02
14. "A Bracing Cup of Tea" (Score) Menken 2:06
15. "The West Wing" (Score) Menken 2:58
16. "Wolves Attack Belle" (Score) Menken 3:17
17. "The Library" (Score) Menken 3:05
18. "Colonnade Chat" (Score) Menken 2:54
19. "The Plague" (Score) Menken 0:51
20. "Maurice Accuses Gaston" (Score) Menken 2:01
21. "Beast Takes a Bath" (Score) Menken 1:21
22. "The Dress" (Score) Menken 1:01
23. "You Must Go to Him" (Score) Menken 2:50
24. "Belle Stops the Wagon" (Score) Menken 2:42
25. "Castle Under Attack" (Score) Menken 4:20
26. "Turret Pursuit" (Score) Menken 2:12
27. "You Came Back" (Score) Menken 5:13
28. "Transformations" (Score) Menken 4:06
Total length: 68:34
The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion's "How Does a Moment Last Forever", followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend's "Beauty and the Beast", and Josh Groban's "Evermore", with the rest of the songs in the same order.
Commercial performance[edit]
The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales.[3] It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017.[4]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[5]
4
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[6]
10
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[7]
5
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[8]
26
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[9]
7
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[10]
32
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[11]
44
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[12]
23
Irish Albums (IRMA)[13]
8
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[14]
(Spanish version)
11
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[15]
7
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[16]
12
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[17]
46
Scottish Albums (OCC)[18]
6
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[19]
34
South Korean Albums International (Gaon)[20]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[21]
60
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[22]
19
UK Albums (OCC)[23]
8
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[24]
1
US Billboard 200[25]
3
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[26]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[27]
Silver 60,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan (January 19, 2017). "Celine Dion to perform new song for live-action Beauty and the Beast". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Evermore from beauty and the beast single".
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (March 19, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Divide' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200, 'Beauty and the Beast' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (July 4, 2017). "Kendrick Lamar's 'DAMN.' & Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' Lead Nielsen Music's Mid-Year 2017 Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – Die Schöne und das Biest %5B2017%5D" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "On The Charts...This Week". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 12, 2017". Hitlisten. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elokuvamusiikkia: Beauty And The Beast (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Irish Albums Chart: 21 April 2017". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Album - Semanal (del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo)" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 13, 2017". VG-lista. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017년 10주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017년 12주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes — Semana 11: del 10.03.2017 al 16.03.2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran's 'Divide' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200, 'Beauty and the Beast' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Albums: The Week of April 1, 2017". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Motion Picture Cast Recording – Beauty and the Beast". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter.
[show]
v
t
e
Disney's Beauty and the Beast
Films
Animation
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999)
Live-action
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
Adaptations
Musical (1994)
The Fire Rose (novel) 1995
Live on Stage (1991)
Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1999)
Be Our Guest Restaurant (2012)
Video games
Beauty & The Beast: Belle's Quest (1993)
Beauty & The Beast: Roar of the Beast (1993)
Beauty and the Beast (1994; NES)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1994; Super NES)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit (1994)
Disney's Beauty & The Beast: A Boardgame Adventure (1999)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom (2000)
Music
1991 film soundtrack
"Belle"
"Gaston"
"Be Our Guest"
"Something There"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"The Mob Song"
1994 musical soundtrack
"If I Can't Love Her"
"Human Again"
"A Change in Me"
2017 film soundtrack
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
"Days in the Sun"
"Evermore"
Related
The Music Behind the Magic
Characters
Belle
Beast
Gaston
[show]
v
t
e
Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's Beauty and the Beast
Film
La Belle et la Bête (1946)
The Scarlet Flower (1952)
Beauty and the Beast {1962)
Beauty and the Beast {1976)
Panna a netvor (1978)
Beauty and the Beast {1987)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
soundtrack
Beauty and the Beast (1992)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Beauty and the Beast (or Blood of Beasts, 2005)
Beauty and the Beast (2009)
Beastly (2011)
Beauty and the Beast (2014)
Little Miss Perfect (2016)
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
soundtrack
Television
Series
Beauty and the Beast, (1987)
Exile (2003)
Beauty & the Beast (2012)
episodes
Brahmarakshas (2016)
Episodes
"Reptar on Ice" (1992)
"Skin Deep" (2012)
"Her Handsome Hero" (2016)
Literature
The Scarlet Flower (1858)
Beauty: A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast (1978)
Lord of Scoundrels (1995)
Rose Daughter (1997)
The Quantum Rose (2000)
Beastly (2007)
Fashion Beast (2012)
Stage
Zémire et Azor (opera)
Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage (stage)
Beauty and the Beast (musical)
Songs
"Beauty and the Beast" (1983)
"Election Day" (1985)
"Beauty and the Beast" (1991)
Other
Disney Characters
Disney's Beauty and the Beast (video game)
Beauty and the Beast (Disney franchise)
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text:
Land of Tema
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
landscape near Teima
The Land of Tema, te'-ma or tema', ( תֵּמָא, Θαιμάν, تيماء (مدينة) and Thaiman) is a place mentioned in the bible.[1][2] as the place where the descendents of Ishmaels son Tema dwelt.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Name
1.2 Biblical references
1.3 Extra Biblical references
2 Identification
3 Noted people associated
4 References
Description[edit]
Name[edit]
In Hebrew the name means "south country" and was named for Tema, a son of Ishmael [4][5] and the tribe descended from him [6]
Biblical references[edit]
The Bible mentions it 5 times. It was in Edom[7][8][9] It is described as a remote[10] oasis on a main trade route through Arabia [11] It is often associated with The land of Dumah. It was admonished by Amos and Jeremiah.
Extra Biblical references[edit]
It was mentioned by Ptolemy,[12] Pliny[13] by Agatharchides[14][15] and by Josephus.[16]
It was noted as halfway between Damascus and Mecca, and between Babylonia and Egypt.[17][18]
Yaqut mentions that in the middle Ages it was inhabited by a Jewish Community.[19]
Identification[edit]
Tayma
Tayma
Location in Saudi Arabia
Coordinates: 27°37′47″N 38°32′38″E / 27.62972°N 38.54389°E / 27.62972; 38.54389
The Land of Tema was most likely in northern Saudi Arabia and has been identified with the modern Teima',[20][21][22][23] an oasis (fitting with the description in Jeremiah) which lies about 200 miles North of Medina, and some 40 miles South of Dumat (Dumah), now known as el-Jauf. Teima' is on the ancient caravan road connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Aqaba; which in antiquity bought wealth to the town[24][25] Doughty has described at Teima the ruins of an old city wall 3 miles in circuit.[26] An Aramaic stele recently discovered, belonging to the 6th century B.C., shows the influence of Assyrian in the town. The place is mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions.[27][28]
Noted people associated[edit]
Husham of the land of the Temanites [29]
Eliphaz the Temanite [30]
Nabunaid of Babylon took the city [31][32] and settled there till Cyrus the Great took the city and moved him to Carmainia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ S. Smith, Babylonian Historical Texts (1924), 98-123
Jump up ^ Arnulf Hausleitner, "Tayma - eine frühe Oasensiedlung", in: Archäologie in Deutschland, 3/213, pp. 14–19
Jump up ^ Job 6:19 and Isaiah 21:14)
Jump up ^ Genesis 25:15 1
Jump up ^ Chronicles 1:30
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 25:23
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 49:7 and 20
Jump up ^ Obadiah 1:9
Jump up ^ Amos 1:12
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 25:23
Jump up ^ Isaiah 21:14
Jump up ^ Ptolemy 5:19, section 6
Jump up ^ Pliny, Geogr. 5, 19 and Hist. Nat. 6:32
Jump up ^ Rev Charles Foster, The historical geography of Arabia; or, The patriarchal evidences of revealed religion. With an appendix containing translations of the Hamyaritic inscriptions recently discovered in Hadramaut, Volume 1 (Duncan and Malcom, 1844) p294.
Jump up ^ Agatharchides LXX
Jump up ^ Josephus Antiquities X.xi.2
Jump up ^ https://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/tema#sthash.F7rKtOfr.dpuf
Jump up ^ Rodolfo C. Estimo Jr. (7 November 2010). "Pharaonic inscription found in Saudi Arabia". ArabNews.
Jump up ^ Yaqut, Šihāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Ḥamawī. "Mu’jam al-Buldān". Dār Ṣādir, Beirut 1995, p. 67
Jump up ^ R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar. (1929) p 1-5-200
Jump up ^ S. Smith, Babylonian Historical Texts (1924), 98-123
Jump up ^ Arnulf Hausleitner, "Tayma - eine frühe Oasensiedlung", in: Archäologie in Deutschland, 3/213, pp. 14–19
Jump up ^ Rev Charles Foster, The historical geography of Arabia; or, The patriarchal evidences of revealed religion. With an appendix containing translations of the Hamyaritic inscriptions recently discovered in Hadramaut, Volume 1 (1844) p 294.
Jump up ^ See Job 6:19
Jump up ^ See:Isaiah 21:14
Jump up ^ R. P. Dougherty,, Arabia Deserta, I, p285
Jump up ^ Schrader, KAT2, 149
Jump up ^ Tema at BibleAtlas.com.
Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 1:45
Jump up ^ Job 4:1
Jump up ^ Jack Finegan, Light from the Ancient Past, Vol. 1: The Archaeological Background of the Hebrew-Christian Religion (Princeton University Press, 8 Dec. 2015) p190.
Jump up ^ R. P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar. (1929) p 1-5-200
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Tema&oldid=771904051"
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