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South Carolina in the American Civil War
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State of South Carolina
Nickname(s): "Palmetto Republic"

Flag
Coat of arms

Map of the United States with South Carolina highlighted.
Capital
Columbia
Largest City
Charleston
Admission to confederacy
February 4, 1861 (1st)
Population
703,708 total
• 301,302 free
• 402,406 slave
Forces supplied
23% of white population total
• 12,992 killed
Major garrisons/armories
Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor
Governor
Francis Pickens (1860–1862)
Milledge Bonham
Andrew Magrath
Senators
Robert Woodward Barnwell
James Lawrence Orr
Representatives
List
Restored to the Union
July 9, 1868
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South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union (Dec. 1860), and was one of the founder members of the Confederacy (Feb. 1861). The bombardment of the beleaguered U.S. garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April 12, 1861 is normally reckoned as the first military engagement of the war.
South Carolina was a source of troops for the Confederate army, and as the war progressed, also for the Union, as thousands of ex-slaves flocked to join the Union forces. The state also provided uniforms, textiles, food, and war material, as well as trained soldiers and leaders from The Citadel and other military schools. In contrast to most other Confederate states, South Carolina had a well-developed rail network linking all of its major cities without a break of gauge. Relatively free from Union occupation until the very end of the war, South Carolina hosted a number of prisoner of war camps. South Carolina also was the only Confederate state not to harbor pockets of anti-secessionist fervor strong enough to send large amounts of white men to fight for the Union, as every other state in the Confederacy did.
Among the leading generals from the Palmetto State were Wade Hampton III, one of the Confederacy's leading cavalrymen, Maxcy Gregg, killed in action at Fredericksburg, Joseph B. Kershaw, whose South Carolina infantry brigade saw some of the hardest fighting of the Army of Northern Virginia, and James Longstreet who served in that army under Robert E. Lee and in the Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Secession
3 American Civil War
3.1 Fort Sumter
3.2 Fort Wagner
3.3 The war ends
4 Battles in South Carolina
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
The white population of the state had strongly supported the institution of slavery since the 18th century. Political leaders such as Democrats John Calhoun and Preston Brooks had inflamed regional and national passions in support of the institution, and many pro-slavery voices had cried for secession. On the outbreak of war, South Carolina had the highest percentage of slaves of any U.S. state at 57% of its population enslaved; 46% of its families owned at least one slave.
For decades, South Carolinian political leaders had promoted regional passions with threats of nullification and secession in the name of southern states' rights and protection of the interests of the slave power.
Alfred P. Aldrich, a South Carolinian politician from Barnwell, stated that declaring secession would be necessary if a Republican candidate were to win the 1860 U.S. presidential election, stating that it was the only way for the state to preserve slavery and diminish the influence of the anti-slavery Republican Party, which, were its goals of abolition realized, would result in the "destruction of the South":
If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we remain in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grave issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule – it is a question of political and social existence.
— Alfred P. Aldrich, [1]
In a January 1860 speech, South Carolinian congressman Laurence Massillon Keitt, summed up this view in an oratory condemning the Republican Party for its anti-slavery views, claiming that slavery was not morally wrong, but rather, justified:
The anti-slavery party contends that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right...
— Laurence Massillon Keitt, Speech to the House, (January 1860).[2]
Later that year, in December, Keitt would state that South Carolina's declaring of secession was the direct result of slavery:
Our people have come to this on the question of slavery.
— Laurence Massillon Keitt, South Carolina secession debates, (December 1860).[3]
Secession[edit]
On November 9, 1860 the South Carolina General Assembly passed a "Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act" and stated its intention to declare secession from the United States.[4]
In December 1860, amid the secession crisis, former South Carolinian congressman John McQueen wrote to a group of civic leaders in Richmond, Virginia, regarding the reasons as to why South Carolina was contemplating secession from the Union. In the letter, McQueen claimed that U.S. president-elect Abraham Lincoln supported equality and civil rights for African Americans as well as the abolition of slavery, and thus South Carolina, being opposed to such measures, was compelled to secede:
I have never doubted what Virginia would do when the alternatives present themselves to her intelligent and gallant people, to choose between an association with her sisters and the dominion of a people, who have chosen their leader upon the single idea that the African is equal to the Anglo-Saxon, and with the purpose of placing our slaves on equality with ourselves and our friends of every condition! and if we of South Carolina have aided in your deliverance from tyranny and degradation, as you suppose, it will only the more assure us that we have performed our duty to ourselves and our sisters in taking the first decided step to preserve an inheritance left us by an ancestry whose spirit would forbid its being tarnished by assassins. We, of South Carolina, hope soon to great you in a Southern Confederacy, where white men shall rule our destinies, and from which we may transmit to our posterity the rights, privileges and honor left us by our ancestors.
— John McQueen, Correspondence to T.T. Cropper and J.R. Crenshaw, (December 24, 1860)[5][6]
South Carolinian religious leader James Henley Thornwell also espoused a similar view to McQueen's, stating that slavery was justified under the Christian religion, and thus, those who viewed slavery as being immoral were opposed to Christianity:
The parties in the conflict are not merely abolitionists and slaveholders. They are atheists, socialists, communists, red republicans, Jacobins on the one side, and friends of order and regulated freedom on the other. In one word, the world is the battleground – Christianity and Atheism the combatants; and the progress of humanity at stake.
— James Henley Thornwell, [6]
Other religious institutions in South Carolina also expressed support for slavery. The Southern Presbyterian of S.C. declared that:
Anti-slavery is essentially infidel. It wars upon the Bible, on the Church of Christ, on the truth of God, on the souls of men.
— Southern Presbyterian of S.C., [6]
On November 10, 1860 the S.C. General Assembly called for a "Convention of the People of South Carolina" to consider secession. Delegates were to be elected on December 6.[7] The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously, 169-0, to declare secession from the United States. The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States.[8][9] James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it.
A committee of the convention also drafted a Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina which was adopted on December 24.[10] The secession declaration stated the primary reasoning behind South Carolina's declaring of secession from the Union, which was described as:
...increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery ...
— Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina, (December 24, 1860).[10]
The declaration also claims that secession was declared as a result of the refusal of free states to enforce the Fugitive Slave Acts. Although the declaration does argue that secession is justified on the grounds of U.S. "encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States," the grievances that the declaration goes on to list are mainly concerned with the property of rights of slave holders. Broadly speaking, the declaration argues that the U.S. Constitution was framed to establish each State "as an equal" in the Union, with "separate control over its own institutions", such as "the right of property in slaves."
We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of Slavery; they have permitted the open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.
— Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina, [11]
A repeated concern is runaway slaves. The declaration argues that parts of the U.S. Constitution were specifically written to ensure the return of slaves who had escaped to other states, and quotes the 4th Article: "No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due." The declaration goes on to state that this stipulation of the Constitution was so important to the original signers, "that without it that compact [the Constitution] would not have been made." Laws from the "General Government" upheld this stipulation "for many years," the declaration says, but "an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the Institution of Slavery has led to a disregard of their obligations." Because the constitutional agreement had been "deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States," the consequence was that "South Carolina is released from her obligation" to be part of the Union.
A further concern was Lincoln's recent election to the presidency, whom they claimed desired to see slavery on "the course of ultimate extinction":
A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the Common Government, because he has declared that that "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free," and that the public mind must rest in the belief that Slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.[11]
The South Carolinian secession declaration of December 1860 also channeled some elements from the U.S. Declaration of Independence from July 1776. However, the South Carolinian version omitted the phrases that "all men are created equal", "that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights", and mentions of the "consent of the governed". Professor and historian Harry V. Jaffa noted these omissions as significant in his 2000 book, A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War:
South Carolina cites, loosely, but with substantial accuracy, some of the language of the original Declaration. That Declaration does say that it is the right of the people to abolish any form of government that becomes destructive of the ends for which it was established. But South Carolina does not repeat the preceding language in the earlier document: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal'...
— Harry Jaffa, A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War, (2000)[12]
Jaffa states that South Carolina omitted references to human equality and consent of the governed, as due to their racist and pro-slavery views, secessionist South Carolinians did not believe in those ideals:
[G]overnments are legitimate only insofar as their "just powers" are derived "from the consent of the governed." All of the foregoing is omitted from South Carolina's declaration, for obvious reasons. In no sense could it have been said that the slaves in South Carolina were governed by powers derived from their consent. Nor could it be said that South Carolina was separating itself from the government of the Union because that government had become destructive of the ends for which it was established. South Carolina in 1860 had an entirely different idea of what the ends of government ought to be from that of 1776 or 1787. That difference can be summed up in the difference between holding slavery to be an evil, if possibly a necessary evil, and holding it to be a positive good.
— Harry Jaffa, A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War, (2000), emphasis added.[12]
On December 25, the day following South Carolina's declaration of secession, a South Carolinian convention delivered an "Address to the Slaveholding States":
We prefer, however, our system of industry, by which labor and capital are identified in interest, and capital, therefore, protects labor–by which our population doubles every twenty years–by which starvation is unknown, and abundance crowns the land–by which order is preserved by unpaid police, and the most fertile regions of the world, where the white man cannot labor, are brought into usefulness by the labor of the African, and the whole world is blessed by our own productions. ... We ask you to join us, in forming a Confederacy of Slaveholding States.
— Convention of South Carolina, Address of the people of South Carolina to the people of the Slaveholding States, (December 25, 1860)[13]
"Slavery, not states' rights, birthed the Civil War,"[14] argues sociologist James W. Loewen. Writing of South Carolina's Declaration of Secession, Loewen writes that
South Carolina was further upset that New York no longer allowed "slavery transit." In the past, if Charleston gentry wanted to spend August in the Hamptons, they could bring their cook along. No longer — and South Carolina's delegates were outraged. In addition, they objected that New England states let black men vote and tolerated abolitionist societies. According to South Carolina, states should not have the right to let their citizens assemble and speak freely when what they said threatened slavery. Other seceding states echoed South Carolina. "Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery — the greatest material interest of the world," proclaimed Mississippi in its own secession declaration, passed Jan. 9, 1861. "Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of the commerce of the earth. . . . A blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization."
— James W. Loewen, The Washington Post, (2011)[14]
The state adopted the palmetto flag as its banner, a slightly modified version of which is used as its current state flag.[15] South Carolina after secession was frequently called the "Palmetto Republic".[16]
After South Carolina declared its secession, former congressman James L. Petigru famously remarked, "South Carolina is too small for a republic and too large for an insane asylum."[17] Soon afterwards, South Carolina began preparing for a presumed U.S. military response while working to convince other southern states to secede as well and join in a confederacy of southern states.
On February 4, 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, a convention consisting of delegates from South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana met to form a new constitution and government modeled on that of the United States.[18] On February 8, 1861, South Carolina officially joined the Confederacy. According to one South Carolinian newspaper editor:
The South is now in the formation of a Slave Republic...
— L.W. Spratt, The Philosophy of Secession: A Southern View, (February 13, 1861).[19]
South Carolina's declaring of secession was supported by the state's religious figures, who claimed that it was consistent with the tenets of their religion:
The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery; and slavery depends on the triumphs of the South... This war is the servant of slavery.
— John T. Wightman, The Glory of God, the Defence of the South, (1861).[20]
American Civil War[edit]
1862 U.S. Coast Survey map of the Coast of South Carolina from Charleston to Hilton Head
Fort Sumter[edit]
Fort Sumter, 1861, flying the Confederate flag after the fort's capture from the U.S. by the Confederacy.
Six days after secession, on the day after Christmas, Major Robert Anderson, commander of the U.S. troops in Charleston, withdrew his men to the island fortress of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. South Carolina militia swarmed over the abandoned mainland batteries and trained their guns on the island. Sumter was the key position for preventing a naval attack upon Charleston, so secessionists were determined not to allow U.S. forces to remain there indefinitely. More importantly, South Carolina's claim of independence would look empty if U.S. forces controlled its largest harbor. On January 9, 1861, the U.S. ship Star of the West approached to resupply the fort. Cadets from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina fired upon the Star of the West, striking the ship three times and causing it to retreat back to New York.
Mississippi declared its secession several weeks after South Carolina, and five other states of the lower South soon followed. Both the outgoing Buchanan administration and President-elect Lincoln denied that any state had a right to secede. On February 4, a congress of the seven seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, and approved a new constitution for the Confederate States of America. South Carolina entered the Confederacy on February 8, 1861, fewer than six weeks after declaring itself the independent State of South Carolina.
Upper Southern slave states such as Virginia and North Carolina, which had initially voted against secession, called a peace conference, to little effect. Meanwhile, Virginian orator Roger Pryor barreled into Charleston and proclaimed that the only way to get his state to join the Confederacy was for South Carolina to instigate war with the United States. The obvious place to start was right in the midst of Charleston Harbor.
On April 10, the Mercury reprinted stories from New York papers that told of a naval expedition that had been sent southward toward Charleston. Lincoln advised the governor of South Carolina that the ships were sent to resupply the fort, not to reinforce it. The Carolinians could no longer wait if they hoped to take the fort before the U.S. Navy arrived. About 6,000 men were stationed around the rim of the harbor, ready to take on the 60 men in Fort Sumter. At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, after two days of intense negotiations, and with Union ships approaching the harbor, the firing began. Students from The Citadel were among those firing the first shots of the war, though Edmund Ruffin is usually credited with firing the first shot. Thirty-four hours later, Anderson's men raised the white flag and were allowed to leave the fort with colors flying and drums beating, saluting the U.S. flag with a 50-gun salute before taking it down. During this salute, one of the guns exploded, killing a young soldier—the only casualty of the bombardment and the first casualty of the war.
In December 1861, South Carolina received $100,000 from Georgia after a disastrous fire in Charleston.
Fort Wagner[edit]
Fort Wagner was the scene of two battles. The First Battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863. Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to the Union's 339 losses.[21]
54th Massachusetts Regiment charging towards Fort Wagner
The Second Battle of Fort Wagner, a week later, is better known. This was the Union attack on July 18, 1863, led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers. Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged, and was killed in the assault.[21]
Although a tactical defeat, the publicity of the battle of Fort Wagner led to further action for black troops in the Civil War, and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the Union Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South.[21]
The Union besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault. By August 25, Union entrenchments were close enough to attempt an assault on the Advanced Rifle Pits, 240 yards in front of the Battery, but this attempt was defeated. A second attempt, by the 24th Mass. Inf., on August 26 was successful. After enduring almost 60 days of heavy shelling, the Confederates abandoned it on the night of September 6–7, 1863. withdrawing all operable cannons and the garrison.[21][22]
The war ends[edit]
The Confederacy was at a disadvantage in number, weaponry, and supplies. Union ships sailed south and blocked off one port after another. As early as November, Union troops occupied the Sea Islands in the Beaufort area, establishing an important base for the men and ships who would obstruct the ports at Charleston and Savannah. When the plantation owners, many of which had already gone off with the Confederate army elsewhere, fled the area, the Sea Island slaves became the first "freedmen" of the war, and the Sea Islands became the laboratory for Union plans to educate the African Americans for their eventual role as full American citizens Despite South Carolina's important role in the start of the war, and a long unsuccessful attempt to take Charleston from 1863 onward, few military engagements occurred within the state's borders until 1865, when Sherman's Army, having already completed its March to the Sea in Savannah, marched to Columbia and leveled most of the town, as well as a number of towns along the way and afterward. South Carolina lost 12,922 men to the war, 23% of its male white population of fighting age, and the highest percentage of any state in the nation. Sherman's 1865 march through the Carolinas resulted in the burning of Columbia and numerous other towns. The destruction his troops wrought upon South Carolina was even worse than in Georgia, because many of his men bore a particular grudge against the state and its citizens, who they blamed for starting the war. One of Sherman's men declared, "Here is where treason began and, by God, here is where it shall end!"[23] Poverty would mark the state for generations to come.
In January 1865, the Charleston Courier newspaper condemned suggestions that the Confederacy abandon slavery were it to help in gaining independence, stating that such suggestions were "folly":
To talk of maintaining our independence while we abolish slavery is simply to talk folly.
— Courier, (January 24, 1865)[24]
On February 21, 1865, with the Confederate forces finally evacuated from Charleston, the black 54th Massachusetts Regiment marched through the city. At a ceremony at which the U.S. flag was once again raised over Fort Sumter, former fort commander Robert Anderson was joined on the platform by two men: African American Union hero Robert Smalls and the son of Denmark Vesey.
Battles in South Carolina[edit]
Battle of Fort Sumter
Battle of Port Royal
Battle of Secessionville
Battle of Simmon's Bluff
First Battle of Charleston Harbor
Second Battle of Charleston Harbor
Second Battle of Fort Sumter
First Battle of Fort Wagner
Battle of Grimball's Landing
Second Battle of Fort Wagner (Morris Island)
Battle of Honey Hill
Battle of Tulifinny
Battle of Rivers' Bridge
Battle of Anderson County
Battle of Brattonsville
Battle of Broxton's Bridge
Battle of Cheraw
Battle of Gamble's Hotel (The Columns)
Battle of Aiken
See also[edit]
Charleston, South Carolina in the American Civil War
Confederate States of America - animated map of state secession and confederacy
List of South Carolina Confederate Civil War units
List of South Carolina Union Civil War units
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
Origins of the American Civil War
Slaves and the American Civil War
Port Royal Experiment
Edisto Island during the Civil War
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Channing, Steven. Crisis of Fear. pp. 141–142. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keitt, Lawrence M. (January 25, 1860). Congressman from South Carolina, in a speech to the House. Taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe, supplied by Steve Miller. The anti-slavery party contends that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States.
Jump up ^ "The Charleston Courier". Charleston, South Carolina. December 22, 1860. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Resolution to Call the Election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President a Hostile Act and to Communicate to Other Southern States South Carolina's Desire to Secede from the Union." 9 November 1860. Resolutions of the General Assembly, 1779–1879. S165018. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Columbia, South Carolina.
Jump up ^ McQueen, John (December 24, 1860). "Correspondence to T. T. Cropper and J. R. Crenshaw". Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Rhea, Gordon (January 25, 2011). "Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought". Civil War Trust. Civil War Trust. Archived from the original on March 21, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Cauthen, Charles Edward; Power, J. Tracy. South Carolina goes to war, 1860–1865. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2005. Originally published: Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1950. ISBN 978-1-57003-560-9. p. 60.
Jump up ^ "Results from the 1860 Census". 1860 United States Census. 1860. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Retrieved June 4, 2004. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Hall, Andy (December 22, 2013). "Not Surprising, Part Deux". Dead Confederates: A Civil War Era Blog. The states with the largest proportions of slaves and slave-holders seceded earliest.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union,' 24 December 1860". Teaching American History in South Carolina Project. 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Immediate_Causes_Which_Induce_and_Justify_the_Secession_of_South_Carolina_from_the_Federal_Union
^ Jump up to: a b Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 231. ISBN 9780847699520.
Jump up ^ State of South Carolina (December 25, 1860). "Address of the people of South Carolina to the people of the Slaveholding States of the United States". Retrieved March 27, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Loewen, James (2011). "Five Myths About Why the South Seceded". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Edgar, Walter. South Carolina: A History, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press:1998. ISBN 978-1-57003-255-4. p. 619
Jump up ^ Cauthen, Charles Edward; Power, J. Tracy. South Carolina goes to war, 1860–1865. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2005. Originally published: Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1950. ISBN 978-1-57003-560-9. p. 79.
Jump up ^ Burger, Ken (February 13, 2010). "Too large to be an asylum". The Post and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina: Evening Post Publishing Co. Retrieved April 22, 2010. Paragraph 4
Jump up ^ Lee, Jr., Charles Robert. The Confederate Constitutions. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1963, 60.
Jump up ^ Spratt, L.W. (February 13, 1861). "THE PHILOSOPHY OF SECESSION: A SOUTHERN VIEW". South Carolina. Retrieved September 13, 2015. Presented in a Letter addressed to the Hon. Mr. Perkins of Louisiana, in criticism on the Provisional Constitution adopted by the Southern Congress at Montgomery, Alabama, BY THE HON. L. W. SPRATT, Editor of the Charleston Mercury, 13th February, 1861.
Jump up ^ Wightman, John T. (1861). "The Glory of God, the Defence of the South". Yorkville, South Carolina. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The 54th and Fort Wagner
Jump up ^ Wittenburg, Eric J., The Battle of Tom's Brook North & South - The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society, Volume 10, Number 1, Page 30.
Jump up ^ McPherson, James M. This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. Oxford University Press, 2009
Jump up ^ "Courier". Charleston. January 24, 1865. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
References[edit]
Burger, Ken (February 13, 2010). "Too large to be an asylum". The Post and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina: Evening Post Publishing Co. Retrieved April 22, 2010. .
Cauthen, Charles Edward; Power, J. Tracy. South Carolina goes to war, 1860–1865. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2005. Originally published: Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1950. ISBN 978-1-57003-560-9.
Edgar, Walter. South Carolina: A History, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press:1998. ISBN 978-1-57003-255-4.
Rogers Jr. George C. and C. James Taylor. A South Carolina Chronology, 1497-1992 2nd Ed. (1994)
Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina: A Short History, 1520-1948 (1951) standard scholarly history
WPA. South Carolina: A Guide to the Palmetto State (1941)
Wright, Louis B. South Carolina: A Bicentennial History' (1976)
Further reading[edit]
Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: American Civil War
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Confederate States of America
National Park Service map of Civil War sites in South Carolina
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Second Battle of Charleston Harbor
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Battle of Tulifinny
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Game Boy Advance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"GBA" redirects here. For other uses, see GBA (disambiguation).
Game Boy Advance
The indigo version of the Game Boy Advance.
Manufacturer
Nintendo
Product family
Game Boy line
Type
Handheld game console
Generation
Sixth generation
Release date
JP: March 21, 2001[2]
NA: June 11, 2001[1]
PAL: June 22, 2001[3]
CHN: June 8, 2004
Retail availability
2001–2010[4]
Discontinued
May 15, 2010
Units sold
81.51 million (as of June 30, 2010[update])[4]
Media
ROM cartridge
CPU
ARM7TDMI @ 16.78 MHz, Zilog Z80 @ 8 or 4 MHz
Memory
32 KB internal, 256 KB external, 96 KB VRAM
Display
TFT LCD, 240×160 pixels, 40.8×61.2 mm[5]
Power
2 × AA batteries
Best-selling game
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, 16 million combined[6]
Backward
compatibility
Game Boy, Game Boy Color
Predecessor
Game Boy Color[7]
Successor
Nintendo DS
The Game Boy Advance[a] (GBA) is a 32-bit handheld video game console developed, manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2001, in North America on June 11, 2001, in Australia and Europe on June 22, 2001, and in mainland China on June 8, 2004 (as iQue Game Boy Advance). Nintendo's competitors in the handheld market at the time were the Neo Geo Pocket Color, WonderSwan, GP32, Tapwave Zodiac, and the N-Gage. Despite the competitors' best efforts, Nintendo maintained a majority market share with the Game Boy Advance.
As of June 30, 2010, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide.[4] Its successor, the Nintendo DS, was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Project Atlantis
2 Technical specifications
3 Games
3.1 Compatibility with other systems
3.2 Virtual Console
4 Accessories
4.1 Official
4.2 Unofficial
5 Revisions
5.1 Game Boy Advance SP
5.2 Game Boy Micro
6 Unit colors
6.1 Game Boy Advance
6.2 Game Boy Advance SP
6.3 Game Boy Micro
7 Reception
7.1 Sales
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Contrary to the previous Game Boy models, which were all following the "portrait" form factor of the original Game Boy (designed by Gunpei Yokoi), the Game Boy Advance was designed in a "landscape" form factor, putting the buttons to the sides of the device instead of below the screen. The Game Boy Advance was designed by the French designer Gwénaël Nicolas and his Tokyo-based design studio Curiosity Inc.[8][9]
Project Atlantis[edit]
In 1996, magazines including Electronic Gaming Monthly,[10] Next Generation,[11] issues 53 and 54 of Total![citation needed] and the July 1996 issue of Game Informer[citation needed] featured reports of a new Game Boy, codenamed Project Atlantis. Although Nintendo's expectations of releasing the system in at least one territory by the end of 1996[11] would make that machine seem to be the Game Boy Color, it was described as having a 32-bit RISC processor,[10][12] a 3-by-2-inch color LCD screen,[10][11] and a link port[10]—a description that more closely matches the Game Boy Advance. It also may have referred to the unnamed, unreleased Game Boy Color successor prototype that was revealed at 2009's Game Developers Conference.[13] It was announced that Nintendo of Japan was working on a game for the system called "Mario's Castle".[10]
Technical specifications[edit]
Main article: Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles
The technical specifications[14][15][16] of the original Game Boy Advance are, as provided by Nintendo:[17]
Size:
approximately 14.45 cm (5.69 in) x 2.45 cm (0.96 in) x 8.2 cm (3.2 in) (LxWxH), 140 g (4.9 oz).
Screen:
2.9 inches reflective thin-film transistor (TFT) color LCD.
Power:
2× AA batteries
Battery life:
approximately 15 hours on average while playing Game Boy Advance games (also dependent on the Game Pak being played, volume setting and any external peripherals being used - e.g. a screen light[18])
CPU:
16.8 MHz 32-bit ARM7TDMI with embedded memory. 8 or 4 MHz 8-bit Z80 coprocessor for Game Boy backward compatibility.
Memory:
32 kilobyte + 96 kilobyte VRAM (internal to the CPU), 256 kilobyte DRAM (outside the CPU).
Resolution:
240 × 160 pixels (3:2 aspect ratio).
Color support:
15-bit BGR (5 bits depth per channel), capable of displaying 512 simultaneous colors in "character mode" and 32,768 (215) simultaneous colors in "bitmap mode".
Sound:
Dual 8-bit DAC for stereo sound (called Direct Sound), plus all legacy channels from Game Boy. The new DACs can be used to play back streams of wave data, or can be used to output multiple wave samples processed/mixed in software by the CPU.
Backward compatibility for Game Boy and Game Boy Color games is provided by a custom 4.194/8.388 MHz Z80-based coprocessor (Game Boy Advance software can use the audio tone generators to supplement the primary sound system), while a link port at the top of the unit allows it to be connected to other devices using a Game Link cable or GameCube link cable. When playing Game Boy or Game Boy Color games on the Game Boy Advance, the L and R buttons can be used to toggle between a stretched widescreen format (240×144) and the original screen ratio of the Game Boy (160×144). Game Boy games can be played using the same selectable color palettes as on the Game Boy Color. Every Nintendo handheld system following the release of the Game Boy Advance SP has included a built-in light and rechargeable battery.
The Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS 2D graphics hardware have scaling and rotation for traditional tiled backgrounds in its modes 1 and 2 and scaling and rotation for bitmaps in modes 3 through 5 (used less often on the GBA because of technical limitations).[19] On each machine supporting this effect, it is possible to change the scaling and rotation values during the horizontal blanking period of each scanline[clarification needed] to draw a flat plane in a perspective projection. More complex effects such as fuzz are possible by using other equations for the position, scaling, and rotation of each line. The "character mode" supports up to 4 tile map background layers per frame, with each tile being 8x8 pixels in size and having 16 or 256 colors. The "character mode" also supports up to 128 hardware sprites per frame, with any sprite size from 8x8 to 64x64 pixels and with 16 or 256 colors per sprite.[19]
Games[edit]
See also: List of Game Boy Advance games
Clockwise from left: A Game Boy Color game cartridge, a Game Boy Advance game cartridge, and a Nintendo DS game cartridge. On the far right is a United States Nickel shown for scale.
With hardware comparable to the Super NES, the Game Boy Advance represents progress for sprite-based technology. The Game Boy Advance has platformers, SNES-style role-playing video games, and classic games ported from various 8-bit and 16-bit systems of the previous generations. This includes the Super Mario Advance series, as well as the system's backward compatibility with all earlier Game Boy titles.
Final Fantasy VI Advance was the final licensed Japanese GBA game release. Released November 2006, it was the final Nintendo-published game for the system.[20] The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night was the final European GBA game, released November 2007.[21] Samurai Deeper Kyo was the final North American GBA game, released in February 2008. The last Nintendo-developed game released for the system was the Japan-only rhythm game Rhythm Tengoku, which later went on to form the popular Rhythm Heaven series.
Compatibility with other systems[edit]
An accessory for the GameCube, known as the Game Boy Player, was released in 2003 as the successor to the Super Game Boy peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The accessory allows Game Boy Advance games, as well as Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, to be played on the GameCube. However, some games may have compatibility issues due to certain features (for example, games with built-in motion sensors would require players to manipulate the console itself).
Game Boy Advance games are compatible with the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite handheld consoles, which feature a cartridge slot at the bottom. They are not, however, compatible with the Nintendo DSi, as it does not feature a cartridge slot.
Virtual Console[edit]
See also: Virtual Console
As part of an Ambassador Program for early adopters of the Nintendo 3DS system, ten Game Boy Advance games were made available free for players who bought a system before August 2011.[22] Unlike other Virtual Console games for the system, players were not able to use features such as the Home menu or save states. 3DS systems that have custom firmware installed can also install the ten available games available to Ambassador Program members. Many other Game Boy Advance games can also be played via custom firmware by injecting a difference game into one of the officially released Game Boy Advance games, including Game Boy Advance games not available on the Wii U Virtual console.[citation needed] Satoru Iwata stated Game Boy Advance games will be available on the Wii U Virtual Console sometime during April 2014.[23] On April 3, 2014, the first of the announced GBA games (Advance Wars, Metroid Fusion and Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga) were released for the Wii U Virtual Console.[24] A full Virtual Console service for Game Boy Advance games was launched for the Wii U console. All of the Virtual Console releases are single player only, as they do not emulate multiplayer features enabled by Game Link cables.
Accessories[edit]
Official[edit]
The Wireless Adapter was packed in with Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen
Nintendo released many addons for the Game Boy Advance. These include:
Wireless Adapter: Released in 2004, this adapter hooks up to the back of the Game Boy Advance. It replaces link cables and allows many people to link together. It marketed for US$20 and came included with Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen. Because it was released so late in the Game Boy Advance's life, fewer than 20 games support this hardware. The adapter's usefulness is most evident in Pokémon, as FireRed/LeafGreen and Emerald feature a "Union Room" where up to forty people can enter to battle or trade Pokémon. A Game Boy Micro version has also been released; it can interact fully with both models of the Wireless Adapter.
Game Boy Advance Infra-Red Adapter: This adapter was included with the game Cyberdrive Zoids, as it is only compatible with this game and the latest GBA Pokémon games[citation needed]. The adapter was not sold separately. This is also currently the only Game Boy Advance accessory that has not been remade for the Game Boy Micro.
Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable: The link cable is used to connect the Game Boy Advance to the GameCube gaming console. It is intended for interoperability between games for the Game Boy and corresponding games for the GameCube. There were not many games that supported the hardware; notable titles are Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles and The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures, allowing up to 4 players to use their Advance or SP handheld as a controller that has additional information on the screen, as well as The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, allowing additional content to be unlocked through Tingle, one of the characters in the game. When using the cable in the game "Animal Crossing", players would be greeted by the in game character Kapp'n at the dock who would transport them to a previously inaccessible island. The device works for Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD which lets you trade Pokémon back and forth to its GBA iterations (Pokémon FireRed, LeafGreen, Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald). In addition, it can be used to transfer Chao between Sonic Adventure 2, Sonic Adventure DX and Sonic Advance, Sonic Advance 2. Finally, it can be used to unlock the "Fusion" skin for Samus (that was introduced in Metroid Fusion) for use in Metroid Prime, provided that the player has also met certain conditions in both Fusion and Prime.
Play-Yan: The Play-Yan is an MP3/MPEG4 player for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS. The cartridge is slightly broader than a normal Game Boy Advance cartridge and includes a built-in headphone port as well as an SD Card slot. Music or videos that users have downloaded from the Internet can be transferred onto an SD Card and slotted into the Play-Yan device. Nintendo has released several mini games for the Play-Yan that can be downloaded from their website, although Nintendo later removed all minigame functionality through a firmware update. The Play-Yan was initially available in Japan only, but was released in Europe as the Nintendo MP3 Player on December 8, 2006, with the MPEG4 functionality removed. The Play-Yan was never released in North America.
e-Reader: The e-Reader is a scanning device that plugs into the game cartridge slot of the Game Boy Advance. Specialized cards with codes along the side and bottom are slid through the slot, scanning the card into the Game Boy Advance. Many ideas for the e-Reader include cards that scan classic games like Donkey Kong and Excitebike onto the handheld ready to play, as well as a collaboration with Super Mario Advance 4 and Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire to have cards that unlock content. GameCube games like Animal Crossing have cards with unlockable content as well, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game playing cards also adopt the e-Reader codes. The e-Reader works with the Game Boy Player and Game Boy Advance SP, but cannot fit into the Nintendo DS's Game Boy slot (however it can fit into the Nintendo DS Lite's Game Boy slot). Though it failed to catch on in the US, it proved to be very popular in Japan. It was not released in Europe.
Game Boy Advance Video: These cartridges contain two episodes of thirty-minute cartoon programs. First released in North America in May 2004, these cartridges included cartoons such as Dragon Ball GT, Pokémon, SpongeBob SquarePants, Sonic X, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Yu-Gi-Oh!. The movies Shrek, Shrek 2, and Shark Tale are also available for Game Boy Advance Video and all three movies are full. Due to the Game Boy Advance screen ratio, the three movies are in their widescreen format. These cartridges display an error when inserted into a GameCube via a Game Boy Player. The Game Boy Advance Videos are no longer available at most major retailers.
Cleaning cartridge: A white cartridge that has a soft cloth inside so that it cleans the connectors of the Game Boy Advance when inserted. It can also be used to clean Slot 2 of the Nintendo DS or DS Lite.
Mobile Adapter: The device works with Game Boy and Game Boy Advance systems to connect to mobile phones for remote play. It was released in Japan and was compatible with Pokémon Crystal.[25][26][27]
Unofficial[edit]
The Afterburner installed on a GBA, showing internal lighting.
Other accessories for the Game Boy Advance are:
Afterburner: The Afterburner was an internal front-lighting system manufactured by Triton Labs and released in mid-2002.[28] The installation consisted of disassembling the system, removing some plastic from the interior of the case, attaching the lighting mechanism to the screen, and soldering two wires to the motherboard for power. Optionally, a potentiometer or an integrated circuit could be added to allow adjusting the brightness of the light. When the initial version of the Game Boy Advance SP was released, it included a very similar integrated lighting system. This was replaced in the subsequent version of the Game Boy Advance SP with a backlit display. According to Triton Labs, the Afterburner achieved considerable success during the lifespan of the GBA, with many gamers buying it despite the kit technically voiding the system’s warranty, and the company had minor trouble keeping up with demand for the accessory during the 2002 holiday season.[28]
Halo Light: The Halo light was an external front-lighting system that replaced the screen protector/lens of the GBA. The Halo had an external power adapter that connected to the link port, it featured on/off functions with a dimmer and a pass-through connector so other devices could be connected to the link port.
Worm Light: The Worm Light was an adjustable and flexible light that connected to the link port. It had a small bulb which shone over the screen.
GBA Movie Player: The GBA Movie Player is a versatile gaming cartridge that allows users to play NES/Famicom games, watch movies, read .txt files, listen to sound clips, etc. The GBA Movie Player does not actually play MPEGS or MP3s directly, a freeware conversion software is needed, that converts an array of formats into GBM and GBS formats that are compatible with the GBA Movie Player. There are two forms of the GBA Movie Player with one using a CF (Compact Flash) card and one using an SD (Secure Digital) card, though different companies have made their own devices similar to the GBA Movie Player.
GBA TV Tuner: It makes the portable system into a portable television. There are several versions available, which are made by different companies. The most popular TV Tuner requires a cartridge inserted in the Tuner to start up. The TV Tuners can store up to 99 channels.
GameShark: The Game Boy Advance version of the GameShark, programmed only to work with Game Boy Advance games as making the device take Game Boy Color cartridges too would have made it expensive. This cheat device allowed users to change the code in their games to create cheats. Codes could be entered by hand or uploaded to the device itself with the provided USB cable and software.
Action Replay: A cheating device like the GameShark, the Action Replay was sold mainly in Europe. It has a few extra features as well as an updated interface.
Action Replay MAX Duo: This was an update to the Action Replay for Game Boy Advance. Not only did it function as an Action Replay, but for DS users, it could hold premade game saves or "powersaves" that could be downloaded from the Action Replay site as well as user made saves. It did not, however, function as a cheat device for Nintendo DS games; it was only for data backup.
Worm Cam: This device by Nyko attached to the top of the Game Boy Advance and connected into the link port of the GBA. This device functioned as a digital camera which allowed digital pictures to be taken. The snapshots could then be uploaded to a PC with the USB cable and software provided. This camera's strange shape prevented it from being used with the GBA SP.
DigiCam SP: This camera attachment was also made by Nyko and was essentially the Worm Cam for the Game Boy Advance SP. This add-on would slide on to the top half of the GBA SP (behind the screen) and a small plug would be connected into the link port.
DataBoy: This cartridge plugs into the GBA game slot and converts the Game Boy into an RS-232 data scope (also known as serial line monitor or protocol analyzer). Users can play GB games, GBC games, and GBA games on it.
Game Boy Advance flash cartridges: These devices are commonly used for independently created games, or other third party development.
Glucoboy: A blood glucose monitor with built-in games released in Australia in 2007 for children with diabetes.[29]
There are also numerous AC adapters that allow the Game Boy Advance to be used without batteries.
Revisions[edit]
Game Boy Advance SP[edit]
Game Boy Advance SP
Main article: Game Boy Advance SP
In early 2003, Nintendo introduced a new form-factor for the handheld, known as the Game Boy Advance SP (model AGS-001). The redesigned unit resembles a pocket-size laptop computer, including a folding case approximately one-half the size of the original unit. It also supports a rechargeable lithium ion battery, a significantly brighter LCD screen, and an internal front-light that can be toggled on and off. The redesign was intended to address some common complaints about the original Game Boy Advance, which had been criticized for being somewhat uncomfortable to use, especially due to an overly dark screen.[citation needed]
Around the same time as the release of the Game Boy Micro, Nintendo released a new backlit version of the SP (model AGS-101) in North America (commonly referred to as the "GBA SP+", SPII, or SP2).[citation needed] The switch that controls the light now toggles between "normal" (which itself is already brighter than the original Game Boy Advance SP's screen), and "bright", an intense brightness level similar to an LCD television set.
Game Boy Micro[edit]
Game Boy Micro
Main article: Game Boy Micro
In September 2005, Nintendo released a second redesign of the Game Boy Advance. This model, dubbed the Game Boy Micro, is similar in style to the original Game Boy Advance's horizontal orientation, but is much smaller and sleeker. The Game Boy Micro also allows the user to switch between several colored faceplates to allow customization, a feature which Nintendo advertised heavily around the Game Boy Micro's launch. Nintendo also hoped that this "fashion" feature would help target audiences outside of typical video game players. Unlike the previous Game Boy Advance models, Game Boy Micro is unable to support Game Boy and Game Boy Color titles. The Game Boy Micro did not make much of an impact in the video game market as it was overshadowed by Nintendo's other portable, the Nintendo DS.[30]
Unit colors[edit]
The Game Boy Advance, SP, and Micro had numerous colors and limited editions.
Game Boy Advance[edit]
See also: List of Game Boy colors and styles § Game Boy Advance
The Game Boy Advance was initially available in Arctic, Black, Orange, Fuchsia, Glacier (translucent blue/purple) and Indigo. Later in the system's availability, additional colours and special editions were released. These editions include: Red, Clear Orange/Black, Platinum, White, Gold, Hello Kitty edition (pink with Hello Kitty and logo on bezel), King of Fighters edition (black with images on bezel and buttons), Chobits edition (translucent light blue, with images on bezel and buttons), Battle Network Rockman EXE 2 (light blue with images on bezel), Mario Bros. edition (Glacier with Mario and Luigi on bezel) and Yumiuri Giant edition (Glacier with images on bezel).
A number of Pokémon-themed limited-edition systems were made available in Pokémon Center stores in Japan. These editions include: Gold Pokémon edition (Gold with Pikachu and Pichu on bezel), Suicune edition (blue/grey with greyscale Pikachu and Pichu on bezel, and a Pokémon Center sticker on the back), Celebi edition (olive green with Celebi images on bezel), and Latias/Latios edition (pink/red and purple, with images of Latias and Latios on bezel).
Game Boy Advance SP[edit]
See also: List of Game Boy colors and styles § Game Boy Advance SP
Blue Kyogre
Cobalt Blue
Flame Red
Famicom 20th Anniversary Edition
Gold with Zelda Triforce
Graphite
Green Rayquaza
Green Venusaur
Kingdom Silver (Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Edition)
Spice & Lime
Mario
NES Black (UK and US only as a limited edition)
Onyx Black
Pearl Blue
Pearl Green
Pearl Pink
Pearl White (Limited Edition)
Pikachu Yellow
Platinum
Red Groudon
Snow White
SpongeBob
Torchic Orange
Tribal
White Rip Curl special edition (Australia only)
"Who Are You?" (Black with "Who Are You?" printed on the top)
All Blacks (New Zealand only)
Surf Blue (UK only)
Game Boy Micro[edit]
See also: List of Game Boy colors and styles § Game Boy micro
Black (included silver, green camo, and fire faceplates)
Silver (included black, flower, and blue energy faceplates)
Green (Europe only)
Blue (Europe and Japan only)
Pink (Europe only)
Red (Australia only)
Lavender (Japan only)
Famicom 20th Anniversary Edition
Final Fantasy IV
Lite Blue (Japan only)
Mother 3 (Red)
Reception[edit]
Upon its North American release, IGN praised the Game Boy Advance's graphical capabilities and battery life, but criticized the system's shoulder button placement and noted the system's high price tag which "may be a tad bit too high to swallow," ultimately scoring the system with in "8.0" out of 10. They also pointed out the system's lack of a backlight which occasionally got in the way of playing games.[31] ABC News praised the Game Boy Advance's graphics, grip and larger screen, stating that "You've never had as much fun playing old games."[32]
Reviewing for CNET, Darren Gladstone scored the system with a 7.0 out of 10, praising its graphical performance and backwards compatibility but being considerably critical of the system's lack of a backlit screen, noting that it makes it "nearly impossible" to play in normal lighting conditions. Gladstone ultimately suggested the sleeker and backlit Game Boy Advance SP over the system despite noting that its cheaper price may "appeal to gamers on a lower budget."[33]
Sales[edit]
Nintendo hoped to move 1.1 million Game Boy Advance units by the end of March with the system's Japanese debut, and anticipated sales of 24 million units before the end of 2001; many marketing analysts believed for this to be a realistic goal due to the company's lack of major competition in the handheld video game market.[34] Within the first week of its North American launch in June, the Game Boy Advance sold 500,000 units, making it the fastest-selling video game console in the United States at the time. In response to strong sales, Nintendo ordered 100,000 units to ship to retail stores, hoping to ship another half million of them by the end of June.[35] The game also became the fastest-selling system in the United Kingdom, selling 81,000 units in its first week of release and beating the PlayStation 2’s previous record of 20,000 units.[36] In 2004, the system’s sales in the United Kingdom surpassed one million units.[37]
On December 1, 2006, Nintendo of America released launch-to-date information indicating that the company had sold 33.6 million units of the Game Boy Advance series in the United States.[38] In a Kotaku article published on January 18, 2008, Nintendo revealed that the Game Boy Advance series has sold 36.2 million units in the United States, as of January 1, 2008.[39] As of December 31, 2009, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide, 43.57 million of which are Game Boy Advance SP units and 2.42 million of which are Game Boy Micro units.[40]
After the Game Boy Advance's support lessened, the most popular software became mostly games oriented to younger gamers.[41]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ ゲームボーイアドバンス (Japanese: Gēmu Bōi Adobansu)
References[edit]
Nintendo portal
Video game portal
Jump up ^ Fielder, Lauren (May 16, 2001). "E3 2001: Nintendo unleashes GameCube software, a new Miyamoto game, and more". GameSpot. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy Advance: It's Finally Unveiled". IGN. August 23, 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bramwell, Tom (March 21, 2001). "GBA Day: June 22nd". Eurogamer. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Consolidated Sales Transition by Region" (PDF). Nintendo. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Game-Boy-Advance/Product-information/Technical-data/Technical-data-619479.html
Jump up ^ Rose, Mike (October 15, 2013). "Pokemon X & Y sell 4M copies in first weekend". Gamasutra. Think Services. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Umezu; Sugino; Konno. "Nintendo 3DS (Volume 3 – Nintendo 3DS Hardware Concept)". Iwata Asks (Interview: Transcript). Interview with Satoru Iwata. Nintendo. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gameboy Advance | WORKS - CURIOSITY - キュリオシティ - . Retrieved December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Van Tilburg, Caroline (2002). Curiosity: 30 Designs for Products and Interiors. Birkhauser Verlag AG. ISBN 978-3764367435.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nintendo's 32-Bit Color Portable "Project Atlantis" to Be Ready in Fall". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 83. Ziff Davis. June 1996. p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nintendo's New Color Handheld". Next Generation. No. 18. Imagine Media. June 1996. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo's Atlantis Emerges". Next Generation. No. 19. Imagine Media. July 1996. p. 16.
Jump up ^ GDC 2009 Nintendo Reveals Unreleased Nintendo Handhelds. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "GBATEK - GBA/NDS Technical Info". Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.cs.rit.edu/~tjh8300/CowBite/CowBiteSpec.htm#Text Backgrounds
Jump up ^ "GBA ASM Tutorial". Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "GBA Technical Specifications". Nintendo. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy Advance Frequently Asked Questions". Nintendo. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Korth, Martin. "GBATEK: LCD I/O Display Control". Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Search:. "Final Fantasy VI Advance Release Information for Game Boy Advance". GameFAQs. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Search:. "The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night Release Information for Game Boy Advance". GameFAQs. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "NINTENDO 3DS PRICE DROPS TO $169.99, AS GREAT VALUE AND NEW 3D GAMES COME TOGETHER". Nintendo of America's press release. July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011. By the end of 2011, Nintendo will provide Ambassadors with 10 Game Boy Advance Virtual Console games. These include games like Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3, Mario Kart: Super Circuit, Metroid Fusion, WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$ and Mario vs. Donkey Kong. These games were made available exclusively to Ambassadors, and Nintendo currently has no plans to make these 10 games available to the general public on the Nintendo 3DS in the future.
Jump up ^ "Wii U - Virtual Console". Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael, Jay (March 31, 2014). "Wii U Virtual Console News: GameBoy Advance Classics Arrive in April; Nintendo Announces Metroid Fusion, Advance Wars, and More. On the DS there is a slot for GBA games". Christian Post. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy Advance Mobile Adapter Compatible? - News at GameSpot". Gamespot.com. January 12, 2001. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon Crystal/Mobile Adapter GB Announced". Rpgamer.com. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy Mobile Adapter Delayed". Rpgamer.com. January 27, 2001. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Enhanced GameBoy coming". CNN Money. January 6, 2003. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Strangest Health Gadgets". PCMag.com. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Co., Ltd. - Corporate Management Policy Briefing – Q&A". Nintendo Co., Ltd. p. 3. Retrieved December 6, 2008. The sales of Micro did not meet our expectations ... However, toward the end of 2005, Nintendo had to focus almost all of our energies on the marketing of DS, which must have deprived the Micro of its momentum.
Jump up ^ "Game Boy Advance: System Review". IGN. June 11, 2001. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mazza, Edward (June 11, 2001). "Review: Nintendo's Game Boy Advance". ABC News. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gladstone, Darren (October 10, 2002). "Nintendo Game Boy Advance review". CNET. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo launched new GameBoy". BBC. March 21, 2001. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Eng, Paul (June 21, 2001). "Game Boy Advance Breaks Sales Records". ABC. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Branwell, Tom (June 26, 2001). "Record-Breaking GameBoy Advance sales". Eurogamer. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fahey, Rob (January 27, 2009). "UK Game Boy Advance sales top 1 Million In 2004". Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Behrens, Matt (December 1, 2006). "Nintendo sales through end of November revealed". N-Sider Media. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ Michael McWhertor (November 12, 2013). "Who's Winning The Console War In The US?". Kotaku. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2008. UPDATE: Nintendo was nice enough to forward on GBA figures, just so we can see how the other last-gen, still-on-the-market platform is holding up.
Jump up ^ "Consolidated Financial Highlights" (PDF). Nintendo Co., Ltd. April 26, 2007. p. 8. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kohler, Chris (January 18, 2009). "Top 10 Games of December 2008, By Platform". blog.wired.com. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
External links[edit]
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GBA (disambiguation)

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Game Boy line

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Dynamic random access memory

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Game Link cable

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Super Mario Advance

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Final Fantasy VI Advance

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Pokémon XD

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Sonic Adventure DX

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Super Mario Advance 4

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Pokémon Crystal

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GBA Movie Player

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Game Boy Advance flash cartridge

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Lithium ion battery

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Pokémon Center

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Portal:Video game

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Imagine Media

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https://patater.com/gbaguy/gbaasm.htm

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http://nintendo.com/techspecgba

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http://nocash.emubase.de/gbatek.htm

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Digital time capsule

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Game Boy Pocket Sonar

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Console manufacturer

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Sega Game Gear

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Leapfrog Didj

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Dingoo A320

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V-Smile Pocket

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