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Going postal
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For other uses, see Going postal (disambiguation).
Going postal is an American English slang phrase referring to becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment. The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1986 onward in which United States Postal Service (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, and members of the police or general public in acts of mass murder. Between 1970 and 1997, more than 40 people were killed by current or former employees in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Between 1986 and 2011, workplace shootings happened at roughly 2 per year, with an average of 12 people killed per year. [1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Notable postal shootings
2.1 Edmond, Oklahoma, 1986
2.2 Ridgewood, New Jersey, 1991
2.3 Royal Oak, Michigan, 1991
2.4 Two events in 1993
2.5 Goleta, California, 2006
2.6 Baker City, Oregon, 2006
2.7 Columbus, Ohio, 2017
3 Analysis
4 Cultural impact
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Origin[edit]
The earliest known use of the phrase was on December 17, 1993, in the St. Petersburg Times:
The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as 'going postal.' Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal" and has made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place.[2]
On December 31, 1993, the Los Angeles Times stated:
Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as "going postal".[3]
Notable postal shootings[edit]
Main article: List of postal killings
Edmond, Oklahoma, 1986[edit]
On August 20, 1986, during the Edmond post office shooting, 14 employees were shot and killed and six were wounded at the Edmond, Oklahoma, post office by Patrick Sherrill, a postman who then committed suicide with a shot to the forehead.[4]
Ridgewood, New Jersey, 1991[edit]
A former United States postal worker, Joseph M. Harris, killed his former supervisor, Carol Ott, and killed her boyfriend, Cornelius Kasten Jr., at their home. The following morning, on October 10, 1991, Harris shot and killed two mail handlers, Joseph M. VanderPaauw, 59, of Prospect Park, New Jersey, and Donald McNaught, 63, of Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, at the Ridgewood Post Office.[5][6]
Royal Oak, Michigan, 1991[edit]
The U.S. post office in Royal Oak
On November 14, 1991 in Royal Oak, Michigan, Thomas McIlvane killed five people, including himself, with a rifle in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination." He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route.[7]
For some time prior to the Royal Oak incident the service had experienced labor/management and operational problems and customer service complaints. This had drawn the attention of local media. The Office of Senator Carl Levin investigated Royal Oak, the results of which were summarized in a September 10, 1991, staff memorandum. The memorandum documented "patterns of harassment, intimidation, cruelty and allegations of favoritism in promotions and demotions... [and] testimony relating to wide-ranging delivery and service problems" prior to the McIlvane shooting.[8][9]
Two events in 1993[edit]
Two shootings took place on the same day, May 6, 1993, a few hours apart. At a post office in Dearborn, Michigan, Lawrence Jasion wounded three and killed one, and subsequently killed himself. In Dana Point, California, Mark Richard Hilbun killed his mother and her dog, then shot two postal workers dead.[10] As a result of these two shootings, in 1993 the Postal Service created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February 2009, the Postal Service unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.[11]
Goleta, California, 2006[edit]
Jennifer San Marco, a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before committing suicide with a handgun, on the evening of January 30, 2006, at a large postal processing facility in Goleta, California.[12] Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta where San Marco once lived.[13] According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in 2003 because of her worsening mental problems. This incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the United States by a woman.[14][15]
Baker City, Oregon, 2006[edit]
Grant Gallaher, a letter carrier in Baker City, Oregon, pleaded guilty to the April 4, 2006 murder of his supervisor.[16] He reportedly brought his .357 Magnum revolver to the city post office with the intention of killing his postmaster. When he arrived at the parking lot, he reportedly ran over his supervisor several times. He then went into the post office looking for his postmaster. Not finding him, he went back out to the parking lot and shot his supervisor.[17] Gallaher was on a new route for three weeks and had felt pressured by a week-long work-time study and extra time added to his new route.[17]
San Francisco, California, 2017
On June 14, 2017, Jimmy Lam, 38, fatally shot three coworkers at a United Parcel Service (UPS) facility in the Potrero Hill neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Lam then shot and killed himself as police arrived at the facility. Two others were wounded by gunfire, and three people were injured while escaping.
Columbus, Ohio, 2017[edit]
Postal worker DeShaune Stewart murdered two colleagues, his supervisor and the postmistress, on December 23, 2017.[18]
Analysis[edit]
Researchers have found that the homicide rates at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers per year was in retail. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.77 per 100,000 workers in general.[19] The common depiction of an employee returning to work for revenge on his boss is overdone. More than half of mass workplace shooting are by current employees, and a little under a quarter are by employees who have been at their job for less than a year.[1]
In 1998, the United States Congress conducted a joint hearing to review the violence in the U.S. Postal Service. In the hearing, it was noted that despite the postal service accounting for less than 1% of the full-time civilian labor force, 13% of workplace homicides were committed at postal facilities by current or former employees.[20]
Cultural impact[edit]
In the controversial video game series Postal, the player takes on the role of an insane mass murderer in the first game, and in the later series a first-person role performing normally mundane chores (such as picking up a paycheck from work) with an often gratuitously violent twist. In 1997, the USPS sued the creators of the game, Running With Scissors, over the use of the term "postal". Running With Scissors argued that, despite its title, the game has absolutely nothing to do with the USPS or its employees. The case was dismissed with prejudice in 2003.[21]
The 1994 comedy film Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult includes a scene where the main character must deal with a series of escalating threats, including the sudden appearance of dozens of disgruntled postal workers randomly firing weapons in every direction.
The 1995 film Clueless is credited with popularizing the phrase "going postal" and is responsible for the term's casual usage still today.[22] The actors in the film had no idea what it meant to "go postal," since it was an uncommon phrase at the time.[23]
The title of the 2004 book Going Postal by Terry Pratchett makes reference to the contents of the novel, but in future novels of the Discworld universe characters use the term "going postal" in the common sense, apparently referring to the events of Going Postal.
As referenced on the Simpsons, during Episode "Sunday Cruddy Sunday", Bart and Lisa visit the post office and Nelson asks:
Nelson: Have you ever gone on a killing spree?
Postmaster Bill: (laughing) Ho ho ho, nooo noo, the day of the gun toting disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena.
See also[edit]
2010 Panama City school board shootings
Amok
Fragging
List of postal killings
List of massacres
Road rage
Spree killer
School shooting
Son of Sam – serial killer who worked for the postal service
List of rampage killers (workplace killings)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Seungmug; McCrie, Robert (2012). "Mass Homicides by Employees in the American Workplace" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Vick, Karl, "Violence at work tied to loss of esteem", St. Petersburg Times, Dec 17, 1993
Jump up ^ "The Year in Review 1993", Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1993
Jump up ^ "On August 20, 1986, a part-time letter carrier named Patrick H. Sherrill, facing possible dismissal after a troubled work history". The Journal of Employee Assistance. 2005. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
Jump up ^ Hanley, Robert (October 11, 1991). "4 Slain in 2 New Jersey Attacks And Former Postal Clerk Is Held". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "A former postal worker commits mass murder". The History Channel website. 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Levin, Doron P. (November 15, 1991). "Ex-Postal Worker Kills 3 and Wounds 6 in Michigan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
Jump up ^ Withers, Charlie. "The Tainted Eagle".
Jump up ^ A post office tragedy:the shooting at Royal Oak, report of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, 102 Congress, ISBN 9780160386589"
Jump up ^ Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).
Jump up ^ Musacco, Stephen (2009). Beyond going postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization. Booksurge. p. 34. the notion of 'going postal' as a myth is not supported by the overwhelming evidence to the contrary
Jump up ^ Holusha, John; Archibold, Randal C. (2006-02-01). "Ex-Employee Kills 6 Others and Herself at California Postal Plant". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Death Toll in Calif. Postal Shooting Rises: Calif. Sheriff's Deputies Say Woman Accused in Post Office Killings May Have Also Shot Her Former Neighbor". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Seven dead in California postal shooting". CNN. 2006-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US ex-postal employee kills six". BBC News. 2006-01-31. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gallaher Sentenced in Baker County Circuit Court". Hells Canyon Journal. August 16, 2006. p. 3. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.bakercityherald.com/csp/mediapool/sites/BakerCityHerald/LocalNews/story.csp?cid=4122312&sid=818&fid=151
Jump up ^ "Enraged naked postal worker goes on killing spree, police say". Fox News. December 24, 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Permanent.access.gpo.gov Report of The United States Postal Service Commission On A Safe And Secure Workplace August 2000
Jump up ^ Musacco, 2009
Jump up ^ Calvert, Justin. "Postal court case dismissed". Retrieved 25 June 2003.
Jump up ^ Skeels, Virginia. "The cast of Clueless reunites". Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Lang, Nico. "25 Little-Known Facts About Clueless". Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Beyond Going Postal by Stephen Musacco, which examines the paramilitary, authoritarian postal culture and its relationship to toxic workplace environments and postal tragedies. (ISBN 1-439220-75-1)
Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion by Mark Ames, which examines the rise of office and school shootings in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, and compares the shootings to slave rebellions (ISBN 1-932360-82-4)
Going Postal by Don Lasseter, which examines the issue of workplace shootings inside the USPS (ISBN 0-7860-0439-8)
The Tainted Eagle by Charlie Withers, a union steward in the Royal Oak Post Office at the time of the shootings in Royal Oak, Michigan. (ISBN 1-436396-41-7)
Lone Wolf by Pan Pantziarka, a comprehensive study of the spree killer phenomenon, and looks in detail at a number of cases in the U.S., UK and Australia. (ISBN 0-7535-0437-5)
Bob Dart, "'Going postal' is a bad rap for mail carriers, study finds", Austin American-Statesman, September 2, 2000, p. A28
External links[edit]
Look up go postal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Postal Work Unfairly Maligned, Study Says, September 1, 2000
Aug. 20, 1986: Just an ordinary day, August 19, 2006
Copycat Effect- review of Coleman's book on tendency of publicity about mass deaths to provoke more with section on postal shootings
Gun advocate website listing 1986–1997 incidents
2000 Report of the United States Postal Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace (Report that called "going postal" 'a myth')
Atlanta Journal-Constitution about the report's release
Open Letter to the United States Congress outlining the critical need for reform of the authoritarian postal culture via Congressional intervention and legislation. (Musacco, 2009). (Chapter 11 of book Beyond Going Postal Note: In chapter 4: fallacies, omissions, and inaccurate conclusions in the 2000 Report of the United States Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace were examined, especially the conclusion that "going postal was a myth, a bad rap".
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Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Consumption of Alcohol as of January 1, 2007
Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States of America is an umbrella term for alcohol consumption by individuals under the age of 21 in the country.
Although the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all states (see National Minimum Drinking Age Act), the legal details vary greatly. While a few states completely ban alcohol usage for people under 21, the majority have exceptions that permit consumption.[1]
Underage drinking has become an activity primarily done behind closed doors. Typically, underage drinkers hide their alcohol consumption by drinking quickly before they go out, which is often referred to as pregaming or pre-partying. Brittany Levine explained in her article "Pre-Gaming" in USA Today that "of all drinking events involving pre-partying, 80% involved additional drinking afterward."[2] Those who oppose a complete ban on underage drinking argue that it is important that minors be introduced to alcohol in a controlled environment, so that supervision and guidance might occur instead of experimentation. Some parents are willing to provide alcohol for their children if they drink it in a controlled environment. Furnishing alcohol to one's own children is permitted in 31 states, while it's illegal to do so for other people's children in all fifty states.[3] Social host ordinances have been enacted in a number of jurisdictions to attempt to limit the parties where adults may permit minors to drink.[4] Social host laws or ordinances have proliferated in the last ten years because it has been too difficult for law enforcement to prove which adults furnished or served alcohol to minors in their own home, so it permits them to cite or arrest the adult who has control of the premises.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Controversies
1.1 Drinking age
1.2 Legal controversies
2 Prevention programs
2.1 Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students
2.2 "Talk. They Hear You"
3 Motivations
4 Arguments
5 Statistics
5.1 Rates
5.2 Alcohol access
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Controversies[edit]
Part of the Politics series on
Youth rights
Activities[show]
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
Child Labor Deterrence Act
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Fair Labor Standards Act
Hammer v. Dagenhart
History of youth rights in the United States
Morse v. Frederick
Newsboys' strike of 1899
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Wild in the Streets
Theory/Concepts[show]
Adultcentrism
Adultism
Ageism
Criminalization
Democracy
Ephebiphobia
Fear of children
Fear of youth
Intergenerational equity
Paternalism
Social class
Suffrage
Taking Children Seriously
Universal suffrage
Unschooling
Youth activism
Youth suffrage
Youth voice
Issues[show]
Age of candidacy
Age of consent
Age of majority
Behavior modification facility
Child labour
Compulsory education
Conscription
Corporal punishment
Curfew
Child abuse
Emancipation of minors
Gambling age
Homeschooling
Human rights and youth sport
In loco parentis
Juvenile delinquency
Juvenile court
Legal drinking age
Legal working age
Minimum driving age
Marriageable age
Minor (law)
Minors and abortion
School leaving age
Smoking age
Status offense
Underage drinking in America
Voting age
Youth-adult partnership
Youth participation
Youth politics
Youth voting
Organizations[show]
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission
National Youth Rights Association
One World Youth Project
Queer Youth Network
Students for a Democratic Society
Freechild Project
Three O'Clock Lobby
Youth International Party
Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor
Young Communist League of Canada
Persons[show]
Adam Fletcher (activist)
David J. Hanson
David Joseph Henry
John Caldwell Holt
Alex Koroknay-Palicz
Lyn Duff
Mike A. Males
Neil Postman
Sonia Yaco
Related[show]
Animal rights
Anti-racism
Direct democracy
Egalitarianism
Feminism
Libertarianism
Socialism
Students rights
Youth rights
Social movements portal
v
t
e
Drinking age[edit]
In 2007, the drinking age debate in the United States was renewed when Choose Responsibility began promoting the lowering of the drinking age coupled with education and rules to persuade people to drink responsibly before they are of legal age. Before one is eligible to buy, possess and consume alcohol, an alcohol education class must be completed in its entirety and each teen must pass a final examination before licensing can occur. If a teen has any alcohol-related law violations before they turn 18, they will have a minimum of one year per violation before they are eligible to be licensed.[6]
In 2008, McCardell and the presidents of over 100 U.S. colleges and universities launched the Amethyst Initiative, a campaign to debate the effectiveness of present alcohol laws.[7] In 2008, Gallup reported that 77% of the population over 21 supported the 21-year drinking age.[8] As it stands, any state that lowers its alcohol purchase or possession age would lose ten percent of its federal highway funding.[9] This could range from a $6 million–150 million loss for any single state.
Legal controversies[edit]
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Most states in the U.S. regulate the use of alcohol by those under the age of 21. Many believe that anyone under the age of twenty-one can not consume alcohol in the United States. However, this is incorrect because underage drinking is allowed in 31 states with parental consent and 17 states with spousal consent, if the consenting spouse is over 21.[3][10] Although the state laws pertaining to drinking by minors (defined as those under the age of 18) are presumptively constitutional, as valid exercises of the police power, to protect public health, welfare, and morals, there exists a question of whether laws forbidding the consumption of alcohol by those 18 to 20 years of age are Constitutional, as such individuals are considered legal adults for all intents and purposes other than that of consuming alcohol and running for certain State and Federal offices, such as the Presidency of the United States, which is restricted for those 35 years of age and older. Under the Constitution of the United States, Amendment 14, Section 1, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". Many parallel State constitutional provisions similar to those contained in the 14th Amendment exist, and State constitutions often have explicit prohibitions against age discrimination, as well.
Since citizens between the ages of 18 to 20 are adults, able to sign legal contracts, vote, be sentenced to death, and serve in the military, questions exist whether criminalizing alcohol consumption for these adults reduce them to a suspect class, thus depriving them of the equal protection of the law promised by the Equal Protection Clause;[11] effectively deprive them of the privileges and immunities of citizenship protected by the Citizenship Clause; or infringe on the liberty or privacy interest protected by the concept of substantive due process implicit within the Due Process Clause. These questions were litigated before the Supreme Court of Louisiana, in Manuel v. State, 692 So. 2d 320, 324–25 (La. 1995); the Court originally found such laws criminalizing the possession of alcohol by persons between the ages of 18 and 20 to be repugnant to the Constitution of said State. However, when the Court was threatened by the Legislature therein with the passage of a Constitutional amendment overruling Manuel, they reversed it, finding that laws forbidding 18- to 20-year-olds from drinking were constitutional, due to the alleged benefits that these laws had on statistical rates of drunk driving. However, this decision only applies to the State of Louisiana.
On July 14, 2009, South Carolina Magistrate Judge Mel Maurer for Richland County ruled that Article 17, Section 14 of the state constitution conditionally gives those 18 and over the "full legal rights and responsibilities" of all other adults, with one exception—the General Assembly can restrict the sale of alcohol, but that section of the constitution does not specifically address consumption or possession.[12]
Other challenges to the questions of the constitutionality of underage drinking laws have not been made, either in the Courts of the several other States, or in the Federal courts.
The prerogative held by police to enforce underage drinking laws is also debatable under certain circumstances. For example, since no state requires its citizens to carry identification except when they are driving, it is presumed that underage persons are under no obligation to carry identification while drinking, and, if those persons were approached by law enforcement under such circumstances, could presumably simply state they were in fact of the legal drinking age. Since a hunch is not considered probable cause to detain someone in the United States, it is debatable what recourse law enforcement might have to determine if such a person was telling the truth.
Prevention programs[edit]
According to Frances M. Harding of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, the SAMHSA's goal "is to change social norms".[13]
Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students[edit]
The Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS) program consists of a brief survey given to students to help them assess their alcohol usage against other students. It also consists of one or two counseling sessions granted to the students to provide support and not be confrontational regarding their alcohol use. As of 2002, a study found that students who completed the BASICS program "reduced their average number of drinks per week, frequency of heavy drinking by two percent, their peak Blood Alcohol Concentration by thirty-five percent, and their rate of alcohol-related problems by two percent."[14]
"Talk. They Hear You"[edit]
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration created the "Talk. They Hear You" campaign that involved a mobile app to assist parents with having conversations about alcohol usage to their children.[13]
Motivations[edit]
To summarize the motivations for underage drinking, cultural norms allow underage drinking while social pressures facilitate them. Although the legal drinking age is set at 21, drinking at age 18 or upon entrance into college is the culturally accepted limit. This cultural permission is the primary reason many college students ignore laws concerning drinking. In addition to cultural motivations, students are socially expected to drink. Often if not always, social gatherings are centered on drinking. Furthermore, besides feeling the need to drink in order to be accepted, alcohol intoxication provides students who may be shy or feel out of their element with enough liquid courage to enjoy themselves [15] [16]
Arguments[edit]
Those that are for lowering the drinking age generally argue that the moderate consumption of alcohol frequently as a complement to a meal or drink with friends is preferable to and healthier than the binge drinking habits more often associated with dry countries such as the United States. These opinions generally lead to the argument that it is far more effective and beneficial for laws to monitor, limit, and guide healthy drinking habits rather than to outright ban it. Furthermore, it is argued that alcohol abuse occurs—at least in part—as a result of the stringent drinking laws. Many of these proponents also argue that instead of there being a strict age limit, laws should be more gradual with suggestions such as having to take a test to get licensed to drink or implementing laws such as those in Europe that limit the type of alcohols or the setting under which they may be consumed.[17][18]
For those who argue for maintaining and even strengthening current drinking laws, however, citing past examples, generally argue that injuries and deaths related to are bad enough presently. They also argue that initiatives to implement gradual drinking laws or educational programs are optimistic and unrealistic. Furthermore, they propose that drinking and driving related problems are rampant enough among those who are not legally of age and that lowering the drinking age would only enable these habits further, causing an even higher volume of alcohol-related problems.[17][18]
Statistics[edit]
Rates[edit]
Current Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 12 to 20 in the United States.
Source: SAMHSA[19]
Although the incidence of underage drinking is still significant, government, university and national statistics have confirmed that alcohol use and binge drinking among high school students has declined steadily over the past three decades, and continues to decline annually.[20][better source needed] According to a United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration study involving 30,000 youths aged 12 to 20 years old, between 2002 and 2013 the percentage of underage drinkers declined from 28.8% to 22.7%. Underage binge drinkers decreased 19.3% to 14.2%. A December 2014 study performed by the University of Michigan also found that 75% of senior high school students disapproved of drinking excessively on the weekends.[13] Alcohol still proved to be the favored substance of abuse among American youths however, with tobacco and illicit drugs following in rank.[13]
Alcohol access[edit]
A survey of over 6000 teenagers revealed (1):
Teenagers and young adults typically get their alcohol from persons 21 or older. The second most common source for high school students is someone else under age 21, and the third most common source for 18- to 20-year-old adults is buying it from a store, bar or restaurant (despite the fact that such sales are against the law).
In the 12th grade, boys were more likely than girls to buy alcohol from a store, bar or restaurant.
The higher a teenager's weekly income, the more likely he/she will buy alcohol from a store, bar or restaurant.
It is easy to get alcohol at a party and from siblings or others 21 or older.[21]
How easy is it for youth to buy alcohol?
When young females attempted to buy beer without an ID at liquor, grocery or convenience stores, 47–52% of the attempts, beer was sold (1, 2) and nearly 80% of all the stores sold beer to the buyers at least once in three attempts; nearly 25% sold beer all three times.(1)
When young females attempted to buy beer without an ID at bars or restaurants, 50% of the attempts resulted in a sale to the buyer.(2)
When young males and females attempted to buy beer without an ID at community festivals, 50% of the attempts resulted in a sale to the buyer.(3)[21]
See also[edit]
Alcohol advertising on college campuses
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS) State Profiles of Underage Drinking Laws
Jump up ^ (Levine. https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-12-18-prepartying-study_N.htm)
^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol Policy Information Service".
Jump up ^ http://www.socialhost.org/
Jump up ^ "Underage Drinking & the Law".
Jump up ^ McCardell. http://www.chooseresponsibility.org/proposal/
Jump up ^ http://www.bu.edu/today/2010/drinking-18-vs-21/
Jump up ^ http://www.gallup.com/poll/28237/Most-Americans-Oppose-Lowering-Legal-Drinking-Age-Nationwide.aspx)
Jump up ^ Keen, Judy (April 1, 2008). "States weigh lowering drinking age". USA Today. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Barnhill, John H., PhD. "Drinking Age Debate." Salem Press Encyclopedia (2014): Research Starters. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
Jump up ^ Paglia, Camille. "It's Time To Let Teenagers Drink Again." Time 183.19 (2014): 22. Military & Government Collection. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
Jump up ^ Judge: State law barring underage drinking is unconstitutional
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gebelhoff, Robert (11 June 2015). "Alcohol use, binge drinking continues to fall among underage, report finds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Campuses with Award-Winning Programs." Alcohol and other Drug Prevention Programs on College Campuses. 2003. U.S. Department of Education. [1]
Jump up ^ What Drives Underage Drinking? An International Analysis. Rep. International Center for Alcohol Policies, 2004. Web. 7 Mar. 2012.
Jump up ^ Modlin, Gillian. "Underage College Drinking." Telephone interview. 21 Mar. 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking and Culture: International Comparisons." Choose Responsibility: Balance, Maturity, Common Sense. Choose Responsibility. Web. 07 Mar. 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Fell, James C. "WHY 21? Addressing Underage Drinking." MADD. Mothers Against Drunk Driving. Web. 07 Mar. 2012.
Jump up ^ "Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings" (PDF). United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Underage Drinking & the Law - Statistics".
^ Jump up to: a b "Youth Alcohol Access". Archived from the original on 21 June 2013.
External links[edit]
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control Shoulder Tap Program
Choose Responsibility
The Century Council: Learn the Facts
MADD Online: Stats & Resources
National Youth Rights Association
SAMHSA's "Talk. They Hear You." page
"#1 Party School". This American Life, December 18, 2009. This American Life examines the party (and therefore drinking) culture at Penn State.
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text:
Blood vessel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Vascular" redirects here. For information about plants, see Vascular plant.
Blood vessel
Simple diagram of the human circulatory system
Details
System
Circulatory system
Artery
are the smallest blood clotting of a reptile such as penguin, eagle,snake ect
Identifiers
Latin
vas sanguineum
TA
A12.0.00.001
FMA
63183
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.[1] There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel. A few structures (such as cartilage and the lens of the eye) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Types
2 Function
2.1 Vessel size
2.2 Blood flow
3 Disease
4 References
Structure[edit]
The arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:
The inner layer, Tunica intima, is the thinnest layer. It is a single layer of flat cells (simple squamous epithelium) glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina.
The middle layer Tunica media is the thickest layer in arteries. It consists of circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. Veins don't have the external elastic lamina, but only an internal one.
The outer layer is Tunica adventitia and the thickest layer in veins. It is entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.
Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue.
When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis. Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.
There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels. This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body. Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, together with the heart and the blood.
Types[edit]
Blood vessel with an erythrocyte (red blood cell, E) within its lumen, endothelial cells forming its tunica intima (inner layer), and pericytes forming its tunica adventitia (outer layer)
There are various kinds of blood vessels:
Arteries
Elastic arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
Venules
Veins
Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.
Venae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).
They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.
Function[edit]
See also: Circulatory system
Blood vessels function to transport blood. In general, arteries and arterioles transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body and its organs, and veins and venules transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs. Blood vessels also circulate blood throughout the circulatory system Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95–100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the saturation of hemoglobin is about 75%.[citation needed] (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.) In addition to carrying oxygen, blood also carries hormones, waste products and nutrients for cells of the body.
Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis). Blood is propelled through arteries and arterioles through pressure generated by the heartbeat.[citation needed]
Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).
Vessel size[edit]
Constricted blood vessel.
Arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.
Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.
Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).
Blood flow[edit]
Main article: Vascular resistance
The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.
Vascular resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.[2]
Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood. Blood is 92% water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, and dissolved gases. Depending on the health of an individual, the blood viscosity can vary (i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein, high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids, etc.).[2]
Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart. As the total length of the vessel increases, the total resistance as a result of friction will increase.[2]
Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall. As the radius of the wall gets smaller, the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase. The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow.[3]
Disease[edit]
Main article: Vascular disease
Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall, is the most common cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in the Western world.[4]
Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly necrosis. Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.[5]
Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Blood Vessels – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manuals Consumer Version". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anatomy Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Saladin, McGraw Hill, 2012
Jump up ^ "Factors that Affect Blood Pressure" (PDF). Retrieved 6 Dec 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nerves and blood vessels". 420evaluationsonline. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Multiphase Flow and Fluidization, Gidaspow et al., Academic Press, 1992
[show]
v
t
e
Arteries and veins
Vessels
Arteries
Nutrient artery
Arteriole
Metarteriole
Capillaries
Types
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Precapillary sphincter
Precapillary resistance
Veins
Vena comitans
Superficial vein
Deep vein
Emissary veins
Venous plexus
Venule
Lymph
Lymphatic vessel
Lymph
Lymph capillary
Circulatory system
Systemic
Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)
Pulmonary
Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart
Microanatomy
Microcirculation
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Vasa vasorum
Vasa nervorum
Vascular nerves
Rete mirabile
Circulatory anastomosis
[hide]
Arteries in the human body
[show]
v
t
e
Arteries of the head and neck
CC
EC
sup. thyroid
superior laryngeal
sternocleidomastoid branch
infrahyoid branch
cricothyroid branch
glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal
posterior meningeal
pharyngeal branches
inferior tympanic
lingual
suprahyoid
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
facial
cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular)
facial branches (inferior labial
superior labial / nasal septum
lateral nasal
angular)
occipital
sternocleidomastoid
meningeal
occipital
auricular
descending
post. auricular
stylomastoid
stapedial
auricular
occipital
Parotid
sup. temporal
transverse facial
middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital)
anterior auricular
frontal
parietal
maxillary
1st part / mandibular
anterior tympanic
deep auricular
middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal)
accessory meningeal
inferior alveolar
2nd part / pterygoid
to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric)
buccal
3rd part / pterygopalatine
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar)
descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine)
artery of the pterygoid canal
sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
pharyngeal
IC
cervical
carotid sinus
petrous
Vidian
caroticotympanic
cavernous/
ophthalmic
orbital group:anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
lacrimal (lateral palpebral)
medial palpebral
terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal
ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior)
Circulus arteriosus major
hypophysial (superior, inferior)
brain
Circle of Willis
ACA (anterior communicating, medial striate, Orbitofrontal artery)
MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch)
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
SC
vertebral artery
meningeal
spinal (posterior, anterior)
basilar: pontine
labyrinthine
cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA)
cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunk
inferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
tracheal
esophageal
ascending cervical
pharyngeal
glandular branches
transverse cervical
superficial branch
deep branch / dorsal scapular
scapular anastomosis
suprascapular
acromial branch
scapular anastomosis
costocervical trunk
deep cervical
Supreme Intercostal artery
[show]
v
t
e
Arteries of the torso and chest
Lungs
Pulmonary artery
Right
Left (Ligamentum arteriosum)
Heart
Coronary circulation
Right coronary:
SA nodal
AV nodal
Atrial
Right marginal
Posterior interventricular
Left coronary:
Anterior interventricular
Left circumflex (Left marginal)
Aorta
Sections
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Aortic body
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic
Thyreoidea ima
Right subclavian
Right common carotid
Left
common carotid
External carotid
Internal carotid
Carotid body
Carotid sinus
Carotid bifurcation
Left
subclavian
Internal thoracic: Anterior intercostal
Thymic
Pericardiacophrenic
Perforating branches
terminal (Musculophrenic, superior epigastric)
Costocervical trunk: Highest intercostal (Posterior intercostal 1–2)
Deep cervical
Descending
aorta
visceral: Bronchial
Esophageal
Mediastinal
parietal: Posterior intercostal 3–11
Subcostal
Superior phrenic
[show]
v
t
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Arteries of the abdomen and pelvis
Abdominal
aorta
Celiac
Left gastric
Esophageal branches
Common hepatic
Proper hepatic
cystic
Right gastric
Gastroduodenal
right gastroepiploic
superior pancreaticoduodenal
supraduodenal
Splenic
Pancreatic branches
greater
dorsal
Short gastrics
Left gastroepiploic
Superior mesenteric
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal
Intestinal
jejunal
ileal
arcades
vasa recta
Ileocolic
colic
anterior cecal
posterior cecal
ileal branch
appendicular
Right colic
Middle colic
Marginal
Suprarenal
Middle suprarenal
Renal
Inferior suprarenal
Ureteral
Gonadal
Testicular artery
Ovarian artery
Lumbar
Lumbar arteries
Inferior mesenteric
Left colic
Marginal
Sigmoid
Superior rectal
Common iliac
Internal iliac
Posterior surface
Iliolumbar
Lumbar branch
Iliac branch
Anterior surface
Superior vesical artery
Umbilical artery
Medial umbilical ligament
to ductus deferens
Obturator
Anterior branch
Pubic branch
Posterior branch
Acetabular branch
Cruciate anastomosis
Corona mortis
Middle rectal
Vaginal branch ♀ / Prostatic branch ♂
Uterine ♀
Arcuate
Vaginal branches
Ovarian branches
Tubal branches
Spiral
Vaginal ♀ / Inferior vesical ♂
Inferior gluteal
Accompanying of sciatic nerve
Cruciate anastomosis
Internal pudendal
Inferior rectal
Perineal
posterior scrotal
posterior labial
Bulb of penis/vestibule
Urethral
Deep artery of the penis
helicine
Deep artery of clitoris
Dorsal of the penis
Dorsal of the clitoris
External iliac
Inferior epigastric
Corona mortis
Deep circumflex iliac
Femoral
see arteries of lower limbs
Median sacral
Coccygeal glomus
[show]
v
t
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Arteries of the human arm
Axillary
Shoulder (before teres minor)
1st part
Superior thoracic artery
2nd part
Thoracoacromial artery
pectoral branch
acromial branch
clavicular branch
deltoid branch
Lateral thoracic artery
3rd part
Subscapular artery
scapular anastomosis
circumflex scapular artery
thoracodorsal artery
anterior humeral circumflex artery
posterior humeral circumflex artery
Brachial
Forearm (before cubital fossa)
profunda brachii
radial collateral
medial collateral
ulnar collateral
superior
inferior
Radial artery
forearm
radial recurrent
wrist/carpus
Dorsal carpal branch
dorsal carpal arch
Palmar carpal branch
deep palmar arch
hand
Superficial palmar branch
princeps pollicis
radialis indicis artery
superficial palmar arch
Median artery
median artery
Ulnar artery
forearm
ulnar recurrent
anterior
posterior
common interosseous
anterior
posterior
interosseous recurrent
wrist/carpus
Dorsal carpal branch
dorsal carpal arch
Palmar carpal branch
superficial palmar arch
Arterial Arches
Dorsal carpal arch
dorsal metacarpal
dorsal digital
Palmar carpal arch
superficial palmar arch
common palmar digital
proper palmar digital
deep palmar arch
palmar metacarpal
[show]
v
t
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Arteries of the human leg
Inferior epigastric
cremasteric ♂ / round ligament ♀
Deep circumflex iliac
no major branches
Femoral
In femoral canal
superficial epigastric
superficial circumflex iliac
superficial external pudendal
deep external pudendal
(anterior scrotal ♂
Descending genicular
saphenous branch
articular branches
Profunda femoris
medial circumflex femoral
ascending
descending
superficial
deep
acetabular
lateral circumflex femoral
descending
transverse
ascending
perforating
Cruciate anastomosis
Trochanteric anastomosis
Popliteal
Genicular
superior genicular (medial, lateral)
middle genicular
inferior genicular (medial, lateral)
Sural
no major branches
Anterior tibial
tibial recurrent
posterior
anterior)
anterior malleolar
medial
lateral
dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral)
Tibial-fibular (Tibial-peroneal) trunk
Posterior tibial
circumflex fibular
medial plantar
lateral plantar
fibular (peroneal)
Arches
arcuate
dorsal metatarsal
first dorsal metatarsal
deep plantar
dorsal digital arteries
plantar arch
plantar metatarsal
common plantar digital
proper plantar digital
Authority control
GND: 4069549-9
NDL: 00565488
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text:
The Fosters (season 5)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Fosters (season 5)
Starring
Teri Polo
Sherri Saum
Hayden Byerly
David Lambert
Maia Mitchell
Danny Nucci
Cierra Ramirez
Noah Centineo
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
11
Release
Original network
Freeform
Original release
July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of The Fosters episodes
The fifth and final season of The Fosters premiered on July 11, 2017.[1][2][3] The season will consist of 19 episodes[4] and stars Teri Polo and Sherri Saum as Stef Foster and Lena Adams, an interracial lesbian couple, who have adopted a girl (Maia Mitchell) and her younger brother (Hayden Byerly) while also trying to juggle raising Latino twin teenagers (Cierra Ramirez and Noah Centineo) and Stef's biological son (David Lambert). Danny Nucci also returns as Mike Foster in a semi-series regular role.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
2 Episodes
3 References
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Teri Polo as Stef Adams Foster
Sherri Saum as Lena Adams Foster
Hayden Byerly as Jude Adams Foster
Noah Centineo as Jesus Adams Foster
David Lambert as Brandon Foster
Maia Mitchell as Callie Adams Foster
Danny Nucci as Mike Foster1
Cierra Ramirez as Mariana Adams Foster
^Note 1 : Danny Nucci is only credited as a series regular for the episodes he appears in.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Fosters episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
83
1 "Resist" Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 11, 2017 (2017-07-11) 0.87[5]
Stef frantically searches for Callie after she offers to help Diamond, thinking she has nothing to lose after accepting the plea deal. Struggling with his TBI, Jesus unleashes his anger after discovering Brandon helped Emma with a deeply personal decision. With Mariana leading the charge, protests continue over Anchor Beach Charter’s privatization.
84
2 "Exterminate Her" Danny Nucci Joanna Johnson July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18) 0.69[6]
Callie gets control of her life and applies to audit art classes at a local college. Jesus distances himself from Mariana and Brandon so he can build his treehouse with Gabe alone. The Fosters get a new neighbor.
85
3 "Contact" Aprill Winney Anne Meredith July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25) 0.76[7]
Callie and Aaron go on their first official date. Mariana and Jude spearhead an underground school newspaper. Noah and Jude question their compatibility, while Brandon and Grace take their relationship to the next level. The moms have their new neighbors over for a family dinner party.
86
4 "Too Fast, Too Furious" Tate Donovan Cristian Martinez August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01) 0.66[8]
Callie and Aaron discuss taking their relationship to the next level. Mariana finds fulfillment training with the Latina derby team. Brandon’s new girlfriend Grace catches him playing hero to his ex-girlfriend Courtney.
87
5 "Telling" Anne Renton Kris Q. Rehl August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08) 0.69[9]
The Fosters kids attend a party at the Derby warehouse, but things escalate quickly when the cops show up. Lena struggles when Stef starts to become obsessed with an ongoing case at work, meanwhile Brandon’s relationship with Grace is put into jeopardy with Courtney back in his life.
88
6 "Welcome to the Jungler" Kelli Williams Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15) 0.61[10]
Callie is torn with turning over a new leaf or supporting a cause that means a lot to her, while Jude and Taylor begin making gaming videos that earn them unwanted notoriety. Stef makes major headway in her case.
89
7 "Chasing Waterfalls" Chandra Wilson Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22) 0.58[11]
Lena’s parents are back in town for a visit, while Callie and Aaron get closer than ever before. Mariana tries to get closer to Logan, but it backfires when his girlfriend catches wind of it.
90
8 "Engaged" Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29) 0.58[12]
Brandon throws a party which turns south when secrets are revealed. Mariana and Jude try to convince the students to vote against their school going private.
91
9 "Prom" Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) 0.74[13]
On prom night at Anchor Beach, Grace's mom has a candid conversation with Brandon, while Ximena faces a life-altering decision when ICE agents show up at prom, meanwhile Mariana meets her crushes girlfriend, and Jesus gets back with Emma.
92
10 "Sanctuary" Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09) 0.52[14]
Ximena and Callie are still in the church seeking sanctuary from ICE. The Adams Fosters' offer support to the Sinfuego family as they struggle with their immigration status.
93
11 "Invisible" Laura Nisbet Peters Story by : Kimberly Ndombe
Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16) 0.70[15]
Callie actively helps to make Ximena's fight visible. Meanwhile, Brandon and Grace struggle to be intimate knowing her diagnosis and Mariana is suddenly courted by multiple suitors.
94
12 "#IWasMadeinAmerica"[16] TBA TBA January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23) TBD
Callie and her friends support Ximena in a big way at a conservative anti-immigration rally and get a lot of buzz for Ximena's plight. Meanwhile, an unlikely source offers a key piece of evidence that may help save Anchor Beach from going private and the family celebrates Stef's birthday.
95
13 "Third Wheels"[17] TBA TBA January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30) TBD
Brandon and Grace plan the ultimate senior prank which ends up going a little too far. Mariana and Mat make a huge decision about the future of their relationship.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael; Ausiello, Michael (6 March 2017). "The Fosters, Shadowhunters, Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform". tvline.com. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Fosters' EP Unpacks That Heart-Stopping Finale and Dishes on Season 5". ew.com. April 12, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (March 6, 2017). "Freeform Summer Schedule: 'Shadowhunters' Return and Debut of Cosmo-Inspired Series 'The Bold Type'". variety.com. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bredeweg, Bradley (December 6, 2017). "Surprise! We have an extra finale episode this season! #TheFosters Supersized!". twitter.com. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 16, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.15.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 23, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.22.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 30, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.29.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 10, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.9.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 18, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 1.16.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#5012) "#IWasMadeInAmerica"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#5013) "Third Wheels"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fosters_(season_5)&oldid=821684442"
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text:
Gun laws in Pennsylvania
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Terrorist96 (talk | contribs) at 06:02, 30 June 2017 (c/e). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
Revision as of 06:02, 30 June 2017 by Terrorist96 (talk | contribs) (c/e)
(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Gun laws in Pennsylvania regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States.[1][2][3]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No* (18 Pa.C.S. § 6111.4) All handgun buyers in the state must undergo a PICS check at the point of sale, a record of which is maintained by the state police in a "sales database". The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that this is legal under 18 Pa.C.S. § 6111.4, as it is not a comprehensive record of all handgun ownership within the state, as gun owners moving into the state are not required to register their firearms.
Assault weapon law? No No
Owner license required? No No
Carry permits required? Yes* Yes* 18 Pa.C.S. § 6109 License to Carry Firearms issued on a "shall-issue" basis. *A LTCF is required to carry a firearm within a City of the First Class (Philadelphia), in a vehicle, concealed on one's person, or during a declared state of emergency.
Open carry? Yes Yes Unlicensed open-carry everywhere except Philadelphia or in/on a vehicle.
Castle Law/Stand Your Ground? Yes Yes [1] Castle Law. No duty to retreat inside castle. No duty to retreat outside castle if confronted with a deadly weapon or an object that appears to be one in a place where the person has a right to be.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes 18 Pa.C.S. § 6120
NFA weapons restricted? No No
Peaceable Journey laws? Yes Yes [2] Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if in possession of a valid carry permit from any state. Otherwise, federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales? No Yes All private party transfers of handguns must be processed through a licensed dealer, or at a county sheriff's office. In either case a background check is required.
Location of Pennsylvania in the United States
The Constitution of Pennsylvania protects the right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state.[4]
Pennsylvania has state preemption for regulation of the lawful ownership, possession, transfer or transportation of firearms, ammunition, or ammunition components. That is, only state laws, not local laws, can regulate those matters.[1][2]
Pennsylvania law requires that information received by the Pennsylvania State Police pursuant to a sale is destroyed within 72 hours of the completion of the background check.[1][2] The Pennsylvania Firearm Owners Association notes that the Pennsylvania State Police nonetheless keep a "sales database" of all handguns purchased within the state.[5] The database was challenged based on what was asserted as the unambiguous text of the statute, specifically "nothing... ...shall be construed to allow any government or law enforcement agency or any agent thereof to create, maintain or operate any registry of firearm ownership within this Commonwealth" (full statute text above), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court nonetheless ruled in Allegheny County Sportsmen’s League v. Rendell, 860 A.2d 10 (Pa. 2004), that Pennsylvania’s database of handgun sales is not prohibited by state law because the registration was only of handgun sales and not of all guns.[6]
No firearms are known to be prohibited by state law. Private sales of handguns must go through a licensed dealer, though long guns may be sold privately without the use of a licensed dealer. Licensed dealers must provide locking devices with handguns unless the handgun has a locking device incorporated in its design. Firearms are prohibited from certain places, including federal court facilities; all other court facilities must provide a locker to secure your firearm while conducting business within the court facility as per 18 Pa.C.S 913 (e). Concealed carry on school property used to be an unsettled area of the law with many in law enforcement arguing that the practice is absolutely prohibited and firearms right supporters arguing that 18 Pa.C.S. 912(c) permits those who have a concealed carry license to carry on school grounds as an "other lawful purpose." On February 16, 2017, the Superior Court ruled in the case of Commonwealth v. Goslin that the "other lawful purpose" clause is a valid defense for people who are otherwise carrying a weapon legally on school grounds regardless of any connection to a school activity.[7][8] Carrying a handgun on public streets and public property of Philadelphia, or in a vehicle anywhere in the state, or concealed on or about one's person anywhere in the state is prohibited without a "License To Carry Firearms" (LTCF) or a license or permit issued by another state which is honored by Pennsylvania for that purpose.[1][2] A LTCF is generally not required to openly carry a firearm on or about one's person, except in a vehicle or in Philadelphia, or during a declared State of Emergency.[9] A bill proposed in September 2014 would allow teachers and school employees carry guns.[10]
Pennsylvania shall issue a LTCF to resident and non-resident applicants if no good cause exists to deny the license. Non-resident applicants must first obtain a license from their home state, unless their home state does not issue licenses.[1][2]
Pennsylvania recognizes carry permits from some other states by statute and has formal reciprocity with some others for resident and non-resident permits. However, some agreements have been modified by the Attorney General to extend reciprocity to residents of the state of issue only. Florida, Arizona and Virginia have had their agreements modified in this manner.
See also[edit]
Law of Pennsylvania
Uniform Firearms Act
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Pennsylvania State Law Summary", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "State Gun Laws: Pennsylvania", National Rifle Association – Institute for Legislative Action. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives – State Laws and Published Ordinances – Firearms" (PDF). Retrieved January 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://sites.state.pa.us/PA_Constitution.html
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Firearm/Gun Law". Pafoa.org. 2007-10-02. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
Jump up ^ "LCAV. Registration of Firearms. In Regulating Guns in America: An Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Federal, State, and Selected Local Gun Laws (2008). Retrieved July 8, 2011." (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Jump up ^ Prince, Joshua; Esq. (2017-02-16). "The Goslin Decision’s Impact on Possessing Weapons on School Property". Prince Law Offices, P.C. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth v. Goslin" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Firearm Owners Association – Open Carry". Pafoa.org. 2007-10-02. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Jump up ^ Gautz, Chris. "Response mixed on bill to let teachers carry guns". The Daily Item.
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