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World population milestones
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Estimated and projected populations of the world and its inhabited continents from 1950. The shaded regions correspond to range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; for example, it estimates that the world population will reach 8 billion between 2022 and 2035.[1]
World population milestones were unnoticed until the 20th century, since there were no reliable data on global population dynamics.[2]
It is estimated that the population of the world reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It would be another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to rise by another billion people, reaching three billion in 1960. Thereafter, the global population reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, by some estimates, seven billion in October 2011 with other estimates being in March 2012.[3] It is projected to reach eight billion by 2024–2030. According to current projections, the world's population is likely to reach around nine billion by 2035–2050, with alternative scenarios ranging from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[4] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and which variables are manipulated in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the 'low scenario', to 'high scenarios' of 24.8 billion. One scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming fertility remains at 1995 levels.[5]
World population milestones in billions
Population
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Year
1804 1927 1959 1974 1987 1999 2011 2026 2042
Years elapsed
–– 123 32 15 13 12 12 15 16
Contents
1 Global billionth milestones
1.1 Five billion
1.2 Six billion
1.3 Seven billion
2 National and regional population
3 See also
4 References
Global billionth milestones[edit]
There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed each of the one and two billion marks. The days of three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau places them in July 1959 and April 1974.[citation needed]
Five billion[edit]
The Day of Five Billion, 11 July 1987, was designated by the United Nations Population Fund as the approximate day on which world population reached five billion. Matej Gašpar from Zagreb, Croatia (then SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia), was chosen as the symbolic 5-billionth person concurrently alive on Earth. The honor went to Zagreb because the 1987 Summer Universiade was taking place in the city at the time.[6][7]
Six billion[edit]
The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which the world population reached six billion.[8] It was officially designated The Day of Six Billion. Demographers do not universally accept this date as being exact. In fact there has been subsequent research which places the day of six billion nearer to 18 June or 19 June 1999.[9] The International Programs division of the United States Census Bureau estimated that the world population reached six billion on 21 April 1999.[citation needed] United Nations Population Fund spokesman Omar Gharzeddine disputed the date of the Day of Six Billion by stating, "The U.N. marked the '6 billionth' [person] in 1999, and then a couple of years later the Population Division itself reassessed its calculations and said, actually, no, it was in 1998."[10]
On the Day of Six Billion, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan was in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina to monitor the Dayton Agreement.[11] At midnight he went to Koševo Hospital, where Adnan Mević, born at 12.01 am, was named the symbolic 6 billionth concurrently alive person on Earth.[8][11][12] He is the first son of Fatima Mevic and Jasminko Mevic and weighed 3.5 kg.[12]
Seven billion[edit]
Main article: Day of Seven Billion
The "Day of Seven Billion" was targeted by the United States Census Bureau to be in March 2012,[13] while the Population Division of the United Nations suggested 31 October 2011,[14] and the latter date was officially designated by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) as the approximate day on which the world's population reached seven billion people.[15] United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon spoke at the United Nations building in New York City on this milestone in the size of world population, and promoted the website 7 Billion Actions.[16][17] Ban Ki-moon did not choose a symbolic seven billionth baby, but several groups proposed candidates: Nargis Kumar of Uttar Pradesh, India,[18] Danica May Camacho of Manila, Philippines[19] and Wattalage Muthumai of Colombo, Sri Lanka.[20]
National and regional population[edit]
National or subnational governments have sometimes made similar designations based on the date estimated by a demographic agency. Some national milestones relate to citizens rather than residents. Commentators in countries with high immigration have pointed out that a population milestone may be reached by an immigrant rather than natural increase.[21][22]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Country/nationality
Population
Born (date)
Name and surname
Notes
Foot-
notes
Munich 1m 15 December 1957 Thomas Seehaus Awarded by Mayor Thomas Wimmer with a 1,000 mark savings account. [23]
United States 200m 20 November 1967 Robert Ken Woo Jr Named by Life magazine, not the government. None named for 300m. [24][25]
Australia 15m 29 January 1982 Sally Hodgson Awarded by Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs Ian Macphee [26]
Indonesia 200m 4 February 1997 Wahyu Nusantara Aji Complains that government promises of support were not kept [27]
India 1b 11 May 2000 Aastha Arora speculation re Independence Day 1999 till Registrar demurred. Complains that government promises of support were not kept. [28][29][30]
Kyrgyzstan 5m 27 August 2002 Tynchtykbek Kuramayev [31]
Australia 21m 29 June 2007 Mia Ruby Templeton Awarded by Treasurer Peter Costello [32]
Taiwan 23m 17 July 2008 Wu Cheng-en certificate from Premier of the Republic of China Liu Chao-shiuan [33]
Auckland Region, New Zealand 1.5m 1 February 2012 Ramonah Patience Toomalatai Welcomed by Len Brown the Mayor of Auckland [34]
Kazakhstan 17m 17 May 2013 Altynbek Eskaraev Алтынбек Ескараев [35][36]
Vietnam 90m 1 November 2013 Nguyễn Thị Thùy Dung randomly chosen by the General Office of Population and Family Planning from among two dozen babies born that day [37][38]
Philippines 100m 27 July 2014 Chonalyn Sentino [39]
Wake County, North Carolina 1m 22 August 2014 Anderson Grace Hughes Offered full scholarship by Wake Technical Community College [40]
Mongolia 3m 24 January 2015 Mongoljin Khatanbold [41][42]
Silicon Valley 3m 5 May 2015 Max Danner [43]
Utah 3m 24 October 2015 Sadie Christensen By governor Gary Herbert [44]
Kyrgyzstan 6m 27 November 2015 Aylin Kojosheva [45][46]
See also[edit]
U.S. and World Population Clock
World population#History
World population estimates
References[edit]
Jump up ^ World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision
Jump up ^ Vaclav Smil, "Global Population: Milestones, Hopes, and Concerns", Medicine & Global Survival, October 1998; Vol. 5, No. 2, 105–108
Jump up ^ "Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges". BBC. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
Jump up ^
"Ch. 5: Population Size and Composition". World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision (PDF). Vol.III. United Nations Population Division. p. 171. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"Executive Summary". World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Volume III: Analytical Report (PDF). 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"World Population to 2300" (PDF). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division. 2004: 3, 14. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"World Population: 1950–2050". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
"2009 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Key Findings". Long-Range Population Projections (PDF). Proceedings of the United Nations Technical Working Group on Long-Range Population Projections. New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Ankica Barbir-Mladinović (19 July 2011). "Petomilijarditi "Zemljanin": Ne slušati stereotipe" (in Croatian). Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "And Baby Makes Five billion: U.N. Hails a Yugoslav Infant". New York Times. 12 July 1987. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Edith M. Lederer (12 October 1999). "World Population Hits 6 billion". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Population Clock".
Jump up ^ Alan Boyle, Science Editor, NBC News (2011-10-28). "Cosmic Log – 7 billion people? How do they know?". Cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved 2013-10-31. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "The Secretary-General, in two-day stopover in Sarajevo, confers with local leaders, United Nations Representative". United Nations. 12 October 1999. pp. SG/T/2204. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b World UN chief welcomes six billionth baby
Jump up ^ "U.S. Census Bureau – World POPClock Projection". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
Jump up ^ World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, updated 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
Jump up ^ World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat updated 10 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011
Jump up ^ "Day of 7 Billion". UNFPA. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "About 7 Billion Actions". 7 Billion Actions. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "India welcomes 'world's seven billionth baby'". BBC News. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Jasmine (2011-10-31). "World's 'seven billionth baby' is born". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Seven billionth child born in SL | Caption Story". Dailymirror.lk. 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Australia's population hits 24 million people, ABS clock shows". ABC Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 6 April 2016. The ABS said it was unclear whether the 24 millionth Australian was a newborn or a migrant
Jump up ^ "Baby Reed is one in 23 million as Australia's population hits a milestone". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 6 April 2016. He said the 23rd millionth person could be a newborn but could equally be a person coming to work in Australia or a returning backpacker who had been away for more than a year.
Jump up ^ "Das Millionerl". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Time to forget Robert Woo", Chicago Tribune, September 27, 2006
Jump up ^ "US population reaches 300 million". BBC Online. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "28 Apr 1982 - Meet Sally Hodgson, millionth Australian - Trove". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wahyu Nusantara Aji: The forgotten 200 millionth citizen". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Aastha, India's billionth baby". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2002). India: Development and Participation. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780199257485. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billionth Indian due tomorrow". The Independent. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "13 Yo 5 Millionth Citizen of Kyrgyzstan to Partake in Celebrations in Honor 6 Millionth Citizen - November 11, 2015 - Central Asian News Services - Books and Journals - VLEX 586835174". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Costello hands 21-millionth baby mantle to Mia". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Taiwan Premier Liu Chao-shiuan , gives a citizen certificate to the... Pictures". Getty Images. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Auckland Welcomes Its 1.5 Millionth Citizen". The Devonport Speculator. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Zagidullin, Rashit; Zagidullina, Aliya. "Shifting Paradigms: Language Learning in Kazakhstan" (PDF). The European Conference on Language Learning 2013. Official Conference Proceedings 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "17-миллионному казахстанцу подарили скакуна - Новости Общества - Новости Mail.Ru". Mail.Ru (in Russian). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Population hits 90 mln but can Vietnam take care of its children?". Thanh Nien Daily. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nguyễn Thị Thùy Dung - công dân thứ 90 triệu của Việt Nam". Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Les Philippines comptent désormais cent millions d'habitants - Asie-Pacifique - RFI". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoyle, Amanda (Aug 22, 2014). "Full scholarship awarded to Wake County baby named 1 millionth resident". Triangle Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "MONGOLIA WELCOMED HER 3-MILLIONTH CITIZEN". president.mn. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "A NAME "MONGOLJIN" WAS GIVEN TO THE 3-MILLIONTH CITIZEN OF MONGOLIA". PRESIDENT.MN. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Newborn Max Danner is Silicon Valley's three millionth resident". abc7news.com. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Utah celebrates 3 million residents". The Daily Universe. Brigham Young University. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kyrgyzstan Goes Bananas for Citizen No. 6 Million". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kyrgyzstan welcomes six millionth citizen: "It's a girl!" - Ferghana Information agency, Moscow". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
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Don LaFontaine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Don LaFontaine
LaFontaine in 2007
Born
Donald Leroy LaFontaine
(1940-08-26)August 26, 1940
Duluth, Minnesota, U.S.
Died
September 1, 2008(2008-09-01) (aged 68)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting place
Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Los Angeles
Nationality
American
Other names
Thunder Throat
The Voice of God
The King of Movie Trailers
Occupation
Voice actor
Years active
1962–2008
Children
3
Donald Leroy LaFontaine (August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor who recorded more than 5,000 film trailers and hundreds of thousands of television advertisements, network promotions, and video game trailers.
He became identified with the phrase "In a world...", used in so many movie trailers that it became a cliché. Widely known in the film industry, the man whose nicknames included "Thunder Throat" and "The Voice of God", became known to a wider audience through commercials for GEICO insurance and the Mega Millions lottery game.[1]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Health and death
4 Dedications
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
LaFontaine was born on August 26, 1940, in Duluth, Minnesota, to Alfred and Ruby LaFontaine.[2] LaFontaine said his voice cracked at age 13 in mid-sentence, giving him the bass tones that later brought him much fame and success.[3] After graduating from Duluth Central High School in 1958, he enlisted in the United States Army, and worked as a recording engineer for the Army Band and Chorus.[4]
Career[edit]
LaFontaine continued to work as a recording engineer after discharge and began working at the National Recording Studios in New York City, where, in 1962, he had the opportunity to work with producer Floyd Peterson on radio spots for Dr. Strangelove. Peterson incorporated many of LaFontaine's ideas for the spots and, in 1963, they went into business together producing advertising exclusively for the movie industry. LaFontaine claimed that this company first came up with many of the famous movie trailer catch phrases, including his own future signature phrase, "in a world..."[5]
While working on the 1964 western Gunfighters of Casa Grande, LaFontaine had to fill in for an unavailable voice actor in order to have something to present to MGM. After MGM bought the spots, LaFontaine began a career as a voiceover artist.
He became the head of Kaleidoscope Films Ltd., a movie trailer production company, before starting his own company, Don LaFontaine Associates, in 1976. Shortly thereafter, he was hired by Paramount to do their trailers, and was eventually promoted to vice president. He decided to get back into trailer work and left Paramount, moving to Los Angeles in 1981. LaFontaine was contacted by an agent who wanted to promote him for voiceover work, and from then on worked in voiceovers. At his peak, he voiced about 60 promotions a week, and sometimes as many as 35 in a single day. Once he established himself, most studios were willing to pay a high fee for his service. His income was reportedly in the millions.[6]
LaFontaine often had jobs at a number of different studios each day. With the advent of ISDN technology, LaFontaine eventually built a recording studio in his Hollywood Hills home and began doing his work from home.
LaFontaine lent his distinctive voice to thousands of movie trailers during his career, spanning every genre from every major film studio, including The Cannon Group, for which he voiced one of their logos. For a time, LaFontaine had a near-monopoly on movie trailer voiceovers. Some notable trailers which LaFontaine highlighted in the intro on his official website include: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Shrek, Friday the 13th, Law & Order and Batman Returns. LaFontaine stated in 2007 that his favorite work in a movie trailer was for the biographical film The Elephant Man,[7] though according to a response to the question on his website, he had several trailers which stood out in his mind, and he didn't like to choose one.[8]
Lafontaine also did announcing for a few WWE Pay Per View events, as well as the "Don't Try This at Home" bumper.
In a 2007 interview, LaFontaine explained the strategy behind his signature catch phrase, "in a world where...":
We have to very rapidly establish the world we are transporting them to. That's very easily done by saying, "In a world where..." You very rapidly set the scene.[9]
LaFontaine also did other voice work, including as the announcer for the newscasts on WCBS-TV New York, from 2000 to 2001. LaFontaine was a recurring guest narrator for clues on the game show Jeopardy![10] and appeared on NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! on May 14, 2005, where he played "Not My Job" (a game in which famous people have to accurately answer questions totally unrelated to their chosen professions). The prize (for a listener, not the contestant) is "Carl Kasell's voice on your home answering machine". LaFontaine did not win the game, and offered to record the listener's answering machine message himself. LaFontaine once claimed that he enjoyed recording messages like these because it allowed him to be creative in writing unique messages, and said that he would do so for anyone who contacted him if he had the time. By 2007, he found the requests to be too numerous for him to take on, and stopped providing the service.[8]
In 2006, GEICO began an advertising campaign in which actual customers told their own stories of GEICO experiences, accompanied by a celebrity who helped them make the story interesting. LaFontaine was featured as the celebrity in one of these ads which began airing in August 2006. In the commercial, he was introduced by the voice-over as "that announcer guy from the movies", with his name printed on-screen to identify him. He began his telling of the customer's story with his trademark "In a world...". LaFontaine credited the spot as life-changing for having exposed his name and face to a significant audience, noting, "There goes any anonymity I might have had..."[11]
Health and death[edit]
On Friday, August 22, 2008, LaFontaine was at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, with a pulmonary embolism and was reported to be in critical condition the following Tuesday. His family made a public appeal for prayers on Mediabistro.[12] Ten days later, LaFontaine died on September 1, 2008, six days after his 68th birthday, following complications from a pneumothorax.[13] He is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery. His final television voice over role was for the Phineas and Ferb episode "The Chronicles of Meap" in which he said in his final line: "In a world... There, I said it. Happy?"' The episode also ended with a short tribute to him, although the iTunes, UK, and Spanish versions of the episode omitted the dedication.[14] His final movie trailer voice-over was for Call + Response, a documentary about the global slave trade, for which he donated his talent.[15]
Dedications[edit]
On September 6, 2008, America's Most Wanted showed a visual with a picture of him with words below that said "In Memoriam: Don LaFontaine August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008." John Walsh had announced, prior to the dedication sign, that LaFontaine—who had been the show's announcer since 1988—had died at the age of 68. On the evening of September 7, 2008, Adult Swim had a bumper that said: Don LaFontaine [1940-2008].
"The Apprentice Scout", an episode of Chowder, is dedicated to LaFontaine. The episode dedicated his memory and said "To Don LaFontaine 1940-2008". The show Phineas and Ferb from Disney also dedicated the episode "The Chronicles of Meap" which he provided the narration for. Fellow voice-over artist and friend John Leader retired from the voice-over business on September 1, 2008 upon learning of LaFontaine's death.
In popular culture[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018)
LaFontaine's voice was used in the Family Guy episodes "North by North Quahog", "Brian Sings and Swings", and in The Untold Story's version of "Stewie B. Goode".
The satirical radio theater group Negativland made a collage of his fantasy film promotions, complete with background screams, clashing swords and dramatic music.[16]
LaFontaine was referenced, with opening clips of his work and several subsequent verbal homages, in the film In a World..., written and directed by Lake Bell.
In the "Antenna" episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force (season 4, episode 11, aired December 10, 2006), voiceover actor George Lowe, playing himself, states that he was hired by aliens because they couldn't get LaFontaine to do the job. Lowe then does a LaFontaine impression.
Comedian Pablo Francisco has a bit where he imitates LaFontaine's voice and does several fake movie trailers while also doing several other voices. The initial piece can be found on his CD "Knee To The Groin".
See also[edit]
Biography portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Adam (March 12, 2008). "Hal Douglas, famed voice-over artist, dies at 89". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Greder, Andy (2008-09-02). "Duluth's "King of Voiceovers" dies". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved 2008-09-04. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Don LaFontaine: The Voice". Retrieved 2009-01-14.
Jump up ^ David Ouse. "Don LaFontaine, Duluth's 'Voice of God'". Zenith City Online. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Biography". Don LaFontaine's official site. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Ask the Answer Bitch". E!online. April 2, 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-10-10.
Jump up ^ Arrillaga, Pauline (April 2, 2007). "About Don LaFontaine". Houston Chronicle.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ask Don". Don LaFontaine's official site. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
Jump up ^ Dillon, Raquel Maria (2008-09-02). "Don LaFontaine, voice of movie trailers, dies". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
Jump up ^ "J! Archive – Clues narrated by Don LaFontaine". Retrieved 2009-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Archives". Don LaFontaine's official site. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
Jump up ^ "VO Legend Don LaFontaine in Critical Condition". Fishbowl LA. Mediabistro. August 26, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Don LaFontaine Dies At 68". CNN.com. 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
Jump up ^ Phineas and Ferb episode "The Chronicles of Meap" (2009)
Jump up ^ "Call + Response Trailer". Retrieved 2009-05-31.
Jump up ^ Negativland, Dick Vaughn's Moribund Music of the 70s, Seeland Records 2002.
External links[edit]
Official website
2008 Interview on World Talk LIVE with host Brett Cohen
Don LaFontaine at Find a Grave
Don LaFontaine on IMDb
The Age (Australia), November 29, 2003: "Trailer talk"—Article about Don LaFontaine by Alan Gelder
Select obituaries:
The New York Times: "Don LaFontaine, Voice of Trailers and TV Spots, Is Dead at 68"
Los Angeles Times: "Don LaFontaine, 68; voice of movie trailers"
The Washington Post:
"In a World Without Don LaFontaine, Film Won't Be as Much Fun"
"In a World of Don LaFontaine, a Reel-Life Figure of Speech"
The Daily Telegraph: Don LaFontaine obituary
Authority control
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LCCN: no2009092395
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Beer–Lambert law
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A demonstration of the Beer–Lambert law: green laser light in a solution of Rhodamine 6B. The beam radiant power becomes weaker as it passes through solution
The Beer–Lambert law, also known as Beer's law, the Lambert–Beer law, or the Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling. The law is commonly applied to chemical analysis measurements and used in understanding attenuation in physical optics, for photons, neutrons or rarefied gases. In mathematical physics, this law arises as a solution of the BGK equation.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Beer–Lambert law
2.1 Expression with attenuation coefficient
3 Derivation
4 Validity
5 Chemical analysis by spectrophotometry
6 Beer–Lambert law in the atmosphere
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The law was discovered by Pierre Bouguer before 1729.[1] It is often attributed to Johann Heinrich Lambert, who cited Bouguer's Essai d'optique sur la gradation de la lumière (Claude Jombert, Paris, 1729)—and even quoted from it—in his Photometria in 1760.[2] Lambert's law stated that absorbance of a material sample is directly proportional to its thickness (path length). Much later, August Beer discovered another attenuation relation in 1852. Beer's law stated that absorbance is proportional to the concentrations of the attenuating species in the material sample.[3] The modern derivation of the Beer–Lambert law combines the two laws and correlates the absorbance to both the concentrations of the attenuating species as well as the thickness of the material sample.[4]
Beer–Lambert law[edit]
By definition, the transmittance of material sample is related to its optical depth τ {\displaystyle {\tau }} and to its absorbance A as
T = Φ e t Φ e i = e − τ = 10 − A , {\displaystyle T={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {t} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}}=e^{-\tau }=10^{-A},}
where
Φet is the radiant flux transmitted by that material sample;
Φei is the radiant flux received by that material sample.
The Beer–Lambert law states that, for N attenuating species in the material sample,
T = e − ∑ i = 1 N σ i ∫ 0 ℓ n i ( z ) d z = 10 − ∑ i = 1 N ε i ∫ 0 ℓ c i ( z ) d z , {\displaystyle T=e^{-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }n_{i}(z)\mathrm {d} z}=10^{-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }c_{i}(z)\mathrm {d} z},}
or equivalently that
τ = ∑ i = 1 N τ i = ∑ i = 1 N σ i ∫ 0 ℓ n i ( z ) d z , {\displaystyle \tau =\sum _{i=1}^{N}\tau _{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }n_{i}(z)\,\mathrm {d} z,}
A = ∑ i = 1 N A i = ∑ i = 1 N ε i ∫ 0 ℓ c i ( z ) d z , {\displaystyle A=\sum _{i=1}^{N}A_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }c_{i}(z)\,\mathrm {d} z,}
where
σi is the attenuation cross section of the attenuating species i in the material sample;
ni is the number density of the attenuating species i in the material sample;
εi is the molar attenuation coefficient or absorptivity of the attenuating species i in the material sample;
ci is the amount concentration of the attenuating species i in the material sample;
ℓ is the path length of the beam of light through the material sample.
Attenuation cross section and molar attenuation coefficient are related by
ε i = N A ln  10 σ i , {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}={\frac {\mathrm {N_{A}} }{\ln {10}}}\,\sigma _{i},}
and number density and amount concentration by
c i = n i N A , {\displaystyle c_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{\mathrm {N_{A}} }},}
where NA is the Avogadro constant.
In case of uniform attenuation, these relations become[5]
T = e − ℓ ∑ i = 1 N σ i n i = 10 − ℓ ∑ i = 1 N ε i c i , {\displaystyle T=e^{-\ell \sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}n_{i}}=10^{-\ell \sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}c_{i}},}
or equivalently
τ = ℓ ∑ i = 1 N σ i n i , {\displaystyle \tau =\ell \sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}n_{i},}
A = ℓ ∑ i = 1 N ε i c i . {\displaystyle A=\ell \sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}c_{i}.}
Cases of non-uniform attenuation occur in atmospheric science applications and radiation shielding theory for instance.
The law tends to break down at very high concentrations, especially if the material is highly scattering. If the radiation is especially intense, nonlinear optical processes can also cause variances. The main reason, however, is the following. At high concentrations, the molecules are closer to each other and begin to interact with each other. This interaction will change several properties of the molecule, and thus will change the attenuation.
Expression with attenuation coefficient[edit]
The Beer–Lambert law can be expressed in terms of attenuation coefficient, but in this case is better called Lambert's law since amount concentration, from Beer's law, is hidden inside the attenuation coefficient. The (Napierian) attenuation coefficient μ and the decadic attenuation coefficient μ10 = μ/ln 10 of a material sample are related to its number densities and amount concentrations as
μ ( z ) = ∑ i = 1 N μ i ( z ) = ∑ i = 1 N σ i n i ( z ) , {\displaystyle \mu (z)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mu _{i}(z)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}n_{i}(z),}
μ 10 ( z ) = ∑ i = 1 N μ 10 , i ( z ) = ∑ i = 1 N ε i c i ( z ) {\displaystyle \mu _{10}(z)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mu _{10,i}(z)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}c_{i}(z)}
respectively, by definition of attenuation cross section and molar attenuation coefficient. Then the Beer–Lambert law becomes
T = e − ∫ 0 ℓ μ ( z ) d z = 10 − ∫ 0 ℓ μ 10 ( z ) d z , {\displaystyle T=e^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu (z)\mathrm {d} z}=10^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu _{10}(z)\mathrm {d} z},}
and
τ = ∫ 0 ℓ μ ( z ) d z , {\displaystyle \tau =\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu (z)\,\mathrm {d} z,}
A = ∫ 0 ℓ μ 10 ( z ) d z . {\displaystyle A=\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu _{10}(z)\,\mathrm {d} z.}
In case of uniform attenuation, these relations become
T = e − μ ℓ = 10 − μ 10 ℓ , {\displaystyle T=e^{-\mu \ell }=10^{-\mu _{10}\ell },}
or equivalently
τ = μ ℓ , {\displaystyle \tau =\mu \ell ,}
A = μ 10 ℓ . {\displaystyle A=\mu _{10}\ell .}
Derivation[edit]
Assume that a beam of light enters a material sample. Define z as an axis parallel to the direction of the beam. Divide the material sample into thin slices, perpendicular to the beam of light, with thickness dz sufficiently small that one particle in a slice cannot obscure another particle in the same slice when viewed along the z direction. The radiant flux of the light that emerges from a slice is reduced, compared to that of the light that entered, by dΦe(z) = −μ(z)Φe(z) dz, where μ is the (Napierian) attenuation coefficient, which yields the following first-order linear ODE:
d Φ e d z ( z ) = − μ ( z ) Φ e ( z ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{\mathrm {e} }}{\mathrm {d} z}}(z)=-\mu (z)\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }(z).}
The attenuation is caused by the photons that did not make it to the other side of the slice because of scattering or absorption. The solution to this differential equation is obtained by multiplying the integrating factor
e ∫ 0 z μ ( z ′ ) d z ′ {\displaystyle e^{\int _{0}^{z}\mu (z')\mathrm {d} z'}}
throughout to obtain
d Φ e d z ( z ) e ∫ 0 z μ ( z ′ ) d z ′ + μ ( z ) Φ e ( z ) e ∫ 0 z μ ( z ′ ) d z ′ = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{\mathrm {e} }}{\mathrm {d} z}}(z)\,e^{\int _{0}^{z}\mu (z')\mathrm {d} z'}+\mu (z)\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }(z)\,e^{\int _{0}^{z}\mu (z')\mathrm {d} z'}=0,}
which simplifies due to the product rule (applied backwards) to
d d z ( Φ e ( z ) e ∫ 0 z μ ( z ′ ) d z ′ ) = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} z}}{\bigl (}\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }(z)\,e^{\int _{0}^{z}\mu (z')\mathrm {d} z'}{\bigr )}=0.}
Integrating both sides and solving for Φe for a material of real thickness ℓ, with the incident radiant flux upon the slice Φei = Φe(0) and the transmitted radiant flux Φet = Φe(ℓ ) gives
Φ e t = Φ e i e − ∫ 0 ℓ μ ( z ) d z , {\displaystyle \Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {t} }=\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }\,e^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu (z)\mathrm {d} z},}
and finally
T = Φ e t Φ e i = e − ∫ 0 ℓ μ ( z ) d z . {\displaystyle T={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {t} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}}=e^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu (z)\mathrm {d} z}.}
Since the decadic attenuation coefficient μ10 is related to the (Napierian) attenuation coefficient by μ10 = μ/ln 10, one also have
T = e − ∫ 0 ℓ ln  10 μ 10 ( z ) d z = ( e − ∫ 0 ℓ μ 10 ( z ) d z ) ln  10 = 10 − ∫ 0 ℓ μ 10 ( z ) d z . {\displaystyle T=e^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\ln {10}\,\mu _{10}(z)\mathrm {d} z}={\bigl (}e^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu _{10}(z)\mathrm {d} z}{\bigr )}^{\ln {10}}=10^{-\int _{0}^{\ell }\mu _{10}(z)\mathrm {d} z}.}
To describe the attenuation coefficient in a way independent of the number densities ni of the N attenuating species of the material sample, one introduces the attenuation cross section σi = μi(z)/ni(z). σi has the dimension of an area; it expresses the likelihood of interaction between the particles of the beam and the particles of the specie i in the material sample:
T = e − ∑ i = 1 N σ i ∫ 0 ℓ n i ( z ) d z . {\displaystyle T=e^{-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }n_{i}(z)\mathrm {d} z}.}
One can also use the molar attenuation coefficients εi = (NA/ln 10)σi, where NA is the Avogadro constant, to describe the attenuation coefficient in a way independent of the amount concentrations ci(z) = ni(z)/NA of the attenuating species of the material sample:
T = e − ∑ i = 1 N ln  10 N A ε i ∫ 0 ℓ n i ( z ) d z = ( e − ∑ i = 1 N ε i ∫ 0 ℓ n i ( z ) N A d z ) ln  10 = 10 − ∑ i = 1 N ε i ∫ 0 ℓ c i ( z ) d z . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T=e^{-\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {\ln {10}}{\mathrm {N_{A}} }}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }n_{i}(z)\mathrm {d} z}=\\{\Bigl (}e^{-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }{\frac {n_{i}(z)}{\mathrm {N_{A}} }}\mathrm {d} z}{\Bigr )}^{\ln {10}}=10^{-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}\int _{0}^{\ell }c_{i}(z)\mathrm {d} z}.\end{aligned}}}
Validity[edit]
Under certain conditions Beer–Lambert law fails to maintain a linear relationship between attenuation and concentration of analyte.[6] These deviations are classified into three categories:
Real—fundamental deviations due to the limitations of the law itself.
Chemical—deviations observed due to specific chemical species of the sample which is being analyzed.
Instrument—deviations which occur due to how the attenuation measurements are made.
There are at least six conditions that need to be fulfilled in order for Beer–Lambert law to be valid. These are:
The attenuators must act independently of each other.
The attenuating medium must be homogeneous in the interaction volume.
The attenuating medium must not scatter the radiation—no turbidity—unless this is accounted for as in DOAS.
The incident radiation must consist of parallel rays, each traversing the same length in the absorbing medium.
The incident radiation should preferably be monochromatic, or have at least a width that is narrower than that of the attenuating transition. Otherwise a spectrometer as detector for the power is needed instead of a photodiode which has not a selective wavelength dependence.
The incident flux must not influence the atoms or molecules; it should only act as a non-invasive probe of the species under study. In particular, this implies that the light should not cause optical saturation or optical pumping, since such effects will deplete the lower level and possibly give rise to stimulated emission.
If any of these conditions are not fulfilled, there will be deviations from Beer–Lambert law.
The Beer–Lambert law is not compatible with Maxwell's equations.[7] Being strict, the law does not describe the transmittance through a medium, but the propagation within that medium. It can be made compatible with Maxwell's equations if the transmittance of a sample with solute is ratioed against the transmittance of the pure solvent which explains why it works so well in spectrophotometry. As this is not possible for pure media, the uncritical employment of the Beer–Lambert law can easily generate errors of the order of 100% or more.[7] In such cases it is necessary to apply the Transfer-matrix method.
Chemical analysis by spectrophotometry[edit]
Beer–Lambert law can be applied to the analysis of a mixture by spectrophotometry, without the need for extensive pre-processing of the sample. An example is the determination of bilirubin in blood plasma samples. The spectrum of pure bilirubin is known, so the molar attenuation coefficient ε is known. Measurements of decadic attenuation coefficient μ10 are made at one wavelength λ that is nearly unique for bilirubin and at a second wavelength in order to correct for possible interferences. The amount concentration c is then given by
c = μ 10 ( λ ) ε ( λ ) . {\displaystyle c={\frac {\mu _{10}(\lambda )}{\varepsilon (\lambda )}}.}
For a more complicated example, consider a mixture in solution containing two species at amount concentrations c1 and c2. The decadic attenuation coefficient at any wavelength λ is, given by
μ 10 ( λ ) = ε 1 ( λ ) c 1 + ε 2 ( λ ) c 2 . {\displaystyle \mu _{10}(\lambda )=\varepsilon _{1}(\lambda )c_{1}+\varepsilon _{2}(\lambda )c_{2}.}
Therefore, measurements at two wavelengths yields two equations in two unknowns and will suffice to determine the amount concentrations c1 and c2 as long as the molar attenuation coefficient of the two components, ε1 and ε2 are known at both wavelengths. This two system equation can be solved using Cramer's rule. In practice it is better to use linear least squares to determine the two amount concentrations from measurements made at more than two wavelengths. Mixtures containing more than two components can be analyzed in the same way, using a minimum of N wavelengths for a mixture containing N components.
The law is used widely in infra-red spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy for analysis of polymer degradation and oxidation (also in biological tissue) as well as to measure the concentration of various compounds in different food samples. The carbonyl group attenuation at about 6 micrometres can be detected quite easily, and degree of oxidation of the polymer calculated.
Beer–Lambert law in the atmosphere[edit]
This law is also applied to describe the attenuation of solar or stellar radiation as it travels through the atmosphere. In this case, there is scattering of radiation as well as absorption. The optical depth for a slant path is τ′ = mτ, where τ refers to a vertical path, m is called the relative airmass, and for a plane-parallel atmosphere it is determined as m = sec θ where θ is the zenith angle corresponding to the given path. The Beer–Lambert law for the atmosphere is usually written
T = e − m ( τ a + τ g + τ R S + τ N O 2 + τ w + τ O 3 + τ r + … ) , {\displaystyle T=e^{-m(\tau _{\mathrm {a} }+\tau _{\mathrm {g} }+\tau _{\mathrm {RS} }+\tau _{\mathrm {NO_{2}} }+\tau _{\mathrm {w} }+\tau _{\mathrm {O_{3}} }+\tau _{\mathrm {r} }+\ldots )},}
where each τx is the optical depth whose subscript identifies the source of the absorption or scattering it describes:
a refers to aerosols (that absorb and scatter);
g are uniformly mixed gases (mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and molecular oxygen (O2) which only absorb);
NO2 is nitrogen dioxide, mainly due to urban pollution (absorption only);
RS are effects due to Raman scattering in the atmosphere;
w is water vapour absorption;
O3 is ozone (absorption only);
r is Rayleigh scattering from molecular oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) (responsible for the blue color of the sky);
the selection of the attenuators which have to be considered depends on the wavelength range and can include various other compounds. This can include tetraoxygen, HONO, formaldehyde, glyoxal, a series of halogen radicals and others.
m is the optical mass or airmass factor, a term approximately equal (for small and moderate values of θ) to 1/cos θ, where θ is the observed object's zenith angle (the angle measured from the direction perpendicular to the Earth's surface at the observation site). This equation can be used to retrieve τa, the aerosol optical thickness, which is necessary for the correction of satellite images and also important in accounting for the role of aerosols in climate.
See also[edit]
Applied spectroscopy
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Infra-red spectroscopy
Job plot
Laser absorption spectrometry
Logarithm
Polymer degradation
Scientific laws named after people
Quantification of nucleic acids
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pierre Bouguer, Essai d'optique sur la gradation de la lumière (Paris, France: Claude Jombert, 1729) pp. 16–22.
Jump up ^ J.H. Lambert, Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae [Photometry, or, On the measure and gradations of light, colors, and shade] (Augsburg ("Augusta Vindelicorum"), Germany: Eberhardt Klett, 1760).
Jump up ^ Beer (1852). ""Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten" (Determination of the absorption of red light in colored liquids)". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 86: 78–88.
Jump up ^ Ingle, J. D. J.; Crouch, S. R. (1988). Spectrochemical Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Beer–Lambert law".
Jump up ^ Mehta A.Limitations and Deviations of Beer–Lambert Law
^ Jump up to: a b Mayerhöfer, Thomas G.; Mutschke, Harald; Popp, Jürgen (2016-04-01). "Employing Theories Far beyond Their Limits—The Case of the (Boguer-) Beer–Lambert Law". ChemPhysChem. 17: 1948–1955. ISSN 1439-7641. doi:10.1002/cphc.201600114.
External links[edit]
Beer–Lambert Law Calculator
Beer–Lambert Law Simpler Explanation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beer–Lambert_law&oldid=808108665"
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text:
List of New England Patriots seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Members of the Patriots organization pose with then-U.S. President George W. Bush following the Patriots' victory in Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005.
The New England Patriots are an American football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. Originally called the Boston Patriots, the team was founded as one of eight charter members of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960 under the ownership of Billy Sullivan.[1] The team became part of the NFL when the two leagues merged in 1970. The following year, they moved from Boston to nearby Foxborough, and changed their name to the New England Patriots.[2]
The modern NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, was founded in the 1966 season; the first four were contested between the champions of the AFL and the NFL.[3] After the merger, the Super Bowl became the united league’s championship. The Patriots made the 1963 AFL Championship Game, but struggled severely in the early years of the united league, not making the postseason until 1976. After a few good seasons including a Super Bowl appearance against a champion Bears outfit, the Patriots reached a nadir between 1989 and 1993 when they won only 19 of 80 games.
Since Bill Belichick was hired as the team’s head coach in 2000, the Patriots have finished first or second in the AFC East every year except Belichick’s first season, with both second-place finishes caused by tiebreakers. Over that time, they have won five Super Bowls, seven AFC Championship Games, and fourteen AFC East titles, while amassing a regular season record of 201–71.[4] The team's quarterback over that same period, Tom Brady, has been awarded the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP)[5][6] twice and the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player four times; he is one of only five men named Super Bowl MVP more than once.[7]
The Patriots have won five Super Bowl championships (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI). They also played in and lost Super Bowls XX, XXXI, XLII, and XLVI. During the 2007 regular season, the Patriots became the only NFL team in history to win 16 games, and the first since the 1972 Miami Dolphins (in a 14-game season) to complete the regular campaign undefeated.[8] Belichick’s Patriots are one of only two teams to win three Super Bowls in four years (the other being the Dallas Cowboys from 1993 to 1996).[9]
Overall, the Patriots have made 24 playoff appearances, one of which was before the merger. Since the merger, they have played fourteen AFC Championship Games, winning ten of them to advance to the Super Bowl.[10] In the Patriots’ 56-year history, they have an overall regular season record of 476 wins, 383 losses, and 9 ties, plus an overall postseason record of 32 wins and 19 losses. In the 2016 NFL season, the Patriots reached their 9th Super Bowl, setting the record for most Super Bowl appearances by any organization of all time.[11]
Seasons[edit]
For complete team history, see History of the New England Patriots.
AFL champions (1960–1969) Super Bowl champions (1966–present) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth One-Game Playoff Berth
Season[a]
Team[a]
League
Conference
Division
Regular season[a]
Postseason results
Awards[Key]
Head coaches
Finish
Won
Lost
Ties
Boston Patriots
1960
1960 AFL — Eastern 4th 5 9 0 Lou Saban
1961
1961 AFL — Eastern 2nd 9 4 1 Lou Saban (2–3)
Mike Holovak (7–1–1)
1962
1962 AFL — Eastern 2nd 9 4 1 Mike Holovak
1963
1963 AFL — Eastern 1st 7 6 1 Won Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 26–8
Lost AFL Championship (at Chargers) 10–51
1964
1964 AFL — Eastern 2nd 10 3 1 Gino Cappelletti (MVP)[12]
1965
1965 AFL — Eastern 3rd 4 8 2
1966
1966 AFL — Eastern 2nd 8 4 2 Jim Nance (MVP)[13]
1967
1967 AFL — Eastern 5th 3 10 1
1968
1968 AFL — Eastern 4th 4 10 0
1969
1969 AFL — Eastern 3rd 4 10 0 Clive Rush
1970
1970 NFL AFC East 5th 2 12 0 Clive Rush (1–6)
John Mazur (1–6)
New England Patriots
1971
1971 NFL AFC East 3rd 6 8 0 John Mazur
1972
1972 NFL AFC East 5th 3 11 0 John Mazur (2–7)
Phil Bengtson (1–4)
1973
1973 NFL AFC East 3rd 5 9 0 Chuck Fairbanks
1974
1974 NFL AFC East 3rd 7 7 0[b]
1975
1975 NFL AFC East 5th 3 11 0
1976
1976 NFL AFC East 2nd[c] 11 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 21–24 Mike Haynes (DROY)[14]
1977
1977 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 5 0
1978[d]
1978 NFL AFC East 1st[e] 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Oilers) 14–31[15]
1979
1979 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Ron Erhardt
1980
1980 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0
1981
1981 NFL AFC East 5th 2 14 0
1982
1982 NFL AFC [f] 7th 5 4 0 Lost First Round (at Dolphins) 13–28 Ron Meyer
1983
1983 NFL AFC East 2nd 8 8 0
1984
1984 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Ron Meyer (5–3)
Raymond Berry (4–4)
1985
1985 NFL AFC East 3rd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Jets) 26–14
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 27–20
Won Conference Championship (at Dolphins) 31–14
Lost Super Bowl XX (vs. Bears) 10–46 Raymond Berry
1986
1986 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 17–22
1987[g]
1987 NFL AFC East 2nd 8 7 0
1988
1988 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 7 0 John Stephens (OROY)[16]
1989
1989 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0
1990
1990 NFL AFC East 5th 1 15 0 Rod Rust
1991
1991 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Leonard Russell (OROY)[17] Dick MacPherson
1992
1992 NFL AFC East 5th 2 14 0
1993
1993 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0 Bill Parcells
1994
1994 NFL AFC East 2nd[h] 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Browns) 13–20 Bill Parcells (COY)[18]
1995
1995 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Curtis Martin (OROY)[19]
1996
1996 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Steelers) 28–3
Won Conference Championship (Jaguars) 20–6
Lost Super Bowl XXXI (vs. Packers) 21–35
1997
1997 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Dolphins) 17–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 6–7 Pete Carroll
1998
1998 NFL AFC East 4th 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Jaguars) 10–25
1999
1999 NFL AFC East 5th 8 8 0
2000
2000 NFL AFC East 5th 5 11 0 Bill Belichick
2001
2001 NFL AFC East 1st[i] 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 16–13 (OT)
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 24–17
Won Super Bowl XXXVI (1) (vs. Rams) 20–17 Tom Brady (SB MVP)[20]
2002
2002 NFL AFC East 2nd[j] 9 7 0
2003
2003 NFL AFC East 1st 14 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Titans) 17–14
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 24–14
Won Super Bowl XXXVIII (2) (vs. Panthers) 32–29 Tom Brady (SB MVP)[21]
Bill Belichick (COY)[22]
2004
2004 NFL AFC East 1st 14 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 20–3
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 41–27
Won Super Bowl XXXIX (3) (vs. Eagles) 24–21 Deion Branch (SB MVP)[23]
2005
2005 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Jaguars) 28–3
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 13–27 Tedy Bruschi (CBPOY)[24]
2006
2006 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Jets) 37–16
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 24–21
Lost Conference Championship (at Colts) 34–38
2007
2007 NFL AFC East 1st 16 0 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Jaguars) 31–20
Won Conference Championship (Chargers) 21–12
Lost Super Bowl XLII (vs. Giants) 14–17 Tom Brady (MVP, OPOY)[5][25]
Bill Belichick (COY)[22]
2008
2008 NFL AFC East 2nd[k] 11 5 0 Jerod Mayo (DROY)[26]
2009
2009 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 14–33
Tom Brady (CBPOY)[27]
2010
2010 NFL AFC East 1st 14 2 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Jets) 21–28 Tom Brady (MVP, OPOY)[6][28]
Bill Belichick (COY)[22]
2011
2011 NFL AFC East 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Broncos) 45–10
Won Conference Championship (Ravens) 23–20
Lost Super Bowl XLVI (vs. Giants) 17–21
2012
2012 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Texans) 41–28
Lost Conference Championship (Ravens) 13–28
2013
2013 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 43–22
Lost Conference Championship (at Broncos) 16–26
2014
2014 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Ravens) 35–31
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 45–7
Won Super Bowl XLIX (4) (vs. Seahawks) 28–24 Rob Gronkowski (CBPOY)
Tom Brady (SB MVP)[29]
2015
2015 NFL AFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Chiefs) 27–20
Lost Conference Championship (at Broncos) 18–20
2016
2016 NFL AFC East 1st 14 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Texans) 34–16
Won Conference Championship (Steelers) 36–17
Won Super Bowl LI (5) (vs. Falcons) 34–28 (OT) Tom Brady (SB MVP)
2017
2017 NFL AFC East 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Titans) 35–14
Won Conference Championship (Jaguars) 24–20
Super Bowl LII (vs. Eagles)
Total
489 386 9
All-time regular season record (1960–2017)
34 19 — All-time postseason record (1960–2017)[30]
523
405
9
All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2017)
Tom Brady has twice been named the NFL's Most Valuable Player, and four times a Super Bowl Most Valuable Player
Key for the "Awards" sectionKey
ASG MVP American Football League All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
CBPOY National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award
DROY National Football League Defensive Rookie of the Year Award
OROY National Football League Offensive Rookie of the Year Award
COY National Football League Coach of the Year Award
OPOY National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award
DPOY National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award
MVP National Football League Most Valuable Player Award
SB MVP Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award
Notes[edit]
a The Season column links to an article about each season in the league (AFL for 1960–1969; NFL for 1970–present). The Team column links to an article about the Patriots' season that year. The Finish, Won, Lost, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular season and postseason results are combined only at the bottom of the list. In the Finish column, a "T-" indicates a tie for that position.
b Beginning in 1974, the NFL began playing a 15-minute sudden-death overtime period if a regular season game finished regulation tied. Since this change, ties have been rarer.[31]
c The Patriots and the Baltimore Colts finished tied. However, the Colts finished ahead of New England based on a better division record (7–1 to Patriots' 6–2).[32]
d The NFL expanded from a 14-game regular season schedule to 16 beginning in 1978.[33]
e The Patriots and Miami Dolphins finished the 1978 season with the same record. However, the Patriots were awarded the Division Championship based on a better division record (6–2 to the Dolphins' 5–3).[32]
f The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 regular seasons games to nine due to a players' strike. For playoff seedings, division standings were ignored and eight teams from each conference were seeded one through eight based on their regular season records.[34]
g The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 regular season games to 15 due to a players' strike.[35]
h The Patriots and Dolphins finished the 1994 season tied. As the Dolphins had defeated the Patriots in both regular season meetings, the Dolphins were named division champions and the Patriots received a Wild Card berth in the playoffs.[36]
i The Patriots and the Dolphins finished the 2001 season with the same record. However, the Patriots were named Division Champions based on a better division record (6–2 to the Dolphins' 5–3).[37]
j The Patriots, Dolphins, and New York Jets finished the season with 9–7 records in 2002. For having the best record against common opponents, the Jets were awarded the division championship. Neither the Patriots nor the Dolphins qualified for the playoffs.[38]
k The Patriots, Dolphins, and Baltimore Ravens (AFC North) finished the 2008 season tied with identical 11–5 records. As the Dolphins and Ravens had 8–4 records within the AFC, and the Patriots a 7–5 AFC record, the Dolphins were awarded the AFC East title, and the Ravens were given a Wild Card berth in the playoffs. The Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs.[39]
l Years here refer to the year in which the season was played. Playoff games are commonly played in the January and February of the following year.
References[edit]
General
"New England Patriots: History". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
"New England Patriots Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Bibliography
2000 National Football League Record & Fact Book. New York City: Workman Publishing Company. 2000. ISBN 978-0-7611-1982-1.
2002 National Football League Record & Fact Book. New York City: Workman Publishing Company. 2002. ISBN 978-0-7611-2643-0.
Specific
Jump up ^ Litsky, Billy (February 24, 1998). "Billy Sullivan, 86, Founder Of Football Patriots, Dies". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Shaughnessy, Dan (September 13, 2009). "Boston: Home of the Patriots once again". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cross, B. Duane (January 22, 2001). "The AFL: A Football Legacy". CNN Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bill Belichick Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brady romps to MVP after record season". Toronto Star. Torstar. January 6, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Farmer, Sam (February 6, 2011). "Patriots' Tom Brady selected NFL MVP". The Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl History". National Football League. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Patriots Beat Giants 38–35 to Become First Undefeated NFL Team in 35 Years". FOX News. December 30, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Patriots Win Third Super Bowl in Four Years". FOX News. February 7, 2005. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2006 NFL Standings, Team & Offensive Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Standings". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Marrapese-Burrell, Nancy (February 1, 2008). "Booth took him along for ride". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Manza Young, Shalise (June 10, 2009). "Patriots journal: Nance elected to Patriots Hall of Fame". The Providence Journal. A. H. Belo Corporation. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pats' Haynes Defensive Rookie". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida: The New York Times Company. December 29, 1976. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chuck Fairbanks was suspended for the last game of the 1978 regular season. Hank Bullough and Ron Erhardt replaced his duty as co-coach. He was reinstated for the playoffs, and lost in the first round.
Jump up ^ Mascaro, Chris (September 3, 2009). "Former Pats RB killed". Newsday. Melville, New York: Cablevision. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Leonard Russell, Mark Croel named top rookies of the year". The Vindicator. Youngstown, Ohio: Vindicator Printing Company. December 27, 1991. p. C4. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wilner, Barry (December 30, 1994). "Parcels Coach of Year". The Daily Gazette. Schenectady, New York: The Daily Gazette Company. p. C1. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Martin Gets Rookie Prize". The Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas: Victoria Advocate Publishing Company. December 29, 1995. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Mark (February 4, 2002). "Super Bowl XXXVI; Bledsoe Classy Til End". Boston Herald. Herald Media Inc. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Farinella, Mark (February 3, 2004). "MVP Brady on the go". The Sun Chronicle. Attleboro, Massachusetts: United Communications Corporation. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Belichick wins 3rd Coach of Year honor". The Associated Press. February 2, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cobb, Mike (February 7, 2005). "Branch Catches MVP Honor". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida: The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Greenburg, Alan (January 6, 2006). "Surprising Comeback: Bruschi shares with Smith". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut: Tribune Company. p. C4.
Jump up ^ "Tom Brady adds AP Offensive Player of Year to MVP". KXMB-TV. Bismark, North Dakota: Reiten Television, Inc. January 8, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mayo is AP's top defensive rookie". ESPN.com. The Walt Disney Company. January 1, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kilgore, Adam (January 6, 2010). "Brady Wins Comeback Player of the Year". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Manza Young, Shalise (February 1, 2011). "Brady Wins AP Offensive Player of Year". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tom Brady wins Super Bowl XLIX MVP award". nfl.com. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "New England Patriots playoff history". ESPN.com. The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ 2002 National Football League Record & Fact Book, p. 394–395.
^ Jump up to: a b 2000 National Football League Record & Fact Book, p. 293.
Jump up ^ Pasquarelli, Len (May 18, 2009). "Schedule expansion gaining momentum". ESPN.com. The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ 2002 National Football League Record & Fact Book, p. 413.
Jump up ^ 2000 National Football League Record & Fact Book, p. 291.
Jump up ^ 2000 National Football League Record & Fact Book, p. 289.
Jump up ^ 2002 National Football League Record & Fact Book, p. 404.
Jump up ^ Golen, Jimmy (December 30, 2002). "New England 27, Miami 24, OT". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gosselin, Rick (December 29, 2008). "Even without Patriots, AFC looks dominant in playoffs". Denton Record-Chronicle. Denton, Texas: A. H. Belo Corporation. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
[show]
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New England Patriots
Founded in 1960
Formerly the Boston Patriots (1960–70)
Based and headquartered in Foxborough, Massachusetts
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1963
1978
1986
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2014
2015
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2017
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1985
1996
2001
2003
2004
2007
2011
2014
2016
2017
League championships (5)
2001 (XXXVI)
2003 (XXXVIII)
2004 (XXXIX)
2014 (XLIX)
2016 (LI)
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20
40
56
57
73
78
79
89
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League: National Football League (1970–present)
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Division: East Division
Former league affiliation
League: American Football League (1960–1969)
Seasons (58)
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
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1997
1998
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2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
[show]
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Boston / New England Patriots seasons
Boston
1960
1961
1962
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1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
New England
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
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2006
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2017
Bold indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl victory
Italics indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_England_Patriots_seasons&oldid=821803535"
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