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Circular flow of income
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Basic diagram of the circular flow of income. The functioning of the free-market economic system is represented with firms and households and interaction back and forth.[1]
The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services, etc. between economic agents. The flows of money and goods exchanged in a closed circuit correspond in value, but run in the opposite direction[2]. The circular flow analysis is the basis of national accounts and hence of macroeconomics.
The idea of the circular flow was already present in the work of Richard Cantillon.[3] François Quesnay developed and visualized this concept in the so-called Tableau économique.[4] Important developments of Quesnay's tableau were Karl Marx' reproduction schemes in the second volume of Capital: Critique of Political Economy, and John Maynard Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Richard Stone further developed the concept for the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to the system, which is now used internationally.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Cantillon
2.2 Quesnay
2.3 Marx
2.4 Further developments
3 Types of models
3.1 Two sector model
3.2 Three sector model
3.3 Four sector model
3.4 Five sector model
4 Circular flow of income topics
4.1 Leakages and injections
4.2 The state of equilibrium
5 Significance of study of circular flow of income
6 Circular flow diagram as a subsystem of the environment
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Overview[edit]
The circular flow of income is a concept for better understanding of the economy as a whole and for example the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs). In its most basic form it considers a simple economy consisting solely of businesses and individuals, and can be represented in a so-called "circular flow diagram." In this simple economy, individuals provide the labour that enables businesses to produce goods and services. These activities are represented by the green lines in the diagram.[5]
Model of the circular flow of income and expenditure
Alternatively, one can think of these transactions in terms of the monetary flows that occur. Businesses provide individuals with income (in the form of compensation) in exchange for their labor. That income is spent on the goods and services businesses produce. These activities are represented by the blue lines in the diagram above.[5]
The circular flow diagram illustrates the interdependence of the “flows,” or activities, that occur in the economy, such as the production of goods and services (or the “output” of the economy) and the income generated from that production. The circular flow also illustrates the equality between the income earned from production and the value of goods and services produced.[5]
Of course, the total economy is much more complicated than the illustration above. An economy involves interactions between not only individuals and businesses, but also Federal, state, and local governments and residents of the rest of the world. Also not shown in this simple illustration of the economy are other aspects of economic activity such as investment in capital (produced—or fixed—assets such as structures, equipment, research and development, and software), flows of financial capital (such as stocks, bonds, and bank deposits), and the contributions of these flows to the accumulation of fixed assets.[5]
History[edit]
Cantillon[edit]
Representation of Cantillon's primitive circular flow model[6]
One of the earliest ideas on the circular flow was explained in the work of 18th century Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon,[3] who was influenced by prior economists, especially William Petty.[7] Cantillon described the concept in his 1730 Essay on the Nature of Trade in General, in chapter 11, entitled "The Par or Relation between the Value of Land and Labor" to chapter 13, entitled "The Circulation and Exchange of Goods and Merchandise, as well as their Production, are Carried On in Europe by Entrepreneurs, and at a Risk." Thornton eds. (2010) further explained:
Cantillon develops a circular-flow model of the economy that shows the distribution of farm production between property owners, farmers, and workers. Farm production is exchanged for the goods and services produced in the cities by entrepreneurs and artisans. While the property owners are “independent,” the model demonstrates the mutual interdependence between all the classes of people that Adam Smith dubbed the “invisible hand” in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759).[8]
Cantillon distinguished at least five types of economic agents: property owners, farmers, entrepreneurs, labors and artisans, as expressed in the contemporary diagram of the Cantillon’s Circular Flow Economy.[6]
Quesnay[edit]
Tableau économique
François Quesnay further developed these concepts, and was the first to visualize these interactions over time in the so-called Tableau économique.[4] Quesnay believed that trade and industry were not sources of wealth, and instead in his 1758 book Tableau économique (Economic Table) argued that agricultural surpluses, by flowing through the economy in the form of rent, wages, and purchases were the real economic movers, for two reasons.
First, regulation impedes the flow of income throughout all social classes and therefore economic development.
Second, taxes on the productive classes such as farmers should be reduced in favor of higher taxes for unproductive classes such as landowners, since their luxurious way of life distorts the income flow.
The model Quesnay created consisted of three economic agents: The "Proprietary" class consisted of only landowners. The "Productive" class consisted of all agricultural laborers. The "Sterile" class is made up of artisans and merchants. The flow of production and/or cash between the three classes started with the Proprietary class because they own the land and they buy from both of the other classes. Quesnay visualised the steps in the process in the Tableau économique.
Marx[edit]
In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes[9] by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created.[10]
Economic reproduction involves the physical production and distribution of goods and services, the trade (the circulation via exchanges and transactions) of goods and services, and the consumption of goods and services (both productive or intermediate consumption and final consumption).
Karl Marx developed the original insights of Quesnay to model the circulation of capital, money, and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital to show how the reproduction process that must occur in any type of society can take place in capitalist society by means of the circulation of capital.[11]
Marx distinguishes between "simple reproduction" and "expanded (or enlarged) reproduction".[12] In the former case, no economic growth occurs, while in the latter case, more is produced than is needed to maintain the economy at the given level, making economic growth possible. In the capitalist mode of production, the difference is that in the former case, the new surplus value created by wage-labour is spent by the employer on consumption (or hoarded), whereas in the latter case, part of it is reinvested in production.
Further developments[edit]
The competitive price system adapted from Samuelson, 1961
An important development was John Maynard Keynes' 1933 publication of the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes' assistant Richard Stone further developed the concept for the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to the systems, which is now used internationally.
The first to visualize the modern circular flow of income model was Frank Knight in 1933 publication of The Economic Organization.[13] Knight (1933) explained:
[we may view the] economic organization as a system of prize relations. Seen in the large, free enterprise is an organization of production and distribution in which individuals or family units get their real income, their "living," by selling productive power for money to "business units" or "enterprises", and buying with the money income thus obtained the direct goods and services which they consume. This view, it will be remembered, ignores for the sake of simplicity the fact that an appreciable fraction of the productive power in use at any time is not really employed in satisfying current wants but to make provision for increased want-satisfaction in the future; it treats society as it would be, or would tend to become, with progress absent, or in a “static” state.[14]
Knight pictured a circulation of money and circulation of economic value between people (individuals, families) and business enterprises as a group,[15] explaining: "The general character of an enterprise system, reduced to its very simplest terms, can be illustrated by a diagram showing the exchange of productive power for consumption goods between individuals and business units, mediated by the circulation of money, and suggesting the familiar figure of the wheel of wealth."[16]
Types of models[edit]
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Two sector model[edit]
In the basic circular flow of income, or two sector circular flow of income model, the state of equilibrium is defined as a situation in which there is no tendency for the levels of income (Y), expenditure (E) and output (O) to change, that is:
Y = E = O
Two sector circular flow diagram
This means that the expenditure of buyers (households) becomes income for sellers (firms). The firms then spend this income on factors of production such as labour, capital and raw materials, "transferring" their income to the factor owners. The factor owners spend this income on goods which leads to a circular flow of income.
This basic circular flow of income model consists of six assumptions:
The economy consists of two sectors: households and firms.
Households spend all of their income (Y) on goods and services or consumption (C). There is no saving (S).
All output (O) produced by firms is purchased by households through their expenditure (E).
There is no financial sector.
There is no government sector.
There is no foreign sector
Three sector model[edit]
It includes household sector, producing sector and government sector. It will study a circular flow income in these sectors excluding rest of the world i.e. closed economy income. Here flows from household sector and producing sector to government sector are in the form of taxes. The income received from the government sector flows to producing and household sector in the form of payments for government purchases of goods and services as well as payment of subsidies and transfer payments. Every payment has a receipt in response of it by which aggregate expenditure of an economy becomes identical to aggregate income and makes this circular flow unending.
Four sector model[edit]
A modern monetary economy comprises a network of four sector economy these are:
Household sector
Firms or Producing sector
Government sector
Financial sector.
Each of the above sectors receives some payments from the other in lieu of goods and services which makes a regular flow of goods and physical services. Money facilitates such an exchange smoothly. A residual of each market comes in capital market as saving which inturn is invested in firms and government sector. Technically speaking, so long as lending is equal to the borrowing i.e. leakage is equal to injections, the circular flow will continue indefinitely. However, this job is done by financial institutions in the economy.
Five sector model[edit]
Five Sector Circular Flow of Income Model
In the five sector model the economy is divided into five sectors:[17]
Household sector
Firms or Producing sector
Financial sector : banks and non-bank intermediaries who engage in the borrowing (savings from households) and lending of money
Government sector : consists of the economic activities of local, state and federal governments.
Rest of the world sector: transforms the model from a closed economy to an open economy.
The five sector model of the circular flow of income is a more realistic representation of the economy. Unlike the two sector model where there are six assumptions the five sector circular flow relaxes all six assumptions. Since the first assumption is relaxed there are three more sectors introduced.
Circular flow of income topics[edit]
Leakages and injections[edit]
In the five sector model, there are leakages and injections
Leakage means withdrawal from the flow. When households and firms save part of their incomes it constitutes leakage. They may be in form of savings, tax payments, and imports. Leakages reduce the flow of income.
Injection means introduction of income into the flow. When households and firms borrow the savings, they constitute injections. Injections increase the flow of income. Injections can take the forms of investment, government spending and exports. As long as leakages are equal to injections, the circular flow of income continues indefinitely. Financial institutions or capital market play the role of intermediaries. This means that income individuals receive from businesses and the goods and services that are sold to them do not count as injections or leakages, as no new money is being introduced to the flow and no money is being taken out of the flow.
Leakages and injections can occur in the financial sector, government sector and overseas sector:
In the financial sector
In terms of the circular flow of income model, the leakage that financial institutions provide in the economy is the option for households to save their money. This is a leakage because the saved money can not be spent in the economy and thus is an idle asset that means not all output will be purchased. The injection that the financial sector provides into the economy is investment (I) into the business/firms sector. An example of a group in the finance sector includes banks such as Westpac or financial institutions such as Suncorp.
In the government sector
The leakage that the Government sector provides is through the collection of revenue through Taxes (T) that is provided by households and firms to the government. This is a leakage because it is a leakage out of the current income thus reducing the expenditure on current goods and services. The injection provided by the government sector is Government spending (G) that provides collective services and welfare payments to the community. An example of a tax collected by the government as a leakage is income tax and an injection into the economy can be when the government redistributes this income in the form of welfare payments, that is a form of government spending back into the economy.
In the overseas sector
The main leakage from this sector are imports (M), which represent spending by residents into the rest of the world. The main injection provided by this sector is the exports of goods and services which generate income for the exporters from overseas residents. An example of the use of the overseas sector is Australia exporting wool to China, China pays the exporter of the wool (the farmer) therefore more money enters the economy thus making it an injection. Another example is China processing the wool into items such as coats and Australia importing the product by paying the Chinese exporter; since the money paying for the coat leaves the economy it is a leakage.
Summary of leakages and injections
LEAKAGES INJECTIONS
Saving (S) Investment (I)
Taxes (T) Government Spending (G)
Imports (M) Exports (X)
Table 1 All leakages and injections in the five sector model
The state of equilibrium[edit]
In terms of the five sector circular flow of income model the state of equilibrium occurs when the total leakages are equal to the total injections that occur in the economy. This can be shown as:
Savings + Taxes + Imports = Investment + Government Spending + Exports
OR
S + T + M = I + G + X.
This can be further illustrated through a fictitious economy where:
S + T + M = I + G + X
$100 + $150 + $50 = $50 + $100 + $150
$300 = $300
Therefore, since the leakages are equal to the injections the economy is in a stable state of equilibrium. This state can be contrasted to the state of disequilibrium where unlike that of equilibrium the sum of total leakages does not equal the sum of total injections. By giving values to the leakages and injections the circular flow of income can be used to show the state of disequilibrium. Disequilibrium can be shown as:
S + T + M ≠ I + G + X
Therefore, it can be shown as one of the below equations where:
Total leakages > Total injections
$150 (S) + $250 (T) + $150 (M) > $75 (I) + $200 (G) + $150 (X)
Or
Total Leakages < Total injections
$50 (S) + $200 (T) + $125 (M) < $75 (I) + $200 (G) + $150 (X)
The effects of disequilibrium vary according to which of the above equations they belong to.
If S + T + M > I + G + X the levels of income, output, expenditure and employment will fall causing a recession or contraction in the overall economic activity. But if S + T + M < I + G + X the levels of income, output, expenditure and employment will rise causing a boom or expansion in economic activity.
Circular Flow of Income effects of saving
To manage this problem, if disequilibrium were to occur in the five sector circular flow of income model, changes in expenditure and output will lead to equilibrium being regained. An example of this is if:
S + T + M > I + G + X the levels of income, expenditure and output will fall causing a contraction or recession in the overall economic activity. As the income falls households will cut down on all leakages such as saving, they will also pay less in taxation and with a lower income they will spend less on imports. This will lead to a fall in the leakages until they equal the injections and a lower level of equilibrium will be the result.
The other equation of disequilibrium, if S + T + M < I + G + X in the five sector model the levels of income, expenditure and output will greatly rise causing a boom in economic activity. As the households income increases there will be a higher opportunity to save therefore saving in the financial sector will increase, taxation for the higher threshold will increase and they will be able to spend more on imports. In this case when the leakages increase the situation will be a higher level of equilibrium.
Significance of study of circular flow of income[edit]
The book A General Approach to Macroeconomic Policy [18][citation needed] identifies four possible areas of significance:
Measurement of National Income - National income is an estimation of aggregation of any of economic activity of the circular flow. It is either the income of all the factors of production or the expenditure of various sectors of economy. However, aggregate amount of each of the activity is identical to each other.
Knowledge of Interdependence - Circular flow of income signifies the interdependence of each of activity upon one another. If there is no consumption, there will be no demand and expenditure which in fact restricts the amount of production and income.
Unending Nature of Economic Activities - It signifies that production, income and expenditure are of unending nature, therefore, economic activities in an economy can never come to a halt. National income is also bound to rise in future.
Injections and Leakages
Circular flow diagram as a subsystem of the environment[edit]
The circular flow diagram is an abstraction of the economy as a whole. The diagram suggests that the economy can reproduce itself. The idea is that as households spend money of goods and services from firms, the firms have the means to purchase labor from the households, which the households to then purchase goods and services. Suggesting that this process can and will continuously go on as a perpetual motion machine. However, according to the Laws of Thermodynamics perpetual motion machines do not exist.[19] The First Laws says matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, and the Second Laws says that matter and energy move from a low entropy, useful, state towards a less useful higher entropy state.[20] Thus, no system can continue without inputs of new energy that exit as high entropy waste. Just as no animal can live on its own waste, no economy can recycle the waste it produces without the input of new energy to reproduce itself. The economy therefore cannot be the whole. It must be a subsystem of the larger ecosystem.[19]
The abstraction ignores the linear throughput of matter and energy that must power the continuous motion of money, goods and services, and factors of production. Matter and energy enter the economy in the form of low entropy natural capital, such as solar energy, oil wells, fisheries, and mines. These materials and energy are used by households and firms a like to create products and wealth. After the material are used up the energy and matter leaves the economy in the form of high entropy waste that is no longer valuable to the economy. The natural materials that power the motion of the circular flow of the economy come from the environment, and the waste must be absorbed by the larger ecosystem in which the economy exists.[21]
This is not to say that the circular flow diagram isn't useful in understanding the basics of an economy, such as leakages and injections. However, it cannot be ignored that the economy intrinsically requires natural resources and the creation of waste that must be absorbed in some manner. The economy can only continuing churning if it has matter and energy to power it and the ability to absorb the waste it creates. This matter and low entropy energy and the ability to absorb waste exists in a finite amount, and thus there is a finite amount of inputs to the flow and outputs of the flow that the environment can handle, implying there is a sustainable limit to motion, and therefore growth, of the economy.[19]
See also[edit]
History of economic thought
Barter economy
Free-market economy
Market
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Daraban, Bogdan. "Introducing the Circular Flow Diagram to Business Students." Journal of Education for Business 85.5 (2010): 274-279.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.es/books?id=8cNmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&lpg=PT74&dq=The+flows+of+money+and+goods+exchanged+in+a+closed+circuit+correspond+in+value,+but+run+in+the+opposite+direction.&source=bl&ots=LWXH-8V1Sd&sig=IxciIvty59v4M9QesFa-fRCVq4I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyno-aiqDXAhVHQBoKHS-kAYkQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=The%20flows%20of%20money%20and%20goods%20exchanged%20in%20a%20closed%20circuit%20correspond%20in%20value%2C%20but%20run%20in%20the%20opposite%20direction.&f=false. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Antoin E. Murphy. "John Law and Richard Cantillon on the circular flow of income." Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 1.1 (1993): 47-62.
^ Jump up to: a b Backhouse, Roger E., and Yann Giraud. "Circular flow diagrams." in: Famous Figures and Diagrams in Economics (2010): 221-230. Chapter 23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Measuring the Economy : A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts, by Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Cantillon 2010, p. 66
Jump up ^ Aspromourgos, Tony. "'Political economy and the social division of labour: the economics of Sir William Petty." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 33.1 (1986): 28-45.
Jump up ^ Cantillon 2010, p. 69: Abstract of chapter 12.
Jump up ^ In a recurrent process, the same event repeats itself on multiple occasions. In a cyclical process, a sequence of events repeats itself on a regular basis.
Jump up ^ Michel Aglietta, introduction to Aglietta, A theory of capitalist regulation. London: NLB, 1979.
Jump up ^ Karl Marx, Capital, Volume II. Penguin Classics, 1992.
Jump up ^ Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I. Penguin Classics, 1990, chapter 23 and Capital, Volume II. Penguin Classics, 1992, chapter 20 and 21.
Jump up ^ Patinkin, Don (December 1973). "In Search of the" Wheel of Wealth": On the Origins of Frank Knight's Circular-Flow Diagram". The American Economic Review. 63 (5): 1037–1046. JSTOR 1813935. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Frank Knight. The Economic Organization, 1933. p.59-60
Jump up ^ Knight (1933, p. 61)
Jump up ^ Knight (1933, p. 60)
Jump up ^ Jeremy Buultjens, Excel Preliminary Economics, Pascal Press, 2000. p. 10
Jump up ^ A General Approach to Macroeconomic Policy.
^ Jump up to: a b c Daly, Herman E., and Joshua C. Farley. Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Washington: Island, 2011. Print. p. 29.
Jump up ^ Drake, Gordon W.F. "Thermodynamics." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 03 Apr. 2017. Web. 04 Apr. 2017.
Jump up ^ Daly, Herman E., and Joshua C. Farley. Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. Washington: Island, 2011. Print. p. 29-34.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from Bureau of Economic Analysis. Measuring the Economy : A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts, 2014, a publication now in the public domain.
Further reading[edit]
Backhouse, Roger E., and Yann Giraud. "Circular flow diagrams." in: Famous Figures and Diagrams in Economics (2010): 221-230. Chapter 23.
Richard Cantillon, Chantal Saucier (translation) & Mark Thornton (editor) (2010) [1755]. An Essay on Economic Theory. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 0-415-07577-7.
Daraban, Bogdan. "Introducing the Circular Flow Diagram to Business Students." Journal of Education for Business 85.5 (2010): 274-279.
Mankiw, Gregory (2011). Principles of Economics, 6th edition. Thomson Europe.
Marks, Melanie, and Gemma Kotula. "Using the circular flow of income model to teach economics in the middle school classroom." The Social Studies 100.5 (2009): 233-242.
Lloyd A. Metzler. “Three Lags in the Circular Flow of Income”, in: Income, Employment and Public; essays in honor of Alvin H. Hansen, Lloyd A Metzler; New York, W.W. Norton [1948]. pp. 11–32
Antoin E. Murphy. "John Law and Richard Cantillon on the circular flow of income." Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 1.1 (1993): 47-62.
Sloman, John (1999). Economics, 3rd edition. Prentice Economics. Europe: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-273-65574-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic circular flow diagrams.
Circular Flow, The Economic Lowdown Video Series at stlouisfed.org/
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Ecuadorian general election, 2017
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Ecuadorian general election, 2017
← 2013 19 February 2017 (first round)
2 April 2017 (second round) 2021 →
Nominee
Lenín Moreno Guillermo Lasso
Party
PAIS Alliance CREO
Alliance
United Front Alliance for Change
Running mate
Jorge Glas Andrés Páez
Popular vote
5,062,018 4,833,389
Percentage
51.16% 48.84%
Map of results of the second round by provinces.
Lenín Moreno
Guillermo Lasso
President before election
Rafael Correa
PAIS Alliance
Elected President
Lenin Moreno
PAIS Alliance
General elections were held in Ecuador on 19 February 2017 alongside a referendum on tax havens.[1] Voters elected a new President and National Assembly. Incumbent President Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance was not eligible for re-election, having served two terms. In the first round of the presidential elections, PAIS Alliance candidate Lenín Moreno received 39% of the vote. Although he was more than 10% ahead of his nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities party, Moreno was just short of the 40% threshold required to avoid a run-off. As a result, a second round was held on 2 April.[2] In the second round Moreno was elected President with 51.16% of the vote.[3][4]
Contents
1 Background
2 Campaign
3 Electoral system
4 Opinion polls
4.1 Second round
4.2 First round
5 Results
5.1 President
5.2 National Assembly
6 See also
7 References
Background[edit]
Following nearly a decade of political volatility in Ecuador that was characterized by impeachments, economic crises, and public unrest,[5] Raphael Correa, the nation’s previous president, began his ascendance to power. During his 2006 campaign Correa established the PAIS Alliance, a coalition of leftist organizations that is the same party of current president Lenin Moreno. Lenin Moreno previously served as Correa’s vice president.[6][7][8]
Throughout his campaign and during his presidency Correa mobilized populist rhetoric to gain support, framing himself in opposition to the former political elite and current economic elite: Correa used the terms “neoliberal night” (“noche neoliberal”) and “partyarchy” (“partidocracia”) to refer to those groups, respectively, and characterized his own movement as a “citizen’s revolution” (La revolucion ciudadana).[9][10] Correa’s success was part of a larger wave of leftist movements in Latin American that began around the turn of century, frequently referred to as the “pink tide.” Other countries that elected left-leaning presidents in the early 2000s include Argentina (Néstor Kirchner), Venezuela (Hugo Chávez), and Brazil (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva), among others.[10][11]
One of the most significant events that took place during Correa’s time in office was the ratification of a new constitution in 2008.[5] Correa advocated for the new constitution and his supporters welcomed it, citing a focus on civil rights and social programs for the impoverished.[12][13] However, the constitution was also met with much opposition, as its detractors feared that the document would give too much economic authority to the executive and initially believed its elimination of term limits would benefit Correa himself, although a provision on the amendment assured the law would not be put into action until after his presidency had ended.[10]
Guillermo Lasso, a former banker, initially ran for president in 2013, but lost to Correa by more than 30% of the vote in the first round.[14] In both his first and second bids for president, Lasso was aligned with the Creating Opportunities Party (Creando Oportunidades), a conservative-leaning party that formed in 2012 and focused on celebrating the market, eliminating taxes, as well as advocating for an independent judiciary and free speech.[15][16]
With Correa ineligible for re-election, his supporters formed an organisation Rafael Contigo Siempre (Always with you Rafael) to campaign for a constitutional amendment to allow him to run again.[17] With signatures from 8% of the electorate required to hold a referendum (929,062), a total of 1.2 million were collected.[18] However, Correa stated that he was planning on retiring from politics and would not run again.[19] Instead, on 2 October 2016 the PAIS Alliance nominated Lenín Moreno, Correa's vice president from 2007 to 2013, as its candidate, with incumbent vice president Jorge Glas as his running mate.[20] Moreno was challenged by Guillermo Lasso, a former banker.[21]
Campaign[edit]
A central issue in the presidential election was corruption; scandals in the Petroecuador state oil company and Odebrecht cases led to demands that candidates develop substantive plans to deal with corruption. Moreno proposed an anti-corruption law, while Lasso proposed a Truth Commission, which would be created with assistance from the United Nations.[22]
The two main candidates had very different visions for the country; Moreno's policy ideas were fairly similar to Correa's, while Lasso said he wanted to attack corruption and lower taxes.[21]
Lasso said before the elections that he would not allow Julian Assange to continue living in the Ecuadorian embassy in London.[23]
Electoral system[edit]
The President was elected using a modified two-round system, with a candidate required to get over 50% of the vote, or get over 40% of the vote and be 10% ahead of their nearest rival to be elected in the first round.[24] The President is limited to two consecutive four-year terms.[25]
The 137 members of the National Assembly were elected by three methods : 15 were elected from a nationwide constituency, 116 were elected in 31 districts (21 corresponding to the 21 smallest provinces and 10 within the 3 largest provinces, range 2-6 seats per district), and six elected from three two-member constituencies representing Ecuadorians living overseas. Elections are by open list proportional representation (every voter can vote for as many candidates as there are seats to be awarded), with the 15 seats national seats allocated using the Webster method and the rest using the d'Hondt method.[26] Voting was compulsory except for voters aged 16–18 or over 65 and people classed as illiterate.[27] Members of the National Assembly are limited to two four-year terms, either consecutive or not. There are gender quotas for the party lists, meaning there is alternation between men and women. There are no quotas for minority representation.[25]
Parties have to receive at least 5% of the vote in national elections in order to maintain their legal registration.[28]
Opinion polls[edit]
Second round[edit]
show2017
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
22/03/17 Eureknow 44.3% 41.3%
22/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 48.73% 37.07%
21/03/17 Perfiles de Opinión 49.37% 36.35%
21/03/17 CEDATOS 52.4% 47.6%
21/03/17 Market 52.1% 47.9%
19/03/17 CMS 36,76% 35,86%
16/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 50.61% 36.72%
15/03/17 CEDATOS 49.2% 50.8%
14/03/17 Market 53.2% 46.8%
14/03/17 Perfiles de Opinión 51.02% 35.53%
12/03/17 Opinión Pública 46% 35%
09/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 48.36% 35.70%
06/03/17 CMS 35.17% 35.01%
01/03/17 DIAGNOSTICO 50.39% 41.20%
25/02/17 CIS 59% 41%
25/02/17 CEDATOS 47.9% 52.1%
First round[edit]
show2017
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Dalo
Bucaram
Washington
Pesántez
Iván
Espinel
Patricio
Zuquilanda
End of public opinion polling (08/02/17)
08/02/17 CMS 25.63% 15.18% 6.64% 5.52% – – – –
08/02/17 CIEES 43.3% 21.3% 12.6% 10.8% 6.6% 1.0% 3.9% 0.6%
08/02/17 Opinión Pública 34.2% 18.2% 13.7% 7.4% 3.6% 0.1% 2.5% 0.6%
08/02/17 CEDATOS 32.3% 21.5% 14% 7.7% 4.1% 0.5% 2.9% 0.6%
08/02/17 Perfiles de Opinión 35% 16% 14% 7% 4% <2% 4% <2%
08/02/17 Market 28.5% 18.3% 20.2% 11.5% 4.9% 0.9% 2.6% 1.0%
28/01/17 Informe Confidencial 26.5% 17.5% 18.5% – – – – –
27/01/17 CMS 26.42% 15.51% 7.70% 5.97% 2.94% <2% <2% <2%
23/01/17 CEDATOS 34.3% 22.9% 11.4% 8.0% 4.3% 0.5% 1.7% 0.3%
21/01/17 Market 28.17% 16.57% 17.98% 13.22% 4.78% 0.59% 1.53% 1.3%
19/01/17 Estrategia y Táctica 23.6% 15.8% 12.8% 16.9% – – – –
15/01/17 Opinión Pública 34% 18.2% 8.9% 6.0% 2.9% 0.2% 1.2% 0.1%
08/01/17 Perfiles de Opinión 35% 17% 14% 8% 4% <3% <3% <3%
show2016 – fourth quarter
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Dalo
Bucaram
Washington
Pesántez
Iván
Espinel
Patricio
Zuquilanda
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Álvaro
Noboa
29/12/16 CEDATOS 35.6% 22.3% 10.9% 6.9% 3.2% 0.3% 0.8% 0.4% – –
28/12/16 Market 28.6% 17.7% 19.3% 14.8% 4.0% 0.4% 0.9% 0.1% – –
19/12/16 CMS 24.63% 12.89% 7.27% 5.18% – – – – – –
19/12/16 Opinión Pública 35.9% 17.4% 7.5% 7.6% 1.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.8% – –
15/12/16 Perfiles de Opinión 36.86% 15.23% 12.33% 4.8% 3.23% 0.60% 1.28% 0.08% – –
15/12/16 Market 31.3% 17.1% 17.4% 13.8% 3.5% 0.5% 1.2% 1.9% – –
02/12/16 CEDATOS 36.2% 22% 9.7% 7.3% 3% 0.5% 1% – 1.7% 0%
01/12/16 Estrategia y Táctica 28.68% 18.11% 13.39% 14.03% 4% – – – – –
28/11/16 Market 28.1% 18.0% 17.6% 9.5% 1.9% 0.1% 1.5% 0.3% – –
26/11/16 CMS 22.79% 11.22% 6.73% 5.22% – – – – – –
23/11/16 Opinión Pública 40% 16.1% 7.7% 6.5% 1.5% 0.1% 0.5% – – –
19/11/16 CIEES 42% 15% 9% 9% <3% – – – <3% <3%
18/11/16 Perfiles de Opinión 43% 14% 10% 8% 2% – – – – 1%
01/11/16 CMS 26.11% 11.14% 5.23% 5.89% – – – – – –
28/10/16 CEDATOS 37% 20% 10% 7% 3% 1% – – 2% 1%
26/10/16 CIEES 44% 13% 6% 8% – – – – – –
25/10/16 Market 32.2% 14.30% 16.14% 13.70% – – – – – –
25/10/16 CMS 29.91% 11.63% 6% 7.83% – – – – – –
23/10/16 Merchandising 28% 12% 5% 6% – – – – – 13%
23/10/16 Markconsult S.A. 24% 11.5% 9.1% 2% 9.3% – – – – –
23/10/16 Market 33.1% 13.8% 17.5% 10.3% 2.0% – – – – 2.3%
16/10/16 Opinión Pública 38.1% 13.7% 6.2% 6.2% 0.8% 0.6% – – – 1.6%
13/10/16 Perfiles de Opinión 48% 12% 9% 8% 2% – – – – 3%
show2016 – third quarter
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Lenín
Moreno
Jorge
Glas
Guillermo
Lasso
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Dalo
Bucaram
Álvaro
Noboa
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Lourdes
Tibán
Lenin
Hurtado
Enrique
Ayala Mora
Washington
Pesántez
Jimmy
Jairala
Paúl
Carrasco
Jaime
Nebot
Mauricio
Rodas
30/09/16 Dialoga – 31.7% – 21.4% 11.5% 4.9% 4.5% – – – – – – – – – –
– 32.1% – 22.4% – 4.8% 4.9% – – – – – – – 7.9% – –
28/09/16 Informe Confidencial – 36% – 18.8% 15.7% 2.1% 2.1% – – – – – – – – – –
– 33.7% – 21.1% – 2.3% 2.9% – – – – – – – 9.8% – –
16/09/16 Perfiles de Opinión – 49.06% – 15.55% 10.63% 2.27% – – – 1.37% – – – – 2.25% – –
– – 30.41% 17.55% 14.77% – – – – – – – – – – – –
15/09/16 CEDATOS – 35% – 18% 8% 2% 2% 2% 2% – – – 0.2% – – – –
12/09/16 Quantum – 42% – 15% 10% 4% – – – – – – – – – – –
– – 17% 16% 10% 8% – – – – – – – – – – –
12/09/16 Monitor – 31.3% – 23.4% 13.3% 4.1% – – – – – – – – – – –
– – 26.9% 24.8% 13.3% 3.6% – – – – – – – – – – –
10/09/16 Opinion Pública – 44% – 14% 4% 1% 1% 1% – 1% 1% – – 4% – – –
30/08/16 Perfiles de Opinión – 54% – 16% 8% – – – 3% – – – – – – – –
– – 34% 19% 13% – – – 3% – – – – – – – –
23/08/16 Monitor – – 23.4% 20.5% 17.3% 4.8% – – – – – – – – – – –
– 33% – 19.5% 16.2% 4.4% – – – – – – – – – – –
25.8% – – 20.6% 17.5% 4.8% – – – – – – – – – – –
03/08/16 Informe Confidencial – 39.3% – 12.5% 7.4% – 0.9% 1.7% 1.6% – – 0.4% – – – – –
– – 27.3% 13.6% 11.8% – 1% 1.9% 2.2% – – 0.4% – – – – –
22/07/16 CEDATOS – 35% – 22% 8% – 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0.1% – – – –
28% – – 21% 8% – 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% – – – –
– – 20% 24% 10% – 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0.1% – – – –
04/07/16 Perfiles de Opinion – 43.5% – 13.2% 15.5% – 1.3% 4.2% – – – 1.2% 0.2% – – – –
– – 25.5% 16.8% 17.4% – 1.7% 4.8% – – – 2.9% 0.8% – – – –
03/07/16 CEDATOS – – 25% 31% 1% – 2% 2% – 1% 0.2% 1% 0.1% 1% – – –
28% – – 27% – – 1% – – – – – – – 0% 11% –
28% – – 28% – – 1% – 1% – – – 0% – – – 6%
07/16 Opinion Pública – 38% – 17% 5% 2% 1% – – – 1% – – 6% – – –
show2016 – second quarter
Date
Institute
Lenín
Moreno
Jorge
Glas
Guillermo
Lasso
Jaime
Nebot
Cynthia
Viteri
Paco
Moncayo
Álvaro
Noboa
Dalo
Bucaram
Washington
Pesántez
Lourdes
Tibán
29/06/16 CEDATOS 44% – 26% – 1% – – 1% 0.1% 1%
– 25% 29% – 1% – – 2% 0.3% 2%
42% – 23% 10% – – – 1% 0% 1%
01/05/16 Perfiles de Opinión 50% – 9% 15% – 2% 2% 2% 1% –
– 25% 14% 20% – 4% 3% 1% 1% –
show2016 – first quarter
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Jorge
Glas
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Jaime
Nebot
Mauricio
Rodas
Dalo
Bucaram
Ramiro
González
Cynthia
Viteri
Alberto
Dahik
Carlos
Pérez
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Álvaro
Noboa
Lenin
Hurtado
Paúl
Carrasco
21/02/16 Opinion Pública – – 34% 10% 10% – 1% 1% – – – 2% 1% 1% –
17/02/16 CEDATOS – 19% – 40% – – 4% – 4% 1% 0% – – – –
34% – – 26% 13% – 1% – – – – – – – 0%
36% – – 27% – 8% 7% – – – – 1% – – –
10/01/16 Perfiles de Opinión – 29.8% – 20.8% – 14.4% 3.3% 1.9% – – – – – – –
– 28.5% – 16.1% 23.9% – 2.8% 2.4% – – – – – – –
show2015
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Lenín
Moreno
Guillermo
Lasso
Mauricio
Rodas
Jaime
Nebot
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Alberto
Acosta
Paúl
Carrasco
Ramiro
González
Álvaro
Noboa
21/12/15 Perfiles de Opinión – 58% 9% – 16% – – – 1% –
– 60% 13% 7% – – – – 1% –
11/12/15 Opinion Pública – 35% 10% 6% 6% 1% 0.4% – 2% 0.4%
03/10/15 Opinion Pública 37% – 12% 10% 6% 2% – – 1% –
06/08/15 Opinion Pública 34% – 11% 9% 4% 2% – 1% – –
13/07/15 CEDATOS 40.4% – 24% 12.3% 8.1% – – – – –
show2014
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Guillermo
Lasso
Mauricio
Rodas
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Alberto
Acosta
Álvaro
Noboa
Norman
Wray
Nelson
Zavala
Jorge
Glas
Lenín
Moreno
Jaime
Nebot
Isabel
Noboa
Ramiro
González
Vinicio
Alvarado
19/06/14 CEDATOS 50% 16.7% 11.1% 1.2% 0.5% 1.4% 0.3% 0.3% – – – – – –
– 22.6% 15.6% 2.1% 0.7% – – – 17.6% 13.3% 6.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.3%
show2013
Date
Institute
Rafael
Correa
Guillermo
Lasso
Mauricio
Rodas
Lucio
Gutiérrez
Alberto
Acosta
Álvaro
Noboa
Norman
Wray
Nelson
Zavala
Jorge
Glas
10/12/13 CEDATOS 60% 22% 4% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0.1% –
– 31% 5% 1% 2% 1% 0.4% 0.1% 29%
13/10/13 CEDATOS 56% 24% 7% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% –
– 31% 7% 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 23%
Results[edit]
President[edit]
The first-round count was delayed for four days, far longer than usual, raising suspicions from the Lasso camp. In past years, the first-round results were known on election day. Election officials blamed the delays on "numerical inconsistencies" in some ballots. Moreno maintained a consistent lead throughout the count. However, by the fourth day of counting, it was no longer mathematically possible for him to win an outright victory—setting the stage for the runoff.[2]
A recount would have taken weeks and Lenin Moreno (usually referred to as just “Lenin”) challenged all the allegations of fraud. President Correa said that "the moral fraud committed by the right will not go unpunished." Moreno said he will represent those who voted and those who didn’t, tweeting "Long live Ecuador! Welcome fighters of peace and of life” along with a picture of him immediately after winning the election. His opponent Lasso, however, encouraged the people to peacefully protest the election results. He tweeted: "Let's act in a peaceful but firm manner, we must go to the streets and say 'don't steal my vote' because we want a change in Ecuador."[29]
The National Electoral Council announced on 13 April that it would recount all ballots contested by both parties, accounting to about 10% of the total vote.[30] Moreno also led the vote after recount of some of the votes, increasing the number of votes obtained by 1,594.[31]
Map of results of the first round by provinces.
Lenín Moreno
Guillermo Lasso
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Lenín Moreno PAIS Alliance 3,716,343 39.36 5,062,018 51.16
Guillermo Lasso Creating Opportunities 2,652,403 28.09 4,833,389 48.84
Cynthia Viteri Social Christian Party 1,540,903 16.32
Paco Moncayo National Agreement for Change (es) 634,033 6.71
Abdalá Bucaram, Jr. Fuerza Ecuador 455,187 4.82
Iván Espinel Molina Fuerza Compromiso Social 299,840 3.18
Patricio Zuquilanda Duque Patriotic Society Party 72,679 0.77
Washington Pesántez Movimiento Unión Ecuatoriana 71,107 0.75
Invalid/blank votes 1,022,812 – 740,167 –
Total 10,470,174 100 10,635,574 100
Registered voters/turnout 12,816,698 81.63 12,816,698 82.98
Source: CNE, CNE
National Assembly[edit]
The National Assembly makes up the legislative branch of Ecuadorean government. These elected officials have the power to pass laws, while judges of the national court of justice are chosen by a separate judicial council.[32]
Ecuador
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ecuador
Constitution[show]
History
Human rights
Presidency[show]
President
Lenín Moreno
Vice President
María Alejandra Vicuña
Cabinet
Legislative[show]
National Assembly
President
Elizabeth Cabezas
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
Constitutional Tribunal
Elections[show]
Political parties
Recent elections
2017 (general)
2013 (general)
2009 (general)
2007 (constituent assembly)
Recent referendums
2017 (tax haven)
2011 (popular consultation)
2008 (constitution)
2007 (constituent assembly)
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Cantons
Parishes
Foreign relations[show]
Correa's foreign policy
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
Party
Votes
%
Seats
National
Provincial
Abroad
Total
+/–
PAIS Alliance 40,091,544 39.07 7 63 4 74 –26
Creating Opportunities–SUMA 20,589,460 20.06 3 29 2 34 +22
Social Christian Party 16,319,989 15.90 3 12 0 15 +9
Fuerza Ecuador 4,870,863 4.75 1 0 0 1 New
Democratic Left 3,866,778 3.77 1 3 0 4 +4
Patriotic Society Party 3,017,722 2.94 0 2 0 2 -3
Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country 2,740,043 2.67 0 4 0 4 –1
Advance Political Party 2,208,026 2.15 0 0 0 0 –5
Strength, Social Compromise! 2,010,565 1.96 0 0 0 0 New
Popular Unity 1,638,137 1.60 0 0 0 0 New
Forward Ecuadorian, Forward Party 1,354,930 1.32 0 0 0 0 New
Democratic Centre 1,174,467 1.14 0 0 0 0 New
Agreement Movement 1,035,089 1.01 0 0 0 0 0
Socialist Party 885,658 0.86 0 0 0 0 0
Ecuadorian Union 814,253 0.79 0 0 0 0 New
Independents and Regionalists – – – 3 0 3 0
Total 102,617,524 100 15 116 6 137 0
Valid votes 8,149,486 77.79
Invalid/blank votes 2,326,745 22.21
Total 10,476,231 100
Registered voters/turnout 12,816,698 81.67
Source: CNE
See also[edit]
United Front (Ecuador) (es; zh)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Referendum on tax havens will be conducted in the elections of 2017 Ecuador Times, 22 November 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Ecuador will hold run-off poll to choose new president BBC News, 23 February 2017
Jump up ^ CNE plenary presented total results of the second round of elections CNE, 10 April 2017
Jump up ^ El Pleno del CNE proclamó a Lenín Moreno presidente electo de Ecuador El Comercio, 18 April 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitutional history of Ecuador". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Conozca la historia de Alianza PAIS, de un binomio al control del poder en Ecuador". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ lgc-TP-gp, teleSUR /. "Ecuador Sets 2017 Election Date, Marking Correa's Last Year". Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "IFES Election Guide - Elections: Ecuador President Second Round". www.electionguide.org. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Pike, John. "Rafael Correa". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What to expect from Ecuador's elections". The Economist. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC NEWS - Americas - South America's leftward sweep". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Kendall, Clare (23 September 2008). "A new law of nature". Retrieved 24 June 2017 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Siddique, Haroon; agencies (29 September 2008). "Ecuador referendum endorses new socialist constitution". Retrieved 24 June 2017 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ http://resultados2013.cne.gob.ec/Results.html?RaceID=1&UnitID=1&IsPS=0&LangID=0)
Jump up ^ "Explainer: Ecuador's 2017 Presidential Elections - AS/COA". AS/COA. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Ecuador former banker Lasso heads opinion poll for run-off presidential vote - News - DW - 26.02.2017". DW.COM. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ecuador: Court Paves Way for Referendum on Correa's Re-Election Telesur, 25 April 2016
Jump up ^ Ecuadorians Collect 1.2 Million Signatures for Correa’s Reelection Panama Post, 17 August 2016
Jump up ^ Ecuador’s Rafael Correa to Supporters: Thanks but I Won’t Run for Reelection Panama Post, 21 August 2016
Jump up ^ Dube, Ryan (3 October 2016). "Ecuador's Ruling Party Chooses Lenin Moreno as Presidential Candidate". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b Ecuador votes in crucial general elections Al Jazeera, 19 February 2017
Jump up ^ Corruption returns to the debate Ecuador Times, 21 March 2017
Jump up ^ Ecuador's Election Ends In Close Result, And Accusations Of Cheating NPR, 3 April 2017
Jump up ^ Ecuador IFES
^ Jump up to: a b Ecuador Political Database of the Americas
Jump up ^ Articles 150.2 and 164 Electoral law of Ecuador
Jump up ^ Electoral system IPU
Jump up ^ Ecuador - Political parties Nations Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ CNN, Euan McKirdy and Rafael Romo. "Ruling party candidate claims win in Ecuadorian vote, rival vows challenge". CNN. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Press, Associated (14 April 2017). "Ecuador presidential election: 10% of votes to be recounted". Retrieved 24 June 2017 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Ecuador: Government >> globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge". globaledge.msu.edu. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
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List of Xbox 360 System Link games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of Xbox 360 games that are compatible with the System Link feature, both released and unreleased, organized alphabetically by name. A system link connects two or more 360 consoles together without an internet connection. For a more visual example of this page click on the external links hyperlink at the bottom of this page: (Multiplayer features in Xbox 360 games). For original Xbox games, please see List of Xbox System Link games.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Xbox 360 System Link Compatible Games
Title
Total players
Per console
Versus mode
Co-op mode
Notes
Age of Booty (Arcade) 8 4 8 4 Bots available for empty player slots.
Air Conflicts: Secret Wars 8 1 8 0
Aliens: Colonial Marines 12 1 12 4
America's Army: True Soldiers 16 2
Armored Core 4 8 1
Armored Core For Answer 2
Baja: Edge of Control 16 1
Battle vs. Chess 2 1 2
Beijing 2008 8 4 4
Bionic Commando 8 1
BioShock 2 10 1 You need Xbox live gold account on each console to be able to use the system link or it won't work.
Blacksite: Area 51 16 1 You need Xbox live account to be able to use the system link or it won't work.
Blazing Angels: Squadrons of WWII 16 1 16 player co-op
Blazing Angels 2: Secret Missions of WWII 16 1 16 player vs., 4 player co-op
Blur 20 1 4 Bots available for empty player slots.
Borderlands 4 1
Borderlands 2 4 2 4P Coop
Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel! 4 2 4P Coop
Brütal Legend 8 1
Call of Duty 2 16 1
Call of Duty 3 24 4
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare 24 1
Call of Duty: World at War 18 1 4P Coop.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 18 1 2 2P Coop
Call of Duty: Black Ops 18 2 4P Coop.
Call of Duty: Black Ops II 18 2 4 4 4P Coop (4 on 1 console or 2x2 over system link) Bots available for empty player slots
Call of Duty: Black Ops III 12 1 [1]
NOTE: This game does NOT SUPPORT Splitscreen at all, Activision confirms this.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 18 1 2P Coop
Call of Duty: Ghosts 12 1 12 4 Xbox live no longer required for System Link due to title update, bots available for multiplayer, 4P Coop for Extinction
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare 10 1 10 4 Xbox live silver account required to accessSystem Link due to title update, bots available for multiplayer, 4P Coop for Exo Survival & Exo Zombies (if DLC has been purchased)
Call of Juarez 16 1
Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood 12 1 12 2
Chaotic Shadow Warriors 2 1
Civilization Revolution 4 1
Colin McRae: Dirt 10? 1
Colin McRae: Dirt 2 8 1
Condemned 2 8 1
Conflict: Denied Ops 16 1 2P Coop
Crackdown 2 1 2P Coop/VS; (note about DLC multiplayer races)
Crash Time 4 ? ?
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Force 4 1
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Oratorio Tangram 2 1 XBLA. Online 8 total, but 2 active players and 6 viewers.
Dark Sector 10 1 Bots available for empty player slots.
Diablo 3 4 4 Online and system link 4 total
Diablo 3: Reaper of Souls 4 4 Added by DDRAdikz - Tested
Dead Island 4 1 4P Coop
Dead Island Riptide 4 1 4P Coop
Dollar Dash (Arcade) 4 1 Arcade Game
Doom 3 BFG Edition 8 1
Dirt 3 8 1
Duke Nukem 3D (XBLA) 2-4 1? Total listed 8 elsewhere
Easy Golf 8 1 Community Game.
Enemy Territory: Quake Wars 16 1 Bots available for empty player slots.
F1 2010 10 1 Total listed 12 elsewhere
F1 2011 16 1
F1 2012 16 1
F1 2013 16 1
F1 2014 16 1
Fairytale Fights 4 Coop
Far Cry Instincts: Predator 16 1
Far Cry 2 16 1
Fatal Inertia 8 1 Bots available for empty player slots.
F.E.A.R. 16 1
F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin 16 1
Forza Motorsport 2 8 2 No link support in FM3 and FM4
Frontlines: Fuel of War 16 1
Gears of War 8 2 2 8P Deathmatch: 1-2P versus per console, up to 8 consoles; 2P Coop: 1 player per console, up to 2 consoles. Click footnote for connection help
Gears of War 2 10 2 2-5 Bots available for empty player slots. 2-player Campaign co-op, and up to 5-player co-op in Horde Mode.
Click footnote for connection help
Gears of War 3 10 2 4-5 Bots available for empty player slots. 4-player Campaign co-op, and up to 5-player co-op in Horde Mode.
Gears of War: Judgment 10 2 4-5 Bots available for empty player slots. 4-player Campaign co-op, and up to 5-player co-op in Survival Mode.
God Mode (Arcade) 4 1 4 XBLA game
Guardian Heroes (Arcade) 4 1 2
Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary 16 4 2-4 2 player co-op in campaign, 4 player co-op in firefight mode.
Anniversary Map Pack and Halo Reach cross-compatibility[2]
Halo 3 16 4 4 4 Up to 4 in co-op play
Halo 3: ODST 4 2 4 Up to 4 consoles system link in Firefight mode.
Halo 4 16 4 4
Halo Reach 16 4 16 4 Up to 4 consoles system link in fire fight mode.
Halo Wars 6 1 6 2 2 consoles in Co-Op campaign and up to 6 consoles in versus play.
Harm's Way (Arcade) 8 4 Bots available for empty player slots.
Heroes Over Europe 16 1 16 Up to 16 players versus, 1 per system. True system link, no Xbox live account or connection required.
Homefront 16 1
Hour of Victory 12
James Bond: Quantum of Solace 12 1
Jimmie Johnson's Anything with an Engine 8 4 Bots available for empty player slots.
Kane & Lynch: Dead Men 8 1 Minimum of 4 players.
Kane & Lynch 2: Dog Days 8 1 Only 1 per console in a system link game. Minimum of 4 players, Multiplayer Games Only, no co-op Story
Left 4 Dead 8 2 8 4 8 players in versus mode with 2 per console, 4 players in any other mode with 2 per console.
Left 4 Dead 2 8 2 8 4 8 players can play in versus mode with only 2 per console, so 2 per console x 4 consoles= 8 in versus, in Co-op 2 per console x 2 consoles= 4 players in co-op
Legendary 8 1
Lord of the Rings: War in the North 3 2 0 3
Lost Planet: Extreme Condition 16 1 "Colonies Edition" only.
Lost Planet 2 16 1 16 4
Lumines Live (Arcade) 2 1
Mad Riers (Arcade) 12 1
Marathon Durandal (Arcade) 8 1 8
Midnight Club Los Angeles 16 1
Monster Madness: Battle for Suburbia 16 1
MotoGP '06 16 1 4
MX vs. ATV Reflex 12 1
N+ (Arcade) 2 1
Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising 4 1 4 4 player co-op available for full campaign & Fire Team Engagements. 1 player per console.
Operation Flashpoint: Red River 4 1 0 4 4 player co-op available for full campaign & Fire Team Engagements. 1 player per console.
Otomedius G 3 1
Perfect Dark Zero 32 4 4
Portal 2 2 1
Prey 8
Project Gotham Racing 3 8 1
Project Gotham Racing 4 8 2
Quake Arena Arcade 16 1 16 Bots available for Multiplayer
Quake 4 8 1
Quake II 16 4
Race Driver: GRID 12 1 No player limit setting. (Sometimes can't see any session)
Raven Squad: Operation Hidden Dagger 2 1 Complete campaign playable in co-op.
Red Dead Redemption 8 1 Need updates on each games to play.
Red Faction: Guerilla 16 1
Resident Evil 5 4 1 2
Resident Evil 6 4 1 2
Sacred 2: Fallen Angel 4 2 Offline: 1-2, Co-Op 1-2; Online: 2-4, Co-Op 1-4. To play via LAN, both players must be signed into Xbox live with Gold accounts.
Saints Row 12 1
Saints Row 2 12 1 2
Saints Row: The Third 2 1 2 Needs an Online Pass to activate system link
Saints Row IV 2 1 2 Needs an Online Pass to activate system link
Section 8 (video game) 16 1 You can host your own server through Xbox live (32P) (Xserver).
Section 8: Prejudice 16 1 XBLA. Bots available for empty player slots.
Shadowrun 16 1 Bots available for empty player slots.
Soltrio Solitaire 2 1 Xbox Live Arcade game.
Spec Ops: The Line 8 1 8 2
Stormrise 8 1
Stuntman: Ignition 8 2
Tenchu Z 4 1
The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena ? 1 0 No coop. No split screen. Just VS. 1P per console.
The Club 8 1
The Darkness 8 1
The Orange Box[3] 16 1 Team Fortress 2 only.
The Outfit 8 2 8 2
Timeshift 16 1
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 16 1 2 Limited to first person mode when more than one player is using a console.
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2 16 1 Limited to first person mode when more than one player is using a console.
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier 16 1 2 4 2P local coop. 4P system link. 4 players can play splitscreen on two consoles for guerilla mode only. Local co-op play is limited to the Guerilla mode
Tom Clancy's HAWX 8 1
Tom Clancy's HAWX 2 8 1
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 16 1
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2 16 1 16 2 4 player coop for Terrorist Hunt mode. (2P Coop Campaign splitscreen or System Link) C
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction 2 1
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent 6 1
Undertow (Arcade) 16 2 16 2
Unreal Tournament 3 16 2 Bots available for empty player slots.
World Series of Poker 2008: Battle for the Bracelets 21 1 21
Viva Piñata: Trouble in Paradise 4 1
XCOM: Enemy Unknown 2 1
XCOM: Enemy Within 2 1
See also[edit]
List of Xbox System Link games
List of Xbox 360 games
List of Xbox games
Lists of video games
List of cooperative games for the Xbox 360
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://support.activision.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/Details-for-the-PlayStation-3-and-Xbox-360-Versions-of-Call-of-Duty-Black-Ops-III
Jump up ^ The retail version of Halo: CE Anniversary contains a download-code for an Anniversary map-pack redeemable through xbox live. The Anniversary map-pack contains seven maps chosen from Halo CE and Halo 2, and one Halo CE themed firefight map. (Owners of Halo Reach that wish to play with owners of Halo: CE Anniversary must purchase the Anniversary map-pack through xbox live. Halo: CE Anniversary and Halo Reach are not otherwise compatible).
Jump up ^ Official Xbox Orange Box Listing Archived 2010-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
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