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Cytokinesis
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Cilliate undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible.
Animal cell telophase and cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis. During cytokinesis the spindle apparatus partitions and transports duplicated chromatids into the cytoplasm of the separating daughter cells. It thereby ensures that chromosome number and complement are maintained from one generation to the next and that, except in special cases, the daughter cells will be functional copies of the parent cell. After the completion of the telophase and cytokinesis, each daughter cell enters the interphase of the cell cycle.
Particular functions demand various deviations from the process of symmetrical cytokinesis; for example in oogenesis in animals the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles. This leaves very little for the resulting polar bodies, which in most species die without function, though they do take on various special functions in other species.[1] Another form of mitosis occurs in tissues such as liver and skeletal muscle; it omits cytokinesis, thereby yielding multinucleate cells.
Plant cytokinesis differs from animal cytokinesis, partly because of the rigidity of plant cell walls. Instead of plant cells forming a cleavage furrow such as develops between animal daughter cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms in the cytoplasm and grows into a new, doubled cell wall between plant daughter cells.It divide the cell into two daughter cell.
Cytokinesis largely resembles the prokaryotic process of binary fission, but because of differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and functions, the mechanisms differ. For instance a bacterial cell has only a single chromosome in the form of a closed loop, in contrast to the linear, usually multiple, chromosomes of eukaryotes; accordingly bacteria construct no mitotic spindle in cell division. Also, duplication of prokaryotic DNA takes place during the actual separation of chromosomes; in mitosis duplication takes place during the interphase before mitosis begins, though the daughter chromatids do not separate completely before the anaphase.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and pronunciation
2 Animal cell
2.1 Anaphase spindle reorganization
2.2 Division plane specification
2.3 Actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction
2.4 Abscission
2.5 Timing cytokinesis
3 Plant cell
4 Forces
4.1 Animal cells
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Etymology and pronunciation[edit]
The word cytokinesis (/ˌsaɪtoʊkaɪˈniːsɪs, -tə-, -kə-/[2][3]) uses combining forms of cyto- + kine- + -sis, New Latin from Classical Latin and Ancient Greek, reflecting "cell" and kinesis ("motion, movement").
Originally origin of this term is from Greek κύτος - kytos = a holow, Latin derivative cyto = cellular + κίνησις – kínesis = movement.
Animal cell[edit]
Animal cell cytokinesis begins shortly after the onset of sister chromatid separation in the anaphase of mitosis. The process can be divided to the following distinct steps: anaphase spindle reorganization, division plane specification, actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction, and abscission.[4] Faithful partitioning of the genome to emerging daughter cells is ensured through the tight temporal coordination of the above individual events by molecular signaling pathways.
Anaphase spindle reorganization[edit]
Animal cell cytokinesis starts with the stabilization of microtubules and reorganization of the mitotic spindle to form the central spindle. The central spindle (or spindle midzone) forms when non-kinetochore microtubule fibres are bundled between the spindle poles. A number of different species including H. sapiens, D. melanogaster and C. elegans require the central spindle in order to efficiently undergo cytokinesis, although the specific phenotype described when it is absent varies from one species to the next (for example, certain Drosophila cell types are incapable of forming a cleavage furrow without the central spindle, whereas in both C. elegans embryos and human tissue culture cells a cleavage furrow is observed to form and ingress, but then regress before cytokinesis is complete). The process of mitotic spindle reorganization and central spindle formation is caused by the decline of CDK1 activity during anaphase.[5] The decline of CDK1 activity at the metaphase-anaphase transition leads to dephosphorylating of inhibitory sites on multiple central spindle components. First of all, the removal of a CDK1 phosphorylation from a subunit of the CPC (the chromosomal passenger complex) allows its translocalization to the central spindle from the centromeres, where it is located during metaphase. Besides being a structural component of the central spindle itself, CPC also plays a role in the phosphoregulation of other central spindle components, including PRC1 (microtubule bundling protein required for cytokinesis 1) and MKLP1 (a kinesin motor protein). Originally inhibited by CDK1-mediated phosphorylation, PRC1 is now able to form a homodimer that selectively binds to the interface between antiparallel microtubules, facilitating spatial organization of the microtubules of the central spindle. MKLP1, together with the Rho-family GTPase activating protein CYK-4 (also termed MgcRacGAP), forms the centralspindlin complex. Centralspindlin binds to the central spindle as higher-order clusters. The centralspindlin cluster formation is promoted by phosphorylation of MLKP1 by Aurora B, a component of CPC. In short, the self-assembly of central spindle is initiated through the phosphoregulation of multiple central spindle components by the decline of CDK1 activity, either directly or indirectly, at the metaphase–anaphase transition. The central spindle may have multiple functions in cytokinesis including the control of cleavage furrow positioning, the delivery of membrane vesicles to the cleavage furrow, and the formation of the midbody structure that is required for the final steps of division.[6]
Division plane specification[edit]
The second step of animal cell cytokinesis involves division plane specification and cytokinetic furrow formation. Precise positioning of the division plane between the two masses of segregated chromosomes is essential to prevent chromosome loss. Meanwhile, the mechanism by which the spindle determines the division plane in animal cells is perhaps the most enduring mystery in cytokinesis and a matter of intense debate. There exist three hypotheses of furrow induction.[7] The first is the astral stimulation hypothesis, which postulates that astral microtubules from the spindle poles carry a furrow-inducing signal to the cell cortex, where signals from two poles are somehow focused into a ring at the spindle. A second possibility, called the central spindle hypothesis, is that the cleavage furrow is induced by a positive stimulus that originates in the central spindle equator. The central spindle may contribute to the specification of the division plane by promoting concentration and activation of the small GTPase RhoA at the equatorial cortex. A third hypothesis is the astral relaxation hypothesis. It proposes that postulates that active actin–myosin bundles are distributed throughout the cell cortex, and inhibition of their contraction near the spindle poles results in a gradient of contractile activity that is highest at the midpoint between poles. In other words, astral microtubules generate a negative signal that increases cortical relaxation close to the poles. Genetic and laser-micromanipulation studies in C. elegans embryos haven shown that the spindle sends two redundant signals to the cell cortex, one originating from the central spindle, and a second signal deriving from the spindle aster, suggesting the involvement of multiple mechanisms combined in the positioning of the cleavage furrow. The predominance of one particular signal varies between cell types and organisms. And the multitude and partial redundancy of signals may be required to make the system robust and to increase spatial precision.[8]
Actin-myosin ring assembly and contraction[edit]
At the cytokinesis furrow, it is the actin-myosin contractile ring that drives the cleavage process, during which cell membrane and wall grow inward, which eventually pinches the mother cell in two. The key components of this ring are the filamentous protein actin and the motor protein myosin II. The contractile ring assembles equatorially (in the middle of the cell) at the cell cortex (adjacent to the cell membrane). Rho protein family (RhoA protein in mammalian cells) is a key regulator of contractile ring formation and contraction in animal cells.[9] The RhoA pathway promotes assembly of the actin-myosin ring by two main effectors. First, RhoA stimulates nucleation of unbranched actin filaments by activation of Diaphanous-related formins. This local generation of new actin filaments is important for the contractile ring formation.[10] This actin filament formation process also requires a protein called profilin, which binds to actin monomers and helps load them onto the filament end. Second, RhoA promotes myosin II activation by the kinase ROCK, which activates myosin II directly by phosphorylation of the myosin light chain and also inhibits myosin phosphatase by phosphorylation of the phosphatase-targeting subunit MYPT. Besides actin and myosin II, the contractile ring contains the scaffolding protein anillin. Anillin binds to actin, myosin, RhoA and CYK-4, and thereby links the equatorial cortex with the signals from the central spindle. It also contributes to the linkage of the actin-myosin ring to the plasma membrane. Another protein, septin, has also been speculated to serve as a structural scaffold on which the cytokinesis apparatus is organized. Following its assembly, contraction of the actin-myosin ring leads to ingression of the attached plasma membrane, which partitions the cytoplasm into two domains of emerging sister cells. The force for the contractile processes is generated by movements along actin by the motor protein myosin II. Myosin II uses the free energy released when ATP is hydrolysed to move along these actin filaments, constricting the cell membrane to form a cleavage furrow. Continued hydrolysis causes this cleavage furrow to ingress (move inwards), a striking process that is clearly visible through a light microscope.
Abscission[edit]
The cytokinetic furrow ingresses until a so-called midbody structure (composed of electron-dense, proteinaceous material) is formed, where the actin-myosin ring has reached a diameter of about 1–2 μm. Most animal cell types remain connected by an intercellular bridge for up to several hours until they are split by an actin-independent process termed abscission, the last step of cytokinesis.[11] The process of abscission physically cleaves the aforementioned midbody into two. Abscission proceeds by removal of cytoskeletal structures from the intercellular bridge, constriction of the cell cortex, and plasma membrane fission. The intercellular bridge is filled with dense bundles of antiparallel microtubules that derive from the central spindle. These microtubules overlap at the midbody, which is generally thought as a targeting platform for the abscission machinery. Microtubule severing protein spastin is largely responsible for the disassembly of microtubule bundles inside the intercellular bridge. Complete cortical constriction also requires removal of the underlying cytoskeletal structures. Actin filament disassembly during late cytokinesis depends on the PKCε–14-3-3 complex, which inactivates RhoA after furrow ingression. Actin disassembly is further controlled by the GTPase Rab35 and its effector, the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL. Understanding the mechanism by which the plasma membrane ultimately splits requires further investigation.
Timing cytokinesis[edit]
Cytokinesis must be temporally controlled to ensure that it occurs only after sister chromatids separate during the anaphase portion of normal proliferative cell divisions. To achieve this, many components of the cytokinesis machinery are highly regulated to ensure that they are able to perform a particular function at only a particular stage of the cell cycle.[12][13] Cytokinesis happens only after APC binds with CDC20. This allows for the separation of chromosomes and myosin to work simultaneously.
After cytokinesis, non-kinetochore microtubules reorganize and disappear into a new cytoskeleton as the cell cycle returns to interphase (see also cell cycle).
Plant cell[edit]
Due to the presence of a cell wall, cytokinesis in plant cells is significantly different from that in animal cells, Rather than forming a contractile ring, plant cells construct a cell plate in the middle of the cell. The stages of cell plate formation include (1) creation of the phragmoplast, an array of microtubules that guides and supports the formation of the cell plate; (2) trafficking of vesicles to the division plane and their fusion to generate a tubular-vesicular network; (3) continued fusion of membrane tubules and their transformation into membrane sheets upon the deposition of callose, followed by deposition of cellulose and other cell wall components; (4) recycling of excess membrane and other material from the cell plate; and (5) fusion with the parental cell wall [14][15]
The phragmoplast is assembled from the remnants of the mitotic spindle, and serves as a track for the trafficking of vesicles to the phragmoplast midzone. These vesicles contain lipids, proteins and carbohydrates needed for the formation of a new cell boundary. Electron tomographic studies have identified the Golgi apparatus as the source of these vesicles,[16][17] but other studies have suggested that they contain endocytosed material as well.[18][19]
These tubules then widen and fuse laterally with each other, eventually forming a planar, fenestrated sheet [8]. As the cell plate matures, large amounts of membrane material are removed via clathrin-mediated endocytosis [7] Eventually, the edges of the cell plate fuse with the parental plasma membrane, often in an asymmetrical fashion,[20] thus completing cytokinesis. The remaining fenestrae contain strands of endoplasmic reticulum passing through them, and are thought to be the precursors of plasmodesmata [8].
The construction of the new cell wall begins within the lumen of the narrow tubules of the young cell plate. The order in which different cell wall components are deposited has been determined largely by immuno-electron microscopy. The first components to arrive are pectins, hemicelluloses, and arabinogalactan proteins carried by the secretory vesicles that fuse to form the cell plate.[21] The next component to be added is callose, which is polymerized directly at the cell plate by callose synthases. As the cell plate continues to mature and fuses with the parental plasma membrane, the callose is slowly replaced with cellulose, the primary component of a mature cell wall [6]. The middle lamella (a glue-like layer containing pectin) develops from the cell plate, serving to bind the cell walls of adjoining cells together.[22][23]
Forces[edit]
Animal cells[edit]
Cytokinetic furrow ingression is powered by Type II Myosin ATPase. Since Myosins are recruited to the medial region, the contractile forces acting on the cortex resemble a 'purse string' constriction pulling inwards. This leads to the inward constriction. The plasma membrane by virtue of its close association with the cortex via crosslinker proteins [24]
See also[edit]
Diploid
Klerokinesis
Cell plate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schmerler Samuel, Wessel Gary (January 2011). "Polar Bodies - more a lack of understanding than a lack of respect". Mol Reprod Dev. 78 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1002/mrd.21266.
Jump up ^ "cytokinesis". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "cytokinesis". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Morgan, David (2007). The Cell Cycle. New Science Press. pp. 157–173.
Jump up ^ Fededa, Juan Pablo; Gerlich, Daniel W. (May 2012). "Molecular control of animal cell cytokinesis". Nature Cell Biology. 14: 440–447. doi:10.1038/ncb2482. PMID 22552143.
Jump up ^ Mishima J.; et al. (2004). ": "Cell cycle regulation of central spindle correctly". Nature. 430: 908–913. doi:10.1038/nature02767.
Jump up ^ Petronczki; et al. (2007). "Polo-like kinase 1 triggers the initiation of cytokinesis in human cells by promoting recruitment of the RhoGEF Ect2 to the central spindle". Developmental Cell. 12: 713–725. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.03.013.
Jump up ^ Otegui M., Staehelin L.A. (2000). "Cytokinesis in flowering plants: more than one way to divide a cell". Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3: 493–502. doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00119-9. PMID 11074381.
Jump up ^ Samuels A.L.; Giddings T.H.Jr.; Staehelin L.A. (1995). "Cytokinesis in tobacco BY-2 and root tip cells: a new model of cell plate formation in higher plants". J. Cell Biol. 130: 1345–1357. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.6.1345.
Jump up ^ Otegui M.S.; Mastronarde D.N.; Kang B.H.; Bednarek S.Y.; Staehelin L.A. (2001). "Three-dimensional analysis of syncytial-type cell plates during endosperm cellularization visualized by high resolution electron tomography". Plant Cell. 13: 2033–2051. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.9.2033.
Jump up ^ Segui-Simarro, J.M., Austin, J.R.,2nd, White, E.A., and Staehelin, L.A. "Electron tomographic analysis of somatic cell plate formation in meristematic cells of Arabidopsis preserved by high-pressure freezing." Plant Cell 2004; 16, 836-856
Jump up ^ Baluška F.; Liners F.; Hlavačka A.; Schlicht M.; Van Cutsem P.; McCurdy D.W.; Menzel D. (2005). "Cell wall pectins and xyloglucans are internalized into dividing root cells and accumulate within cell plates during cytokinesis". Protoplasma. 225: 141–55. doi:10.1007/s00709-005-0095-5.
Jump up ^ Dhonukshe P.; Baluška F.; Schlicht M.; Hlavacka A.; Šamaj J.; Friml J., Jr (2006). "Endocytosis of cell surface material mediates cell plate formation during plant cytokinesis". Dev. Cell. 10: 137–50. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.11.015.
Jump up ^ Cutler S.R., Ehrhardt D.W. (2002). "Polarized cytokinesis in vacuolate cells of Arabidopsis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99: 2812–2817. doi:10.1073/pnas.052712299.
Jump up ^ Staehelin, L.A., and Moore, I. "The Plant Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Functional Organization and Trafficking Mechanisms." Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 261-288 (1995)
Jump up ^ Charles E. Allen (July 1901). "On the Origin and Nature of the Middle Lamella". Botanical Gazette. 32 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1086/328131. JSTOR 2464904.
Jump up ^ Eichorn, Susan, et al. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development, 3rd Edition. 2006. ISBN 978-0-471-73843-5
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002)."Cross-linking Proteins with Distinct Properties Organize Different Assemblies of Actin Filaments". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1
Further reading[edit]
The Molecular Requirements for Cytokinesis by M. Glotzer (2005), Science 307, 1735
"Animal Cytokinesis: from parts list to mechanism" by Eggert, U.S., Mitchison, T.J., Field, C.M. (2006), Annual Review of Cell Biology 75, 543-66
Campbell Biology (2010), 580-582
More description and nice images of cell division in plants, with a focus on fluorescence microscopy
Nanninga N (June 2001). "Cytokinesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Common Principles and Different Solutions". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65: 319–33. doi:10.1128/MMBR.65.2.319-333.2001. PMC 99029  . PMID 11381104.
[hide]
v
t
e
Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
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Cytokinesis
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Vedalam
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Vedalam
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S. Aishwarya
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Story by
Siva
Aadhi Narayana
Starring
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Ashwin
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[1]
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₹ 61crore[3]
Box office
est. ₹125.7 crore[4]
Vedalam (English: Phantom) is a 2015 Indian Tamil action-masala film written and directed by Siva, and produced by Aishwarya. Ajith Kumar and Shruti Haasan play the lead roles, with Lakshmi Menon, Ashwin Kakumanu, and Kabir Duhan Singh among others, appearing in supporting roles. Anirudh Ravichander composed the film's music and background score, while Vetri and Ruben were the film's cinematographer and editor respectively. The film began production in April 2015 and was released on 10 November 2015, coinciding with Diwali. The film was later dubbed in Hindi under the same name by Goldmines Telefilms in 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Marketing
6 Release
6.1 Critical reception
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Ganesh (Ajith Kumar) and his sister Thamizh (Lakshmi Menon) come to settle down in Kolkata where she has enrolled for a course to hone her artistic skills. Ganesh is an extremely peace loving soft-hearted person who makes even rowdies like Kolkata Kaali (Rajendran) like him in one instant. Kolkata is also the operating base of a high-profile international criminal syndicate run by three brothers Rahul (Rahul Dev), Abhinay (Kabir Duhan Singh) and Aniket (Aniket Chauhan). Ganesh advised by his new house owner (Mayilswamy) starts working under Laxmidas (Soori) who owns a Taxi company.
Cops in Kolkata ask Taxi and Auto drivers for help in nabbing criminal members of Rahul's gang and prepare a suspect list. Ganesh identifies one of the suspects and informs the police about the where abouts of the criminals which leads to a large haul of illegal weapons, drugs, money and also to the arrest of many of the lower level gang members belonging to Rahul. Frustrated, Aniket finds Ganesh and brings him to his Yacht to be killed, but is instead killed by Ganesh who becomes extremely violent during the altercation. Simultaneously Ganesh gets acquainted with Swetha (Shruti Hassan) and Swetha's brother Arjun (Ashwin) gets acquainted with Thamizh in two separate incidents and they are attracted to each other and Arjun gets his parents to meet and officially ask for Thamizh's hand in marriage.
Abhinay who gets to know about Aniket's death comes to Kolkata and tries to find the murderer using a highly sophisticated technical team who track the GPS of the mobile which were in the area. As the final trace emerges it is revealed that Ganesh has infiltrated the building where Abhinay had set up camp. Ganesh after a violent fight with the mercenaries and Abhinay, kills everyone in the building and receives Rahul's call and informs him about the deaths of Abhinay & Aniket, while all this has been witnessed by Swetha. Swetha rushes to stop the engagement of his brother, but is stopped by Ganesh, who reveals his history of being Vedalam, a notorious goon in Chennai, who was shown affection by Thamizh and her parents even though he vacated them out of their own house for money. Thamizh gets entangled in a flesh trade kidnapping scandal under Abhinay and is rescued by Ganesh, but also incurs injury impacting her memory. Her parents are also murdered during this incident. Ganesh brings her to Kolkata to take revenge and also to enroll her into the best arts college in the country which is present there.
Rahul who coincidentally gets help from Thamizh to sketch out the suspect kidnaps her and thus ensues a final take down fight with Ganesh. Ganesh is able to hide his true violent self from Thamizh and also kill Rahul thus exacting his revenge and keeping his sister safe.
Cast[edit]
Ajith as Ganesh
Shruti Haasan as Swetha
Lakshmi Menon as Thamizh
Soori as Laxmidas
Thambi Ramaiah as Thamizh's father,
Ashwin as Arjun, Swetha's brother
Rahul Dev as Rahul
Kabir Duhan Singh as Abhinay, Rahul's first younger brother
Mayilswamy as the house owner
Appukutty as Kuzhandai, Vedalam's assistant
Avinash as Rahul's assistant
Aniket Chouhan as Aniket, Rahul's second younger brother
Mansoor Ali Khan as Inspector Manimaran
Nagineedu as the Doctor
Rajendran as "Kolkata" Kaali
Swaminathan as Swamy, Swetha's junior
Bala Saravanan as Swetha's Junior
Raviraj as Swetha and Arjun's father
Jasper as Manimaran's brother
Ramesh Thilak as the phony witness
Yogi Babu as Chatterjee, "Kolkata" Kaali's assistant
Kovai Sarala as Laxmidas's mother-in-law
Sudha as Gomathi, Thamizh's mother
Sriranjini as Swetha and Arjun's mother
Meera Krishnan as the house owner's wife
Vidyullekha Raman as Esther, Thamizh's friend
Sharmila Thappa as Laxmidas's wife
Aryan Ashik as Doctor
Kalairani as a victim's mother
Sreeja Ravi as a nurse
R. N. R. Manohar as a corrupt police officer
Sukran as a sub inspector
Rajkumar as Arjun's friend
D. R. K. Kiran as a gangster
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
After the success of their previous collaboration Veeram (2014), Siva announced that he would direct Ajith Kumar again in May 2014, with the planned venture announced to begin after the completion of Ajith Kumar's prior commitments with his ongoing film, Yennai Arindhaal (2015).[5][6] Siva worked on the script in Bangalore and approached corporate companies, including PVP Cinemas, to produce the film, though eventually A. M. Rathnam announced that he would finance the production.[7] The production of the film was briefly delayed because Ajith Kumar wanted to spend time with his pregnant wife following the completion of his other film.[8] Anirudh Ravichander was signed to compose the film's music and background score, while Vetri and Ruben were announced as the film's cinematographer and editor respectively. The film developed without a title, before it was confirmed that it would be titled as Vedalam in September 2015.[9]
In late 2014, Hansika Motwani denied reports which had suggested she had also signed on to appear in the film.[10] The producers entered discussions to finalise the cast and crew of the film during early 2015, with Shruti Haasan and Kabir Duhan Singh signed on in March to portray the leading actress and antagonist, respectively.[11] The role of Ajith's sister in the film took considerably longer to finalise, with several actresses approached to portray the character. Actresses Sri Divya, Nithya Menen and Bindu Madhavi all turned down the opportunity, with the latter citing she was only interested in playing the lead actress opposite Ajith.[12][13] After further unsuccessful negotiations with Parvathy Nair, actress Lakshmi Menon was signed on to play the role of Ajith's sister in the film in April 2015.[14] Soori joined the film's cast soon after production began, after replacing Santhanam in the film who became busy with his own productions. Ashwin was also added to the cast to portray a supporting role in late May 2015.[15]
Filming[edit]
An official launch was held on 9 April 2015, with scenes intermittently shot for the rest of the month.[16] The first official schedule began shoot in Navalur, Chennai with scenes featuring Ajith and Lakshmi Menon entering a college being canned.[17] Subsequent scenes were shot around sets in Chennai throughout June 2015, with Kabir Duhan Singh joining the shoot, while a song resembling a 'pooja bhajan' was shot featuring Ajith, Lakshmi and actor Mayilswamy.[18] The team then moved to Kolkata and scenes were canned featuring Shruti Haasan as a lawyer and Ajith as a taxi driver, with images from the shoot being leaked on social networking sites.[19] The unit then moved to shoot a song sequence in Milan, Italy featuring Ajith and Shruti Haasan.[20]
The team returned to Chennai in August 2015 to film night scenes and action sequences, with actor Rahul Dev joining the team for the shoot, while scenes were also shot at Ramee Mall.[21][22] A final schedule was held at Mohan Studios in Chennai, with Ajith Kumar portraying cropped hair, resembling his look from his earlier film, Red (2002).[23] The team finished production in mid-October 2015 after completing patch-up work on a song. Ajith was injured during the final day of shoot, prompting a minor delay in the shoot.[24] Despite his injury, Ajith began dubbing for the film immediately, in order to ensure that the film would release to coincide with the festival of Diwali in November 2015.[25]
Soundtrack[edit]
Music is composed by Anirudh Ravichander collaborating for first time with Ajith Kumar and Siva.
Vedalam
Soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander
Released
16 October 2015 (2015-10-16)
Recorded
2015
Genre
Feature film soundtrack
Label
Sony Music India
Producer
Shri Sai Raam Creations
Anirudh Ravichander chronology
Naanum Rowdy Dhaan
(2015)Naanum Rowdy Dhaan2015 Vedalam
(2015) Thanga Magan
(2015)Thanga Magan2015
Track listing
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Veera Vinayaka" Viveka Anirudh Ravichander, Vishal Dadlani 4:23
2. "Don't You Mess With Me" Madhan Karky Shruti Haasan, Shakthisree Gopalan 4:58
3. "Uyir Nadhi Kalangudhey" Viveka Ravi Shankar 3:05
4. "The Theri Theme" Siva Anirudh Ravichander 1:52
5. "Aaluma Doluma" Rokesh Anirudh Ravichander, Badshah 4:20
Marketing[edit]
The film's title and first look poster were reported to be revealed in September 2015, on Ganesh Chaturthi which didn't happen. On 23 September, Ajith's manager Suresh Chandraa officially confirmed via Twitter that the title and the first look will release on that night. At 12:00 am, the film's first look and title was released which confirmed the title 'Vedalam'.[citation needed] Behindwoods commented on the film's first look, "Ajith wears a super cool red kurta with short trimmed hair, a trim stubble, to go with a metal bracelet in one of the hands and a big stud in his left ear. A look that takes us back to his 'Red' days".[26]
The film's teaser was released on 8 October 2015. By amassing 50,000 likes in one hour from the time it was made public, it created a new record in the history of YouTube set previously by Taylor Swift's Bad Blood.[27]
Release[edit]
Vedalam acquired a "U" certificate without any cuts from the Censor Board officials.[28] The satellite rights of the film were sold to Jaya TV.[29] Vedalam's Tamil Nadu rights were sold to Jazz Cinemas for 33 crores.[30]
Critical reception[edit]
Sify gave the film an "Blockbuster" verdict and stated that "Vedhalam is Ajith's one man show and it might enthrall his ardent fans for others, it's a formulaic film with lot of enjoyable moments."[31] Indiaglitz rated 3 out of 5, stating that "Vedalam is an enjoyable mass entertainer."[32] Avinash Gopinath of Filmibeat gave the film 3.5/5 stars and concluded, "Though this movie suffers from logical loopholes and melodramatic sequences, it gets saved by Ajith and director Siva's propaganda that puts human values before money, which makes Vedalam watchable."[33] Behindwoods rated the film 2.5 out of 5, stating, "Vedalam – Sparks do fly but not frequently enough."[34] M. Suganth of The Times of India rated the film 3/5 and called it "a packaged mass entertainer for Ajith fans and family audiences".[35]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Vedalam' (Vedhalam) opening day box office collection: Ajith's film beats 'Dheena' on first day". 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "VEDALAM (12A) (!)". British Board of Film Classification. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vedalam (Vedhalam) box office collection: Ajith's film heavily affected by Chennai flood". International Business Times. 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Vedalam' total box office collection: Ajith-starrer grosses Rs 125.7 crore in lifetime". International Business Times, India Edition. 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot news on Ajith — Siruthai Siva's next". behindwoods.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Janani Karthik (14 July 2014). "Siruthai Siva to direct Ajith’s next". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Director Siva confirms Ajith project". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith's 'Thala 56' Update: GV Prakash Bags Siruthai Siva's Movie". International Business Times, India Edition. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith’s new film titled ‘Vedalam’". The Hindu. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "I am not doing Ajith-Siva film:Hansika". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shruti Haasan in Ajith’s next movie". The Hindu. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reason why Bindhu Madhavi Rejected 'Thala 56' offer". indiaglitz.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith Okays 'Yennai Arindhaal' Girl for 'Thala 56'?". indiaglitz.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Meet Ajith’s reel sister". The Hindu. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kaushik L M. "Ashwin Kakumanu to share the screen space with Thala Ajith in director Siva's Thala 56". Behindwoods. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith's upcoming 'Thala 56' with director Siva begins with a formal pooja on April 9th, 2015". behindwoods.com. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "`Thala` Ajith spotted in Navalur". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Kaushik L M. "Thala 56 intro song with Ajith's stunning dance moves shot recently". Behindwoods. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shruti dons a lawyer role in Thala 56?". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shruti is Ajith’s ‘photo subject’". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Thala 56 shoot at a popular mall in Chennai!". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "One more villain in `Thala 56`!". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "`Thala` Ajith goes back to `Red` days?". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith injured in `Vedhalam` last day shoot!". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith starts dubbing for 'Vedhalam'". Sify. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Avinash Pandian. "Ajith Kumar’s Thala 56 has been titled as Vedhalam.". Behindwoods. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ajith's Vedalam Teaser Creates A New Record By Smashing The One Set By Taylor Swift's 'Bad Blood'". filmibeat.com. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Ajith's Vedalam Censor details are here – Tamil Movie News. Indiaglitz.com (30 October 2015). Retrieved on 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "VEDALAM SOLD FOR A WHOPPING PRICE!". Behindwoods. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ CB on Twitter: "#Vedalam TN rights bought by Jazz Cinemas for 3cr ( excluding P&P) . Highest for Ajith . Tax Free Sure". Twitter.com (5 November 2015). Retrieved on 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ Review: Vedhalam. Sify.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam review. Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam Tamil movie review, story, rating – IndiaGlitz.com. M.indiaglitz.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Gopinath, Avinash (10 November 2015). "Vedalam Movie Review & Rating: The Triumph Of Human Values Over Money!". Filmibeat. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Vedalam (aka) Vedhalam review. Behindwoods.com (10 November 2015). Retrieved on 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ Suganth, M. (11 November 2015). "Vedalam Movie Review". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
External links[edit]
Vedhalam on IMDb
[hide]
v
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Filmography of Siva
Souryam (2008)
Sankham (2009)
Siruthai (2011)
Daruvu (2012)
Veeram (2014)
Vedalam (2015)
Vivegam'(2017)
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The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire British Empire and the political realities of the Indian countryside. It was concluded in 1793 by the Company administration headed by Charles, Earl Cornwallis, also known as Lord Cornwallis.[1] It formed one part of a larger body of legislation enacted, known as the Cornwallis Code. The Cornwallis Code of 1793 divided the East India Company's service personnel into three branches: revenue, judicial, and commercial. Revenues were collected by zamindars, native Indians who were treated as the landowners. This division created an Indian landed class that supported British authority.[1]
The Permanent Settlement was introduced first in Bengal and Bihar, and then in the south district of Madras and Varanasi. The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act of 1833.[1] The other two systems prevalent in India were The Ryotwari System and The Mahalwari System.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Overview
3 Influence
4 References
5 Further reading
Background[edit]
Earlier zamindars in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha had been functionaries who held the right to collect revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor and his representative, the diwan, in Bengal. The diwan supervised the zamindars to ensure they were neither lax nor overly stringent. When the East India Company was awarded the diwani or overlordship of Bengal by the empire following the Battle of Buxar in 1764, it found itself short of trained administrators, especially those familiar with local custom and law. As a result, landholders were unsupervised or reported to corrupt and indolent officials. The result was that revenues were extracted without regard for future income or local welfare.
Following the devastating famine of 1770, which was partially caused by this shortsightedness, Company officials in Calcutta better understood the importance of oversight of revenue officials. They failed to consider the question of incentivisation; hence Warren Hastings, then governor-general, introduced a system of five-yearly inspections and temporary tax farmers.
Many appointed as tax farmers absconded with as much revenue as they could during the time period between inspections. The British Parliament took note of the disastrous consequences of the system, and in 1784, British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger directed the Calcutta administration to alter it immediately. In 1786 Charles Cornwallis was sent out to India to reform the company's practices.
In 1786, the East India Company Court of Directors first proposed a permanent settlement for Bengal, changing the policy then being followed by Calcutta, which was attempting to increase taxation of zamindars. Between 1786 and 1790, the new Governor-General Lord Cornwallis and Sir John Shore (later Governor-General) entered a heated debate over whether or not to introduce a permanent settlement with the zamindars. Shore argued that the native zamindars would not trust the permanent settlement to be permanent and that it would take time before they realised it was genuine.
Cornwallis believed that they would immediately accept it and so begin investing in improving their land. In 1790, the Court of Directors issued a ten-year (decennial) settlement to the zamindars, which was made permanent in 1793.
By the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, their power of keeping the armed forces were taken back. They remained just the tax collectors of the land. There were considerably weakened as they were now banned from holding any court, as it was brought under the supervision of collector appointed by the company. British officials believed that investing in the land would improve the economy.
They did not want to take direct control of local administration in villages for several reasons.They did not want to annoy those people who had traditionally enjoyed power and prestige in the village. To keep powerful people happy and collect better revenue, Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement. As per permanent system, rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars, who were supposed to collect the land revenue from the peasants.
The rate of revenue was never to be increased. The company officials believed that would give some motivation for land to be invested in, as zamindars would be assured of long-term returns of continuous flow of revenue.
Also was created a new social class of land owning nobility in Bengal and Bihar, loyal to the British.
Overview[edit]
The question of incentivisation now being understood to be central, the security of tenure of landlords was guaranteed. In short, the former landholders and revenue intermediaries were granted proprietorial rights (effective ownership) to the land they held. In addition, the land tax was fixed in perpetuity to minimise the tendency by British administrators to amass a small fortune in sluiced-away revenue. Smallholders were no longer permitted to sell their land, but they could not be expropriated by their new landlords.
Incentivization of zamindars was intended to encourage improvements of the land, such as drainage, irrigation and the construction of roads and bridges; such infrastructure had been insufficient through much of Bengal. With a fixed land tax, zamindars could securely invest in increasing their income without any fear of having the increase taxed away by the Company. Cornwallis made the motivation quite clear by declaring that "when the demand of government is fixed, an opportunity is afforded to the landholder of increasing his profits, by the improvement of his lands". The British had in mind "improving landlords" in their own country, such as Coke of Norfolk.
The Court of Directors also hoped to guarantee the company's income, which was constantly plagued by defaulting zamindars who fell into arrears, making it impossible for them to budget their spending accurately.
The immediate consequence of the Permanent Settlement was both very sudden and dramatic, one that nobody had apparently foreseen. By ensuring that zamindars' lands were held in perpetuity and with a fixed tax burden, they became desirable commodities. In addition, the government tax demand was inflexible, and the British East India Company's collectors refused to make allowances for times of drought, flood or other natural disaster. The tax demand was higher than that in England at the time. As a result, many zamindars immediately fell into arrears.
The Company's policy of auction of any zamindari lands deemed to be in arrears created a market for land that previously did not exist. Many of the new purchasers of this land were Indian officials within the East India Company's government. The bureaucrats were ideally placed to purchase lands which they knew to be underassessed and therefore profitable. In addition, their position as officials gave them opportunity to acquire the wealth necessary to purchase land quickly through bribery and corruption. They could also manipulate the system to bring to sale land that they specifically wanted.
Historian Bernard S. Cohn and others have argued that the Permanent Settlement led to a commercialisation of land, which previously did not exist in Bengal and, as a consequence, it led to a change in the social background of the ruling class from "lineages and local chiefs" to "under civil servants and their descendants, and to merchants and bankers".
The new landlords were different in their outlook; "often they were absentee landlords who managed their land through managers and who had little attachment to their land".[2]
Influence[edit]
The Company hoped that the Zamindar class would not only be a revenue-generating instrument but also serve as intermediaries for the more political aspects of their rule, preserving local custom and protecting rural life from the possibly rapacious influences of its own representatives. However, it worked both ways, as zamindars became a naturally conservative interest group. Once British policy in the mid-19th century changed to one of reform and intervention in custom, the zamindars were vocal in their opposition. The zamindars were adamant for it. The Permanent Settlement had the features that state demand was fixed at 89% of the rent and 11% was to be retained by the zamindar. The state demand could not be increased but payment should be made on the due date, before sunset, so it was also known as the 'Sunset Law'. Failure to pay led to the sale of land to the highest bidder.
While the worst of the tax-farming excesses were countered by the introduction of the Settlement, the use of land was not part of the agreement. There was a tendency of Company officials and Indian landlords to force their tenants into plantation-style farming of cash crops like indigo and cotton rather than rice and wheat. That was a cause of many of the worst famines of the nineteenth century. In addition, zamindars eventually became absentee landlords, with all that that implied for neglect of investment on the land.
Once the salient features of the Settlement were reproduced all over India, and indeed elsewhere in the Empire, including Kenya, the political structure was altered forever. The landlord class held much greater power than they had under the Mughals, who subjected them to oversight by a trained bureaucracy with the power to attenuate their tenure. The power of the landlord caste/class over smallholders was not diluted in India until the first efforts towards land reform in the 1950s, still incomplete everywhere except West Bengal.
In Pakistan, where land reform was never carried out, elections in rural areas still suffer from a tendency towards oligarchy reflecting the concentration of influence in the hands of zamindar families. This is because once Pakistan became separated from India, and the two began to fight over Kashmir, the goal of the government was revenue extraction instead of devotion to agriculture and infrastructure. As a result, the central leadership skewed the relationship between the elected and non-elected institutions of the state.[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cornwallis Code". Encyclopedia Britannica. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohn, Bernard S. (August 1960). "The Initial British Impact on India: A case study of the Benares region". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 19 (4): 418–431. doi:10.2307/2943581. JSTOR 2943581.
Jump up ^ Bose, Sugar; Jalal, Ayesha (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. p. 177. ISBN 0415307872.
Further reading[edit]
Agrawal, Pramod Kumar (1993). Land Reforms in India: Constitutional and Legal Approach. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8185880093
Guha, Ranajit (1996). A rule of property for Bengal: an essay on the idea of permanent settlement. Durham: Duke U Press. ISBN 0-8223-1771-0.
Keay, John (200). India: A History. Grove/Atlantic. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
Spear, T.G.Percival (1990). The History of India. 2. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-013836-6.
Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India". Modern Asian Studies. 15 (3): 649–721. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00008714. JSTOR 312295.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permanent_Settlement&oldid=830795812"
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The Hate U Give (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Hate U Give
Directed by
George Tillman Jr.
Produced by
Marty Bowen
Wyck Godfrey
Robert Teitel
Screenplay by
Audrey Wells
Based on
The Hate U Give
by Angie Thomas
Starring
Amandla Stenberg
Regina Hall
Anthony Mackie
Kian Lawley
Russell Hornsby
Algee Smith
Sabrina Carpenter
Issa Rae
Lamar Johnson
Common
Cinematography
Mihai Mălaimare Jr.
Edited by
Alex Blatt
Craig Hayes
Production
company
20th Century Fox
State Street Pictures
Temple Hill Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Country
United States
Language
English
The Hate U Give is an upcoming American drama film directed by George Tillman Jr. and written by Audrey Wells. It is based on Angie Thomas' novel of same name. The film stars Amandla Stenberg, Regina Hall, Anthony Mackie, Kian Lawley, Russell Hornsby, Algee Smith, Sabrina Carpenter, Issa Rae, Lamar Johnson, and Common.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Production
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Amandla Stenberg as Starr Carter[1]
Regina Hall as Lisa Carter, Starr's mother[2]
Russell Hornsby as Maverick Carter, Starr's father[3]
Lamar Johnson as Seven Carter, Starr's brother[3]
TJ Wright as Sekani Carter, Starr's youngest brother
Anthony Mackie as King, a local drug dealer[4]
Algee Smith as Khalil, Starr's childhood best friend [5]
Sabrina Carpenter as Hailey, one of Starr’s friends from her prep school.[6]
Issa Rae as April Ofrah, an activist that helps Starr find her voice and speak up.[7]
Common as Mr. Carter, Starr's uncle, a police officer[8]
Kian Lawley as Chris, Starr's white boyfriend[4]
Dominique Fishback as Kenya, Seven's half-sister and Starr's step-sister
Megan Lawless as Maya, one of Starr's friends from her prep school.
Tony Vaughn as Mr. Lewis, a shop owner in Starr's neighborhood. His shop is next to Maverick's.
Production[edit]
On March 23, 2016, it was announced that Amandla Stenberg would star as Starr Carter in the film based on the novel The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas, which George Tillman Jr. would direct from a screenplay by Audrey Wells, while producers would be Marty Bowen and Wyck Godfrey through State Street Pictures and Temple Hill Entertainment.[1] On August 1, 2017, Russell Hornsby and Lamar Johnson were cast in the film to play Maverick Carter, Starr's dad, and Seven Carter, Starr's brother, respectively.[3] On August 3, Regina Hall was cast in the film to play Lisa Carter, Starr's mom, and on August 15, Algee Smith joined the film to play Khalil, Starr's childhood best friend.[2][5] On August 22, it was reported that Common had joined the cast to play Starr's uncle as a police officer.[8]
On August 23, 2017, Issa Rae was cast in the film to play April, the social activist who helps Starr find her voice and speak up, and on the next day Sabrina Carpenter also joined the film to play Hailey, one of Starr's friends from her school.[7][6] On September 12, Anthony Mackie and Kian Lawley joined the film to play the local drug dealer King, and Starr's boyfriend, Chris, respectively.[4]
Principal photography on the film began on September 12, 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.[4][9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b McNary, Dave (March 23, 2016). "'Hunger Games' Actress Amandla Stenberg to Star in 'The Hate U Give'". Variety. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ford, Rebecca; Kit, Borys (August 3, 2017). "Regina Hall Joins YA Adaptation 'The Hate U Give' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Rebecca (August 1, 2017). "'The Hate U Give' Adds Russell Hornsby, Lamar Johnson (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Evry, Max (September 12, 2017). "Anthony Mackie & Kian Lawley Join The Hate U Give". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ford, Rebecca (August 15, 2017). "YA Adaptation 'The Hate U Give' Adds 'Detroit' Star Algee Smith (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ford, Rebecca (August 24, 2017). "Sabrina Carpenter Joins YA Adaptation 'The Hate U Give' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McNary, Dave (August 23, 2017). "'Insecure' Star Issa Rae Joins Drama 'The Hate U Give' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (August 22, 2017). "Common Joins Amandla Stenberg in YA Adaptation 'The Hate U Give' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nick, Romano (September 12, 2017). "'The Hate U Give': First Look At Black Lives Matter-Inspired YA Film Debuts". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Hate U Give on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by George Tillman Jr.
Soul Food (1997)
Men of Honor (2000)
Notorious (2009)
Faster (2010)
The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete (2013)
The Longest Ride (2015)
The Hate U Give (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hate_U_Give_(film)&oldid=820059487"
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English-language films
Upcoming films
American films
American drama films
2010s drama films
Films shot in Atlanta
Films directed by George Tillman Jr.
Films based on American novels
Films about race and ethnicity
Temple Hill Entertainment films
20th Century Fox films
Screenplays by Audrey Wells
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This page was last edited on 12 January 2018, at 21:18.
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