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Organ of Corti
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Organ of Corti
A cross section of the cochlea illustrating the organ of Corti.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
organum spirale
MeSH
D009925
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_2526
TA
A15.3.03.121
FMA
75715
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The organ of Corti, or spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential.[1] Transduction occurs through vibrations of structures in the inner ear causing displacement of cochlear fluid and movement of hair cells at the organ of Corti to produce electrochemical signals.[2]
Italian anatomist Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (1822–1876) discovered the organ of Corti in 1851.[3] The structure evolved from the basilar papilla and is crucial for mechanotransduction in mammals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
2.1 Auditory transduction
2.2 Cochlear amplification
3 Development
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Hearing loss
5 Additional images
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells.[2] Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs).[4] Separating these hair cells are supporting cells: Deiters cells, also called phalangeal cells, which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs.[4]
Projecting from the tops of the hair cells are tiny finger like projections called stereocilia, which are arranged in a graduated fashion with the shortest stereocilia on the outer rows and the longest in the center. This gradation is thought to be the most important anatomic feature of the organ of Corti because this allows the sensory cells superior tuning capability.[5]
If the cochlea were uncoiled it would roll out to be about 33 mm long in women and 34mm in men, with about 2.28 mm of standard deviation for the population.[6] The cochlea is also tonotopically organized, meaning that different frequencies of sound waves interact with different locations on the structure. The base of the cochlea, closest to the outer ear, is the most stiff and narrow and is where the high frequency sounds are transduced. The apex, or top, of the cochlea is wider and much more flexible and loose and functions as the transduction site for low frequency sounds.[7]
Function[edit]
The function of the organ of Corti is to transduce auditory signals and minimise the hair cells’ extraction of sound energy.[2] It is the auricle and middle ear that act as mechanical transformers and amplifiers so that the sound waves end up with amplitudes 22 times greater than when they entered the ear.
Auditory transduction[edit]
In normal hearing subjects, the majority of the auditory signals that reach the organ of Corti in the first place come from the outer ear. Sound waves enter through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, which vibrates three small bones called the ossicles. As a result, the attached oval window moves and causes movement of the round window, which leads to displacement of the cochlear fluid.[8] However, the stimulation can happen also via direct vibration of the cochlea from the skull. The latter is referred to as Bone Conduction (or BC) hearing, as complementary to the first one described, which is instead called Air Conduction (or AC) hearing. Both AC and BC stimulate the basilar membrane in the same way (Békésy, G.v., Experiments in Hearing. 1960).
The basilar membrane on the tympanic duct presses against the hair cells of the organ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass. The stereocilia atop the IHCs move with this fluid displacement and in response their cation, or positive ion selective, channels are pulled open by cadherin structures called tip links that connect adjacent stereocilia. The organ of Corti, surrounded in potassium rich fluid endolymph, lies on the basilar membrane at the base of the scala media. Under the organ of Corti is the scala tympani and above it, the scala vestibuli. Both structures exist in a low potassium fluid called perilymph.[8] Because those stereocilia are in the midst of a high concentration of potassium, once their cation channels are pulled open, potassium ions as well as calcium ions flow into the top of the hair cell. With this influx of positive ions the IHC becomes depolarized, opening voltage-gated calcium channels at the basolateral region of the hair cells and triggering the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. An electrical signal is then sent through the auditory nerve and into the auditory cortex of the brain as a neural message.
Cochlear amplification[edit]
The organ of Corti is also capable of modulating the auditory signal.[7] The outer hair cells (OHCs) can amplify the signal through a process called electromotility where they increase movement of the basilar and tectorial membrases and therefore increase deflection of stereocilia in the IHCs.[8][9][10]
A crucial piece to this cochlear amplification is the motor protein prestin, which changes shape based on the voltage potential inside of the hair cell. When the cell is depolarized prestin shortens, and because it is located on the membrane of OHCs it then pulls on the basilar membrane and increasing how much the membrane is deflected, creating a more intense effect on the inner hair cells (IHCs). When the cell hyperpolarizes prestin lengthens and eases tension on the IHCs, which decreases the neural impulses to the brain. In this way, the hair cell itself is able to modify the auditory signal before it even reaches the brain.
Development[edit]
The organ of Corti, in between the scala tympani and the scala media, develops after the formation and growth of the cochlear duct.[7] The inner and outer hair cells then differentiate into their appropriate positions and are followed by the organization of the supporting cells. The topology of the supporting cells lends itself to the actual mechanical properties that are needed for the highly specialized sound-induced movements within the organ of Corti.[7]
Development and growth of the organ of Corti relies on specific genes, many of which have been identified in previous research (SOX2, GATA3, EYA1, FOXG1, BMP4, RAC1 and more),[7] to undergo such differentiation. Specifically, the cochlear duct growth and the formation of hair cells within the organ of Corti.
Mutations in the genes expressed in or near the organ of Corti before the differentiation of hair cells will result in a disruption in the differentiation, and potential malfunction of, the organ of Corti.
Clinical significance[edit]
Hearing loss[edit]
Main article: Hearing impairment
The organ of Corti can be damaged by excessive sound levels, leading to noise-induced impairment.
The most common kind of hearing impairment, sensorineural hearing loss, includes as one major cause the reduction of function in the organ of Corti. Specifically, the active amplification function of the outer hair cells is very sensitive to damage from exposure to trauma from overly-loud sounds or to certain ototoxic drugs. Once outer hair cells are damaged, they do not regenerate, and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness (known as recruitment) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve.[11]
While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals, fish and birds routinely repair such damage. A 2013 study has shown that the use of particular drugs may reactivate genes normally expressed only during hair cell development. The research was carried out at Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the Keio University School of Medicine in Japan.[12]
Additional images[edit]
Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat.
Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea.
Floor of ductus cochlearis.
Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris.
Section through the spiral organ of Corti. Magnified.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hudspeth, A (2014). "Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15: 600–614. doi:10.1038/nrn3786. PMID 25096182.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Ear Pujol, R., Irving, S., 2013
Jump up ^ Betlejewski, S (2008). "Science and life – the history of Marquis Alfonso Corti". Otolaryngologia Polska. 62 (3): 344–347. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70268-3. PMID 18652163.
^ Jump up to: a b Malgrange, B; Van de Water, T.R; Nguyen, L; Moonen, G; Lefebvre, P.P (2002). "Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters' cells in the cultured organ of Corti". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59 (10): 1744–1757. doi:10.1007/pl00012502. PMID 12475185.
Jump up ^ Lim, D (1986). "Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review". Hearing Research. 22: 117–146. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90089-4. PMID 3525482.
Jump up ^ Miller, J. D. (2007). "Sex differences in the length of the organ of Corti in humans". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (4): EL151–5. doi:10.1121/1.2710746. PMID 17471760.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fritzsch, B; Jahan, I; Pan, N; Kers, J; Duncan, J; Kopecky, B (2012). "Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development: where are we now?". Hearing Research. 276 (1–2): 16–26. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.007. PMC 3097286  . PMID 21256948.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nichols, J.G; Martin, A.R.; Fuchs, P.A; Brown, D.A; Diamond, M.E; Weisblat, D.A (2012). From Neuron to Brain, 5th Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 456–459. ISBN 978-0-87893-609-0.
Jump up ^ Ashmore, Jonathan Felix (1987). "A fast motile response in guinea-pig outer hair cells: the cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier". The Journal of Physiology. 388 (1): 323–347. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016617. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 1192551  . PMID 3656195.
Jump up ^ Ashmore, Jonathan (2008). "Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Motility". Physiological Reviews. 88 (1): 173–210. doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2006. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 18195086.
Jump up ^ Robert A. Dobie (2001). Medical-Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7693-0052-9.
Jump up ^ "Cochlear hair cells - Beyond the Dish". wordpress.com.
References[edit]
Corti A (1851). "Recherches sur l'organe de l'ouïe des mammiferes". Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 3: 106–169.
Fritzsch B., Jahan I., Pan N., Kersigo J., Duncan J., Kopecky B. (2012). "Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development: where are we now?". Hearing Research. 276 (1–2): 16–26. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.007. PMC 3097286  . PMID 21256948. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
History. (n.d.).
Hudspeth A (2014). "Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15: 600–614. doi:10.1038/nrn3786. PMID 25096182.
Lim D (1986). "Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review". Hearing Research. 22: 117–146. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90089-4. PMID 3525482.
Malgrange B., Thiry M., Van de Water T. R., Nguyen L., Moonen G., Lefebvre P. P. (2002). "Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters' cells in the cultured organ of Corti". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59 (10): 1744–1757. doi:10.1007/PL00012502. PMID 12475185. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Nicholls, J. G., Martin, A. R., Fuchs, P. A., Brown, D. A., Diamond, M. E., & Weisblat, D. A. (2012). From Neuron to Brain (5th ed., pp. 456–459). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Pritchard U. "On the organ of Corti in mammals". 2 March 1876, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume 24, pp. 346–52 OCLC 1778190
Pujol, R., & Irving, S. (2013). The Ear.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ of Corti.
Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development
Organ of Corti 3D animation
http://lobe.ibme.utoronto.ca/presentations/OHC_Electromotility/sld005.htm Diagram at University of Toronto
http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/ent_research/images/image02.gif Diagram at Mayo
http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric51/audition/english/corti/fcorti.htm at University of Montpellier 1
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Boyz-n-the-Hood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the Eazy-E song. For works with similar titles, see Boyz n da Hood (disambiguation).
"Boyz-n-the-Hood"
Original 12" sleeve
Single by Eazy-E
from the album N.W.A. and the Posse
B-side
"Dopeman" (N.W.A)
Released
March 3, 1987
Format
Vinyl single
Recorded
1986
Genre
Gangsta rap
Length
5:37
Label
Ruthless
Macola
Songwriter(s)
O'Shea Jackson
Producer(s)
Dr. Dre
DJ Yella
Eazy-E singles chronology
"Boyz-n-the-Hood"
(1987) "Eazy-Duz-It"
(1989)
"Boyz-n-the-Hood"
(1987) "Eazy-Duz-It"
(1989)
Alternative cover
Cover of the 1989 maxi-12" reissue.
"Boyz-n-the-Hood" is the debut single by Eazy-E as a part of N.W.A. The song is the lead single from N.W.A. and the Posse. The song samples "I'm a Ho" by Whodini and vocal samples from, "Hold It, Now Hit It" by Beastie Boys as well as "Mr. Big Stuff" by Jean Knight and, near the end, the opening of "I'll Take You There" by The Staple Singers. It was remixed and featured on Eazy's debut album Eazy-Duz-It, which was released in 1988. It was remixed again and was featured on Eazy-E's third album, It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa (1993) under the name "Boyz N Tha Hood (G-Mix)".
In 2015, "Boyz-n-the-Hood" debuted at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated September 5, 2015, as a result of the recent releases of the Straight Outta Compton film and Dr. Dre's Compton; it was the third-highest debut on the chart that week, behind "Straight Outta Compton", another song from the album and the N.W.A era, and "Hit the Quan".[1] Like the LP, Straight Outta Compton, the song never charted in the 1980s, largely due to Billboard charting regulations and lack of airplay, as N.W.A was banned from many radio stations.[2][3][4][5][6]
Contents
1 Recording and inspiration
2 Versions
3 Critical reception
4 Cover versions
5 Charts
6 References
Recording and inspiration[edit]
The song was originally written by Ice Cube for NY rap group H.B.O. (Home Boys Only), another group signed by Ruthless. HBO had more of a NY, Run DMC type of sound and rejected its hard core stylization. In hopes of an inclusive (NWA) group effort, Dre convinced Eazy to give rapping a shot.[7] According to DJ Yella, it was Eazy's first ever rap performance, and he had to record the track line by line over the course of two days.[8][9]
In his 2005 book Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation, Jeff Chang analyzes the plot of "Boyz-n-the-Hood" and two supporting characters: car thief Kilo G and crack addict JD. In the second and third verses, Eazy-E raps about killing JD for trying to steal his car stereo right before a sexual encounter with a woman that ends with Eazy "reach[ing] back like a pimp and slap[ping] the hoe."[10] In the fourth verse, Kilo G is arrested and held without bail, and he incites a prison riot. Chang writes that this plot twist is "a sly interpolation of Jonathan Jackson's real-life drama...in a 1970 Marin County courthouse shootout."[10]
Versions[edit]
The original version of the song, which was released on 1987's N.W.A. and the Posse contained only the five verses, starting with the line 'Cruisin down the street in my six-fo'. Slight lyric changes are also present in the album version.
The remix version contains a prologue that has Eazy-E describing playing the track "Gangsta Gangsta" from his group's N.W.A. 1988 album, then announcing he will be playing his own song, which is in fact the rest of the song "Boyz-n-the-Hood", and the song continues.
Both the original version and the remix versions of "Boyz-n-the-Hood" appear on the 1989 12" maxi-single. They are featured on side A, while the original and remixed versions of "Dopeman" appear on side B.[11]
The song was played on the Up In Smoke Tour. Dr. Dre played this song as a tribute to Eazy-E, with the crowd singing the chorus.
Critical reception[edit]
Jeff Chang describes "Boyz-n-the-Hood" as "an anthem for the fatherless, brotherless, state-assaulted, heavily armed West Coast urban youth" and Eazy-E's rap style as "a deadpan singsong...perhaps as much a result of self-conscious nervousness as hardcore fronting."[12]
Rolling Stone ranks the song as among the 20 greatest West Coast rap songs that preceded N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton. Critic David Drake commented: "It was a day-in-the-life record that was less concerned with commentary or critique than simply conveying a lifestyle."[13] Also writing for Rolling Stone, Brian Hiatt compares the subject matter in "Boyz-n-the-Hood" to "6 in the Mornin'" by Ice-T and "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" by Schoolly D.[14]
Cover versions[edit]
Red Hot Chili Peppers often covered the song live as an intro jam to their own song, "Special Secret Song Inside" on their 1989-90 Mother's Milk tour.
In 2004, the song was re-imagined and sampled by rapper Jim Jones on his debut album On My Way to Church. His version was called "Certified Gangstas", and featured Bezel and Cam'ron.[15]
Besides Jim Jones' song there have been many remakes, most notably a cover by alternative rock band Dynamite Hack, which hit #12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks in 2000. The last line of this version, "Punk ass trippin in the dead of night", is sung to the tune of The Beatles' "Blackbird": "Blackbird singing in the dead of night." However, some of the words, as well as the "Blackbird" melody, were altered for the music video version of the song.
Hispanic rap group Brownside did a remake to the song called "Vatos In The Barrio". The instrumental of the original is remade, and the lyrics are slightly different but keep the main structure of the Eazy-E version.
Underground Memphis rapper Koopsta Knicca of Three 6 Mafia made his own version called "Back In Da Hood".
Shwayze uses one of the lines from "Boyz N The Hood" in his song "Lost My Mind" on his album Shwayze; the line he uses is "Woke up at about noon just thought that I had to be in Compton Soon."
It is sampled in "Front Back" by UGK[16] (as well as its remix by T.I.),[17] "My 64" by Mike Jones (featuring Bun B, Snoop Dogg and Lil' Eazy-E),[18] "Pojat On Huudeilla" by Eurocrack, "Them Boys Down South" by Big Chance.[19]
Track 8 (Disc 2) on DJ Screw's album "The Legend" has the same song style as Boyz-n-the-Hood.
Yelawolf made a song called "Boyz-n-the-Woodz" for his 2008 mixtape, Ball of Flames: the Ballad of Slick Rick E. Bobby. The song interpolates the original chorus but is made to have a "white trash" feel.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[20]
69
US Billboard Hot 100[21]
50
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[22]
18
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[23]
14
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100, September 5, 2015". Billboard.com.
Jump up ^ "N.W.A Finally Cracked Billboard's Hot 100". Vulture. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield (2015-08-25). "N.W.A Takes Over Charts, Gets First Top 40 Hit on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "N.W.A Finally Has Their First Top 40 Hit". SPIN. 2015-08-25. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "NWA charts on Billboard Hot 100's Top 40 for the first time with "Straight Outta Compton" single". Hip Hop Vibe. 2015-08-25. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Zhinga, Zam (2015-08-26). "WebMag: #NWA scores 1st ever Top 40 HIT on #Billboard! Make HUGE strides BACK on the CHARTS!". The Gamutt. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Reeves, Marcus. Somebody Scream!: Rap Music's Rise to Prominence in the Aftershock of Black Power. Faber and Faber, inc. , 2008, p. 98.
Jump up ^ "DJ Yella: Eazy E Wasn't a Natural Rapper, He Had to Be Coached". YouTube. 2015-08-19. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Westhoff, Ben (2015-03-17). "20 Years After His Death, Eazy-E Deserves a Spot on Rap's Mount Rushmore". L.A. Weekly. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York: Picador. p. 304. ISBN 0312425791.
Jump up ^ "Eazy-E / N.W.A* - Boyz-N-The-Hood / Dopeman (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Chang 2005, p. 306.
Jump up ^ Drake, David (August 12, 2015). "20 Greatest Pre-'Straight Outta Compton' West Coast Rap Songs: 1. Eazy-E, "Boyz-n-the Hood" (1987)". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hiatt, Brian (August 27, 2015). "N.W.A: American Gangstas". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Certified Gangstas - Jim Jones, The Game, Cam'ron, Lil Eazy". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Featured Content on Myspace". Littleredevil07.imeem.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Featured Content on Myspace". Alfer.imeem.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Featured Content on Myspace". Lyrik691.imeem.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
Jump up ^ Eurocrack: "Pojat On Huudeilla" on YouTube
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (September 12, 2015). "ARIA Singles: Justin Bieber 'What Do You Mean?' Spends Second Week At No 1". Noise11. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eazy-E Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eazy-E Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eazy-E Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
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All the Way Up (Fat Joe and Remy Ma song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"All the Way Up"
Single by Fat Joe and Remy Ma featuring French Montana and Infared
from the album Plata O Plomo
Released
March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2015, Diamond District Studios, LGG Tech Team, New York City, New York
Genre
Hip hop
Length
3:11
Label
RNG
EMPIRE
Songwriter(s)
Various[show]
Joseph Cartagena
Reminisce Mackie
Shawn Carter (remix)
Calvin Broadus (Westside remix)
Jayceon Taylor (Westside remix)
Earl Stevens (Westside remix)
Park Jae-beom (Asian remix)
Kalassy Nikoff (Asian remix)
Mikael Lozach (Asian remix)
Johan Ishak (Asian remix)
Producer(s)
Edsclusive
Cool & Dre & Domarj
Fat Joe singles chronology
"Stressin"
(2014) "All the Way Up"
(2016) "Cookin"
(2016)
Remy Ma singles chronology
"Hands Down"
(2015) "All the Way Up"
(2016) "Cookin"
(2016)
French Montana singles chronology
"Moses"
(2015) "All the Way Up"
(2016) "Figure It Out"
(2016)
Music video
"All the Way Up" on YouTube
Remix
Jay Z singles chronology
"Pop Style"
(2016) "All the Way Up (Remix)"
(2016) "Drug Dealers Anonymous"
(2016)
EDM Remix
David Guetta singles chronology
"This One's for You"
(2016) "All the Way Up (EDM Remix)"
(2016) "Would I Lie to You"
(2016)
GLOWINTHEDARK singles chronology
"Clap Your Hands"
(2015) "All the Way Up (EDM Remix)"
(2016)
Westside Remix
Snoop Dogg singles chronology
"Kush Ups"
(2016) "All the Way Up (Westside Remix)"
(2016) "Point Seen Money Gone"
(2016)
The Game singles chronology
"All Eyez"
(2016) "All the Way Up (Westside Remix)"
(2016)
E-40 singles chronology
"Law"
(2016) "All the Way Up (Westside Remix)"
(2016) "Sit Down"
(2017)
Asian Remix
Jay Park singles chronology
"It's Not A Party Without Us"
(2016) "All the Way Up (Asian Remix)"
(2016) "Stay With Me"
(2016)
AK-69 singles chronology
"Oh Lord"
(2014) "All the Way Up (Westside Remix)"
(2016) "Flying B"
(2017)
DaBoyWay singles chronology
"Drivin Like Im Loco"
(2015) "All the Way Up (Asian Remix)"
(2016)
SonaOne singles chronology
"Firefly"
(2015) "All the Way Up (Asian Remix)"
(2016)
Joe Flizzow singles chronology
"One Night Lover"
(2012) "All the Way Up (Asian Remix)"
(2016)
"All the Way Up" is a song by American rappers Fat Joe and Remy Ma, featuring American rappers French Montana and Infared. It was released on March 2, 2016 by RNG (Rap's New Generation) and EMPIRE, as the first single from their collaborative album Plata O Plomo. The song was produced by Edsclusive and Cool & Dre and recorded at Diamond District Studios by Dwayne Shippy iLL Wayno in New York City, New York. At the 59th Grammy Awards, it was nominated for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Commercial performance
3 Track listing
4 Remixes
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Certifications
7 Release history
8 References
9 External links
Music video[edit]
The song's accompanying music video premiered on March 26, 2016 on Fat Joe's YouTube account on Vevo.[1] Remy Ma's husband Papoose, DJ Khaled, Fred The Godson and Farid Bang make cameo appearances in the video.
Commercial performance[edit]
The song peaked at number 27 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It is Fat Joe's first top 40 hit since his 2007 hit "I Won't Tell", featuring J. Holiday, as well as the only top 40 for Remy Ma as a solo artist and French Montana's second biggest hit. In France, "All the Way Up" has peaked at number 85, becoming Fat Joe's first chart entry in that country since 2002's "What's Luv?", featuring Ashanti. On March 30, 2017, the song was certified Double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over two million copies in the United States.
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[2]
"All the Way Up" (Explicit) (Fat Joe and Remy Ma featuring French Montana and Infared) — 3:11
Digital download (Remix)[3]
"All the Way Up" (Remix) (Fat Joe, Remy Ma and Jay Z featuring French Montana and Infared) — 4:44
Digital download (EDM Remix)[4]
"All the Way Up" (EDM Remix) (Fat Joe, Remy Ma, David Guetta and GLOWINTHEDARK featuring French Montana and Infared) — 3:31
Digital download (Westside Remix)[5]
"All the Way Up" (Westside Remix) (Fat Joe, Remy Ma, Snoop Dogg, The Game and E-40 featuring French Montana and Infared) — 5:17
Digital download (Asian Remix)[6]
"All the Way Up" (Asian Remix) (Fat Joe and Remy Ma featuring Jay Park, AK-69, DaboyWay, SonaOne and Joe Flizzow) — 4:50
YouTube stream (BangerMusik Remix)[7]
"All the Way Up" (BangerMusik Remix) (Fat Joe featuring Farid Bang, Kollegah, Summer Cem and Seyed) — 2:54
Remixes[edit]
The official remix features new verses by Fat Joe and Remy Ma, including an additional verse by Jay Z. Rappers Meek Mill, Fabolous and Jadakiss also recorded a remix to the song. Rapper Papoose, who is also the spouse of Remy Ma, recorded a freestyle as well.[8] An official remix by David Guetta and GLOWINTHEDARK was released on May 27, 2016. A Westside remix was released, featuring Snoop Dogg, The Game and E-40. A reggaeton remix is in the works which will feature Fat Joe, Daddy Yankee and Nicky Jam.[9] In addition, a German "BangerMusik" remix with Farid Bang, Summer Cem, Kollegah and Seyed, was released.[10] The Asian remix was released, featuring Jay Park, AK-69, DaboyWay, SonaOne and Joe Flizzow.[6]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[11]
46
France (SNEP)[12]
85[13]
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
157
US Billboard Hot 100[15]
27
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[16]
9
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[17]
4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[18]
87
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
France (SNEP)[19]
Platinum 150,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[20]
Silver 200,000
United States (RIAA)[21]
2× Platinum 2,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United States
March 2, 2016 Digital download
Terror Squad
E1
[2]
May 27, 2016 Digital download (Remix)
[3]
June 3, 2016 Digital download (EDM Remix)
[4]
June 24, 2016 Digital download (Westside Remix)
[5]
August 17, 2016 Digital download (Asian Remix)
[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ FatJoeVEVO (26 March 2016). "Fat Joe, Remy Ma - All The Way Up ft. French Montana, Infared". Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via YouTube.
^ Jump up to: a b "All the Way Up (feat. French Montana & Infared) - Single". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "All the Way Up (feat. French Montana & Infared) [Remix] - Single". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "All the Way Up (Remix) [feat. French Montana & Infared] - Single". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "All the Way Up (Westside Remix) [feat. French Montana & Infared] - Single". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved July 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "All the Way Up (Asian Remix) [feat. Jay Park, AK-69, DaboyWay, SonaOne & Joe Flizzow] - Single". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved August 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fat Joe feat. Farid Bang, Kollegah, Seyed & Summer Cem ► ALL THE WAY UP ◄ [ official Remix ]". BangerChannel / YouTube. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ DREAMCHASER RECORDS [DCRMOTIVATION] (25 May 2016). "MEEK MILL FT. FABOLOUS JADAKISS - ALL THE WAY UP (DRAKE DISS)". Retrieved 1 July 2016 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Fat Joe feat. Farid Bang, Kollegah, Seyed & Summer Cem ► ALL THE WAY UP ◄ [ official Remix ] - YouTube
Jump up ^ "Fat Joe Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Fat Joe / Remy Ma feat. French Montana – All the Way Up" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP (Week 22, 2016)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chart Log UK: "CLUK Update 4.06.2016 (wk22)". UK Singles Chart. Zobbel.de. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fat Joe Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fat Joe Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fat Joe Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs - Year-End 2016". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Fat Joe – All the Way Up" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Fat Joe & Remy Ma – All the Way Up". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Silver in the Certification field. Enter All the Way Up in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Fat Joe – All the Way Up". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 6, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Audio on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at Genius
show
Links to related articles
show
v
t
e
Fat Joe
Discography
Studio albums
Represent
Jealous One's Envy
Don Cartagena
Jealous Ones Still Envy (J.O.S.E.)
Loyalty
All or Nothing
Me, Myself & I
The Elephant in the Room
Jealous Ones Still Envy 2 (J.O.S.E. 2)
The Darkside Vol. 1
Collaboration albums
The Album
True Story
Plata O Plomo
Mixtapes
The Darkside Vol. 2
The Darkside Vol. 3
Singles
"Flow Joe"
"Don Cartagena"
"We Thuggin'"
"What's Luv?"
"Crush Tonight"
"So Much More"
"Get It Poppin'"
"Make It Rain"
"Make It Rain (Remix)"
"I Won't Tell"
"Ain't Sayin' Nothin'"
"One"
"Aloha"
"(Ha Ha) Slow Down"
"If It Ain't About Money"
"Another Round"
"Pride n Joy"
"All the Way Up"
"Money Showers"
Featured singles
"Feelin' So Good"
"I Want You"
"That's Nasty"
"New York"
"Hold You Down"
"I Don't Care"
"Holla at Me"
"We Takin' Over"
"I'm So Hood (Remix)"
"Welcome to My Hood (Remix)"
Collaboration singles
"Lean Back"
Related articles
Diggin' in the Crates Crew
Terror Squad
Terror Squad Entertainment
show
v
t
e
Remy Ma
Discography
Studio albums
There's Something About Remy: Based on a True Story
Plata O Plomo
Seven Winters, Six Summers
Compilation albums
True Story
Singles
"Whuteva"
"Conceited"
"Feels So Good"
"All the Way Up"
"Money Showers"
"Shether"
"Wake Me Up"
"Melanin Magic"
Featured singles
"Girlfight" (remix)
"You"
"I Don't"
"East Coast"
Related articles
Love & Hip Hop: New York
Terror Squad
show
v
t
e
French Montana
Discography
Albums
Excuse My French
Jungle Rules
Compilations
Self Made Vol. 2 (with Maybach Music Group)
Self Made Vol. 3 (with Maybach Music Group)
Mixtapes
Coke Wave (with Max B)
Coke Boys
Mister 16: Casino Life
Cocaine Mafia (with Juicy J and Project Pat)
Mac & Cheese 3
Casino Life 2
Coke Zoo (with Fetty Wap)
Wave Gods
MC4
Singles
"Shot Caller"
"Pop That"
"Freaks"
"Ain't Worried About Nothin'"
"Don't Panic"
"Bad Bitch"
"Moses"
"Lockjaw"
"No Shopping"
"Unforgettable"
"A Lie"
"Boom Boom"
"Welcome to the Party"
Featured singles
"Stay Schemin'"
"Shisha"
"I Swear"
"Feelin' Myself"
"Loyal"
"I Luh Ya Papi"
"They Don't Love You No More"
"Chimes (RMX)"
"Can't Trust Thots"
"I'm Up"
"All the Way Up"
"You"
"Hurtin' Me"
"Dirty Sexy Money"
"Tip Toe"
"Me So Bad"
Other songs
"FU"
"Nobody"
"GPS"
Related articles
Bad Boy Entertainment
Maybach Music Group
show
v
t
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Jay-Z songs
Reasonable Doubt
"Dead Presidents"
"Ain't No Nigga"
"Can't Knock the Hustle"
"Feelin' It"
In My Lifetime, Vol. 1
"(Always Be My) Sunshine"
"Wishing on a Star"
"The City Is Mine"
Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life
"Can I Get A..."
"Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)"
"Money, Cash, Hoes"
"Nigga What, Nigga Who (Originator 99)"
Vol. 3...
Life and Times of S. Carter
"Jigga My Nigga"
"Girl's Best Friend"
"Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)"
"Things That U Do"
"Big Pimpin'"
The Dynasty: Roc La Familia
"I Just Wanna Love U (Give It 2 Me)"
"Change the Game"
"Guilty Until Proven Innocent"
The Blueprint
"Izzo (H.O.V.A.)"
"Girls, Girls, Girls"
"Jigga That Nigga"
"Song Cry"
The Best of Both Worlds
"Honey"
The Blueprint 2:
The Gift & The Curse
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Hovi Baby"
"Excuse Me Miss"
The Black Album
"Change Clothes"
"Dirt off Your Shoulder"
"99 Problems"
Unfinished Business
"Big Chips"
Collision Course
"Numb/Encore"
Kingdom Come
"Show Me What You Got"
"Lost One"
American Gangster
"Blue Magic"
"Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)..."
"I Know"
The Blueprint 3
"D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)"
"Run This Town"
"Empire State of Mind"
"On to the Next One"
"Young Forever"
Watch the Throne
"H•A•M"
"Otis"
"Niggas in Paris"
"No Church in the Wild"
Magna Carta Holy Grail
"Picasso Baby"
"Holy Grail"
"Tom Ford"
"Part II (On the Run)"
4:44
"The Story of O.J."
"4:44"
Everything Is Love
"Apeshit"
Featured singles
"Show & Prove"
"I'll Be"
"Be Alone No More" (Remix)
"Money Ain't a Thang"
"Heartbreaker"
"Best of Me Part II"
"Is That Your Chick (The Lost Verses)"
"Do My..."
"Fiesta" (Remix)
"Beware of the Boys (Mundian To Bach Ke)"
"Back in the Day"
"Crazy in Love"
"Frontin'"
"Go Crazy"
"Get Throwed"
"Déjà Vu"
"Umbrella"
"Roc-A-Fella Billionaires"
"Hot Tottie"
"XXXO" (Remix)
"Monster"
"I Do"
"Talk That Talk"
"Suit & Tie"
"Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe" (Remix)
"Drunk in Love"
"The Devil Is a Lie"
"They Don't Love You No More"
"Seen It All"
"Pop Style"
"I Got the Keys"
"Shining"
"Top Off"
Promotional singles
"Shake It Off" (Remix)
"Upgrade U"
"Rehab" (Remix)
"Mr. Carter"
"Put On" (Remix)
"Bye Bye" (Remix)
"Brooklyn Go Hard"
Book
Category
show
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Snoop Dogg songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Tha Dogg Pound singles discography
213 singles discography
Tha Eastsidaz singles discography
7 Days of Funk singles discography
Doggystyle
"Gin and Juice"
"Lodi Dodi"
"Murder Was the Case"
"What's My Name?"
"Doggy Dogg World"
Tha Doggfather
"Doggfather"
"Vapors"
"Snoop's Upside Ya Head"
Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told
"Woof"
"Still a G Thang"
No Limit Top Dogg
"Snoopafella"
"G Bedtime Stories"
"Down for My N's"
"Bitch Please"
"Just Dippin'"
Tha Last Meal
"Hennesey n Buddah"
"Snoop Dogg (What's My Name Pt. 2)"
"Wrong Idea"
"Lay Low"
"Loosen' Control"
Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss
"From tha Chuuuch to da Palace"
"Beautiful"
"Paper'd Up"
"Pimp Slapp'd"
"Mission Cleopatra"
R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece
"Drop It Like It's Hot"
"Ups & Downs"
"Let's Get Blown"
"Signs"
"Girl Like U"
Tha Blue Carpet Treatment
"Vato"
"That's That"
"Candy (Drippin' Like Water)"
"Boss' Life"
"I Wanna Fuck You"
"Imagine"
Ego Trippin'
"Neva Have 2 Worry"
"Sexual Eruption"
"Life of da Party"
"My Medicine"
"Those Gurlz"
Malice n Wonderland
"I Wanna Rock"
"Gangsta Luv"
More Malice: Deluxe Album & Movie
"I Wanna Rock (G-Mix)"
"That Tree"
Doggumentary
"Platinum"
"Boom"
"Wet"
Mac & Devin Go to High School
"Smokin' On"
"Young, Wild & Free"
Reincarnated
"Rebel Way"
"Here Comes the King"
"Lighters Up"
"No Guns Allowed"
"Smoke the Weed"
"The Good Good"
"Torn Apart"
"Ashtrays and Heartbreaks"
"La La La"
7 Days of Funk
"Hit Da Pavement"
"Faden Away"
Bush
"California Roll"
"Awake"
"So Many Pros"
"Peaches N Cream"
Coolaid
"Point Seen Money Gone"
"Kush Ups"
Neva Left
"Lavender (Nightfall Remix)"
"Vapors (DJ Battlecat Remix)"
As featured artist
"Deep Cover"
"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang"
"Fuck wit Dre Day"
"Let Me Ride"
"Bitches Ain't Shit"
"Afro Puffs"
"What Would You Do"
"New York, New York"
"All bout U"
"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted"
"Come and Get with Me"
"Cali Chronic"
"Fuck You"
"Still D.R.E."
"Bow Wow (That's My Name)"
"Crybaby"
"The Next Episode"
"Bitch Please II"
"Welcome to Atlanta (Coast to Coast Remix)"
"Holidae In"
"P.I.M.P. (Remix)"
"I Wanna Thank Ya"
"The Wash"
"Gangsta Zone"
"Say Somethin'"
"Keep Bouncin'"
"Buttons"
"Cali Iz Active"
"Go to Church"
"Gangsta Walk"
"Hollywood Divorce"
"My 64"
"9mm"
"What a Job"
"Ghetto"
"Bottle Pop"
"Day Dreaming"
"Hot Girl"
"Dime Piece"
"I Do"
"All I Do Is Win"
"California Gurls"
"Get 'Em Girls"
"Kush"
"Boyfriend"
"Mr Endowed (Remix)"
"Last Night"
"If I Was You (OMG)"
"The Mack"
"Want U Back
"I Drink I Smoke"
"Slow Motion"
"Major Distribution"
"Dynamite"
"Wiggle"
"Hangover"
"You and Your Friends"
"Stuck on a Feeling"
"Dumb Shit"
"My Cutie Pie"
"Professional Rapper"
"No Social Media"
"Westside"
"Way Back"
Other singles
"We Just Wanna Party with You"
"Undercova Funk (Give Up the Funk)"
"Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme)"
"Just a Baby Boy"
"Real Soon"
"Back Up"
"I'm from Long Beach"
"Late Nights"
Book
Category
Template
show
v
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The Game singles discography
Discography
The Documentary
"Westside Story"
"How We Do"
"Higher"
"Hate It or Love It"
"Dreams"
"Put You on the Game"
Doctor's Advocate
"It's Okay (One Blood)"
"Let's Ride"
"Wouldn't Get Far"
LAX
"Game's Pain"
"Dope Boys"
"My Life"
"Camera Phone"
The R.E.D. Album
"Red Nation"
"Pot of Gold"
"Martians vs. Goblins"
Jesus Piece
"Celebration"
"All That (Lady)"
"Ali Bomaye"
Blood Moon: Year Of The Wolf
"Or Nah"
The Documentary 2
"100"
The Documentary 2.5
"El Chapo"
1992
"All Eyez"
Featured singles
"Playa's Only"
"Make the World Go Round"
Other songs
"Touchdown"
"Better on the Other Side"
"Don't Shoot"
"Ryda"
show
v
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e
E-40
Discography
Studio albums
Federal
The Mail Man
In a Major Way
Tha Hall of Game
The Element of Surprise
Charlie Hustle: The Blueprint of a Self-Made Millionaire
Loyalty and Betrayal
Grit & Grind
Breakin' News
My Ghetto Report Card
The Ball Street Journal
Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift
Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift
Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift
Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift
The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1
The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 2
The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 3
The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 4
The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 5
The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 6
Sharp On All 4 Corners: Corner 1
Sharp On All 4 Corners: Corner 2
The D-Boy Diary: Book 1
The D-Boy Diary: Book 2
Collaborative albums
Let's Side
Down and Dirty
Game Related
Money & Muscle
History: Function Music
History: Mob Music
Compilations
The Hogg in Me
Southwest Riders
Sick Wid It's Greatest Hits
The Best of E-40: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
EPs
Mr. Flamboyant
Singles
"Rapper's Ball"
"Tell Me When to Go"
"U and Dat"
"Wake It Up"
"Bitch"
"Function"
Featured singles
"Snap Yo Fingers"
"Candy (Drippin' Like Water)"
"Oh Yeah (Work)"
"I Don't Fuck with You"
"Saved"
"Law"
Related articles
The Click
Sick Wid It Records
show
v
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David Guetta singles
Discography
Production discography
Just a Little More Love
"Just a Little More Love"
"Love Don't Let Me Go"
"People Come People Go"
"Give Me Something"
Guetta Blaster
"Money"
"Stay"
"The World Is Mine"
"In Love with Myself"
Pop Life
"Love Is Gone"
"Baby When the Light"
"Delirious"
"Tomorrow Can Wait"
"Everytime We Touch"
One Love
"When Love Takes Over"
"I Gotta Feeling (FMIF Remix)"
"Sexy Bitch"
"I Wanna Go Crazy"
"One Love"
"Memories"
"Gettin' Over You"
One More Love
"Revolver (One Love Remix)"
"Acapella"
"Freak"
"Commander"
"Who's That Chick?"
Nothing but the Beat
"Sweat"
"Where Them Girls At"
"Little Bad Girl"
"Lunar"
"Night of Your Life"
"Repeat"
"Without You"
"Titanium"
"Turn Me On"
"The Alphabeat"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Crank It Up"
"Sunshine"
Nothing but the Beat 2.0
"Wild One Two"
"She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)"
"Just One Last Time"
"Play Hard"
Lovers on the Sun
"Shot Me Down"
"Bad"
"Blast Off"
"Lovers on the Sun"
Listen
"Dangerous"
"What I Did for Love"
"Hey Mama"
"Sun Goes Down"
"Bang My Head"
"Listen"
Fuck Me I'm Famous series
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)"
"GRRRR"
"Louder than Words"
"Ain't a Party"
Other singles
"Nation Rap"
"Up & Away"
"This One's for You"
"Would I Lie to You"
"Light My Body Up"
"Another Life"
"2U"
"Complicated"
"Dirty Sexy Money"
"So Far Away"
"Helium"
"Mad Love"
"Like I Do"
"Flames"
Featured singles
"Wavin' Flag (Celebration Mix)"
"Club Can't Handle Me"
"Pass at Me"
"LaserLight"
"Rest of My Life"
"Right Now"
Produced singles
"Rock That Body"
"Angel"
"Scream"
"The Best One Yet"
"Everything is Wonderful"
"Forever and a Day"
"Something for the DJs"
"Phresh Out the Runway"
show
v
t
e
Jay Park
Discography
Videography
Studio albums
New Breed
Extended plays
Count on Me
Take a Deeper Look
Mixtapes
Fresh Air: Breathe It
Singles
"Speechless"
"Demon"
"Joah"
Related topics
Art of Movement
AOMG
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_Way_Up_(Fat_Joe_and_Remy_Ma_song)&oldid=836830535"
Categories:
2016 songs
2016 singles
Fat Joe songs
Remy Ma songs
Songs written by Fat Joe
French Montana songs
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Song recordings produced by Cool & Dre
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The Good Good

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Gangsta Walk

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Speaker (song)

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I Do (Lil Jon song)

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Kush (Dr. Dre song)

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My Cutie Pie

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Westside (Fetty Wap song)

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Late Nights (Snoop Dogg song)

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"D2A" redirects here. For the D2A dive bomber, see Aichi D1A.
8-channel Cirrus Logic CS4382 digital-to-analog converter as used in a sound card.
In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse function.
There are several DAC architectures; the suitability of a DAC for a particular application is determined by figures of merit including: resolution, maximum sampling frequency and others. Digital-to-analog conversion can degrade a signal, so a DAC should be specified that has insignificant errors in terms of the application.
DACs are commonly used in music players to convert digital data streams into analog audio signals. They are also used in televisions and mobile phones to convert digital video data into analog video signals which connect to the screen drivers to display monochrome or color images. These two applications use DACs at opposite ends of the frequency/resolution trade-off. The audio DAC is a low-frequency, high-resolution type while the video DAC is a high-frequency low- to medium-resolution type.
Due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized DACs are implemented as integrated circuits (ICs). Discrete DACs would typically be extremely high speed low resolution power hungry types, as used in military radar systems. Very high speed test equipment, especially sampling oscilloscopes, may also use discrete DACs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Applications
2.1 Audio
2.2 Video
2.3 Mechanical
3 Types
4 Performance
5 Figures of merit
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Overview[edit]
Ideally sampled signal.
A DAC converts an abstract finite-precision number (usually a fixed-point binary number) into a physical quantity (e.g., a voltage or a pressure). In particular, DACs are often used to convert finite-precision time series data to a continually varying physical signal.
An ideal DAC converts the abstract numbers into a conceptual sequence of impulses that are then processed by a reconstruction filter using some form of interpolation to fill in data between the impulses. A conventional practical DAC converts the numbers into a piecewise constant function made up of a sequence of rectangular functions that is modeled with the zero-order hold. Other DAC methods (such as those based on delta-sigma modulation) produce a pulse-density modulated output that can be similarly filtered to produce a smoothly varying signal.
As per the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, a DAC can reconstruct the original signal from the sampled data provided that its bandwidth meets certain requirements (e.g., a baseband signal with bandwidth less than the Nyquist frequency). Digital sampling introduces quantization error that manifests as low-level noise added to the reconstructed signal.
Piecewise constant output of a conventional DAC lacking a reconstruction filter. In a practical DAC, a filter or the finite bandwidth of the device smooths out the step response into a continuous curve.
Instead of impulses, a conventional practical DAC updates the analog voltage at uniform sampling intervals, which is then interpolated via a reconstruction filter to continuously varied levels.
These numbers are written to the DAC, typically with a clock signal that causes each number to be latched in sequence, at which time the DAC output voltage changes rapidly from the previous value to the value represented by the currently latched number. The effect of this is that the output voltage is held in time at the current value until the next input number is latched, resulting in a piecewise constant or staircase-shaped output. This is equivalent to a zero-order hold operation and has an effect on the frequency response of the reconstructed signal.
The fact that DACs output a sequence of piecewise constant values (known as zero-order hold in sample data textbooks) or rectangular pulses causes multiple harmonics above the Nyquist frequency. Usually, these are removed with a low pass filter acting as a reconstruction filter in applications that require it.
Other DAC methods (e.g., methods based on delta-sigma modulation) produce a pulse-density modulated signal that can then be filtered in a similar way to produce a smoothly varying signal.
Applications[edit]
A simplified functional diagram of an 8-bit DAC
DACs and ADCs are part of an enabling technology that has contributed greatly to the digital revolution. To illustrate, consider a typical long-distance telephone call. The caller's voice is converted into an analog electrical signal by a microphone, then the analog signal is converted to a digital stream by an ADC. The digital stream is then divided into network packets where it may be sent along with other digital data, not necessarily audio. The packets are then received at the destination, but each packet may take a completely different route and may not even arrive at the destination in the correct time order. The digital voice data is then extracted from the packets and assembled into a digital data stream. A DAC converts this back into an analog electrical signal, which drives an audio amplifier, which in turn drives a loudspeaker, which finally produces sound.
Audio[edit]
Most modern audio signals are stored in digital form (for example MP3s and CDs) and in order to be heard through speakers they must be converted into an analog signal. DACs are therefore found in CD players, digital music players, and PC sound cards.
Specialist standalone DACs can also be found in high-end hi-fi systems. These normally take the digital output of a compatible CD player or dedicated transport (which is basically a CD player with no internal DAC) and convert the signal into an analog line-level output that can then be fed into an amplifier to drive speakers.
Similar digital-to-analog converters can be found in digital speakers such as USB speakers, and in sound cards.
In VoIP (Voice over IP) applications, the source must first be digitized for transmission, so it undergoes conversion via an analog-to-digital converter, and is then reconstructed into analog using a DAC on the receiving party's end.
Top-loading CD player and external digital-to-analog converter.
Video[edit]
Video sampling tends to work on a completely different scale altogether thanks to the highly nonlinear response both of cathode ray tubes (for which the vast majority of digital video foundation work was targeted) and the human eye, using a "gamma curve" to provide an appearance of evenly distributed brightness steps across the display's full dynamic range - hence the need to use RAMDACs in computer video applications with deep enough colour resolution to make engineering a hardcoded value into the DAC for each output level of each channel impractical (e.g. an Atari ST or Sega Genesis would require 24 such values; a 24-bit video card would need 768...). Given this inherent distortion, it is not unusual for a television or video projector to truthfully claim a linear contrast ratio (difference between darkest and brightest output levels) of 1000:1 or greater, equivalent to 10 bits of audio precision even though it may only accept signals with 8-bit precision and use an LCD panel that only represents 6 or 7 bits per channel.
Video signals from a digital source, such as a computer, must be converted to analog form if they are to be displayed on an analog monitor. As of 2007, analog inputs were more commonly used than digital, but this changed as flat panel displays with DVI and/or HDMI connections became more widespread.[citation needed] A video DAC is, however, incorporated in any digital video player with analog outputs. The DAC is usually integrated with some memory (RAM), which contains conversion tables for gamma correction, contrast and brightness, to make a device called a RAMDAC.
A device that is distantly related to the DAC is the digitally controlled potentiometer, used to control an analog signal digitally.
Mechanical[edit]
Play media
IBM Selectric typewriter uses a mechanical digital-to-analog converter to control its typeball.
A one-bit mechanical actuator assumes two positions: one when on, another when off. The motion of several one-bit actuators can be combined and weighted with a whiffletree mechanism to produce finer steps. The IBM Selectric typewriter uses such as system. When a typewriter key is pressed, it moves a metal bar (interposer) down that has several lugs. The lugs are the information bits. When a key is pressed, its interposer is moved by the motor. If a lug is present at one position, it will move the corresponding selector bail (bar); if the lug is not present, the selector bail stays where it is. The discrete motions of the bails are combined by a whiffle tree, and the output controls the rotation and tilt of the Selectric's typeball.[1]
Types[edit]
The most common types of electronic DACs are:[2]
The pulse-width modulator, the simplest DAC type. A stable current or voltage is switched into a low-pass analog filter with a duration determined by the digital input code. This technique is often used for electric motor speed control, but has many other applications as well.
Oversampling DACs or interpolating DACs such as the delta-sigma DAC, use a pulse density conversion technique. The oversampling technique allows for the use of a lower resolution DAC internally. A simple 1-bit DAC is often chosen because the oversampled result is inherently linear. The DAC is driven with a pulse-density modulated signal, created with the use of a low-pass filter, step nonlinearity (the actual 1-bit DAC), and negative feedback loop, in a technique called delta-sigma modulation. This results in an effective high-pass filter acting on the quantization (signal processing) noise, thus steering this noise out of the low frequencies of interest into the megahertz frequencies of little interest, which is called noise shaping. The quantization noise at these high frequencies is removed or greatly attenuated by use of an analog low-pass filter at the output (sometimes a simple RC low-pass circuit is sufficient). Most very high resolution DACs (greater than 16 bits) are of this type due to its high linearity and low cost. Higher oversampling rates can relax the specifications of the output low-pass filter and enable further suppression of quantization noise. Speeds of greater than 100 thousand samples per second (for example, 192 kHz) and resolutions of 24 bits are attainable with delta-sigma DACs. A short comparison with pulse-width modulation shows that a 1-bit DAC with a simple first-order integrator would have to run at 3 THz (which is physically unrealizable) to achieve 24 meaningful bits of resolution, requiring a higher-order low-pass filter in the noise-shaping loop. A single integrator is a low-pass filter with a frequency response inversely proportional to frequency and using one such integrator in the noise-shaping loop is a first order delta-sigma modulator. Multiple higher order topologies (such as MASH) are used to achieve higher degrees of noise-shaping with a stable topology.
The binary-weighted DAC, which contains individual electrical components for each bit of the DAC connected to a summing point. These precise voltages or currents sum to the correct output value. This is one of the fastest conversion methods but suffers from poor accuracy because of the high precision required for each individual voltage or current. Such high-precision components are expensive, so this type of converter is usually limited to 8-bit resolution or less.[citation needed]
Switched resistor DAC contains a parallel resistor network. Individual resistors are enabled or bypassed in the network based on the digital input.
Switched current source DAC, from which different current sources are selected based on the digital input.
Switched capacitor DAC contains a parallel capacitor network. Individual capacitors are connected or disconnected with switches based on the input.
The R-2R ladder DAC which is a binary-weighted DAC that uses a repeating cascaded structure of resistor values R and 2R. This improves the precision due to the relative ease of producing equal valued-matched resistors (or current sources).
The Successive-Approximation or Cyclic DAC,[3] which successively constructs the output during each cycle. Individual bits of the digital input are processed each cycle until the entire input is accounted for.
The thermometer-coded DAC, which contains an equal resistor or current-source segment for each possible value of DAC output. An 8-bit thermometer DAC would have 255 segments, and a 16-bit thermometer DAC would have 65,535 segments. This is perhaps the fastest and highest precision DAC architecture but at the expense of high cost. Conversion speeds of >1 billion samples per second have been reached with this type of DAC.
Hybrid DACs, which use a combination of the above techniques in a single converter. Most DAC integrated circuits are of this type due to the difficulty of getting low cost, high speed and high precision in one device.
The segmented DAC, which combines the thermometer-coded principle for the most significant bits and the binary-weighted principle for the least significant bits. In this way, a compromise is obtained between precision (by the use of the thermometer-coded principle) and number of resistors or current sources (by the use of the binary-weighted principle). The full binary-weighted design means 0% segmentation, the full thermometer-coded design means 100% segmentation.
Most DACs, shown earlier in this list, rely on a constant reference voltage to create their output value. Alternatively, a multiplying DAC[4] takes a variable input voltage for their conversion. This puts additional design constraints on the bandwidth of the conversion circuit.
Performance[edit]
DACs are very important to system performance. The most important characteristics of these devices are:[citation needed]
Resolution
The number of possible output levels the DAC is designed to reproduce. This is usually stated as the number of bits it uses, which is the base two logarithm of the number of levels. For instance a 1 bit DAC is designed to reproduce 2 (21) levels while an 8 bit DAC is designed for 256 (28) levels. Resolution is related to the effective number of bits which is a measurement of the actual resolution attained by the DAC. Resolution determines color depth in video applications and audio bit depth in audio applications.
Maximum sampling rate
A measurement of the maximum speed at which the DACs circuitry can operate and still produce the correct output. As stated above, the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem defines a relationship between this and the bandwidth of the sampled signal.
Monotonicity
The ability of a DAC's analog output to move only in the direction that the digital input moves (i.e., if the input increases, the output doesn't dip before asserting the correct output.) This characteristic is very important for DACs used as a low frequency signal source or as a digitally programmable trim element.
Total harmonic distortion and noise (THD+N)
A measurement of the distortion and noise introduced to the signal by the DAC. It is expressed as a percentage of the total power of unwanted harmonic distortion and noise that accompany the desired signal. This is a very important DAC characteristic for dynamic and small signal DAC applications.
Dynamic range
A measurement of the difference between the largest and smallest signals the DAC can reproduce expressed in decibels. This is usually related to resolution and noise floor.
Other measurements, such as phase distortion and jitter, can also be very important for some applications, some of which (e.g. wireless data transmission, composite video) may even rely on accurate production of phase-adjusted signals.
Linear PCM audio sampling usually works on the basis of each bit of resolution being equivalent to 6 decibels of amplitude (a 2x increase in volume or precision).
Non-linear PCM encodings (A-law / μ-law, ADPCM, NICAM) attempt to improve their effective dynamic ranges by a variety of methods - logarithmic step sizes between the output signal strengths represented by each data bit (trading greater quantisation distortion of loud signals for better performance of quiet signals)
Figures of merit[edit]
Static performance:
Differential nonlinearity (DNL) shows how much two adjacent code analog values deviate from the ideal 1 LSB step.[5]
Integral nonlinearity (INL) shows how much the DAC transfer characteristic deviates from an ideal one. That is, the ideal characteristic is usually a straight line; INL shows how much the actual voltage at a given code value differs from that line, in LSBs (1 LSB steps).
Gain
Offset
Noise is ultimately limited by the thermal noise generated by passive components such as resistors. For audio applications and in room temperatures, such noise is usually a little less than 1 μV (microvolt) of white noise. This limits performance to less than 20~21 bits even in 24-bit DACs.
Frequency domain performance
Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) indicates in dB the ratio between the powers of the converted main signal and the greatest undesired spur.
Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) indicates in dB the ratio between the powers of the converted main signal and the sum of the noise and the generated harmonic spurs
i-th harmonic distortion (HDi) indicates the power of the i-th harmonic of the converted main signal
Total harmonic distortion (THD) is the sum of the powers of all HDi
If the maximum DNL error is less than 1 LSB, then the D/A converter is guaranteed to be monotonic. However, many monotonic converters may have a maximum DNL greater than 1 LSB.
Time domain performance:
Glitch impulse area (glitch energy)
Response uncertainty
Time nonlinearity (TNL)
See also[edit]
Integral linearity
I²S
Modem
RAMDAC
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joachim Duebbers, IBM Selectric Typewriter Learning Program 10-3A: Input
Jump up ^ http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/design-handbooks/Data-Conversion-Handbook/Chapter3.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/design-handbooks/Data-Conversion-Handbook/Chapter3.pdf p. 3.29
Jump up ^ "Multiplying DACs, flexible building blocks" (PDF). Analog Devices inc. 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ ADC and DAC Glossary - Maxim
Further reading[edit]
Kester, Walt, The Data Conversion Handbook, ISBN 0-7506-7841-0
S. Norsworthy, Richard Schreier, Gabor C. Temes, Delta-Sigma Data Converters. ISBN 0-7803-1045-4.
Mingliang Liu, Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits. ISBN 0-7506-7907-7.
Behzad Razavi, Principles of Data Conversion System Design. ISBN 0-7803-1093-4.
Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design. ISBN 0-19-511644-5.
Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits. ISBN 0-13-014991-8.
A Anand Kumar, Fundamentals of Digital Circuits. ISBN 81-203-1745-9, ISBN 978-81-203-1745-1.
Ndjountche Tertulien, "CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits: High-Speed and Power-Efficient Design". ISBN 978-1-4398-5491-4.
External links[edit]
ADC and DAC Glossary
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