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Card security code
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The card security code is located on the back of MasterCard, Visa, Discover, Diners Club, and JCB credit or debit cards and is typically a separate group of three digits to the right of the signature strip.
On American Express cards, the card security code is a printed, not embossed, group of four digits on the front towards the right.
A card security code (CSC; also called card verification data [CVD], card verification number, card verification value [CVV], card verification value code, card verification code [CVC], verification code [V-code or V code], or signature panel code [SPC][1]) is a security feature for "card not present" payment card transactions instituted to reduce the incidence of credit card fraud.
The CSC is in addition to the bank card number which is embossed or printed on the card. The CSC is used as a security feature, in situations where a PIN cannot be used. The PIN is not printed or embedded on the card but is manually entered by the cardholder during point-of-sale (card present) transactions. Contactless card and chip cards may electronically generate their own code, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.
CSC was originally developed in the UK as an 11 character alphanumeric code by Equifax employee Michael Stone in 1995. After testing with the Littlewoods Home Shopping group and NatWest bank, the concept was adopted by APACS (the UK Association of Payment Clearing Services) and streamlined to the three-digit code known today. MasterCard started issuing CVC2 numbers in 1997 and Visa in the United States issued them by 2001. American Express started to use the CSC in 1999, in response to growing internet transactions and card member complaints of spending interruptions when the security of a card has been brought into question.
In 2016, a new e-commerce technology called Motioncode was introduced, designed to automatically refresh the CVV code to a new one every hour or so.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Types of codes
3 Location of code
4 Security benefits
5 Limitations
6 Generation
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Description[edit]
The codes have different names:
"CID": "Card Id", "Card Identification Number", or "Card Identification Code" – Discover, American Express (four digits on front of card)[a][3]
"CSC" or "Card Security Code" – debit cards,[which?] American Express (three digits on back of card)[3]
"CVC2" or "Card Validation Code" – MasterCard
"CVD" or "Card Verification Data" – Discover, sometimes used as the common initialism for this kind of code
"CVE" or "Elo Verification Code" – Elo in Brazil
"CVN2" or "Card Validation Number 2" – China UnionPay
"CVV2" or "Card Verification Value 2" – Visa
Types of codes[edit]
There are several types of security codes:
The first code, called CVC1 or CVV1, is encoded on track two of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions. The purpose of the code is to verify that a payment card is actually in the hand of the merchant. This code is automatically retrieved when the magnetic stripe of a card is swiped on a point-of-sale (card present) device and is verified by the issuer. A limitation is that if the entire card has been duplicated and the magnetic stripe copied, then the code is still valid. (See credit card fraud § skimming.)
The second code, and the most cited, is CVV2 or CVC2. This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail, fax, telephone or Internet. In some countries in Western Europe, card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person.[citation needed]
Contactless cards and chip cards may supply their own electronically generated codes, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.
Location of code[edit]
The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.
American Express cards have a four-digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number.
Diners Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, and Visa credit and debit cards have a three-digit card security code. The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card.
New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip.[4] This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing the card.
Security benefits[edit]
As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for "card not present" payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized.[5] This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not included, and the stolen card numbers are less useful. Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code, therefore employees and customer service representatives with access to these web-based payment interfaces who otherwise have access to complete card numbers, expiration dates, and other information still lack the CVV2 code.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation. This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.[6] Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant. However, some merchants in North America, such as Sears and Staples, require the code. For American Express cards, this has been an invariable practice (for "card not present" transactions) in European Union (EU) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005. This provides a level of protection to the bank/cardholder, in that a fraudulent merchant or employee cannot simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for "card not present" purchases over the phone, mail order or Internet. To do this, a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it, which is more likely to arouse the cardholder's suspicion.
Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.
Limitations[edit]
The use of the CSC cannot protect against phishing scams, where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website. The growth in phishing has reduced the real-world effectiveness of the CSC as an anti-fraud device. There is now also a scam where a phisher has already obtained the card account number (perhaps by hacking a merchant database or from a poorly designed receipt) and gives this information to the victims (lulling them into a false sense of security) before asking for the CSC (which is all that the phisher needs).[7]
Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time[5] (after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized), a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction. Payment gateways, however, have responded by adding "periodic bill" features as part of the authorization process.
Some card issuers do not use the CSC. However, transactions without CSC are possibly subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants,[citation needed] and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder.[citation needed]
It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction,[citation needed] hence the card may still be prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers.
It is possible for a fraudster to guess the CSC by using a distributed attack.[8]
Generation[edit]
The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date (two fields printed on the card) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result.[9][10]
See also[edit]
Credit card fraud
ISO 8583 (data element #44 carries the Security Code response)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ American Express usually uses the four-digit code on the front of the card, referred to as the Card Identification Code (CID), but also has a three-digit code on the back of the card, referred to as the Card Security Code (CSC). American Express also sometimes refers to a "Unique Card Code".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CIBC MasterCard - MasterCard SecureCode". Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
Jump up ^ "This card is being rolled out by French banks to eliminate fraud". thememo.com. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Do I need to do anything before using my Gift Card or Business Gift Card?, "four digit Card Identification Code (CID) located on the front of the Card, three digit Card Security Code (CSC) on the back of the Card"
Jump up ^ "Card Security Features" (PDF). Visa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rules for Visa Merchants" (doc). p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Official Source of PCI DSS Data Security Standards Documents and Payment Card Compliance Guidelines". Pcisecuritystandards.org. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Visa Fraud Investigation Scam". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ Ducklin, Paul (5 December 2016). "How to guess credit card security codes". naked security by SOPHOS. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "z/OS Integrated Cryptographic Service Facility Application Programmer's Guide". IBM. March 2002. p. 209.
Jump up ^ "z/OS Integrated Cryptographic Service Facility Application Programmer's Guide". IBM. March 2002. p. 258.
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Mackenzie Foy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mackenzie Foy
Foy at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.
Born
Mackenzie Christine Foy
(2000-11-10) November 10, 2000 (age 16)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Model
actress
Years active
2009–present
Mackenzie Christine Foy (born November 10, 2000) is an American model and actress. She is known for appearing as Renesmee Cullen in the 2012 film The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, which earned her a Young Artist Award nomination as Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film,[1][2] and for her role as the young Murphy in the 2014 space epic Interstellar, for which she received critical acclaim, a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor, and several other awards nominations. She is also known to play Cindy Perron in James Wan's The Conjuring.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Mackenzie Foy was born on November 10, 2000. She was born and raised in Los Angeles.[3] Foy began modeling at age 3, and started acting at age 9.[4]
Career[edit]
Mackenzie Foy at the 2012 San Diego Comic Con International
Foy began modeling in print ads in 2004, working for Garnet Hill, Polo Ralph Lauren and Guess.[3][5][6] From there, she modeled for companies such as The Walt Disney Company, Mattel and Gap.[7]
Foy's acting career began when she was nine years old, when she guest-starred in television shows such as 'Til Death, FlashForward and Hawaii Five-0. In 2010, she was cast as Renesmee Cullen in the film adaptation of Stephenie Meyer's book Breaking Dawn, the fourth and final novel in the Twilight saga series. The first movie, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, in which Renesmee is shown only in a flash forward, was released on November 18, 2011, while the second, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, on November 16, 2012.
In February 2012, she joined the cast of James Wan's horror film The Conjuring.[8] Shooting started on February 21 in North Carolina, and the film was released in July 2013.[9] In February, she was also in the last episode of the second season of the horror TV series R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour, in which she played Natalie, a girl who goes to live with her grandfather and discovers that one of the dolls is alive and has bad intentions.[10] On October 10, 2012, Foy joined Wish You Well, the film adaptation of David Baldacci's book, where she played the lead.[11] On November 17, 2012, Foy was in another episode of R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour, playing Georgia Lomin.[12] In 2014, Foy appeared in Erica Dunton's movie Black Eyed Dog.
Foy co-starred in Christopher Nolan's Interstellar, about a team of explorers who travel through a wormhole in an attempt to ensure humanity's survival. Her character as an adult woman was portrayed by Oscar nominee Jessica Chastain. Her character as an elderly woman was portrayed by Ellen Burstyn, who had played her grandmother the previous year in Wish You Well. She provided the voice of Celestine in the English dub of Ernest & Celestine (2012), Violet in The Boxcar Children (2014) and The Little Girl in The Little Prince (2015). In July, it was announced that Foy would play Clara in the 2018 film The Nutcracker and the Four Realms with Morgan Freeman and Misty Copeland.[13]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Renesmee Cullen
2012 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Renesmee Cullen
2013 The Conjuring Cindy Perron
2013 Wish You Well Lou Cardinal
2014 Ernest & Celestine Celestine Voice role (English dub)
2014 The Boxcar Children Violet Voice role
2014 Black Eyed Dog Daisy
2014 Interstellar Young Murphy "Murph" Cooper
2015 The Little Prince The Little Girl Voice role
2018 The Nutcracker and the Four Realms Clara Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 'Til Death Little Girl Episode: "No Complaints"
2010 FlashForward Kate Erskine Episode: "Blowback"
2010 Hawaii Five-0 Lily Wilson Episode: "Ho'apono"
2012 R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: The Series Natalie / Georgia Lomin Episodes: "The Return of Lilly D", "Red Eye"
2014 The Cookie Mobster Sally Television film
2015 Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise Jenny Television film
Awards[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Work
Result
Refs
2013 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Screen Couple
(shared with Taylor Lautner) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Won [14]
2013 Golden Raspberry Award Worst Screen Ensemble
(shared with cast) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Won [14]
2013 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Nominated [2][15]
2014 Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Youth Performance Interstellar Nominated [16]
2014 St. Louis Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Interstellar Nominated
2014 Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Performer Interstellar Nominated [17]
2015 Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Interstellar Won [18]
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Interstellar Nominated [19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Breaking Dawn Filming News: Mackenzie Foy To Appear In Breaking Dawn Part 1 and 2?". November 22, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet Renesmee! Mackenzie Foy of 'Breaking Dawn -- Part 2'". June 15, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy stands out in 'Breaking Dawn -- Part 2'". usatoday.com. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy, 'Twilight' Star, On Shootfhhfzing 'Breaking Dawn' And Her Favorite Scene". July 13, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Twilight' Star Renesmee Revealed: 5 Things to Know About Mackenzie Foy". June 13, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart's baby (in Twilight)". January 27, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy On For The Warren Files". Empire Online. February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Horror pic taps 'Twilight,' 'Dark Knight' kids". February 6, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ ""Twilight" star Mackenzie Foy battles an evil doll in "The Haunting Hour"". February 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy of ‘Breaking Dawn’ Joins Adaptation of ‘Wish You Well’". October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mackenzie Foy is Guest Starring in a Brand New 'Haunting Hour'". November 12, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Disney’s Nutcracker Movie Finds Its Lead Actress, Adds A Legend - CINEMABLEND". 29 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 33rd Annual RAZZIE® Awards". Razzies.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Actress, Hoover native Savannah Lathem wins Young Artist Award for 'California Solo' movie". Al.com. May 5, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "D.C. Wants to Have a Talk About the Birds and the Boys" (PDF). The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association. 8 December 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Siede, Caroline (December 15, 2014). "The Critics’ Choice Awards enjoyed Birdman and Boyhood as well". The A.V. Club.
Jump up ^ "'Interstellar' sweeps Saturn Awards 2015". Business Standard. June 27, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Longeretta, Emily (June 9, 2015). "Teen Choice Awards Pit One Direction Against Zayn Malik". Hollywood Life. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackenzie Foy.
Mackenzie Foy on IMDb
[hide]
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t
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Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Noah Hathaway (1984)
Barret Oliver (1985)
Carrie Henn (1986)
Kirk Cameron (1987)
Fred Savage (1988)
Adan Jodorowsky (1989/90)
Edward Furlong (1991)
Scott Weinger (1992)
Elijah Wood (1993)
Kirsten Dunst (1994)
Christina Ricci (1995)
Lucas Black (1996)
Jena Malone (1997)
Tobey Maguire (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Devon Sawa (2000)
Haley Joel Osment (2001)
Tyler Hoechlin (2002)
Jeremy Sumpter (2003)
Emmy Rossum (2004)
Dakota Fanning (2005)
Ivana Baquero (2006)
Freddie Highmore (2007)
Jaden Smith (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2010)
Joel Courtney (2011)
Suraj Sharma (2012)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2013)
Mackenzie Foy (2014)
Ty Simpkins (2015)
Tom Holland (2016)
Authority control
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LCCN: no2014114273
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_Foy&oldid=798864230"
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Mothering Sunday
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Mother's Day.
Mothering Sunday
Observances
Visiting the church in which one was baptised, honouring one's mother
Date
4th Sunday in Lent
2016 date
6 March
2017 date
26 March
2018 date
11 March
2019 date
31 March
Frequency
annual
Related to
Laetare Sunday, Lent
Mothering Sunday is a holiday celebrated by Catholic and Protestant Christians in some parts of Europe. It falls on the fourth Sunday in Lent, exactly three weeks before Easter Day. Once observed as a day on which people would visit their "mother" church, it has also become an occasion for honouring the mothers of children and giving them presents.[1] It is increasingly being called Mother's Day, although that has always been a secular event quite different from the original Mothering Sunday.[1] In the UK and Ireland, Mothering Sunday is celebrated in the same way as Mother's Day is celebrated elsewhere.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Names
3 Other
4 Cakes and buns
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Saint Paul's Church, the parish church of New Southgate, England
During the 16th century, people returned to their mother church for a service to be held on Laetare Sunday;[2] in this context, one's 'mother church' was either the church where they were baptised, or the local parish church, or the nearest cathedral (the latter being the mother church of all the parish churches in a diocese).[1] Anyone who did this was commonly said to have gone "a-mothering", although whether this term preceded the observance of Mothering Sunday is unclear. In later times, Mothering Sunday became a day when domestic servants were given a day off to visit their mother church, usually with their own mothers and other family members.[2] It was often the only time that whole families could gather together, since on other days they were prevented by conflicting working hours, and servants were not given free days on other occasions.[3]
Children and young people who were "in service" (as household servants) were given a day off on that date so they could visit their families (or, originally, return to their "mother" church). The children would pick wild flowers along the way to place in the church or give to their mothers. Eventually, the religious tradition evolved into the Mothering Sunday secular tradition of giving gifts to mothers.[1]
By the 1920s the custom of keeping Mothering Sunday had tended to lapse in Ireland and in continental Europe.[4] In 1914, inspired by Anna Jarvis's efforts in the United States, Constance Penswick-Smith created the Mothering Sunday Movement,[5] and in 1921 she wrote a book asking for the revival of the festival; Constance was the daughter of the vicar of Coddington, Nottinghamshire, and there is a memorial in Coddington's church.[6][7] Its widescale revival was through the influence of American and Canadian soldiers serving abroad during World War II; the traditions of Mothering Sunday, still practised by the Church of England and Church of Ireland were merged with the newly imported traditions and celebrated in the wider Catholic and secular society.[4][8][9] UK-based merchants saw the commercial opportunity in the holiday and relentlessly promoted it in the UK; by the 1950s, it was celebrated across all the UK.[8]
People from Ireland and the UK started celebrating Mother's Day on the same day that Mothering Sunday was celebrated, the fourth Sunday in Lent.[4] The two celebrations have now been mixed up, and many people think that they are the same thing.[3]
Mothering Sunday remains in the calendar of some Canadian Anglican churches, particularly those with strong English connections.
Names[edit]
Gregorian dates for Mothering Sunday
Year
Date
2004 21 March
2005 6 March
2006 26 March
2007 18 March
2008 2 March
2009 22 March
2010 14 March
2011 3 April
2012 18 March
2013 10 March
2014 30 March
2015 15 March
2016 6 March
2017 26 March
2018 11 March
The other names attributed to the fourth Sunday in Lent include Refreshment Sunday, Pudding Pie Sunday (in Surrey, England), Mid-Lent Sunday.[10] Simnel Sunday and Rose Sunday. Simnel Sunday is named after the practice of baking simnel cakes to celebrate the reuniting of families during the austerity of Lent. Because there is traditionally a relaxation of Lenten vows on this particular Sunday in celebration of the fellowship of family and church, the name Refreshment Sunday is sometimes used, although rarely today.
Rose Sunday is sometimes used as an alternative title for Laetare Sunday, as is witnessed by the purple robes of Lent being replaced in some churches by rose-coloured ones. The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia asserts that "the Golden Rose, sent by the Popes to Catholic sovereigns, used to be blessed at this time, and for this reason the day was sometimes called 'Dominica de Rosa'."[11][12]
This Sunday was also once known as the "Sunday of the Five Loaves", from the traditional Gospel reading for the day. Prior to the adoption of the modern "common" lectionaries, the Gospel reading for this Sunday in the Anglican, Roman Catholic, Western-Rite Orthodox, and Old Catholic churches was the story of the feeding of the five thousand (for instance, the Anglican Book of Common Prayer stipulates St John's Gospel 6:5–14).
Other[edit]
The Epistle for the fourth Sunday in Lent as set out in the Book of Common Prayer and The 1962 Missal of Roman Catholic Church give a special place to the theme of maternal love: Galatians 4:26 states that "Jerusalem which is above is free; which is Mother of us all."[1]
Another tradition associated with Mothering Sunday is the practice of "clipping the church", whereby the congregation form a ring around their church building and, holding hands, embrace it.
For some Church of England churches, it is the only day in Lent when marriages can be celebrated.
During the church services held many churches give the children in the congregation a little bunch of spring flowers to give to their mothers.[10]
Cakes and buns[edit]
Simnel cake is a traditional confection associated with both Mothering Sunday and Easter.[13]:page 2
Around 1600, when the celebration was only held in England and Scotland, a different kind of pastry was preferred.
In England, "Mothering Buns" or "Mothering Sunday Buns" were made to celebrate. These sweet buns are topped with pink or white icing and the multi-coloured sprinkles known as "hundreds and thousands" in the UK. They are not widely made or served today in the UK but in Australia they are a bakery staple, not related to any particular celebration.
In Northern England and Scotland some preferred "Carlings", pancakes made of steeped peas fried in butter.[14]
See also[edit]
Father's Day
Homecoming
Laetare Sunday (cf. Gaudete Sunday)
Matronalia, dedicated to the fertility of married women
Mother's Day
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Mothering Sunday", BBC, retrieved 4 March 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Cross F.L. & Livingstone E.A. (1974), "Mothering Sunday", Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, OUP CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b David Self (1993), One hundred readings for assembly, Heinemann Assembly Resources, Heinemann, pp. 27–29, ISBN 9780435800413
^ Jump up to: a b c Irish Culture and Customs, Bridget Haggerty
Jump up ^ Archives suisses des traditions populaires (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Volkskunde), 52, 1956
Jump up ^ Michael Bache, Mothering Sunday. Constance Penswick Smith – (1878–1938), Coddington (Notts) History Group
Jump up ^ The revival of Mothering Sunday,: Being an account of the origin, development, and significance of the beautiful customs which have entwined themselves … true and ancient day in praise of mothers, Macmillan Publishers, 1921, ASIN B00086O8I6
^ Jump up to: a b Ronald Hutton (2001), The stations of the sun: a history of the ritual year in Britain (illustrated, reprinted ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 174–177, ISBN 0-19-285448-8
Jump up ^ Owen Spencer-Thomas, How Mothering Sunday became Mother's Day, Diocese of Ely
^ Jump up to: a b Mandy Barrow (2010), Mothering Sunday. The UK's version of Mother's Day, woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk (original location)
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)
Jump up ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Golden Rose".
Jump up ^ "Mothering Sunday". Religion & Ethics. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
Jump up ^ 簡世華 (2005). 寂天文化, ed. Western Holidays and Festivals / Jie qing Ying yu yuan lai ru ci (in Chinese and English). Taibei Shi: Ji tian wen hua shi ye you xian gong si. p. 133. ISBN 9789575856755.
External links[edit]
Mothering Sunday on RE:Quest
BBC Mothering Sunday
Catholic Encyclopedia: "Laetare Sunday"
How Mothering Sunday was revived in East Anglia
Mothering Sunday (Woodlands Junior School, Tonbridge, Kent)
Mothering Sunday (The Children's Society)
[hide]
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This page was last edited on 5 September 2017, at 08:04.
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