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The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
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The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Recorded
2017
Genre
Pop
Length
39:51
Label
Atlantic
Producer
Greg Wells
Benj Pasek
Justin Paul
Alex Lacamoire (also exec.)
Adam Gubman
Chris Leon
Ryan Lewis
Ricky Reed
Jake Sinclair
Joseph Trapanese
Kevin Weaver
Pete Ganbarg
Singles from The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"This Is Me"
Released: December 8, 2017
"Rewrite the Stars"
Released: July 20, 2018 (Australian radio)
The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the film of the same name. It was released in full on December 8, 2017 by Atlantic Records.[1] The first pre-order release was on October 26, 2017 with two promotional singles: "The Greatest Show" and "This Is Me" and a third on November 17, 2017 "Rewrite the Stars".[2][3][4] "This Is Me" was released on December 8, 2017 as the album's official lead single.[5] In Australia, "Rewrite the Stars" was released to radio on July 20, 2018.[6]
Produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, Benj Pasek, the album became a global success following the release of the film, topping the charts in several countries including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and Japan. The album also reached number one on iTunes in over 77 countries.[7][8] In the United Kingdom, the album is a commercial success and is the best-selling album of 2018.[9] It became only the second album in 30 years to spend 11 consecutive weeks at number 1[10] and in its 20th week atop the UK Albums Chart[11], it became the longest running soundtrack at number 1 in 50 years, and has sold over 4 million copies worldwide.[9]
The album's single "This Is Me" won Best Original Song – Motion Picture at the 75th Golden Globe Awards,[12] and was nominated for Best Song at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards[13] and Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards.[14]
Contents
1 Release
1.1 Critical reception
1.2 Accolades
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
4 Charts
4.1 Album
5 Certifications
6 Songs
7 Notes
8 References
Release[edit]
The first pre-order release was on October 26, 2017 with the soundtrack released in full on December 8, 2017 by Atlantic Records.[1]
It debuted at #71 on Billboard 200, and later stayed at number one for two weeks.[15] On January 7, 2018, the soundtrack had been on the top of the Billboard 200 for two weeks, reaching #1 in its fourth week of availability. It had sold 106,000 copies.[16] In the third week it became #2. The Greatest Showman beat that week's top album in traditional album sales (70,000 vs. 65,000) and was the top-selling album of the week, but didn't top the Billboard 200 due to TEA units and SEA units.[17] By February 7, 2018, the soundtrack was a breakout hit at #1 on the UK album charts and #2 in the United States.[18] On February 8, 2018, Stereogum published an article writing that "statistically speaking, The Greatest Showman is by far the most popular album of the year so far."[19]
By February 27, it was the top album on iTunes.[15] By March 23, 2018, it had been the number one in the UK for eleven straight weeks, more than "any other album in modern chart history except Adele's 21." It had sold 465,000 copies, with around 40% of those sales on CD and vinyl.[20] By April 6 the album climbed back up the charts for its 12th non-consecutive week at number one.[21]
Critical reception[edit]
The album was selected for the 2017 Oprah's Favorite Things list.[22] By February 23, 2018, the track "This Is Me" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 2018 Academy Awards.[23] According to Sky News on March 25, 2018, "music critics have put the album's success down to the feel-good, uplifting pop tunes which are also old school at the same time."[24]
Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com called the 11 songs "memorable," praising the vocal performances of the leads.[25] The women's magazine Bustle gave it a positive review, particularly certain vocal performances.[26] Stereogum described the soundtrack music as eclectic in its influences, giving it a negative reception for "[serving] up earnest buoyancy in many high-fructose flavors."[19] Also noting the eclectic mix of musical genres, The Ringer writes that "the bombastic tunes mix EDM gleams with stadium-rock grunts, chest-pounding ballads with peppy empowerment anthems, a thoroughly modern and disconcertingly eager post-genre assault designed to barnstorm as many Spotify playlists as possible. It’s a gilded cheese ball, pushing exhilaration to the point of exhaustion."[27] The Guardian wrote that the album brought "a whole lot of self-empowerment, enlivened with some deracinated R&B beats, and given the necessary gravitas by some power ballads of the sort that make one imagine the singer filmed from below with a wind machine blowing in their face."[18]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Golden Globe Awards January 7, 2018 Best Original Song – Motion Picture "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won [12]
Critics' Choice Movie Awards January 11, 2018 Best Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [13]
Classic Brit Awards June 14, 2018 Best Soundtrack The Greatest Showman – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won [28]
Academy Awards March 4, 2018 Best Original Song "This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated [14][29]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Pasek & Paul.
No.
Title
Performed by
Length
1. "The Greatest Show" Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya 5:02
2. "A Million Dreams" Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams 4:29
3. "A Million Dreams (Reprise)" Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman 1:00
4. "Come Alive" Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya 3:45
5. "The Other Side" Jackman & Efron 3:34
6. "Never Enough" Loren Allred 3:27
7. "This Is Me" Settle 3:54
8. "Rewrite the Stars" Efron & Zendaya 3:37
9. "Tightrope" Williams 3:54
10. "Never Enough (Reprise)" Allred 1:20
11. "From Now On" Jackman 5:49
Total length: 39:51
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Greatest Showman.[30]
Soundtrack album producers: Greg Wells, Justin Paul, Benj Pasek
All tracks mixed by Greg Wells, except track 7 mixed by Manny Marroquin
Executive music producer: Alex Lacamoire
Music producers: Alex Lacamoire, Adam Gubman, Chris Leon, Ryan Lewis, Benj Pasek, Justin Paul, Ricky Reed, Jake Sinclair, Joseph Trapanese, Greg Wells
Production music supervisors: Benj Pasek & Justin Paul
Music coordinator: Jordan Carroll
Music production supervisor: Ethan Popp
Associate music production supervisor: Jason Michael Webb
Music supervisor: Mark White
Supervising musician and vocal contractor: Sandy Park
Supervising vocal producer: Liz Caplan
Vocal producers and coaches: Justin Paul, Carmen Key, Patrick Vaccariello
Vocal arrangements: Justin Paul
Supervising music editor: Jennifer Monnar
On set music copyist: Benjamin Lively
Soundtrack album producers for Atlantic Records: Kevin Weaver and Pete Ganbarg
A&R contribution: Brandon Davis
Marketing for Atlantic Records: David Grant
Project coordinator for Atlantic Records: Kellie Gentry
Business and legal affairs for Atlantic Records: Ben Landry
A&R administration for Atlantic Records: Aryanna Platt
Art direction for Atlantic Records: Mark Obriski
Executive in charge of music for Twentieth Century Fox: Danielle Diego
Music supervised for Twentieth Century Fox: Anton Monsted
Music production supervised for Twentieth Century Fox: Rebecca Morellato and Brianne Porcaro
Business affairs for Twentieth Century Fox: Thomas Cavanaugh and Lauren Caruso
Music clearance for Twentieth Century Fox: Ellen Ginsburg
Charts[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[31]
1
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[32]
11
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[33]
4
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[34]
43
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[35]
3
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[36]
16
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[37]
8
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[38]
5
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[39]
3
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[40]
5
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[41]
34
Irish Albums (IRMA)[42]
1
Italian Compilation Albums (FIMI)[43]
1
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard)[44]
1
Japanese Albums (Oricon)[45]
1
Japanese International Albums (Oricon)[46]
1
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[47]
1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[48]
2
Scottish Albums (OCC)[49]
1
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[50]
17
South Korean International Albums (Gaon)[51]
2
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[52]
11
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]
4
Taiwanese Albums (Five Music)[54]
1
UK Albums (OCC)[55]
1
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[56]
1
US Billboard 200[57]
1
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[58]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[59]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[60]
Platinum 80,000^
Japan (RIAJ)[61]
Gold 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[62]
Platinum 15,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[63]
3× Platinum 931,000[64]
United States (RIAA)[65]
2× Platinum 1,252,000[66]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Songs[edit]
List of songs, with selected chart positions and available certifications
Title
Performer(s)
Peak chart positions
Certifications
US
[67]
AUS
[68]
CAN
[69]
IRE
[70]
FRA
[71]
NZ
[72]
SPA
[73]
UK
[74]
"The Greatest Show"
Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Keala Settle, Zendaya, and The Greatest Showman Ensemble 88 42 — 34 110 —[A] — 20
ARIA: Platinum[76]
BPI: Platinum[77]
RIAA: Gold[78]
"A Million Dreams"
Ziv Zaifman, Hugh Jackman, and Michelle Williams —[B] — — 45 199 —[C] — 22
BPI: Gold[77]
RIAA: Gold[80]
"A Million Dreams (Reprise)"
Hugh Jackman, Austyn Johnson, and Cameron Seely — — — — — — — —
BPI: Silver[77]
"Come Alive"
Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zendaya, and Daniel Everidge —[D] — — 70 — —[E] — 55
BPI: Silver[77]
"The Other Side"
Hugh Jackman and Zac Efron —[F] — — 54 — —[G] — 48
BPI: Gold[77]
RIAA: Gold[81]
"Never Enough"
Loren Allred 88 — — 39 97 —[H] 81 24
BPI: Gold[82]
RIAA: Gold[83]
"This Is Me"
Keala Settle and The Greatest Showman Ensemble 58 10 74 11 52 13 66 3
ARIA: 2× Platinum[76]
BPI: Platinum[84]
MC: Gold[85]
RIAA: Platinum[86]
RMNZ: Gold[87]
"Rewrite the Stars"
Zac Efron and Zendaya 70 24 71 21 115 32 82 16
ARIA: Platinum[76]
BPI: Gold[88]
MC: Gold[89]
RIAA: Gold[90]
"Tightrope"
Michelle Williams — — — — — — — —
BPI: Silver[91]
"Never Enough (Reprise)"
Loren Allred — — — — — — — —
"From Now On"
Hugh Jackman and The Greatest Showman Ensemble —[I] — — 65 — —[J] — —
BPI: Silver[77]
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Show" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 3 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[75]
Jump up ^ "A Million Dreams" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[79]
Jump up ^ "A Million Dreams" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 7 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[75]
Jump up ^ "Come Alive" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 21 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[79]
Jump up ^ "Come Alive" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 8 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[75]
Jump up ^ "The Other Side" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[79]
Jump up ^ "The Other Side" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 6 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[75]
Jump up ^ "Never Enough" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 5 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[75]
Jump up ^ "From Now On" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 20 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[79]
Jump up ^ "From Now On" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 9 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.[75]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Desk, BWW News. "Listen to Two Full Songs from THE GREATEST SHOWMAN, Written by Pasek & Paul!". Broadway World.
Jump up ^ "Listen to The Greatest Showman's Zac Efron and Zendaya Sing Pasek and Paul's 'Rewrite the Stars'". PlayBill. November 17, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Odds & Ends: Hear Zac Efron & Zendaya Sing Pasek & Paul's 'Rewrite the Stars' from The Greatest Showman & More". Broadway. November 17, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman Releases New Song, "Rewrite the Stars"". Theatre Mania. November 17, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "KEALA SETTLE & THE GREATEST SHOWMAN ENSEMBLE - THIS IS ME (SONG)". Australian Charts. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Singles to Radio Issue 1199". The Music Network. July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman on Twitter". Twitter. 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Hits No. 1 On Album Chart & iTunes". Deadline Hollywood. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b White, Jack (June 15, 2018). "The Greatest Showman becomes the UK's longest-running Number 1 soundtrack in 50 years". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (March 23, 2018). "The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele's massive UK chart record". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL ALBUMS CHART RESULTS MATCHING: THE GREATEST SHOWMAN". Official Chart. The Official Chart Company. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b France, Lisa (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe nominations 2018: The list". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Kilday, Gregg (December 6, 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms". The Hollywood Reporter. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Dana Schwartz (February 27, 2018), "The Greatest Showman has almost Titanic-length legs at the box office: Here's why", Entertainment Weekly, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps (January 7, 2018), "On the Charts: 'Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Ascends to Number One", Rolling Stone, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ "No. 1 album on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. January 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Hann (February 7, 2018), "The Greatest Showman was derided by critics. So why has its soundtrack shot straight to No 1?", The Guardian, retrieved March 25, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b Chris DeVille (February 8, 2018), The Greatest Showman Soundtrack(?) Is 2018’s Biggest Album So Far, Stereogum, retrieved March 26, 2018
Jump up ^ Mark Savage (March 23, 2018), The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele's UK chart run, BBC, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman soundtrack returns to Number 1 for an encore performance on the Official Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Showman". oprah.com. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba (February 23, 2018), "'This Is Me' Catapults 'Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Toward One Billion Streams", Variety, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ Alix Culbertson (March 25, 2018), How Greatest Showman soundtrack equalled Adele's 21 album chart run, Sky News, retrieved March 26, 2018
Jump up ^ Sheila O'Malley (December 20, 2017), The Greatest Showman, Rogerebert.com, retrieved March 26, 2018
Jump up ^ Angelica Florio (December 18, 2017), "'The Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Is The Perfect Antidote To All That Holiday Music", Bustle, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ Rob Harvilla (February 5, 2018), "America's New Favorite Soundtrack Is … 'The Greatest Showman'?", The Ringer, retrieved March 25, 2018
Jump up ^ http://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/all-the-winners-from-the-classic-brit-awards/072820
Jump up ^ "Academy Award Winners 2018: The Complete List". Variety. March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Greatest Showman (Media notes). The Greatest Showman. Atlantic Records / Twentieth Century Fox. 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 201801 on the field besides the word "Zobrazit", and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 2, 2018". Hitlisten. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Eri esittäjiä: The Greatest Showman (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez-lista – 2018. 10. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Irish Albums Chart: 26 January 2018". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 1, 2018" (in Italian). FIMI. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japan Hot Albums". Billboard (in Japanese). March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oricon Top 50 Albums: 2018-03-12" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Oricon Top 50 International Albums: 2018-03-05" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Topp 40 Album uke 4, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Korea Gaon Album Chart". On the page, select "2017.12.24~2017.12.30" to obtain the corresponding chart. Gaon Chart Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Korea Gaon International Album Chart". On the page, select "2017.12.24~2017.12.30", then "국외", to obtain the corresponding chart. Gaon Chart Retrieved December 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albumes – Semana 5: del 26.1.2018 al 1.2.2018" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – The Greatest Showman". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "第10 週 統計時間：2018/3/2 - 2018/3/8" (in Chinese). Five-Music. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (January 7, 2018). "'The Greatest Showman' Soundtrack Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Chart History (Soundtrack Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. February 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Various Artists – The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Music Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Japanese album certifications – The Greatest Showman Ensemble – The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand album certifications – The Greatest Showman Ensemble – The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Motion Picture Cast Recording – The Greatest Showman". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 22, 2018. Select albums in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter The Greatest Showman in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (5 July 2018). "The Official Top 40 biggest albums of 2018 so far". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Various Artists". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 25, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (August 24, 2018). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'Moana' Soundtrack Surpasses 1 Million Copies Sold in U.S." Billboard. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for the United States:
"This Is Me": "Billboard Hot 100: January 27, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars" and "The Greatest Show": "Zendaya – Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Billboard Hot 100: January 13, 2018". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for Australia:
"This Is Me" and "The Greatest Show": "Discography Keala Settle". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Discography Zendaya". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/music/zac-efron/chart-history/canadian-hot-100
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for Ireland:
"This Is Me": "Discography Keala Settle". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars", "The Greatest Show", and "Come Alive": "Discography Zendaya". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Discography Loren Allred". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"A Million Dreams", "The Other Side", and "From Now On": "Discography Hugh Jackman". Irish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for France:
"This Is Me" and "The Greatest Show": "Discographie Keala Settle". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Discographie Zendaya". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Discographie Loren Allred". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"A Million Dreams": "Discographie Hugh Jackman". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for New Zealand:
"This Is Me": "Discography Keala Settle". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Discography Zendaya". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for Spain:
"Never Enough": "LOREN ALLRED - NEVER ENOUGH (SONG)". Spanish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "KEALA SETTLE & THE GREATEST SHOWMAN ENSEMBLE - THIS IS ME (SONG)". Spanish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
"This Is Me": "KEALA SETTLE & THE GREATEST SHOWMAN ENSEMBLE - THIS IS ME (SONG)". Spanish Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chart positions breakdown for the United Kingdom:
"This Is Me": "Settle/The Greatest Showman Ensemble". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Rewrite the Stars": "Zac Efron & Zendaya". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"Never Enough": "Loren Allred". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"The Greatest Show": "Jackman/Settle/Efron/Zendaya". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
"A Million Dreams": "Ziv Zaifman/Jackman/Williams". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2018 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. April 30, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "British single certifications – Jackman". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Jackman in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Greatest Showman Ensemble". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 28, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hugh Jackman – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Ziv Zaifman, Hugh Jackman, Michelle Williams". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 28, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 28, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Loren Allred". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Loren Allred in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Loren+Allred#search_section
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Settle". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Settle in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Canadian certifications – Keala Settle". Music Canada. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Keala Settle". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Keala Settle – This Is Me". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Efron". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 3, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Efron in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Canadian certifications – Zendaya". Music Canada. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Zendaya". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Williams". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 25, 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Enter Williams in the search field and then press Enter.
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Categories:
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1968 Democratic National Convention
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1968 Democratic National Convention
1968 presidential election
Nominees
Humphrey and Muskie
Convention
Date(s)
August 26–29, 1968
City
Chicago, Illinois
Venue
International Amphitheatre
Candidates
Presidential nominee
Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota
Vice Presidential nominee
Edmund Muskie of Maine
Other candidates
Eugene McCarthy
George McGovern
Pigasus
‹ 1964 · 1972 ›
The 1968 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held August 26–29 at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois. As President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the purpose of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office.[1] The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii).[2]
Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine were nominated for President and Vice President, respectively.
The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities[3] following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4.[4] The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, on June 5.[5] Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running for the Democratic Nomination at the time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Before the convention
2 Convention
2.1 Nomination
2.2 Final ballot
2.3 Dan Rather incident
3 Richard J. Daley and the convention
4 Protests and police response
4.1 The Chicago Police riot
4.2 The Chicago Eight
5 The McGovern–Fraser Commission
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Before the convention[edit]
Play media
Film of the convention shot inside the convention center by the United States Information Agency
In 1968, despite the control of the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the White House, the Democratic Party was divided. Senator Eugene McCarthy entered the campaign in November 1967, challenging incumbent President Johnson for the Democratic nomination. Robert F. Kennedy entered the race in March 1968. Johnson, facing dissent within his party, and having only barely won the New Hampshire primary, dropped out of the race on March 31.[6] Vice President Hubert Humphrey then entered into the race, but did not compete in any primaries; he inherited the delegates previously pledged to Johnson and then collected delegates in caucus states, especially in caucuses controlled by local Democratic party leaders. After Kennedy's assassination on June 5, the Democratic Party's divisions grew.[5] At the moment of Kennedy's death the delegate count stood at Humphrey 561.5, Kennedy 393.5, McCarthy 258.[7] Kennedy's murder left his delegates uncommitted.
Support within the party was divided between Senator McCarthy, who ran a decidedly anti-war campaign and was seen as the peace candidate,[8] Vice President Humphrey, who was seen as the candidate representing the Johnson point of view,[9] and Senator George McGovern, who appealed to some of the Kennedy supporters.
Convention[edit]
Before the start of the convention on August 26, several states had competing slates of delegates attempting to be seated at the convention. Some of these delegate credential fights went to the floor of the convention on August 26, where votes were held to determine which slates of delegates representing Texas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina would be seated at the convention. The more racially integrated challenging slate from Texas was defeated.[10]
Nomination[edit]
In the end, the Democratic Party nominated Humphrey. Even though 80 percent of the primary voters had been for anti-war candidates, the delegates had defeated the peace plank by 1,567¾ to 1,041¼.[11] The loss was perceived to be the result of President Johnson and Chicago Mayor Richard Daley influencing behind the scenes.[11] Humphrey, who had not entered any of 13 state primary elections, won the Democratic nomination, and went on to lose the election to the Republican Richard Nixon.[12]
Final ballot[edit]
Presidential candidate
Presidential tally
Vice Presidential candidate
Vice Presidential tally
Hubert Humphrey
1759.25 Edmund S. Muskie 1942.5
Eugene McCarthy
601 Not Voting 604.25
George S. McGovern
146.5 Julian Bond[13] 48.5
Channing E. Phillips
67.5 David Hoeh 4
Daniel K. Moore
17.5 Edward M. Kennedy 3.5
Edward M. Kennedy
12.75 Eugene McCarthy 3.0
Paul W. "Bear" Bryant
1.5 Others 16.25
James H. Gray
0.5
George Wallace
0.5
Source: Keating Holland, "All the Votes... Really," CNN[14]
Dan Rather incident[edit]
CBS News correspondent Dan Rather was grabbed by security guards and roughed up while trying to interview a Georgia delegate being escorted out of the building.[15] CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite turned his attention towards the area where Rather was reporting from the convention floor.[15] Rather was grabbed by security guards after he walked towards a delegate who was being hauled out, and asked him "what is your name, sir?" Rather was wearing a microphone headset and was then heard on national television repeatedly saying to the guards "don't push me" and "take your hands off me unless you plan to arrest me".[15]
After the guards let go of Rather, he told Cronkite:
Walter ... we tried to talk to the man and we got violently pushed out of the way. This is the kind of thing that has been going on outside the hall, this is the first time we've had it happen inside the hall. We ... I'm sorry to be out of breath, but somebody belted me in the stomach during that. What happened is a Georgia delegate, at least he had a Georgia delegate sign on, was being hauled out of the hall. We tried to talk to him to see why, who he was, what the situation was, and at that instant the security people, well as you can see, put me on the deck. I didn't do very well.[15]
An angry Cronkite tersely replied, "I think we've got a bunch of thugs here, Dan."
Richard J. Daley and the convention[edit]
Play media
Anti-war demonstrators in Lincoln Park, Chicago attending a Yippie organized event approximately five miles north of the convention center. The band MC5 can be seen playing.
Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago police during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, "A Festival of Life."[4] Rioting took place by the Chicago Police Department and the Illinois National Guard against the demonstrators. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. Network newsmen Mike Wallace, Dan Rather, and Edwin Newman were assaulted by the Chicago police while inside the halls of the Democratic Convention.[16]
The Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention had been held in Chicago 12 years earlier.[17] Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley had played an integral role in the election of John F. Kennedy in 1960.[17] In 1968, however, it did not seem that Daley had maintained the clout which would allow him to bring out the voters again to produce a Democratic victory as he had in 1960.
On October 7, 1967, Daley and Johnson had a private meeting at a fund raiser for President Johnson's re-election campaign, with an entry fee of one thousand dollars per plate (approximately $7,200 in 2016 dollars). During the meeting, Daley explained to the president that there had been a disappointing showing of Democrats in the 1966 congressional races, and the president might lose the swing state with its 27 electoral votes if the convention were not held in Illinois.[18] Johnson's pro-war policies had already created a great division within the party; he hoped that the selection of Chicago for the convention would eliminate further conflict with opposition.[19]
The Committee head for selecting the location was New Jersey Democrat David Wilentz, who gave the official reason for choosing Chicago as, "It is centrally located geographically which will reduce transportation costs and because it has been the site of national conventions for both Parties in the past and is therefore attuned to holding them." The conversation between Johnson and Daley was leaked to the press and published in the Chicago Tribune and several other papers.[19]
Protests and police response[edit]
Main article: 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
Play media
Film shot by DASPO of the protests and Chicago police and military response to the protests
In 1968, the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam and the Youth International Party (Yippies) had already begun planning a youth festival in Chicago to coincide with the Democratic National Convention. They were not alone, as other groups such as Students for a Democratic Society would also make their presence known.[20] When asked about anti-war demonstrators, Daley repeated to reporters that "no thousands will come to our city and take over our streets, our city, our convention."[21] 10,000 demonstrators gathered in Chicago for the convention, where they were met by 23,000 police and National Guardsmen.[12] Daley also thought that one way to prevent demonstrators from coming to Chicago was to refuse to grant permits which would allow for people to protest legally.[22]
After the violence at the Chicago convention, Daley said his primary reason for calling in so many Guardsmen and police was reports he received indicating the existence of plots to assassinate many of the leaders, including himself.[23]
While several protests had taken place before serious violence occurred, the events headed by the Yippies were not without satire. Surrounded by reporters on August 23, 1968, Yippie leader Jerry Rubin, folk singer Phil Ochs, and other activists held their own presidential nominating convention with their candidate Pigasus, an actual pig. When the Yippies paraded Pigasus at the Civic Center, ten policemen arrested Ochs, Rubin, Pigasus, and six others. This resulted in a great deal of media attention for Pigasus.[24]
The Chicago Police riot[edit]
Chicago Police helmet and billy club circa 1968 (photographed 2012)
On August 28, 1968, around 10,000 protesters gathered in Grant Park for the demonstration. At approximately 3:30 p.m., a young man lowered the American flag that was there.[11] The police broke through the crowd and began beating the young man, while the crowd pelted the police with food, rocks, and chunks of concrete.[25] The chants of some of the protesters shifted from "hell no, we won't go" to "pigs are whores".[26]
Tom Hayden, one of the leaders of Students for a Democratic Society, encouraged protesters to move out of the park to ensure that if the police used tear gas on them, it would have to be done throughout the city.[27] The amount of tear gas used to suppress the protesters was so great that it made its way to the Hilton Hotel, where it disturbed Hubert Humphrey while in his shower.[26] The police sprayed demonstrators and bystanders with mace and were taunted by some protesters with chants of "kill, kill, kill".[28] The police assault in front of the Hilton Hotel the evening of August 28 became the most famous image of the Chicago demonstrations of 1968. The entire event took place live under television lights for seventeen minutes with the crowd chanting, "The whole world is watching".[26]
In its report Rights in Conflict (better known as the Walker Report), the Chicago Study Team that investigated the violent clashes between police and protesters at the convention stated that the police response was characterized by:
unrestrained and indiscriminate police violence on many occasions, particularly at night. That violence was made all the more shocking by the fact that it was often inflicted upon persons who had broken no law, disobeyed no order, made no threat. These included peaceful demonstrators, onlookers, and large numbers of residents who were simply passing through, or happened to live in, the areas where confrontations were occurring.[29][30]
Illinois delegates (including then Mayor Richard J. Daley and his son future mayor Richard M. Daley) react to Senator Abraham Ribicoff's criticism of the Chicago Police. Reports differ as to whether he shouted "You faker!" or "Fuck you, you Jew son of a bitch."[31][32]
Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff used his nominating speech for George McGovern to report the violence going on outside the convention hall. He reportedly said that "With George McGovern as President of the United States, we wouldn't have to have Gestapo tactics in the streets of Chicago!"[33] Mayor Daley responded to his remark with something unintelligible through the television sound, although lip-readers throughout America claimed to have observed him shouting, "Fuck you, you Jew son of a bitch." Defenders of the mayor would later claim that he was calling Ribicoff a faker,[31][32] a charge denied by Daley and refuted by Mike Royko's reporting.[34] Ribicoff replied: "How hard it is to accept the truth!" That night, NBC News had been switching back and forth between images of the violence to the festivities over Humphrey's victory in the convention hall, highlighting the division in the Democratic Party.[35]
After the Chicago protests, the demonstrators believed the majority of Americans would side with them over what had happened in Chicago, especially because of police behavior. The controversy over the war in Vietnam overshadowed their cause.[16] Daley shared he had received 135,000 letters supporting his actions and only 5,000 condemning them. Public opinion polls demonstrated that the majority of Americans supported the Mayor's tactics.[36] It was often commented through the popular media that on that evening, America decided to vote for Richard Nixon.[37]
The Chicago Eight[edit]
Main article: Chicago Seven
After Chicago, the Justice Department meted out charges of conspiracy and incitement to riot in connection with the violence at Chicago. This created the Chicago Eight, consisting of protesters Abbie Hoffman, Tom Hayden, David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Jerry Rubin, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale.[38] Demonstrations were held daily during the trial, organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, the Young Lords led by Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, and the local Black Panther Party led by Chairman Fred Hampton. In February 1970, five of the remaining seven Chicago Conspiracy defendants (Seale's charges had been separated from the rest) were convicted on the charge of intent to incite a riot while crossing state lines, but none were found guilty of conspiracy.
Judge Julius Hoffman sentenced the defendants and their attorneys to unprecedented prison terms ranging from two-and-a-half months to four years for contempt of court. The convictions were eventually reversed on appeal, and the government declined to bring the case to trial again.[38]
The McGovern–Fraser Commission[edit]
Main article: McGovern–Fraser Commission
In response to the party disunity and electoral failure that came out of the convention, the party established the 'Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection' (informally known as the 'McGovern–Fraser Commission'),[39] to examine current rules on the ways candidates were nominated and make recommendations designed to broaden participation and enable better representation for minorities and others who were underrepresented. The Commission established more open procedures and affirmative action guidelines for selecting delegates. In addition the commission made it so that all delegate selection procedures were required to be open; party leaders could no longer handpick the convention delegates in secret.[40] An unforeseen result of these rules was a large shift toward state presidential primaries. Prior to the reforms, Democrats in two-thirds of the states used state conventions to choose convention delegates. In the post-reform era, over three-quarters of the states use primary elections to choose delegates, and over 80% of convention delegates are selected in these primaries.[41]
See also[edit]
1968 Republican National Convention
Protests of 1968
United States presidential election, 1968
History of the United States Democratic Party
List of Democratic National Conventions
U.S. presidential nomination convention
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968
Hubert Humphrey presidential campaign, 1968
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Past Convention Coverage". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Keynoter Knows Sting of Bias, Poverty". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. August 27, 1968.
Jump up ^ "1968: Martin Luther King shot dead". On this Day. BBC. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Blake, Bailey (1992). The 60s. New York: Mallard Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1968). Robert Kennedy and His Times. New York: Ballantine Books. p. xi.
Jump up ^ LBJ Address to Nation, LBJ Presidential Library
Jump up ^ The Killing of Robert F. Kennedy, Dan E. Moldea
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 100.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 93.
Jump up ^ Max Frankel (August 28, 1968). "Connally Slate Wins Floor Fight; Humphrey Forces Gain Over Rivals by Seating of the Texas Regulars; Connally's Slate Wins Fight for Convention Seats as Humphrey Gains Over Rivals". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gitlin 1987: 331.
^ Jump up to: a b Jennings & Brewster 1998: 413.
Jump up ^ Julian Bond was only 28 at the time and thus constitutionally ineligible to the office of Vice President. At the convention, he addressed the delegates to point this out and withdrew his name from consideration.
Jump up ^ "AllPolitics - 1996 GOP NRC - All The Votes...Really". CNN.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Dan Rather: A Reporter Remembers". CBS News.
^ Jump up to: a b Gitlin 1987: 335.
^ Jump up to: a b Farber 1988: 115.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 116.
^ Jump up to: a b Farber 1988: 117.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 5.
Jump up ^ Gill, Donna. "LBJ-Humphrey Slate Seen by Party Leader". Chicago Tribune, January 9, 1968, p.2.
Jump up ^ Gitlin 1987: 319.
Jump up ^ CBS News, Convention Outtakes, Daley/Cronkite Interview August 29, 1968.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 167.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 195.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gitlin 1987: 332.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 196.
Jump up ^ Gitlin 1987: 333.
Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Center, http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_chicago7_doc_13.html
Jump up ^ Joyce, Peter; Wayne, Neil (2014). Palgrave Dictionary of Public Order Policing, Protest and Political Violence. p. 75.
^ Jump up to: a b Marc, Schogol. "Views differ on impact of religious bias in race", Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, August 9, 2000. Accessed May 21, 2007. "Chicago Mayor Richard Daley cursed Ribicoff with an anti-Semitic slur at the raucous 1968 Democratic National Convention."
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Robert. "American Government and Politics: A Concise Introduction", Sage Publications (2003), p. 106. "Chicago police assaulted anti-war protesters, while inside turmoil engulfed proceedings and Chicago boss Richard Daley hurled anti-Semitic abuse at Senator Abraham Ribicoff (Democratic, Connecticut)."
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 201.
Jump up ^ Royko, p. 189.
Jump up ^ NBC Morning News, August 29, 1968.
Jump up ^ Bogart, Leo (1985). Polls and the Awareness of Public Opinion (initially published under the title "Silent Politics"). Transaction Publishers. p. 235. ISBN 9781412831505.
Jump up ^ Farber 1988: 206.
^ Jump up to: a b Gitlin 1987: 342.
Jump up ^ "McGovern-Fraser Commission created by Democratic Party". JusticeLearning. Retrieved 2007-09-25. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Satterthwaite, Shad. "How did party conventions come about and what purpose do they serve?". ThisNation.com. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
Jump up ^ Kaufmann, Karen M.; James G. Gimpel; Adam H. Hoffman (2003). "A Promise Fulfilled? Open Primaries and Representation". The Journal of Politics. 65 (2): 457–476. JSTOR 3449815.
Further reading[edit]
David Farber. Chicago '68. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Todd Gitlin. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.
Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster. The Century. New York: Doubleday, 1998
Frank Kusch. Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Norman Mailer. Miami and the Siege of Chicago. New York: New American Library, 1968.
Rick Perlstein. Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America. New York: Scribner, 1968.
John Schultz. No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
External links[edit]
Democratic Party Platform of 1968 at The American Presidency Project
Humphrey Nomination Acceptance Speech for President at DNC (transcript) at The American Presidency Project
"1968 Democratic Convention" from C-SPAN.org. National Cable Satellite Corporation, 2014.
"Video clips of confrontations between demonstrators and police". Archived from the original (RealMedia) on May 28, 2008.
"Yippie-produced documentary on the Convention". Archived from the original (RealMedia) on May 28, 2008.
"Dementia in the Second City" from Time, Sep 6, 1968.
"The Chicago Convention: A Baptism Called A Burial" by Jo Freeman (1968)
"Chicago '68" by Alvin Susumu Tokunow (1968)
"1968 Democratic National Convention" at Smithsonian Magazine
"Chicago '68: A Chronology"
"Young Lords in Lincoln Park"
"Chicago '68: An Introduction" by Dean Blobaum (2000)
"American Experience: Chicago 1968"
"Retrospective on the 1968 Democratic Convention" from NewsHour.
"History Files: Parades, Protests and Politics"
"Grooving in Chi" by Terry Southern from Esquire (1968)
"Brief History of Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention" from Allhistory, CNN and Time.
"Whole World Watching" by John Callaway
An excerpt from Chicago '68 by David Farber
An excerpt from No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968 by John Schultz
An excerpt from Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention by Frank Kusch
Origins of the Young Lords
Video of Humphrey nomination acceptance speech for President at DNC (via YouTube)
Audio of Humphrey nomination acceptance speech for President at DNC
Video of Muskie nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at DNC (via YouTube)
Audio of Muskie nomination acceptance speech for Vice President at DNC

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1972
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Auscultatory gap
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (September 2015)
An auscultatory gap is a period of diminished or absent Korotkoff sounds during the manual measurement of blood pressure. The improper interpretation of this gap may lead to blood pressure monitoring errors: namely, an underestimation of systolic blood pressure and/or an overestimation of diastolic blood pressure. In order to correct for an auscultatory gap the radial pulse should be monitored by palpation. It is therefore recommended to palpate and auscultate when manually recording a patient's blood pressure. Typically the blood pressure obtained via palpation is around 10 mmHg lower than the pressure obtained via auscultation. In general, the examiner can avoid being confused by an auscultatory gap by always inflating a blood pressure cuff to 20-40 mmHg higher than the pressure required to occlude the brachial pulse.[1][2]
There is evidence that auscultatory gaps are related to carotid atherosclerosis and to increased arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients, independent of age. Another cause is believed to be venous congestion within the limb that is being used for the measurement. Although these observations need to be confirmed prospectively, they suggest that auscultatory gaps may have prognostic relevance.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Askey, John (1974). "The Auscultatory Gap in Sphygmomanometry". Annals of Internal Medicine. 80: 94. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-80-1-94.
Jump up ^ Bickley, Lynn (2013). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 122.
Jump up ^ Cavallini, M. Chiara; et al. (1996-05-15). "Association of the Auscultatory Gap with Vascular Disease in Hypertensive Patients". Annals of Internal Medicine. 124 (10): 877–883. PMID 8610916. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-124-10-199605150-00003.

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