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Keiko (orca)
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Keiko
Keiko on December 1, 1998, at the Oregon Coast Aquarium
Species
Orcinus orca
Sex
Male
Born
September 24, 1976
Near Iceland
Died
December 12, 2003 (aged 27)
Arasvikfjord, Norway
Notable role
Willy in Free Willy
Years active
1987 - 2003
Weight
6 tons (12,300 lb; 5440 kg)[citation needed]
Cause of death
Pneumonia
www.keiko.com
Keiko (earlier Sigi and Kago), (c. September 24, 1976 – December 12, 2003), was a male orca who portrayed Willy in the 1993 film Free Willy. This orca was eventually freed in Iceland, in July 2002, but did not fully adapt to the wild and died in December 2003 in Norway.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Death
3 Evaluation of the re-introduction process
4 Filmography
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Keiko, whose name means "lucky one" or "blessed child" in the Japanese language,[1][2][3] was captured near Reyðarfjörður, Iceland in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in Hafnarfjörður. (At the time, he was named Siggi, with the name Kago and then Keiko given later.)[1][4] In 1982, the orca was sold to Marineland in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. At this new facility, the whale first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health and was also bullied by older orcas.[5][6] Keiko was then sold to Reino Aventura (now named Six Flags Mexico), an amusement park in Mexico City, in 1985 (where he was renamed Keiko) and flown there on an off-duty mail cargo plane from the Northwest Territories.[7] At the time, the orca was only 10 feet long and was housed at the Mexican facility in a tank intended for dolphins.[8]
He was found by movie scouts at the run-down park and became the star of Free Willy in 1993. The publicity from his role in the popular film led to an effort by Warner Bros. Studio to find him a better home. (This was essential because the pool for the now 21-foot-long orca was only 22 feet deep, 65 feet wide and 114 feet long (1,130,390 US gallons (4,279,000 l)), and the water temperature was often too warm.)[9] Some of the content was filmed at Reino Aventura and the rest in Mexico City.[6][10] Donations from Warner Brothers and Craig McCaw led to the establishment of the Free Willy-Keiko Foundation in February 1995. With donations from the foundation and millions of school children, the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon was given over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of eventually returning him to the wild. Reino Aventura donated Keiko to the Foundation.[11] UPS provided ground transportation to the nearby Newport Municipal Airport in a specialized container. Before he left the amusement park in Mexico, Keiko performed for the public for the last time. Weighing about 7,700 pounds (3493 kg),[7] he was transported by air in a C-130 Hercules donated by UPS; during the flight, the orca was in a 30 foot long transfer tank filled with sea water and cooled occasionally with ice cubes.[12][13]
On arrival in Oregon in 1996, Keiko was housed in a massive, new (2,000,000 US gallons (7,600,000 l)) concrete enclosure containing seawater, his first experience with this medium.[5][7] His weight had increased significantly by June 1997, to 9,620 pounds (4364 kg).[14]
The plan to return him to the wild was a topic of much controversy. Some felt his years of captivity made such a return impossible. Researchers in a scientific study later said attempts to return him to the wild were unsuccessful, but that monitoring him with radio and satellite tags was part of "a contingency plan for return to human care," which secured "the long-term well-being of the animal."[15] Others considered his release misguided.[16][17] The Norwegian pro-whaling politician Steinar Bastesen made international news for his statement that Keiko should instead be killed and the meat sent to Africa as foreign aid.[18]
Loading Keiko onto a C-17 transport on September 9, 1998, in Newport, Oregon for transport to the Westman Islands in Iceland
Nevertheless, the process of preparing Keiko for the wild began on September 9, 1998, when he was flown to Klettsvík, a bay on the island of Heimaey in Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland. Upon landing at Vestmannaeyjar Airport, the C-17 Globemaster aircraft suffered a landing gear failure causing over $1 million in damage, though Keiko was unharmed.[19][20]
His day-to-day care became the responsibility of the Free Willy-Keiko Foundation with management assistance from the Ocean Futures Society. He was initially housed in a pen in the Klettsvik Bay where he underwent training designed to prepare him for his eventual release, including supervised swims in the open ocean.
Ocean Futures left the Keiko project in late 2001. The Free Willy-Keiko Foundation and The Humane Society of the United States re-established management of the project at that time until Keiko's death in 2003. Keiko was fully free by the summer of 2002 and departed Icelandic waters in early August following some killer whales but not integrated with the pod. (His journey was tracked via the signal from a VHF tag attached to the dorsal fin.)[21] About a month later, he arrived in Norway's Skålvik Fjord, apparently seeking contact with human beings and allowing children to ride on his back.[22] His caretakers relocated to Norway and continued to conduct boat-follows with Keiko for the next 15 months.[15] On the basis of girth measurements and blood tests, it was assumed that Keiko had fed during his 900-mile (1500 km) journey to Norway from Iceland.[23] Keiko occasionally approached groups of wild killer whales, but remained on the periphery, at distances of 100–300 meters, with his head pointing toward the closest orca.[24]
Death[edit]
Keiko died in Taknes Bay, Norway, while swimming in the fjords on December 12, 2003, at about 27 years of age. Pneumonia was determined as his probable cause of death.[25][26][27]
Evaluation of the re-introduction process[edit]
Most sources conclude that the project to free Keiko was a failure because this whale failed to adapt to life in the wild.[28] In Norway, Keiko had little contact with other orcas and was not fishing; for months before his death, the whale was being fed daily.[29][30][31] A report in The Guardian describes the freed orca's life in Taknes Bay as follows: "... until his death Keiko was, rather than frolicking freely in his fjord, being taken for 'walks' by caretakers in a small boat at least three times a week. ... It took more than 60 failed attempts to reunite Keiko with free orcas before he followed a group where, spotting a fishing vessel off the Norwegian coast, he followed it into the fjords that would prove his final resting place."[32]
Another reliable source states, "He was seen diving among the wild orcas only once, on 30 July 2002. And after physical contact at the surface, Keiko swam away, seeking out human company on the tracking boat".[33] A very thorough scientific study published in the journal Marine Mammal Science (July 2009) confirms that he was seen on the periphery of some wild groups but was never seen to be socially integrated with such whales.[21] In summary, "He never integrated into a wild pod ... and could not break his need for human contact."[34] His return to humans for food and for company confirms the failure of the project according to the same scientific study.[21]
Reasons cited for Keiko's failure to adapt include his early age at capture, the long history of captivity, prolonged lack of contact with conspecifics, and strong bonds with humans.[35]
In spite of those comments, David Phillips, executive director of the Free Willy-Keiko Foundation, praised the release project: "We took the hardest candidate and took him from near death in Mexico to swimming with wild whales in Norway".[32] "Keiko had five years with the sights and sounds of natural seawater. I think it was a great success in terms of Keiko, his well-being, and the whole world that wanted to do the right thing."[36] Others also claim that the release was a success. In fact, The Huffington Post called it a "phenomenal success ... giving him years of health and freedom".[37][38]
The total cost of freeing Keiko was about US$20 million. The lead author of the study published by Marine Mammal Science said this in an interview: "You can't just let these animals out into the wild. You have to take the responsibility, and that might cost a lot of money. The fortune spent on Keiko might have been better invested in conservation programs to protect whales and their habitat ... But that's not as appealing as the adventures of a single whale".[39] An alternative to freeing orcas after long-term captivity, is the use of a "sanctuary" or "oceanic enclosure" (sea pen), according to Lori Marino, Ph.D. of the Whale Sanctuary Project.[40][41] "They can’t be released, but their quality of life can be improved by orders of magnitude", Marino said in a 2016 interview where she agreed that the cost would be high ($15 to $20 million). "It’s a solemn responsibility, and it’s the best we can do for animals that are in captivity.”[36]
Filmography[edit]
In 2010 the film Keiko: The Untold Story was released. In 2013 a New York Times video, The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed, included interviews about Keiko's only partly successful return to the ocean.[42]
Quinceañera (1987; TV series)...Orca
Keiko en peligro (1990)...Keiko
Free Willy (1993)...Willy
Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home (1995)... Willy (Credited, though an animatronic whale was used for most if not all of the scenes)
Azul (1996; TV series)... Keiko
Free Willy 3 (1997)... Willy (Credited, though an animatronic whale was used for all the scenes)
Keiko: The Untold Story (2010)
The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed. (2013)... (New York Times Video, September 16, 2013)
See also[edit]
1990s portal
List of famous whales
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kirby, David (17 July 2012). "Death at SeaWorld: Shamu and the Dark Side of Killer Whales in Captivity". St. Martin's Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Keiko the Whale (1976 - 2003) - Find A Grave Memorial". www.findagrave.com.
Jump up ^ "Keiko the 'Free Willy' Whale Dies". BBC NEWS. 13 December 2003.
Jump up ^ Neiwert, David (16 June 2015). "Of Orcas and Men: What Killer Whales Can Teach Us". The Overlook Press – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Where's Willy?". The New Yorker.
^ Jump up to: a b Townsend, Mark (7 September 2002). "Keiko's love of children puts his life in danger" – via The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garrett, Howard. "Welcome to Orca Network". Welcome to Orca Network.
Jump up ^ Kurth, Linda Moore (18 August 2017). "Keiko's Story: A Killer Whale Goes Home". Millbrook Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Schrader, Esther; Schrader, Esther (23 August 1993). "ILL 'WILLY' PRESENTS WHALE OF A PROBLEM" – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ CNN, By Vivian Kuo. "Orca trainer saw best of Keiko, worst of Tilikum". CNN.
Jump up ^ Kurth, Linda Moore (18 August 2017). "Keiko's Story: A Killer Whale Goes Home". Millbrook Press – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Booth, William; Booth, William (10 September 1998). "'FREE WILLY': THE TRUE SEQUEL" – via washingtonpost.com.
Jump up ^ "Willy Is Freed! Well, Moved, Anyway". The New York Times. 8 January 1996.
Jump up ^ Kurth, Linda Moore (18 August 2017). "Keiko's Story: A Killer Whale Goes Home". Millbrook Press – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b M. Simon; M. B. Hanson; L. Murrey; J. Tougaard; F. Ugarte (2009). "An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
Jump up ^ Catherine Brahic (28 April 2009). "Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do". New Scientist. Keiko was indeed a poor candidate for release, due to the early age of his capture, long history of captivity, prolonged lack of contact with conspecifics, and strong bonds with humans.
Jump up ^ Simon, M. (July 2009). "From Captivity to the Wild and Back: An Attempt to Release Keiko the Killer Whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 703. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Michael (15 September 1998). "`Turn Keiko into meatballs'". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "C-17A S/N 96-0006".
Jump up ^ "C-17 Accident During Whale Lift Due To Design Flaw". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simon, M. "From captivity to the wild and back: An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
Jump up ^ "Keiko not so 'Wild' in Norway". Komonews.com. 2 September 2002 [updated 31 August 2006]. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump up ^ M. Simon; M. B. Hanson; L. Murrey; J. Tougaard; F. Ugarte (2009). "An attempt to release Keiko the killer whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 693–705. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
Jump up ^ Simon, M. (July 2009). "From Captivity to the Wild and Back: An Attempt to Release Keiko the Killer Whale". Marine Mammal Science. 25 (3): 696. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00287.x.
Jump up ^ "Keiko deserves a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". keikotheuntoldstory.com. 2013-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Keiko the killer whale dies". msnbc.com. 2003-12-13. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Keiko the killer whale dies". 13 December 2003.
Jump up ^ Society, National Geographic (14 November 2014). "Death of Keiko".
Jump up ^ "'Free Willy' Whale Dies".
Jump up ^ Lusher, By Adam. "Whale star of 'Free Willy' dies after return to wild".
Jump up ^ Brahic, Catherine (April 28, 2009). "Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do". 46 DAILY NEWS. New Scientist. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Townsend, Mark (13 December 2003). "Free at last? New row as Keiko dies" – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do".
Jump up ^ "BBC - Earth News - Killer whales: What to do with captive orcas?". news.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ http://www.orcanetwork.org/nathist/simon2009keiko.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Watch What Happens When You Free a Killer Whale".
Jump up ^ Whiting, Candace Calloway (17 September 2013). "Keiko (Free Willy): 20 Years Later, History Proves His Release to Have Been the Right Decision".
Jump up ^ "Hope for Lolita in Keiko's successful return to the wild - HeraldNet.com". 25 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Travel & Outdoors - The $20M lessons of "freeing" Keiko the whale - Seattle Times Newspaper". o.seattletimes.nwsource.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.whalesanctuaryproject.org/release/renowned-marine-conservationist-dr-carl-safina-joins-board-of-whale-sanctuary-project/
Jump up ^ "The Whale Sanctuary Project: Saying No Thanks to Tanks". Psychology Today.
Jump up ^ Winerip, Michael (16 September 2013). "Retro Report: The Whale Who Would Not Be Freed" (video, 11:43). New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
External links[edit]
The Free Willy Keiko Foundation
Keiko The Untold Story Documentary
Keiko on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
LCCN: no2013017876
VIAF: 296450098
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keiko_(orca)&oldid=850206648"
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1976 animal births
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Individual killer whales
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text:
Ping of death
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by RiderofaRodeo (talk | contribs) at 15:54, 23 March 2017 (→Detailed information: grammar). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
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A ping of death is a type of attack on a computer system that involves sending a malformed or otherwise malicious ping to a computer.
A correctly-formed ping packet is typically 56 bytes in size, or 64 bytes when the Internet Protocol header is considered. However, any IPv4 packet (including pings) may be as large as 65,535 bytes. Some computer systems were never designed to properly handle a ping packet larger than the maximum packet size because it violates the Internet Protocol documented in RFC 791.[1] Like other large but well-formed packets, a ping of death is fragmented into groups of 8 octets before transmission. However, when the target computer reassembles the malformed packet, a buffer overflow can occur, causing a system crash and potentially allowing the injection of malicious code.
In early implementations of TCP/IP, this bug is easy to exploit and can affect a wide variety of systems including Unix, Linux, Mac, Windows, and peripheral devices. As systems began filtering out pings of death through firewalls and other detection methods, a different kind of ping attack known as ping flooding later appeared, which floods the victim with so many ping requests that normal traffic fails to reach the system (a basic denial-of-service attack).
Contents
[hide]
1 Detailed information
1.1 Ping of death in IPv6
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Detailed information[edit]
As defined in RFC 791, the maximum packet length of an IPv4 packet including the IP header is 65,535 (216 − 1) bytes, a limitation presented by the use of a 16-bit wide IP header field that describes the total packet length.
The underlying Data Link Layer almost always poses limits to the maximum frame size (See MTU). In Ethernet, this is typically 1500 bytes. In such a case, a large IP packet is split across multiple IP packets (also known as IP fragments), so that each IP fragment will match the imposed limit. The receiver of the IP fragments will reassemble them into the complete IP packet, and will continue processing it as usual.
When fragmentation is performed, each IP fragment needs to carry information about which part of the original IP packet it contains. This information is kept in the Fragment Offset field, in the IP header. The field is 13 bits long, and contains the offset of the data in the current IP fragment, in the original IP packet. The offset is given in units of 8 bytes. This allows a maximum offset of 65,528 ((213-1)*8). Then when adding 20 bytes of IP header, the maximum will be 65,548 bytes, which exceeds the maximum frame size. This means that an IP fragment with the maximum offset should have data no larger than 7 bytes, or else it would exceed the limit of the maximum packet length. A malicious user can send an IP fragment with the maximum offset and with much more data than 8 bytes (as large as the physical layer allows it to be).
When the receiver assembles all IP fragments, it will end up with an IP packet which is larger than 65,535 bytes. This may possibly overflow memory buffers which the receiver allocated for the packet, and can cause various problems.
As is evident from the description above, the problem has nothing to do with ICMP, which is used only as payload, big enough to exploit the problem. It is a problem in the reassembly process of IP fragments, which may contain any type of protocol (TCP, UDP, IGMP, etc.).
The correction of the problem is to add checks in the reassembly process. The check for each incoming IP fragment makes sure that the sum of "Fragment Offset" and "Total length" fields in the IP header of each IP fragment is smaller than 65,535. If the sum is larger, then the packet is invalid, and the IP fragment is ignored. This check is performed by some firewalls, to protect hosts that do not have the bug fixed. Another fix for the problem is using a memory buffer larger than 65,535 bytes for the re-assembly of the packet. (This is essentially a breaking of the specification, since it adds support for packets larger than those allowed.)
Ping of death in IPv6[edit]
In 2013, an IPv6 version of the ping of death vulnerability was discovered in Microsoft Windows. Windows TCP/IP stack didn't handle memory allocation correctly when processing incoming malformed ICMPv6 packets, which could cause remote denial of service. This vulnerability was fixed in MS13-065 in August 2013.[2][3] The CVE-ID for this vulnerability is CVE-2013-3183.[4]
See also[edit]
Smurf attack
Ping flood
INVITE of Death
LAND
ReDoS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erickson, Jon (2008). HACKING the art of exploitation (2nd ed.). San Francisco: NoStarch Press. p. 256. ISBN 1-59327-144-1.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS13-065 - Important". Microsoft. August 13, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Joab (Aug 13, 2013). "Microsoft Patch Tuesday: The Ping of Death returns, IPv6-style". Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CVE - CVE-2013-3183". The MITRE Corporation. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Ping o' Death Page at the Wayback Machine (archived December 6, 1998)
Ping of death at Insecure.Org
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ping_of_death&oldid=771798488"
Categories:
Denial-of-service attacks
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Suicide Is Painless
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Grey's Anatomy episode, see Suicide Is Painless (Grey's Anatomy).
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Tables in "Manic" section need formatting Please help improve this article if you can. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Suicide Is Painless"
Single by The Mash
from the album M*A*S*H (Original Soundtrack Recording)
B-side
"The M*A*S*H March"
Released
1970
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1969
Genre
Folk
Length
2:53
Label
Columbia/CBS
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Mandel (music)
Mike Altman (lyrics)
Producer(s)
Thomas Z. Shepard
"Song from M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless)" is a song written by Johnny Mandel (music) and Mike Altman (lyrics), which was the theme song for both the movie and TV series M*A*S*H. Mike Altman is the son of the original film’s director, Robert Altman, and was 14 years old when he wrote the song’s lyrics. During an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in the 1980s, Robert Altman said that while he only made $70,000 for having directed the movie, his son had earned more than $1 million for having co-written the song.
Several instrumental versions of the song were used as the theme for the TV series. It became a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart in May 1980.[1] The song was ranked #66 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
2 Track listing
3 Chart performance
4 Manic Street Preachers version
4.1 Track listings
4.2 Chart performance
4.3 UK Chart Performance
5 Cover recorded versions
6 References
7 External links
Background and recording[edit]
The song was written specifically for Ken Prymus (the actor playing Private Seidman), who sang it during the faux suicide of Walter "Painless Pole" Waldowski (John Schuck) in the film's "Last Supper" scene.[2][3] Robert Altman had two stipulations about the song for Mandel: first, it had to be called "Suicide Is Painless"; second, it had to be the "stupidest song ever written".[4] Altman tried to write the lyrics himself, but found that it was too difficult for his 45-year-old brain to write "stupid enough".[5] Instead he gave the task to his 14-year-old-son, Michael, who wrote the lyrics in five minutes.[6][7][8]
Altman later decided that the song worked so well, he would use it as the film's main theme, despite Mandel's initial objections.[9] This version was sung by uncredited session singers John Bahler, Tom Bahler, Ron Hicklin and Ian Freebairn-Smith and the single was attributed to "The Mash."
Track listing[edit]
7" vinyl
West Germany: CBS / 5009
UK: CBS / S CBS 8536
US: Columbia / JZSS 153321 [Promo only]
US: Columbia / ZSS 153321 [original release]
A-side
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "Theme from M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless)" Johnny Mandel, Mike Altman The Mash 2:53
B-side
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "The M*A*S*H March" Mandel Johnny Mandel 1:19
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1970)
Peak
position
Dutch GfK chart[10] 3
Dutch Top 40[11] 4
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[12] 1
Irish Singles Chart 1
Preceded by
"What's Another Year" by Johnny Logan UK number one single
31 May 1980 – 14 June 1980 Succeeded by
"Crying" by Don McLean
Manic Street Preachers version[edit]
"Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)"
Single by Manic Street Preachers
from the album Ruby Trax
B-side
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (by The Fatima Mansions)
"Sleeping with the NME"
"Spectators of Suicide"
"Star Lover"
"Never Want Again"
"Dead Yankee Drawl"
"Ain't Goin' Down"
Released
7 September 1992 (1992-09-07)
Format
7" vinyl, 12" vinyl, CD
Genre
Alternative rock, hard rock, soft rock[13]
Length
3:43
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Mandel (music)
Mike Altman (lyrics)
Producer(s)
Manic Street Preachers
Manic Street Preachers singles chronology
"Motorcycle Emptiness"
(1992) "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)"
(1992) "Little Baby Nothing"
(1992)
"Motorcycle Emptiness"
(1992) "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)"
(1992) "Little Baby Nothing"
(1992)
Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers released a cover version of "Suicide Is Painless" on 7 September 1992 as "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)". In the UK it was a double A-side charity single to help The Spastics Society, with The Fatima Mansions' take on Bryan Adams' "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" as the other A-side. The 12" and CD versions of the UK single included "Sleeping with the NME" – an excerpt from a radio documentary recorded in the offices of the NME capturing staff's reaction to photographs of guitarist Richey Edwards' infamous self-mutilation. The single peaked at number 7 in the UK Singles Chart[14] spending three weeks in the Top Ten.
Track listings[edit]
7" vinyl
UK: Columbia / 658382 7
Side A
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)" Johnny Mandel, Mike Altman Manic Street Preachers 3:40
Side B
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" Bryan Adams, Michael Kamen, Robert John "Mutt" Lange The Fatima Mansions 6:26
Netherlands: Columbia / COL 658385 7
Side A
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)" Mandel, Altman
Side B
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Spectators of Suicide" James Dean Bradfield, Nicky Wire, Sean Moore, Richey James Edwards
12" vinyl
UK: Columbia / 658382 6
Side A
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)" Mandel, Altman Manic Street Preachers
Side B
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" Adams, Kamen, Lange The Fatima Mansions
2. "Sleeping with the N.M.E." Manic Street Preachers
CD
UK: Columbia / 658382 2
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)" Mandel, Altman Manic Street Preachers
2. "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" Adams, Kamen, Lange The Fatima Mansions
3. "Sleeping with the N.M.E." Manic Street Preachers
Europe: Columbia / 658385 2
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)" Mandel, Altman
2. "Spectators of Suicide" Bradfield, Wire, Moore, Edwards
3. "Star Lover" Bradfield, Wire, Moore, Edwards
Japan: Epic/Sony / ESCA 5668
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)" Mandel, Altman 3:43
2. "Never Want Again" 3:39
3. "Dead Yankee Drawl" 3:46
4. "Ain't Goin' Down" 3:08
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart 7[14]
Irish Singles Chart [15] 12
Swedish Singles Chart [16] 21
UK Chart Performance[edit]
UK Top 40
Week
01
02
03
04
05
Position
9 7 9 16 32
Cover recorded versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Grady Tate recorded a soul-jazz version of the song for his 1970 album After the Long Drive Home.
Al De Lory recorded a jazz piano version for his 1970 album Al De Lory Plays Song from M*A*S*H. This version peaked at #7 on the adult contemporary chart during the summer of 1970.[17]
Henry Mancini recorded an easy listening version for his 1970 album Mancini Plays the Theme from Love Story.
Andre Kostelanetz recorded an easy listening version for his 1970 album Everything Is Beautiful.
Fung Bo Bo recorded a female-vocal version (in English) on a Malaysian EP (MMI Top 21006) in 1970.
Ahmad Jamal recorded an instrumental jazz-funk version for his 1974 album Jamalca. This version was included on some re-releases of the soundtrack album. Jamal recorded another version of the tune for his 1985 album Digital Works.
Roy Ayers recorded an instrumental version for his 1974 album Change Up the Groove.
Paul Desmond recorded an instrumental version for his 1974 album Pure Desmond.
101 Strings recorded an easy listening version for their 1975 album T.V. Themes.
Kerstin Forslund and the Small Town Singers released a version in 1975.[18] The single peaked at 17th position in Sweden,[19] Top 100 chart in Australia.
Norrie Paramor recorded an instrumental version for his 1975 album Radio 2 Top Tunes Vol. 3.
Ray Conniff recorded an easy listening version for his 1976 album Theme from S.W.A.T. and Other TV Themes.
Bill Evans recorded a jazz piano trio version for You Must Believe in Spring, an album posthumously released in 1980, having made it a staple of his live sets for some years. Evans' version modulates through 4 keys. The song is also recorded in a jazz piano trio version on the CD Bill Evans Trio, recorded live in Buenos Aires in 1979.
Cal Tjader recorded a version for his 1981 album The Shining Sea.
Franck Pourcel recorded a version for his 1982 album Palmes D'or.
Jimmy Smith recorded a version for his 1982 album Off the Top.
Art Of Noise performed a short instrumental interpolation on their 1984 track "A Time for Fear (Who's Afraid)", featured on both Who's Afraid of the Art of Noise? and Daft.
Sue Raney recorded a vocal version for her 1988 album Quietly There.
Royal Trux recorded a version for the BBC John Peel radio show in 1993. It was released in 1997 on a Royal Trux compilation called Singles, Live, Unreleased. On the compilation the song is titled "Theme from M.A.S.H."
Killarmy sampled the music for their 1997 track "5 Stars" from the Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars album.
Edgar Cruz recorded an instrumental cover of the song for his 1997 album Reminiscence titled "M*A*S*H Theme".
In 1997, Three 6 Mafia sampled it on their song "Will Blast", from their album Chapter 2: World Domination.
Jay-Jay Johanson performed a version of this song on France Inter in 1997, later released on a promotional CD. In 2011 it appeared on his album Spellbound.
Marilyn Manson did a version for the soundtrack of Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2 in 2000.
Richard Schiff sang a portion of the song as a drunken Toby Ziegler in a Season 5 episode of The West Wing titled "The Stormy Present".
Barði Jóhannsson and Keren Ann recorded a version for their 2003 album Lady and Bird.
Stewie Griffin (voiced by Seth MacFarlane) sang a part of it in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story in 2005.
Matt Costa, singer-songwriter from Huntington Beach, California, USA covered the song on his six-track The Elasmosaurus EP in 2005.
Kelis does her own interpretation of the song in her single "Lil Star" (with Cee-Lo), released in 2007.
The Drones performed an acoustic version in 2008 on Triple J in Australia.
Yuji Ohno recorded an instrumental version for his 2009 album Y. O. Connection.
Amanda Lear recorded an acoustic and a dance version of this song for her 2009 album Brief Encounters.
Ania Dąbrowska recorded a version of this song for her 2010 album Ania Movie.
Tripod did a short acoustic rendition of the theme in the song "Lingering Dad". Additionally, portions of the theme were later used in the song "Theme from Mash Guy" – a comedic song about a fictionalised writer of the song in an existentialist crisis over being known only as "the theme from M*A*S*H guy".
Harry Allen/Jan Lundgren Quartet performs an instrumental version in the 2015 Stunt album Quietly There.
Michael Kollwitz released an arrangement for the Chapman Stick[20] in 2012.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 381. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Johnny Mandel". JazzWax.com. October 24, 2008. Bob said to me, 'You know, I need a song for the film. It’s that Last Supper scene, after the guy says he’d going to do himself with a pill because his life is over, because couldn’t get it up with the WAC the night before.'
Jump up ^ Michael L. LaBlanc. "Gale Musician Profiles: Johnny Mandel". The Gale Group. The Theme for M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless) wasn’t intended to be the theme of the motion picture. It was written in 1970 for the "Last Supper" scene and was actually intended to be played by one of the actors. It had to be written before the movie was actually shot.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Johnny Mandel". JazzWax.com. October 24, 2008. Bob also said the song had to be called 'Suicide Is Painless'. 'Since [Capt.] Painless commits suicide with a pill, that would be a good title,' he said. Then he said, 'It’s got to be the stupidest song ever written.'
Jump up ^ "Interview with Johnny Mandel". JazzWax.com. October 24, 2008. Bob was going to take a shot at the lyrics. But he came back two days later and said, 'I’m sorry but there’s just too much stuff in this 45-year-old brain. I can’t write anything nearly as stupid as what we need.'
Jump up ^ "Interview with Johnny Mandel". JazzWax.com. October 24, 2008. Bob said, "All is not lost. I’ve got a 15-year-old kid who’s a total idiot." So Michael Altman, at age 15, wrote the lyrics, and then I wrote the music to them.
Jump up ^ Michael L. LaBlanc. "Gale Musician Profiles: Johnny Mandel". The Gale Group. His 14-year-old son, Mike Altman, was enlisted and wrote the lyrics in five minutes to which Mandel later added the melody.
Jump up ^ Francis D. McKinley. "MASH Notes: The Story Behind "Suicide is Painless". Neatorama.
Jump up ^ Michael L. LaBlanc. "Gale Musician Profiles: Johnny Mandel". The Gale Group. Later when the movie was being edited, Mandel heard the song being played over the film’s title in the helicopter scene and protested, saying, "It was the stupidest thing I have ever seen," and angrily walked out insisting it didn’t fit. The studio ignored his protest.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl – M*A*S*H – Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M*A*S*H)" (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "De Nederlandse Top 40: week 39, 1970" (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats – MASH – Theme from 'M*A*S*H' (Suicide Is Painless)". Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Burrows, Marc (25 October 2012). "Old music: Manic Street Preachers – Theme from M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless)". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Charts Company". Official Charts. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "irishcharts.ie search results". Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "swedishcharts.com – Manic Street Preachers – Suicide Is Painless (Theme from M.A.S.H)". Retrieved 27 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Adult Contemporary : July 04, 1970 | Billboard Chart Archive. Billboard.com (1970-07-04). Retrieved on 2014-03-29.
Jump up ^ "Suicide Is Painless" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. 1975. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suicide Is Painless" (in Swedish). Hitparad. 1975. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rainbows: Solo Chapman Stick SG-12: Michael Kollwitz: MP3 Downloads". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Crossing the Red Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The Crossing of the Red Sea" by Nicolas Poussin
The Crossing of the Red Sea (Hebrew: קריעת ים סוף Kriat Yam Suph - Crossing of the Red Sea or Sea of Reeds [1]) is part of the biblical narrative of the escape of the Israelites, led by Moses, from the pursuing Egyptians in the Book of Exodus 13:17-14:29. This story is also mentioned in the Quran in Surah 26: Al-Shu'ara' (The Poets) in verses 60-67.[1]
According to the Exodus account, Moses held out his staff and the Red Sea was parted by God. The Israelites walked on the exposed dry ground and crossed the sea, followed by the Egyptian army. Moses again moved his staff once the Israelites had crossed and the sea closed again, drowning the whole Egyptian army.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical narrative
2 Location of the crossing
3 Historicity
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Biblical narrative[edit]
God chooses Moses to lead the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and into the land of Canaan, which God has promised to them. The Egyptian pharaoh, who previously said the opposite, agrees to let them go, and they travel from Ramesses to Succoth and then to Etham on the edge of the desert, led by a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. There God tells Moses to turn back and camp by the sea at Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, directly opposite Baal-zephon.
Crossing the Red Sea, a wall painting from the 1640s in Yaroslavl, Russia
God causes the pharaoh to pursue the Israelites with chariots, and he overtakes them at Pi-hahiroth. When the Israelites see the Egyptian army they are afraid, but the pillar of fire and the cloud separates the Israelites and the Egyptians. At God's command Moses holds his staff out over the water, and throughout the night a strong east wind divides the sea,[2] and the Israelites pass through with a wall of water on either side. The Egyptians pursue, but at daybreak God clogs their chariot-wheels and throws them into a panic, and with the return of the water the pharaoh and his entire army are destroyed (see Psalm 136:15). When the Israelites see the power of God they put their faith in God and in Moses, and sing a song of praise to the Lord for the crossing of the sea and the destruction of their enemies. (This song, at Exodus 15, is called the Song of the Sea).
The narrative contains at least three and possibly four layers. In the first layer (the oldest), God blows the sea back with a strong east wind, allowing the Israelites to cross on dry land; in the second, Moses stretches out his hand and the waters part in two walls; in the third, God clogs the chariot wheels of the Egyptians and they flee (in this version the Egyptians do not even enter the water); and in the fourth, the Song of the Sea, God casts the Egyptians into tehomat, the mythical abyss.[3]
Location of the crossing[edit]
Crossing the Red Sea, from Dura Europos synagogue, 3rd century
See also: Yam Suph and Red Sea
The Israelites' first journey is from Ramesses to Succoth. Ramesses is generally identified with modern Qantir, the site of the 19th dynasty capital Per-Ramesses, and Succoth with Tell el-Maskhuta in Wadi Tumilat, the biblical Land of Goshen.[4] From Sukkoth the Israelites travel to Etham "on the edge of the desert," then turn back to Pi-hahiroth, located between Migdol and the sea and directly opposite Baal Zephon. None of these have been identified with certainty. One theory with a wide following is that they refer collectively to the region of Lake Timsah, a salt lake north of the Gulf of Suez, and the nearest large body of water after Wadi Tumilat.[5] Lake Timsah was connected to Pithom in Gesem at various times by a canal, and a late 1st millennium text refers to Migdol Baal Zephon as a fort on the canal.[6]
The Hebrew term for the place of the crossing is "Yam Suph". Although this has traditionally been thought to refer to the salt water inlet located between Africa and the Arabian peninsula, known in English as the Red Sea, this is a mistranslation from the Greek Septuagint, and Hebrew suph never means "red" but rather "reeds".[7] (While it is not relevant to the identification of the body of water, suph also puns on the Hebrew suphah ("storm") and soph ("end"), referring to the events of the Exodus).[8]
General scholarly opinion is that the Exodus story combines a number of traditions, one of them at the "Reed Sea" (Lake Timsah, with the Egyptians defeated when the wheels of their chariots become clogged) and another at the far deeper Red Sea, allowing the more dramatic telling of events.[6]
Reeds tolerant of salt water flourish in the shallow string of lakes extending from Suez north to the Mediterranean Sea. Kenneth Kitchen and James Hoffmeier state that these reedy lakes and marshes along the isthmus of Suez are acceptable locations for yam suf.[9][10] The ancient yam suf is not confined to the modern Red Sea. Hoffmeier equates yam suf with the Egyptian term pa-tjufy (also written p3 twfy) from the Ramsside period, which refers to lakes in the eastern Nile delta.[11] He also describes references to p3 twfy in the context of the Island of Amun, thought to be modern Tell el-Balamun.[12] Tell el-Balamun was the most northerly city of Pharaonic Egypt about 29 km southwest of Damietta, located at 31.2586 North, 31.5714 East.[13][14]
Historicity[edit]
No archaeological evidence has been found that confirms the crossing of the Red Sea ever took place. Zahi Hawass, an Egyptian archaeologist and formerly Egypt's Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, said of the Exodus and Passover story, the Israelite's’ biblical flight from Egypt and the 40 years of wandering the desert in search of the Promised Land, "Really, it’s a myth... Sometimes as archaeologists we have to say that never happened because there is no historical evidence."[15]
Legacy[edit]
The theme of Moses crossing the Red Sea was taken up by the panegyrists of Constantine the Great and applied to the battle of the Milvian Bridge (312). The theme enjoyed a vogue during the fourth century on carved sarcophagi: at least twenty-nine have survived in full or in fragments.[16] Eusebius of Caesarea cast Maxentius, drowned in the Tiber, in the role of Pharaoh, both in his Ecclesiastical History and in his eulogistic Life of Constantine.[17]
See also[edit]
The Crossing of the Red Sea (Sistine Chapel)
Crossing of the Red Sea (Bronzino)
Moses in Islam
Mount Sinai
Plagues of Egypt
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Quran". Retrieved 27 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Computer simulation of how a strong east wind could have parted the waters, BBC, 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Alberto Soggin, "An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah", SCM Press, 1999, pp.136-7
Jump up ^ John Van Seters, "The Geography of the Exodus," in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller (Sheffield Academic Press, 1997) p.270 ISBN 978-1850756507
Jump up ^ John Van Seters, "The Geography of the Exodus," in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller (Sheffield Academic Press, 1997) P. 273 ISBN 978-1850756507
^ Jump up to: a b Gmirkin, Russell (15 May 2006). "Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch". Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Retrieved 27 October 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Kitchen, "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Eerdman's, 2003), pp.261-263
Jump up ^ Hoffmeier, James Karl (1999). Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-513088-1. OCLC 47007891.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Kitchen (2003), On the Reliability of the Old Testament, pp. 261-263.
Jump up ^ James Hoffmeier (2005), Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition, pp. 81-85.
Jump up ^ James Hoffmeier (2008) The Archaeology of the Bible, p. 54
Jump up ^ James Hoffmeier (2005), Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition, p. 86.
Jump up ^ AJ Spencer (2009), Excavations at Tell el-Balamun 2003-2008, British Museum.
Jump up ^ "Tell el-Balamun: A City of the Nile Delta of Egypt". The British Museum. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Did the Red Sea Part? No Evidence, Archaeologists Say". The New York Times. 3 April 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Paul Stephenson, Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian victor, 2010:209f.
Jump up ^ Eusebius, HE ix.9, Vita Constantini i.38.
Previous Station:
Pi-hahiroth The Exodus
Stations list Next Station:
Marah
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crossing of Red Sea.
ABZU
ARCHNet Near East Resources List
Fitzwilliam Museum Egyptology Resources
Theban Mapping Project
A collection of articles on the splitting of the Red Sea from a Jewish viewpoint
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossing_the_Red_Sea&oldid=801377178"
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Carolina Reaper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Carolina Reaper
Species
Capsicum chinense
Hybrid parentage
Bhut jolokia × red habanero
Breeder
Ed Currie
Origin
Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA
Heat
Exceptionally hot
Scoville scale
1,569,300 on average SHU
The Carolina Reaper, originally named the HP22B,[1] is a cultivar of the Capsicum chinense plant. The pepper is red and gnarled, with a small pointed tail. In 2013, Guinness World Records dubbed it the hottest chili in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the Trinidad Scorpion "Butch T".[2]
In May 2017, it was reported that the Dragon's Breath Chili Pepper had achieved an unconfirmed heat of 2,480,000 Scoville units, which would surpass the Carolina Reaper if confirmed.
Origin and use[edit]
Bred in a Rock Hill, South Carolina greenhouse by "Smokin" Ed Currie, proprietor of the PuckerButt Pepper Company in Fort Mill, the Carolina Reaper has been certified as the world's hottest chili pepper by Guinness World Records since August 7, 2013.[3][4] The original crossbreed was between a Bhut jolokia (a former world record holder) and a red habanero, and is named 'Reaper' due to the shape of its tail.[5][6] The official Guinness World Record heat level is 1,569,300 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), according to tests conducted by Winthrop University in South Carolina. The figure is an average for the tested batch; the hottest individual pepper was measured at 2.2 million SHU.[3][4][7]
At the second Annual New York City Hot Sauce Expo on March 30, 2014,[8] Guinness World Records presented Ed Currie with his world record. There, an eating competition occurred and Russel Todd won the contest, consuming three Carolina Reapers in 12.23 seconds, a new Guinness record.[9] This record was beaten in September 2014 by Jason McNabb, who finished three peppers in 10.95 seconds.[10] Wayne Algenio of Jamaica, Queens, broke the world record at the Puckerbutt Pepper Company's Smokin' Ed's Reaper Eating Challenge at the NYC Hot Sauce Expo in Brooklyn on April 24, 2016 by eating 22 Carolina Reapers in 60 seconds.[11]
In regards to growing, the pepper has been described as "a good all-rounder to try at home" by UK ethnobotanist James Wong, who said that they require temperatures of at least 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) and suggested growing in 30–40 cm (12–16 in) pots to restrict growth and produce fruit sooner.[12] It has been described as having a fruity taste, with the initial bite being sweet and then immediately turning to "molten lava".[5][13][14] When fully ripe, it is typically about the size of a ping-pong ball.[15]
In May 2017, a Mike Smith of St Asaph working with Nottingham Trent University claimed to have surpassed the Carolina Reaper with his Dragon's Breath, reported to be 2.4 million SHUs, and has applied to Guinness World Records for their confirmation that it is indeed the hottest.[16] The Dragon's Breath is said to have come from a trial of new plant food.[16]
30 day-old Carolina Reaper plant
Mature plant
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About Us". PuckerButt Pepper Co. Smokin’ Ed gained the pepper industry’s attention in November 2011 when an NPR Reporter stopped by to eat an HP22B pepper–now known as Smokin’ Ed’s Carolina Reaper®.
Jump up ^ "Confirmed: Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli". Guinness world records. 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hottest chili". Guinness World Records. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hallock, Betty (December 26, 2013). "World's hottest pepper hits 2.2 million Scoville heat units". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Tu, Chau. "Eating the 'Carolina Reaper' pepper is 'like eating molten lava'". pri.
Jump up ^ Duffy, Jim (Habanero). "Carolina Reaper". Super hot chiles. Ed created this chile plant variety by crossing a Ghost pepper (Bhut Jolokia) with a Red Habanero type from St Vincents Island in the West Indies.
Jump up ^ Collins, Jeffrey (December 26, 2013). "World's hottest pepper is grown in South Carolina". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guinness World Record Pepper Eating Attempt To Take Place At 2nd Annual New York City Hot Sauce Expo". PR Newswire. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gross, Matt (March 31, 2014). "What's It Like to Eat the World's Hottest Chile Pepper?". Bon Appetit. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fastest time to eat three Carolina Reaper chilis". Guinness World Records. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Man Smashes Guinness World Record for Most Reaper Peppers Eaten in 60 Seconds". ABC News. April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wong, James (February 28, 2016). "Gardens: the hottest chilli ever grown". The Guardian. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smithers, Rebecca. "UK shoppers to feel the heat as world's strongest chilli hits the high street". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Carolina Reaper - HP22B - World's Hottest Chiles". Retrieved 2016-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Carolina Reaper - HP22B - World's Hottest Chiles". Retrieved 2016-09-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "'World's hottest' chilli pepper grown in St Asaph". BBC News. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolina Reaper.
"World's hottest pepper is grown in South Carolina" CBS news.
"World's hottest pepper hits 2.2 million Scoville heat units", The LA times, 2013-12-26 .
[hide]
v
t
e
Capsicum cultivars
C. annuum var. annuum
Aleppo · Banana pepper · Bell pepper · Bird's eye · Cascabel · Cayenne · Cheongyang · Chilaca · Cubanelle · De árbol · Dundicut · Espelette · Facing heaven · 'Fresno Chili' · Friggitello · Guajillo · Guntur Sannam · Hungarian wax · Jalapeño · Medusa · Mulato · New Mexico (a.k.a. Anaheim/Hatch) · Padrón · Pasilla · Peter · Pimiento · Poblano · Santa Fe Grande · Serrano · Shishito
C. annuum var. glabriusculum
Piquín · Wild chiltepin
C. chinense
Adjuma · Ají dulce · Bhut jolokia · 'Carolina Reaper' · Datil · 'Dragon's Breath' · Fatalii · Habanero · Hainan yellow lantern · 'Madame Jeanette' · 'Naga Morich' · 'Red Savina' habanero · Scotch bonnet · Trinidad moruga scorpion · Trinidad scorpion 'Butch T' · 'Pepper X'
C. frutescens
African bird's eye · Kambuzi · Malagueta · Siling labuyo · Tabasco
C. baccatum
Ají · Bishop's crown · Lemon drop · Peppadew
C. pubescens
Rocoto pepper
Category
Commons
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