text:
Red Roses for a Blue Lady
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"Red Roses for a Blue Lady"
Single by Bert Kaempfert
Released
1965 (1965)
Songwriter(s)
Sid Tepper
Roy C. Bennett
"Red Roses for a Blue Lady" is a 1948 popular song by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett (alias Roy Brodsky). It has been recorded by a number of performers. The best-selling recording was made by Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra Vocalists: Vaughn Monroe and The Moon Men on December 15, 1948. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3319 (in United States) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue numbers BD 1247, HN 3014, HQ 3071, IM 13425 and GY 478. It first reached the Billboard magazine charts on January 14, 1949 and lasted 19 weeks on the chart, peaking at #4.[1]
Another recording was made by Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians on December 22, 1948. It was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24549. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on February 4, 1949 and lasted 13 weeks on the chart, peaking at #10.[1]
The song was revived in 1965 by vocalists Vic Dana and Wayne Newton and instrumentalist Bert Kaempfert; Dana's version was the most successful, peaking at #10 on the pop chart and #2 on the Easy Listening chart.[2] Kaempfert's peaked at #11 on the same chart. Wayne Newton's version reached #23. All were listed on Billboard's Easy listening (later Adult Contemporary) survey. Andy Williams released a version in 1965 as the B-side to his hit song "...and Roses and Roses". Harry James recorded a version in 1965 on his album Harry James Plays Green Onions & Other Great Hits (Dot DLP 3634 and DLP 25634).
Bruno Balz has written German lyrics. The German title is "Ich sende dir Rosen". The Cornel Trio recorded it in Berlin on October 15, 1952. The song was released by Electrola as catalog number EG 7848.
Interpretation of lyrical content[edit]
The song is sung from the viewpoint of a man speaking to a florist. He is purchasing flowers to give to the woman he loves. However, this romantically-minded gentleman and his sweetheart have apparently had a tiff.
Roses, especially red roses, are associated with romance, and men have often been known to give bouquets of a dozen or more of these to women whose hearts they wish to win over, and in this case it appears that the man hopes that the gift of several red roses will help resolve the quarrel he has had with his sweetheart. The woman is never mentioned by name, but instead is referred to as a "blue lady." "Blue lady" in this case is not actually referring to color at all (as in "blue baby"); instead it is playing on the fact that the word "blue" is often used as a euphemism for "sad," as in "I've got the Blues." However, by juxtaposing the "red" of the flowers with the "blue" of the lady's mood, the author has created a pun of sorts, playing up the common opposition of "red" and "blue" as they are both primary colors.
The narrator refers to his sweetheart as the sweetest gal in town and hopes that this floral gift will brighten up her mood and soften up her current attitude toward him.
In the last verse, this fellow tells the florist that if the rose bouquet helps smooth things over with his sweetheart, he will go back to the florist's shop to purchase an orchid corsage for the lady's wedding gown, thus stating he plans to propose to her once their differences are set aside.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (1973). Top Pop Records 1940-1955. Record Research.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 70.
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1977 Mississippi CV-240 crash
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Convair 240 N55VM crash
A Convair CV-240 similar to the accident aircraft
Accident
Date
October 20, 1977
18:52 (CST)
Summary
Fuel exhaustion (pilot error)
Site
Heavily-wooded swamp, Amite County, Mississippi,
five miles (8 km) northeast
of Gillsburg
31°04′19″N 90°35′56″W / 31.072°N 90.599°W / 31.072; -90.599Coordinates: 31°04′19″N 90°35′56″W / 31.072°N 90.599°W / 31.072; -90.599[1]:3
Aircraft
Aircraft type
Convair CV-240
(first flew in 1948)[2]
Operator
L & J Company of
Addison, Texas
Registration
N55VM
Flight origin
Greenville Downtown Airport (South Carolina)
Stopover
McComb-Pike County Airport, Pike County, Mississippi (emergency attempt)
Destination
Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport (Louisiana)
Passengers
24
Crew
2
Fatalities
6
Survivors
20
crash site
Greenville
Baton Rouge
Locations in the United States
On October 20, 1977, a Convair CV-240 ran out of fuel and crashed near Gillsburg, Mississippi, USA. Chartered by the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from L&J Company of Addison, Texas, it was near the end of its flight from Greenville, South Carolina, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[3][4]
Lead vocalist/founding member Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines, backing vocalist Cassie Gaines (Steve's older sister), assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary, and co-pilot William Gray all died as a result of the crash; twenty others survived.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Crash
2 Cause
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Crash[edit]
On October 20, 1977, three days after releasing their album Street Survivors, Lynyrd Skynyrd's chartered Convair CV-240 airplane ran out of fuel near the end of their flight from South Carolina to Louisiana. The band had just performed at the Greenville Memorial Auditorium and were to play at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.[2][6]
Upon realizing that the plane had insufficient fuel, the pilots were going to attempt an emergency landing on a small rural airstrip. Despite their efforts, they did not make it and the plane crashed in a wooded area near Gillsburg, Mississippi. Lead singer/founding member Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist/vocalist Steve Gaines, backing vocalist Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary, and copilot William Gray all died in the crash.[2][3][4]
Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1977
Cassie had been so fearful of flying in the Convair that she had preferred to travel in the band's cramped equipment truck instead, but Van Zant convinced her to board the plane on October 20.[7] Keyboard player Billy Powell's nose was nearly torn off as he suffered severe facial lacerations and deep lacerations to his right leg. Decades later, Powell gave a lurid account of the flight's final moments on a VH1 Behind The Music special. He said Van Zant, who wasn't wearing a seat belt, was thrown violently from his seat and died immediately when his head impacted a tree as the plane broke apart. Some elements of Powell's version of the events, however, have been disputed by both drummer Artimus Pyle and Van Zant's widow Judy Van Zant Jenness, who posted the autopsy reports on the band's web site in early 1998 to "set the record straight", while essentially confirming Powell's account.[8] Pyle suffered broken ribs but managed to leave the crash site and notify a nearby resident.[6]
Another member of the band's trio of back-up singers (collectively known as the "Honkettes"), JoJo Billingsley, was not on the plane; she was home sick and planned to join the tour in Little Rock, Arkansas, on October 23.[9] Billingsley said that she had dreamed of the plane crash and begged guitarist/founding member Allen Collins by telephone not to continue using the Convair.[7]
It was later discovered that the very same aircraft had earlier been inspected by members of Aerosmith's flight crew for possible use in their 1977 American tour, but it was rejected because it was felt that neither the plane nor the crew were up to standards. Aerosmith's assistant chief of flight operations, Zunk Buker, told of observing pilots McCreary and Gray sharing a bottle of Jack Daniel's while he and his father inspected the plane.[10] Aerosmith's touring family were quite shaken after receiving word of the crash, as Steven Tyler and Joe Perry had pressured their management into renting that specific plane for use on their tour.[11]
The doomed flight of October 20, 1977 was intended to be the last Lynyrd Skynyrd would make on the Convair CV-240. "We were flying in a plane that looked like it belonged to the Clampett family," said Pyle, and the band had decided that their status as one of the world's top rock acts warranted an upgrade. After arriving in Baton Rouge, the band planned on acquiring a Learjet to replace the 30-year-old plane, which all in the band's circle agreed was well past its prime.[12]
"The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was fuel exhaustion and total loss of power from both engines due to crew inattention to fuel supply. Contributing to the fuel exhaustion were inadequate flight planning and an engine malfunction of undetermined nature in the right engine which resulted in "torching" and higher-than-normal fuel consumption."
—NTSB Accident Report[1]
On the American Top 40 show of February 25, 1978, Casey Kasem reported that musical act LeBlanc & Carr had been bumped from the ill-fated flight. The bands were touring together, and last-minute changes prevented the duo from boarding the plane after initially being offered seats.[11]
When fellow rock band Journey learned of the crash during sessions for their 1978 album Infinity, guitarist Neal Schon and newly hired vocalist Steve Perry composed the song "Patiently", recorded as a memorial to the lost members of Lynyrd Skynyrd.
Cause[edit]
Powell, among others, spoke of seeing flames shooting out of the plane's right engine during a flight just days before the crash. The subsequent NTSB report listed "an engine malfunction of undetermined nature" in that same engine as a contributing factor in the crash [1] Pyle told Howard Stern years later in an interview that the fuel gauge in the older-model plane was known to malfunction and the pilots had neglected to manually check the tanks before taking off. In his book Lynyrd Skynyrd: Remembering the Free Birds of Southern Rock, Gene Odom comes to the conclusion that Gray was potentially impaired and had been observed using cocaine the previous evening;[13] however, toxicology reports from both pilots' autopsies found no traces of alcohol or other drugs.[1] "Crew inattention to fuel supply" was ultimately determined to be responsible for the crash.[1]
After the accident, the NTSB removed, inspected, and tested the right engine's ignition magneto and found it to be operating normally, concluding, "No mechanical or electrical discrepancies were found during the examination of the right magneto."[1] The inspection also determined that, "All of the fuel cross-feed and fuel dump valves were in the closed position."[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "U.S. National Transportation Safety Board 1978" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-240 N55VM Gillsburg, MS; Retrieved 9/3/11
^ Jump up to: a b Gwinn, John (October 22, 1977). "Why did plane run out of fuel?". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. (South Carolina). p. B1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rock band leader, five others killed in charter plane crash". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. October 21, 1977. p. 3A.
Jump up ^ "Airplane crash kills members of rock band". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). Associated Press. October 21, 1977. p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Pat Adams; Jaquelyn Cooper (October 20, 2017). "The Tragic Plane Crash that Happened on October 20, 1977 in Gillsburg Mississippi". TennesseeConcerts.com. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Brant 2002, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Brant 2002, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Brant 2002, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Davis 1997, p. 304.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lynyrd Skynyrd's Plane Crashes in Rural Mississippi". Mississippi Memories. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jordan Runtagh. "Remembering Lynyrd Skynyrd's Deadly 1977 Plane Crash". Rolling Stone, October 20, 2017. Accessed October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Odom, Gene (October 1, 2003). "10 - Reflections and Renewal". Lynyrd Skynyrd: Remembering the Free Birds of Southern Rock. Broadway Books. p. 184. ISBN 0-7679-1027-3.
Further reading[edit]
Brant, Marley (2002). Freebirds: The Lynyrd Skynyrd Story. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-8321-7. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
Davis, Stephen (1997). Walk This Way: The Autobiography of Aerosmith. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-97594-7. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
External links[edit]
The Lynyrd Skynyrd Plane Crash
Check-Six.com – Lynyrd Skynyrd's Crash – includes full crew and passenger list
Gillsburg, MS Plane Crash Kills Lynyrd Skynyrd Band Members, Oct 1977
Official Lynyrd Skynyrd website
Official Lynyrd Skynyrd History site
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Lynyrd Skynyrd
Gary Rossington
Rickey Medlocke
Johnny Van Zant
Michael Cartellone
Mark Matejka
Peter Keys
Keith Christopher
Ronnie Van Zant
Allen Collins
Bob Burns
Larry Junstrom
Greg T. Walker
Leon Wilkeson
Billy Powell
Ed King
Artimus Pyle
Steve Gaines
Owen Hale
Hughie Thomasson
Kenny Aronoff
Ean Evans
Robert Kearns
Johnny Colt
Studio albums
(Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd)
Second Helping
Nuthin' Fancy
Gimme Back My Bullets
Street Survivors
Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991
The Last Rebel
Endangered Species
Twenty
Edge of Forever
Christmas Time Again
Vicious Cycle
God & Guns
Last of a Dyin' Breed
Live albums
One More from the Road
Southern by the Grace of God
Lyve from Steel Town
Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour
Live from Freedom Hall
Compilations
Skynyrd's First and... Last
Gold & Platinum
Best of the Rest
Legend
Skynyrd's Innyrds
Lynyrd Skynyrd (Box Set)
A Retrospective
What's Your Name
Old Time Greats
The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd
Skynyrd's First: The Complete Muscle Shoals Album
20th Century Masters: The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd
Solo Flytes
All Time Greatest Hits
Collectybles
Then and Now
Thyrty
Then and Now Volume Two
Greatest Hits
Icon
Video
Freebird... The Movie
Lyve From Steel Town
Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour
Live from Freedom Hall
Singles
"Need All My Friends"
"Gimme Three Steps" / "Mr. Banker"
"Don't Ask Me No Questions" / "Take Your Time"
"Sweet Home Alabama"
"Free Bird"
"Saturday Night Special" / "Made in the Shade"
"Double Trouble"
"Gimme Back My Bullets" / "All I Can Do Is Write About It"
"Gimme Three Steps (Live)"
"What's Your Name" / "I Know A Little"
"You Got That Right"
"Truck Drivin' Man"
"Swamp Music"
"Smokestack Lightning"
"Preacher Man"
"Red White & Blue (Love it or Leave)"
"Still Unbroken"
Other songs
"Tuesday's Gone"
"Simple Man"
"Things Goin' On"
"Saturday Night Special"
"That Smell"
Tours
Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd Tour
Second Helping Tour
Nuthin' Fancy Tour
Gimme Back My Bullets Tour
One More From The Road Tour
Street Survivors Tour
Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour
Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour
The Last Rebel Tour
Lynyrd Skynyrd Twenty Tour
Edge of Forever Tour
Vicious Cycle Tour
Rebels and Bandoleros Tour
Spin-off bands
Rossington Collins Band
The Rossington Band
Allen Collins Band
Artimus Pyle Band
Van Zant
Related articles
Discography
Band Members
Skynyrd Frynds
1977 Mississippi CV-240 crash
Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park
Leonard Skinner
"All Summer Long"
hide
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Aviation accidents and incidents in 1977 (1977)
1978 →
Jan 5 Connellan air disaster
Jan 13 Aeroflot Flight 3843
Jan 13 JAL Cargo Flight 8054
Jan 15 Linjeflyg Flight 618
Feb 15 Aeroflot Flight 5003
Mar 17 British Airtours Boeing 707 crash
Mar 27 Tenerife airport disaster
Apr 4 Southern Airways Flight 242
Apr 12 Delta Air Lines Flight 1080
Apr 27 Aviateca Convair 240 crash
May 10 Israeli CH-53 crash
May 14 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash
May 27 Aeroflot Flight 331
Jul 10 Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134 hijacking
Aug 1 Gary Powers helicopter crash
Sep 27 Japan Airlines Flight 715
Sep 27 Yokohama F-4 crash
Sep 28 Japan Airlines Flight 472
Oct 13 Lufthansa Flight 181
Oct 20 Convair CV-240 crash
Nov 19 TAP Portugal Flight 425
Dec 2 Benghazi Libyan Arab Airlines Tu-154 crash
Dec 4 Malaysian Airline System Flight 653
Dec 13 Air Indiana Flight 216
Dec 17 United Airlines Flight 2860
Dec 18 SA de Transport Aérien Flight 730
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977_Mississippi_CV-240_crash&oldid=844448166"
Categories:
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1977
Aviation accidents and incidents in Mississippi
Accidents and incidents involving the Convair CV-240 family
Amite County, Mississippi
Lynyrd Skynyrd
1977 in Mississippi
1977 events in the United States
October 1977 events
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Trusted Platform Module
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Components of a Trusted Platform Module complying with the TPM version 1.2 standard
Trusted Platform Module (TPM, also known as ISO/IEC 11889) is an international standard for a secure cryptoprocessor, a dedicated microcontroller designed to secure hardware through integrated cryptographic keys.
Contents
1 History
2 Overview
3 Uses
3.1 Platform integrity
3.2 Disk encryption
3.3 Password protection
3.4 Other uses and concerns
4 TPM implementations
5 TPM 1.2 vs TPM 2.0
6 Criticism
7 Attacks
8 Availability
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
History[edit]
Trusted Platform Module (TPM) was conceived by a computer industry consortium called Trusted Computing Group (TCG), and was standardized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2009 as ISO/IEC 11889.[1]
TCG continued to revise the TPM specifications. The last revised edition of TPM Main Specification Version 1.2 was published on March 3, 2011. It consisted of three parts, based on their purpose.[2] For the second major version of TPM, however, TCG released TPM Library Specification 2.0, which builds upon the previously published TPM Main Specification. Its latest edition was released on September 29, 2016, with several errata with the latest one being dated on January 8, 2018.[3][4]
Overview[edit]
Trusted Platform Module provides
A random number generator[5][6]
Facilities for the secure generation of cryptographic keys for limited uses.
Remote attestation: Creates a nearly unforgeable hash key summary of the hardware and software configuration. The software in charge of hashing the configuration data determines the extent of the summary. This allows a third party to verify that the software has not been changed.
Binding: Encrypts data using the TPM bind key, a unique RSA key descended from a storage key[clarification needed].[7]
Sealing: Similar to binding, but in addition, specifies the TPM state[clarification needed] for the data to be decrypted (unsealed).[8]
Computer programs can use a TPM to authenticate hardware devices, since each TPM chip has a unique and secret RSA key burned in as it is produced. Pushing the security down to the hardware level provides more protection than a software-only solution.[9]
Uses[edit]
The United States Department of Defense (DoD) specifies that "new computer assets (e.g., server, desktop, laptop, thin client, tablet, smartphone, personal digital assistant, mobile phone) procured to support DoD will include a TPM version 1.2 or higher where required by DISA STIGs and where such technology is available." DoD anticipates that TPM is to be used for device identification, authentication, encryption, and device integrity verification.[10]
Platform integrity[edit]
The primary scope of TPM is to assure the integrity of a platform. In this context, "integrity" means "behave as intended", and a "platform" is any computer device regardless of its operating system. It is to ensure that the boot process starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software, and continues until the operating system has fully booted and applications are running.
The responsibility of assuring said integrity using TPM is with the firmware and the operating system. For example, Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) can use TPM to form a root of trust: The TPM contains several Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) that allow secure storage and reporting of security relevant metrics. These metrics can be used to detect changes to previous configurations and decide how to proceed. Good examples can be found in Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS),[11] BitLocker and PrivateCore vCage memory encryption. (See below.)
An example of TPM use for platform integrity is the Trusted Execution Technology (TXT), which creates a chain of trust. It could remotely attest that a computer is using the specified hardware and software.[12]
Disk encryption[edit]
Full disk encryption utilities, such as dm-crypt and BitLocker, can use this technology to protect the keys used to encrypt the computer's storage devices and provide integrity authentication for a trusted boot pathway that includes firmware and boot sector.
Password protection[edit]
Operating systems often require authentication (involving a password or other means) to protect keys, data or systems. If the authentication mechanism is implemented in software only, the access is prone to dictionary attacks. Since TPM is implemented in a dedicated hardware module, a dictionary attack prevention mechanism was built in, which effectively protects against guessing or automated dictionary attacks, while still allowing the user a sufficient and reasonable number of tries. Without this level of protection, only passwords with high complexity would provide sufficient protection.
Other uses and concerns[edit]
Any application can use a TPM chip for:
Digital rights management
Protection and enforcement of software licenses
Prevention of cheating in online games[13]
Other uses exist, some of which give rise to privacy concerns. The "physical presence" feature of TPM addresses some of these concerns by requiring BIOS-level confirmation for operations such as activating, deactivating, clearing or changing ownership of TPM by someone who is physically present at the console of the machine.[14][15]
TPM implementations[edit]
Trusted Platform Module installed on a motherboard
Starting in 2006, many new laptops have been sold with a built-in TPM chip. In the future, this concept could be co-located on an existing motherboard chip in computers, or any other device where the TPM facilities could be employed, such as a cellphone. On a PC, either the LPC bus or the SPI bus is used to connect to the TPM chip.
TCG has certified TPM chips manufactured by Infineon Technologies, Nuvoton, and STMicroelectronics,[16] having assigned TPM vendor IDs to Advanced Micro Devices, Atmel, Broadcom, IBM, Infineon, Intel, Lenovo, National Semiconductor, Nationz Technologies, Nuvoton, Qualcomm, Rockchip, Standard Microsystems Corporation, STMicroelectronics, Samsung, Sinosun, Texas Instruments, and Winbond.[17]
There are five different types of TPM 2.0 implementations:[18][19]
Discrete TPMs are dedicated chips that implement TPM functionality in their own tamper resistant semiconductor package. They are theoretically the most secure type of TPM because the routines implemented in hardware should be more resistant to bugs versus routines implemented in software, and their packages are required to implement some tamper resistance.
Integrated TPMs are part of another chip. While they use hardware that resists software bugs, they are not required to implement tamper resistance. Intel has integrated TPMs in some of its chipsets.
Firmware TPMs are software-only solutions that run in a CPU's trusted execution environment. Since these TPMs are entirely software solutions that run in trusted execution environments, these TPMs are more likely to be vulnerable to software bugs. AMD, Intel and Qualcomm have implemented firmware TPMs.
Software TPMs are software emulators of TPMs that run with no more protection than a regular program gets within an operating system. They depend entirely on the environment that they run in, so they provide no more security than what can be provided by the normal execution environment, and they are vulnerable to their own software bugs and attacks that are penetrating the normal execution environment. They are useful for development purposes.
Virtual TPMs are provided by a hypervisor. Therefore, they rely on the hypervisor to provide them with an isolated execution environment that is hidden from the software running inside virtual machines to secure their code from the software in the virtual machines. They can provide a security level comparable to a firmware TPM.
TPM 1.2 vs TPM 2.0[edit]
While TPM 2.0 addresses many of the same use cases and has similar features, the details are different. TPM 2.0 is not backward compatible to TPM 1.2.[20]
Specification
TPM 1.2
TPM 2.0
Architecture The one-size-fits-all specification consists of three parts.[2] A complete specification consists of a platform-specific specification which references a common four-part TPM 2.0 library.[21][3] Platform-specific specifications define what parts of the library are mandatory, optional, or banned for that platform; and detail other requirements for that platform.[21] Platform-specific specifications include PC Client,[22] mobile,[23] and Automotive-Thin.[24]
Algorithms SHA-1 and RSA are required.[25] AES is optional.[25] Triple DES was once an optional algorithm in earlier versions of TPM 1.2,[26] but has been banned in TPM 1.2 version 94.[27] The MGF1 hash-based mask generation function that is defined in PKCS#1 is required.[25] The PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification requires SHA-1 and SHA-256 for hashes; RSA, ECC using the Barreto-Naehrig 256-bit curve and the NIST P-256 curve for public-key cryptography and asymmetric digital signature generation and verification; HMAC for symmetric digital signature generation and verification; 128-bit AES for symmetric-key algorithm; and the MGF1 hash-based mask generation function that is defined in PKCS#1 are required by the TCG PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification.[28] Many other algorithms are also defined but are optional.[29]
Crypto Primitives A random number generator, a public-key cryptographic algorithm, a cryptographic hash function, a mask generation function, digital signature generation and verification, and Direct Anonymous Attestation are required.[25] Symmetric-key algorithms and exclusive or are optional.[25] Key generation is also required.[30] A random number generator, public-key cryptographic algorithms, cryptographic hash functions, symmetric-key algorithms, digital signature generation and verification, mask generation functions, exclusive or, and ECC-based Direct Anonymous Attestation using the Barreto-Naehrig 256-bit curve are required by the TCG PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification.[28] The TPM 2.0 common library specification also requires key generation and key derivation functions.[31]
Hierarchy One (storage) Three (platform, storage and endorsement)
Root Keys One (SRK RSA-2048) Multiple keys and algorithms per hierarchy
Authorization HMAC, PCR, locality, physical presence Password, HMAC, and policy (which covers HMAC, PCR, locality, and physical presence).
NV RAM Unstructured data Unstructured data, Counter, Bitmap, Extend
The TPM 2.0 policy authorization includes the 1.2 HMAC, locality, physical presence, and PCR. It adds authorization based on an asymmetric digital signature, indirection to another authorization secret, counters and time limits, NVRAM values, a particular command or command parameters, and physical presence. It permits the ANDing and ORing of these authorization primitives to construct complex authorization policies.[32]
Criticism[edit]
TCG has faced resistance to the deployment of this technology in some areas, where some authors see possible uses not specifically related to Trusted Computing, which may raise privacy concerns. The concerns include the abuse of remote validation of software (where the manufacturer—and not the user who owns the computer system—decides what software is allowed to run) and possible ways to follow actions taken by the user being recorded in a database, in a manner that is completely undetectable to the user.[33]
The TrueCrypt disk encryption utility, as well as its derivative VeraCrypt, do not support TPM. The original TrueCrypt developers were of the opinion that the exclusive purpose of the TPM is "to protect against attacks that require the attacker to have administrator privileges, or physical access to the computer". Thus, they argued that the attacker who has physical or administrative access to a computer can circumvent TPM, e.g., by installing a hardware keystroke logger to capture passwords (or other sensitive information), by resetting TPM, or by capturing memory contents and retrieving TPM-issued keys. The condemning text goes so far as to claim that TPM is entirely redundant.[34] The VeraCrypt publisher has reproduced the original allegation with no changes other than replacing "TrueCrypt" with "VeraCrypt".[35] The problem with this allegation is that it is true in the absence of TPM as well; TPM at least stops some physical tampering. On principle, after achieving either unrestricted physical access or administrative privileges, it is only a matter of time before other security measures in place are bypassed.[36][37]
The private endorsement key is fundamental to the security of the TPM circuit, and is never made available to the end-user. This private key must be known to the hardware chip manufacturer at manufacture time, otherwise they would not be able to burn the key into the circuit. There are no guarantees that this private key is not kept by the manufacturer or shared with government agencies. Anyone with access to the private endorsement key would be able to forge the chip's identity and break some of the security that the chip provides. Thus, the security of the TPM relies entirely on the manufacturer and the authorities in the country where the hardware is produced.[original research?]
Attacks[edit]
In 2010, Christopher Tarnovsky presented an attack against TPMs at Black Hat, where he claimed to be able to extract secrets from a single TPM. He was able to do this after 6 months of work by inserting a probe and spying on an internal bus for the Infineon SLE 66 CL PC.[38][39]
In 2015, as part of the Snowden revelations, it was revealed that in 2010 a US CIA team claimed at an internal conference to have carried out a differential power analysis attack against TPMs that was able to extract secrets.[40][41]
In October 2017, it was reported that a code library developed by Infineon, which had been in widespread use in its TPMs, allowed RSA private keys to be inferred from public keys. As a result, all systems depending upon the privacy of such keys were vulnerable to compromise, such as identity theft or spoofing.[42]
Cryptosystems that store encryption keys directly in the TPM without blinding could be at particular risk to these types of attacks, as passwords and other factors would be meaningless if the attacks can extract encryption secrets.[43]
Availability[edit]
Currently TPM is used by nearly all PC and notebook manufacturers, primarily offered on professional product lines.
TPM is implemented by several vendors:
Advantech provides TPM on many of its products, especially its Gaming boards and Energy Automation Computers.[44]
In 2006, with the introduction of first Macintosh models with Intel processors, Apple started to ship Macs with TPM. Apple never provided an official driver, but there was a port under GPL available.[45] Apple has not shipped a computer with TPM since 2006.[46]
Atmel manufactures TPM devices that it claims to be compliant to the Trusted Platform Module specification version 1.2 revision 116 and offered with several interfaces (LPC, SPI, and I2C), modes (FIPS 140-2 certified and standard mode), temperature grades (commercial and industrial), and packages (TSSOP and QFN).[47][48] Atmel's TPMs support PCs and embedded devices.[47] Atmel also provides TPM development kits to support integration of its TPM devices into various embedded designs.[49]
Google includes TPMs in Chromebooks as part of their security model.[50]
Infineon provides both TPM chips and TPM software, which is delivered as OEM versions with new computers, as well as separately by Infineon for products with TPM technology which complies to TCG standards. For example, Infineon licensed TPM management software to Broadcom Corp. in 2004.
Microsoft operating systems Windows Vista and later use the chip in conjunction with the included disk encryption component named BitLocker. Microsoft had announced that from January 1, 2015 all computers will have to be equipped with a TPM 2.0 module in order to pass Windows 8.1 hardware certification.[51] However, in a December 2014 review of the Windows Certification Program this was instead made an option requirement. However, TPM 2.0 is required for connected standby systems.[52] Virtual machines running on Hyper-V can have their own virtual TPM module starting with Windows 10 1511 and Windows Server 2016.[53]
In 2011, Taiwanese manufacturer MSI launched its Windpad 110W tablet featuring an AMD CPU and Infineon Security Platform TPM, which ships with controlling software version 3.7. The chip is disabled by default but can be enabled with the included, pre-installed software.[54]
Nuvoton provides TPM devices implementing Trusted Computing Group (TCG) version 1.2 and 2.0 specifications for PC applications. Nuvoton also provides TPM devices implementing these specifications for embedded systems and IoT (Internet of Things) applications via I2C and SPI host interfaces. Nuvoton's TPM complies with Common Criteria (CC) with assurance level EAL 4 augmented, FIPS 140-2 level 1 and TCG Compliance requirements, all supported within a single device.
Oracle ships TPMs in their recent X- and T-Series Systems such as T3 or T4 series of servers.[55] Support is included in Solaris 11.[56]
PrivateCore vCage uses TPM chips in conjunction with Intel Trusted Execution Technology (TXT) to validate systems on bootup.
In mobile devices security, there are some alternatives to TPM; for example, TrustKernel's T6 secure operating system simulates the functionality of TPM in mobile devices using the ARM TrustZone technology.[57]
VMware ESXi hypervisor has supported TPM since 4.x, and from 5.0 it is enabled by default.[58][59]
wolfSSL provides a TPM library, titled wolfTPM. wolfTPM is a portable TPM 2.0 library that provides all TPM 2.0 APIs in compliance with the TPM 2.0 specification; it uses the TPM Interface Specification (TIS) to communicate over Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI); the library also includes wrappers for key generation, RSA encryption/decryption, ECC sign and verify, and ECDH.[60]
Xen hypervisor has support of virtualized TPMs. Each guest gets its own unique, emulated, software TPM.[61]
KVM, combined with QEMU, has support for virtualized TPMs. As of 2012[update], it supports passing through the physical TPM chip to a single dedicated guest. QEMU 2.11 released on December 2017 also provides emulated TPMs to guests.[62]
There are also hybrid types; for example, TPM can be integrated into an Ethernet controller, thus eliminating the need for a separate motherboard component.[63][64]
See also[edit]
Computer security portal
Hardware security
Hardware security module
Hengzhi chip
Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
Threat model
Trusted Computing
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "What's new in Hyper-V on Windows Server 2016". Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "TPM. Complete protection for peace of mind". Winpad 110W. MSI.
Jump up ^ "Oracle Solaris and Oracle SPARC T4 Servers— Engineered Together for Enterprise Cloud Deployments" (PDF). Oracle. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
Jump up ^ "tpmadm" (manpage). Oracle. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
Jump up ^ "T6: TrustZone Based Trusted Kernel". Retrieved 2015-01-12.
Jump up ^ Security and the Virtualization Layer, VMware .
Jump up ^ Enabling Intel TXT on Dell PowerEdge Servers with VMware ESXi, Dell .
Jump up ^ "wolfTPM | wolfSSL Embedded Communication Products". wolfSSL. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
Jump up ^ "XEN Virtual Trusted Platform Module (vTPM)". Retrieved 2015-09-28.
Jump up ^ "QEMU 2.11 Changelog". qemu.org. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Replacing Vulnerable Software with Secure Hardware: The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and How to Use It in the Enterprise" (PDF). Trusted computing group. 2008. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
Jump up ^ "NetXtreme Gigabit Ethernet Controller with Integrated TPM1.2 for Desktops". Broadcom. 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
Further reading[edit]
TPM 1.2 Protection Profile (Common Criteria Protection Profile), Trusted Computing Group .
PC Client Platform TPM Profile (PTP) Specification (Additional TPM 2.0 specifications as applied to TPMs for PC clients), Trusted Computing Group .
PC Client Protection Profile for TPM 2.0 (Common Criteria Protection Profile for TPM 2.0 as applied to PC clients), Trusted Computing Group .
Trusted Platform Module (TPM) (Work group web page and list of resources), Trusted Computing Group .
"OLS: Linux and trusted computing", LWN .
Trusted Platform Module (podcast), GRC, 24:30 .
TPM Setup (for Mac OS X), Comet way .
"The Security of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM): statement on Princeton Feb 26 paper" (PDF), Bulletin (press release), Trusted Computing Group, February 2008 .
"Take Control of TCPA", Linux journal .
TPM Reset Attack, Dartmouth .
Trusted Platforms (white paper), Intel, IBM Corporation .
Garrett, Matthew, A short introduction to TPMs, Dream width .
Martin, Andrew, Trusted Infrastructure "101" (PDF), PSU .
Using the TPM: Machine Authentication and Attestation (PDF), Intro to trusted computing, Open security training .
A Root of Trust for Measurement: Mitigating the Lying Endpoint Problem of TNC (PDF), CH: HSR, 2011 .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trusted_Platform_Module&oldid=853728649"
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The Night Before (2015 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Night Before
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jonathan Levine
Produced by
Evan Goldberg
Seth Rogen
James Weaver
Screenplay by
Jonathan Levine
Kyle Hunter
Ariel Shaffir
Evan Goldberg
Story by
Jonathan Levine
Starring
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Seth Rogen
Anthony Mackie
Lizzy Caplan
Jillian Bell
Mindy Kaling
Michael Shannon
Narrated by
Tracy Morgan[1]
Music by
Marco Beltrami
Miles Hankins
Cinematography
Brandon Trost
Edited by
Zene Baker
Production
companies
Good Universe
Point Grey Pictures
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16) (New York City)
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20) (United States)
Running time
101 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25–33 million [3][4]
Box office
$52.4 million[5]
The Night Before is a 2015 American Christmas comedy film directed by Jonathan Levine, written by Levine, Evan Goldberg, Kyle Hunter and Ariel Shaffir. The film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Seth Rogen and Anthony Mackie as three childhood friends who annually reunite on Christmas Eve. Lizzy Caplan, Jillian Bell, Mindy Kaling and Michael Shannon also star.
Principal photography began on August 11, 2014, in New York City. Good Universe and Point Grey Pictures produced the film, which Columbia Pictures released on November 20, 2015. The film has a 66% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes and grossed $52 million.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
In December 2001, Ethan Miller (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) loses both of his parents in a car accident. Since that time, Isaac Greenberg (Seth Rogen) and Chris Roberts (Anthony Mackie), Ethan's best friends, resolve to spend every Christmas Eve with Ethan. Along the way, the friends learn of the Nutcracker Ball, a tremendous, invite-only Christmas Eve party. Unable to find the party, the friends continue with their tradition. In 2015, the friends decide to end the tradition. Chris has become a famous football player, and Isaac is married, with a baby on the way. Privately, Chris and Isaac worry that Ethan, a struggling musician working at a hotel, is not ready for the tradition to end.
At the hotel, Ethan finds and steals invitations to the Nutcracker Ball. Later, the friends meet at Isaac's house before going out on their last Christmas Eve together. Prior to leaving, Isaac's wife Betsy (Jillian Bell) gives him drugs to use during the evening, since he has been so supportive. The friends leave to follow their usual tradition, with the intention to go to the party afterward. Their first stop is the Rockefeller Tree. While at the Tree, Ethan reveals the tickets to the ball. Along the way, Chris, in an attempt to impress his teammates, purchases marijuana from their former high school dealer, Mr. Green (Michael Shannon). While making the purchase, Mr. Green shares the weed with Chris, calling it the present. While at a karaoke bar, the friends run into Diana (Lizzy Caplan), who recently broke up with Ethan for refusing to commit, and Diana's friend Sarah (Mindy Kaling). The friends learn that Diana and Sarah will be at the Nutcracker Ball, as well. While at the bar, Isaac begins to be negatively affected by the drugs he took, resulting in making a video phone message admitting that he's terrified of having a child. Chris also has his marijuana stolen by a supposed fan (Ilana Glazer) who is a Christmas-hating thief.
Needing more marijuana, the guys contact Mr. Green again, who meets them at Chris' mother's (Lorraine Toussaint) house. This time, Isaac meets Mr. Green for some marijuana. It shows him the future where his daughter is a stripper, and his wife blames him for it. The friends end up having dinner, cooked by Chris' mother, who encourages Ethan to make up with Diana. During dinner, Isaac realizes that he accidentally switched phones with Sarah.
While trying to find Isaac's phone, the same thief steals Chris' marijuana again. The three friends split up, as Chris wants his marijuana back, Isaac wants his phone, and Ethan wants to go to the party. Chris fails to regain his marijuana, after learning about valuing his true friends from the thief. Isaac, hallucinating from the mixture of drugs he keeps consuming, meets his wife and her family during Midnight Mass and vomits in church. Ethan ends up beaten by two drunk pub-crawling Santas, after trying to defend the spirit of Christmas.
Upon meeting back at a subway station, the tension between the friends explodes. Ethan reveals that he and Isaac know that Chris' sudden success and popularity is due to steroids, and Chris reveals that he and Isaac think that Ethan is lost and making excuses for himself.
Despite their revelations, the three friends still go to the Nutcracker Ball. Upon arriving, Chris learns that his teammates did not need the marijuana he struggled to obtain, and they also make fun of him for a video shot of him earlier, with his friends. Isaac retrieves his phone, and learns that Sarah never revealed the video message he recorded. Ethan finds Diana and, in an improvised moment, proposes to her in front of the entire party. While she accepts publicly, in private she declines, saying she only said yes because he put her on the spot, and thinks that the only reason why he proposed is because of his fear of losing his friends.
In shame, Ethan goes to the roof, where he sees Mr. Green. Mr. Green reveals that he created and has hosted the Nutcracker Ball since its inception. Mr. Green shares marijuana with Ethan, calling it the past. Ethan experiences a memory of his friends initiating their yearly ritual. Ethan rejoins his friends, who have been thrown out of the party after an altercation with Chris' teammates.
As morning dawns, the friends reconcile, just as Isaac receives a message from Betsy that she is in labor. Rushing to the hospital, in Mr. Green's conveniently available car, the friends discover that it was a false alarm. Mr. Green is also revealed to be an angel, who has been helping the friends to earn his wings. Isaac shows his wife the video, who admits afterward that she is also scared about raising their daughter. The trio spend Christmas at Isaac's house, after which Chris has dinner with his mother and admits to his steroid use. Ethan goes to Diana's house, where he apologizes for how he acted and for not being ready to commit. Diana admits she missed Ethan and accepts his request to finally meet her parents.
One year later, the friends and their loved ones spend Christmas together, and are revealed to be happy, and still friends. Isaac's baby cannot sleep, so the trio serenades her. It is shown that the story was all told from a book read by Santa, who is revealed to be the father of Mr. Green.
Cast[edit]
Joseph Gordon-Levitt[6] as Ethan Miller
Seth Rogen[6] as Isaac Greenberg[7]
Anthony Mackie[8] as Chris Roberts
Lizzy Caplan[9] as Diana, Ethan's ex-girlfriend
Jillian Bell[10] as Betsy Greenberg, Isaac's wife
Michael Shannon[11] as Mr. Green
Mindy Kaling[11] as Sarah
Lorraine Toussaint[12] as Mrs. Roberts, Chris's mother
Jason Mantzoukas[13] as Bad Santa #1
Jason Jones[13] as Bad Santa #2
Ilana Glazer[14] as Rebecca Grinch
Nathan Fielder[11] as Joshua
Tracy Morgan as the Narrator/Santa Claus
Randall Park as Ethan's boss
Heléne Yorke as Cindy
Aaron Hill as Tommy Owens
Baron Davis as himself
James Franco as himself
Miley Cyrus as herself
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On February 10, 2014, it was announced that Seth Rogen and Joseph Gordon-Levitt would reunite in the film, following 50/50, in which they co-starred. On May 13, Anthony Mackie joined the cast.[8] Jonathan Levine, director of 50/50, directed The Night Before from his own script.[6] Good Universe and Point Grey Pictures produced the film, which Sony's Columbia Pictures is distributing.[6]
Casting[edit]
On August 7, Jillian Bell was cast to play Betsy, the wife of Rogen's character.[10] On August 8, Lizzy Caplan joined the cast to play Diana, a love interest of Gordon-Levitt's character.[9]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on August 11, 2014, in New York City.[9][15][16] On August 14, filming was taking place around 112th street and Broadway in NYC.[17] On August 22, Rogen was spotted filming scenes outside a church in Manhattan.[18] On January 5, 2015, filming was taken place in and around Rockefeller Center, where the crews were taking some shots of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree.[19]
Release[edit]
The film was originally scheduled to be released on December 11, 2015, but Sony moved the release date over to November 25, 2015,[20] and later to November 20, 2015.[21]
Box office[edit]
The Night Before grossed $43 million in North America and $9.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $52.4 million, against a budget of $25 million.[5]
In the United States, The Night Before opened alongside The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 and Secret in Their Eyes on November 20, 2015. In its opening weekend, the film was projected to gross $12–13 million from 2,960 theaters.[22] The film made $550,000 from its Thursday preview screenings and $3.6 million on its first day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $9.9 million, below expectations, and finished fourth at the box office behind Mockingjay – Part 2 ($102.7 million), Spectre ($15 million) and The Peanuts Movie ($13.2 million).[4] In its second week, the film grossed $8.4 million (a drop of 15.2%), finishing 6th at the box office.[23]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 137 reviews and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Night Before provokes enough belly laughs to qualify as a worthwhile addition to the list of Christmas comedies worth revisiting, even if it isn't quite as consistent as the classics."[24] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 58 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Falcone, Dana Rose (November 16, 2015). "Hear Tracy Morgan narrate the beginning of The Night Before in new clip". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "THE NIGHT BEFORE (15)". British Board of Film Classification. October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://cdn.esd.ny.gov/Reports/2016_2017/Q2_2016FTC_Report.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony. "‘Mockingjay – Part 2’ Flying To $104M-$110M, Lowest In ‘Hunger Games’ Series But Still Great Business". Deadline. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Night Before (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Siegel, Tatiana; Kit, Borys (February 10, 2014). "Seth Rogen, Joseph Gordon-Levitt to Reteam With '50/50' Director for 'Xmas'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl7v8p5KPPw
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (May 13, 2014). "Anthony Mackie in Negotiations to Join Seth Rogen, Joseph Gordon-Levitt in Christmas Comedy". thewrap.com. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ford, Rebecca (August 8, 2014). "Lizzy Caplan Joins Seth Rogen, Joseph Gordon-Levitt in Christmas Eve Comedy". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Yamato, Jen (August 7, 2014). "‘22 Jump Street’s Jillian Bell Joins Sony Christmas Comedy". deadline.com. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jagernauth, Kevin (July 28, 2015). "Watch: Xmas Gets Red Band In Trailer For 'The Night Before' With Seth Rogen, Joseph Gordon-Levitt & Anthony Mackie". Indiewire. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Presno, Caroline (November 25, 2014). "Selma's Lorraine Toussaint on Motherhood, a Childhood of 'Silent, Dark Terror' and Award Season Buzz". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Watch Jason Mantzoukas, Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Jason Jones Celebrate SantaCon Early
Jump up ^ Seth Rogen Gets In The Holiday Spirit On Our ‘The Night Before’ Set Visit - MTV News
Jump up ^ "Day 1!!!!". twitter.com. August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ON THE SET FOR 8/11/14: ‘JURASSIC WORLD’ WRAPS, ‘THE LAST FACE’ STARTS". studiosystemnews.com. August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Christine (August 14, 2014). "Seth Rogen and Joseph Gordon Levitt’s Untitled Christmas Movie begins filming in NYC". onlocationvacations.com. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Christine (August 25, 2014). "Photos of Seth Rogen filming in New York City on Aug. 22". onlocationvacations.com. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Untitled X-Mas Project, starring Seth Rogen & Joseph Gordon Levitt, is filming at Rockefeller Center today". onlocationvacations.com. January 5, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (October 14, 2014). "Predictable Move: Sony Slots Untitled Xmas Pic For 11/25/2015". deadline.com. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (September 29, 2015). "Seth Rogen Comedy ‘The Night Before’ Moved up Five Days to Nov. 20". Retrieved December 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Katniss To Set The World On Fire As ‘Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2’ Shoots For $285M-$305M Global Debut – B.O. Preview". deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro. "Katniss Rules Wednesday On Track For $78M-80M 5-Day; ‘Good Dinosaur’ Eyes $58M-$62M; ‘Creed’ Punching $39M-$42M". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Night Before (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Night Before reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
External links[edit]
The Night Before on IMDb
The Night Before at Box Office Mojo
The Night Before at Rotten Tomatoes
The Night Before at Metacritic
The Night Before at ComingSoon.net
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Jonathan Levine
All the Boys Love Mandy Lane (2006)
The Wackness (2008)
50/50 (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
The Night Before (2015)
Snatched (2017)
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values: Купон преди Коледа – Bulgarian

values: The Night Before (película de 2015) – Spanish

values: شب قبل (فیلم ۲۰۱۵) – Persian

values: הלילה שלפני – Hebrew

values: ナイト・ビフォア 俺たちのメリーハングオーバー – Japanese

values: The Night Before (filme de 2015) – Portuguese

values: Ніч перед похміллям – Ukrainian

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