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History of Buffalo, New York
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Downtown Buffalo in 1973, showing the then-Marine Midland Tower, Niagara River and Buffalo's Lower West Side.
Buffalo is the county seat of Erie County, and the second most populous city in the U.S. state of New York, after New York City. Originating around 1789 as a small trading community inhabited by the Neutral Nation near the mouth of Buffalo Creek, the city, then a town, grew quickly after the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, with the city at its western terminus. Its position at the eastern end of Lake Erie strengthened the economy, based on grain milling and steel production along the southern shores and in nearby Lackawanna.
In the dawn of the 20th century, Buffalo was one of the most populous cities in the United States. It had hosted the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 and later became a center for the automotive industry.
Later, the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway combined with the effects of suburbanization, deindustrialization, and globalization led to the decline of the city's chief industries. The city lost over half of its population from 1950 to 2010. Buffalo retains many industries and has developed a diverse economy based upon advanced manufacturing, healthcare and education.
Contents
1 Origin of name
2 Pre-colonization
2.1 Amerindian Crossroads
2.2 First Europeans
3 The 19th century
4 U.S. Presidents and Buffalo
5 The 20th century
6 The 21st century
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
11.1 Old primary sources
12 External links
Origin of name[edit]
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Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1830 8,668 —
1840 18,213 110.1%
1850 42,261 132.0%
1860 81,129 92.0%
1870 117,714 45.1%
1880 155,134 31.8%
1890 255,664 64.8%
1900 352,387 37.8%
1910 423,715 20.2%
1920 506,775 19.6%
1930 573,076 13.1%
1940 575,901 0.5%
1950 580,132 0.7%
1960 532,759 −8.2%
1970 462,768 −13.1%
1980 357,870 −22.7%
1990 328,123 −8.3%
2000 292,648 −10.8%
2010 261,310 −10.7%
source:[1]
Buffalo 2006
Buffalo in 1813[2]
The City of Buffalo, formerly known as Buffalo Creek, received its name from the creek that flows through it. However, the origin of the creek's name is unclear, with several unproven theories existing. Early French explorers reported the abundance of buffalo on the Eastern shore of Lake Erie, but their presence on the banks of Buffalo Creek is still a matter of debate, although American Bison did range into western NY state at one time. Neither the Native American name Teyohoseroron (the Place of the Basswoods) nor the French name Riviere aux Chevaux (River of Horses) survived, so the current name likely dates to the British occupation which began with the capture of Fort Niagara in 1759.
Another theory holds that a Seneca Indian lived there, either whose name meant buffalo, or who had the physical characteristics of a buffalo, and was translated as such by the English settlers. The stream where he lived became Buffalo's Creek. Unlike other nearby creeks such as Scajaquada Creek and Smoke's Creek which were named after actual historic figures, there is no known reference to any Native American named Buffalo. Also given credence by local historians at one time was the possibility that an interpreter mistranslated the Native American word for "beaver" as "buffalo," the words being very similar, at a treaty-signing at present-day Rome, New York in 1784. The theory assumes that because there were beaver here, the creek was probably called Beaver Creek rather than Buffalo Creek.
Buffalo panorama circa 1911
Another theory holds that the name is an anglicized form of the French name Beau Fleuve (beautiful river), which was supposedly an exclamation uttered by Louis Hennepin when he first saw the Niagara River. This is a relatively recently proposed theory (1909) and is unlikely, as no period sources contain this quote. The earliest known name origin theory is an anecdote told to Captain Daniel Dobbins by Cornelius Winney in 1795 and also found with variations in Sheldon Ball's History of Buffalo (1825) and other sources, about a party of hunters whose guide shoots a horse and passes it off as bison meat, thereafter the origin of the term "buffaloed."
Despite many years of speculation and garbling of previous debate, more recently available sources indicate that the name Buffalo Creek was in common use on the Niagara Frontier by 1764, as John Montresor referenced 'Buffalo Creek' in his journal of that year.[3] The name may have originated with an English speaking person sometime between 1759 and 1764, possibly after seeing animal bones, thought to be bison but possibly elk or moose or domesticated cattle, at the salt lick called Sour Springs located at the head of navigation about 6 miles up the creek.
Pre-colonization[edit]
Amerindian Crossroads[edit]
The societies of the Native Forest dwellers we know as Native Americans, Amerindians, or First Nations made highways of the Great Lakes, streams and were far more social than their reputed penchant for warfare, cruelty, and collecting scalps would suggest. Their canoes were built from lightweight birch bark, or far more often, Elm, the farther south the tribe, the more likely Elm was the material used for many purposes including the canoes. Buffalo, near the throat of the Niagara River, was a popular campsite for voyaging tribesmen, in a culture which often went on walk-abouts, touring neighboring lands and conducting the widespread practice of boy-meets-girl, trading of regional commodities.[a]
1630s: The French report the Wenro's territory was north and east of the Erie peoples, East of the Neutral people across the Niagara River and west of the Genesee River valley and the Genesee Gorge across which the Seneca people had their home.
Prior to European colonization by French settlers, the region's inhabitants were an Iroquoian-speaking tribal offshoot called the Wenro people or 'Wenrohronon', who lived along the south shore of Lake Ontario and east end of Lake Erie and a bit of its southern shore. The population of the Wenro was small by comparison to other Iroquoian tribes the French encountered and reported upon, possibly because they'd only recently split off from other groups or because they'd suffered the misfortunes of war. They were possibly (most likely) a sub-group of the main Neutral Confederacy which had colonized the opposite shore, or possibly relatives of the great abutting neighboring Erie Nation,[b] which extended southwesterly through most of present-day Ohio, Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
The American Heritage Book of Indians points out there are opposing (on the surface) contradictory theories[c] of the origination and the migration of the Iroquois and Iroquoian peoples that came to inhabit the region around Buffalo and the Niagara River.[d]
The French found the Neutral groups helpful in mediating disputes with other tribes—in particular the League of the Iroquois which became sworn enemies of the French from their first meeting in 1609.[e] By comparison, the Huron also an Iroquoian people, were often at odds with the Iroquois once European traders offered highly desired goods for furs, especially water proof Beaver pelts[f] About 1651 the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on the Neutrals; by 1653, the Confederacy, particularly the Senecas, had practically annihilated the Neutrals[4][5] and the splinter tribe of Wenro people. The Wenro's area was subsequently populated by the Seneca tribe.
Also in 1653 the large and populous Erie tribe, having taken in survivors of the Huron, Neutral, Wenro, and Tabacco peoples—Iroquoian peoples one and all, with traditions of adopting outsiders—received demands to send Neutrals to the Iroquois and instead launched an preemptive attack on the League, kicking off three years of desperate warfare that eventually shattered the Erie and bled the Iroquois of much of their strength.[g] Ohio and Western Pennsylvania became nearly vacant Iroquois hunting grounds, exploited for furs, but ten years later the Iroquois, having also adopted tribal members of peoples they'd recently thrashed, found themselves in a new war with the Susquehannocks who lived down below the Allegheny Front, the escarpment above most of today's central Pennsylvania along the Susquehanna River valleys—another people believed to have significantly outnumbered the Iroquois[h] —so warring along the Susquehanna Valley from lower New York to Maryland through central Pennsylvania. In 1667-68 the Susquehannocks nearly wiped out two of the Five Iroquois people. At that point the Susquehannock's suffered one or more horrendous plagues, losing up to 90% of their population and military capabilities, and by 1672 the Iroquois became the proverbial 'Last Man Standing' in the Northern Beaver Wars.
First Europeans[edit]
Most of western New York was granted by Charles II of England to the Duke of York (later King James II & VII), but the first European settlement in what is now Erie County was by the French, at the mouth of Buffalo Creek in 1758. Its buildings were destroyed a year later by the evacuating French after the British captured Fort Niagara. The British took control of the entire region in 1763, at the conclusion of the French and Indian War. In 1764, British military engineer John Montresor made an inspection tour of Buffalo Creek before determining on a site for a fortification on the opposite shore. After the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, the British settled Seneca refugees in several villages on Buffalo Creek in the spring of 1780.
The first permanent settlers in present-day Buffalo were Cornelius Winney and "Black Joe" Hodges, who set up a log cabin store there in 1789 for trading with the Native American community. British interpreter William Johnston was another early settler. The British retained control of the area and prevented further settlement by Americans until their evacuation of Fort Niagara in 1796.
Dutch investors purchased the area from the Seneca Indians as part of the Holland Purchase. Although other Senecas were involved in ceding their land, the most famous today is Red Jacket, who died in Buffalo in 1830. His grave is in Forest Lawn Cemetery. Starting in 1801, parcels were sold through the Holland Land Companies office in Batavia, New York. The settlement was initially called Lake Erie, then Buffalo Creek, soon shortened to Buffalo. Holland Land Company agent Joseph Ellicott christened it New Amsterdam, but the name did not catch on.[6] In 1808, Niagara County was established with Buffalo as its county seat. Erie County was formed out of Niagara County in 1821, retaining Buffalo as the county seat.
The 19th century[edit]
The Erie Canal's harbor was very active in the 19th century.
In 1804, Joseph Ellicott, a principal agent of the Holland Land Company, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes, and is one of only three radial street patterns in the US[citation needed]. In 1810, the Town of Buffalo was formed from the western part of the Town of Clarence. On December 30, 1813, during the War of 1812, British troops and their Native American allies first captured the village of Black Rock, and then the rest of Buffalo, burning most of both to the ground. Buffalo gradually rebuilt itself and by 1816 had a new courthouse. In 1818, the eastern part of the town was lost to form the Town of Amherst.
Upon the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, Buffalo became the western end of the 524-mile waterway starting at New York City. At the time, Buffalo had a population of about 2,400 people. With the increased commerce of the canal, the population boomed and Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.[7] On 1 June 1843, the world's first steam-powered grain elevator was put into service by a local merchant, Joseph Dart, Jr., and an engineer, Robert Dunbar. The "Dart Elevator" would remain standing until 1862, when it burned down. During the 1840s and 1850s, more than a dozen grain elevators were built in Buffalo's harbor, most of them designed by Dunbar.[8]
In 1853, Buffalo annexed Black Rock, which had been Buffalo's fierce rival for the canal terminus. During the 19th century, thousands of pioneers going to the western United States debarked from canal boats to continue their journey out of Buffalo by lake or rail transport. During their stopover, many experienced the pleasures and dangers of Buffalo's notorious Canal district.
Buffalo was a terminus of the Underground Railroad, an informal series of safe houses for African-Americans escaping slavery in the mid-19th century. Buffalonians helped many fugitives cross the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada and freedom.
U.S. Presidents and Buffalo[edit]
McKinley's last speech delivered September 5, 1901 at the Pan-American Exposition
Main Street in Buffalo, ca. 1900
Lafayette Square in 2008
Several U.S. presidents have had connections with Buffalo.
Millard Fillmore took up permanent residence in Buffalo in 1822 before he became America's 13th president. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Buffalo, now known as SUNY University at Buffalo.
Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, lived in Buffalo from 1854 until 1882, and served as Buffalo's mayor from 1882 until 1883.
William McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901 at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, and died in Buffalo on the 14th.
Theodore Roosevelt was then sworn in on September 14, 1901 at the Ansley Wilcox Mansion, now the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, becoming one of the few presidents to be sworn in outside of Washington, D.C..
The 20th century[edit]
Around the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was a growing city with a burgeoning economy. Immigrants came from Ireland, Italy, Germany, and Poland to work in the steel and grain mills which had taken advantage of the city's critical location at the junction of the Great Lakes and the Erie Canal. Hydroelectric power harnessed from nearby Niagara Falls made Buffalo the first American city to have widespread electric lighting yielding it the nickname, the "City of Light". Electricity was used to dramatic effect at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. The Pan-American was also notable for being the scene of the aforementioned assassination of President William McKinley.
The opening of the Peace Bridge linking Buffalo with Fort Erie, Ontario on August 7, 1927 was an occasion for significant celebrations.
The Great Depression of 1929-39 saw severe unemployment, especially among working class men. The New Deal relief programs operated full force. The city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party.[9] Buffalo's City Hall, an Art Deco masterpiece, was dedicated on July 1, 1932.
The city's importance declined in the later half of the 20th century for several reasons, perhaps the most devastating being the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1957. Goods which had previously passed through Buffalo could now bypass it using a series of canals and locks, reaching the ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Another major toll was suburban migration, a national trend at the time. Race riots rocked the city in 1967.[10] The city, which boasted over half a million people at its peak, has seen its population decline by some 50%, as industries shut down and people left the Rust Belt for the employment opportunities of the South and West. Erie County has lost population in every census year since 1970.
The 21st century[edit]
On July 3, 2003, at the climax of a fiscal crisis, the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority was established[11] to oversee the finances of the city. As a "hard control board," they have frozen the wages of city employees and must approve or reject all major expenditures. After a period of severe financial stress, Erie County, where Buffalo resides, was assigned a Fiscal Stability Authority on July 12, 2005. As a "soft control board," however, they act only in an advisory capacity.[12] Both Authorities were established by New York State. In November 2005, Byron Brown was elected Mayor of Buffalo. He is the first African-American to hold this office.
Economic development in the city was marked at $3.5 billion in 2006 compared to the ten year previous average of $50 million[citation needed]. New proposals and renovations were numerous, especially in the downtown area. Buffalo ranked 83rd on the Forbes best cities for jobs list, an increase from the previous year, beating out cities like New York City, Cleveland, and Detroit.
See also[edit]
Timeline of Buffalo, New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York
C. Person's Sons
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Obsidian from Canada, Flint, shells, plants are all known to have traveled hundreds-to-thousands of miles carried by a sociable people that often met recreationally as well for competitions—for Lacrosse—the picture of the Amerindian tribes as blood thirsty savages would never have lasted in the light of day, had the natives not been cut down by diseases they had little resistance to.
Jump up ^ It is also possible they were a combination of clan groups from differing peoples. The Iroquoian culture was one with a matrilineal clan basis, the women selecting the leading men. It would be odd if at such a prime meeting place as the river-Lake outlet area that a people which by all accounts traveled often, that men and women and whole tribal groups didn't meet and mingle in such a idyllic surround.
Jump up ^ Amerindian studies scholars believe the known Iroquoian nations coalesced about 1300 and either migrated from the Carolina's to the Great Lakes, or originated along the St. Lawrence and moved westward and south. Either way, by 300 years later the various Iroquoian peoples dominated the area of the right bank St. Lawrence River to the Eastern side of Lake Huron dominating half the shores of the Great Lakes from the tip of present-day Northern Maine and New England nearly to Western Ohio, and extended southerly from the northern shores beyond Lake Huron's Georgian Bay (Huron) down along the Susquehanna and parts of Chesapeake Bay. Concurrently as the 1600s brought European fur traders and then colonies, two large Iroquoian nations, the Tuscarora people and the Cherokee people occupied lands south of the Province of Virginia on either side of the Appalachians barrier range; west of the lower Appalachians, the Cherokee held territory in Kentucky and Tennessee.
Jump up ^ French colonialism and the process of settlements used the English were very different modalities; the French Crown monopolized American economic activity: traders, and a relatively few number of settlers danced to the Crown's policies, and cultivated good relations with Amerindian tribe and nations. In the French, Dutch, and English disputes that followed, the undermanned French were dependent upon their Amerindian allies for manpower, and most military power. In contrast, the English mercantilism driven colonialism—later in the 1700s, British—almost universally established an initial tolerance seguing soon after settlements became well established to an mode of oft ruthless exploitation and patterns of confrontation, racial prejudice, and land grabs; the English/British class-conscience culture almost uniformly ended up in frontier tension and eventual interracial conflict leading to a succession of wars, of displaced Native American tribes. The English modality had little direct frontier impact effect around Buffalo but the Indian vs. Indian events in the region are illustrative of both Kingdoms practices and the Iroquois grudge against the French.
Jump up ^ In 1609 Champlain assisting a mixed war party of Huron and Algonquian raiding the Mohawk Nation, along the lake now named for him, killed two of three Mohawk war sachems, wounding the third and built up an enmity from the Iroquois that lasted 150 years, until the end of the French and Indian War (1756-1763) drove the French from North America. This encounter is an epoch, beginning a period now loosely referred to as the Beaver Wars in which over 60 years of internecine Amerindian on Indian battles, giving the Iroquois the balance of North American political power for the next hundred. The Beaver Wars for many years were believed to be mainly economic. Recent scholarship has posed several other factors, most steeped in the culture and religious beliefs of the disparate Iroquoian peoples.
Jump up ^ the Huron territory started in the upper St. Lawrence valley, and the Iroquois claimed virtually all of the opposite bank; so were in competition in the European Goods sweepstakes.
Jump up ^ One of the Iroquois few periods of peace occurred, giving evidence of the savvy political sophistication the Iroquois would now become famous for having; a similar peace was negotiated when the Susquehannock and Iroquois fought—the council ruling the Iroquois did not want Algonkian raiding while taking on militarily strong opponents.
Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians discuss a French report (New France was a direct venture of the King, the Jesuits sent back reports every year for decades) ca. 1660s-1670s that the adopted Iroquois outnumbered the Native Iroquois in that period.
References[edit]
City of Buffalo, 1873, a steel engraving drawn by A. C. Warren
Jump up ^ US Population of the 100 Largest Cities and other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine. Census.gov
Jump up ^ Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 380.
Jump up ^ Severance, Frank H. (1902). "The Achievements of Captain John Montresor". In Buffalo Historical Society. Buffalo Historical Society Publications. Buffalo, NY: Bigelow Brothers. p. 15. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "The Hurons"
Jump up ^ Reville 1920, p.20.
Jump up ^ Clinton, George W.; Hunt, Sanford B. (1862). Thomas' Buffalo City Directory for 1862, to which is Prefixed a Sketch of the Early History of Buffalo, Followed by a Glance at its Progress down to the Present Time. Buffalo, NY: E.A. Thomas, Franklin Steam Printing House. p. 16. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Original Charter of the City of Buffalo 1832". history.buffalonet.org. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
Jump up ^ American Colossus: the Grain Elevator 1843-1943 (Colossus Books, 2009) www.american-colossus.com
Jump up ^ Lewis Lansky, "Buffalo and the Great Depression, 1929-1933," in Milton Plesur, ed., American Historian: Essays to Honor Selig Adler (1980), pp 204-13
Jump up ^ "The Circle Association's African American History of Western New York State, 1935 to 1970"
Jump up ^ Official Site of the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority www.bfsa.state.ny.us
Jump up ^ Erie County Fiscal Stability Authority www.ecfsa.state.ny.us
Bibliography[edit]
Smith, H. Perry. (1884). History of the city of Buffalo and Erie County : with ... biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers ... Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co.
Further reading[edit]
See also: Timeline of Buffalo, New York § Bibliography
Coffey, Brian, and Allen G. Noble. "Mid-nineteenth century housing in Buffalo, New York." Material Culture 28.3 (1996): 1-16. in JSTOR
Gerber, David A. The Making of an American Pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825-60 (Univ of Illinois Press, 1989).
Jenkins, William. "In Search of the Lace Curtain: Residential Mobility, Class Transformation, and Everyday Practice among Buffalo’s Irish, 1880—1910." Journal of Urban History 35.7 (2009): 970-997.
Kohler, C. Douglas, and Julianna L. Woite. Clarence (Arcadia Publishing, 2012), a suburb
Rizzo, Michael F. Through the Mayors' Eyes: Buffalo, New York 1832-2005 (Lulu.com, 2005).
Rockwell, Mary Rech. "Elite Women and Class Formation." in by Julia B. Rosenbaum and Sven Beckert, eds. The American Bourgeoisie: Distinction and Identity in the Nineteenth Century (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010). 153-166.
Smith, Henry Perry. History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County (2 vol. 1884).
Taylor, Steven J.L. Desegregation in Boston and Buffalo: The influence of local leaders (SUNY Press, 1998).
Williams, Lillian Serece. Strangers in the Land of Paradise: The Creation of an African American Community in Buffalo, New York, 1900-1940 (Indiana University Press, 2000).
Old primary sources[edit]
A directory for the city of Buffalo, Buffalo: L.P. Crary, 1832, OCLC 35591891
History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County, 1884
Kuebler, Albert J., (1894), Knights of Pythias directory and Buffalo street directory and guide ..., Buffalo, N.Y: Kraft & Stern, printers CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
City of Buffalo official website
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Throw shade (slang)
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This article appears to be a dictionary definition. Please rewrite it to present the subject from an encyclopedic point of view. If it cannot be turned into a full encyclopedia article in the near future, consider moving it to Wiktionary.
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Not to be confused with Throwing Shade.
The expressions "throw shade, "throwing shade", or simply "shade", are slang terms used to describe insults.[1] Merriam-Webster defines "shade" as "subtle, sneering expression of contempt for or disgust with someone—sometimes verbal, and sometimes not" .[2] OxfordDictionaries.com defines "throw shade" as a phrase used to "publicly criticize or express contempt for someone".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The slang version of "shade" originated from the black and Latino gay communities, and was initially strictly used by those communities. The first major use of "shade" that introduced the slang to the greater public was in the documentary film Paris Is Burning (1990), which is about the mid-1980s drag scene in Manhattan.[2] In the documentary, one of the drag queens, Dorian Corey, explains what " shade" means. She says, "Shade is, I don't have to tell you you're ugly, because you know you're ugly."[4]
The expression was popularized by the American reality television series RuPaul's Drag Race.[2] In 2015, Anna Holmes of The New York Times Magazine wrote:
Shade can take many forms — a hard, deep look that could be either aggressive or searching, a compliment that could be interpreted as the opposite of one. E. Patrick Johnson, who teaches performance studies and African-American studies at Northwestern University, and who has written about the tradition of insults in the gay and black communities, explains: "If someone walks into a room with a hideous dress, but you don’t want to say it's hideous, you might say, 'Oooh … look at you!’'" At its most refined, shade should have an element of plausible deniability, so that the shade-thrower can pretend that he or she didn't actually mean to behave with incivility, making it all the more delicious.[1]
See also[edit]
Look up throw shade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
LGBT slang
List of LGBT slang terms
Yas (slang)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Underground Art of the Insult". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What Does 'Throw Shade' Mean?". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
Jump up ^ Katy Steinmetz (2014-08-13). "Oxford Dictionary Additions: Hot Mess, Side Boob, Throw Shade". Time.com. Retrieved 2016-06-02.
Jump up ^ Lopez, Linette. "This is where the expression 'throw shade' comes from". Business Insider. Business Insider. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
External links[edit]
LGBT portal
Moore, Darnell L. (March 29, 2013). "Tongues Untied: Shade Culture — Throwing Shade, Reflecting Light". The Huffington Post.
Brown, Kara (December 17, 2014). "Shade Court Is in Session". Jezebel.com.
Rodriguez, Mathew (April 27, 2016). "Merriam-Webster Threw Shade at People Who Don't Know the Word Genderqueer". Mic.com.
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Aleutian Islands
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Aleutian Islands
Geography
Location
Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea
Total islands
>300
Major islands
Unalaska Island
Area
6,821[1] sq mi (17,670 km2)
Length
1,200 mi (1,900 km)
Administration
United States, Russia
State, Federal subject
Alaska, Kamchatka Krai
Largest settlement
Unalaska (pop. 4,283)
Demographics
Population
8,163 (2000)
Ethnic groups
Aleut
The Aleutian Islands (/əˈluːʃən/;[2][3] possibly from Chukchi aliat, "island") are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones belonging to both the United States and Russia.[1] They form part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km2) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, and mark a dividing line between the Bering Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Crossing longitude 180°, at which point east and west longitude end, the archipelago contains both the westernmost part of the United States by longitude (Amatignak Island) and the easternmost by longitude (Semisopochnoi Island). The westernmost U.S. island in real terms, however, is Attu Island, west of which runs the International Date Line. While nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and is usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", at the extreme western end, the small, geologically related Commander Islands belong to Russia.
The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Physiographically, they are a distinct section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division.
These Islands are most known for the battles and skirmishes that occurred there during the Aleutian Islands Campaign of World War II. It was one of only two attacks on the United States during that war.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Climate
3 Flora
4 Fauna
5 Economy
6 Transportation
7 Demographics
8 History
8.1 Prehistory
8.2 Russian period
8.2.1 Orthodox Christian heritage
8.3 U.S. possession
8.3.1 World War II
8.4 Recent developments
9 Nuclear testing
10 Russian Aleutians
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Geography[edit]
Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands.
The Aleutian Islands from 32,000 feet.
Active Aleutian volcanoes.
The islands, known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, comprise five groups (east to west):
the Fox Islands
Islands of Four Mountains
Andreanof
Rat Islands, and
Near Islands
All five are located between 51° and 55° N latitude and 172° E and 163° W longitude. The largest islands in the Aleutians are Attu (the furthest from the mainland), and Unalaska, Umnak, and Unimak in the Fox Islands. The largest of those is Unimak Island, with an area of 1,571.41 mi² (4,069.9 km²), followed by Unalaska Island, the only other Aleutian Island with an area over 1,000 square miles.
The axis of the archipelago near the mainland of Alaska has a southwest trend, but near 179° its direction changes to the northwest. This change of direction corresponds to a curve in the line of volcanic fissures that have contributed their products to the building of the islands. Such curved chains are repeated about the Pacific Ocean in the Kuril Islands, the Japanese chain, and in the Philippines. All these island arcs are at the edge of the Pacific Plate and experience much seismic activity, but are still habitable; the Aleutians lie between the Pacific and North American tectonic plates.[citation needed] The general elevation is greatest in the eastern islands and least in the western. The island chain is a western continuation of the Aleutian Range on the mainland.[4]
The great majority of the islands bear evident marks of volcanic origin, and there are numerous volcanic cones on the north side of the chain, some of them active; many of the islands, however, are not wholly volcanic, but contain crystalline or sedimentary rocks, and also amber and beds of lignite. The coasts are rocky and surf-worn, and the approaches are exceedingly dangerous, the land rising immediately from the coasts to steep, bold mountains.[4]
These volcanic islands reach heights of 6,200 feet (1,900 m). Makushin Volcano (5,691 feet (1,735 m)) located on Unalaska Island, is not quite visible from within the town of Unalaska, though the steam rising from its cone is visible on a (rare) clear day. Residents of Unalaska need only to climb one of the smaller hills in the area, such as Pyramid Peak or Mt. Newhall, to get a good look at the snow-covered cone. The volcanic Bogoslof and Fire Islands, which rose from the sea in 1796 and 1883 respectively, lie about 30 miles (50 km) west of Unalaska Bay.[4]
In 1906, a new volcanic cone rose between the islets of Bogoslof and Grewingk, near Unalaska, followed by another in 1907. These cones were nearly demolished by an explosive eruption on September 1, 1907.[4] Newly found information in 2017, the volcanic cone erupted sending ash and ice particles 30,000 feet in the air.[5]
The Aleutians seen from space
Image of the islands taken by the STS-56 crew.
These cloud formations were seen over the western Aleutian Islands.
ASTER image of the islands.
Aleutian Islands on May 15, 2014, by NASA’s Aqua satellite.
Climate[edit]
The climate of the islands is oceanic, with moderate and fairly uniform temperatures and heavy rainfall. Fogs are almost constant. Summer weather is much cooler than Southeast Alaska (around Sitka), but the winter temperature of the islands and of the Alaska Panhandle is very nearly the same.[4] During the winter the islands are the center for the semi-permanent low-pressure area called the Aleutian low.
The mean annual temperature for Unalaska, the most populated island of the group, is about 38 °F (3 °C), being about 30 °F (−1 °C) in January and about 52 °F (11 °C) in August. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded on the islands are 78 °F (26 °C) and 5 °F (−15 °C) respectively. The average annual rainfall is about 80 inches (2,000 mm), and Unalaska, with about 250 rainy days per year, is said to be one of the rainiest places within the U.S.[4]
Flora[edit]
Cape Promontory, Cape Lutkes on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
The growing season lasts approximately 135 days, from early in May until late in September, but agriculture is limited to the raising of few vegetables. With the exception of some stunted willows, the vast majority of the chain is devoid of native trees.[4] On some of the islands, such as Adak and Amaknak, there are a few coniferous trees growing, remnants of the Russian period. While tall trees grow in many cold climates, Aleutian conifers — some estimated to be two hundred years old — rarely reach a height of even 10 feet (3 m), and many of them are still less than 5 feet (1.5 m) tall. This is because the islands, much like the Falklands and other islands of similar latitudes, experience such strong winds that taller trees are vulnerable to snapping off.
Instead of trees, the islands are covered with a luxuriant, dense growth of herbage and shrubs, including crowberry, bluejoint, grasses, sedges, and many flowering plants.[6] There are areas of peat bog near the coasts. Endemic plants include the endangered Aleutian shield fern.
Fauna[edit]
The Aleutians are home to many large colonies of seabirds. Buldir Island has 21 breeding seabird species, including the Bering Sea-endemic red-legged kittiwake. Large seabird colonies are also present at Kiska, Gareloi, Semisopochnoi, Bogoslof, and others. The islands are also frequented by vagrant Asiatic birds, including the common rosefinch, Siberian rubythroat, bluethroat, lanceolated warbler, and the first North American record of the intermediate egret.[7]
The habitats of the Aleutians are largely unspoiled, but wildlife is affected by competition from introduced species such as cattle, caribou, and foxes. Radioactivity is still present in the environment following nuclear weapon testing on Amchitka in 1971. Nearly all of the Aleutians are protected as part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge and the Aleutian Islands Wilderness.[8]
Observations have identified sea otters as a keystone species along the coasts of many of the Aleutian Islands. Their presence encourages the growth of kelp forests, as the otters control sea urchin populations (as large populations of sea urchins can create urchin barrens by clearing away kelp stands).[9]
Economy[edit]
On the less mountainous islands, the raising of sheep and reindeer was once believed to be practicable.[6] There are bison on islands near Sand Point. Sheep raising seems to have died off with the advent of synthetic fibers, which lowered the value of wool. During the 1980s, there were some llama being raised on Unalaska. The current economy is primarily based on fishing, and the presence of U.S. military. The only crop is potato. Chickens are raised in barns under protection from the cold.
Transportation[edit]
In addition to a partial air service and a ferry service, the Alaska Marine Highway passes through many of the U.S. islands.
Demographics[edit]
The native people refer to themselves as Unangan, and are now generally known by most non-natives as the "Aleut". The Aleut language is one of the two main branches of the Eskimo–Aleut language family. This family is not known to be related to any others. The 2000 U.S. Census recorded a population of 8,162 on the islands, of whom 4,283 were living in the main settlement of Unalaska.
History[edit]
Prehistory[edit]
Because of the location of the islands, stretching like a broken bridge from Asia to America, many anthropologists believe they were a route of the first human occupants of the Americas. The earliest known evidence of human occupation in the Americas is much farther south; the early human sites in Alaska have probably been submerged by rising waters during the current interglacial period. People living in the Aleutian Islands developed fine skills in hunting, fishing, and basketry. Hunters made their weapons and watercraft. The baskets are noted for being finely woven with carefully shredded stalks of beach rye.
Russian period[edit]
Explorers, traders and missionaries arrived from Russia beginning in 1741.
In 1741, the Russian government sent Vitus Bering, a Dane in the service of Russia, and Aleksei Chirikov, a Russian, in the ships Saint Peter and Saint Paul on a voyage of discovery in the Northern Pacific. After the ships were separated by a storm, Chirikov discovered several eastern islands of the Aleutian group, and Bering discovered several of the western islands, finally being wrecked and losing his life on the island of the Komandorskis (Commander Islands) that now bears his name (Bering Island). The survivors of Bering's party reached the Kamchatka Peninsula in a boat constructed from the wreckage of their ship, and reported that the islands were rich in fur-bearing animals.[4]
Siberian fur hunters flocked to the Commander Islands and gradually moved eastward across the Aleutian Islands to the mainland. In this manner, Russia gained a foothold on the northwestern coast of North America. The Aleutian Islands consequently belonged to Russia, until that country transferred all its possessions in North America to the U.S. in 1867.[4]
During the consolidation of the Russian-American Company there was sporadic conflict with the native population (frequently disastrous to the poorly armed and vastly outnumbered Russians). The colonies soon entered a relatively stable state based on cooperation, intermarriage, and official policies that provided social status, education, and professional training to children of mixed Aleut-Russian birth.[10] Within a generation, the day-to-day administration of the Russian-American colonies was largely in the hands of native-born Alaskans. Reversing the usual trend in colonization where indigenous technologies are replaced, the Russians adopted the Aleut kayak, or baidarka, sea otter hunting techniques, and the working of native copper deposits. The Russians instituted public education, preservation of the Aleut language through transliteration of religious and other texts into Aleut via an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet, vaccination of the native population against smallpox, and science-based sea mammal conservation policies that were ahead of their time.[10]
By 1760, the Russian merchant Andrian Tolstykh had made a detailed census in the vicinity of Adak and extended Russian citizenship to the Aleuts.
During his third and last voyage in 1778, Captain James Cook surveyed the eastern portion of the Aleutian archipelago, accurately determined the position of some of the more important islands, and corrected many errors of former navigators.[4]
Orthodox Christian heritage[edit]
Among the first Christian missionaries to arrive in the Aleutian Islands was a party of ten Russian Orthodox monks and priests, who arrived in 1793. Within two years, a monk named Herman was the only survivor of that party. He settled on Spruce Island, near Kodiak Island, and often defended the rights of the Aleuts against the Russian trading companies. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as Saint Herman of Alaska.
Another early Christian missionary of the Russian Orthodox Church was Father Veniaminov who arrived in Unalaska in 1824. He was named Bishop Innokentii in 1840 and moved to Sitka. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as Saint Innocent of Alaska.
The principal settlements were on Unalaska Island. The oldest was Iliuliuk (also called Unalaska), settled in 1760–1775, with a customs house and an Orthodox church.
U.S. possession[edit]
After the American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, further development took place. New buildings included a Methodist mission and orphanage, and the headquarters for a considerable fleet of United States revenue cutters, which patrolled the sealing grounds of the Pribilof Islands.[4] The first public school in Unalaska opened in 1883.
The U.S. Congress extended American citizenship to all Native Americans (and this law has been held to include the indigenous peoples of Alaska) in 1924. A hospital was built in Unalaska in 1933 by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
World War II[edit]
Main article: Aleutian Islands Campaign
During World War II, small parts of the Aleutian islands were occupied by Japanese forces, when Attu and Kiska were invaded in order to divert American forces away from the main Japanese attack at Midway Atoll. The U.S. Navy, having broken the Japanese naval codes, knew that this was just a diversion disputed, and it did not expend large amounts of effort in defending the islands. More than 90 Americans were taken to Japan as prisoners of war. Most of the civilian population (over 800) of the Aleutians and Pribilovians was detained by the United States in camps in the Alaska Panhandle. During the Aleutian Islands Campaign, American forces invaded Japanese-held Attu and defeated the Japanese. American and Canadian troops later launched an invasion of Kiska, but Japanese forces had already withdrawn, ending the campaign in the islands.
June 3, 2002 was celebrated as Dutch Harbor Remembrance Day. The governor of Alaska ordered state flags lowered to half-staff to honor the 78 soldiers who died during the two-day Japanese air attack in 1942. The Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Visitors Center opened that month.
Recent developments[edit]
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act became law in 1971. In 1977, the Ounalashka Corporation (from Unalaska) declared a dividend. This was the first village corporation to declare and pay a dividend to its shareholders.
Nuclear testing[edit]
Main article: Amchitka
The U.S. conducted underground tests of nuclear weapons on Amchitka Island from 1965 to 1971 as part of the Vela Uniform program. The final detonation, the Cannikin, was the largest underground nuclear explosion by the U.S.
Russian Aleutians[edit]
Main article: Aleutsky District
Russian Aleutians is organized as Aleutsky District in Kamchatka Krai. It comprises
Commander Islands
Bering Island
Medny Island
Sea Lion Rock
Sea Otter Rocks
Tufted Puffin Rock (Kamen Toporkov or Ostrov Toporkov)
Kamen Ariy
See also[edit]
1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
2014 Aleutian Islands earthquake
Aleutian Islands Campaign
Aleutians East Borough, Alaska
Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
List of Aleutian Island volcanoes
List of Aleutian Islands
List of birds of Aleutian Islands
List of extreme points of the United States
Lists of islands
Maritime fur trade
Military history of the Aleutian Islands
Peter the Aleut

Western Aleutian Islands, from a 1916 map of the Alaska Territory
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (18 December 2015). "Aleutian Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aleutian Islands". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Aleutian". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aleutian Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 543–544.
Jump up ^ "Alaska volcano erupts again, sending up another ash cloud". Fox News. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm 1911.
Jump up ^ buldirbirds
Jump up ^ "Aleutian Islands". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ Estes, James (2016). Serendipity: An Ecologist's Quest to Understand Nature. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520285033.
^ Jump up to: a b THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2008 — Page 9
Further reading[edit]
Gibson, Daniel D., and G. Vernon Byrd. Birds of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Cambridge, Mass: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 2007. ISBN 978-0-943610-73-3
Ivanov, Viacheslav Vsevolodovich. The Russian Orthodox Church of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and Its Relation to Native American Traditions—An Attempt at a Multicultural Society, 1794–1912. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1997. ISBN 0-16-048781-1
Jochelson, Waldemar. Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1925.
Morgan, Lael (September 1983). "The Aleutians: Alaska's Far-out Islands". National Geographic. Vol. 164 no. 3. pp. 336–363. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Aleutian Islands.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aleutian Islands.
U.S. Coast Pilot 9, Chapter 7, Aleutian Islands
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Aleutian Islands
Seattle to Aleutian Island Expedition
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text:
Three Times a Lady
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Three Times a Lady"
A-side label of the U.S. vinyl single
Single by Commodores
from the album Natural High
B-side
"Look What You've Done to Me"
Released
1978
Genre
Soul
Length
3:36 (7" )
6:36 (12" )
Label
Motown
Songwriter(s)
Lionel Richie
Producer(s)
James Anthony Carmichael
"Three Times a Lady" is a song by American soul group the Commodores, from their 1978 album Natural High. It was produced by James Anthony Carmichael and the Commodores. It was also the only Motown song to reach the Top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 that year. It was the Commodores' first Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit, topping the chart for two weeks on August 12, 1978 and it also went to number one on the soul chart for two weeks.[1] The song spent three weeks at #1 on the adult contemporary chart.[2]
The song also reached #1 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart for four weeks, and was one of only a few Motown singles to reach the top spot in the UK Singles Chart, staying there for five weeks.[3] The song was also successful in Ireland, staying at #1 in the charts for three consecutive weeks. It was #1 in Australia for five weeks, and reached #2 in New Zealand.
The original Commodores' version of the song was included as the final track on Lionel Richie's greatest hits compilation album Back To Front, released in 1992.
In an appearance on The Early Show on June 12, 2009, Lionel Richie said he was inspired to write the song because of a comment his father made about his mother. His father said to his mother "I love you. I want you. I need you. Forever," hence the three times a lady.[4]
Contents
1 Covers
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Covers[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Three Times a Lady"
Single by Conway Twitty
from the album Lost in the Feeling
B-side
"I Think I'm in Love"
Released
November 1983
Format
7"
Recorded
February 1–2, 1983
Sound Stage Studio, Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Country
Length
3:42
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Lionel Richie
Producer(s)
Jimmy Bowen, Conway Twitty
Conway Twitty singles chronology
"We Had It All"
(1983) "Three Times a Lady"
(1983) "Somebody's Needin' Somebody"
(1984)
Nate Harvell recorded one of the first country versions in 1978, reaching #23 on the Billboard country chart.
The song was also covered in the country genre by country singer Billy "Crash" Craddock on his 1986 album Crash Craddock and in 2007 by Cobra Starship as an iTunes bonus track for their album ¡Viva La Cobra!. In 2001 it was covered by Anglo-Norwegian boy band a1 and featured on Motown Mania and as a bonus track on their hit single "No More".
The Shadows did an instrumental of the song on Moonlight Shadows (1986).
Kenny Rogers covered the song on After Dark. It was also featured on his hits compilation All The Hits And All New Love Songs. Rogers performed the song on the Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters television show on November 29, 1980.
The most successful cover version was performed by Conway Twitty, whose version appears on his 1983 album Lost in the Feeling. Twitty's version reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the late winter of 1984. Allmusic reviewer Tom Jurek wrote that "Three Times a Lady" and the previous single, "Heartache Tonight" "offer(ed) a solid view of Twitty's amazing crossover potential, and his ability to take well-known pop tracks and turn them into solid country smashes long after the countrypolitan days of Chet Atkins and RCA."[5] (In addition to "Heartache Tonight" [a cover of a song by The Eagles], Twitty had successfully covered "Slow Hand" and "The Rose," previously pop hits for the Pointer Sisters and Bette Midler, respectively.)
On the South Park episode Christian Rock Hard Cartman's band "Faith + 1" parodies this song and changes the title to "Three Times My Saviour".
On The Sopranos episode The Test Dream, John Heard sings the first verse and chorus to a table full of people including Tony Soprano during a long dream sequence.
See also[edit]
Hot 100 number-one hits of 1978 (United States)
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s
List of number-one singles of 1978 (Ireland)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 130.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 62.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 356–7. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Lionel Richie". Channel24. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
Jump up ^ Thom Jurek. "Lost in the Feeling - Conway Twitty | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
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Commodores
William King
Walter Orange
J. D. Nicholas
Milan Williams
Thomas McClary
Lionel Richie
Andre Callahan
Michael Gilbert
Ronald LaPread
James Ingram
Skyler Jett
Sheldon Reynolds
Albums
Machine Gun
Caught in the Act
Movin' On
Hot on the Tracks
Commodores
Commodores Live!
Natural High
Midnight Magic
Heroes
In the Pocket
Commodores 13
Nightshift
United
Rock Solid
Commodores Christmas
No Tricks
The Very Best of The Commodores (1995 album)
Singles
"Slippery When Wet"
"Sweet Love"
"Just to Be Close to You"
"Easy"
"Brick House"
"Too Hot ta Trot"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Sail On"
"Still"
"Lady (You Bring Me Up)"
"Oh No"
"Nightshift"
"Take It from Me"
Related
Discography
Book
show
v
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Conway Twitty
Studio albums
Sings
Saturday Night with Conway Twitty
Lonely Blue Boy
Chasin' Rainbows
Fallin' for You for Years
Borderline
Still in Your Dreams
House on Old Lonesome Road
Crazy in Love
Even Now
Final Touches
Collaboration albums
We Only Make Believe
Lead Me On
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man
Country Partners
Dynamic Duo
Compilation albums
25 Number Ones
Notable singles
"It's Only Make Believe"
"Mona Lisa"
"Danny Boy"
"Next in Line"
"I Love You More Today"
"To See My Angel Cry"
"Hello Darlin'"
"Fifteen Years Ago"
"How Much More Can She Stand"
"I Can't See Me Without You"
"(Lost Her Love) On Our Last Date"
"I Can't Stop Loving You"
"She Needs Someone to Hold Her (When She Cries)"
"You've Never Been This Far Before"
"There's a Honky Tonk Angel (Who'll Take Me Back In)"
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
"I See the Want To in Your Eyes"
"Linda on My Mind"
"Touch the Hand"
"This Time I've Hurt Her More Than She Loves Me"
"After All the Good Is Gone"
"The Games That Daddies Play"
"I Can't Believe She Gives It All to Me"
"Play Guitar Play"
"I've Already Loved You in My Mind"
"Georgia Keeps Pulling on My Ring"
"Boogie Grass Band"
"Your Love Had Taken Me That High"
"Don't Take It Away"
"I May Never Get to Heaven"
"Happy Birthday Darlin'"
"I'd Love to Lay You Down"
"Rest Your Love on Me"
"Tight Fittin' Jeans"
"Red Neckin' Love Makin' Night"
"The Clown"
"Slow Hand"
"We Did But Now You Don't"
"The Rose"
"We Had It All"
"Lost in the Feeling"
"Heartache Tonight"
"Three Times a Lady"
"Somebody's Needin' Somebody"
"I Don't Know a Thing About Love (The Moon Song)"
"Ain't She Somethin' Else"
"Don't Call Him a Cowboy"
"Between Blue Eyes and Jeans"
"Desperado Love"
"Fallin' for You for Years"
"Julia"
"I Want to Know You Before We Make Love"
"That's My Job"
"Goodbye Time"
"Saturday Night Special"
"I Wish I Was Still in Your Dreams"
"She's Got a Single Thing in Mind"
"House on Old Lonesome Road"
"Fit to Be Tied Down"
"Crazy in Love"
"I Couldn't See You Leavin'"
"Rainy Night in Georgia"
Collaboration singles
"After the Fire Is Gone"
"Lead Me On"
"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man"
"Feelins'"
"The Letter"
"I Can't Love You Enough"
"Making Believe"
"Don't Cry Joni"
Related articles
Discography
Discography with Loretta Lynn
Joni Lee
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Times_a_Lady&oldid=856406350"
Categories:
1978 singles
1983 singles
1978 songs
Commodores songs
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Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
Warner Bros. Records singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Song recordings produced by James Anthony Carmichael
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