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Unetanneh Tokef
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Berosh Hashana Yikatevun (from Unetane Tokef). Ashkenazi(Chasiddic) version. Performer: Yeshayahu Bik; Recorded by: Yaakov Mazor; In NSA Studio, 1997
Unetanneh Tokef, Unethanneh Toqeph, Un'taneh Tokef, or Unesanneh Tokef (ונתנה תוקף) ("Let us speak of the awesomeness ") is a piyyut that has been a part of the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur liturgy in some traditions of rabbinical Judaism for centuries. It introduces the Kedusha of Musaf for these days. It is chanted while the Torah ark is open and the congregants are standing.[1] The ArtScroll machzor calls it "one of the most stirring compositions in the entire liturgy of the Days of Awe." [2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Traditional retelling
1.2 Modern scholarship
2 Position in the prayer service
3 Themes and sources of Unetanneh Tokef
3.1 Fear and trembling
3.2 He judges us
3.3 We are helpless
3.4 God is enduring
4 Popular culture
5 Notes
6 Resources
History[edit]
Traditional retelling[edit]
Recorded in the 13th century commentary Or Zarua, by Rabbi Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (died ca. 1270), who attributes the writing to Rabbi Ephraim of Bonn (a compiler of Jewish martyrologies, died ca. 1200).[3]
Ben Moses was traditionally interpreted to have claimed that Unetanneh Tokef was composed by an 11th-century sage named Rabbi Amnon of Mainz (or Mayence, in Germany) – who, apart from this one story, is utterly unknown to history. As a friend of the (otherwise unnamed) Archbishop of Mainz (or, perhaps, the otherwise unnamed Governor), Rabbi Amnon was pressured to convert to Catholicism. As a delaying tactic, he requested three days to consider the offer; immediately he regretted intensely giving even the pretense that he could possibly accept a foreign religion. After spending the three days in prayer, he refused to come to the archbishop as promised, and, when he was forcibly brought to the archbishop's palace, he begged that his tongue be cut out to atone for his sin. Instead, the archbishop ordered his hands and legs amputated — limb by limb — as punishment for not obeying his word to return after three days and for refusing to convert. At each amputation, Rabbi Amnon was again given the opportunity to convert, which he refused. He was sent home, with his severed extremities, on a knight's shield.
This event occurred shortly before Rosh Hashanah. On that holiday, as he lay dying, Rabbi Amnon asked to be carried into the synagogue, where he recited the original composition of Unetanneh Tokef with his last breath (the story contains an ambiguous phrase that some commentators interpreted as saying that he did not merely die but that his body miraculously vanished). Three days later, he appeared in a dream to Rabbi Kalonymus ben Meshullam (died 1096), one of the great scholars and liturgists of Mainz, and begged him to transcribe the prayer and to see that it was included in the text of the High Holiday services. Thus, the legend concludes, Unetanneh Tokef became a part of the standard liturgy.[4]
Modern scholarship[edit]
Modern scholarship has demonstrated that the prayer is in fact considerably older than it was traditionally believed, with fragments found in the Cairo Geniza dating to the 8th Century.[5][6][7]
While medieval history testifies amply to the intense persecution of Jews by Christians at the time of the Crusades, there are difficulties with the legend that it was composed by Amnon. Not least of these is its portrayal of Amnon as an illustrious Torah giant, while Jewish history of that period provides no record of a 'Rav Amnon of Mainz' at all. It seems unlikely that a person of such tremendous stature would be remembered only in a single legend.[8] Scholars have long known that there is no historical foundation for the story of Rabbi Amnon and that this story may have been inspired or derived from the Christian legend associated with Saint Emmeram of Regensburg.[9] Moreover, the discovery of the Unetaneh Tokef prayer within the earliest strata of the Cairo Geniza materials, dating well before the 11th century, makes it almost impossible that the prayer could have been composed as the legend claims.[10]
Additionally, some scholars see parallels with non-Jewish hymnology, suggesting that elements of the prayer stemmed from other sources.[11] It is possible that the Rabbi Amnon story was entirely invented, not necessarily by the author of Or Zarua, to legitimize a piyyut of doubtful origin or simply to satisfy popular curiosity about the background of such an impressive liturgical work. Indications of this are the absence of evidence of the existence of a Rabbi Amnon, the fact that the name Amnon is a variant of the Hebrew word for "faithful", the extravagance of the story, the conspicuous inclusion of Kalonymus, and evidences that this piyyut or something very similar was already in use before the time ascribed.[12] Additionally, both the language and style are different from the other poems of Kalonymus.[13]
Yaakov Spiegel has argued that the prayer was written by Yannai in the sixth century.[8][14][15] Authorship from Israel is supported by internal evidence, such as the concluding three-part remedy of 'repentance, prayer, and charity', which is found in exact permutation [16] in Genesis Rabbah (composed in Israel), yet not in Babylonian sources (e.g., Talmud Bavli cites a four-part remedy). Stylistically, the prayer indicates its composition in the land of Israel during the Byzantine period (namely 330–638).[17]
Position in the prayer service[edit]
In the Ashkenazic ritual, Unetanneh Tokef is inserted during the Mussaf service, when the chazzan repeats the Amidah, as a Silluk (parting poem) just before intoning the kedusha. In the Sephardic ritual, Unetanneh Tokef is usually omitted, as Sephardic Jews do not recite piyyutim during the Amidah. Nevertheless, because of the importance of this prayer, many Sephardic congregations (mainly Moroccan) recite it immediately prior to the commencement of the Mussaf service. The congregation stands up to chant it and the Torah Ark is opened. It is one of the few piyyutim that is recited on both days of Rosh Hashanah and on Yom Kippur in the Polish tradition whereas it's only said on Rosh Hashanah by Sephardim and German Ashkenazim who have another silluk for Yom Kippur: "Mi Ya'arokh Eilekho". In Reform practice, it was taken from the recitation of the Amidah and presented as an independent item in both the Minhah and Yizkor services, early Reform practice had the line about the angels trembling deleted but this has been restored in more recent Reform prayerbooks.[18]
Themes and sources of Unetanneh Tokef[edit]
Unetanneh Tokef is recited immediately prior to and as an introduction for the kedusha prayer, during which the angelic sanctification of God is mentioned. Unetanneh Tokef adapts this daily praise to the specific elements intrinsic to the High Holidays, namely the Divine judgment of all existence. In most printed editions, Unetanneh Tokef consists of four paragraphs, each reflecting a different aspect of this general topic.
The theme of a divine decree being written derives, at least in part, to a Talmudic teaching:
On Rosh Hashana, three books are opened [in Heaven] – one for the thoroughly wicked, one for the thoroughly righteous, and one for those in-between. The thoroughly righteous are immediately inscribed clearly in the Book of Life. The thoroughly wicked are immediately inscribed clearly in the Book of Death. The fate of those in-between is postponed from Rosh Hashana until Yom Kippur, at which time those who are deserving are then inscribed in the Book of Life, those who are undeserving are then inscribed in the Book of Death. (T.B., Rosh Hashana 16b)
As a token of this belief, the common greeting on Rosh Hashana is לשׁנה טוֹבה תּכּתב (Leshana tovah tikatev) – "May you be inscribed for a good year."[19]
Fear and trembling[edit]
The first paragraph depicts the judgment day, where the angels in heaven tremble at the awe-inspiring event of the annual judgment of all creation, with the implication that man should also approach this day with trepidation. The heavenly Book of Chronicles is opened, in which every human being's fate will be inscribed.[20]
Hebrew Text
Translation
Biblical/Rabbinical sources
וּנְתַנֶּה תֹּקֶף קְדֻשַּׁת הַיּוֹם כִּי הוּא נוֹרָא וְאָיוֹם וּבו תִנָּשֵׂא מַלְכוּתֶךָ וְיִכּון בְּחֶסֶד כִּסְאֶךָ וְתֵשֵׁב עָלָיו בֶּאֱמֶת. אֱמֶת כִּי אַתָּה הוּא דַיָּן וּמוֹכִיחַ וְיוֹדֵעַ וָעֵד וְכוֹתֵב וְחוֹתֵם וְסוֹפֵר וּמוֹנֶה. וְתִזְכֹּר כָּל הַנִּשְׁכָּחות, וְתִפְתַּח אֶת סֵפֶר הַזִּכְרוֹנוֹת. וּמֵאֵלָיו יִקָּרֵא. וְחוֹתָם יַד כָּל אָדָם בּו. וּבְשׁוֹפָר גָּדוֹל יִתָּקַע. וְקוֹל דְּמָמָה דַקָּה יִשָּׁמַע. וּמַלְאָכִים יֵחָפֵזוּן. וְחִיל וּרְעָדָה יֹאחֵזוּן. וְיֹאמְרוּ הִנֵּה יוֹם הַדִּין. לִפְקד עַל צְבָא מָרוֹם בַּדִּין. כִּי לֹא יִזְכּוּ בְעֵינֶיךָ בַּדִּין. "Let us now relate the power of this day's holiness, for it is awesome and frightening. On it Your Kingship will be exalted; Your throne will be firmed with kindness and You will sit upon it in truth. It is true that You alone are the One Who judges, proves, knows, and bears witness; Who writes and seals, Who counts and Who calculates. You will remember all that was forgotten. You will open the Book of Remembrances — it will read itself – and each person's signature[21] is there. And the great shofar will be sounded and a still, thin voice will be heard. Angels will be frenzied, a trembling and terror will seize them — and they will say, 'Behold, it is the Day of Judgment, to muster the heavenly host for judgment!' — for even they are not guiltless in Your eyes in judgment." Book of fate:
"The Lord will never forgive him [one who secretly worships other deities ]; rather will the Lord's anger and passion rage against that man, till every sanction recorded in this book comes down upon him, and the Lord blots out his name from under heaven." (Deuteronomy 29:19).
"I looked up again and I saw a flying scroll. 'What do you see, he asked?' And I replied, 'A flying scroll, twenty cubits long and ten cubits wide.' 'That,' he explained to me, 'is the curse which goes out over the whole land. For everyone who has stolen, as is forbidden on one side of it, has gone unpunished; and everyone who has sworn falsely, as is forbidden on the other side of it, has gone unpunished." (Zechariah 5:3)
"The Lord has heard and noted it, and a Scroll of Remembrance has been written at His behest concerning those who revere the Lord and esteem his name." (Malachi 3:16)
"Add that to their [i.e. my enemies ] guilt, and let them have no share of your beneficence, may they be erased from the book of life, and not be inscribed with the righteous." (Psalms 69:28)
"At that time, the great prince Michael, who stands besides the sons of your people, will appear. It will be a time of trouble, the like of which has never been seen since the nation came into being. At that time your people will be rescued, all who are found inscribed in the book." (Daniel 12:1)
"Rav Kruspedia said in the name of Rav Yochanan: Three books are opened on Rosh Hashanah, one for the confirmed unrighteous, one for the confirmed righteous, and one for intermediate individuals. The confirmed righteous are signed and sealed immediately for life; the confirmed unrighteous are signed and sealed immediately for death; The fate of the intermediates is held suspended from Rosh Hashanah until Yom Kippur. If they are judged meritorious, they are written for life; if they are not judged meritorious, they are written for death." (Rosh Hashana 16b)
"Reflect on three things, and you will not fall into transgression: know what is above you—a seeing eye, a hearing ear, and a book in which all your deeds are written." (Pirkei Avot 2:1)
The great shofar will be sounded
"And on that day [of divine judgment], a great shofar [trumpet, ram's horn] shall be sounded and the strayed who are in Assyria and the exiles who are in Egypt shall come and worship the Lord on the holy mount in Jerusalem." (Isaiah 27:13)
The still thin sound:
"And lo, the Lord passed by. There was a great and mighty wind, splitting mountains and shattering bricks by the power of the Lord; but the Lord was not in the wind. After the wind—an earthquake; but the Lord was not in the earthquake. After the earthquake—fire; but the Lord was not in the fire. After the fire—a soft murmuring voice [still, thin sound]." (1 Kings 19:11)
"... a murmuring voice I heard." (Job 4:16) [22]
from a 2014 interview with Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the U.K.: "There's a wonderful line in Unetana Tokef: 'A great shofar sounds, and a still small voice is heard.' Here is God Himself, blowing the shofar. He doesn't scream in your ears; it's a still small voice. And then it says, 'The angels tremble.' That still small voice is what terrifies the angels. Not the big noise. But if God whispers in your ear and tells you you're an angel, that's terrifying. You think to yourself, 'Wow, I could be that big and look how small I am.'" [23]
Guilt of angels:
"Even the moon is not bright, And the stars are not pure in His sight. How much less man, a worm, The son-of-man, a maggot." (Job 25:5)
"And it shall come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall punish the host of the high ones that are on high, and the kings of the earth upon the earth." (Isaiah 24:21)
"If He cannot trust His own servants, and casts reproach on His angels, how much less those who dwell in houses of clay, whose origin is dust, who are crushed like the moth, shattered between daybreak and evening, perishing forever unnoticed." (Job 4:18)
"He puts no trust in His holy ones. The heavens are not guiltless in His sight; What then of one loathsome and foul, Man who drinks wrongdoing like water." (Job 15:15)
He judges us[edit]
The second paragraph continues this point, depicting how every event that will occur in the upcoming year is "written on Rosh Hashanah and sealed on Yom Kippur". This paragraph is known by its opening words, BeRosh Hashana, and it is traditional that the litany of possible destinies is read with increasing speed from the phrase "Who shall rest and who shall wander" to the end of the paragraph. This paragraph reaches its climax with the final line, said by all the congregants in unison, "But repentance, prayer, and charity avert the severe decree." This verse is usually printed in more emphatic typeface and usually with, in smaller type, the words "fasting", "voice", and "money" above "repentance", "prayer", and "charity" respectively – those words are not read aloud but are intended as instructions on how to perform the three acts necessary to avoid (or reduce) the dire punishments. This verse expresses the formula by which a man may obtain a reduction in the severity of the original decree, as expressed in the Bible (Second Chronicles 7:14), the Talmud (T.B., Rosh Hashana 16b; T.J. Ta'anith 2:1) and Midrah (Bereshis Rabbah 44:13).[24]
Hebrew Text
Translation
Biblical/Rabbinical Sources
וְכָל בָּאֵי עוֹלָם יַעַבְרוּן (תעביר) לְפָנֶיךָ כִּבְנֵי מָרוֹן. כְּבַקָּרַת רוֹעֶה עֶדְרוֹ. מַעֲבִיר צאנוֹ תַּחַת שִׁבְטוֹ .כֵּן תַּעֲבִיר וְתִסְפֹּר וְתִמְנֶה וְתִפְקֹד נֶפֶשׁ כָּל חָי. וְתַחְתּךְ קִצְבָה לְכָל בְּרִיּוֹתֶיךָ (בריה). וְתִכְתֹּב אֶת גְּזַר דִּינָם:
בְּראֹשׁ הַשָּׁנָה יִכָּתֵבוּן וּבְיוֹם צוֹם כִּפּוּר יֵחָתֵמוּן כַּמָּה יַעַבְרוּן וְכַמָּה יִבָּרֵאוּן מִי יִחְיֶה וּמִי יָמוּת. מִי בְקִצּוֹ וּמִי לא בְקִצּוֹ מִי בַמַּיִם. וּמִי בָאֵשׁ מִי בַחֶרֶב. וּמִי בַחַיָּה מִי בָרָעָב. וּמִי בַצָּמָא מִי בָרַעַשׁ. וּמִי בַמַּגֵּפָה מִי בַחֲנִיקָה וּמִי בַסְּקִילָה מִי יָנוּחַ וּמִי יָנוּעַ מִי יִשָּׁקֵט וּמִי יִטָּרֵף מִי יִשָּׁלֵו. וּמִי יִתְיַסָּר מִי יֵעָנִי. וּמִי יֵעָשֵׁר מִי יִשָּׁפֵל. וּמִי יָרוּם וּתְשׁוּבָה וּתְפִלָּה וּצְדָקָה מַעֲבִירִין אֶת רעַ הַגְּזֵרָה
"All mankind will pass before You like a flock of sheep.[25] Like a shepherd pasturing his flock, making sheep pass under his staff, so shall You cause to pass, count, calculate, and consider the soul of all the living; and You shall apportion the destinies of all Your creatures and inscribe their verdict.
On Rosh Hashanah will be inscribed and on Yom Kippur will be sealed – how many will pass from the earth and how many will be created; who will live and who will die; who will die after a long life[26] and who before his time; who by water and who by fire, who by sword and who by beast, who by famine and who by thirst, who by upheaval [27] and who by plague, who by strangling and who by stoning. Who will rest and who will wander, who will live in harmony and who will be harried, who will enjoy tranquility and who will suffer, who will be impoverished and who will be enriched, who will be degraded and who will be exalted. But Repentance, Prayer, and Charity annul the severe Decree."
Like a shepherd:
"As a shepherd seeks out his flock when some have wandered away, so I will rescue my sheep from all the places where they are scattered on a day of clouds and gloom." (Ezekiel 34:12)
"Like a shepherd He pastures His flock: He gathers the lambs in His arms And carries them in His bosom; Gently he drives the mother sheep." (Isaiah 40:11)
God scrutinizes man:
"The Lord looks down from heaven; He sees all mankind. From His dwelling place he gazes on all the inhabitants of the earth—He who fashions the hearts of them all, who discerns all their doings." (Psalms 33:13)
"What is man that You have been mindful of him, mortal man that You have taken note of him." (Psalms 8:5) "Oh Lord, what is man that You should care about him, mortal man that You should think of him." (Psalms 144:3)
"What is man that You make much of him, that you fix Your attention upon him. You inspect him every morning, examine him every minute." (Job 7:17)
"Do you fix your gaze on such a one? ... His days are determined. You know the number of his months; You have set him limits that he cannot pass." (Job 14:3)
"On Rosh Hashana all worldly creatures pass before Him like the children of Maron [meaning, according to Gemara, 'in single-file,' like sheep being counted, hikers ascending a mountain pass, or troops passing muster] as it says, 'He who fashions the hearts of them all, who discerns all their doings.'" (Babylonian Talmud, Rosh Hashana I, ;see also Mishna, Tractate on Rosh Hashanah I,2)
Repentance, prayer, and charity annul the severe decree:
"R. Judan said in R. Eleazar's name: Three things nullify a decree, and these are they: Prayer and charity (or righteousness) and repentance, and the three are enumerated in one verse: If My people, upon whom My Name is called, shall humble themselves, and pray... (2 Chronicles 7:14)—here you have prayer, ...And seek My face (ib.)...—alludes to charity, as you read, 'I shall behold Thy face in righteousness' (Psalms 17:15), ...And turn from their evil ways... (II Chron. loc. cit.)—denotes repentance, ...after that, Then will I forgive their sin (ib.)." (Genesis Rabbah 44:12).
In most editions of the High Holiday prayerbooks these three words ("repentance, prayer, and charity") are printed in large type and above them in small type are the words "fasting, voice, money", to indicate that proper repentance requires fasting, proper prayer requires reciting the prayers aloud, and proper righteousness requires the charitable giving of money. Additionally, in gematria (Hebraic numerology) each of the three words in small type have a value of 136, which is interpreted as meaning that each is equally important in averting stern judgment.[28] Moreover, the words are each an acronym: צום (fasting) is an acronym צעקה ושנוי מעשה ("cry out and change your ways"), קול (voice) represents קדושה וטהר לבנו ("become more holy and purify our hearts"), and ממון (money) is an acronym for מוציא מחברו וגם נותן ("encourage others to give and oneself to give").[29] A Talmudic reference (Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 2) has the sequence as prayer, charity, and repentance; and a prayerbook from Salonika, handwritten in 1522, has this verse rearranged to conform to the Talmudic sequence.[30]
Interpreters disagree on whether to translate this line as "annul the severe decree" or as "annul the severity of the decree". This distinction because the phrasing is ambiguous – and it would seem that the decree itself – namely, death in some form – cannot be totally and permanently avoided but that the immediacy or the cruelty of that death might be mitigated.[31]
We are helpless[edit]
The third paragraph begs for Divine mercy on the basis of the fact that man by nature is sinful and innately impotent and mortal, which conditions will cause a merciful Deity to forgive his trespasses. The passage here echoes the despair found in the book of Koheleth (Ecclesiastes), but concludes—as does Isaiah 40:7, from which it apparently draws—with the contrasting affirmation that God is eternal and enduring. The text of אדם יסודו מעפר ("A man's origin is from dust") is very similar to Wisdom of Solomon 2:1, where it is presented as the philosophy which the Book of Wisdom sets out to discredit.
Hebrew Text
Translation
Biblical/Rabbinical Sources
כִּי כְּשִׁמְךָ כֵּן תְּהִלָּתֶךָ קָשֶׁה לִכְעֹס וְנוחַ לִרְצות כִּי לֹא תַחְפּץ בְּמוֹת הַמֵּת כִּי אִם בְּשׁוּבו מִדַּרְכּוֹ וְחָיָה וְעַד יוֹם מוֹתוֹ תְּחַכֶּה לּוֹ אִם יָשׁוּב מִיַּד תְּקַבְּלוֹ. אֱמֶת כִּי אַתָּה הוּא יוֹצְרָם וְ[אַתָּה] יוֹדֵעַ יִצְרָם כִּי הֵם בָּשָׂר וָדָם. אָדָם יְסוֹדוֹ מֵעָפָר, וְסוֹפוֹ לֶעָפָר בְּנַפְשׁוֹ יָבִיא לַחְמוֹ מָשׁוּל כְּחֶרֶס הַנִּשְׁבָּר כְּחָצִיר יָבֵשׁ וּכְצִיץ נוֹבֵל כְּצֵל עוֹבֵר וּכְעָנָן כָּלָה וּכְרוּחַ נוֹשָׁבֶת וּכְאָבָק פּוֹרֵחַ וְכַחֲלוֹם יָעוּף. "For Your Name signifies Your praise: hard to anger and easy to appease, for You do not wish the death of one deserving death, but that he repent from his way and live. Until the day of his death You await him; if he repents You will accept him immediately. It is true that You are their Creator and You know their inclination, for they are flesh and blood. A man's origin is from dust and his destiny is back to dust, at risk of his life he earns his bread; he is likened to a broken shard, withering grass, a fading flower, a passing shade, a dissipating cloud, a blowing wind, flying dust, and a fleeting dream." If a man repents, God accepts:
"Seek the Lord while he can be found, Call to Him while He is near. Let the wicked give up his ways, the sinful man his plans; Let him turn back to the Lord, and He will pardon him; To our God, For he freely forgives." (Isaiah 55:7)
"Is it my desire that a wicked person shall die?—says the Lord God. It is rather that he shall turn back from his ways and live." (Ezekiel 18:23)
"He who conceals his sins does not prosper, but whoever confesses and renounces them finds mercy." (Proverbs 28:13)
"If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land." (2 Chronicles 7:14)
God knows man's inclination:
Man is but flesh and blood:
"All flesh is like grass, All its goodness like flowers of the field: Grass withers, flowers fade, When the breath of the Lord blows on them. Indeed, man is but grass: Grass withers, flowers fade — But the word of our God is always fulfilled!" (Isaiah 40:7)
"He brings potentates to naught, Makes rulers of the earth as nothing. Hardly are they planted, hardly are they sown, Hardly has their stem taken root in earth, When he blows upon them and they dry up, And the storm bears them off like straw." (Isaiah 40:23)
"the breath in our nostrils is as smoke... our body shall be turned to ashes, and our spirit shall vanish as the soft air... our life shall pass away as the trace of a cloud... and shall be dispersed as a mist... for our time is a very shadow that passeth away." (Wisdom of Solomon 2:1)
"You return man to dust; You decreed 'Return you Mortals!' For in your sight a thousand years are like yesterday that has passed, like a watch of the night. You engulf men in sleep; at daybreak they are like grass that renews itself; at daybreak it flourishes anew; by dusk it withers and dries up." (Psalms 90:3)
"Man is like a breath; his days are like a passing shadow." (Psalms 144:4)
"Truly man has a term of service on earth. His days are like those of a hireling—like a slave who longs for shadows... My days fly faster than a weaver's shuttle, and come to their end when the thread runs out. Consider that my life is but wind... Your eye will seek me, but I shall be gone. As a cloud fades away, So whoever goes down to Sheol does not come up... I shall not live forever; let me be, for my days are a breath." (Job 7:1)
"Man born of woman is short lived and sated with trouble. He blossoms like a flower and withers; he vanishes like a shadow and does not endure." (Job 14:1)
"Who knows what is good for man to do in his life, his few days of futility that pass like a shadow." (Ecclesiastes 6:12)
"And the [man's] dust returns to the ground as it was, and the spirit returns to God who bestowed it." (Ecclesiastes 12:7)
God is enduring[edit]
Finally, the fourth paragraph lyrically praises God as exalted above all existence, and begs Him to sanctify His Name by redeeming Israel – transitioning directly into the kedusha:
Hebrew Text
Translation
Biblical/Rabbinical Sources
וְאַתָּה הוּא מֶלֶךְ אֵל חַי וְקַיָּם אֵין קִצְבָה לִשְׁנוֹתֶיךָ. וְאֵין קֵץ לְאֹרֶךְ יָמֶיךָ וְאֵין לְשַׁעֵר מַרְכְּבוֹת כְּבוֹדֶךָ. וְאֵין לְפָרֵשׁ עֵלוּם שְׁמֶך שִׁמְךָ נָאֶה לְךָ. וְאַתָּה נָאֶה לִשְׁמֶךָ. וּשְׁמֵנוּ קָרָאתָ בִּשְׁמֶךָ. "But You are the King, the Living and Enduring God.
There is no set span to Your years and there is no end to the length of Your days. It is impossible to estimate the angelic chariots of Your glory and it is forbidden to pronounce Your Name. Your Name is worthy of You and You are worthy of Your Name, and You have included Your Name in our name."
God enduring: "Your kingship is an eternal kingship. Your dominion is for all generations." (Psalms 145:13)
You have included Your Name in our name: The name Israel , ישראל, contains within it אל, El , one of the names of God.
Popular culture[edit]
In 1990, Israeli composer Yair Rosenblum composed a new musical setting for the prayer.[32] This version was first performed at a memorial for 11 soldiers from kibbutz Beit Hashita who fell during the 1973 Yom Kippur war, and is now often played on Israeli radio during the High Holy Days.[33]
Leonard Cohen's Who by Fire was inspired by this poem.[34][35]
Eran Tzelgov's "Hymn for the days of awe" (2008) was inspired by this prayer. According to Wendy Zierler, Tzelgov's poem, published as a response to the Israel's military operation in Gaza of winter 2008, "portrays a predetermined, repetitive, mortal reality."
[36]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) s.v. Unetaneh Tokef, page 332; The Orot Sephardic Yom Kippur Mahazor (1997, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 1090.
Jump up ^ The Complete ArtScroll Machzor – Yom Kippur (Nusach Ashekenaz), (1991, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns Ltd.) page 530; similarly, Birnbaum, Philip, High Holyday Prayer Book, (1951, NY, Hebrew Publ'g Co.) page 359; Golinkin, David, Solving a Mahzor mystery, Jerusalem Post, 7 Oct 2005; Munk, Elie, The World of Prayer (1961, NY, Feldheim Publ'rs) vol. 2, page 209.
Jump up ^ Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) s.v. Unetaneh Tokef, page 332; The Orot Sephardic Rosh Hashahhah Mahazor (1996, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 512; The Orot Sephardic Yom Kippur Mahazor (1997, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 1089.
Jump up ^ Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) s.v. Unetaneh Tokef, page 332; The Orot Sephardic Yom Kippur Mahazor (1997, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 1089. The translation of the Or Zarua version of this story can be found in Hoffman, Lawrence A., Who By Fire, Who By Water – Un'taneh Tokef (2010, Vermont, Jewish Lights Pub'g) pages 26–28; also "The Origin of the Piyut Unetanneh Tokef", newsletter of Beurei HaTafila, Aug. 3, 2012, pages 1–3 http://www.beureihatefila.com/files/2012-08-03_Tefila_Newsletter.pdf. Kalonymus may be the true author of this stirring recitation. Munk, Elie, The World of Prayer (1963, NY, Feldheim) vol.2, pages 209, citing Zunz. However, there is evidence that a very similar piyyut was being recited in Italy in contemporary with Kalonymus. Hoffman, op.cit., page 23.
Jump up ^ "Schechter Institute – Insight Israel". Schechter.edu. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
Jump up ^ Werner, Eric, The Sacred Bridge (1959, NY, Columbia Univ. Press) page 253 (quoting the liturgical scholar Menahem Zulay). Planer, John H., The Provenance, Dating, Allusions, and Variants of U-n'taneh tokef and Its Relationship to Romanos's Kontakion, Journal of Synagoague Music, vol. 38 (Fall 2013) page 166. Photograph in Brander, Kenneth, U'Netaneh Tokef: Will the Real Author Please Stand Up , (2013, NY, Yeshiva University) The Benjamin and Rose Berger Torah-to-Go, Tishrei 5774, page 14. http://ebookbrowsee.net/rosh-hashanah-to-go-5774-pdf-d557435989
Jump up ^ Mack, Hananel, Day of Judgment for Angels, too, Haaretz, Sept. 26, 2003 (which suggests it dates to the period of Yannai (6th or 7th century).
^ Jump up to: a b "YUTorah Online – U-Netaneh Tokef Kedushat Ha-Yom: Medieval Story and Modern Significance (Rabbi Dr. Jacob J Schacter)". Yutorah.org. 2005-10-02. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
Jump up ^ Martin, Bernqrd, Prayer in Judaism (1968, NY, Basic Books) page 209. Emmeram is not included in Butler's Lives of the Saints and his story resembles Rabbi Amnon only in the prolonged execution by amputation, no miraculous prayer or hymn involved.
Jump up ^ Brander, Kenneth, U'Netaneh Tokef: Will the Real Author Please Stand Up , (2013, NY, Yeshiva University) The Benjamin and Rose Berger Torah-to-Go, Tishrei 5774, page 14. http://ebookbrowsee.net/rosh-hashanah-to-go-5774-pdf-d557435989
Jump up ^ "Blog Archive » Un'tanneh Tokef – the prayer that tears the heart". OzTorah. Retrieved 2013-03-14. . Werner, Eric, The Sacred Bridge (1959, NY, Columbia Univ. Press) pages 252–255.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Lawrence A., Who By Fire, Who By Water – Un'taneh Tokef (2010, Vermont, Jewish Lights Pub'g) pages 13–25; Gillman, Neil, Reading the Liturgy Through the Spectacles of Theology: The Case of U-n'taneh Tokef, Journal of Synagogue Music, vol. 33 (Fall 2008), pages 48–49; also "The Origin of the Piyut Unetanneh Tokef", newsletter of Beurei HaTafila, Aug. 3, 2012, page 5, http://www.beureihatefila.com/files/2012-08-03_Tefila_Newsletter.pdf . Mayence, in 1096, the time of Kolonymus was the scene of terrible slaughter of Jews (see Rhineland massacres) as an incident of the First Crusade. See "The Crusades as the Story of Rabbi Amnon", newsletter of Beurei HaTafila, Aug. 17, 2012, page 8, http://www.beureihatefila.com/files/2012-08-17_Tefila_Newsletter-1.pdf .
Jump up ^ Idelsohn, A.Z., Jewish Liturgy and Its Development (1932, NY, Henry Holt) page 220.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Lawrence A., Who By Fire, Who By Water – Un'taneh Tokef (2010, Vermont, Jewish Lights Pub'g) pages 23–24; Werner, Eric, The Sacred Bridge (1959, NY, Columbia Univ. Press) pages 253 (quoting Menahem Zulay); Brander, Kenneth, U'Netaneh Tokef: Will the Real Author Please Stand Up , (2013, NY, Yeshiva University) The Benjamin and Rose Berger Torah-to-Go, Tishrei 5774, page 14, http://ebookbrowsee.net/rosh-hashanah-to-go-5774-pdf-d557435989 .
Jump up ^ "The Piyyut (Poem) Akdamut Milin: The Enigma and Perseverance of Tradition | Duke Center for Jewish Studies". Jewish Studies at Duke University. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
Jump up ^ Schmeltzer, Menahem, 'Penitence, Prayer, and (Charity?),' in Minhah le-Nahum: Biblical and other studies presented to Nahum M. Sarna in honour of his 70th birthday, ed. Brettler, Marc and Fishbane, Michael, p.291, Scheffield Academic Press 1993.
Jump up ^ Planer, John H., The Provenance, Dating, Allusions, and Variants of U-n'taneh tokef and Its Relationship to Romanos's Kontakion, Journal of Synagogue Music, vol. 38 (Fall 2013) page 171.
Jump up ^ Friedland, Eric L., Were Our Mouths Filled with Song: Studies in Liberal Jewish Liturgy (1997, Cincinnati, Hebrew Union College Press) pages 25–26, 38, 125.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, B.S. , Yamim Noraim – Days of Awe, Programme of Study and Analysis of Sources (1936, German ed., 1978, English transl., Tel-Avin, Sinai Publ'g) page 53; Gold, Avie [& Scherman, Nosson], Rosh Hashana – Its Significance, Laws, and Prayers (1983, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns) pages 94–95.
Jump up ^ The Jewish Study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004, commentary to Deuteronomy 29:19 and elsewhere
Jump up ^ Literally, 'the hand of every man'.
Jump up ^ Gruber, Mayer I., "Tur-Sinai's Job in the Jewish Liturgy", Review of Rabbinic Judaism, vol. 6, nr. 1 (Feb. 2003) pages 87–100, suggests that Unetanneh Tokef is the earliest piyyut to invoke Job's dream vision in defense of mankind (page 92), and relays (page 93) the opinion from Goldschmidt, Daniel, High Holiday Prayerbook According to the Rites of the Ashkenazim (1970, Jerusalem, in Hebrew) vol. 1, page 169, that the word דקה ("gentle") is a later addition to the piyyut, inspired by First Kings 19:12, added to the phrase from Job.
Jump up ^ Chabad Lubavitch World HQ news, "A Conversation with Rabbi Jonathan Sacks", Oct. 2, 2014 http://lubavitch.com/news/article/2031299/A-Conversation-With-Rabbi-Jonathan-Sacks-Podcast.html .
Jump up ^ Nulman, Macy, Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer (1993, NJ, Jason Aronson) s.v. Berosh Hashana, pages 97–98; Orot Sephardic Rosh Hashannah Mahazor (1996, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 524; Munk, Elie, The World of Prayer (1963, NY, Feldheim) vol.2, pages 209–210; Scherman, Nosson, The Complete ArtScroll Machzor: Rosh Hashanah (1985, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns) pages 480–481; Montefiore, C.G., Rabbinic Conceptions of Repentance, Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 16, nr. 2 (Jan. 1904) page 232.
Jump up ^ Although the next line is clear and unambiguous in its image of shepherd inspecting his lambs, this line is obscure and ambiguous. This and the next line appear together in the Talmud, Mishna Rosh Hashana I.2 (16a), and the same translation problems exist there. The sentence begins clearly enough, "All humanity will parade before You as if ...." but the last words are obscure. Kivnei maroen – כּבני מרוׂן – is not clear. This phrase appears in the Mishna and Talmud, as cited – and both the Rodkinson and Soncino translations render it "like the children of Maroen" – referencing a place or person not mentioned in Scripture (one theory was that Maroen was intended to read marom – "the heights" or "heaven" [as in Job 25:2, Jeremiah 25:30, etc.], so it meant "the children of heaven" – possibly angels) , and in the Talmud two pages later (18a) the sages disagree on the meaning of the phrase. "Here [in Sura, Babylonia] they translated it (using a term that suggests that it was not a Hebrew or Aramaic phrase, but from some other language) 'like lambs' (evidently from the equally obscure Syriac Aramaic 'emruna' – lamb). Resh Lakish [in the land of Israel] said 'like the ascent of Beit Maron" [a place not mentioned in Scripture, Rodkinson translates this – with even less justification – "like the steps of the Temple"; some Talmud manuscripts and medieval commentators render this instead "like the ascent of Beit Horon" – a place mentioned several times in the Bible and other ancient sources] (suggesting a narrow and steep ascent in which climbers must go single file and carefully). Rav Yehudah said in the name of Samuel, 'like the soldiers of David.'" This last suggestion has gotten support from Greek; if, instead of two words this expression is one long word (a possibility for which there is some evidence, such as a Vienna manuscript of the Talmud), it could mean "like soldiers being reviewed", borrowing the Greek work noumeron – a numbering, a mustering. The three suggestions convey very different attitudes of the humanity that is being inspected, respectively (1 – sheep) timid with eyes downcast, (2 – ascent) terrified with every step, and (3 – soldiers) courageous and determined; Riskin, Shlomo, Rejoicing in the Temporary, Jerusalem Post, 28 Sept 2011; Philologos, "Passing Before the Divine Eye", The Forward, 14 Sept 2007; Brüll, Nehemiah, Jachbücher für Jüdische Geschichte und Literatur (1874, Frankfurt) vol. 1, page 187. And Marcus Jastrow, in his Dictionary of Aramaic, did not need to go to the Greek; he supposed that maroen is related to the Biblical Hebrew marah – מרה – to rebel, to disobey, as in First Kings 13:26, Jeremiah 4:17, etc., and suggests that maroen means "rebels who surrender". (Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim ..., 1903, page 838 left column, s.v. מרוֹן.) , which would suggest that, in the Days of Awe, mankind presents itself for Divine inspection, in humiliation and dread, like the defeated ragtag rebels that they are. Planer, John H., The Provenance, Dating, Allusion, and Variants of U-n'taneh tokef and Its Relationship to Romanos's Kontakion, Journal of Synagogue Music, vol. 38 (Fall 2013) pages 173–174, 180–181; Weider, Naphtali, A Controversial Mishnaic and Liturgical Expression, Journal of Jewish Studies (Oxford), vol. 18 (1967), pages 1–7; Riskin, Shlomo, Rejoicing in the temporary, Jerusalem Post, 28 Sept 2011; Hoffman, Joel, Count on it, Jerusalem Post, 11 Sept 2009; Golinkin, David, Solving a Mahzor mystery, Jerusalem Post, 7 Oct 2005; Philalogos, On Language: Passing Before the Divine Eye, The Forward, 14 Sept 2007. Rashi preferred the first interpretation, of counting sheep, and that is the translation given in the vast majority of mahzorim.
Jump up ^ Literally, "at an extreme".
Jump up ^ The word used here – רעשׁ – ro'ash – used in both Biblical Hebrew and in Aramaic, suggests a natural and widespread disaster and is usually translated as "earthquake", sometimes as "tempest".
Jump up ^ Toledano, Eliezar, Mahazor Kol Yehudah, The Orot Sephardic Yom Kippur Mahazor (1997, NJ, Orot Inc.) page 1093; Scherman, Nosson, ed., Rosh Hashana – Its Significance, Law and Prayers (1983, Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'g) page 71; Munk, Elie, The World of Prayer (1961, NY, Feldheim Publ'rs) vol. 2, page 210.
Jump up ^ "Teshuvah, Tefillah, Tzedakah", Kosher Spirit, Tishrei 5770 (Sept. 2009) page 23.
Jump up ^ Munk, Elie, The World of Prayer (1961, NY, Feldheim Publ'rs) vol. 2, pages 209–210; Brander, Kenneth, U'Netaneh Tokef: Will the Real Author Please Stand Up , (2013, NY, Yeshiva University) The Benjamin and Rose Berger Torah-to-Go, Tishrei 5774, page 13. http://ebookbrowsee.net/rosh-hashanah-to-go-5774-pdf-d557435989
Jump up ^ Gillman, Neil, in Proceedings of the Cantors Assembly, Jubilee Celebration, NY, June 1998 page 30; the ArtScroll machzorim render this line "remove the evil of the decree", the Orot machzorim render it "nullify the evil aspect of the decree".
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEVnlVRmYTk
Jump up ^ "Who by fire, who by water". Hadassahmagazine.org. 1973-10-06. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Leonard Cohen's Lyricism". The Jewish Week. 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
Jump up ^ ZELERMYER, CANTOR GIDEON. "Leonard Cohen's Temple of Song". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Lawrence A., Who By Fire, Who By Water – Un'taneh Tokef (2010, Vermont, Jewish Lights Pub'g) pages 131–136.
Resources[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unetanneh Tokef.
Orthodox Union site with background
Video of Cantor Simon Cohen in concert recital of second paragraph, YouTube
Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, The Story of the "Unetaneh Tokef" Prayer
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text:
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1998
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Brandy's "The Boy Is Mine" (a duet with Monica) is the longest-running hit single of 1998, topping the Hot 100 for thirteen consecutive weeks.
The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales and airplay. In 1998, there were 16 singles that topped the chart, in 52 issue dates.
During the year, 9 acts had achieved a first U.S. number-one single, namely: Usher, Brandy, Monica, Next, Barenaked Ladies, Will Smith, Divine, Lauryn Hill and Aerosmith all of whom were lead artists, and also Monica and Céline Dion as additional featured guest. R&B singer Monica and pop singer Céline Dion had two number-one singles in 1998.
Brandy and Monica's "The Boy Is Mine" is the longest-running single of the year, staying at number one for thirteen consecutive weeks. Other singles that had a multiple chart run includes Monica's "The First Night" with five weeks atop and Next's "Too Close", Aerosmith's "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" and R. Kelly's "I'm Your Angel" (featuring Céline Dion) with four weeks (the latter spending two additional weeks at number one in 1999).
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
2 See also
3 References
4 Additional sources
Chart history
Key
The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1998 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.
Issue date
Song
Artist(s)
Reference
January 3 "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" /
"Candle in the Wind 1997" Elton John [1]
January 10 [2]
January 17 "Truly Madly Deeply" Savage Garden [3]
January 24 [4]
January 31 "Together Again" Janet [5]
February 7 [6]
February 14 "Nice & Slow" Usher [7]
February 21 [8]
February 28 "My Heart Will Go On" Céline Dion [9]
March 7 [10]
March 14 "Gettin' Jiggy wit It” Will Smith [11]
March 21 [12]
March 28 [13]
April 4 "All My Life" K-Ci & JoJo [14]
April 11 [15]
April 18 [16]
April 25 "Too Close" Next [17]
May 2 [18]
May 9 [19]
May 16 [20]
May 23 "My All" Mariah Carey [21]
May 30 "Too Close" Next [22]
June 6 "The Boy Is Mine" Brandy and Monica [23]
June 13 [24]
June 20 [25]
June 27 [26]
July 4 [27]
July 11 [28]
July 18 [29]
July 25 [30]
August 1 [31]
August 8 [32]
August 15 [33]
August 22 [34]
August 29 [35]
September 5 "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" Aerosmith [36]
September 12 [37]
September 19 [38]
September 26 [39]
October 3 "The First Night" Monica [40]
October 10 [41]
October 17 "One Week" Barenaked Ladies [42]
October 24 "The First Night" Monica [43]
October 31 [44]
November 7 [45]
November 14 "Doo Wop (That Thing)" Lauryn Hill [46]
November 21 [47]
November 28 "Lately" Divine [48]
December 5 "I'm Your Angel" R. Kelly and Céline Dion [49]
December 12 [50]
December 19 [51]
December 26 [52]
See also
1998 in music
List of number-one hits (United States)
References
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 3, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 10, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 17, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 24, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 31, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 7, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 14, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 21, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 28, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 7, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 14, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 21, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 28, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 4, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 11, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 18, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 25, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 2, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 9, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 16, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 23, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 30, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 6, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 13, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 20, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 27, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 4, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 11, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 18, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 25, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 1, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 8, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 15, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 22, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 29, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 5, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 12, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 19, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 26, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 3, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 10, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 17, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 24, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 31, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 7, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 14, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 21, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 28, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 5, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 12, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 19, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 26, 1998". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
Additional sources
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties (ISBN 0-89820-137-3)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.
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List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
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