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List of American superhero films
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This is a list of superhero films produced by American film studios by year to date.
Contents
1 DC and Marvel
2 Live-action (non-Marvel or DC Comics)
2.1 Upcoming
3 Animated
4 Serial
5 See also
6 References
DC and Marvel[edit]
As so many DC and Marvel comic books have been adapted into feature films, they have separate entries:
List of films based on DC Comics
List of films based on Marvel Comics
Live-action (non-Marvel or DC Comics)[edit]
Released
Year
Film
Publisher
Director
Distributor
Worldwide gross
Notes
1920 The Mark of Zorro Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Fred Niblo/Theodore Reed United Artists A silent film based on the 1919 Zorro story The Curse of Capistrano.
1925 Don Q, Son of Zorro Donald Crisp Sequel to the 1920 silent film The Mark of Zorro.
1936 The Bold Caballero Wells Root Republic Pictures The first talking Zorro film.
1940 The Mark of Zorro Rouben Mamoulian 20th Century Fox A remake of the 1920 film.
1956 The Lone Ranger Original Stuart Heisler Warner Bros. $1,550,000 Based on The Lone Ranger television series
1958 The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold Lesley Selander United Artists Sequel to 1956's The Lone Ranger
The Sign of Zorro Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Lewis R. Foster/Norman Foster Walt Disney Pictures This film was edited from eight episodes of the Disney hit TV series, Monastario storyline
1959 Zorro the Avenger This film was edited from eight episodes of the Disney hit TV series, based on the end of the Eagle storyline
1974 The Mark of Zorro Don McDougall Television film A remake of the 1940 film made into a TV film.
1977 Abar, the First Black Superman Original Frank Packard Mirror Releasing
1978 Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park Gordon Hessler Hanna-Barbera, NBC Television film Based on the rock band Kiss, and not on pre-existing comic
1980 Hero at Large Martin Davidson MGM $15,934,737
Flash Gordon King Features Syndicate Mike Hodges Universal Pictures $27,107,960 Based on the comic strip by Alex Raymond.
1981 Condorman Original Charles Jarrott Walt Disney Pictures
The Legend of the Lone Ranger William A. Fraker Universal Pictures $12,617,845
Zorro, The Gay Blade Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Peter Medak 20th Century Fox
1984 The Toxic Avenger Original Lloyd Kaufman Troma Entertainment $800,000
1987 RoboCop Paul Verhoeven Orion Pictures $53,424,681
The Spirit[1] Register and Tribune Syndicate Michael Schultz ABC Television film The film served as a pilot for a planned TV series.
1989 The Toxic Avenger Part II Original Lloyd Kaufman Troma Entertainment $792,966 Sequel to 1984's The Toxic Avenger.
The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie $363,561 Sequel to 1989's The Toxic Avenger Part II.
1990 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Mirage Studios Steve Barron New Line Cinema $201,965,915
RoboCop 2 Original Irvin Kershner Orion Pictures $45,681,173 Sequel to 1987's RoboCop.
Darkman Sam Raimi Universal Pictures $48,878,502
Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. Michael Herz Troma Entertainment
1991 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze Mirage Studios Michael Pressman New Line Cinema $78,656,813 Sequel to 1990's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
The Rocketeer Pacific Comics Joe Johnston Walt Disney Pictures $62,000,000
1992 Doctor Mordrid Original Albert Band, Charles Band Full Moon Entertainment Direct-to-video Based on an old Doctor Strange script.
1993 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III Mirage Studios Stuart Gillard New Line Cinema $42,273,609 Sequel to 1991's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze.
The Meteor Man Original Robert Townsend MGM $8,023,147
RoboCop 3 Fred Dekker Orion Pictures $10,696,210 Sequel to 1990's RoboCop 2.
1994 The Crow Caliber Comics Alex Proyas Miramax $144,693,129
Timecop Dark Horse Comics Peter Hyams Universal Pictures $101,646,581
The Shadow Street & Smith Russell Mulcahy $48,063,435
The Mask Dark Horse Comics Chuck Russell New Line Cinema $351,583,407
Blankman Original Mike Binder Columbia Pictures $7,941,977
1995 Tank Girl Dark Horse Comics Rachel Talalay United Artists $4,064,495
Darkman II: The Return of Durant Original Bradford May Universal Pictures Direct-to-video Sequel to 1990's Darkman.
Judge Dredd Rebellion Developments Danny Cannon Hollywood Pictures $113,493,481
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie Original Bryan Spicer 20th Century Fox $66,433,194 Based on the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers TV series.
Characters created by Saban Entertainment.
Black Scorpion Jonathan Winfrey Showtime Television film
1996 The Phantom Strip Simon Wincer Paramount Pictures $17,323,326
Barb Wire Dark Horse Comics David Hogan Gramercy Pictures $3,794,000
Darkman III: Die Darkman Die Original Bradford May Universal Pictures Direct-to-video Sequel to 1995's Darkman II: The Return of Durant.
The Crow: City of Angels Caliber Comics Tim Pope Miramax $17,917,287 Sequel to 1994's The Crow.
1997 Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie Original Shuki Levy and David Winning 20th Century Fox $8,363,899 Based on the Power Rangers Turbo TV series.
Characters created by Saban Entertainment.
Black Scorpion II: Aftershock Jonathan Winfrey Showtime Television film Sequel to 1995's Black Scorpion.
Spawn Image Comics Mark A.Z. Dippé New Line Cinema $87,840,042
Orgazmo Original Trey Parker Rogue Pictures $602,302
1998 Star Kid Manny Coto Trimark Pictures $7,029,025
The Mask of Zorro Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Martin Campbell TriStar Pictures $250,288,523
1999 Mystery Men Dark Horse Comics Kinka Usher Universal Pictures $33,461,011
2000 Up, Up and Away Original Robert Townsend Disney Channel Television film
The Crow: Salvation Caliber Comics Bharat Nalluri Dimension Films Direct-to-video Sequel to 1996's The Crow: City of Angels.
Knights of Justice[2] Big Bang Comics Phillip Cable Television film
Witchblade Top Cow Productions Ralph Hemecker TNT Followed by the Witchblade TV series.
The Specials Original Craig Mazin Here Media $13,276
Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV Lloyd Kaufman Troma Entertainment Sequel to 1989's The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie.
Unbreakable M. Night Shyamalan Touchstone Pictures $248,118,121
2003 Chimera CrossGen Jeff Sheetz Independent Fan film Created by the class of April 2003 of the DAVE (Digital Animation and Visual Effects) School
2004 Hellboy Dark Horse Comics Guillermo del Toro Columbia Pictures $99,318,987
2005 Son of the Mask Lawrence Guterman New Line Cinema $57,552,641 Sequel to 1994's The Mask.
The Crow: Wicked Prayer Caliber Comics Lance Mungia Dimension Films Direct-to-video Sequel to 2000's The Crow: Salvation.
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D Original Robert Rodriguez Dimension Films, Columbia Pictures $69,425,967
Sky High Mike Mitchell Walt Disney Pictures $86,369,815
Die You Zombie Bastards! Caleb Emerson Image Entertainment $86,369,815
The Legend of Zorro Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Martin Campbell Columbia Pictures $142,400,065 Sequel to 1998's The Mask of Zorro.
2006 Gargantarama AC Comics Direct-to-video
Lightspeed POW! Entertainment Don E. FauntLeRoy Nu Image Television film Created by Stan Lee.
300 Dark Horse Comics Zack Snyder Warner Bros. $456,068,181
My Super Ex-Girlfriend Original Ivan Reitman 20th Century Fox $60,984,606
Special Hal Haberman and Jeremy Passmore Magnolia Pictures 2006 USA limited release.
Zoom Peter Hewitt Sony Pictures Entertainment $12,506,188
2007 Underdog Various Frederik Du Chau Walt Disney Pictures $65,270,477
Ben 10: Race Against Time Original Alex Winter Warner Bros Television film Based on the Cartoon Network series.
2008 Jumper Doug Liman 20th Century Fox $222,231,186
Superhero Movie Craig Mazin MGM $71,237,351
Hancock Peter Berg Columbia Pictures $624,386,746
Hellboy II: The Golden Army Dark Horse Comics Guillermo del Toro Universal Pictures $160,388,063 Sequel to 2004's Hellboy.
The Spirit Register and Tribune Syndicate Frank Miller Lionsgate Films $39,031,337
2009 Push Original Paul McGuigan Summit Entertainment $48,808,215
Defendor Peter Stebbings Sony Pictures Entertainment, Darius Films, Alliance Films $44,462
Ben 10: Alien Swarm Alex Winter Warner Bros Television film Based on the Cartoon Network series.
2010 Super James Gunn IFC Films, StudioCanal $327,716 IFC's most successful VOD film so far.[3]
Ghost of Garganta AC Comics Direct-to-video
2011 The Green Hornet Holyoke Publishing/NOW Comics Michel Gondry Columbia Pictures $227,817,248
Ultra[4] Image Comics Helen Shaver CBS Unaired pilot
Immortals Original Tarsem Singh Relativity Media $226,904,017
Vs Jason Trost Image Entertainment
2012 Chronicle Josh Trank 20th Century Fox $126,636,097
Rise of the Black Bat[5] Standard Comics Scott Patrick TomCat Films Direct-to-video Co-production with Brett Kelly Entertainment and Dudez Productions.
Dredd Rebellion Developments Pete Travis Lionsgate Films $35,626,525 Reboot of the Judge Dredd film franchise.
Avenging Force: The Scarab Standard Comics Brett Kelly Dudez Productions Direct-to-video
2013 Captain Battle: Legacy War[6] Lev Gleason Publications David Palmieri Sterling Entertainment Direct-to-video Co-production with Tom Cat Films and Saint James Films.
The Lone Ranger Original Gore Verbinski Walt Disney Pictures $260,502,115 Reboot of the The Lone Ranger film franchise.
Super Buddies Robert Vince Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Direct-to-video Seventh installment in the Air Buddies franchise.
Super Clyde[7] Michael Fresco CBS Unaired Television pilot CBS released the pilot online.
2014 RoboCop José Padilha Columbia Pictures $242,688,965 Reboot to the RoboCop franchise.
300: Rise of an Empire Dark Horse Comics Noam Murro Warner Bros. $337,580,051 Sequel to 2014's 300
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Mirage Studios Jonathan Liebesman Paramount Pictures $485,004,754 Reboot of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film franchise.
2015 American Hero[8] Original Nick Love Screen Media Films
2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows Mirage Studios Dave Green Paramount Pictures $245,623,848 Sequel to 2014's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
Max Steel Mattel Stewart Hendler Open Road Films $6,272,403 Live-action reboot of the toyline franchise.
2017 Split Original M. Night Shyamalan Universal Pictures $276,921,998 Standalone sequel to 2000's Unbreakable.
Co-produced with Blumhouse Productions.
Power Rangers Dean Israelite Lionsgate Films $142,099,154 Reboot of the Power Rangers film franchise.
2018 The Darkest Minds Jennifer Yuh Nelson 20th Century Fox $41,142,379 Based on the YA novel of the same name
Fast Color Julia Hart LD Entertainment Co-produced with Original Headquarters
Upcoming[edit]
Year
Film
Publisher
Director
Distributor
Worldwide gross
Notes
2019 Glass Original M. Night Shyamalan Universal Pictures Sequel to 2000's Unbreakable and 2017's Split.
Co-produced with Blumhouse Productions.
Hellboy Dark Horse Comics Neil Marshall Lionsgate Films Reboot of the Hellboy series.
Co-produced with Nu Image.
2020 Bloodshot Valiant Comics David Wilson Columbia Pictures Produced with Original Film
TBA Hench[9][10] AiT/Planet Lar Warner Bros.
Worth[11][12][13] Arcana Studio Roddenberry Entertainment Co-produced with Sleeping Giant Films.
Black[14][15] Black Mask Studios Studio 8
Irredeemable[16] Boom! Studios Adam McKay 20th Century Fox Co-produced with Gary Sanchez Productions.
Malignant[17] Rebecca Thomas Co-produced with Atomic Monster
ArchEnemies[18][19] Dark Horse Comics Renaissance Pictures Co-produced with Dark Horse Entertainment.
Timecop[20] Universal Pictures Reboot of the Timecop franchise.
Co-produced with Dark Horse Entertainment.
Battling Boy[21] First Second Books Patrick Osborne Paramount Pictures Co-production with Plan B Productions
Z[22] Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Jonás Cuarón
The Green Hornet[23] Holyoke Publishing/NOW Comics Gavin O'Connor Paramount Pictures Reboot of 2011's The Green Hornet.
Co-produced with Chernin Entertainment.
Huck[24][25] Image Comics Netflix
Invincible[26] Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg Universal Pictures Co-produced with Skybound Entertainment and Point Grey Pictures.
Madman[27] Troublemaker Studios
Mage[28] Zack Snyder Spyglass Entertainment
MPH[29][30] Di Bonaventura Pictures
The Pro[31][32] Paramount Pictures
Spawn Todd McFarlane Blumhouse Productions Reboot of 1997's Spawn.
Todd McFarlane's directorial debut.
Youngblood[33] Reliance Entertainment
War Heroes[34] Columbia Pictures Co-produced with DeLuca Productions
Tiger & Bunny[35] Kadokawa Shoten Imagine Entertainment Based on the manga and anime of the same name. Co-produced by Bandai Namco Pictures, & Weed Road Pictures.
Flash Gordon[36] King Features Syndicate Matthew Vaughn 20th Century Fox Reboot of 1980's Flash Gordon
Danny Phantom[37] Nickelodeon Paramount Pictures Based on the 2004 TV series. Co-produced with Nickelodeon Movies.
Henry Danger[38] Based on the 2014 TV series. Co-produced with Nickelodeon Movies.
364[39][40] Original Ron Howard Universal Pictures Co-produced by Imagine Entertainment
Amazing Girl[41][42] Paramount Pictures
Chronicle 2[43] 20th Century Fox Co-produced with Davis Entertainment
Eternal[44][45] Paramount Pictures Co-produced with Disruption Entertainment.
Hancock 2[46] Peter Berg Columbia Pictures Sequel to 2008's Hancock
The Heavy[47][48] Julius Avery Paramount Pictures Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions
Henchman vs Sidekicks[49] Revolution Studios Co-produced with Broken Road Entertainment
Past Midnight[50] Rick Famuyiwa Netflix
The Raven[51] Ricardo de Montreuil Universal Pictures Co-produced with Gold Circle Films and Closest to the Hole.
Based on de Montreuil's short film.
RoboCop Returns[52] Neill Blomkamp MGM Direct sequel to 1987's RoboCop.
Samaritan[53][54] Bold Films
Sky High 2[55][56] Walt Disney Pictures Sequel to 2005's Sky High.
Co-produced with Gunn Films.
Super-Normal[57][58] Netflix Co-produced with Angry Child Productions and Lin Pictures.
The Toxic Avenger[59] Conrad Vernon Weed Road Pictures Remake to 1984's The Toxic Avenger.
The Rocketeers[60] Pacific Comics Walt Disney Pictures Sequel reboot to 1991's The Rocketeer.
Co-produced with Mortal Media.
Arch Alien[61] POW! Entertainment Rick Hemecker Hualien Media
Foreverman[62][63] Paramount Pictures
Legends[64][65] Radical Studios Imagine Entertainment Co-production with Radical Pictures.
Steelheart[66][67] Random House Children's Books 20th Century Fox Co-produced with 21 Laps Entertainment.
Capeshooters[68][69] Rob Liefeld Warner Bros. Co-produced with Bad Hat Harry Productions
The Shadow[70] Street & Smith Columbia Pictures Reboot of 1994's The Shadow.
Captain Planet[71] TBS Paramount Pictures Based on the 1990 TV series.
Produced with Appian Way.
Brilliance[72] Thomas & Mercer Julius Onah Universal Pictures Based on the novel of the same name.
Co-produced with Legendary Entertainment.
Rising Stars[73] Top Cow Productions MGM Co-produced with Atlas Entertainment
V.I.C.E.[74][75] Platinum Studios
Eternal Warrior[76][77] Valiant Comics
Faith[78] Columbia Pictures Produced with Original Film.
Harbinger[79]
Harbinger Wars[80] Crossover with the Bloodshot series
Produced with Original Film.
Shadowman[81][82] Reginald Hudlin The Sean Daniel Company Not a part of the Bloodshot/Harbinger universe
X-O Manowar
Astro Boy[83][84] Various New Line Cinema Based on manga and anime character of the same name.
Co-production with Animal Logic, Ranger 7 Films and Tezuka Productions.
The American Way[85] Vertigo John Ridley Blumhouse Productions Based on Ridley's graphic novel of the same name.
Turok[86] Western Publishing
Animated[edit]
Year
Film
Publisher
Director
Distributor
Worldwide gross
Notes
2002 The Powerpuff Girls Movie Original Craig McCracken Warner Bros. $16,426,471 Based on The Powerpuff Girls TV series.
2004 The Incredibles Brad Bird Walt Disney Pictures $631,442,092 Made by Pixar.
2006 Hellboy: Sword of Storms Dark Horse Comics Phil Weinstein
Tad Stones IDT Entertainment Direct-to-video Based on the Hellboy Animated TV series.
The Amazing Screw-On Head Chris Prynoski Sci-fi Channel Television pilot
2007 Mosaic POW! Entertainment Roy Allen Smith Anchor Bay Entertainment Direct-to-video Created by Stan Lee.
Hellboy: Blood and Iron Dark Horse Comics Victor Cook
Tad Stones IDT Entertainment Television film Based on the Hellboy Animated TV series.
TMNT Mirage Studios Kevin Munroe Warner Bros., The Weinstein Company $95,608,995 Alternative sequel to 1991's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze.
The Condor POW! Entertainment Steven E. Gordon Anchor Bay Entertainment Direct-to-video Created by Stan Lee.
Ben 10: Secret of the Omnitrix Original Sebastian O. Montes III, Scooter Tidwell Cartoon Network Studios Television film Based on Ben 10 TV series.
2008 Turok: Son of Stone Western Publishing Curt Geda
Dan Riba
Frank Squillace
Tad Stones Classic Media Direct-to-video
2009 Turtles Forever Mirage Studios Roy Burdine
Lloyd Goldfine 4Kids Entertainment Television film Crossover event, between the 1987 series and 2003 series.
Astro Boy Various David Bowers Summit Entertainment $44,093,014 Imagi Animation Studios film loosely based on the manga series of the same name.
2010 Megamind Original Tom McGrath Paramount Pictures $317,415,120 Made by DreamWorks Animation.
2011 Ben 10/Generator Rex: Heroes United Image Comics Chris Graham
Kenji Ono Cartoon Network Studios Television film Crossover with Ben 10 TV series.
2012 Ben 10: Destroy All Aliens Original Victor Cook Based on Ben 10 TV series.
2014 Stan Lee's Mighty 7: Beginnings Pow! Entertainment PGS Entertainment Aired on Hub Network.
2015 The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water Nickelodeon Paul Tibbitt Paramount Pictures $323,436,538 Hybrid film with both live-action and animation.
Based on the SpongeBob SquarePants TV series.
Sequel to The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie.
Barbie in Princess Power Mattel Ezekiel Norton Universal Studios Limited theater release/widespread video release First superhero film with a solo female lead released in theaters since Elektra.
Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery Original Spike Brandt, Tony Cervone Warner Home Video Direct-to-video Second superhero film based on rock band Kiss, crossover with Scooby-Doo franchise
2017 Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie Scholastic Corporation David Soren 20th Century Fox $125,364,252 Made by Dreamworks Animation
2018 Incredibles 2 Original Brad Bird Walt Disney Pictures Sequel to Pixar's The Incredibles.
TBA Relatively Super[87][88] Sonny Dyon QiCo Films Television film
Super Day Care[89][90] Annapurna Pictures Co-production with Outlier Society Productions.
Legion of 5[91][92] POW! Entertainment Rainmaker Entertainment
Mighty Mouse[93] Terrytoons Paramount Pictures Based on the Mighty Mouse TV series.
Made by Nickelodeon Movies.
Serial[edit]
Year
Serial
Publisher
Director
Distributor
Notes
1936 Flash Gordon King Features Syndicate Frederick Stephani, Ray Taylor Universal Pictures A 13-chapter serial based on the Flash Gordon comic strip character.
1937 Zorro Rides Again Grosset & Dunlap, et al. William Witney Republic Pictures A 12-chapter black-and-white serial based upon the Zorro literary character.
1938 Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars King Features Syndicate Ford Beebe, Robert F. Hill, Frederick Stephani Universal Pictures A 15-chapter serial based on the Flash Gordon comic strip character.
The Spider's Web Popular Publications James W. Horne/Ray Taylor Columbia Pictures A 15-chapter black-and-white serial based upon the Spider pulp magazine character.
The Lone Ranger Original William Witney/John English Republic Pictures A 15-chapter black-and-white serial
1939 Zorro's Fighting Legion Grosset & Dunlap, et al. A 12-chapter black-and-white serial based upon the Zorro literary character.
The Lone Ranger Rides Again Original A 15-chapter black-and-white serial
1940 The Shadow Street & Smith James W. Horne Columbia Pictures A 15-chapter black-and-white serial based upon the Shadow classic radio series and pulp magazine character.
The Green Hornet Holyoke Publishing/NOW Comics Ford Beebe/Ray Taylor Universal Pictures A 13-chapter black-and-white serial based on the Green Hornet radio series.
Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe King Features Syndicate A 13-chapter black-and-white serial based on the Flash Gordon comic strip character.
Mysterious Doctor Satan Original William Witney/John English Republic Pictures A 15-chapter black-and-white serial.
1941 The Green Hornet Strikes Again! Holyoke Publishing/NOW Comics Ford Beebe/John Rawlins Universal Pictures A 15-chapter black-and-white serial based on the Green Hornet radio series.
1943 The Masked Marvel Original Spencer Gordon Bennet Republic Pictures A 12-chapter black-and-white serial.
1947 Son of Zorro Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Spencer Gordon Bennet/Fred C. Brannon A 13-chapter black-and-white serial based upon the Zorro literary character.
1949 Ghost of Zorro Grosset & Dunlap, et al. Fred C. Brannon Republic Pictures A 12-chapter black-and-white serial based upon the Zorro literary character.
See also[edit]
List of films based on Dark Horse Comics properties
List of films based on DC Comics
List of films based on Marvel Comics
Also related
List of films based on comic strips
List of films based on radio series
List of R-rated films based on comics
List of television programs based on comics
References[edit]
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Carlos Lehder
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This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Lehder and the second or maternal family name is Rivas.
Carlos Lehder
Profile picture
Born
Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas
(1949-09-07) September 7, 1949 (age 68)
Armenia, Colombia
Nationality
Colombian, German
Occupation
Drug trafficker Medellín Cartel,
Criminal charge
Murder, kidnapping, drug trafficking
Criminal penalty
Life imprisonment plus 135 years
Criminal status
Incarcerated
Medellín Cartel
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria
Roberto de Jesús Escobar Gaviria
Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria Rivero
George Jung
Juan David Ochoa Vásquez
Griselda Blanco
José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha
Carlos Lehder Rivas
Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez
Fabio Ochoa Vásquez
José Abello Silva
Gilberto Molina
v
t
e
Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas (born September 7, 1949)[1] is a co-founder of the Medellin Cartel and former Colombian drug lord. He is currently imprisoned in the United States.[2][3] Born in Armenia, Colombia, Lehder eventually ran a cocaine transport empire on Norman's Cay island, 210 miles (340 km) off the Florida coast in the central Bahamas.[2][4]
Lehder was one of the founding members of Muerte a Secuestradores ("MAS"), a paramilitary group whose focus was to retaliate against the kidnappings of cartel members and their families[2] by the guerrillas.[5][6][7][8] His motivation to join the MAS was to retaliate against the M-19 guerrilla movement, which, on November 19 1981, attempted to kidnap him for a ransom; Lehder managed to escape from the kidnappers, though he was shot in the leg.[9] He was one of the most important MAS and Medellin Cartel operators, and is considered to be one of the most important Colombian drug kingpins to have been successfully prosecuted in the United States.
Additionally, Lehder founded "a neo-Nazi political party", the National Latin Movement, whose main function, police said, appeared to be to force Colombia to abrogate its extradition treaty with the United States."[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Criminal career
2.1 Early activities and prison
2.2 Starting his empire
2.3 Norman's Cay
3 Downfall
3.1 Fugitive, capture, trial, and whereabouts
4 Film and television
5 See also
6 References
Early life[edit]
Lehder is of mixed German-Colombian descent; his father a German engineer and mother a Colombian schoolteacher.[11] The family owned a semi-legitimate used car business in the Medellín area in which Carlos got his start as a criminal, by supplying it with stolen American cars.[citation needed]
Criminal career[edit]
Early activities and prison[edit]
Carlos Lehder (left) snorting cocaine with former prison mate Steven Yakovac on Norman's Cay (1976)
Lehder started out as a stolen car dealer, a marijuana dealer, and a smuggler of stolen cars between the U.S. and Canada. While serving a sentence for car theft in federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut, Lehder decided that, upon his release, he would take advantage of the burgeoning market for cocaine in the United States. To that end, he enlisted his prison bunkmate, former marijuana dealer George Jung, as a future partner.[11] Jung had experience flying marijuana to the U.S. from Mexico in small aircraft, staying below radar level, and landing on dry lake beds. Inspired by the idea, Lehder decided to apply the principle to cocaine transport and formed a partnership with Jung.[12] While in prison, Lehder set out to learn as much information as possible that could be useful to him in the cocaine business. He would sometimes even spend hours questioning fellow inmates about money laundering and smuggling. Jung allegedly said that Lehder kept countless files and constantly took notes.
Lehder's ultimate scheme was to revolutionize the cocaine trade by transporting the drug to the United States, using small aircraft.[13]
Starting his empire[edit]
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After their releases (both were paroled), Lehder and Jung built up a small revenue stream through simple, traditional drug smuggling. Specifically, they enlisted two young American women to take a paid vacation to Antigua, receive cocaine, and carry it back with them to the U.S. in their suitcases. Repeating this process several times, Lehder and Jung soon had enough money for an airplane.
Using a small stolen plane and a professional pilot, the pair began to fly cocaine into the United States via the Bahamas, in the process increasing their financial resources and building connections and trust with Colombian suppliers, while spreading money around among Bahamian government officials for political and judicial protection. Their unconventional method of drug-smuggling began to gain credibility.
Norman's Cay[edit]
In the late 1970s, the Lehder-Jung partnership began to diverge, due to some combination of Lehder's megalomania and his secret scheming to secure a personal Bahamian island as an all-purpose headquarters for his operations.[citation needed]
That island was Norman's Cay, which at that point consisted of a marina, a yacht club, approximately 100 private homes, and an air strip. In 1978, Lehder began buying up property and harassing and threatening the island's residents; at one point, a yacht was found drifting off the coast with the corpse of one of its owners aboard. Lehder is estimated to have spent $4.5 million on the island in total.[14]
As Lehder paid or forced the local population to leave, and began to assume total control of the island, Norman's Cay became his lawless private fiefdom. By this time, he had forced Jung out of the operation, and international criminal financier Robert Vesco had allegedly become a partner. Jung used his prior connections to take up a more modest line of independent smuggling for Pablo Escobar and stayed out of Lehder's way.[citation needed]
From 1978 through 1982, the Cay was the Caribbean's main drug smuggling hub, and a tropical hideaway and playground for Lehder and associates. They flew cocaine in from Colombia by jet and then reloaded it into the small aircraft that then distributed it to locations in Georgia, Florida,[14] and the Carolinas.[13] Lehder was believed to have received 1 kilo out of every 4 that was transported through Norman's Cay.[2]
Lehder built a 3,300-foot (1,000 m) runway protected by radar, bodyguards, and Doberman attack dogs for the fleet of aircraft under his command.[2][4] In the glory days of his operation, 300 kilograms[15] of cocaine would arrive on the island daily, and Lehder's personal wealth mounted into the billions. He accumulated such staggering wealth that on two occasions he offered to pay the Colombian external debt. In 1978, he made an offer to do so to President Alfonso López Michelsen, in exchange for a free space for drug trafficking; in 1982 through Escobar, by then a Colombian Congressman, Lehder did so again, this time in an attempt to prevent his extradition.[citation needed]
Downfall[edit]
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Their government's approval of the extradition of Colombians encouraged Escobar and Lehder to participate in politics. Lehder founded the National Latino Movement (Movimiento Latino Nacional, in Spanish), which managed three congressional seats and popularized itself by making speeches against extradition.
The April 30, 1984 assassination of Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, the Colombian Minister of Justice, initiated the beginning of the end for Lehder and the Medellín Cartel. Lara had campaigned against the cartel's activities, and his murder marked a change in Colombian politics. President Belisario Betancur, who had previously opposed extraditing any Colombian drug lords to the United States, announced that he was now willing to extradite. Lehder's was the top name on the crackdown list.
Other major Medellín Cartel associates fled to the protection of Manuel Noriega in Panama, but when Pablo Escobar discovered Noriega was plotting to betray him to the U.S. in return for amnesty, the cartel associates then fled to Nicaragua to seek the assistance of Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega. Escobar had paid some of Noriega's closest colonels to inform him of Noriega's intentions.
Lehder's downfall was assisted by his blatant bribing of Bahamian officials and the attention the activities on Norman's Cay were attracting.
Fugitive, capture, trial, and whereabouts[edit]
After Brian Ross's September 5 1983 report, on the U.S. television channel NBC, made public the corruption of Bahamian government leaders,[16] Lehder could not return to Norman's Cay. The government had frozen all his bank accounts and taken over his property and possessions, and he went from being a billionaire to nearly bankrupt. While on the run in the jungle, he got sick with a fever. Escobar sent a helicopter for Lehder and brought him back to Medellín, where he received medical attention to save his life. Even so, he was left very weak. When Lehder recovered, Escobar hired him as a bodyguard.
Eventually, Lehder wanted to rebuild his fortune, but he was captured at a farm he had just established in Colombia, when a new employee of his informed the police of his location. Another theory supported by Jhon Jairo Velásquez, better known as "Popeye", the head assassin of Pablo Escobar,[who?] is that fellow members of the Medellín Cartel wanted him out of the picture due to his radical military-like behavior, which they believed would jeopardize their cocaine empire, and so Escobar himself provided Lehder's whereabouts to the police, leading to Lehder's capture.[17]
Having captured one of the Cartel's most powerful members, the U.S. government used him as a source of information about the details of the Cartel's secret empire, which later proved useful in assisting the Colombian government to dismantle the Cartel. In 1987, Lehder was extradited to the United States, where he was tried and sentenced to life without parole, plus an additional 135 years. Now all of the other cartel leaders knew what would happen if they were extradited, and soon afterward, the Medellín Cartel organizations split up. These smaller organizations, especially Escobar's, were later attacked by the Cali Cartel, the Colombian police/army, and soon by the U.S. government, as well. A violent war began as the Medellin Cartel leaders tried to protect themselves by fighting back.
In 1992, in exchange for Lehder's agreement to testify against Manuel Noriega, his sentence was reduced to a total of 55 years. Three years after that, Lehder wrote a letter to a Jacksonville federal district judge, complaining that the government had reneged on a deal to transfer him to a German prison. The letter was construed as a threat against the judge.
Within weeks of sending that letter in the fall of 1995, Lehder was whisked away into the night, according to several protected witnesses at the Mesa Unit in Arizona. While many[who?] believe he could have been released, others disagree.[who?][citation needed] Lehder's brother, Federico Guillermo Lehder, who operated on the periphery of the business, might have been mistaken for Carlos, thus causing the reports of Carlos' being free and living overseas.[citation needed]
According to journalist and author Tamara Johnson, who worked on the Lehder defense during the time in question, Lehder was simply transferred to another prison and has continued to be held in WITSEC, the U.S. Bureau of Prisons' version of the federal Witness Protection Program.
Johnson argued that Lehder had not been released, despite Internet rumors to the contrary.[citation needed] Johnson's work on Lehder, titled Norman's Cay: The True Story of Carlos Lehder and the Medellin Cartel,[citation needed] details why the author believes Lehder will never be released: allegedly, Lehder would be privy to secret information regarding the CIA's and his own involvement in the Iran-Contra affair.
Lehder's ongoing legal battles confirm that he remains imprisoned in the U.S. He is not likely to be released anytime soon. On July 22 2005, he appeared in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit to contest his sentence. Lehder appeared pro se, arguing that the United States failed to carry out its obligations under a cooperation agreement he had entered into with the United States Attorney's Office, after he held up his end of the deal. (United States v. Lehder-Rivas, 136 Fed. Appx. 324; 2005).
In May 2007, he requested the Colombian Supreme Court to order the Colombian government to request his release from the United States because of the violations of his cooperation agreement.
In May 2008, Lehder's lawyer declared to El Tiempo that a habeas corpus petition had been filed, alleging that Lehder's cooperation agreement had been violated and that "a court in Washington" had less than 30 days to respond to the notice.[18]
According to his lawyer, Lehder was transferred to minimum security prison in Florida. He is frequently visited by his family members, and has access to TV and to a computer with only email access. An article published by Cronica Del Quindio in January 2015 reported that Lehder can be released and extradited to Germany at any time.
On June 24 2015, Lehder wrote a letter[19] to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos, in which he requests mediation with the United States to be allowed to return to Colombia.
Film and television[edit]
In the movie Blow (2001), the character Diego Delgado (played by the Spanish actor Jordi Mollà), the cellmate of the main character George Jung at Danbury federal prison, who became Jung's good friend, business partner, and later his nemesis, was based on Carlos Lehder.
In the 2012 Caracol Televisión series Escobar, el Patrón del Mal (Pablo Escobar: The Boss of Evil), Lehder is portrayed as Marcos Herbert (by the Colombian actor and singer Alejandro Martinez).
Investigation Discovery's Manhunt: Kill or Capture episode, "Colombian Rambo" (August 26 2015), features the story of Carlos Lehder's rise and fall.[20]
In the 2015 Netflix original drama/action television mini-series Narcos (2015), which follows drug kingpin Pablo Escobar as well as the ruthless Medellin Cartel, Lehder is portrayed by Juan Riedinger.
In the 2017 film American Made, he was portrayed by Fredy Yate Escobar.
See also[edit]
Cocaine Cowboys
References[edit]
Jump up ^ www.biography.com
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lee, Rensselaer W. (1989). The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power. Transaction Publishers. pp. 5, 11, 14, 106–108, 113, 116. ISBN 1-56000-565-3.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Robert J. (2005). Illicit Trafficking: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-915-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drug War (Norman's Cay)". Frontline.
Jump up ^ El Mundo - Noticias de Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia y el mundo - Periódico El Mundo
Jump up ^ Muere Juan David Ochoa Vásquez - Archivo Digital de Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo desde 1.990 - eltiempo.com
Jump up ^ Marta Nieves Ochoa, hermana de Fabio Ochoa | 20071018
Jump up ^ 1981-Plagio de Martha Ochoa se creó el MAS | ELESPECTADOR.COM
Jump up ^ Astrid Legarda Martínez (2005). El verdadero Pablo: sangre, traición y muerte (in Spanish). Cangrejo. p. 91. ISBN 978-958-97604-7-5.
Jump up ^ "Hatred of All Things Yankee Absorbs Lehder". 19 May 1988. Retrieved 17 July 2017 – via LA Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Carlos Lehder". St. Petersburg Times.
Jump up ^ "Drug War (George Jung)". Frontline.
^ Jump up to: a b "Drug War (Carlos Toro)". Frontline.
^ Jump up to: a b Chepesiuk, Ron (2003). The Bullet Or the Bribe: Taking Down Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97712-9.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Stephen (2009). Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada. John Wiley & Sons Canada. p. 499. ISBN 9780470835005. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Ehrenfeld, Rachel. Evil Money: the Inside Story of Money Laundering and Corruption in Government, Banks and Business. New York, NY: Shapolsky Publishers, Inc. p. 14. ISBN 1-56171-333-3. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Velásquez Vásquez, Jhon Jairo (2016). Mi vida como sicario de Pablo Escobar [My Life As Pablo Escobar's Hitman] (in Spanish). Nashville, Tennessee: HarperCollins Espanol. p. 43. ISBN 9780718081287.
Jump up ^ "Carlos Lehder podría salir libre por cumplimiento de pena". Terra Actualidad. May 22, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Carta de Carlos Lehder al President Juan Manuel Santos" (PDF). El Tiempo. June 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Manhunt: Kill or Capture - Columbian Rambo". TVGuide. August 26, 2016.
http://revistas.elheraldo.co/latitud/carlos-lehder-25-anos-despues-73855
http://www.cronicadelquindio.com/noticia-completa-titulo-supuesta_libertad_de_carlos_ledher_fue_desmentida_desde_armenia-seccion-la_judicial-nota-84087.htm
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VIAF: 70460158
LCCN: n87905426
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Lehder&oldid=833097289"
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1949 births
Medellín Cartel traffickers
Colombian mob bosses
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