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Hong Kong
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This article is about Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China. For other uses, see Hong Kong (disambiguation).
"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
Flag
Emblem
Anthem: "March of the Volunteers"[1]

City flower
Bauhinia blakeana (洋紫荊)
Location of Hong Kong
Status
Special administrative region
Official languages
Chinesea
English
[2][3]
Official scripts[4]
Traditional Chinese
English alphabet
Ethnic groups
93.6% Chinese
6.4% others [note 1] [6]
Demonym
Hong Konger
Hong Kongese
香港人
Sovereign state
China
Government
Multi-party system
• Chief Executive
Carrie Lam
• Chief Secretary
Matthew Cheung
• Financial Secretary
Paul Chan Mo-po
• Secretary for Justice
Rimsky Yuen
• Council President
Andrew Leung
• Chief Justice
Geoffrey Ma
Legislature
Legislative Council
History
• British possession
26 January 1841
• Treaty of Nanking
29 August 1842
• Convention of Peking
18 October 1860
• Second Convention of Peking
1 July 1898
• Japanese occupation
25 December 1941
to 15 August 1945
• Transfer of sovereignty
from United Kingdom

1 July 1997
Area
• Total
2,755 km2 (1,064 sq mi) (184th [7])
• Water (%)
59.8 (1,649 km2; 637 sq mi)[8][9]
Population
• 2016 estimate
7,374,900[10] (100th)
• Density
6,544[6]/km2 (16,948.9/sq mi) (4th)
GDP (PPP)
2016 estimate
• Total
$429.652 billion[11] (44th)
• Per capita
$58,322[11] (11th)
GDP (nominal)
2016 estimate
• Total
$320.668 billion[11] (33th)
• Per capita
$43,528[11] (16th)
Gini (2016)
53.9[12]
high
HDI (2014)
0.910[13]
very high · 12th
Currency
Hong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zone
Hong Kong Time (UTC+8)
• Summer (DST)
not observed (UTC+8)
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy
yyyy年mm月dd日
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+852
ISO 3166 code
HK
Internet TLD
.hk
.香港
^ Cantonese is the de facto standard of Chinese used.
Hong Kong
Clockwise from top:Skyline of Hong Kong Island from the Peak, Tian Tan Buddha, Two International Finance Centre, Kennedy Town, Nathan Road, Avenue of Stars, Government House and Tsing Ma Bridge
Chinese
香港
Cantonese Yale
Hēunggóng
Literal meaning
Fragrant Harbour,
Incense Harbour[14][15]
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānggǎng
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shianggaang
Wade–Giles
Hsiang1-kang3
Yale Romanization
Syānggǎng
IPA
[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]
Wu
Romanization
shian平kaon上
Hakka
Romanization
Hiong1gong3
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng
IPA
[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ]
Jyutping
Hoeng1gong2
Canton Romanization
Hêng1gong2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Hiong-kang
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Traditional Chinese
香港特別行政區
(香港特區)
Simplified Chinese
香港特别行政区
(香港特区)
Cantonese Yale
Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū
(Xiānggǎng Tèqū)
Bopomofo
ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ
ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄧㄝˊ
ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄓㄥˋ ㄑㄩ
(ㄒㄧㄤ ㄍㄤˇ ㄊㄜˋ ㄑㄩ)
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Shianggaang Tehbye Shyngjenqchiu
(Shianggaang Tehchiu)
Wade–Giles
Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻê4-pieh2 Hsing2-chêng4-chʻü1
(Hsiang1-kang3 Tʻê4-chʻü1)
Yale Romanization
Syāngggǎng Tèbyé Syíngjèngchyū
(Syānggǎng Tèchyū)
IPA
[ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.pjě ɕǐŋ.ʈʂə̂ŋ.tɕʰý]
([ɕjáŋ.kàŋ tʰɤ̂.tɕʰý])
Wu
Romanization
shian平kaon上 deh入bih入
ghan平tsen去chiu平
(shian平kaon上 deh入chiu平)
Hakka
Romanization
Hiong1gong3 Tet6piet6 Hang2zin4ki1
(Hiong1gong3 Tet6ki1)
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēunggóng Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui
(Hēunggóng Dahkkēui)
IPA
[hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.pìːt̚ hɐ̏ŋ.tsēŋ.kʰɵ́y̯]
([hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ tɐ̀k̚.kʰɵ́y̯])
Jyutping
Hoeng1gong2 Dak6bit6 Hang4zing3keoi1
(Hoeng1gong2 Dak6keoi1)
Canton Romanization
Hêng1gong2 Deg6bid6 Heng4jing3kêu1
(Hêng1gong2 Deg6kêu1)
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
Hiong-kang Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu
(Hiong-kang Te̍k-khu)
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.
Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–1842). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[16]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[17][18] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[19] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[20] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)[21] and the World Trade Organization (WOR),[22] actively and independently.
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[23][24] Known to be "Asia's World City", Hong Kong is the world's most popular international traveller destination,[25][26] and the home to the world's most frequently travelled citizens.[27] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[28] its legal tender, Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[29] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[30] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[31]
Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[32][33] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[34][35] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[36][37] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[38][39][40]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial China
2.2.1 European discovery
2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–1945
2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–1997
2.5.1 The Hong Kong issue
2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status
2.6.1 Transfer of sovereignty
2.6.2 Tung Chee-Hwa: 1997–2003
2.6.3 Sir Donald Tsang: 2005–2012
2.6.4 Leung Chun-ying: 2012–2017
3 Governance
3.1 Structure of government
3.2 Electoral and political reforms
3.3 Legal system and judiciary
3.4 Foreign relations
3.5 Human rights
3.6 Regions and districts
3.7 Military
4 Geography and climate
5 Economy
5.1 Financial centre
5.2 International trading
5.3 Tourism and expatriation
5.4 Policy
5.5 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages
6.2 Religion
6.3 Personal income
6.4 Education
6.5 Health
7 Culture
7.1 Sports
7.2 Architecture
7.3 Cityscape
7.4 Symbols
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[41]
The source of the romanised name Hong Kong is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[14][15][42] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[43]
Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[44] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[45]
Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[42]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[46] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
As of 1997, its official name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website,[47] but Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Hong Kong are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[48][49][50]
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[51][52] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[53]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[54][55][56]
After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[57] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[58]
From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[59] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[60] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[61] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.
European discovery
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[62][63] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.
Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[64] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[65][66]
British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
A painter at work, John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871, The Wellcome Collection, London
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[67] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[68]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[69][70]
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[71][72][73]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.
Play media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937
In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[74]
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Japanese occupation: 1941–1945
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War[75]
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[76] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[77]
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[78]
Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–1997
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[71] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[71] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[79] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.
Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[80]
In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[81]
The Hong Kong issue
In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.
The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.
It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[71] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.
Handover and Special Administrative Region status
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Transfer of sovereignty
Golden Bauhinia Square
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.
Tung Chee-Hwa: 1997–2003
Soon after Hong Kong's transfer to China, the territory has suffered coincidentally an economic double-blow: Asian Financial Crisis and the H5N1 avian flu pandemic. The then-Financial Secretary, Sir Donald Tsang, adopted a radical measure to make use of British Hong Kong foreign currency reserves and restored Hong Kong's financial stability. In December 1997, officials had to destroy 1.4 million livestock in order to contain the H5 virus from spreading.[71]
Despite a recovering economy from the Asian Financial Crisis, mismanagement of Tung's housing policy triggered a housing market crisis in 1998, disrupting market supply and sent properties prices tumbling until 2002. This caused many homeowners to become bankrupt due to negative equity.
In 1998, Hong Kong moved its international airport from Kai Tak to an artificially-reclaimed island north of Lantau Island. Construction of this new airport began under the British Rose Garden Project and was completed in May 1998.
Chris Patten's democratic reform of the Legislative Council Election in 1994 was abruptly terminated when Hong Kong transferred to China in 1997. In 1995, China set up a parallel "Provisional Council" of pro-Beijing members in Shenzhen. This Provisional Legislative Council, lacking legislative or constitutional power, moved into Hong Kong and completed its term in 1999. The Legislative Council resumed its full function after the 1999 election under pre-reformed rules; one of the prominent tasks was to complete legislation of articles in the Hong Kong Basic Law, constitutional document of the territory.
Despite the unopposed re-election of Tung in July 2002, distrust of China remained throughout Tung's first term as Chief Executive. In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).[82][83] The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong.[84] Economic activities slowed down and schools were closed for weeks at the height of SARS epidemic. An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.[85]
In May 2003, the government's attempt to legislate Article 23 (National Security) of the Basic Law aroused strong suspicion among Hong Kong citizens. This Article would grant Hong Kong's police force right of access to private property on grounds of 'safeguarding national security', but without court warrants. Coupled with years of economic hardships and discontent of Tung's pro-Beijing stance, a mass demonstration broke out on 1 July 2003. This demonstration hastened the resignations of two government ministers and, eventually, that of Tung on 10 March 2005.[86]
Sir Donald Tsang: 2005–2012
Sir Donald Tsang, then-Chief Secretary for Administration and ex-official of the British Hong Kong government, entered the 2005 election uncontested and was appointed by Beijing as the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005. In 2006, Tsang introduced food safety procedures to Hong Kong in light of loose vetting standards, contamination and counterfeit food issues of mainland China.
Tsang went on to win a second term in office following the 2007 Chief Executive election under managed voting.[87] As a result of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Tsang's government rolled out a package of financial stimulus of HK$11 billion and a depositor guarantee scheme to safeguard Hong Kong dollar savings in bank accounts. Hong Kong narrowly avoided a technical recession from the ongoing crisis.
In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the 5th East Asian Games and nine national teams competed in it. The Games were the first and largest international multi-sport event ever organised and hosted by the city.[88] Major infrastructure and tourist projects also began under Sir Tsang's second term, including the Ngong Ping Cable Car, Tian Tan Buddha and the West Kowloon Cultural District. However, the most controversial was the high-speed railway link connecting Hong Kong and neighbouring cities of mainland China; as of 2016, the project has suffered numerous delays, surging labour and material costs and dispute over immigration procedures.
Hong Kong branded as "Asia's World City"
Overlook Hong Kong Island north coast, Victoria Harbour and Central and East Kowloon from middle section of Lugard Road at daytime
During Tsang's second term, he initiated modest reforms in areas of education, environment and food safety. He concluded his term, however, when a local news media uncovered evidence of him receiving favours and hospitality from business tycoons on various occasions. This resulted in further discovery of bribery in Tsang's government; then-Chief Secretary of Administration, Rafael Hui, was convicted of corruption in 2014.
Leung Chun-ying: 2012–2017
Main article: Hong Kong–Mainland conflict
3 candidates stood for the 2012 Chief Executive Election, including one from the Democratic Party. A selected electorate of 1,200 pro-Beijing members constituted the election committee; Leung Chun-ying won 689 votes and was appointed Chief Executive on 1 July by China.
During Leung's term, the government completed legislation of Anti-trust and Competition Ordinance and introduced minimum wage in 2015. Political debates, however, have centred themselves predominately on universal suffrage and education reform. The government's proposed National Education curriculum in 2014 attracted polarising reactions across Hong Kong's public and a draft bill was eventually withdrawn. Reactions from China, including the 2014 White Paper on Hong Kong,[89] attracted worldwide allegations of Beijing's intervention into Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy.[90] The most contentious issue was China's outright disregard of its commitment to the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration in written text. This has fuelled up a number of mass protests and the most prominent one was the Occupy Central (later termed "Umbrella") movement in September to December 2014.[91]
Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, along with neutrality of press and media, judicial independence and freedom of speech and publication, have at times been scrutinised. With continued distrust of Chinese government, notable events such as violent attack on journalists, increasing level of press self-censorship, alleged extraterritorial abduction of anti-China publishers[92] and covert intervention into Hong Kong's educational, political and independent institutions have posed challenges to the "One Country, Two Systems" arrangement. In the 2016 Legislative Council Election, there were reports of discrepancies in the electorate registry, which contains ghost registrations across constituencies, as well as political intervention to strip pro-Independence individuals of their right to stand in elections[93] and alleged death threats to election candidates.[94]
Social tension has heightened during Leung's term, with many Hongkongers believing that China increased their efforts to exert influence on everyday life in Hong Kong. The territory currently delegates control of Chinese immigrants, as well as issue of visitor permits, to Chinese authorities. On the first day of Chinese New Year 2016, riots targeting the police force broke out.[95] The most recent survey in 2016 (with a sample base of 573) in Hong Kong shows that 17.8% respondents considered themselves as "Chinese citizens", whereas 41.9% considered themselves purely as "citizens of Hong Kong".[96]
Governance
Main articles: Politics of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Government, and Elections in Hong Kong
Carrie Lam
Chief Executive Matthew Cheung
Chief Secretary
Structure of government
Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[97][98]
Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.
Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[99][100]
The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[101][102]
In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.
Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[103][104]
Electoral and political reforms
Opened in 1912, this granite neo-classical building in Central used to house the Supreme Court and became the home to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (dubbed "Legco") from 1985 to 2011, spanning across the British and the Chinese rule, though as the Legco has moved to a new complex in 2011, the building reverted to a judicial function, housing the Court of Final Appeal from 2015 onwards.
Hong Kong's Basic Law, implemented in the territory on 1 July 1997, consists of outstanding articles which require bill adoption by the Legislative Council before becoming effective laws. Two of the most prominent articles include Article 23 ("National Security") and universal suffrage of Chief Executive elections. In 2002, the government's motion of an anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23, was met with fierce opposition and eventually dropped.[105][106] Reform bills on universal suffrage, however, have made partial progress in expanding the Chief Executive election's committee (from 600 to 800 in 2007 and to 1,200 selected members in 2012) and the Legislative Council (from 60 to 70 seats). These additional 10 seats are created through directly elected members of District Offices.[107]
Continual debate between pro-Beijing and pan-democratic factions characterises Hong Kong's contemporary political landscape across the transition from the British Empire to China. Aside from clashes over a range of social, welfare, labour and economic policies, the most contentious topic has been universal suffrage. Ideological differences over the pace of democratisation have shadowed over the 2004 Bill of Political Reform "District Council Model (District Office)", 2009 Bill of Political Reform (passed 46–12) "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012" [108][109] and the 2015 Bill of Political Reform (blocked 8–27).[110]
Legal system and judiciary
Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong Kong
Themis or Lady Justice, armed with sword and balance scales (Court of Final Appeal Building, Central, Hong Kong), is the personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness
Hong Kong's current legal system, independent of the legal system of mainland China and Chinese civil law, inherits from British Common Law established before 1997. The guiding principle is an independent judicial system in which the Rule of Law, as opposed to Rule by Law, safeguards judicial courts from government intervention.[111]
The essence of British Common Law is the juror system: court judges (equivalent to British JPs) make case verdicts with the assistance of a group of eligible, court-appointed jurors who are members of the public. One feature of the Common Law system is the basis of legal precedent (stare decisis) in which judges refer to empirical evidence from previous cases of a similar category prior to handing out a final verdict. According to Article 92 of Hong Kong's Basic Law, judicial courts may refer to decisions which are rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents[17][112] (England, Canada and Australia). Judges from these jurisdictions are permitted to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.[17][112]
Hong Kong's court system comprises the Court of Final Appeal (formerly HM Court of Final Appeal in the United Kingdom), the High Court (constitutes the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance) and the District Court (includes the Family Court).[113] Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.[113] Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.[17][114] The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to Hong Kong's Basic Law, as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws such as the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic Law.[115][116]
The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform and international legal co-operation between different jurisdictions.[111] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.[111] As protector of public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.[117] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.[118][119]
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Hong Kong
Olympic Square, Hong Kong
Hong Kong's Basic Law (Article 151) delegates all diplomatic affairs to China's Foreign Ministry, but the territory retains exclusive rights in fostering external relations in international organisations, co-operation bodies and sports and cultural events. Under the alias "Hong Kong, China", Hong Kong maintains active partnerships with foreign nations in the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), and the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). Overseas Representatives of Hong Kong cover the fields of economy, trade, monetary finance, shipping, communications, tourism, culture and sports.[120]
Under the special condition of Hong Kong's high-degree autonomy, the territory is able to maintain an independent customs area and separate immigration policy from those of China. This separate exercise of customs and immigration, subject to conditional reviews, is recognised by foreign nations through their legislature, such as the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act. Hong Kong maintains an international border with mainland China across 5 border control stations by land, 3 entry and exit points by sea and the International Airport. Applications for entry permits are, however, handled by Chinese Embassies for Hong Kong.
Foreign representation in Hong Kong includes 59 Consulates-General, 62 Consulates/Embassies and 5 officially recognised international bodies, such as the Office of the European Union. A number of Consulate-Generals in Hong Kong, such as the United States and United Kingdom, operate independently of their embassies in Beijing, extend their areas of jurisdiction beyond Hong Kong to include Macau, and report directly to their respective foreign offices.[121][122][123]
Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Hong Kong
The Hong Kong government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, and members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the District Council of Hong Kong are elected into office by Hong Kong citizens. However, there are 27 ex officio members of the district council (the Rural Committee Chairmen in the New Territories) as of the fifth District Council Assembly, and roughly half of the legislative council seats are elected by 3% of the people in Hong Kong through the functional constituency. The imbalance of voting power in the LegCo has led to widespread criticism of its inability to represent Hongkongers' socio-economic needs.[124] In addition, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong is elected by 1,200 members based on their contributions to four different sectors of Hong Kong's society. This policy has received criticism from various political figures in Hong Kong, and led to the Umbrella Revolution. Plans to expand the voting population had begun to appear in the 2000s, and political figures liaised with the government to provide universal suffrage.
There are restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of assembly.[125][126] 200,000 migrant workers cannot make complaints against their employers since they face deportation if dismissed from their jobs. A 2008 law against racial discrimination does not cover mainlanders, immigrants or migrant workers.[127] The police have been accused of using heavy-handed tactics toward protesters in public rallies,[128] and there is controversy regarding the extensive powers of the police.[129] Covert surveillance is another major concern.[130]
Hong Kong has a higher age-of-consent and harsher punishments for illegal homosexual acts.[131]
Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations from those of mainland China.[132] In November 2015, the newly established Innovation and Technology Bureau pushed for the legislation of the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2014, more popularly known as the Internet Article 23, which would severely limit the legality of derivative works[133] and other activities previously permitted on the Internet.[134] Supporters of the bill point to the fact that Hong Kong is lagging behind in the protection of intellectual property rights, but detractors state that creative work on the Internet should be exempt from legislation, and the ordinance would severely violate human rights.
Regions and districts
Main articles: List of cities and towns in Hong Kong and Districts of Hong Kong
Hong Kong comprises three geographical regions, which coincided with its historical expansion by the British colonial government: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon (1860) and the New Territories and Outlying Islands (1898). The first established settlement was City of Victoria on Hong Kong Island. Its area coincided with modern-day Central and Western District (#15 in map).
Since the abolition of decentralised Urban and District Councils in 1999, Hong Kong is now a unitary territory subdivided into 18 districts. Each district is represented by a district council, who advises the government on various local agendas such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental policies.[135] There are a total of 541 district council seats, 412 of which are directly elected and another 27 are ex-officio chairmen of rural committees (families of landowners in the New Territories before 1898); the remaining seats are appointed by the Chief Executive.[135] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.[136]
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon
New Territories
18 Administrative Districts: 1. Islands, 2. Kwai Tsing, 3. North, 4. Sai Kung, 5. Sha Tin, 6. Tai Po, 7. Tsuen Wan, 8. Tuen Mun, 9. Yuen Long, 10. Kowloon City, 11. Kwun Tong, 12. Sham Shui Po, 13. Wong Tai Sin, 14. Yau Tsim Mong, 15. Central & Western, 16. Eastern, 17. Southern, 18. Wan Chai
Military
Main article: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison
PLA Hong Kong Garrison arm badge
Since July 1997, the responsibility of maintaining the military forces in Hong Kong has been transferred from the British Armed Forces to China's PLA Hong Kong Garrison under the Liberation Army. The garrison, consisting of units from ground, naval and air forces, reports its command to the Central Military Commission.
The Basic Law of Hong Kong protects all civilians and civil affairs against any interference by the garrison. All military personnel, while stationed in Hong Kong, must remain within barrack grounds. When such personnel leave their barracks, they are subject to Hong Kong laws. The territory's police, who are civil servants, are responsible for maintaining public order; under exceptional circumstances, however, the police force may ask the central government of China for assistance from the garrison in disaster relief.[105][137]
In January 2015, the People's Liberation Army sponsored the establishment of Hong Kong Army Cadets Association for children over 6 years old. The inauguration ceremony was held at a garrison's naval base in Hong Kong; but most media were excluded from this event except pro-Beijing press.[138]
Geography and climate
Main articles: Geography of Hong Kong and Ecology of Hong Kong
Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Sham Chun River. The territory's 2,755 km2 (1,064 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,106 km2 (427 sq mi) is land and 1,649 km2 (637 sq mi) is water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 167th largest inhabited territory in the world.[139] Less than 25% of Hong Kong's land area is built-up, while the majority is grassland, woodland, shrubland, and agricultural land.[140]
Higher-altitude areas of Hong Kong are often dominated by grassland: Lantau Island during the dry season
As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.[141] Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War, and higher altitudes are dominated by grasslands. Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.[142] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.[143] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.[144] On 18 September 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.[145]
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,[146] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.[147] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.[148]
Though it is situated 128 km (80 miles) south of the Tropic of Cancer[149], Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Typhoons most often occur in summer. They sometimes result in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.[150] Snowfall is extremely rare, and usually occurs in areas of high elevation. Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,[151] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 18 January 1893, respectively.[152][153][not in citation given] The highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures across all of Hong Kong, on the other hand, are 42.1 °C (108 °F) at Waglan Island in June 1991[154] and −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016, respectively.
[hide]Climate data for Hong Kong (Hong Kong Observatory), normals 1981–2010, extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
26.9
(80.4) 28.3
(82.9) 30.1
(86.2) 33.4
(92.1) 35.5
(95.9) 35.6
(96.1) 35.7
(96.3) 36.6
(97.9) 35.2
(95.4) 34.3
(93.7) 31.8
(89.2) 28.7
(83.7) 36.6
(97.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
23.7
(74.7) 24.5
(76.1) 27.1
(80.8) 29.8
(85.6) 31.8
(89.2) 33.1
(91.6) 33.8
(92.8) 33.8
(92.8) 33.8
(92.8) 30.8
(87.4) 28.0
(82.4) 25.1
(77.2) 34.3
(93.7)
Average high °C (°F)
18.6
(65.5) 18.9
(66) 21.4
(70.5) 25.0
(77) 28.4
(83.1) 30.2
(86.4) 31.4
(88.5) 31.1
(88) 30.1
(86.2) 27.8
(82) 24.1
(75.4) 20.2
(68.4) 25.6
(78.08)
Daily mean °C (°F)
16.3
(61.3) 16.8
(62.2) 19.1
(66.4) 22.6
(72.7) 25.9
(78.6) 27.9
(82.2) 28.8
(83.8) 28.6
(83.5) 27.7
(81.9) 25.5
(77.9) 21.8
(71.2) 17.9
(64.2) 23.24
(73.83)
Average low °C (°F)
14.5
(58.1) 15.0
(59) 17.2
(63) 20.8
(69.4) 24.1
(75.4) 26.2
(79.2) 26.8
(80.2) 26.6
(79.9) 25.8
(78.4) 23.7
(74.7) 19.8
(67.6) 15.9
(60.6) 21.37
(70.46)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
9.1
(48.4) 9.9
(49.8) 11.5
(52.7) 15.9
(60.6) 20.5
(68.9) 23.2
(73.8) 23.9
(75) 24.2
(75.6) 23.2
(73.8) 19.6
(67.3) 14.4
(57.9) 10.0
(50) 7.7
(45.9)
Record low °C (°F)
0.0
(32) 2.4
(36.3) 4.8
(40.6) 9.9
(49.8) 15.4
(59.7) 19.2
(66.6) 21.7
(71.1) 21.6
(70.9) 18.4
(65.1) 13.5
(56.3) 6.5
(43.7) 4.3
(39.7) 0
(32)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
24.7
(0.972) 54.4
(2.142) 82.2
(3.236) 174.7
(6.878) 304.7
(11.996) 456.1
(17.957) 376.5
(14.823) 432.2
(17.016) 327.6
(12.898) 100.9
(3.972) 37.6
(1.48) 26.8
(1.055) 2,398.4
(94.425)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)
5.37 9.07 10.90 12.00 14.67 19.07 17.60 16.93 14.67 7.43 5.47 4.47 137.65
Average relative humidity (%)
74 80 82 83 83 82 81 81 78 73 71 69 78.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
143.0 94.2 90.8 101.7 140.4 146.1 212.0 188.9 172.3 193.9 180.1 172.2 1,835.6
Percent possible sunshine
42 29 24 27 34 36 51 47 47 54 54 51 42
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[155][152][153][156]
Climate data for Hong Kong
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
19.1
(66.4) 18.9
(66.0) 20.1
(68.2) 22.7
(72.9) 26.8
(80.2) 28.5
(83.3) 29.1
(84.4) 28.6
(83.5) 28.3
(82.9) 26.5
(79.7) 24.3
(75.7) 21.0
(69.8) 24.5
(76.1)
Mean daily daylight hours
11.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 12.1
Average Ultraviolet index
7 9 11 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11 9 7 7 9.7
Source: Weather Atlas [157]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Hong Kong
The Two International Finance Centre in Central, an integrated commercial development in Central
Financial centre
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. From the second half of the 19th century and continuing into the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong operated as a key command centre for the allocation of Asian capital in its broadest form. Hong Kong stature as an International Financial centre (IFC), gradually developed from the 1950s to become a key component of the island's economy.[158] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region.[159] The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$3.2 trillion as of December 2016.[160] In 2009, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world[161] and the easiest place to raise capital. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Hong Kong was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as London, New York City, Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago, Sydney, Boston, and Toronto in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia after Singapore.[162]
The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the thirteenth most traded currency in the world as of 2016[update],[29] it has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983.[163] Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage.[164] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995.[165][166][167] It is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.[168][169][170] In 2008, the territory was named as a Nylonkong global metropolis and financial centre.[171]
International trading
Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,[172] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre.[173] Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,[174] which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline.[175] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007.[176] Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.[177]
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there.[178] Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.
Tourism and expatriation
In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.8 million visitors contributing a total of US$38,376 million in international tourism receipts. Hong Kong is also the most popular city for tourists, nearly two times of its nearest competitor Macau.[179]
As of 2010[update] Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year.[180] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.[181] Hong Kong is also ranked second in the world by the most billionaires per capita (one per 132,075 people), behind Monaco.[182] In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.[183] Hong Kong is also ranked No. 1 in the world in the Crony Capitalism Index by The Economist.[184]
Policy
The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s.[185] Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.
Hong Kong financial centre matured in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended.[186][187] Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.[164]
Infrastructure
Main articles: Transport in Hong Kong and Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong
The Mass Transit Railway has more than 150 stations in its network
CityBus Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 10.5m—a double-decker in Hong Kong heading to Stanley
Hong Kong – Kowloon Star Ferry
Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport,[36] the highest such percentage in the world.[37] Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the MTR (Mass Transit Railway), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.[188][189]
The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with MTR in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR).[190] The MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations which serve 3.4 million people a day.[191] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.[192]
Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes as of 2014[update]. The largest are Kowloon Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories, and Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.[193]
The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates two lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.[194] It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central route one of the most picturesque in the world.[195] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.[196][197] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.[198]
Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.[199] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.[200] In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.[201]
Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.[202] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.[203] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.[202][204]
Providing an adequate water supply for Hong Kong has always been difficult because the region has few natural lakes and rivers, inadequate groundwater sources (inaccessible in most cases due to the hard granite bedrock found in most areas in the territory), a high population density, and extreme seasonable variations in rainfall. Thus about 70 percent of water demand is met by importing water from the Dongjiang River in neighbouring Guangdong province. In addition, freshwater demand is curtailed by the use of seawater for toilet flushing, using a separate distribution system.[205]
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Hong Kong and Hong Kong people
St. John's Cathedral, Anglican cathedral in Hong Kong, the oldest church building in Hong Kong
The Big Buddha, on Lantau Island, Hong Kong
The Wong Tai Sin Temple
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Catholic cathedral in Hong Kong
The territory's population in mid-2015 was 7.3 million,[206] with an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the previous five years.[6][207] The current population of Hong Kong comprises 91% ethnic Chinese.[6][208][209] 3 million British nationals form nearly half of the territory's inhabitants.[5] A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province,[210] from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.[211][212][213][214]
Residents of the Mainland do not automatically receive the Right of Abode, and many may not enter the territory freely. Like other non-natives, they may apply for the Right of Abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some of the rights may also be acquired by marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office.[215] However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit".[216] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.2 years for males and 86.9 years for females as of 2014[update], making it the highest life expectancy in the world.[177][217]
About 91% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent,[6][208][209] the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province.[210] The remaining 6.9% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese.[6] There is a South Asian population of Indians and Pakistanis; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector.[note 5] In 2011, 133,377 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and 132,935 from the Philippines were working in Hong Kong.[221]
Languages
Main article: Languages of Hong Kong
Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong.[222] According to the 2016 by-census, Cantonese is spoken by 94.6% of the Hong Kong population; 88.9 percent as a first language and 5.7% as a second language.[223] English is also an official language, and according to the 2016 by-census is spoken by 53.2% of the population; 4.3 percent as a first language and 48.9 percent as a second language.[223] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.[224] According to the 2016 by-census, Mandarin is spoken by 48.6% of the population; 1.9 percent as a first language and 46.7 percent as a second language.[223]
Religion
Main article: Religion in Hong Kong
Hong Kong is a multi-faith society. A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism.[225] According to the United States Department of State 43 percent of the population practises some form of religion.[226] According to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion.[227][228]
In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum.[229][230]
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.[226] A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population;[231] Protestants outnumber Roman Catholics by a ratio of 4:3, and smaller Christian communities also exist, including the Latter-day Saints[232] and Jehovah's Witnesses.[233] The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities.[234] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.[235]
Personal income
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the largest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards".[236][237] However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.[238][239]
Education
Main article: Education in Hong Kong
University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England,[240] although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (Chinese: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,[241] with written Chinese and English, while some of the schools (international schools) are using English as the teaching language. In secondary schools, "biliterate and trilingual" (Chinese: 兩文三語) proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing.[242] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.[243]
Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations.[244] The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.[245][246] Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.[247]
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.[246]
There are eight public and one private universities in Hong Kong, the oldest being the University of Hong Kong (HKU), established in 1910–1912.[248] The Chinese University of Hong Kong was founded in 1963 to fulfill the need for a university with a medium of instruction of Chinese.[249] Competition among students to receive an offer for an undergraduate programme is fierce as the annual number of intakes is limited, especially when some disciplines are offered by select tertiary institutions, like medicine which is provided by merely two medical schools in the territory, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In addition to the public post-secondary institutions there are also a number of private higher institutions which offer higher diplomas and associate degree courses for those who fail to enter a college for a degree study so as to boost their qualification of education, some of whom can have a second chance of getting into a university if they have a good performance in these sub-degree courses.[250][251]
Health
Main article: Health in Hong Kong
There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong.[252] There is little interaction between public and private healthcare.[253] The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class.[254] According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancies of any country or territory in the world.[34] As of 2012[update], Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.[35]
There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong.[255][256] Both have links with public sector hospitals.[255][257] With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.
Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private. This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.[258]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
See also: Lingnan culture and Cinema of Hong Kong
Ocean Park Hong Kong, a marine mammal park, oceanarium, animal theme park and amusement park in Hong Kong
A statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's martial arts
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese (mainly Cantonese) roots with Western (mainly British) influences from its time as a British colony.[259] Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.[260] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[261] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,[262] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.[263] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.[264]
Hong Kong is a recognized global centre of trade and calls itself an "entertainment hub".[265] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.[265] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.[266]
The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.[267][268]
Hong Kong had two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB, the former of which has now been defunct. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.[269] The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Cantonese-speaking population. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.[270] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review pointed to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.[271]
Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.[272] There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.[273]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on the IRB Sevens World Series rugby sevens competition and is held annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March
Sports in Hong Kong are a significant part of its culture. Due mainly to British influence going as far back as the late 19th century, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other Asia regions. Football, cricket, basketball, swimming, badminton, table tennis, cycling and running have the most participants and spectators. In 2009, Hong Kong successfully organised the V East Asian Games. Other major international sporting events including the Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, AFC Asian Cup, EAFF East Asian Cup, Hong Kong Tennis Classic, Premier League Asia Trophy, and Lunar New Year Cup are also held in the territory. As of 2010[update], there were 32 Hong Kong athletes from seven sports ranking in world's Top 20, 29 athletes in six sports in Asia top 10 ranking. Moreover, Hong Kong athletes with disabilities are equally impressive in their performance as of 2009[update], having won four world championships and two Asian Championships.[274]
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong
See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.[275] It has more buildings taller than 500 feet (150 m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km (0.81 mi),[276] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.[277] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.[278][279]
As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.[280] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1,362 ft) high.[281] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.[282] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,[283] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.[284][285] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.[286][287][288]
There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,[289] waterfront redevelopment in Central,[290] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.[291] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.[292] The Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city and on lower-income residents.
Cityscape
City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong Skyline
A panoramic view of the Hong Kong Island skyline at night, taken from Tsim Sha Tsui
View from the highest mountain of Kowloon overlooking Victoria Harbour and Hongkong Island
Symbols
The flag of Hong Kong was announced in 1990 and is red with a white Hong Kong orchid tree flower. It was first officially hoisted on 1 July 1997 in the sovereignty handover ceremony. China's March of the Volunteers is the national anthem.
See also
Hong Kong portal
China portal
Index of articles related to Hong Kong
Youth in Hong Kong
List of heads of Hong Kong by education
Notes
Jump up ^ While many not recognized by the People's Republic of China, 3 million British nationals form nearly half of the territory's inhabitants. See British nationality law and Hong Kong.[5]
Jump up ^ The identity of Hong Kong Permanent Resident can be of any nationality, including Chinese, British, or others. A person not of Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than 7 years and has taken Hong Kong as his or her place of permanent residence are legally recognized as a Hongkonger. See "Right of Abode" of The Immigration Department of Hong Kong
Jump up ^ Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
Jump up ^ Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part: "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China … will remain unchanged for 50 years."
Jump up ^ The results of the 2011 census showed that the "white" population had increased from 36,384 in 2006 to 54,740 an increase of 50.4 percent.[218][219][220]
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Sources
Bard, Solomon, ed. (2002). Voices from the Past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918. Hong Kong University Press.
Endacott, G. B. (1964). An Eastern Entrepot: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6. OCLC 632495979.
Hanstedt, Paul (2012). Hong Konged: One Modern American Family's (Mis)adventures in the Gateway to China. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-4405-4073-8.
Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2.
Further reading
Barrett, Dean, Hangman's Point, Hong Kong & southern China in 1857, Village East Books, ISBN 0-9661899-1-4, 1998
Callick, Rowan. Comrades & Capitalists: Hong Kong since the Handover (University of New South Wales Press, 1998) online
Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
Lee, James. Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (1999)
Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
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[show]
Population
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Metropolitan cities of China
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Major Metropolitan regions
Jingjinji (JJJ)
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[show]
Major Cities
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Regional Central Cities
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Sub-provincial cities
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Shenzhenc1
Wuhanb
Xiamenc1
Xi'anb
Provincial capitals
(Prefecture-level)
Changsha
Fuzhou2
Guiyang
Haikou
Hefei
Kunming
Lanzhou
Nanchang
Shijiazhuang
Taiyuan
Xining
Zhengzhou
Taibei5
Autonomous regional capitals
Hohhot
Lhasa
Nanning
Ürümqi
Yinchuan
Comparatively large cities
Anshan
Baotou
Benxi
Datong
Fushun
Handan
Huainan
Jilin
Luoyang
Suzhou
Tangshan
Qiqihar
Wuxi
Xuzhou
Zibo
[show]
Prefecture-level cities by Province
Hebei
Shijiazhuang*
Tangshan*
Qinhuangdao2
Handan*
Xingtai
Baoding
Zhangjiakou
Chengde
Cangzhou
Langfang
Hengshui
Shanxi
Taiyuan*
Datong*
Yangquan
Changzhi
Jincheng
Shuozhou
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Yuncheng
Xinzhou
Linfen
Lüliang
Inner Mongolia
Hohhot*
Baotou*
Wuhai
Chifeng
Tongliao
Ordos
Hulunbuir
Bayannur
Ulanqab
Liaoning
Shenyang*
Dalian*
Anshan*
Fushun*
Benxi*
Dandong
Jinzhou
Yingkou
Fuxin
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Panjin
Tieling
Chaoyang
Huludao
Jilin
Changchun*
Jilin
Siping
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Songyuan
Baicheng
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Harbin*
Qiqihar*
Jixi
Hegang
Shuangyashan
Daqing
Yīchun
Jiamusi
Qitaihe
Mudanjiang
Heihe
Suihua
Jiangsu
Nanjing*
Wuxi*
Xuzhou*
Changzhou
Suzhou*
Nantong
Lianyungang2
Huai'an
Yancheng
Yangzhou
Zhenjiang
Tàizhou
Suqian
Zhejiang
Hangzhou*
Ningbo*
Wenzhou2
Jiaxing
Huzhou
Shaoxing
Jinhua
Quzhou
Zhoushan
Tāizhou
Lìshui
Anhui
Hefei*
Wuhu
Bengbu
Huainan*
Ma'anshan
Huaibei
Tongling
Anqing
Huangshan
Chuzhou
Fùyang
Sùzhou
Lu'an
Bozhou
Chizhou
Xuancheng
Fujian
Fúzhou*
Xiamen*
Putian
Sanming
Quanzhou
Zhangzhou
Nanping
Longyan
Ningde
Jiangxi
Nanchang*
Jingdezhen
Píngxiang
Jiujiang
Xinyu
Yingtan
Ganzhou
Jí'ān
Yíchun
Fǔzhou
Shangrao
Shandong
Jinan*
Qingdao*
Zibo*
Zaozhuang
Dongying
Yantai2
Weifang
Jĭning
Tai'an
Weihai
Rizhao
Laiwu
Linyi
Dezhou
Liaocheng
Binzhou
Heze
Henan
Zhengzhou*
Kaifeng
Luoyang*
Pingdingshan
Anyang
Hebi
Xinxiang
Jiaozuo
Puyang
Xuchang
Luohe
Sanmenxia
Nanyang
Shangqiu
Xinyang
Zhoukou
Zhumadian
Hubei
Wuhan*
Huangshi
Shiyan
Yichang
Xiangyang
Ezhou
Jingmen
Xiaogan
Jinzhou
Huanggang
Xianning
Suizhou
Hunan
Changsha*
Zhuzhou
Xiangtan
Hengyang
Shaoyang
Yueyang
Changde
Zhangjiajie
Yiyang
Chenzhou
Yongzhou
Huaihua
Loudi
Guangdong
Guangzhou*
Shaoguan
Shenzhen*
Zhuhai1
Shantou1
Foshan
Jiangmen
Zhanjiang2
Maoming
Zhaoqing
Huizhou
Meizhou
Shanwei
Heyuan
Yangjiang
Qingyuan
Dongguan
Zhongshan
Chaozhou
Jieyang
Yunfu
Guangxi
Nanning*
Liuzhou
Guilin
Wuzhou
Beihai2
Fangchenggang
Qinzhou
Guigang
Yùlin
Baise
Hezhou
Hechi
Laibin
Chongzuo
Hainan1
Haikou*
Sanya
Sansha4
Danzhou
Sichuan
Chengdu*
Zigong
Panzhihua
Luzhou
Deyang
Mianyang
Guangyuan
Suining
Neijiang
Leshan
Nanchong
Meishan
Yibin
Guang'an
Dazhou
Ya'an
Bazhong
Ziyang
Guizhou
Guiyang*
Liupanshui
Zunyi
Anshun
Bijie
Tongren
Yunnan
Kunming*
Qujing
Yuxi
Baoshan
Zhaotong
Lìjiang
Pu'er
Lincang
Tibet
Lhasa*
Shigatse
Chamdo
Nyingchi
Shannan
Shaanxi
Xi'an*
Tongchuan
Baoji
Xianyang
Weinan
Yan'an
Hanzhong
Yúlin
Ankang
Shangluo
Gansu
Lanzhou*
Jiayuguan
Jinchang
Baiyin
Tianshui
Wuwei
Zhangye
Pingliang
Jiuquan
Qingyang
Dingxi
Longnan
Qinghai
Xining*
Haidong
Ningxia
Yinchuan*
Shizuishan
Wuzhong
Guyuan
Zhongwei
Xinjiang
Ürümqi*
Karamay
Turpan
Hami
Taiwan5
(none)
[show]
Other cities (partly shown below)
Prefecture-level capitals
(County-level)
(Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot
Xilinhot)
Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang
Enshi, Hubei
Jishou, Hunan
(Sichuan：Xichang
Kangding
Barkam)
(Guizhou: Xingyi
Kaili
Duyun)
(Yunnan: Chuxiong
Mengzi
Wenshan
Jinghong
Dali
Mang
Shangri-La
Lushui)
(Gansu: Linxia
Hezuo)
(Qinghai: Yushu
Delingha)
(Xinjiang: Changji
Bole
Korla
Yining
Artux
Aksu
Kashgar1
Hotan
Tacheng
Altay)
Province-governed cities
(Sub-prefecture-level)
Jiyuan, Henan
(Hubei: Xiantao
Qiánjiang
Tianmen
Shennongjia)
(Hainan1: Wuzhishan
Qionghai
Wenchang
Wanning
Dongfang)
(Xinjiang - XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi
Aral
Tumxuk
Wujiaqu
Beitun
Tiemenguan
Shuanghe
Kokdala
Kunyu)
Former Prefecture-level cities
Chaohu, Anhui
Yumen，Gansu
Dongchuan, Yunnan
Shashi, Hubei
(Sichuan: Fuling
Wanxian)
(Jilin: Meihekou
Gongzhuling)
Sub-prefecture-level cities
(Prefecture-governed)
Qian'an, Hebei
Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia
Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
Golmud, Qinghai
[show]
County-level cities by Province
Hebei
Xinji
Jinzhou
Xinle
Zunhua
Qian'an*
Wu'an
Nangong
Shahe
Zhuozhou
Dingzhou
Anguo
Gaobeidian
Botou
Renqiu
Huanghua
Hejian
Bazhou
Sanhe
Shenzhou
Shanxi
Gujiao
Lucheng
Gaoping
Jiexiu
Yongji
Hejin
Yuanping
Houma
Huozhou
Xiaoyi
Fenyang
Inner Mongolia
Holingol
Manzhouli*
Yakeshi
Zhalantun
Ergun
Genhe
Fengzhen
Ulanhot*
Arxan
Erenhot*
Xilinhot*
Liaoning
Xinmin
Wafangdian
Zhuanghe
Haicheng
Donggang
Fengcheng
Linghai
Beizhen
Gaizhou
Dashiqiao
Dengta
Diaobingshan
Kaiyuan
Beipiao
Lingyuan
Xingcheng
Jilin
Yushu
Dehui
Jiaohe
Huadian
Shulan
Panshi
Gongzhuling
Shuangliao
Meihekou
Ji'an
Linjiang
Fuyu
Taonan
Da'an
Yanji
Tumen
Dunhua
Hunchun
Longjing
Helong
Heilongjiang
Shangzhi
Wuchang
Nehe
Hulin
Mishan
Tieli
Tongjiang
Fujin
Fuyuan
Suifenhe
Hailin
Ning'an
Muling
Dongning
Bei'an
Wudalianchi
Anda
Zhaodong
Hailun
Jiangsu
Jiangyin
Yixing
Xinyi
Pizhou
Liyang
Changshu
Zhangjiagang
Kunshan
Taicang
Qidong
Rugao
Haimen
Dongtai
Yizheng
Gaoyou
Danyang
Yangzhong
Jurong
Jingjiang
Taixing
Xinghua
Zhejiang
Jiande
Lin'an
Yuyao
Cixi
Fenghua
Rui'an
Yueqing
Haining
Pinghu
Tongxiang
Zhuji
Shengzhou
Lanxi
Yiwu
Dongyang
Yongkang
Jiangshan
Wenling
Linhai
Longquan
Anhui
Chaohu
Jieshou
Tongcheng
Tianchang
Mingguang
Ningguo
Fujian
Fuqing
Changle
Yong'an
Shishi
Jinjiang
Nan'an
Longhai
Shaowu
Wuyishan
Jian'ou
Zhangping
Fu'an
Fuding
Jiangxi
Leping
Ruichang
Gongqingcheng
Lushan
Guixi
Ruijin
Jinggangshan
Fengcheng
Zhangshu
Gao'an
Dexing
Shandong
Zhangqiu
Jiaozhou
Jimo
Pingdu
Laixi
Tengzhou
Longkou
Laiyang
Laizhou
Penglai
Zhaoyuan
Qixia
Haiyang
Qingzhou
Zhucheng
Shouguang
Anqiu
Gaomi
Changyi
Qufu
Zoucheng
Xintai
Feicheng
Rongcheng
Rushan
Laoling
Yucheng
Linqing
Henan
Gongyi
Xingyang
Xinmi
Xinzheng
Dengfeng
Yanshi
Wugang
Ruzhou
Linzhou
Weihui
Huixian
Qinyang
Mengzhou
Yuzhou
Changge
Yima
Lingbao
Dengzhou
Yongcheng
Xiangcheng
Jiyuan*
Hubei
Daye
Danjiangkou
Yidu
Dangyang
Zhijiang
Laohekou
Zaoyang
Yicheng
Zhongxiang
Yingcheng
Anlu
Hanchuan
Shishou
Honghu
Songzi
Macheng
Wuxue
Chibi
Guangshui
Enshi*
Lichuan
Xiantao*
Qianjiang*
Tianmen*
Hunan
Liuyang
Liling
Xiangxiang
Shaoshan
Leiyang
Changning
Wugang
Miluo
Linxiang
Jinshi
Yuanjiang
Zixing
Hongjiang
Lengshuijiang
Lianyuan
Jishou*
Guangdong
Lechang
Nanxiong
Taishan
Kaiping
Heshan
Enping
Lianjiang
Leizhou
Wuchuan
Gaozhou
Huazhou
Xinyi
Sihui
Xingning
Lufeng
Yangchun
Yingde
Lianzhou
Puning
Luoding
Guangxi
Cenxi
Dongxing
Guiping
Beiliu
Jingxi
Yizhou
Heshan
Pingxiang
Hainan
Wuzhishan*
Qionghai*
Wenchang*
Wanning*
Dongfang*
Sichuan
Dujiangyan
Pengzhou
Qionglai
Chongzhou
Jianyang
Guanghan
Shifang
Mianzhu
Jiangyou
Emeishan
Langzhong
Huaying
Wanyuan
Barkam*
Kangding*
Xichang*
Guizhou
Qingzhen
Chishui
Renhuai
Xingyi*
Kaili*
Duyun*
Fuquan
Yunnan
Anning
Xuanwei
Tengchong
Chuxiong*
Mengzi*
Gejiu
Kaiyuan
Mile
Wenshan*
Jinghong*
Dali*
Ruili
Mang*
Lushui*
Shangri-La*
Tibet
(none)
Shaanxi
Xingping
Hancheng
Huayin
Gansu
Yumen
Dunhuang
Linxia*
Hezuo*
Qinghai
Yushu*
Golmud*
Delingha*
Ningxia
Lingwu
Qingtongxia
Xinjiang
Changji*
Fukang
Bole*
Alashankou
Korla*
Aksu*
Artux*
Kashgar*
Hotan*
Yining*
Kuytun
Korgas
Tacheng*
Wusu
Altay*
Shihezi*
Aral*
Tumxuk*
Wujiaqu*
Beitun*
Tiemenguan*
Shuanghe*
Kokdala*
Kunyu*
Taiwan5
(none)
[show]
Notes
* Indicates this city has already occurred above.
aDirect-controlled Municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special Economic Zone Cities. 2Coastal development cities.
3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.
4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.
5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead.
All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in China
Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010)
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.

Shanghai

Beijing 1 Shanghai Shanghai 20,217,700 11 Foshan Guangdong 6,771,900
Chongqing

Guangzhou
2 Beijing Beijing 16,858,700 12 Nanjing Jiangsu 6,238,200
3 Chongqing Chongqing 12,389,500 13 Shenyang Liaoning 5,890,700
4 Guangzhou Guangdong 10,641,400 14 Hangzhou Zhejiang 5,849,500
5 Shenzhen Guangdong 10,358,400 15 Xi'an Shaanxi 5,399,300
6 Tianjin Tianjin 10,007,700 16 Harbin Heilongjiang 5,178,000
7 Wuhan Hubei 7,541,500 17 Dalian Liaoning 4,222,400
8 Dongguan Guangdong 7,271,300 18 Suzhou Jiangsu 4,083,900
9 Chengdu Sichuan 7,112,000 19 Qingdao Shandong 3,990,900
10 Hong Kong Hong Kong 7,055,071 20 Zhengzhou Henan 3,677,000
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[show]
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[show]
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Baise
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Note: Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see Political status of Taiwan). Hong Kong and Macau are claimed as provincial-level divisions, but as listed on the constitutional documents and joint declarations their statuses are better to be interpreted as first-level divisions instead.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 22°18′N 114°12′E / 22.3°N 114.2°E / 22.3; 114.2
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 261062131
LCCN: n81001722
ISNI: 0000 0001 2179 3140
GND: 4025822-1
SUDOC: 027953920
BNF: cb11988563q (data)
NLA: 36343200
NDL: 00563400
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong&oldid=803341102"
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es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkongo
Honkongo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Ewe
ee
ee
interlanguage-link-target

values: هنگ کنگ – Persian

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Cong
Hong Cong – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values: હોંગકોંગ – Gujarati

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Хонконг балһсн – Kalmyk

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values: Հոնկոնգ – Armenian

values: हॉन्ग कॉन्ग – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Igbo
ig
ig
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гонконг – Ossetic

values:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: הונג קונג – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ – Kannada

values: ჰონგ-კონგი – Georgian

values: Гонконг – Kazakh

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гонконг – Kyrgyz

values: Гонконг – Lezghian

values: ຮົງກົງ – Lao

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkonga
Honkonga – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkongas
Honkongas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: ഹോങ്കോങ് – Malayalam

values:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongipua
Hongipua – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

values: हाँग काँग – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: ဟောင်ကောင် – Burmese

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гонконг – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong
Gonkong – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਹਾਂਗਕਾਂਗ – Punjabi

values: هانگ کانگ – Pashto

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Kang
Ang Kang – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values: ហុងកុង – Khmer

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong
Gonkong – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Гонґ Конґ – Rusyn

values: Гонконг – Russian

values: Хоҥ Коҥ – Sakha

values: हांग् कांग् नगरम् – Sanskrit

values:
https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Southern Sotho
st
st
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Tswana
tn
tn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: හොංකොං – Sinhala

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Хонгконг – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong
Hongkong – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஆங்காங் – Tamil

values: Һоң Коң – Tatar

values: హాంగ్‌కాంగ్ – Telugu

values: ฮ่องกง – Thai

values: Ҳонгконг – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonkong
Gonkong – Turkmen
tk
tk
interlanguage-link-target

values: ہانگ کانگ – Urdu

values: شياڭگاڭ – Uyghur

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honkong
Honkong – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_kong
Hong kong – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
Hong Kong – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values: האנג קאנג – Yiddish

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hong_Kong rootpage-Hong_Kong vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view