text:
Acropolis of Athens
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the neighbourhood of Athens, see Acropolis (neighbourhood).
Acropolis, Athens
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Acropolis of Athens, seen from Philopappou hill
Location
Athens, Attica, Greece
Criteria
Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
Reference
404
Coordinates
37°58′15″N 23°43′34″E / 37.97083°N 23.72611°E / 37.97083; 23.72611
Inscription
1987 (11th Session)
Area
3.04 ha
Buffer zone
116.71 ha
Location of Athens in Greece
The Acropolis of Athens (Ancient Greek: Ἀκρόπολις, tr. Akrópolis;[1] Modern Greek: Ακρόπολη Αθηνών, tr. Akrópoli Athenón [aˈkropoli aθiˈnon]) is an ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word acropolis comes from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "highest point, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city").[2] Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification.
While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles (c. 495 – 429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the site's most important buildings including the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike.[3][4] The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War when gunpowder being stored in the Parthenon was hit by a cannonball and exploded.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early settlement
1.2 Archaic Acropolis
1.3 The Periclean building program
1.4 Hellenistic and Roman period
1.5 Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period
2 Archaeological remains
2.1 Site plan
3 The Acropolis Restoration Project
4 Cultural significance
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
The Acropolis of Athens as seen from Mount Lycabettus
The wooded Hill of the Nymphs is half-visible on its right, and Philopappos Hill on the left, immediately behind. The Philopappos Monument stands where, in the distant background, the coast of Peloponnese meet the waters of the Saronic Gulf.
View of the Acropolis from the Agora, 2010
View of the Acropolis from the Areopagus, 2010
Early settlement[edit]
The Acropolis is located on a flat-topped rock that rises 150 m (490 ft) above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares (7.4 acres). It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king. While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic (6th millennium BC). There is little doubt that a Mycenaean megaron stood upon the hill during the late Bronze Age. Nothing of this megaron survives except, probably, a single limestone column-base and pieces of several sandstone steps.[6] Soon after the palace was constructed, a Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging from 3.5 to 6 meters thick. This wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis until the 5th century.[7] The wall consisted of two parapets built with large stone blocks and cemented with an earth mortar called emplekton (Greek: ἔμπλεκτον).[8] The wall follows typical Mycenaean convention in that it followed the natural contour of the terrain and its gate was arranged obliquely, with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers' right-hand side, thus facilitating defense. There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side, consisting of steep, narrow flights of steps cut in the rock. Homer is assumed to refer to this fortification when he mentions the "strong-built House of Erechtheus" (Odyssey 7.81). At some point before the 13th century BC, an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis. This fissure extended some 35 meters to a bed of soft marl in which a well was dug.[9] An elaborate set of stairs was built and the well served as an invaluable, protected source of drinking water during times of siege for some portion of the Mycenaean period.[10] There is no conclusive evidence for the existence of a Mycenean palace on top of the Athenian Acropolis. However, if there was such a palace, it seems to have been supplanted by later building activity.
Archaic Acropolis[edit]
Acropolis, Athens.
Not a lot is known about the architectural appearance of the Acropolis until the Archaic era. In the 7th and the 6th centuries BC, the site was taken over by Kylon during the failed Kylonian revolt,[11] and twice by Peisistratos: all attempts directed at seizing political power by coups d'état. Peisistratos built an entry gate or Propylaea and perhaps embarked on the construction of an earlier temple on the site of the Parthenon where fragments of sculptured limestone have been found as well as the foundations of a large unfinished temple.[12] Nevertheless, it seems that a nine-gate wall, the Enneapylon,[13] had been built around the biggest water spring, the "Clepsydra", at the northwestern foot.
A temple to Athena Polias, the tutelary deity of the city, was erected around 570–550 BC. This Doric limestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundred–footed"), Ur-Parthenon (German for "original Parthenon" or "primitive Parthenon"), H–Architecture or Bluebeard temple, after the pedimental three-bodied man-serpent sculpture, whose beards were painted dark blue. Whether this temple replaced an older one, or just a sacred precinct or altar, is not known. Probably, the Hekatompedon was built where the Parthenon now stands.[14]
Between 529–520 BC yet another temple was built by the Peisistratids, the Old Temple of Athena, usually referred to as the Arkhaios Neōs (ἀρχαῖος νεώς, "ancient temple"). This temple of Athena Polias was built upon the Doerpfeld foundations,[15] between the Erechtheion and the still-standing Parthenon. Arkhaios Neōs was destroyed by the Persian invasion in 480 BC; however, the temple probably was reconstructed in 454 BC, since the treasury of the Delian League was transferred in its opisthodomos. The temple may have been burnt down in 406/405 BC as Xenophon mentions that the old temple of Athena was set on fire. Pausanias does not mention it in his 2nd century AD Description of Greece.[16]
Around 500 BC the Hekatompedon was dismantled to make place for a newer and grander building, the "Older Parthenon" (often called Pre-Parthenon, "early Parthenon"). For this reason, Athenians decided to stop the construction of the Olympieion which was connoted with the tyrant Peisistratos and his sons and use instead the Piraeus limestone destined for the Olympieion in order to build the Older Parthenon. In order to accommodate the new temple, the south part of the summit was cleared, made level by adding some 8,000 two-ton blocks of limestone, a foundation 11 m (36 ft) deep at some points, and the rest was filled with soil kept in place by the retaining wall. However, after the victorious Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, the plan was revised and marble was used instead. The limestone phase of the building is referred to as Pre-Parthenon I, the marble phase as Pre-Parthenon II. In 485 BC, construction stalled to save resources as Xerxes took the throne and war seemed imminent.[17] The Older Parthenon was still under construction when the Persians indeed invaded and sacked the city in 480 BC. The building was burned and looted, along with the Ancient Temple and practically everything else on the rock.[18][19] After the Persian crisis had subsided, the Athenians incorporated many architectural members of the unfinished temple (unfluted column drums, triglyphs, metopes, etc.) into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis, where they served as a prominent "war memorial" and can still be seen today. The devastated site was cleared of debris. Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the classic Parthenon. This "Persian debris" is the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis.[20]
The Periclean building program[edit]
The Parthenon
After winning at Eurymedon in 468 BC, Cimon and Themistocles ordered the reconstruction of the southern and northern walls of the Acropolis. Most of the major temples, including the Parthenon, were rebuilt under the leadership of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens (460–430 BC). Phidias, an Athenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates, two famous architects, were responsible for the reconstruction.[21]
In 437 BC, Mnesicles started building the Propylaea, a monumental gate at the western end of the Acropolis with Doric columns of Pentelic marble, partly built upon the old propylaea of Peisistratos.[22] These colonnades were almost finished in 432 BC and had two wings, the northern one decorated with paintings by Polygnotus.[23] Around the same time, south of the Propylaea, building started on the small Ionic Temple of Athena Nike in Pentelic marble with tetrastyle porches, preserving the essentials of Greek temple design. After an interruption caused by the Peloponnesian War, the temple was finished in the time of Nicias' peace, between 421 BC and 409 BC.[24]
The Propylaea
Construction of the elegant temple of Erechtheion in Pentelic marble (421–406 BC) was in accordance with a complex plan which took account of the extremely uneven ground and the need to circumvent several shrines in the area. The entrance, facing east, is lined with six Ionic columns. Unusually, the temple has two porches, one on the northwest corner borne by Ionic columns, the other, to the southwest, supported by huge female figures or Caryatids. The eastern part of the temple was dedicated to Athena Polias, while the western part, serving the cult of the archaic king Poseidon-Erechtheus, housed the altars of Hephaestus and Voutos, brother of Erechtheus. Little is known about the original plan of the interior which was destroyed by fire in the first century BC and has been rebuilt several times.[25][26]
The Erechtheum
During the same period, a combination of sacred precincts including the temples of Athena Polias, Poseidon, Erechtheus, Cecrops, Herse, Pandrosos and Aglauros, with its Kore Porch (Porch of the Maidens) or Caryatids' balcony was begun.[27] Between the temple of Athena Nike and the Parthenon, there was the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia (or the Brauroneion), the goddess represented as a bear and worshipped in the deme of Brauron. According to Pausanias, a wooden statue or xoanon of the goddess and a statue of Artemis made by Praxiteles in the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary.[28]
Behind the Propylaea, Phidias' gigantic bronze statue of Athena Promachos ("Athena who fights in the front line"), built between 450 BC and 448 BC, dominated. The base was 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) high, while the total height of the statue was 9 m (30 ft). The goddess held a lance whose gilt tip could be seen as a reflection by crews on ships rounding Cape Sounion, and a giant shield on the left side, decorated by Mys with images of the fight between the Centaurs and the Lapiths.[29] Other monuments that have left almost nothing visible to the present day are the Chalkotheke, the Pandroseion, Pandion's sanctuary, Athena's altar, Zeus Polieus's sanctuary and, from Roman times, the circular temple of Augustus and Rome.[30]
Hellenistic and Roman period[edit]
During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many of the existing buildings in the area of the Acropolis were repaired., due to damage from age, and occasionally, war.[31] Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II (in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaia. These were rededicated during the early Roman Empire to Augustus or Claudius (uncertain), and Agrippa, respectively.[32] Eumenes was also responsible for constructing a stoa on the South slope, not unlike that of Attalos in the Agora below.[33]
During the Julio-Claudian period, the Temple of Rome and Augustus, a small, round edifice, about 23 meters from the Parthenon, was to be the last significant ancient construction on the summit of the rock.[34] Around the same time, on the North slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period, a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on taking office.[35] In 161 AD, on the South slope, the Roman Herodes Atticus built his grand amphitheatre or Odeon. It was destroyed by the invading Herulians a century later but was reconstructed in the 1950s.[36]
During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the "Beulé Gate" was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress.[31]
Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period[edit]
Depiction of the Venetian siege of the Acropolis of Athens in 1687.
In the Byzantine period, the Parthenon was turned into a church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.[37] Under the Latin Duchy of Athens, the Acropolis functioned as the city's administrative center, with the Parthenon as its cathedral, and the Propylaia as part of the Ducal Palace.[38] A large tower was added, the "Frankopyrgos", demolished in the 19th century.[39]
After the Ottoman conquest of Greece, the Parthenon was used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army,[40] and the Erechtheum was turned into the Governor's private Harem. The buildings of the Acropolis suffered significant damage during the 1687 siege by the Venetians in the Morean War. The Parthenon, which was being used as a gunpowder magazine, was hit by artillery fire and severely damaged.[41]
Idealized reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areios Pagos in Athens, Leo von Klenze, 1846
In subsequent years, the Acropolis was a site of bustling human activity with many Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman structures. The dominant feature during the Ottoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon, complete with a minaret. Following the Greek War of Independence, most features that dated from the Byzantine, Frankish and Ottoman periods were cleared from the site in an attempt to restore the monument to its original form, "cleansed" of all later additions.[42]
Archaeological remains[edit]
Remains of the Theatre of Dionysus as of 2007
The entrance to the Acropolis was a monumental gateway called the Propylaea. To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). East of the entrance and north of the Parthenon is the temple known as the Erechtheum. South of the platform that forms the top of the Acropolis there are also the remains of the ancient, though often remodelled, Theatre of Dionysus. A few hundred metres away, there is the now partially reconstructed Odeon of Herodes Atticus.[43]
All the valuable ancient artifacts are situated in the Acropolis Museum, which resides on the southern slope of the same rock, 280 metres from the Parthenon.[44]
Site plan[edit]
Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains
Parthenon
Old Temple of Athena
Erechtheum
Statue of Athena Promachos
Propylaea
Temple of Athena Nike
Eleusinion
Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion
Chalkotheke
Pandroseion
Arrephorion
Altar of Athena
Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
Sanctuary of Pandion
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Stoa of Eumenes
Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion
Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
Odeon of Pericles
Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus
Aglaureion
The Acropolis Restoration Project[edit]
Looking east toward the Acropolis under construction in summer 2014.
The Project began in 1975 and is now nearing completion. The aim of the restoration was to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction stemming from military use, and misguided past restorations. The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material (anastylosis), with new marble from Mount Penteli used sparingly. All restoration was made using titanium dowels and is designed to be completely reversible, in case future experts decide to change things. A combination of cutting-edge modern technology and extensive research and reinvention of ancient techniques were used.[45]
The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment in the 17th century, were restored, with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed. The roof and floor of the Propylaea were partly restored, with sections of the roof made of new marble and decorated with blue and gold inserts, as in the original.[45] Restoration of the Temple of Athena Nike was completed in 2010.[46]
A total of 2,675 tons of architectural members were restored, with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of the originals, 905 patched with new marble, and 186 parts made entirely of new marble. A total of 530 cubic meters of new Pentelic marble were used.[47]
Cultural significance[edit]
Every four years, the Athenians held a festival called the Panathenaea that rivaled the Olympic Games in popularity. During the festival, a procession (believed to be depicted on the Parthenon frieze) traveled through the city via the Panathenaic Way and culminated on the Acropolis. There, a new robe of woven wool (peplos) was placed on either the statue of Athena Polias in the Erechtheum (during a regular Panathenaea) or on the statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon (during the Great Panathenaea, held every four years).[48]
Within the later tradition of Western Civilization and classical revival the Acropolis, from at least the mid-18th century on, has often been invoked as a key symbol of the Greek legacy and of the glories of Classical Greece.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thucydides 2.15.3: "ἡ Ἀκρόπολις ἡ νῦν οὖσα πόλις ῆν".
Jump up ^ acro-. (n.d.). In Greek, Acropolis means "Highest City". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: Quote: "[From Greek akros, extreme; see ak- in Indo-European roots.]"
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000, p. 87
Jump up ^ "History", Odysseus. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Reeves and Dyfri Williams, "The Parthenon in Ruins", British Museum Magazine 57 (spring/summer 2007), pp. 36-38. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Castleden, Rodney (2005). Mycenaeans. Routledge. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-134-22782-2.
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000, p. 74-75.
Jump up ^ ἔμπλεκτος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000, p. 78.
Jump up ^ "The springs and fountains of the Acropolis hill", Hydria Project. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1999). Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Oxford University Press. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-0-19-509742-9.
Jump up ^ Starr, Chester G. "Peisistratos". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Acropolis fortification wall", Odysseus. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000, p. 121.
Jump up ^ (in Greek) [1], Retrieved 5 June 2012
Jump up ^ Manolis Korres, Topographic Issues of the Acropolis, Archaeology of the City of Athens; Retrieved 7 June 2012
Jump up ^ "Athens, Pre-Parthenon (Building)", Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Dörpfeld, W: Der aeltere Parthenon, Ath. Mitt, XVII, 1892, pp. 158–89. (in German)
Jump up ^ Kavvadias, Panagiotis, Kawerau, Georg: Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890, Athens, 1906 (in German)
Jump up ^ "Ictinus and Callicrates with Phidias", Architecture Week. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mnesicles". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ McCulloch, John Ramsay (1841). A Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical: Of the Various Countries, Places and Principal Natural Objects in the World. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 205–.
Jump up ^ Mark, Ira S. (1993). The Sanctuary of Athena Nike in Athens: Architectural Stages and Chronology. ASCSA. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-87661-526-3.
Jump up ^ Thomas Sakoulas, "Erechtheion", Ancient-Greece.org. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Venieri, "Erechtheion", Odysseus. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Acropolis of Athens". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia", Acropolis Museum. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Mikalson, Jon D. (2011). Ancient Greek Religion. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-1-4443-5819-3. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Brouskarē, Maria S. (1997). The monuments of the Acropolis. pp 56-57: Ministry of Culture, Archeological Receipts Fund. ISBN 978-960-214-158-8. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Travlos, John, Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens, London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. p.54.
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000 p. 278
Jump up ^ "The Stoa of Eumenes", The Acropolis of Athens. Greek Thesaurus. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Hurwit 2000, p. 279.
Jump up ^ Nulton, Peter, The Sanctuary of Apollo Hypoakraios and Imperial Athens, Archaeologia Transatlantica XXI, 2003.
Jump up ^ Steves, Rick (2011). Rick Steves' Greece: Athens & the Peloponnese. Avalon Travel. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-1-61238-060-5. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Partenon", Ancient Greece. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. pp. 233–. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
Jump up ^ Neils, Jenifer (5 September 2005). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–. ISBN 978-0-521-82093-6.
Jump up ^ Hellenistic ministry of culture History of the Acropolis of Athens
Jump up ^ "Acropolis, Athens: Long description", UNESCO. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Reeves and Dyfri Williams, "The Parthenon in Ruins", British Museum Magazine, No 57, 2007, pages 36–38. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Hadingham, Evan (February 2008). "Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon". Smithsonian.
Jump up ^ "The Acropolis Museum". Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Fani Mallouchou-Tufano, "The Restoration of the Athenian Acropolis", University of Michigan. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "2010 – 2011, The progress of restoration on the Acropolis", The Acropolis Restoration News, July 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Acropolis Restoration Project-Lecture by Maria Ioannidou, Director, Acropolis Restoration Service", Columbia University. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Panathenaic Festical".
Bibliography[edit]
Andronicos, Manolis (2005). The Acropolis. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. ISBN 9789602130063.
Bouras, Charalampos; Ioannidou, Maria; Jenkins, Ian (2012). Acropolis Restored. British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0861591879.
Brouskarē, Maria S. (1997). The monuments of the Acropolis. Ministry of Culture, Archeological Receipts Fund. ISBN 978-960-214-158-8.
Economakis, Richard; Bettella, Mario (2010). Acropolis: Ancient Cities. Artmedia Press. ISBN 9781902889061.
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2000). The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521428347.
Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2004). The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521527408.
Keesling, Catherine M. (2008). The Votive Statues of the Athenian Acropolis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521071260.
Miller, Walter (2009). A History of the Akropolis of Athens. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1607244981.
Neils, Jenifer (2005). The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82093-6.
Rhodes, Robin Francis (1995). Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521469814.
Shuter, Jane (1999). The Acropolis. Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1575728551.
Servi, Katerina (2011). The Acropolis: The Acropolis Museum. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 978-9602134528.
Tanaka, Michitaro (1978). The Acropolis. Kodansha America, Inc. ISBN 978-0870110856.
Pillars of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acropolis of Athens.
The Acropolis of Athens (Greek Government website)
The Acropolis Restoration Project (Greek Government website)
The Acropolis of Athens Virtual Tour
The Acropolis Museum and the Goddess Athena
The Glafka Project
UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Acropolis, Athens
Ancient Athens 3D
Excerpt on the geology of Athens from: A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean by Michael and Reynold Higgins, Cornell University Press, 1996
The Acropolis of Athens-Athensguide
Tour of Acropolis of Athens, Site of the Parthenon-About.com
Athenian Acropolis
Videos
Acropolis of Athens, Full Reconstruction, animation by the Technological Research Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela, on YouTube
Timelapse video of Acropolis during Earth Hour 2010 Timelapse showing how the Acropolis of Athens switched off & on the lights during Earth Hour 2010
The Acropolis in 1955
The Acropolis in 1969
Greek Glory A tour of ancient Greek buildings and monuments in Athens in the 1940s
Acropolis of Athens from the old Greek TV show "Ελλάδος Περιήγησις..." (Greece Tours), 1998 (in Greek)
Athens, Greece: Ancient Acropolis and Agora by Rick Steves
Three dimensional reconstruction of ancient Acropolis
Βασιλόπουλος (Vasilopoulos), Χρίστος (Christos) (2011). "Η ιστορία της Ακρόπολης" [The history of Acropolis]. Μηχανή Του Χρόνου (The Time Machine) (in Greek). Greece. NET.
[show]
Articles and topics related to Acropolis of Athens
[show]
v
t
e
Acropolis of Athens
Extant structures
Parthenon
Erechtheion
Propylaea
Temple of Athena Nike
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Stoa of Eumenes
Sanctuary of Asclepius
Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
Aglaureion
Former structures
Pelasgic wall
Hekatompedon temple
Older Parthenon
Old Temple of Athena
Perserschutt
Statue of Athena Promachos
Statue of Athena Parthenos
Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
Chalkotheke
Pandroseion
Arrephorion
Altar of Athena
Eleusinion
Nike of Callimachus
Sanctuary of Pandion
Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
Odeon of Pericles
Frankish Tower
People
Creation
Pericles
Phidias
Ictinus
Callicrates
Mnesikles
Destruction
Francesco Morosini
Lord Elgin
Giovanni Battista Lusieri
Reverend Philip Hunt
Museums
Acropolis Museum
Old Acropolis Museum
Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
Elgin Marbles at the British Museum
[show]
v
t
e
World Heritage Sites in Greece
North
Aigai
Mount Athos
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
City Walls
Rotunda
Church of the Acheiropoietos
Church of Saint Demetrios
Latomou Monastery
Church of Hagia Sophia
Church of Panagia Chalkeon
Church of Saint Panteleimon
Church of the Holy Apostles
Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos
Church of Saint Catherine
Church of the Saviour
Vlatades Monastery
Church of Prophet Elijah
Byzantine Bath
Philippi

Central
Delphi
Hosios Loukas
Meteora
Old Town of Corfu
Attica
Acropolis of Athens
Daphni Monastery
South
Epidaurus
Mycenae and Tiryns
Lion Gate
Treasury of Atreus
Mystras
Olympia
Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
Aegean Islands
Delos
Medieval city of Rhodes
Grand Master's Palace
Fortifications
Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse
Nea Moni of Chios
Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos
[show]
v
t
e
Major landmarks of Athens
Ancient
Acropolis
Ancient Agora
Arch of Hadrian
Areopagus
Aristotle’s Lyceum
Hadrian's Library
Kerameikos
Monument of Lysicrates
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Panathenaic Stadium
Philopappos Hill/Monument
Platonic Academy
Pnyx
Remains of the Acharnian Road, Acharnian Gate and Cemetery Site
Remains of the Long Walls
Roman Agora
Stoa of Attalos
Temple of Hephaestus
Temple of Olympian Zeus
Theatre of Dionysus
Tower of the Winds
Byzantine
Agios Eleftherios/Mikri Mitropoli/Panagia Gorgoepikoos
Daphni Monastery
Holy Apostles Church
Kapnikarea Church
Pantanassa Church
Ottoman
Fethiye Mosque
House of Saint Philothei/Manor house of Benizelos-Palaiologos family
Tzistarakis Mosque
Modern
Hansen's "Trilogy"
Academy
Kapodistrian University of Athens
National Library of Greece
Museums
Acropolis Museum
Benaki Museum
Byzantine and Christian Museum
Museum of Cycladic Art
Kerameikos Museum
National Archaeological Museum
National Gallery
National Historical Museum
Numismatic Museum
Churches
Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens
Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite
Gardens/Parks
National Gardens
Pedion tou Areos
Squares and
Neighbourhoods
Anafiotika
Kolonaki Square
Kotzia Square
Monastiraki
Omonoia Square
Plaka
Syntagma
Thiseio
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Athens Concert Hall
Gennadius Library
National Observatory of Athens
National Theatre
Old Parliament House
Old Royal Palace
Olympic Sports Complex
Presidential Mansion
Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center
Zappeion
Marinas
Agios Kosmas Marina
Alimos Marina
Athens Marina (formerly Faliro Marina)
Marinas of Glyfada
Olympic Marine
Floisvos Marina
Marina of Vouliagmeni
Marina of Zea
Marina Tzitzifies
Others
Dionysiou Areopagitou Street
Lycabettus Hill
[show]
v
t
e
Ancient Greece
Outline
Timeline
[show]
History
Geography
Periods
Cycladic civilization
Minoan civilization
Mycenaean civilization
Greek Dark Ages
Archaic period
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Greece
Roman Greece
Geography
Aegean Sea
Aeolis
Alexandria
Antioch
Cappadocia
Crete
Cyprus
Doris
Ephesus
Epirus
Hellespont
Ionia
Ionian Sea
Macedonia
Magna Graecia
Miletus
Peloponnesus
Pergamon
Pontus
Taurica
Ancient Greek colonies
[show]
City states
Politics
Military
City states
Argos
Athens
Byzantion
Chalcis
Corinth
Eretria
Kerkyra
Larissa
Megalopolis
Megara
Rhodes
Samos
Sparta
Syracuse
Thebes
Politics
Boeotarch
Boule
Koinon
Proxeny
Strategos
Tagus
Tyrant
Amphictyonic League
Athenian
Agora
Areopagus
Ecclesia
Graphē paranómōn
Heliaia
Ostracism
Spartan
Apella
Ephor
Gerousia
Harmost
Macedon
Synedrion
Koinon
Military
Wars
Athenian military
Antigonid Macedonian army
Army of Macedon
Ballista
Cretan archers
Hellenistic armies
Hippeis
Hoplite
Hetairoi
Macedonian phalanx
Phalanx
Peltast
Pezhetairos
Sarissa
Sacred Band of Thebes
Sciritae
Seleucid army
Spartan army
Toxotai
Xiphos
Xyston
[show]
People
List of ancient Greeks
Rulers
Kings of Argos
Archons of Athens
Kings of Athens
Kings of Commagene
Diadochi
Kings of Lydia
Kings of Macedonia
Kings of Paionia
Attalid kings of Pergamon
Kings of Pontus
Kings of Sparta
Tyrants of Syracuse
Philosophers
Anaxagoras
Anaximander
Anaximenes
Antisthenes
Aristotle
Democritus
Diogenes of Sinope
Empedocles
Epicurus
Gorgias
Heraclitus
Hypatia
Leucippus
Parmenides
Plato
Protagoras
Pythagoras
Socrates
Thales
Zeno
Authors
Aeschylus
Aesop
Alcaeus
Archilochus
Aristophanes
Bacchylides
Euripides
Herodotus
Hesiod
Hipponax
Homer
Ibycus
Lucian
Menander
Mimnermus
Panyassis
Philocles
Pindar
Plutarch
Polybius
Sappho
Simonides
Sophocles
Stesichorus
Theognis
Thucydides
Timocreon
Tyrtaeus
Xenophon
Others
Agesilaus II
Agis II
Alcibiades
Alexander the Great
Aratus
Archimedes
Aspasia
Demosthenes
Epaminondas
Euclid
Hipparchus
Hippocrates
Leonidas
Lycurgus
Lysander
Milo of Croton
Miltiades
Pausanias
Pericles
Philip of Macedon
Philopoemen
Praxiteles
Ptolemy
Pyrrhus
Solon
Themistocles
Groups
Philosophers
Playwrights
Poets
Tyrants
By culture
Ancient Greek tribes
Thracian Greeks
Ancient Macedonians
[show]
Society
Culture
Society
Agriculture
Calendar
Clothing
Coinage
Cuisine
Economy
Education
Festivals
Funeral and burial practices
Homosexuality
Law
Olympic Games
Pederasty
Philosophy
Prostitution
Religion
Slavery
Warfare
Wedding customs
Wine
Arts and science
Architecture
Greek Revival architecture
Astronomy
Literature
Mathematics
Medicine
Music
Musical system
Pottery
Sculpture
Technology
Theatre
Religion
Funeral and burial practices
Mythology
mythological figures
Temple
Twelve Olympians
Underworld
Sacred places
Eleusis
Delphi
Delos
Dodona
Mount Olympus
Olympia
Structures
Athenian Treasury
Lion Gate
Long Walls
Philippeion
Theatre of Dionysus
Tunnel of Eupalinos
Temples
Aphaea
Artemis
Athena Nike
Erechtheion
Hephaestus
Hera, Olympia
Parthenon
Samothrace
Zeus, Olympia
Language
Proto-Greek
Mycenaean
Homeric
Dialects
Aeolic
Arcadocypriot
Attic
Doric
Ionic
Locrian
Macedonian
Pamphylian
Koine
Writing
Linear A
Linear B
Cypriot syllabary
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals
Attic numerals
[show]
Lists
Cities
in Epirus
People
Place names
Stoae
Temples
Theatres
Category
Portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 237708275
GND: 4068908-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acropolis_of_Athens&oldid=804892522"
Categories:
World Heritage Sites in Greece
Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC
Acropolis of Athens
Ancient Greek culture
Ancient Greek sanctuaries
Art of ancient Attica
Greek culture
Former populated places in Greece
Landmarks in Athens
Tourist attractions in Athens
Hidden categories:
Articles with Greek-language external links
Articles with German-language external links
Articles containing Greek-language text
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
CS1 Greek-language sources (el)
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Ligure
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Malti
მარგალური
Nederlands
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 19:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Acropolis_(neighbourhood)
mw-redirect
Acropolis (neighbourhood)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

values: View of the Acropolis Athens (pixinn.net).jpg

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: Table of World Heritage Sites by country

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/404

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Acropolis of Athens is located in Greece

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek
mw-redirect
Romanization of Ancient Greek

values:
/wiki/Modern_Greek_language
mw-redirect
Modern Greek language

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Aegean_civilization
mw-redirect
Aegean civilization

values:
/wiki/Cylon_(ancient_Athenian)
mw-redirect
Cylon (ancient Athenian)

values:
/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia
mw-redirect
Xerxes I of Persia

values: Edit section: The Periclean building program

values:
/wiki/Age_of_Pericles
mw-redirect
Age of Pericles

values:
/wiki/Athena_Polias
mw-redirect
Athena Polias

values:
/wiki/Pandion%27s_sanctuary
mw-redirect
Pandion's sanctuary

values: Edit section: Hellenistic and Roman period

values:
/wiki/Athenian_agora
mw-redirect
Athenian agora

values: Edit section: Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period

values:
/wiki/Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Virgin Mary

values:
/wiki/Areios_Pagos
mw-redirect
Areios Pagos

values: Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: margin-left: 480px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;

values:
floatright noresize
height: 319px; width: 500px;

values:
/wiki/Odeon_of_Pericles
mw-redirect
Odeon of Pericles

values: Edit section: The Acropolis Restoration Project

values:
/wiki/Mount_Penteli
mw-redirect
Mount Penteli

values:
/wiki/Western_Civilization
mw-redirect
Western Civilization

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en

values:
nofollow
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/hellenic/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.ysma.gr/en/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://acropolis-virtualtour.gr/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.acropolis-athena.gr

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ancientathens3d.com/arxikiEn.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://vimeo.com/10495006

values:
/wiki/New_Hellenic_Television
mw-redirect
New Hellenic Television

values:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Altar_of_Athena
mw-redirect
Altar of Athena

values: Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Greece

values: Church of Saint Panteleimon (Thessaloniki)

values: Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki)

values: Facade of Philip II tomb Vergina Greece.jpg

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

values: Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center

values:
HistoryGeography
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Doric_hexapolis
mw-redirect
Doric hexapolis

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
City_statesPoliticsMilitary
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia
mw-redirect
List of kings of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope
mw-redirect
Diogenes of Sinope

values:
SocietyCulture
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Hellenic_calendars
mw-redirect
Hellenic calendars

values: Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs
mw-redirect
Ancient Greek wedding customs

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/237708275

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4068908-6

values: Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC

values: Category:Former populated places in Greece

values: Category:Articles with Greek-language external links

values: Category:Articles with German-language external links

values: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: አክሮፖሊስ – Amharic

values: أكروبوليس أثينا – Arabic

values: Афінскі акропаль – Belarusian

values: Акропол (Атина) – Bulgarian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: προβεβλημένο λήμμα

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis
Acropolis – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ακρόπολη Αθηνών – Greek

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: προβεβλημένο λήμμα

values: آکروپولیس – Persian

values: 아크로폴리스 (아테네) – Korean

values: Աթենքի Ակրոպոլիս – Armenian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: προβεβλημένο λήμμα

values: האקרופוליס באתונה – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis
Acropolis – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಅಕ್ರೋಪೊಲಿಸ್ – Kannada

values: ათენის აკროპოლისი – Georgian

values: Атински aкропол – Macedonian

values: ഏതൻസിലെ അക്രോപോളിസ് – Malayalam

values: ათენიშ აკროპოლისი – Mingrelian

values: アテナイのアクロポリス – Japanese

values: Афинский акрополь – Russian

values: Акропољ (Атина) – Serbian

values: ஏதென்ஸின் அக்ரோபோலிஸ் – Tamil

values: Афінський акрополь – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Acropolis_of_Athens rootpage-Acropolis_of_Athens vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Arsenal F.C. v Manchester United F.C.
Teams
Arsenal
Manchester United
First meeting
13 October 1894
Newton Heath 3–3 Woolwich Arsenal
Latest meeting
Arsenal 2–0 Manchester United
Premier League
(7 May 2017)
Next meeting
Arsenal v Manchester United
Premier League
(2 December 2017)
Stadiums
Emirates Stadium (Arsenal)
Old Trafford (Manchester United)
Statistics
Meetings total
226
Most wins
Manchester United (94)
Most player appearances
Ryan Giggs (50)
Top scorer
Wayne Rooney (12)
All-time series
Arsenal: 82
Drawn: 50
Manchester United: 94
Largest victory
Manchester United 8–2 Arsenal
(28 August 2011)
The rivalry between Arsenal and Manchester United is a notable one in English football as both clubs are recognised for having great history and traditions.[1] Although the two clubs have frequently been in the same division as each other since 1919, the rivalry was instigated in 1990, when a brawl resulted in both clubs having points deductions in the Football League First Division.
Many of the clashes between the two teams in the late 1990s and early 2000s have been due to the teams being fierce rivals in the Premier League and FA Cup. During this period, there was enmity between the two longest serving managers in Premier League history, Arsenal's Arsène Wenger (1996–present) and United's Sir Alex Ferguson (1986–2013), and their former club captains Patrick Vieira and Roy Keane.[2][3] Both managers spurred each other on for greater success,[4] and the contests often involved on-field trouble – seven red cards were shown in matches between February 1997 to February 2005.[5] The league fixture in September 2003 was marred by a mêlée instigated by Arsenal players, who felt striker Ruud van Nistelrooy had cheated to get Vieira sent off. A season later, Manchester United ended Arsenal's unbeaten run in controversial circumstances, which led to more disorder, this time in the tunnel.
The rivalry under Ferguson and Wenger is considered to have come to an natural end at the 2005 FA Cup Final, given the London club then underwent a period of transitional change. By 2008 former Arsenal player Lee Dixon noted that the rivalry had diminished somewhat,[6] while Ferguson himself stated the two teams have cooled from those previously "heated" exchanges.[1]
As of May 2017, Arsenal and Manchester United have played each other 226 times competitively; United have won 94 to Arsenal's 82, and 50 have ended in a draw. Wayne Rooney has scored the most goals in the fixture with 12, while Ryan Giggs has made the highest number of appearances with 50. Several players have featured for both clubs at different stages of their career, including Andy Cole, Robin van Persie, Danny Welbeck and former manager George Graham.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 1996–2003
1.3 2003–04: Brawl and Cup semi-final meeting
1.4 2004–05: Unbeaten run ends, tunnel fracas
1.5 2005–present
2 Ferguson and Wenger
3 Television and radio broadcasts
4 Crossing the divide
5 Statistics
5.1 Honours
5.2 Head-to-head results
5.3 Records
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
A particularly memorable match between the two sides came on 1 February 1958, when they met in a league fixture at Highbury.[7] It was the last league game that United played before the Munich air disaster five days later, which claimed the lives of eight of their players and saw two other players injured to such an extent that they never played again.[7] United won the game 5–4, with goals from Tommy Taylor (twice), Duncan Edwards, Bobby Charlton and Dennis Viollet.[7] Five of the United players who would lose their lives as a result of crash took to the field in the game – captain and full-back Roger Byrne, right-half Eddie Colman, centre-half Mark Jones, left-half Edwards and centre-forward Taylor.[7]
Another high-profile clash came more than 20 years later, in the final of the FA Cup on 12 May 1979.[8] A capacity crowd saw Arsenal take a 2–0 lead in the first half thanks to goals from Brian Talbot and Frank Stapleton, and with just five minutes left on the clock their lead was still intact.[8] Then, in the 86th minute, Gordon McQueen pulled a goal back for United, and two minutes later they equalised with a goal from Sammy McIlroy.[8] However, barely a minute after United equalised, Arsenal's Alan Sunderland scored an 89th-minute goal to win the cup 3–2 for Arsenal.[9]
Although Arsenal and Manchester United had previously contested many significant matches, Sir Alex Ferguson believed the rivalry started in January 1987 when David Rocastle was sent off for retaliating against a foul on Norman Whiteside.[10] It is, however, generally perceived to have begun in October 1990, when a brawl between both sides at Old Trafford resulted in both clubs being docked points in the 1990–91 First Division.[11] The two clubs fined several of their players, and in Arsenal's case, their manager too. Arsenal and United next faced each other at Highbury a little over a month later in the Football League Cup fourth round.[12] United won the tie 6–2, with 19-year-old winger Lee Sharpe scoring a hat-trick.[12]
1996–2003[edit]
Gary Neville described Arsenal's 1998 side as "experienced and strong, both mentally and physically."[13]
The rivalry intensified following the arrival of Arsène Wenger in October 1996.[14] A league match between the two sides in February 1997 was marred by an incident between Arsenal's Ian Wright and United's Peter Schmeichel; the striker challenged for the ball with both feet and caught the goalkeeper with his studs.[15] A confrontation ensued and police stepped in to keep the players apart after the final whistle.[16] Wright's behaviour was scrutinised at a hearing, where he complained he was subject to racial abuse by Schmeichel, at which point the FA intervened and met with representatives of both clubs.[15] In April 1997, Wright and Schmeichel settled their differences, but the managers' animosity towards each other started to become apparent.[17] Wenger had advised against the Premier League extending the season to ease Manchester United's fixture congestion, to which Ferguson publicly retorted: "Maybe he should concentrate on Ian Wright's tackles rather than Manchester United. He's at a big club, well Arsenal used to be a big club, and maybe next year he could be in the same situation. I wonder what [h]is story will be then."[18]
United had won four of the first five editions of the newly-branded league, and were on course to continue their domination after opening up a sizeable lead in February 1998.[19] Injuries and poor results however destabilised the team, and by the time Arsenal visited Old Trafford in March, a title race was looking probable.[20] Wenger was bullish of his team's chances: "I told you last week that the race was not over when the bookmakers stopped betting. Surprise, surprise, they have started taking money again."[21] A goal from Marc Overmars set Arsenal on the way to victory, which put them six points behind with three games in hand.[22] They eventually won the league, and secured the double by beating Newcastle United in the Cup final.[23]
"It was a trauma for us. I can still hear the shouts of their team having won, they couldn’t believe it because they were down to 10 men. And I think that put them on a wave of euphoria and then they won the title – just."
—Arsène Wenger reflecting on the FA Cup semi-final replay[24]
Arsenal began the 1998–99 season with a 3–0 win over United in the Charity Shield; Ferguson was unconcerned by the result given its pre-season status, but losing to the champions a month later by the same scoreline was, in his words, "a lot less tolerable."[25] Both clubs again vied for domestic honours; United this time pipped Arsenal by a point to regain the title.[26] They also met in the FA Cup semi-final, which was replayed after the original game ended goalless.[27] David Beckham and Dennis Bergkamp scored for their respective clubs either side of half time, Roy Keane was dismissed, and the holders late on were awarded a penalty.[27] Schmeichel saved Bergkamp's attempt and the tie went into extra time. Ryan Giggs memorably scored the winner, picking up possession on the halfway line and dribbling past the entire Arsenal back line before shooting past David Seaman.[27] "A match that had everything finished with a pitch invasion, sporadic fighting and David Beckham carried shoulder-high from the field" wrote Matt Dickinson in The Times.[28] United went on to complete the treble, winning the UEFA Champions League.[26]
The rivalry continued into the new millennium, though Manchester United's domestic grip tightened. They finished 18 points clear of Arsenal in 1999–2000 and completed a hat-trick of titles the following season. Any indication United could be caught faded once Ferguson's team trounced Arsenal 6–1 at Old Trafford in February 2001.[29] Dwight Yorke scored a hat-trick, on a day Wenger fielded a relatively inexperienced centre-back pairing of Gilles Grimandi and Igors Stepanovs.[29] At the end of the campaign, Ferguson announced his decision to retire.[30] He reportedly sanctioned a bid to sign midfielder Patrick Vieira, who was upset at Arsenal's transfer inactivity. The transfer never came through; Wenger blamed his rivals for "...approach[ing] to Patrick without contacting us, and that does not really respect the rules."[31] United made an indifferent start to the league campaign, and by February 2002, Ferguson went back on his retirement plan on the advice of his family.[32][33] Arsenal hit their stride as the 2001–02 season came to a close, winning the double for the second time in four years.[34] The championship was decided at Old Trafford in the penultimate game of the season; Wenger described his team's 1–0 win as a "shift of power."[35]
"It's getting tickly now – squeaky-bum time, I call it."
—Sir Alex Ferguson on the title race, 2003[36]
United again won the title back in 2002–03, when it looked as though Arsenal would retain it. A late-season encounter between the teams ended in controversial circumstances after the match officials allowed Thierry Henry's second goal to stand despite the player being offside and Sol Campbell was sent off for an elbow on Ole Gunnar Solskjær in a 2–2 draw.[37] Arsenal had beaten United on the way to FA Cup success and both teams contested the 2003 FA Community Shield at the start of the 2003–04 season. In a hotly-contested match, Phil Neville was booked in the first minute for a challenge on Vieira and a minute later, Ashley Cole received a booking for fouling Solskjær.[38] Yellow cards were also given to Quinton Fortune and Paul Scholes for United and Vieira for Arsenal.[38] Substitute Francis Jeffers was shown a straight red for a kick on Phil Neville and, despite originally going unpunished, Campbell was later given a three-match ban by the FA for kicking out at Eric Djemba-Djemba.[39] The game finished 1–1 after 90 minutes and United eventually won the Shield 4–3 on penalties.[38]
2003–04: Brawl and Cup semi-final meeting[edit]
See also: Battle of Old Trafford
Old Trafford was the setting for another brawl between the two sides.
The rivalry escalated in September 2003, when Arsenal travelled to Old Trafford. In the match Vieira was shown a second yellow card for his part in an altercation with striker Ruud van Nistelrooy, and during stoppage time, defender Martin Keown brought down Diego Forlán in the Arsenal penalty area. United were awarded a penalty and Van Nistelrooy stepped up to take it, but his shot rebounded off the crossbar.[40] This was followed by scenes of jubilation from the Arsenal players, who confronted Van Nistelrooy after his miss.[40] The resulting scuffle led to another fracas after the final whistle, which ended up with four players from both sides being given yellow cards.[40] The FA took action, later charging six of Arsenal's players (Jens Lehmann, Ray Parlour, Lauren, Cole, Keown and Vieira) with improper conduct.[41] The club was fined £175,000, the largest ever given to a club by the FA at the time.[41] Lauren received a four-game ban, whereas Vieira and Parlour were given one-match suspensions.[42]
The next game between these two clubs was held at Highbury in March 2004, again ending in a draw.[43] Ferguson's side then knocked Arsenal out of the FA Cup semi-final at Villa Park the following weekend; United supporters at the ground led a chorus of "Where's your Treble gone?" to their rivals.[44] United went on to win the FA Cup, while Arsenal regained the title without losing a league game. They faced each other in the 2004 FA Community Shield and Arsenal won the match 3–1.[45]
2004–05: Unbeaten run ends, tunnel fracas[edit]
See also: Battle of the Buffet
Arsène Wenger was highly critical of Mike Riley's performance, suggesting the referee was biased towards the home side.[46]
By the time Arsenal next played Manchester United, the club had extended its unbeaten league run to 49 games.[47] United stood in sixth place in the table, 11 points behind Arsenal and were intent on ending their rivals' undefeated streak.[48] Ferguson in his press conference described Arsenal's conduct in the equivalent fixture a year ago as "...the worst thing I've seen in this sport. No wonder they were so delighted at the verdicts."[48]
The October 2004 league match, staged at Old Trafford, was blighted by a number of fouls, overlooked by referee Mike Riley, including striker Van Nistelrooy's studs-up challenge on Cole.[49] Arsenal dictated much of the play, but as the game headed towards the finish, United threatened. The home side were awarded a penalty when Wayne Rooney was adjudged to have been fouled in the area by Campbell. Van Nistelrooy scored and late in the game Rooney scored to give United a 2–0 win.[50] Tempers flared in the tunnel afterwards; Wenger confronted Van Nistelrooy for his tackle on Cole, but Ferguson intervened and told him to leave his players alone.[51] Pizza was thrown at Ferguson by an Arsenal player, which forced him to change into the club tracksuit in order to carry out his television duties. An investigation into "Pizzagate" never came around as both clubs kept silent.[52]
The clubs met again five weeks later in the League Cup quarter-finals at Old Trafford and despite both sides fielding weakened teams, the match was not short of drama.[53] David Bellion gave United the lead in just 19 seconds, but tempers boiled over in the second half; a late tackle by Robin van Persie on Kieran Richardson resulted in a fracas between both sets of players, which concluded with both protagonists getting booked by referee Mark Halsey.[53] The game finished 1–0.[53] In the reverse league fixture, club captains Keane and Vieira had to be separated in the tunnel before the match by referee Graham Poll. Keane accused the Arsenal midfielder of intimidating his teammate Gary Neville, telling the press afterwards: "I said, 'Come and have a go at me'. Simple as that. If he wants to intimidate some of my team-mates then let's have a go at some of the other players. I think Gary Neville's an easy target. I wasn't having it."[54] Vieira gave Arsenal the lead in the eighth minute of the match but United ran out 4–2 winners.[55]
In May 2005, Arsenal and United contested the 124th FA Cup Final. It was the first time in the competition's history that the final was decided on a penalty shoot-out. Arsenal beat United 5–4, following a goalless draw after extra time.[56] Arsenal forward José Antonio Reyes became the second player in Cup Final history to be sent off, following his second yellow card near the end of extra time.[57]
2005–present[edit]
Chelsea's emergence as title challengers put an end to Arsenal and Manchester United's domestic duopoly.[58] The London club won back-to-back league titles in 2004–05 and 2005–06 under José Mourinho, at a time when Arsenal and United underwent a period of transition.[59] Vieira and Keane had left their respective clubs by the end of 2005, while Ferguson came under intense scrutiny over his management.[60] Nevertheless, he guided his team to Premier League success in 2006–07, and won a further four league titles.[61] At Arsenal, Wenger oversaw the club's relocation to the Emirates Stadium and made the decision to prioritise it over strengthening the squad.[62] The club sold several experienced players, replenishing them with younger talent.[62] Though Wenger solidified Arsenal's Champions League status, the 2005 Cup win was their last piece of silverware until 2014.[63]
Robin van Persie about to take a penalty against his former side, April 2013
Though the rivalry cooled, the two clubs were still involved in engrossing battles; The Guardian's Jamie Jackson wrote after a November 2007 fixture: "For once here was enough spectacle to meet the pre-match hype and convince the millions watching around the world that the Premier League may just have the best footballers who can play the very best stuff."[64] In 2009, the teams met in the semi-finals of the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League, which United won 4–1 on aggregate. United defender Patrice Evra was blunt in his post-match assessment: "It was 11 men against 11 children. We never doubted ourselves. We have much more experience and that's what made the difference."[65]
In December 2010, Ferguson made a personal plea to the United fans to no longer sing a "sick" chant at Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, as those kind of chants from fans were considered an embarrassment to the club.[66] With both teams going for the Premier League title in May 2011, Arsenal won their first game against Manchester United since November 2008, to leave United just three points ahead of Chelsea and six ahead of Arsenal going into the final three games of the season.[67] Nevertheless, United won the league, nine points ahead of Chelsea and 12 points ahead of Arsenal.[68]
In August 2011, Arsenal suffered their heaviest league defeat in 84 years as they lost 8–2 to Manchester United at Old Trafford. Arsenal had not lost a league game by such a margin since 1927 when they lost 7–0 to West Ham United in the old Football League First Division.[69] This was also the first time they had conceded eight goals in a game since 1896, when they lost 8–0 to the now defunct Loughborough in the old Football League Second Division.[70] A year later, striker Robin van Persie joined United, having stated that he would not renew his contract with Arsenal. It was speculated that he would move to a club overseas, but signed for the Manchester club, the first Arsenal player to do so since Viv Anderson in 1987.[71] Ferguson called Wenger to push through a deal when he learnt of the contract situation.[72] Van Persie was instrumental in United's league win of 2012–13 – Ferguson's last, and coincidentally received a guard of honour by his former teammates before United faced Arsenal at the Emirates in April 2013.[73]
The appointment of Mourinho as United manager in 2016 added a new twist to the rivalry, given the previous animosity between him and Wenger.[74] Sports writer Daniel Taylor however argued that Wenger's stagnation hindered any confrontations between the two managers, writing: "Ferguson stopped aiming his barbs at Wenger once it became clear his old enemy was no longer capable of producing title-winning teams and it doesn’t feel like a coincidence that Mourinho also seems indifferent now that Arsenal have dropped even further back."[75] Former midfielder Phil Neville criticised the players for hugging in the tunnel before a league fixture in May 2017, calling the pleasantries a "total nonsense".[76]
Ferguson and Wenger[edit]
It was not until Wenger's arrival in October 1996 that Arsenal reemerged as a serious league competitor. By the end of the 1996–97 season, Manchester United amassed their fourth title in five seasons,[77] whereas Arsenal finished the campaign in third – their highest position since the formation of the Premier League in 1992.[78] During the season, Wenger commented on rule changes which permitted an extension to the league calendar: "It's wrong the programme is extended so Manchester United can rest and win everything."[79] His observation irked Ferguson, who replied: "He has no experience of English football. He has come here from Japan, and now he is telling everyone how to organise our football. Unless you have been in the situation and had the experience then he should keep his mouth shut, firmly shut."[80]
Sir Alex Ferguson's relationship with Arsène Wenger turned cordial in later years.
The relationship between both managers was evidently hostile to begin with. Ferguson noted that Wenger was the only manager he came across in the league not to share a drink with after matches – an English football "tradition".[81] In a joint interview with The Times and Daily Mail in 2009, Wenger said his discourtesy was mistaken for mistrust and managers "cannot be completely friendly and open up."[82] When asked if this was the reason he avoided the post-match drink, he replied: "Most of the time, yes. What can you say if you have won? And if you have lost all you want to do is get home and prepare for the next game."[82]
In January 2005, Ferguson and Wenger were embroiled in a new row over what had happened in the tunnel after Pizzagate.[83] Ferguson alleged that Wenger called his players "cheats" and never apologised for his team's behaviour: "It's a disgrace, but I don't expect Wenger to ever apologise, he's that type of person."[83] Wenger then claimed Ferguson was guilty of bringing the game into disrepute; he told reporters that he "will never answer any questions any more about this man," but went further to question the motive of the press: "What I don't understand is that he does what he wants and you are all at his feet."[84] Both managers came under pressure from the Metropolitan Police Service, then Sports Minister Richard Caborn and Premier League chairman Richard Scudamore to put an end to the bickering.[85] Ferguson and Wenger agreed to tone down their words, in an attempt to defuse the rivalry. In later years, Ferguson said Arsenal's defeat "scrambled Arsène’s brain" and caused their relationship to breakdown for almost five years.[86]
The two managers have "exchanged some of football's best and bitterest verbal swipes."[87] In 1997, Ferguson called Wenger a "novice" for complaining about the fixture programme and later said of his linguistic skills: "They say he’s an intelligent man, right? Speaks five languages! I’ve got a 15-year-old boy from the Ivory Coast who speaks five languages!"[88] After Arsenal's defeat to Manchester United in February 1997 – a match marred by a bust up between Wright and Schmeichel, Wenger referred to Ferguson’s interference: "I was surprised to see Ferguson on the pitch because you can only play eleven."[79] When Ferguson asserted that his team played the best football in England during the 2001–02 season, Wenger quipped: "Everyone thinks they have the prettiest wife at home," a subtle remark that Ferguson initially suspected was a taunt at his own wife Cathy.[89]
Such was the media's fascination of both managers' insults towards one another, psychologists were brought in to read and contrast their personalities.[79] John Kramer, a sports psychologist suggested in 2004 that Ferguson and Wenger used their rivalry in order to relax before an important match. To him, Ferguson was "...the past master in terms of creating an environment of keeping his players hungry" by using a persecution complex; Wenger on the other hand diffuses the psychology and would rather "...tell his players they are all superb and will attempt to create an environment where they are able to show off their skills without the rest of it."[90] Kramer concluded that both managers' comments "add[s] to the drama", but was insignificant in the games between the two clubs.[90]
Ferguson in his autobiography said a major turning point in his relationship with Wenger was after the Champions League semi-final of 2009; the Arsenal manager invited his competitor into the dressing room and congratulated him on United's win.[86] Wenger admitted their relationship had become genial since his team stopped competing with Manchester United for trophies.[82] The move to the Emirates Stadium in 2006 is often cited as the reason why, given it coincided with a transitional phase for the club. Several experienced first teamers were displaced in favour of youth and the style of football became shifted more towards ball retention.[91] Ferguson assessed the change in philosophy proved that Wenger did not "like to blend them too much with older players;" he also felt the team lacked a much needed balance between attack and defence.[92]
Television and radio broadcasts[edit]
The growth of the rivalry during the 1990s attracted the attention of broadcasters and has led to fixtures being rescheduled from the 3pm blackout period to primetime viewing in the United Kingdom. League matches are often broadcast on Sky Sports – once as early as 11:15am,[93] while cup games have aired on mainstream channels, BBC One and ITV.[94][95] At the height of the rivalry, the games on Sky had been billed as title deciders, and play was summarised by Martin Tyler and Andy Gray.[96] The April 2003 match at Highbury, advertised as "Face Off",[97] was watched by a British audience of 3.4 million,[98] while the 2005 Cup final was watched by more than 480 million viewers worldwide.[99]
In August 1999, the two sides participated in the world's first interactive football match,[100] and 11 years later featured in the world's first 3D TV sports broadcast – both events trialled by Sky.[101] To commemorate the 80th anniversary of the first radio football commentary, the BBC reintroduced its "grid system" to help listeners visualise the action between Arsenal and Manchester United in January 2007.[102] Musician David Gray was enlisted as guest summariser, with John Murray describing the action and James Alexander Gordon calling out the grid numbers to explain where the ball was.[102]
The rivalry was explored in an ITV4 special, Keane & Vieira: Best of Enemies, first broadcast in December 2013. The documentary saw the former captains discussing about their relationship, views on their respective managers and what they thought of each other.[103]
Crossing the divide[edit]
Danny Welbeck moved from Manchester United to Arsenal in September 2014.
Arsenal, then Manchester United
Name
Pos.
Arsenal
Manchester United
David Herd
FW 1954–1961 1961–1968
Ian Ure
MF 1963–1969 1969–1971
George Graham
FW 1966–1972 1972–1974
Frank Stapleton
FW 1971–1981 1981–1987
Viv Anderson
DF 1984–1987 1987–1991
Andy Cole
FW 1989–1992 1995–2001
Matt Wicks
DF 1994–1995 1995–1996
Robin van Persie
FW 2004–2012 2012–2015
Note: Matthew Wicks never played a senior game for either team
Manchester United, then Arsenal
Name
Pos.
Manchester United
Arsenal
Paddy Sloan
FW 1937–1939 1946–1948
Jimmy Rimmer
GK 1965–1974 1974–1977
Brian Kidd
FW 1967–1974 1974–1976
Jim Leighton
GK 1988–1991 1991
David Platt
MF 1982–1985 1995–1998
Matt Wicks
DF 1995–1996 1996–1998
Mikaël Silvestre
DF 1999–2008 2008–2010
Danny Welbeck
FW 2008–2014 2014–
Note: David Platt never played a senior game for United.
Statistics[edit]
All figures are correct as of the match played on 6 August 2017.[104][105][106][107]
Honours[edit]
Numbers with this background and symbol are italicised to denote club holds record in the competition.
Team
League
FA Cup
League Cup
League Centenary Trophy
European Cup/
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Cup/
Europa League
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Cup Winners' Cup
Community Shield
UEFA Super Cup
Intercontinental Cup
Club World Cup
Club total
Arsenal
13 13 2 1 0 0 1 1 15 0 0 0
46
Manchester United
20 12 5 0 3 1 0 1 21 1 1 1
66
Total
33
25
7
1
3
1
1
2
35
1
1
1
112
Head-to-head results[edit]
Rio Ferdinand and Cesc Fàbregas in discussion with the referee before the first European game between the two sides in April 2009.
Competition
Played
Arsenal wins
Drawn
Manchester United wins
Arsenal goals
Manchester United goals
Football League/Premier League
196 69 46 81 272 297
FA Cup
15 6 2 7 19 19
Football League Cup
6 2 0 4 8 15
Football League Centenary Trophy
1 1 0 0 2 1
FA Community Shield
6 4 2 0 14 7
UEFA Champions League
2 0 0 2 1 4
Total
226
82
50
94
316
343
Records[edit]
First competitive meeting: Newton Heath 3–3 Woolwich Arsenal, Second Division, 13 October 1894[104]
First FA Cup meeting: Manchester United 2–3 Arsenal, fourth round, 10 March 1936[104]
First League Cup meeting: Arsenal 3–2 Manchester United, second round, 30 August 1977[104]
First European meeting: Manchester United 1–0 Arsenal, UEFA Champions League semi-final, 6 April 2009[108]
First away victory for Arsenal: 1–0 vs Manchester United, Second Division, 15 March 1902[104]
First away victory for Manchester United: 2–0 vs Arsenal, Second Division, 3 April 1897[104]
Highest scoring game: Manchester United 8–2 Arsenal, Premier League, 28 August 2011[104]
Largest winning margin (Manchester United): 6 goals – 8–2 vs Arsenal, Premier League, 28 August 2011[104]
Largest winning margin (Arsenal): 5 goals – 5–0 vs Manchester United, FA Cup fourth round, 30 January 1937[104]
Most consecutive wins (Manchester United): 5, 6 September 1983–24 August 1985[104]
Most consecutive wins (Arsenal): 4, 9 November 1997–20 September 1998[104]
Longest undefeated run (Manchester United): 9 – 6 wins and 3 draws over 20 November 1954 to 11 October 1958[104]
Longest undefeated run (Arsenal): 5 – 4 wins and 1 draw over 5 April 1922 to 28 December 1926[104]
Most consecutive draws: 3, 26 September 1981–25 September 1982[104]
Most games played against each other in a season: 5, in the 1998–99 and 2004–05 seasons[104]
Record goalscorer: Wayne Rooney (12), Manchester United.[109] He scored on his League debut for the club against Arsenal on 24 October 2004.[110]
Most appearances: Ryan Giggs (50), Manchester United. He made his final appearance in the fixture as a substitute on 9 November 2013.[111]
Highest league attendance: 83,260 at Maine Road, First Division, 17 January 1948[112]
See also[edit]
List of sports rivalries in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
General
Crick, Michael (2003). The Boss: The Many Sides of Alex Ferguson. London: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-2991-5.
Gray, Andy (2005). Gray Matters. London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-43199-4.
Ferguson, Alex (2011). Managing My Life: My Autobiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 1-444-70910-0.
Manson, David (2005). Quotations from the Public Comments of Arsene Wenger: Manager, Arsenal. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-1056-1.
Neville, Gary (2011). Red: My Autobiography. London: Random House. ISBN 0-5930-6559-X.
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b "Old foes, new rivalry". Manchester United F.C. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Leach, Jimmy; Rice, Simon (29 April 2009). "The bitter rivalry between Arsenal and Manchester United". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ferguson and Wenger 'are friends'". BBC Sport. 23 October 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Myles (24 October 2004). "Fergie owes knighthood to Wenger the 'flat-track bully'". The Observer. London. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Quiz: Manchester United v Arsenal: 14 red cards in the Wenger era – how many can you recall?". Eurosport. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ A Davies, Gareth (15 February 2008). "Arsenal heroes relish rivalry with Man Utd". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Philip, Robert (5 February 2008). "Busby Babes' last – and finest – league game". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "'The Five Minute Final' stuns Manchester Utd". Arsenal F.C. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "FA Cup Archive: Arsenal survive Cup scare". BBC Sport. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Northcroft, Jonathan (19 April 2009). "Rivalry renewed". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 15 August 2009. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mark (12 March 2011). "Battle Grounds: The history of Arsenal and United's emnity". The Independent. London. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Smyth, Rob (11 April 2008). "The Joy of Six: Manchester Utd v Arsenal showdowns". theguardian.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Neville 2011, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Trickett, Alex (23 November 2004). "Ferguson's defining moments". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lacey, David (20 February 1997). "Wright in trouble as United pull away". The Guardian. London. p. 26.
Jump up ^ "Schmeichel faces racist abuse charge". The Independent. 21 February 1997. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Harris, Harry (27 February 1997). "Wright to end feud". The Mirror. London. pp. 40, 44.
Jump up ^ "Wenger incurs the wrath of Ferguson". The Independent. London. 6 April 1997. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Moore, Glenn (2 March 1998). "Now United can focus on Europe". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Hayward, Paul (14 March 1998). "Wenger and the last roll of the dice". The Guardian. London. p. 40.
Jump up ^ "Bookmakers resume taking bets". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. 13 March 1998. p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Overmars keeps title race alive". BBC News. 14 March 1998. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Holt, Oliver (18 May 1998). "Overmars provides the driving force". The Times. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Paul (7 March 2015). "Arsène Wenger still haunted by that Ryan Giggs FA Cup goal in 1999". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ferguson 2011, p. 361.
^ Jump up to: a b Holt, Oliver (7 August 1999). "'The celebrations begun by that goal will never stop". The Times. pp. 36–37.
^ Jump up to: a b c Holt, Oliver (15 April 1999). "Giggs wonder goal is final thrill". The Times. p. 52.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Matt (15 April 1999). "Ferguson revels in poetic justice of United's win". The Times. p. 48.
^ Jump up to: a b "Manchester United v Arsenal: 10 famous matches". Eurosport. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ferguson to quit Man Utd in 2002". BBC Sport. 18 May 2001. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Kempson, Russell (18 July 2001). "United tried to poach unsettled Vieira, says Wenger". The Times. p. 30.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (5 February 2002). "Ferguson's U-turn delights United". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (23 February 2007). "Eriksson forced Ferguson into U-turn". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal clinch Double". BBC Sport. 8 May 2002. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Wenger hails 'shift of power'". BBC Sport. 9 May 2002. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson's best quotes". The Guardian. London. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Highbury title deadlock". BBC Sport. 16 April 2003. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man Utd win Community Shield". BBC Sport. 10 August 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Campbell charge deepens the rift". The Guardian. London. 20 August 2003. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCarra, Kevin (22 September 2003). "Title rivals are reduced to spiteful stalemate". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eight charged after bust-up". BBC Sport. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal players banned". BBC Sport. 30 October 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal 1–1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. 28 March 2004. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Amy (4 April 2004). "United finally show mettle as Scholes delivers knockout blow". The Observer. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (9 August 2004). "Arsenal show there is life beyond Vieira". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel (25 October 2004). "Soup thrown at Ferguson in tunnel fracas". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Russell (18 October 2004). "Wenger draws on fountain of Arsenal youth". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Paul (17 October 2004). "Fergie: Arsenal a 'mob who get away with murder'". The Observer. London. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (25 October 2004). "Did Riley get the big calls right?". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bartram, Steve (2 February 2010). "OT100 #83: Invincibles beaten". Manchester United F.C. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wenger steps up row with Ferguson". BBC Sport. 17 January 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Kay, Oliver (26 October 2004). "FA aiming to shed light on what happened at end of the tunnel". The Times. Retrieved 27 August 2015. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man Utd 1–0 Arsenal". BBC Sport. 1 December 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Keane told Vieira: 'pick on me'". The Observer. London. 1 February 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal 2–4 Man Utd". BBC Sport. 1 February 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal 0–0 Man Utd (aet)". BBC Sport. 21 May 2005. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Amy (22 May 2005). "Vieira holds his nerve to claim historic penalty prize for Arsenal". The Observer. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wenger fears decade of Chelsea dominance". Wales Online. Cardiff. 20 May 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Chelsea now look to be the third force, if not the first one at the moment, and that will make it more interesting.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Ian (2 November 2007). "Rebuilt rivals set for battle". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, Richard (2 January 2007). "Ferguson feeds critics a slice of humble pie, and it tastes good". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris (22 April 2013). "Golden years: The tale of Manchester United's 20 titles". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fynn, Alex; Whitcher, Kevin (31 August 2008). "Young guns". The Observer. London. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (17 May 2014). "Arsenal 3–2 Hull City". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Jamie (4 November 2007). "Last-gasp Gallas does level best for Gunners". The Observer. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "United were a different class against Arsenal's 'children', says Evra". The Guardian. London. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel (9 December 2010). "Sir Alex Ferguson calls for end to sick chants aimed at Arsène Wenger". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
Jump up ^ McCarra, Kevin (1 May 2011). "Arsenal beat Manchester United to breathe new life into title race". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (1 May 2011). "Man Utd 4–2 Blackpool". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Record Scorelines". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil (28 August 2011). "Arsene Wenger hurt by Arsenal 8–2 defeat at Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Hafez, Shamoon (1 November 2012). "Man Utd v Arsenal: Robin van Persie brave to move – Silvestre". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Adam, Marshall (27 November 2012). "Sir Alex: Van Persie signing evoked memories". Manchester United F.C. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal v Manchester United: Van Persie's guard of honour". BBC Sport. 28 April 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Patterson, Scott; Adams, Tom (17 November 2016). "United vs. Arsenal rivalry renewed as Wenger seeks to end Mourinho curse". ESPN. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel (7 May 2017). "Arsène Wenger’s decline drains rivalry with José Mourinho of poison". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Monreal thinks he's at a christening!'". BBC Sport. 7 May 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Holt, Oliver (7 May 1997). "Rivals bestow new title upon United". The Times. p. 48.
Jump up ^ "Full Arsenal league record, from 1893/94 to 2005/06". Arseweb.com. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Manson 2005, p. 89.
Jump up ^ "Wenger, in the words of others". FIFA.com. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Amy (1 October 2006). "French lessons: How Wenger changed English football". The Observer. London. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Samuel, Martin (14 August 2009). "Arsene Wenger Interview: The full transcript of Martin Samuel's fascinating meeting with the Arsenal manager – part II". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Wenger and Ferguson diaries". BBC Sport. 23 January 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Lawton, James (17 January 2005). "Ferguson's explosive attack lights Wenger's touch-paper". The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Ley, John (1 February 2005). "The bickering years". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Jeremy (22 October 2013). "Arsène Wenger rift revealed in Alex Ferguson book". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson and Arsene Wenger: their bitter football rivalry in words". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "The war of words". Sky Sports. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Crick 2003, p. 585.
^ Jump up to: a b Stevenson, Jonathan (20 October 2004). "All in the mind". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Williams, Richard (28 May 2009). "Barcelona's triumph holds hope for Arsène Wenger's brand of football". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Benammar, Emily (23 February 2009). "Arsenal lack balance in transfer dealings, says Manchester United's Alex Ferguson". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Alan, Richard (8 March 1998). "TV's Football Dinners". The Observer. London. p. B11.
Jump up ^ "The FA Cup, 2014–15, Man United v Arsenal". BBC. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Magic of the Cup? Manchester United complete decade of televised FA Cup ties". The Observer. London. 17 January 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Gray 2005, p. 254.
Jump up ^ Rookwood, Dan (9 May 2003). "Richard Keys". theguardian.com. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Wells, Matt (25 April 2003). "Niche TV overtakes big five in ratings battle". The Guardian. London. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "A history of the FA Cup". The Football Association. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sky: 20 years on ...". BSkyB. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal v Manchester United broadcast live in 3D on Sky Sports". The Daily Telegraph. London. 31 January 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fletcher, Paul (18 January 2007). "Singer Gray in commentary box". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Keane and Viera Best of Enemies ITV4". ITV Press Office. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Arsenal's Head-to-Head comparison with Manchester United". Statto Organisation. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Honours". Arsenal F.C. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trophy Room". Manchester United F.C. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mercantile Credit Centenary Trophy 1988". FootballDatabase.eu. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "'We could have won 4–0,' says disappointed Patrice Evra". The Guardian. London. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Who is Liverpool FC's goalscoring nemesis?". Liverpool Echo. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2017. Rooney has scored 14 goals in total against Arsenal, his first two as an Everton player.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (25 October 2004). "Arsenal in a rage after Rooney's party piece". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Giggs". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chelsea 1 Arsenal 1". Chelsea F.C. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Murray, Scott (2 October 2015). "A brief guide to … the history behind Manchester United and Arsenal's rivalry". theguardian.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Smyth, Rob (2018). I'll See You Out There: Arsenal, Manchester United and the Premier League's Greatest Rivalry. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 1-472-92028-7.
External links[edit]
Classic Football: Arsenal–Manchester United at FIFA.com
[show]
v
t
e
Arsenal Football Club
Players
Managers
Seasons
Records & statistics
Supporters
Ownership
Current season
History
1886 to 1966
1966 to present
Europe
Home stadium
Manor Ground (1888–1890 & 1893–1913)
Invicta Ground (1890–93)
Highbury (1913–2006)
Emirates Stadium (2006–present)
Training ground
UCL Ground
London Colney
Players
100+ appearances
25–99 appearances
1–24 appearances
Other teams
Reserves
Arsenal Academy
Arsenal Women
Rivalries
League record by opponent
North London derby
Chelsea rivalry
Manchester United rivalry
Media
Arsenal TV
The Arsenal Stadium Mystery
The Gooner
Fever Pitch
Related articles
Arsenal Supporters' Trust
The Invincibles
Tuesday Club
Affiliated academies
Barnet F.C.
Colorado Rapids
Hoang Anh Gia Lai
Richmond Strikers
Wadi Degla Sporting Club
Book:Arsenal F.C.
Category:Arsenal F.C.
Portal:Association football
Arsenal task force
Commons:Arsenal F.C.
[show]
v
t
e
Manchester United Football Club
Players
Managers
Reserves & Academy
Records & statistics
Current season
History
1878–1945
1945–1969
1969–1986
1986–2013
Seasons
Europe
Munich air disaster
Munich air disaster
Busby Babes
United
Home stadium
North Road (1878–1893)
Bank Street (1893–1910)
Old Trafford (1910–present)
Stretford End
Sir Matt Busby Way
Training ground
The Cliff
Trafford Training Centre
Players
100+ appearances
25–99 appearances
1–24 appearances
Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year
Rivalries
League record by opponent
Manchester derby
Liverpool rivalry
Leeds United rivalry
Arsenal rivalry
Supporters
Independent Manchester United Supporters Association
Manchester United Supporters' Trust
Red Army
Media
MUTV
MU Radio
Inside United
Red Issue
Red News
United We Stand
Related articles
Fergie's Fledglings
United Trinity
F.C. United of Manchester
Glazer ownership
Mascots
1915 British football betting scandal
Railway station
Book:Manchester United F.C.
Category:Manchester United F.C.
Portal:Association football
Manchester United task force
Commons:Manchester United FC
[show]
v
t
e
Football rivalries in the United Kingdom
England
A49
A62
Arsenal–Manchester United
Aston Villa–West Bromwich
Black Country
Bolton–Wigan
Brighton–Crystal Palace
Bristol
Bristol Rovers–Swindon
Chelsea–Leeds United
Chester–Wrexham
East Anglia
East Lancashire
East Midlands
Derby–Leicester
Derby–Forest
Leicester–Forest
Essex
Humber
Leeds United–Millwall
Lincolnshire
Liverpool–Manchester United
London
Arsenal–Chelsea
Chelsea–Tottenham
Millwall–West Ham
North
South
East
West
M1
M69
Manchester
Merseyside
North East
Tees–Wear
Tyne–Tees
Tyne–Wear
Nottingham
Potteries
Roses
Rules
Second City
Severnside
South Coast
Steel City
West Country
West Lancashire
West Yorkshire
Wool City
Scotland
Aberdeen–Rangers
Ayrshire
Dundee
Edinburgh
Falkirk
Fife
Highland
Lanarkshire
New Firm
North
Old Firm
Renfrewshire
Tayside
Wales
Chester–Wrexham
Severnside
South Wales
Northern Ireland
Belfast Big Two
North Belfast
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_F.C.–Manchester_United_F.C._rivalry&oldid=803729289"
Categories:
Arsenal F.C.
Manchester United F.C.
England football derbies
Hidden categories:
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Use dmy dates from July 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
فارسی
Français
日本語
Polski
Русский
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 07:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

value: span

values: text-align:center;border-top: #aaa 1px solid;

values: Manchester United F.C.–Arsenal F.C. brawl (1990)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:265px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFEFD5;

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:265px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #FFEFD5;

values: Edit section: 2003–04: Brawl and Cup semi-final meeting

values:
/wiki/Lauren_Etame_Mayer
mw-redirect
Lauren Etame Mayer

values: Edit section: 2004–05: Unbeaten run ends, tunnel fracas

values: Edit section: Television and radio broadcasts

values: border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#EBD79B; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: wikitable plainrowheaders sortable jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/Football_League_Cup
mw-redirect
Football League Cup

values: sortable wikitable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

values: background:#ef0107; color:white; border:1px solid #023474;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics

values: background:#ef0107; color:white; border:1px solid #023474;;width:1%

values: List of Arsenal F.C. players (25–99 appearances)

values: List of Arsenal F.C. players (1–24 appearances)

values:
/wiki/Wadi_Degla_Sporting_Club
mw-redirect
Wadi Degla Sporting Club

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Arsenal F.C. task force

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
collapseButton1
#
color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values: Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy

values: List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics

values: History of Manchester United F.C. (1878–1945)

values: History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–69)

values: History of Manchester United F.C. (1969–86)

values: History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–2013)

values: Manchester United F.C. in European football

values: List of Manchester United F.C. players (25–99 appearances)

values: List of Manchester United F.C. players (1–24 appearances)

values: Manchester United F.C. league record by opponent

values: Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry

values: Leeds United F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry

values: United We Stand (fanzine) (page does not exist)

values: Manchester United Football Ground railway station

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Manchester United task force

values: Template:United Kingdom football derbies

values: Template talk:United Kingdom football derbies

values: Aston Villa F.C.–West Bromwich Albion F.C. rivalry

values: Bolton Wanderers F.C.–Wigan Athletic F.C. rivalry

values: Bristol Rovers F.C.–Swindon Town F.C. rivalry

values: Derby County F.C.–Leicester City F.C. rivalry

values: Derby County F.C.–Nottingham Forest F.C. rivalry

values: Leicester City F.C.–Nottingham Forest F.C. rivalry

values: Chelsea F.C.–Tottenham Hotspur F.C. rivalry

values: Millwall F.C.–West Ham United F.C. rivalry

values: East Stirlingshire F.C.–Falkirk F.C. rivalry

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: هماوردی آرسنال و منچستر یونایتد – Persian

values: Arsenal FC - Manchester United en football – French

values: アーセナルFC対マンチェスター・ユナイテッドFC – Japanese

values: Rywalizacja Arsenalu i Manchesteru United – Polish

values: Соперничество футбольных клубов «Арсенал» и «Манчестер Юнайтед» – Russian

values: Cạnh tranh giữa Arsenal F.C. và Manchester United F.C. – Vietnamese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Arsenal_F_C_–Manchester_United_F_C_rivalry rootpage-Arsenal_F_C_–Manchester_United_F_C_rivalry vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view