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Virtual image
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"Virtual object" redirects here. For the representation of objects in computers, see Virtualization. For digital-media objects, see Virtual artifact.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Top: The formation of a virtual image using a diverging lens. Bottom: The formation of a virtual image using a convex mirror. In both diagrams, f is the focal point, O is the object and I is the image, shown in grey. Solid blue lines indicate light rays. It can be seen that the light rays appear to emanate from the virtual image but do not actually exist at the position of the virtual image. Thus an image cannot be seen by placing a screen at the position of the virtual image.
In optics, a virtual image is an image formed when the outgoing rays from a point on an object always diverge. The image appears to be located at the point of apparent divergence. Because the rays never really converge, a virtual image cannot be projected onto a screen. In diagrams of optical systems, virtual rays are conventionally represented by dotted lines. Virtual images are located by tracing the real rays that emerge from an optical device (lens, mirror, or some combination) backward to a perceived point of origin.
In contrast, a real image is one that is formed when the outgoing rays form a point converging at a real location. Real images can be projected onto a diffuse reflecting screen, but a screen is not necessary for the image to form.[1]
A plane mirror forms a virtual image positioned behind the mirror. Although the rays of light seem to come from behind the mirror, light from the source only exists in front of the mirror. The image in a plane mirror is not magnified (that is, the image is the same size as the object) and appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.
A diverging lens (one that is thicker at the edges than the middle) or a convex mirror forms a virtual image. Such an image is reduced in size when compared to the original object. A converging lens (one that is thicker in the middle than at the edges) or a concave mirror is also capable of producing a virtual image if the object is within the focal length. Such an image will be magnified. In contrast, an object placed in front of a converging lens or concave mirror at a position beyond the focal length produces a real image. Such an image may be magnified or reduced depending on the position of the object.
See also[edit]
Real image
Ray tracing (graphics)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Knight, Randall D. (2002). Six Easy Lessons: Strategies for successful physics teaching. Addison Wesley. pp. 276–278. line feed character in |title= at position 4 (help)
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List of Chief Ministers of Haryana
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Chief Minister of Haryana
(हरियाणा के मुख्यमंत्री)
Incumbent
Manohar Lal Khattar
since 26 October 2014
Appointer
Governor of Haryana
Inaugural holder
B. D. Sharma
Formation
1 November 1966
The Chief Minister of Haryana is the chief executive of the north Indian state of Haryana. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Haryana Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]
Since 1966, ten people have served as the Chief Minister of Haryana. The first was B. D. Sharma of the Indian National Congress party. His partymate Bansi Lal is Haryana's longest-serving chief minister; he held office for over 12 years, the last 3 of which came as a leader of the Haryana Vikas Party. Chaudhary Devi Lal, the fifth Chief Minister of Haryana, went on to twice serve as Deputy Prime Minister of India under prime ministers V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar. His son Om Prakash Chautala has served the most number of discontinuous stints as Chief Minister (four), as a member of three different parties.
The incumbent chief minister is Manohar Lal Khattar, the first officeholder from the Bharatiya Janata Party, who was sworn in on 26 October 2014.
Chief Ministers of Haryana[edit]
Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, Haryana's first chief minister
Devi Lal, a two-time Chief Minister of Haryana, also served two terms as Deputy Prime Minister of India in 1989–91.
Banarsi Das Gupta, another two-time officeholder
Bhupinder Singh Hooda, served the longest continuous term, from 2005 to 2014.
No[a]
Name
Term of office[2]
Party[b]
Days in office
1 Bhagwat Dayal Sharma
MLA for Jhajjar 1 November 1966 23 March 1967 Indian National Congress 143 days
2 Rao Birender Singh
MLA for Pataudi 24 March 1967 2 November 1967 Vishal Haryana Party 224 days
– Vacant[c]
(President's rule) 2 November 1967 22 May 1968 N/A
3 Bansi Lal
MLA for Tosham 22 May 1968 30 November 1975 Indian National Congress 2749 days
4 Banarsi Das Gupta
MLA for Bhiwani 1 December 1975 30 April 1977 517 days
– Vacant[c]
(President's rule) 30 April 1977 21 June 1977 N/A
5 Chaudhary Devi Lal
MLA for Bhattu Kalan 21 June 1977 28 June 1979 Janata Party 738 days
6 Bhajan Lal
MLA for Adampur 29 June 1979 22 January 1980 208 days
22 January 1980 5 July 1985 Indian National Congress 1992 days
(3) Bansi Lal 5 July 1985 19 June 1987 715 days
(5) Chaudhary Devi Lal
MLA for Meham 17 July 1987 2 December 1989 Janata Dal 870 days [Total 1608 days]
7 Om Prakash Chautala 2 December 1989 22 May 1990 172 days
(4) Banarsi Das Gupta
MLA for Bhiwani 22 May 1990 12 July 1990 52 days [Total 569 days]
(7) Om Prakash Chautala 12 July 1990 17 July 1990 6 days
8 Hukam Singh
MLA for Dadri 17 July 1990 21 March 1991 248 days
(7) Om Prakash Chautala 22 March 1991 6 April 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party 16 days
– Vacant[c]
(President's rule) 6 April 1991 23 July 1991 N/A
(6) Bhajan Lal
MLA for Adampur 23 July 1991 9 May 1996 Indian National Congress 1752 days [Total 3952 days]
(3) Bansi Lal
MLA for Tosham 11 May 1996 23 July 1999 Haryana Vikas Party 1169 days [Total 4633 days]
(7) Om Prakash Chautala
MLA for Narwana 24 July 1999 4 March 2005 Indian National Lok Dal 2051 days [Total 2245 days]
9 Bhupinder Singh Hooda
MLA for Garhi Sampla Kiloi 5 March 2005 19 October 2014 Indian National Congress 3329 days
10 Manohar Lal Khattar[4]
MLA for Karnal 26 October 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party 1114 days
Notes[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[3]
References
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Haryana as well.
Jump up ^ http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/Haryana.htm
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.
Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher. "Khattar sworn in". The Hindu. 26 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Government of Haryana, Official website
[show]
v
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e
Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)
Andhra Pradesh
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh
Pema Khandu
Assam
Sarbananda Sonowal
Bihar
Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh
Raman Singh
Delhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Goa
Manohar Parrikar
Gujarat
Vijay Rupani
Haryana
Manohar Lal Khattar
Himachal Pradesh
Virbhadra Singh
Jammu and Kashmir
Mehbooba Mufti
Jharkhand
Raghubar Das
Karnataka
Siddaramaiah
Kerala
Pinarayi Vijayan
Madhya Pradesh
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra
Devendra Fadnavis
Manipur
N. Biren Singh
Meghalaya
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Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
Nagaland
T. R. Zeliang
Odisha
Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry
V. Narayanasamy
Punjab
Amarinder Singh
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Telangana
K. Chandrasekhar Rao
Tripura
Manik Sarkar
Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
Uttarakhand
Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
[show]
v
t
e
State of Haryana
Capital: Chandigarh
Topics
Outline
History
Tourism
Geography
Politics
Government
Economy
Sports
Districts and divisions
Ambala division
Ambala,
Kurukshetra,
Panchkula,
Yamuna Nagar
Faridabad
Faridabad,
Palwal,
Nuh
Gurgaon division
Gurgaon,
Mahendragarh,
Rewari,
Hisar division
Fatehabad,
Jind,
Hisar,
Sirsa,
Rohtak division
Jhajjar,
Charkhi Dadri,
Rohtak,
Sonipat,
Bhiwani
Karnal
Karnal,
Panipat,
Kaithal
Major cities
Faridabad
Gurgaon
Panipat
Yamunanagar
Rohtak
Hisar
Karnal
Sonipat
Panchkula
Bhiwani
Sirsa
Bahadurgarh
Jind
Kurukshetra
Kaithal
Rewari
Palwal
Culture
Dance
Music
Swang
Haryanvi Films
Haryanvi language
Loarki language
Mewati language
Economy
Power stations and power organisations
[show]
Places of interest
Indus Valley Civilization
Balu, Haryana
Banawali
Bhirrana
Farmana
Jognakhera
Kunal
Lohari Ragho
Mitathal
Rakhigarhi
Siswal
Sothi
Archaeological
Agroha Mound
Chaneti Stupa
Forts
Asigarh Fort (Hansi)
Badhshapur Fort
Buria Fort
Chhachhrauli Fort
Dhosi Hill Fort
Fatehabad Fort
Farrukhnagar Fort
Hisar-e-Firoza
Fort Kotla
Indor Fort
Jind Fort
Kaithal Fort
Gajpat Singh Fort at Karnal
Loharu Fort
Madhogarh Fort
Mahendragarh Fort
Meham Fort
Nahar Singh Fort at Ballabhgargh
Pinjore Fort
Raipur Rani Fort
Fort of King Saras of Sirsa
Tosham Hill Fort
Hills
Dhosi Hill near Narnaul
Kotla Hill in Mewat
Indor Hill in Mewat
Madhogarh Hill near Mahendragarh
Mahendragarh Hill
Morni Hills in Yamuna Nagar
Tosham Hill in Bhiwani
Caves
Chyvan Rishi Cave at Dhosi Hill
Tosham Hill Caverns
Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar
Historical
Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore
Dhosi Hill
Farrukhnagar
Mughal Bridge at Kernal
Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra
Nahar Singh Mahal
Narnaul
Pataudi Palace
Pinjore Gardens
Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
Surajkund
Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal
Tosham rock inscription
State Protected Monuments
Monuments of National Importance
Wildlife Sanctuary
Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary
Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary
Kalesar National Park
Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary
Morni
Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary
Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary
Sohna
Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary
Endangered Wildlife Breeding
Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani
Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra
Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore
Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni
Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala
Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre, Jhabua in Rewari district
Deer Park, Hisar
Zoos in Haryana
Bhiwani Zoo
Hisar Deer Park
Rohtak Zoo
Pipli Zoo
Herbal Parks
Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar
Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham
Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu
Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park
Lakes
Badkhal Lake
Blue Bird Lake at Hisar
Damdama Lake
Karna Lake
Tilyar Lake at Rohtak
Dams
Anagpur Dam
Hathnikund Barrage
Ottu barrage
Tajewala Barrage
Rivers
Chautang
Ghaggar-Hakra
Markanda River
Najafgarh
Sahibi River
Sarasvati River
Yamuna
Religious
Adi Badri (Haryana) Sarsvati udgam sthal
Agroha Dham
Baba Thakur
Banbhori Devi
Brahma Sarovar
Bhuteshwar Temple
Jayanti Devi Temple
Jyotisar
Kartikeya Temple
Markandeshwar
Mata Mansa Devi Mandir
Nada Sahib
Naugaja Peer
Pindara Temple
Sannihit Sarovar
Sita Mai Temple
Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple
Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon
St. Thomas' Church at Hisar
Offices
High Court
Legislative Assembly
Raj Bhavan
Public places
Courtyard by Marriott
Kingdom of Dreams
Mall of India
The Oberoi
Extreme Corners of Haryana
Eastern-most point: Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamuna Nagar District
Western-most point: Chautala-Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district
Southern-most point: Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district
Northern-most point: Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh-Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district
Highest-lowest of Haryana
Highest point: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district
Lowest natural Surface elevation point:
Deepest Underground Cave:
Coldest avg temp: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district
Hottest avg temp: Hisar
Wettest avg rainfall: Morni hills in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district
Driest avg rainfall: Bhiwani
Oldest of Haryana
Oldest archaeological site: Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley Civilization in Hisar district
Oldest archaeological mine site: Kaliyana hill Indus Valley Civilization stone mine (3000 BC or 5000 years old) west of Charkhi Dadri
[show]
Government and Politics
Elections
1991
1996
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
Chief Ministers
Banarsi Das Gupta
Rao Birender Singh
Bansi Lal
Bhagwat Dayal Sharma
Bhajan Lal
Devi Lal
Om Prakash Chautala
Hukam Singh
Bhupinder Singh Hooda
Manohar Lal Khattar
Governors
Dharma Vira
Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
Ranjit Singh Narula
Jaisukh Lal Hathi
Harcharan Singh Brar
Surjit Singh Sandhawalia
Ganpatrao Devji Tapase
Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney
Hari Anand Barari
Dhanik Lal Mandal
Mahaveer Prasad
Babu Parmanand
Om Prakash Verma
Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
Jagannath Pahadia
Kaptan Singh Solanki
State agencies
Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam
Debt Conciliation Board
Doordarshan Haryana
Foreign Investment and NRI Cell
Forests Department, Haryana
Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana
Department of Environment, Haryana
Department of Excise & Taxation, Haryana
Department of Finance, Haryana
Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana
Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana
Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana
Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana
Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana
Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana
Department of Rehabilitation, Haryana
Department of Higher Education, Haryana
Department of School Education, Haryana
Department of Elementary Education, Haryana
Haryana Board of School Education
Haryana Civil Medical Services
Haryana Environment Protection Council
Haryana Land Record Information System
Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited
Haryana Police
Haryana Roadways
Haryana Seeds Development Corporation
Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums
Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana
Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited
Haryana Urban Development Authority
Haryana Waqf Board
State Counselling Board, Haryana
Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam
[show]
Sports
Venues
Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium
Nahar Singh Stadium
Tau Devi Lal Stadium
Sector 16 Stadium
Mahabir Stadium
Associations
Haryana Archery Association
Haryana Cricket Association
Teams
Haryana cricket team
Haryana football team
Bhiwani Boxing Club
Portal: Haryana
Category: Haryana
Wikiproject: Haryana
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Compulsory education
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Universal education" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Universal access to education.
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by government. Depending on the country, this education may take place at a registered school (schooling) or at home (homeschooling).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights requires, within a reasonable number of years, the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of compulsory education
1.1 Antiquity
1.1.1 Hellenic
1.1.2 Judea
1.2 Medieval Era
1.3 Early Modern Era
1.4 Late Modern Era
1.4.1 Europe
1.4.2 United States
1.4.3 Asia
2 Per-country variations in the age range of compulsory education
3 Number of pupils and students enrolled in compulsory education
4 Criticism
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History of compulsory education[edit]
Antiquity[edit]
Compulsory education was not unheard of in ancient times. However instances are generally tied to royal, religious or military organization—substantially different from modern notions of compulsory education.
Hellenic[edit]
Plato's The Republic (c. 424–c. 348 BCE) is credited with having popularized the concept of compulsory education in Western intellectual thought. Plato's rationale was straightforward. The ideal city would require ideal individuals, and ideal individuals would require an ideal education. Popularization of Plato's ideas began with the wider Renaissance and the translation of Plato's works by Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), culminating in the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, known for his own work on education, Emile, or On Education had said To get a good idea of public education, read Plato’s Republic. It is not a political treatise, as those who merely judge books by their title think, but it is the finest, most beautiful work on education ever written.
In Sparta boys between the age 6 and 7 left their homes and were sent to military school. School courses were harsh and have been described as a "brutal training period". Between the age of 18 and 20, Spartan males had to pass a test that consisted of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills. A student's failure meant a forfeiture of citizenship (perioidos) and political rights. Passing was a rite of passage to manhood and citizenry, in which he would continue to serve in the military and train as a soldier until the age of 60, when the soldier could retire to live with his family.[2]
Judea[edit]
Every parent in Judea since ancient times was required to teach their children at least informally. Over the centuries, as cities, towns and villages developed, a class of teachers called Rabbis evolved. According to the Talmud (tractate Bava Bathra 21a), which praises the sage Joshua ben Gamla with the institution of formal Jewish education in the 1st century AD, Ben Gamla instituted schools in every town and made formal education compulsory from age 6-8.[3]
Medieval Era[edit]
The Aztec Triple Alliance, which ruled from 1428 to 1521 in what is now central Mexico, is considered to be the first state to implement a system of universal compulsory education.[4][5]
Early Modern Era[edit]
The Protestant Reformation prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls, first in regions that are now part of Germany, and later in Europe and in the United States.
Martin Luther's seminal text An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes (To the Councillors of all Towns in German Countries,1524) called for establishing compulsory schooling so that all parishioners would be able to read the Bible by themselves.[6] The Protestant South-West of the Holy Roman Empire soon followed suit. In 1559, the German Duchy Württemberg established a compulsory education system for boys.[7] In 1592, the German Duchy Palatinate-Zweibrücken became the first territory in the world with compulsory education for girls and boys,[8] followed in 1598 by Strasbourg, then a free city of the Holy Roman Empire and now part of France.
In Scotland, the School Establishment Act of 1616 commanded every parish to establish a school for everyone paid for by parishioners. The Parliament of Scotland confirmed this with the Education Act of 1633 and created a local land-based tax to provide the required funding. The required majority support of parishioners, however, provided a tax evasion loophole which heralded the Education Act of 1646. The turmoil of the age meant that in 1661 there was a temporary reversion to the less compulsory 1633 position. However, in 1696 a new Act re-established the compulsory provision of a school in every parish with a system of fines, sequestration, and direct government implementation as a means of enforcement where required.
In the United States, following Luther and other Reformers, the Separatist Congregationalists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, obliged parents to teach their children how to read and write.[9] The Massachusetts School Laws, three legislative acts enacted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1642, 1647, and 1648, are commonly regarded as the first steps toward compulsory education in the United States. The 1647 law, in particular, required every town having more than 50 families to hire a teacher, and every town of more than 100 families to establish a school.[10] The Puritan zeal for learning was reflected in the early and rapid rise of educational institutions; e.g., Harvard College was founded as early as 1636.[11]
Prussia implemented a modern compulsory education system in 1763. It was introduced by the Generallandschulreglement (General School Regulation), a decree of Frederick the Great in 1763-5.[12] The Generallandschulreglement, authored by Johann Julius Hecker, asked for all young citizens, girls and boys, to be educated from age 5 to age 13-14 and to be provided with a basic outlook on (Christian) religion, singing, reading and writing based on a regulated, state-provided curriculum of text books. The teachers, often former soldiers, were asked to cultivate silk worms to make a living besides contributions from the local citizens and municipalities.[13][14]
In Austria, Hungary and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Czech lands), mandatory primary education was introduced by Empress Maria Theresa in 1774.[12]
Late Modern Era[edit]
Europe[edit]
Compulsory school attendance based on the Prussian model gradually spread to other countries. It was quickly adopted by the governments in Denmark-Norway and Sweden, and also in Finland, Estonia and Latvia within the Russian Empire, but it was rejected in Russia itself.[15][16]
The United Kingdom was slow to introduce compulsory education due to the upper class defending its educational privileges.[16] In England and Wales, the Elementary Education Act 1870 paved the way for compulsory education by establishing school boards to set up schools in any places that did not have adequate provision. Attendance was made compulsory until age 10 in 1880. The Education Act of 1996 made it an obligation on parents to require children to have a full-time education from age 5 to 16. However, attendance at school itself is not compulsory: Section 7 of the Act allows for home education.
France was equally slow to introduce compulsory education, this time due to conflicts between the secular state and the Catholic Church,[16] and as a result between anti-clerical and Catholic political parties. The first set of Jules Ferry Laws, passed in 1881, made primary education free for girls and boys; communes and departments had the shared responsibility to fund it. In 1882, the second set of Jules Ferry Laws made education compulsory for girls and boys until the age of 13. In 1936, the upper age limit was raised to 14.[17] In 1959, it was further extended to 16.[18]
United States[edit]
In 1852, Massachusetts was the first U.S. state to pass a contemporary universal public education law. In particular, the Massachusetts General Court required every town to create and operate a grammar school. Fines were imposed on parents who did not send their children to school, and the government took the power to take children away from their parents and apprentice them to others if government officials decided that the parents were "unfit to have the children educated properly".[19]
The spread of compulsory attendance in the Massachusetts tradition throughout the U.S., especially for Native Americans, has been credited to General Richard Henry Pratt.[20] Pratt used techniques developed on Native Americans in a prisoner of war camp in Fort Marion, Augustine, Florida, to force demographic minorities across America into government schools.[20] His prototype was the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania.
In 1918, Mississippi was the last state to enact a compulsory attendance law.[21]
In 1922 an attempt was made by the voters of Oregon to enact the Oregon Compulsory Education Act, which would require all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend State School. Only leaving exceptions for mentally or physically unfit children, exceeding a certain living distance from a state school, or having written consent from a county superintendent to receive private instruction.[22] The law was passed by popular vote but was later ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, determining that "a child is not a mere creature of the state". This case settled the dispute about whether or not private schools had the right to do business and educate within the United States.
Asia[edit]
In Japan, compulsory education was established shortly after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Initially, it was strongly influenced by the Prussian education system. After World War II, it was rebuilt to a large extent, and the new education model is largely influenced by the American model.[23] In the Indian kingdom of Travancore, Queen Gowri Parvati Bayi issued a royal rescript declaring universal education and formally recognized the role of State ensure the right of education from public revenue in 1817.
Per-country variations in the age range of compulsory education[edit]
The following table indicates at what ages compulsory education starts and ends, country by country. The most common age for starting compulsory education is 6, although this varies between 3 and 8.[24][25]
Country
Lower
age range
Upper
age range
Notes
Argentina 6 18
Australia 5 15/17 Upper age limit varies among states. Waived if pursuing full-time employment or full-time education.
Austria 6 15 Compulsory education only requires nine years spent in school.
Belgium 6 18 In Belgium, only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory.
Bulgaria 5 16 Since 2012, compulsory education includes two years of preschool education before children start primary school.[26][27]
Brazil 4 17 Last changed in 2009.[28]
Canada 6 16 Except Ontario and New Brunswick: 6-18. Some provinces have exemptions at 14.
China 6 15
Croatia 6 15
Cyprus 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.[29]
Egypt 6 14
Estonia 6/7 15/16 6 year olds can enter if they turn 7 by 1st of October in the same year.[30]
Finland 7 15 Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year. Ends after graduation from comprehensive school, or at least 9 years.
France 6 16 Compulsory education only
Germany 6 16 Varies slightly between states.[31][32]
Haiti 6 11 The Haitian Constitution mandates that education be free of charge. However, even public schools charge substantial fees. 80% of children go to private schools.
Hong Kong 6 17 Hong Kong laws state that education is free for 12 years except for private schools or subsidized schools.
Hungary 3 16 Since 2015, kindergarten is compulsory from age 3, although exceptions are made for developmental reasons.[33][34]
India 6 14 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act in August 2009 made education free and compulsory for children aged between 6 and 14.
Indonesia 6 15
Israel 3 18 Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 12th grade.
Iran 6 12[35]
Italy 6 16
Jamaica 5 16 Parents could face charges of Child Neglect if they prevent their children from going to school without valid reasons. Not enforced.
Japan 6 15
Latvia 5 16[24][36]
Luxembourg 4 16 [24]
Malaysia 6 12[37]
Maldives 6 15
Mexico 6 18 Schooling is required through upper secondary school (Preparatoria).[38]
Morocco 6 15
Netherlands 5 18 Students are allowed to leave early after obtaining their 'start qualification' (MBO level 2, HAVO or VWO degree).
Norway 6 15 A total of ten years (of study, and not schooling, as suggested here), where Primary school is year 1-7 (without grades), and Lower Secondary school (with grades) is year 8-10.[39]
Poland 7 18 Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (obowiązek szkolny) and compulsory education (obowiązek nauki).
Portugal 6 18 It is the law that children living in Portugal (if there for 4 months or more) must go to school. Home schooling is available with registration at a school and quarterly examinations in the Portuguese curriculum only.
Russia 6 17 Student may leave after age 15 with the approval of parents and the local authority.[40]
Slovenia 6 15
Singapore 7 15[41] Compulsory Education Act 2000. Children with special needs or those with permission to be homeschooled are exempted from the act but in November 2016 the government announced that the Act will extend to children with moderate and severe special needs beginning in 2019.[42][43]
Spain 6 16
Syria 6 15 Typical ages for 9 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 9.
Sweden 7 16[44]
Switzerland 4-6 15 Varies by canton.[24]
Taiwan 7 18 Typical ages for 12 years of compulsory education (starting from 2014).
Turkey 6 18 From the 1st to the 12th grade, education is compulsory. Starting in the educational year of 2012-2013, an education reform took effect to bring the compulsory education up to the end of high school. The system is commonly referred to as 4+4+4.
United Kingdom 5[45] 18[46] Requirement is for a full-time education, but attendance at a school is not compulsory (section 7 of The Education Act 1996).
United States 5-8 15-18 Ages vary between states. Beginning age varies 5-8, ending age varies 15-18.[47] In case Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Supreme Court determined in 1972 that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education laws past the 8th grade.
Uruguay 6 14
Zimbabwe 6 16 Typical ages for 11 years of compulsory education.
Number of pupils and students enrolled in compulsory education[edit]
Due to population growth and the proliferation of compulsory education, UNESCO calculated in 2006 that over the subsequent 30 years, more people would receive formal education than in all prior human history.[48]
Criticism[edit]
Main article: Anti-Schooling Activism
Critics of compulsory education argue that education violates the freedom of children, is a method of political control, is ineffective at teaching kids how to deal with the real world and has extremely negative effects on children leading to higher rates of apathy, bullying, stress and depression.
See also[edit]
History of Education
Public education
Public school (government funded)
Child Labor
Unschooling
Anti-schooling activism
Raising of school leaving age
Democratic education
References[edit]
Jump up ^ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 14
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Agoge
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Jewish education#Primary schooling
Jump up ^ Jacques Soustelle (11 November 2002). Daily life of the Aztecs: on the eve of the Spanish Conquest. Courier Dover Publications. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-486-42485-9. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Wikipedia: Aztec#Education
Jump up ^ Luther deutsch, p. 70, at Google Books
Jump up ^ "Große Kirchenordnung", 1559, Oliver Geister, Die Ordnung der Schule. Zur Grundlegung einer Kritik am verwalteten Unterricht. Münster 2006, p. 145.
Jump up ^ Emil Sehling (ed.), Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts. Vol 18: Rheinland-Pfalz I. Tübingen 2006, p. 406.
Jump up ^ John Demos (1970), A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 104, 142-144
Jump up ^ See references in articles Massachusetts School Laws and Massachusetts#Education.
Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States. Englewood Cliffs, N.J, pp. 79-80
^ Jump up to: a b James van Horn Melton. "Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria". p. xiv.
Jump up ^ 250 Jahre Volksschule in Preußen, Lesen, Schreiben und Beten (250 years of primary education in Prussia) 12.08.2013 Tagesspiegel Berlin, Barbara Kerbel, in German
Jump up ^ Funding and training of the teachers was slowly expanded and received funding till teachers gained full academic status in the 20th century.
Jump up ^ Cubberley, 1920
^ Jump up to: a b c Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu; Strang, David (1989). "Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe". Sociology of Education. 62 (4): 277–288. JSTOR 2112831.
Jump up ^ Law of August 9, 1936.
Jump up ^ Ordonnance of January 6, 1959.
Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray Rothbard. "The Puritans 'Purify': Theocracy in Massachusetts". Conceived in Liberty. Arlington House Publishers.
^ Jump up to: a b Witte, Daniel E. and Paul T. Mero. "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Katz, Michael S. "A History of Compulsory Education Laws" (PDF). ERIC - Institute of Education Sciences. ERIC. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Jorgenson, Lloyd P. The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel. Catholic University of America Press. p. 455. JSTOR 25018244.
Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article Education in Japan.
^ Jump up to: a b c d https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf
Jump up ^ https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_165.asp
Jump up ^ "LITERACY IN BULGARIA : COUNTRY REPORT SHORT VERSION" (PDF). Eli-net.eu. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Compulsory Education in Europe : 2016/17" (PDF). Webgate.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/emc59.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.highereducation.ac.cy/en/educational-system.html
Jump up ^ "Põhikooli- ja gümnaasiumiseadus" [Primary and Secondary School Act]. Riigi Teataja (in Estonian). June 21, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ de:Schulpflicht#Heutige Rechtslage
Jump up ^ "Where home schooling is illegal". BBC News. March 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002299/229933E.pdf
Jump up ^ Hungary lowers mandatory school age to three Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "نگرش مردم ایران به تحصیل زنان در دانشگاه منفی تر شده است". BBC Farsi.
Jump up ^ http://www.studyinlatvia.eu/en/studies/education-system
Jump up ^ "Pelaksanaan pendidikan wajib di peringkat rendah 2003" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Laura Casillas. "Calderón firma decreto de preparatoria obligatoria". Azteca Noticias. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Education in Norway" (PDF). udir.no. Foreign Ministry of Norway. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Federal law of Russia "On education", article 19.6
Jump up ^ "COMPULSORY EDUCATION ACT (CHAPTER 51)". Singapore Statutes Online.
Jump up ^ "Channel NewsAsia - Compulsory education for all special needs children from 2019". Government of Singapore. 5 Nov 2016.
Jump up ^ "Children with moderate to severe special needs to be part of Compulsory Education Act". The Straits Times. 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Hans Högman. "Den svenska skolans historia" (in Swedish). Hasses hemsida. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Education Act 1996 s8". Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Education leaving age". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs.. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Schools Kill Creativity. TED Talks, 2006, Monterey, CA, USA.
Further reading[edit]
Coleman, J. S., et al. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Dunlap, Knight (1929). "Is Compulsory Education Justified?," The American Mercury, pp. 211–214.
Epstein, R. (2007). Let's abolish high school. Education Week. Retrieved April 18, 2007, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/04/04/31epstein.h26.html
Gardner, Richard (1871). An address on compulsory education: given before the Church of England School Teachers' Association for West Kent, February 11, 1871. Tonbridge: Richard Gardner.
Gatto, J. T. (2003). The Underground History of American Education. New York: The Oxford Village Press.
Holt, J. (1974). Escape from childhood. In Noll, J.W. (Ed.), Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues (pp. 25–29). Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill.
Illich, I. (1970). Deschooling Society. New York: Harper & Row.
Rothbard, M. (1978). Public and compulsory schooling. In For a New Liberty (chap. 7). Retrieved April 12, 2007, from https://www.mises.org/rothbard/newliberty6.asp
Van Horn Melton, J. (1988). Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
West, E. G. (1974). The economics of compulsion. In The Twelve-Year Sentence. Retrieved April 11, 2007, from http://www.ncl.ac.uk/egwest/pdfs/economics%20of%20compulsion.pdf
White, John (1876). "The Laws on Compulsory Education," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXV, pp. 897–918
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Compulsory education.
A discussion of compulsory education as a human right (Right to education Project)
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It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see The Most Wonderful Time of the Year (disambiguation).
"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"
Song by Andy Williams
from the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album
Released
October 14, 1963
Genre
Christmas music
Songwriter(s)
Edward Pola and George Wyle
"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle. It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album, The Andy Williams Christmas Album. However, the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams' record label (Columbia Records) that year, as they instead opted to promote his cover of "White Christmas" as the official promo single from the album.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Song content
2 Other notable versions
3 Use in advertising and parodies
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
5 References
6 External links
Song content[edit]
The song is a celebration and description of activities associated with the Christmas season, focusing primarily on get-togethers between friends and families. Among the activities included in the song is the telling of "scary ghost stories," a Victorian Christmas tradition that has mostly fallen into disuse,[2][3] but survives in the seasonal popularity of numerous adaptations of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. Other activities mentioned include hosting parties, spontaneous visits from friends, universal social gaiety, spending time with loved ones, sledding for children, roasting marshmallows, sharing stories about previous Christmases, and singing Christmas carols in winter weather.
In a 2005 interview, Williams discusses how The Andy Williams Show figured into his recording of "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year": "George Wyle, who is a vocal director, who wrote all of the choir stuff and all of the duets and trios and things that I did with all the guests, he wrote a song just for the show – I think the second Christmas show we did – called 'Most Wonderful Time of the Year'. So I did that, you know, every Christmas, and then other people started doing it. And then suddenly it's become – not suddenly but over 30 years – it's become a big standard. I think it's one of the top 10 Christmas songs of all time now."[4]
In the issue of Billboard magazine dated November 28, 2009, the list of the "Top 10 Holiday Songs (Since 2001)" places the Williams recording of "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" at No. 5.[5] 2001 also marked the first year in which the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) started compiling data regarding the radio airplay of holiday songs, and although the Williams classic started out at No. 25 of twenty-five songs that were ranked that year,[6] it gained steam over the next ten years, reaching No. 18 in 2002,[7] No. 13 in 2003,[8] and eventually getting to No. 4 in 2010.[9]
In December 2017, Williams' version of the song entered the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time, and peaked at number 32.[10]
The song was selected as the theme song for Christmas Seals in both 2009 and 2012.
Other notable versions[edit]
Johnny Mathis recorded a version in 1986.
Amy Grant recorded a version in 1992.
1999: Garth Brooks released a version of the song on his second holiday album, Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas. Brooks also became the first artist to chart a version of the song in North America, as his country remake peaked at No. 56 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
2003/2004: Williams re-records song in a shorter, more upbeat version for the movie Surviving Christmas[11]
2006: Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat recorded a version for the album The Muppets: A Green and Red Christmas.
2007 Patti LaBelle released her version of the song on her second Christmas album, Miss Patti's Christmas.
2008: Harry Connick Jr. released a version of the song on his third holiday album, What a Night! A Christmas Album. This recording peaked at No. 9 on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.[12] BarlowGirl also recorded a version of this song on their Christmas album, Home for Christmas. This recording peaked at No. 21 on Billboard's Christian Songs chart.[13]
Use in advertising and parodies[edit]
For years, the song was used humorously in the Staples office supply retail chain's annual back to school advertising campaign. In the commercials, the parents joyously shop for school supplies to this song in anticipation of the upcoming school year while their children sullenly follow.
The Johnny Mathis rendition of the song is used to comic effect in the 1996 film, Jingle All the Way.[14]
Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording in December 2007, thanks to an advertisement for Marks & Spencer,[15][16] reaching No. 21 in its first appearance in the British charts, also reaching No. 108 on the EU Top 200. It was also used for a Marks & Spencer Christmas advert in 2002.[17]
BarlowGirl's cover of the song was used to promote Christmas at the White House: An Oprah Winfrey Special.[18]
In the Autumn and early winter of 2011, Nissan Motors advertising for their annual sale included a production number featuring an Andy Williams-like voice actor, with lyrics modified to promote the sale event.[19]
A 2013 YouTube video promoting the Disneyland Resort's Halloween celebrations humorously used the song over shots of various Disney villains spreading mischief throughout resort's theme parks.[20]
The song also played by Ellen DeGeneres during the segment of "12 Days of Giveaways".
The song was spoofed again by The Coca-Cola Company in a Sprite Cranberry commercial in 2017. The spoof's title was called "It's the Thirstiest Time of the Year."
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2007–2018)
Peak
position
Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
86
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[22]
20
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[23]
21
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[24]
68
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[25]
17
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Christmas in the Charts (1920-2004). Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 65. ISBN 0-89820-161-6.
Jump up ^ "Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve". 23 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Told After Supper by Jerome K. Jerome" – via www.gutenberg.org.
Jump up ^ Williams, Andy. Interviewed by Karen Herman. Archive of American Television, A Program of the Television Academy Foundation. emmytvlegends.org, 19 September 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Holiday Cheer". Billboard. 2009-11-28. p. 38.
Jump up ^ "ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs -- Irving Berlin's "White Christmas" Tops List". findarticles.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "ASCAP Updates Top 25 Holiday Song List -- "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting)" Tops List". ASCAP.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "ASCAP Announces the Top 25 Holiday Songs – "Santa Claus Is Coming To Town" Tops List". ASCAP.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ ""Sleigh Ride" Tops ASCAP's List of Most-Played Holiday Songs in 2010". ASCAP.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Andy Williams It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andy Williams - The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year". mp3lemon.ws. Archived from the original on 2014-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Harry Connick, Jr. Awards".
Jump up ^ "Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jingle All the Way (1996)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Banderas set for Christmas ad". Metro. 2 Nov 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Antonio Banderas leading man in new M&S Christmas campaign". Daily Mail. London. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Laing, Dave (26 September 2012). "Andy Williams obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Christmas at the White House An Oprah Primetime Special". YouTube. December 14, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Andy Williams – It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Andy Williams – It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Andy Williams – It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Andy Williams – It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Andy Williams: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
External links[edit]
1960s portal
Christmas portal
music portal
United States portal
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
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e
Andy Williams
Studio albums
Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen
Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein
Two Time Winners
To You Sweetheart, Aloha
Lonely Street
The Village of St. Bernadette
Under Paris Skies
Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing
Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes
Warm and Willing
Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests
The Andy Williams Christmas Album
The Wonderful World of Andy Williams
The Academy Award-Winning "Call Me Irresponsible" and Other Hit Songs from the Movies
The Great Songs from "My Fair Lady" and Other Broadway Hits
Andy Williams' Dear Heart
Merry Christmas
The Shadow of Your Smile
In the Arms of Love
Born Free
Love, Andy
Honey
Happy Heart
Get Together with Andy Williams
Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head
The Andy Williams Show
Love Story
You've Got a Friend
Love Theme from "The Godfather"
Alone Again (Naturally)
Solitaire
The Way We Were
Christmas Present
You Lay So Easy on My Mind
The Other Side of Me
Andy
Let's Love While We Can
Greatest Love Classics
Close Enough for Love
I Still Believe in Santa Claus
Nashville
We Need a Little Christmas
I Don't Remember Ever Growing Up
Compilations
Andy Williams
Andy Williams' Best
Million Seller Songs
Canadian Sunset
Andy Williams' Newest Hits
May Each Day
The Andy Williams Sound of Music
Andy Williams' Greatest Hits
The Impossible Dream
Love Story
Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (CBS)
Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Vol. 2
Reflections
The Best of Andy Williams (1992)
Personal Christmas Collection
16 Most Requested Songs: Encore!
The Best of Andy Williams (1996)
The Love Songs
In the Lounge with...
The Very Best of Andy Williams (2000)
Andy
The Essential Andy Williams
B Sides and Rarities
Music to Watch Girls By: The Very Best of Andy Williams
Moon River: The Very Best of Andy Williams
The Very Best of Andy Williams (2009)
The Classic Christmas Album
Live albums
Greatest Hits
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Singles
"Walk Hand in Hand"
"Canadian Sunset"
"Butterfly"
"I Like Your Kind of Love"
"Lips of Wine"
"Are You Sincere?"
"Promise Me, Love"
"The Hawaiian Wedding Song"
"Lonely Street"
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"Fly by Night"
"Stranger on the Shore"
"Don't You Believe It"
"Twilight Time"
"Can't Get Used to Losing You"
"Days of Wine and Roses"
"Hopeless"
"A Fool Never Learns"
"Charade"
"Wrong for Each Other"
"On the Street Where You Live"
"Almost There"
"Dear Heart"
"...and Roses and Roses"
"Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars (Corcovado)"
"May Each Day"
"You're Gonna Hear from Me"
"Bye Bye Blues"
"How Can I Tell Her It's Over"
"In the Arms of Love"
"Music to Watch Girls By"
"Holly"
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
"Sweet Memories"
"Battle Hymn of the Republic"
"Happy Heart"
"Live and Learn"
"A Woman's Way"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"One Day of Your Life"
"It's So Easy"
"Home Lovin' Man"
"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story"
"A Song for You"
"You've Got a Friend"
"Speak Softly Love (Love Theme from The Godfather)"
"MacArthur Park"
"Solitaire"
"Love's Theme"
"Another Lonely Song"
"Cry Softly"
"Sad Eyes"
"The Other Side of Me"
"Tell It Like It Is"
"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"
B-Sides
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
"I Want to Be Wanted"
"Summertime"
"So Rare"
"Emily"
"Red Roses for a Blue Lady"
"I'll Remember You"
"Something"
"My Love"
"They Long to Be Close to You "
"I Love My Friend"
Related articles
Discography
The Williams Brothers
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