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American Liberty League
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The American Liberty League was an American political organization formed in 1934, primarily of wealthy business elites and prominent political figures, who were conservatives opposed to the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its principles emphasized private property and individual liberties. Its leader Jouett Shouse called on members to:
defend and uphold the constitution of the United States ... to teach the necessity of respect for the rights of persons and property as fundamental to every successful form of government ... teach the duty of government to encourage and protect individual and group initiative and enterprise, to foster the right to work, earn, save, and acquire property, and to preserve the ownership and lawful use of property when acquired.[1]
It was highly active in spreading its message for two years. Following the landslide re-election of Roosevelt in 1936, it sharply reduced its activities. It disbanded entirely in 1940.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation and leadership
1.2 League Plot to Overthrow Roosevelt
1.3 1936 campaign
1.4 Dissolution
2 Goals
3 Education programs
4 Positions
5 Funding
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
History[edit]
Formation and leadership[edit]
The creation of the League was announced in Washington, D.C., on August 22, 1934, by a group of Democrats and a smaller number of Republicans. Jouett Shouse, who had been prominent in Democratic politics and the anti-Prohibition movement, became the group's first chairman. The makeup of the League's executive committee was designed to demonstrate its bipartisan nature. It included: John W. Davis and Al Smith, former Democratic candidates for president; wealthy businessman Irénée du Pont, who left the Republicans to support Al Smith in 1928 and Roosevelt in 1932; and two New York Republicans, Nathan L. Miller, the state's former governor, and Representative James W. Wadsworth.[2] The moving spirit behind the launch of the organization was John Jacob Raskob, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee and the foremost opponent of Prohibition, former director of General Motors and a board member of the DuPont.[3]
Reaction to the League formation was generally skeptical of its non-partisan nature.[4] President Roosevelt told a press conference that the League seemed founded "to uphold two of the Ten Commandments," stopping at protecting property and drawing no inspiration from the command to "Love thy neighbor as thyself."[5] Arthur Krock wrote a few weeks later, just after the November election, that the League was prepared to announce more eminent members of its leadership group "to eradicate the purely political and anti-administration tinge that colored the league in the beginning."[6]
The League proceeded to name a National Executive Committee of 25 and a National Advisory Council of about 200. Those named constituted a geographically diverse group, almost all drawn from the upper echelons of American industry. Among the notable exceptions were Hollywood movie producer Hal Roach and naval hero Richmond Pearson Hobson. More typical were Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. of General Motors and J. Howard Pew of Sun Oil Company.[7]
Membership exceeded 36,000 in July 1935, only 27% of whom were contributors. It doubled by January 1936, peaked at 125,000 in the middle of 1936, and then declined rapidly following the 1936 election.[8]
The League targeted college students for membership and had particular success at state universities. There were 345 chapters with more than 10,000 members by April 1936. Academics played a variety of roles. For example, New York University economist Walter Spahr gave speeches that the League reproduced in pamphlet form, though an attempt to organize a committee of academic economists failed.[9]
League Plot to Overthrow Roosevelt[edit]
Main article: Business Plot
Retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, at the time was a left-wing speaker denouncing capitalism. He alleged in November 1934 that a bond salesman named Gerald C. MacGuire told him that leaders in the League wanted Butler to lead 500,000 veterans in a coup to overthrow President Franklin Roosevelt. Butler said he did not speak with any of the League's leaders. The leaders whom Butler said McGuire had named all denied any involvement and historians have not found any trace of such a plot. The House Un-American Activities Committee investigated and in its November 24, 1933 preliminary report stated that it had "no evidence ... that would in the slightest degree warrant" doing so, and that Butler's allegations were "mere hearsay". Contemporary reaction in the press and public opinion was mostly amused skepticism. Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. wrote, "No doubt, MacGuire did have some wild scheme in mind, though the gap between contemplation and execution was considerable, and it can hardly be supposed that the Republic was in much danger."[10]
1936 campaign[edit]
Roosevelt's campaign manager accused the Liberty League of being an "ally of the Republican National Committee" which would "squeeze the worker dry in his old age and cast him like an orange rind into the refuse pail."[11]
The Republican campaign, not content with the League's declaration of non-partisanship, asked it to "stay aloof from too close alliance with the Landon campaign."[12][13] FDR's campaign manager used that information as the basis for saying that the League had behaved so badly that it "had to be repudiated by the regular Republican organization," further drawing the League into protestations of nonpartisanship that highlighted its partisan role.[13]
Dissolution[edit]
Following the 1936 elections in which FDR won by a landslide and his party expanded its majorities in both houses of Congress, the League eliminated its public activities and restricted itself to reviewing legislation and sending its assessments to members of Congress. A small national staff remained, but all state and local offices closed. Only the three du Pont brothers, Irénée, Lammot and Pierre, financed the organization, until the du Ponts decided to devote as much of their financial resources as possible to Republican Willkie's 1940 campaign.[14] The League closed its Washington office in September 1940.[15]
Goals[edit]
The League said in its founding statement that it was a "nonpartisan organization founded to defend the Constitution and defend the rights and liberties guaranteed by that Constitution."[16] It eschewed participation in elections. Its stated goal was:[17]
to teach the necessity of respect for the rights of persons and property as fundamental to every form of government...to teach the duty of government, to encourage and protect individual and group initiative and enterprise, to foster the right to work, earn, save and acquire property, and to preserve the ownership and lawful use of property when acquired.
It proposed to educate the public and legislators on legislative issues. In particular, it proposed to help the Roosevelt administration with its research and denied it was anti-Roosevelt either at present or with regard to the 1936 presidential election.[17][18]
Education programs[edit]
The League produced 135 pamphlet titles during its first two years, printed for easy distribution by mail. Half of them originated as speeches or radio addresses delivered by League officers or its most prominent supporters. A total of more than five copies went to newspapers and government agencies, public and college libraries, all members of Congress, and other political groups, often generating new stories and reports in other publications.[19] It also produced two-page monthly bulletins in a more popular style, but distributed to the same audience as the pamphlets.[20] A different promotional tactic that downplayed the role of the League itself was the creation of a syndicated news service. Before its discontinuation near the end of 1936, the League reached 1600 newspapers through the Western Newspaper Union.[21] Finally, the League took advantage of offers of free radio time.[21]
Positions[edit]
Regarding the controversial National Recovery Administration (NRA), the League was ambivalent. Jouett Shouse, the League president commented that "the NRA has indulged in unwarranted excesses of attempted regulation"; on the other, he added that "in many regards [the NRA] has served a useful purpose."[22] Shouse said that he had "deep sympathy" with the goals of the NRA, explaining, "While I feel very strongly that the prohibition of child labor, the maintenance of a minimum wage and the limitation of the hours of work belong under our form of government in the realm of the affairs of the different states, yet I am entirely willing to agree that in the case of an overwhelming national emergency the Federal Government for a limited period should be permitted to assume jurisdiction of them."[23]
The League labeled Roosevelt's Agricultural Adjustment Administration "a trend toward Fascist control of agriculture" and supported the Farmers Independence Council of America to oppose the administration.[24] Social Security was said to "mark the end of democracy."
Lawyers for the American Liberty League challenged the validity of the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act), but in 1937, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the statute. The American Federation of Labor accused the League of hiring detectives to infiltrate labor unions and incite strikes and violence.[25]
Funding[edit]
On the national level, the League's total expenditures over its six-year life amounted to $1,200,000, with more than a million of that being spent during its most active months before the 1936 election.[26] Wealthy donors dominated, so that "fewer than two dozen bankers, industrialists, and businessmen" accounted for more than half the League's 1935 monies on the national level, with the du Pont family responsible for 30% of the total. The next year, 30 donors provided two-thirds of the funds and the du Ponts' share of the total exceeded 25%. Few continued to contribute after the 1936 elections.[27]
During the 1936 campaign, Postmaster General James Farley, FDR's campaign manager, mocked it as the "du Pont Liberty League."[13]
Legacy[edit]
In 1940, Pulitzer Prize-winning Washington reporter and later columnist Thomas L. Stokes looked back on the American Liberty League and called it "a very vulnerable straw man" for New Deal Democrats. FDR wanted to run in 1936, he wrote, without emphasizing his Democratic identity. The League's alliance of conservative Democrats "in whom the rank and file long ago had lost confidence" like Al Smith with "conservative Republicans, among whom were lawyers for great corporations" helped President Roosevelt's backers to present him as a man independent of traditional politicians and political alliances.[28]
In 1950, Roosevelt's successor Harry Truman branded critics who labelled his programs "socialism" as the heirs of the Liberty League of the 1930s.[29]
See also[edit]
Conservatism portal
Conservative coalition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. SAGE. pp. 510–11.
Jump up ^ New York Times: "League is Formed to Scan New Deal, "Protect Rights'," August 23, 1934, accessed December 9, 2010
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 21, 25
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 28–33
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 34–35
Jump up ^ New York Times: Arthur Krock, "American Liberty League Soon to Begin Activities," November 10, 1934, accessed December 9, 2010
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 58–60; Rudolph, 21–22
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 61–62
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 68–69
Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. (2003). The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936, The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III (The Age of Roosevelt), p. 83
Jump up ^ Phillips-Fein, 20, available online, accessed December 9, 2010
Jump up ^ Rudolph, 31
^ Jump up to: a b c New York Times: "'Nonpartisan' Fight on Roosevelt is Opened by the Liberty League," July 1, 1936, accessed December 12, 2010
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 63–64, 247–49
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 248; New York Times: "New Deal Foe Folds Up," September 24, 1940, accessed December 9, 2010
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Partisan Aim Denied by Liberty League," April 20, 1936, accessed April 20, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Wolfskill, 22
Jump up ^ Rudolph, 29
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 65–66
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 66–67
^ Jump up to: a b Wolfskill, 67
Jump up ^ Shamir, 22
Jump up ^ Shamir, 24–25
Jump up ^ Special to the New York Times. "Anti-New Dealers backed farm group", The New York Times. April 14, 1936. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Stark, Louis. "Links labor 'spies' to Liberty League", The New York Times. April 15, 1936. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 62
Jump up ^ Wolfskill, 63–64: Rudolph, 20n
Jump up ^ Thomas L. Stokes, Chip Off My Shoulder (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940), pp. 456–67
Jump up ^ New York Times: "World News Summarized," June 7, 1950, accessed December 12, 2010
Sources[edit]
John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner and David Brody, eds., The New Deal: The National Level. (Ohio State University Press, 1975)
Douglas B. Craig, After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920–1934 (University of North Carolina Press, 1992)
Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (NY: W.W. Norton, 2009)
Frederick Rudolph, "The American Liberty League, 1934–1940," American Historical Review 56 (October 1950): 19–33, in JSTOR
Hans Schmidt, Maverick Marine (University Press of Kentucky, 1998), ISBN 0-8131-0957-4
Ronen Shamir, Managing Legal Uncertainty: Elite Lawyers in the New Deal (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995)
George Wolfskill, The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934–1940 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962)
External links[edit]
Jouett Shouse Collection, reprints of "Bulletin of the American Liberty League."
Jouett Shouse Collection, reprints of pamphlets
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Solo: A Star Wars Story
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2018 American epic space opera film in the Star Wars franchise
Solo: A Star Wars Story
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ron Howard[a]
Produced by
Kathleen Kennedy
Allison Shearmur
Simon Emanuel
Written by
Jonathan Kasdan
Lawrence Kasdan
Based on
Characters
by George Lucas
Starring
Alden Ehrenreich
Woody Harrelson
Emilia Clarke
Donald Glover
Thandie Newton
Phoebe Waller-Bridge
Joonas Suotamo
Paul Bettany
Music by
John Powell
John Williams
(Han Solo theme and original Star Wars music)
Cinematography
Bradford Young
Edited by
Pietro Scalia[b]
Production
company
Lucasfilm Ltd.
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10) (Los Angeles)
May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25) (United States)
Running time
135 minutes[8]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$275 million[9][10]
Box office
$384.6 million[11]
Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is a 2018 American space Western film[12][13] based on the Star Wars character Han Solo. Directed by Ron Howard, it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016's Rogue One. The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope,[14] and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca, as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany.
George Lucas began development on the film in 2012. He commissioned Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay, which was completed by his son Jonathan after Kasdan was hired to write Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios, under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over "creative differences" with Lucasfilm, and Howard took over directing duties. With an estimated production budget of around $275 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. Having grossed $384 million worldwide, it is considered the first Star Wars film to be deemed a box office bomb, with estimated losses for Disney of up to $80 million; it will need to gross at least $500 million to break even.[15]
The film had its world premiere in Los Angeles on May 10, 2018, and also screened on May 15 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, before its United States release on May 25, 2018 in RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D. It received generally favorable reviews from critics, with praise for the cast (particularly Ehrenreich and Glover), visuals and action sequences, although many noted that the film added "nothing new" to the Star Wars franchise.[16][17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Music
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.1.1 United States and Canada
5.1.2 Other territories
5.2 Critical response
6 Possible sequels
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Plot
On the planet Corellia, orphaned children are made to steal in order to survive. Lovers Han and Qi'ra make an escape from the clutches of a local gang. They bribe an Imperial officer with stolen coaxium, a powerful hyperspace fuel, in exchange for passage on an outgoing transport, but Qi'ra is apprehended by their pursuers before she can board. Han vows to return for her and joins the Imperial Navy as a flight cadet. When the recruiting officer asks for his surname, Han says he is alone with no family, and the recruiter gives him the last name "Solo".
Three years later, Han is expelled from the Imperial Flight Academy for insubordination and is serving as an infantryman on Mimban. He encounters a group of criminals posing as Imperial soldiers led by Tobias Beckett. Han attempts to blackmail them into taking him with them, but Beckett has him arrested for desertion and thrown into a pit to be fed to a beast – a Wookiee named Chewbacca. Able to understand Chewbacca's language, Han persuades him to cooperate to escape. Beckett rescues and enlists them in the gang to steal a shipment of coaxium on Vandor-1. The plan goes awry when the Cloud Riders show up, led by Enfys Nest, resulting in the deaths of two crew members, Rio Durant and Beckett’s wife Val, and the destruction of the coaxium.
Beckett reveals he was ordered to steal the shipment for Dryden Vos, a high-ranking crime boss in the Crimson Dawn syndicate. Han and Chewbacca volunteer to help him steal another shipment to repay the debt. They travel to Vos's yacht where Han finds Qi'ra, who has joined Crimson Dawn and is Vos's top lieutenant. Han suggests a risky plan to steal unrefined coaxium from the mines on Kessel; Vos approves but insists that Qi'ra accompany the team. She leads them to Lando Calrissian, an accomplished smuggler and pilot who she hopes will lend them his ship. Han challenges Lando to a game of sabacc, with the wager being Lando's ship. Lando cheats to win but agrees to join the mission in exchange for a share of the profits.
After reaching Kessel in the Millennium Falcon and infiltrating the mine, Lando's droid co-pilot L3-37 instigates a slave revolt. In the confusion, they steal the coaxium, but L3 is severely damaged and Lando is injured during the escape. With the help of L3's navigational computer, hotwired into the ship's systems, Han pilots the ship through a dangerous uncharted route to elude an Imperial blockade. The Falcon, badly damaged, lands on the planet Savareen to process the coaxium.
During a confrontation with Enfys, who tracked the team from Vandor, Lando flees in the Falcon. Enfys explains to Han that she and her crew are not pirates, but rebels trying to prevent the syndicates and Empire from gaining power. Han becomes sympathetic to their cause and tries to trick Vos, but Beckett has already alerted him to the double-cross. Vos sends his guards to kill Enfys, but the Cloud Riders overpower them instead, leaving Vos defenseless. Having anticipated Vos's strategy, Han tries to take the coaxium, only for Beckett to betray Vos, escaping with it and taking Chewbacca hostage. Qi'ra kills Vos and sends Han after Beckett; once alone, she contacts Vos's superior, Maul, to inform him of the mission's failure and claim Vos's position. She avoids speaking of Han's involvement, instead blaming everything on Beckett.
Han catches up to Beckett and confronts him. Han shoots Beckett first before he can shoot him, and with his dying words Beckett tells Han he made the smart choice. Qi’ra leaves in Vos’ yacht, while Han and Chewbacca turn the coaxium over to Enfys. She offers Han a chance to join the rebellion against the Empire; when he declines, she gives him a vial of coaxium, enough to buy a ship of his own. Han and Chewbacca locate Lando and challenge him to a rematch in sabacc, once again wagering the Falcon. Han wins, having stolen the card Lando was keeping up his sleeve in order to cheat, and he and Chewbacca leave for Tatooine, where a "big-shot gangster" is putting together a job.
Cast
Main articles: List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members
Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo:
A cynical smuggler who is a part of Beckett’s crew.[18][19] When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films, Ehrenreich stated, "I think the main thing that's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist. He has certain dreams that he follows, and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities – realities that are harder and more challenging than he'd expected."[20] Harrison Ford, who previously portrayed the character in the original and sequel trilogy saga films, met with Ehrenreich, giving him some insight and words of advice.[21]
Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett:
A criminal and Han's mentor.[22][23][24] The character of Beckett was based on Long John Silver from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson.[25]
Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra:
Han's former lover. Describing her character, Clarke said: "She has a couple of guises, but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive. If you've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment, you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads."[20] With regard to her character's relationship with Solo, Clarke offered that "They grew up as comrades, essentially. They grew up as pals, as partners in crime. There is obviously the romantic side of things. But they grew up together. So they were kids together."[26][27][28]
Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian:
A smuggler on the rise in the galaxy's underworld.[29] Billy Dee Williams, who previously portrayed the character in the saga films, met with Glover, giving him some insight and words of advice about the character.[30]
Thandie Newton as Val: Beckett's wife, a fellow criminal and member of her husband's crew.[6][24]
Phoebe Waller-Bridge as L3-37: Lando's droid companion and navigator.[31][24]
Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca: Han's Wookiee sidekick and best friend, who also serves as his first mate.[6]
Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos:
A ruthless crime lord who has a history with Beckett.[24] Michael K. Williams had originally been cast,[32] but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film's reshoots.[33] Bettany was cast in his place, with the character being reworked from a motion-capture alien (described by Williams as half-mountain lion, half-human)[34] to a scarred near-human alien lifeform.[35]
Erin Kellyman appears as Enfys Nest, the leader of a gang of pirates called Cloud Riders.[36] Jon Favreau voices Rio Durant, "a very cool and important alien character" and member of Beckett's crew,[37][38] and Linda Hunt voices Lady Proxima, the serpent-like leader of the gang to which teenage Han and Qi'ra belong. Ian Kenny portrays Rebolt[39] while Clint Howard portrays Ralakili.[40] Additionally, Anthony Daniels cameos as Tak, enslaved alongside Chewbacca,[41] Kiran Shah plays Karjj and Warwick Davis briefly reprises his role from the film The Phantom Menace as Weazel, a Cloud Rider.[42] Ray Park reprises his role as Maul,[43] with Sam Witwer providing the character's voice, reprising the role from the Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels animated TV series.[44]
Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portrayed Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna, respectively—two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars Legends comics published by Dark Horse Comics. The scene was not included in the finished film.[45][46]
Production
Development
Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012, George Lucas had already started development on a film about a young Han Solo, and hired veteran Star Wars screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay. When Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he left his son Jonathan Kasdan, who had been helping him, in charge of writing Solo until his return.[47]
In February 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films, written by Kasdan and Simon Kinberg, respectively.[48] Shortly thereafter, it was reported that Disney was working on two films, featuring Solo and Boba Fett.[49] Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories.[50] Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the sequel trilogy:
George was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the standalone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear.[51]
In April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series.[52][53] In July, Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film focusing "on how [a] young Han Solo became the smuggler, thief, and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley"[54] would be released on May 25, 2018. The project was to be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan. Kennedy would serve as a producer, with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers;[1] Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce.[6] The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was being developed by Josh Trank, which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date.[55] Solo's Wookiee friend Chewbacca was also set to appear in the film.[56][57] In May 2016, Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017.[58]
Casting
In January 2016, a list of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo, including Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Dave Franco, Jack Reynor, Scott Eastwood, Logan Lerman, Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner.[59] In March 2016, it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich, Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist for the role.[60] In May 2016, Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo,[18] and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration: Celebration Europe III two months later.[19] Miller called casting the role one of "the hardest casting challenges of all time," adding that they "saw over 3,000 people for the part".[61]
By the following October, Tessa Thompson, Naomi Scott, Zoë Kravitz, Emilia Clarke, Kiersey Clemons, Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead,[62][63] while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian.[62] Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after,[29] with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month.[64][63]
In early January 2017, Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo's mentor,[65] and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after.[22] Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role.[66] A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike,[67][68] but Harrelson revealed the character's name as Beckett in March 2017.[23] In February 2017, Phoebe Waller-Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role, said to be "a CGI-driven performance" similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K-2SO.[31] Additionally, it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film.[69] Waller-Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February, alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca, reprising the role from Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Star Wars: The Last Jedi, where he shared it with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew.[6] Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017,[70] and was confirmed shortly after,[32] portraying a half-human, half-animal creature.[33] By the end of the month, Ian Kenny had joined the cast.[39] Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017.[42]
Filming
Ron Howard took over directing duties midway through production, reshooting 70% of the film.
Filming began on January 30, 2017,[71] at Pinewood Studios,[61] under the working title Star Wars: Red Cup.[71] By February 10, the film had spent $54.5 million on production.[72] Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20, 2017.[6] Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film.[73] In May 2017, filming moved to Tre Cime di Lavaredo and Monte Piana in the Dolomites in Veneto, Italy, to the Fassa Dolomites in Trentino,[74] Italy, and to the Canary Islands. Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia and hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich because they were unhappy with his performance.[7]
On June 20, 2017, citing "creative differences", Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller announced the directors had left the project, with a new director "to be announced soon".[2][75] It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style;[3][76] Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film, while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo only to add "a comedic touch". Lucasfilm also felt the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors, which was believed to be "shifting the story off-course" from the Kasdans' script.[77] To appease Kasdan, who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed "word for word", Lord and Miller shot several takes exactly as written, then shot additional takes.[7] Lord and Miller refused to compromise on certain scenes, such as filming a scene from fewer angles than Lucasfilm expected, thereby reducing the options available in editing.[77][7] The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set, feeling he became a "shadow director".[7] The decision to remove Lord and Miller was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage so far.[3]
It was reported that Lucas's close friend Ron Howard, who had previously turned down an offer from Lucas to direct Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace,[78] was a frontrunner to step in as director. Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also considered, though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production.[76][79] Two days later, it was announced that Howard would take over directing for the remaining three-and-a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots.[4][80] Howard wrote, "I'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars universe... I hope to honor the great work already done and help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film."[81] Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming.[7] During the reshoots, actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production, due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort, resulting in his part being cut. Williams stated the reshoots for his character were "to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in", and that he would not have been available again until November 2017; the production did not want to wait for his availability to make a release in May 2018.[33]
Lucas, Howard's friend, mentor and collaborator, made a surprise visit to the set to encourage Howard on his first day shooting. Intended as a short meeting, Lucas spent the whole day with the crew. While Lucas had not meant to interfere, at some point he forgot and asked "Why doesn't Han just do this?"; Howard included his suggestion.[82] On October 17, 2017, Howard announced that principal photography had been completed, and revealed the title of the film.[83] During production, Howard utilized rear-projection visual effects for the Millennium Falcon cockpit scenes, an updated version of what was used in the Original Trilogy.[84]
In March 2018, after it was reported Howard had reshot around 70% of the film, it was announced that Lord and Miller would not challenge for director credit and instead agreed to executive producer credits.[5][85] Post-production wrapped on April 22, 2018.[86]
Music
John Williams’ involvement was actually a huge factor in my wanting to take this gig. I have such respect—perhaps awe is a better term—for the musical history of this series that being able to have the film-scoring equivalent of Yoda be part of it was a massive incentive, and an obvious advantage that I could not let pass. The actual experience of being allowed to see into John’s process? I couldn’t imagine a greater gift.
—John Powell on agreeing to score Solo.[87]
In July 2017, John Powell was announced as the main composer of the score.[88] Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams composed and conducted the Han Solo theme, "The Adventures of Han", for the film.[89] Powell began writing the music in late 2017 after finishing his work on Ferdinand. In December 2017, Williams wrote two musical pieces and combined them to create Han's theme. The following month, Williams recorded the demos with the Recording Arts Orchestra of Los Angeles at the Newman Scoring Stage.[90] Powell interpolated Williams' new theme into his score, as well as incorporating music by Williams from previous Star Wars films, including the Star Wars main title, and several motifs and cues from A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, and The Phantom Menace.[87]
Powell revealed the track listing on his Instagram page.[91] Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on May 25.[90]
Solo: A Star Wars Story – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score by John Powell
Released
May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25)
Studio
Abbey Road Studios
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
1:17:11
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
John Powell
John Powell chronology
Ferdinand
(2017)Ferdinand2017 Solo
(2018) How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World
(2019)How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World2019
Star Wars soundtrack chronology
The Last Jedi
(2017) The Last Jedi2017 Solo
(2018) Solo2018
All music composed by John Powell, except where noted.
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "The Adventures of Han" John Williams 3:52
2. "Meet Han" (Includes "Star Wars Main Theme" by John Williams) John Powell 2:22
3. "Corellia Chase" John Powell 3:36
4. "Spaceport" John Powell 4:09
5. "Flying with Chewie" John Powell 3:34
6. "Train Heist" John Powell 4:51
7. "Marauders Arrive" John Powell 5:16
8. "Chicken in the Pot" John Powell 2:12
9. "Is This Seat Taken?" John Powell 2:39
10. "L3 & Millennium Falcon" (Includes "Star Wars Main Theme" by John Williams) John Powell 3:19
11. "Lando's Closet" John Powell 2:14
12. "Mine Mission" John Powell 4:14
13. "Break Out" (Includes "Rebel Fanfare" by John Williams) John Powell 6:18
14. "The Good Guy" John Powell 5:28
15. "Reminiscence Therapy" (Includes "Death Star Motif", "Rebel Fanfare", "TIE Fighter Attack", "The Asteroid Field", and "Star Wars Main Theme" by John Williams) John Powell 6:14
16. "Into the Maw" (Includes "Rebel Fanfare" and "Star Wars Main Theme" by John Williams) John Powell 4:52
17. "Savareen Stand-Off" John Powell 4:28
18. "Good Thing You Were Listening" John Powell 2:11
19. "Testing Allegiance" John Powell 4:23
20. "Dice & Roll" (Includes "Rebel Fanfare" by John Williams) John Powell 1:59
Total length: 77:11
Release
Cast, director and producer promoting the film at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.
Solo: A Star Wars Story had its world premiere on May 10, 2018 in Los Angeles,[92] and also screened on May 15, 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.[93] The film debuted in selected countries on May 23 and had its US release on May 25, 2018, the 41st anniversary of the release of A New Hope, in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo.[1][2]
Marketing
A "sneak peek" TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[94] It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views. It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook.[95]
The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5, 2018. Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as "dull", and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One, opining that the visuals "should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie, filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place. That busyness, the sense of danger and hustle, feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what's on show in this first trailer simply doesn't." He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy, a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998.[96]
In early March 2018, French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film. Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor.[97]
In the weeks leading up to the film, EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes, including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film.[98] Both characters became unlockable on May 17, 2018, via a two-day limited-time event titled "Preparation Perfection".

Reception
Box office
As of July 15, 2018[update], Solo: A Star Wars Story has grossed $211.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $172.7 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $384.6 million.[11] With an estimated production budget of around $250 million (and some sources listing it at more than $300 million), the film will need to gross at least $500 million worldwide in order to break even.[99][100]
A week after its worldwide debut of just $147.5 million, Variety wrote that the film would lose Disney "tens of millions of dollars" off a projected final total gross of $400–450 million[101] while The Hollywood Reporter estimated the losses would range from $50–80 million.[102] In June 2018, in response to the film's poor commercial performance, director Ron Howard tweeted he was proud of the film, and sorry that fans were not turning out to see it, but was happy for those who had enjoyed it.[103]
United States and Canada
Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing around $170 million over its four-day Memorial Day opening weekend. Deadline Hollywood noted that it was tracking higher than the previous Star Wars spin-off film, Rogue One (which debuted to $155 million), and had more interest from audiences than the likes of fellow blockbusters Spider-Man: Homecoming and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[104] After its first day of pre-sales, Fandango announced the film was the second-best seller of advance tickets in 2018, after Avengers: Infinity War.[105] At the week of its release, projections had the film making $135–170 million over the four-day frame, with Disney predicting a $130–150 million debut.[106]
The film opened in 4,381 theaters, the ninth-highest total ever, including 3,300 3D locations and 400 IMAX screens. It grossed $14.1 million from Thursday night previews, the lowest of the Disney Star Wars films but the best-ever for Memorial Day weekend, besting the $13.2 million made by Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End in 2007. Including Thursday previews, the film made $35.6 million on its first day, lowering weekend projections to $115 million. It grossed just $84.4 million in its opening weekend (and $103 million over the four–day weekend), far below projections and marking the lowest Star Wars debut since Attack of the Clones in 2002, although it did set a new career-high opening for Howard.[107][108] Deadline Hollywood compared the below-expectations opening to Justice League the previous November, and attributed it to fan negativity toward the concept and the behind-the-scenes problems, as well as competition from Deadpool 2 and Avengers: Infinity War.[100] Many analysts and publications, including Deadline, The Atlantic and CNN, interpreted the low box office returns as a case of "Star Wars fatigue", since Solo was the fourth film of the series released in 29 months, and came just five months after The Last Jedi.[109][110] Other analysts attributed the film's underperformance to lackluster marketing,[111][112] as well as the divided fan reception to The Last Jedi.[113] Solo dropped 65% in its second weekend to $29.4 million, the worst sophomore frame for any Star Wars film since the original trilogy.[114][115] It dropped another 46% in its third weekend to $15.7 million, finishing second behind newcomer Ocean's 8, and $10 million in its fourth week, finishing fourth.[116][117]
Other territories
Worldwide the film was expected to make $285–340 million in its opening weekend, including $150–170 million internationally.[106] It opened in 43 markets on the Wednesday and Thursday prior to its US release and made a total of $11.4 million, including $3.3 million in China.[118] It went on to open to just $65 million overseas and $147.5 million worldwide. It grossed $10.3 million in the United Kingdom, and also finished first in Australia ($5 million), Germany ($4.3 million), France ($3.9 million), Russia ($3.6 million), Spain ($2.6 million), Mexico ($2.5 million), Italy ($2.2 million) and Brazil ($1.3 million). However, despite being the second-largest foreign opening, it made just $10.1 million in China, far below the other three Disney Star Wars films.[119] The film held a better-than-expected 47% in its second weekend, making $30.3 million from 54 countries and remaining the top film in several, including Australia, Spain and the United Kingdom.[120]
Critical response
Donald Glover's performance as Lando Calrissian was praised by critics.
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Solo has an approval rating of 71% based on 353 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A flawed yet fun and fast-paced space adventure, Solo: A Star Wars Story should satisfy newcomers to the saga as well as longtime fans who check their expectations at the theater door."[121] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on reviews from 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[122] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 89% overall positive score and a 73% "definite recommend".[100]
Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, complimenting the cast but criticizing the lack of creativity, saying, "somehow Han Solo – the roguish Star Wars hellion famous for breaking all the rules – finds himself in a feel-good movie that doesn't break any."[123] Bernard Boo of PopMatters wrote, "If what you want from a Star Wars movie is an action-adventure romp, and the last two movies in the franchise (The Last Jedi and Rogue One) felt a little too dreary and heavy on pathos, Solo is sure to lift your spirits and give you more thrills than you can handle. Some of the action sequences are seriously breathtaking and will keep you teetering on the edge of your seat."[124]
A. O. Scott of The New York Times said, "It doesn't take itself too seriously, but it also holds whatever irreverent, anarchic impulses it might possess in careful check." He noted that it is "a curiously low-stakes blockbuster, in effect a filmed Wikipedia page".[125] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter praised the cast and production values but felt the film as a whole felt too safe, writing, "while Ehrenreich's Solo proves adept at maneuvering the Millennium Falcon out of some tight spots, the picture itself follows a safely predictable course. Missing here are the sort of plot-related or visual curveballs thrown by Rian Johnson's The Last Jedi or Gareth Edwards with Rogue One."[126]
For the New York Post, Johnny Oleksinski gave the film one star out of a possible four, writing that while Glover was "amusing" in his role, Ehrenreich was "given an impossible task: to make us forget about Harrison Ford, easily the most iconic action hero in modern cinema."[127] Kevin Scott from Exclaim! echoed the sentiment that Ehrenreich did not have the same "ineffable everyman" quality that Ford had, giving the film 4/10 and saying, "The villain is a generically icy figure with vague plans and hollow threats, the twists and turns are fairly predictable and the entire story is one that — unlike superior fellow Star Wars stand-alone Rogue One — has few meaningful connections to other Star Wars stories beyond the hollow reverence for what has come before."[128]
Possible sequels
Alden Ehrenreich confirmed his contract deal to appear as Han Solo extended for two additional films, giving the studio the option to pursue a sequel to Solo: A Star Wars Story, or feature him in other anthology films in a supporting capacity.[129] Ehrenreich said he would like any sequels to differentiate themselves from the previous Star Wars trilogies by being standalone, in the vein of the Indiana Jones films, rather than direct follow-ups.[130]
Ron Howard said that while no sequel was in development, it was up to the fans to decide.[131] Critics noted the film intentionally left room open for sequels.[132] Solo writer Jon Kasdan said that he would include bounty hunter Bossk (who briefly appears in Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back and is mentioned in Solo) if he were to write a sequel for the film.[133] Kennedy also said that a film focusing on Lando Calrissian could happen, but was not a priority. Donald Glover also expressed interest in a spin-off film, saying he would imagine it as Catch Me If You Can in space.[134][135]
On June 20, Collider claimed that all future 'Star Wars Story' films were on hold due to the financial performance of Solo.[136] A day later, Lucasfilm told ABC News that this was not correct and that numerous unannounced stand-alone films were still in development, but that they would be taking time to reassess several aspects of them, including production, budget and marketing. Making Star Wars[137] reported that a previously unknown Mos Eisley Spaceport film was the source of the rumors and was postponed or canceled, while all other previously reported yet unannounced stand-alone films were still in development.[138]
Notes
Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, the film's original directors,[1] were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four-and-a-half months of shooting, about three-quarters through principal photography.[2][3][4] Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three-and-a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots.[4] The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film.[5]
Jump up ^ Chris Dickens, the film's original editor,[6] was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography.[7]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Solo: A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available May 25th". Burbank, California: Walt Disney Records. PR Newswire. May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (May 22, 2018). "'Solo' Could Break $139M Stateside Memorial Day Opening Record; Global Conquest Eyes $305M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
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