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America's Got Talent (season 11)
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America's Got Talent
Season 11
Broadcast from
May 31 – September 14, 2016
Judges
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell
Host(s)
Nick Cannon
Broadcaster
NBC
Winner
Grace VanderWaal
Origin
Suffern, New York
Genre(s)
Singer
Runner-up
The Clairvoyants
Chronology
◀
2016
▶
Season eleven of the reality competition series America's Got Talent was ordered on September 1, 2015.[1] The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday, May 31, 2016. Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host. Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge, while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season. Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge.[2] The live shows began on July 26, at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years.[3] Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC, the show took a hiatus from August 9–17.[4]
Dunkin' Donuts sponsored the show for a second season, and this season again featured the golden buzzer for each judge and Cannon. Four guest judges joined the panel for the judge's cuts: George Lopez, Reba McEntire, Ne-Yo, and Louis Tomlinson. Each judge was given a golden buzzer.[5]
Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner on September 14, 2016, making her the second female act and the second child act to win the show since season 1. Mentalist duo, The Clairvoyants, placed second, marking the first time that females placed in the top two positions. Magician Jon Dorenbos, an NFL long snapper for the Philadelphia Eagles, placed third.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Season changes
2 Preliminary auditions
2.1 Golden buzzer
3 Judge Cuts
3.1 Round 1
3.2 Round 2
3.3 Round 3
3.4 Round 4
4 Quarterfinals
4.1 Week 1 (July 26–27)
4.2 Week 2 (August 2–3)
4.3 Week 3 (August 23–24)
5 Semifinals
5.1 Week 1 (August 30–31)
5.2 Week 2 (September 6–7)
6 Finals
6.1 Finale
7 Top 36 acts
8 Ratings
8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings
8.2 Specials
9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows
10 International broadcasts
11 References
12 External links
Season changes[edit]
Season 11 judging panel and host
Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell
Nick Cannon
On October 22, 2015, it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11.[7] On January 12, 2016, it was announced that Mel B, Heidi Klum, and Howie Mandel would all return as judges, with Nick Cannon returning as host.
The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles, due to Howard Stern's departure.[8] The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre.[9]
This season will be the first time in the American version where the host, Nick Cannon, will also have the opportunity to use the golden buzzer. This is similar to the UK version of the series, Britain's Got Talent, where together the co-hosts are also allowed to press the golden buzzer for an act.[10]
The position the judges sit at the judging table was flipped. From left to right (as seen from the live audience's perspective), the order is: Simon Cowell, Heidi Klum, Mel B and Howie Mandel. This is likely because of the fact that Simon, who joined this season, has always been on the farthest left (from the live audience's perspective) whenever he's on the judging panel.
Preliminary auditions[edit]
Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3, 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California.[11] The premiere aired on May 31, 2016.[12]
The season had preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York City, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[13] As in years past, hopeful contestants could also submit online auditions.
Golden buzzer[edit]
This season again featured the golden buzzer, which allowed each judge (and host Nick Cannon) to send an act straight to the live shows. Mel B was the first judge to press it, using it for 13-year-old opera singer Laura Bretan, who performed "Nessun dorma".[14] Howie Mandel was second to use it, for 12-year-old singer/songwriter/ukelele player Grace VanderWaal, after she performed an original song titled "I Don't Know My Name" in the third episode of auditions, Heidi Klum used her golden buzzer for 20-year-old singer/crooner Sal Valentinetti, who performed "My Way" by Frank Sinatra. Simon Cowell used his golden buzzer for 16-year-old Calysta Bevier, who performed "Fight Song" by Rachel Platten. All of the golden buzzers had been used for a singer until week 6 of auditions, when Cannon used his golden buzzer for Dorothy Williams, a 90-year-old burlesque dancer. This was the first season in which Cannon was given a golden buzzer. This was the first time that an act who got a golden buzzer in the auditions round won a season.
Judge Cuts[edit]
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The Judge Cuts began on Tuesday, July 12, 2016 and ended on Wednesday, July 20, 2016. Like the previous season, one guest judge joined the judges' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced, including the one that received the guest judge's golden buzzer. Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use. Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges were George Lopez, Reba McEntire, Ne-Yo, and Louis Tomlinson.[5] This season, there were two Judge Cuts shows per week, on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. Consequently, the Judge Cuts ended in two weeks rather than the four weeks they have taken in earlier seasons. This change was made to avoid competition with NBC's upcoming Olympic Games broadcast.
After the Judge Cuts, three wildcards were selected to compete in the live shows: FLIP, Steven Brundage and Sila Sveta (who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round).
Key
Buzzed Golden buzzer
Advanced
Eliminated
Eliminated Immediately
Advanced Immediately
Wild Card
Round 1[edit]
Guest judge: Ne-Yo
Date: July 12, 2016
This was the first Judge Cuts not to feature any acts getting four red buzzers.
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Ne-Yo
Mel B
Mandel
Hara1
1 Multimedia Illusionist Eliminated
Philippe and Marie-Lee
2 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated
Edgar
3 Family Band Advanced
Miniotics
4 Dance Group Eliminated
Jumpers in Command
5 Acrobatic Jump Rope Team Advanced
Christopher
6 Dancing Puppeteer Eliminated
Brennley Brown
7 Singer Eliminated
Lori Mae Hernandez
8 Comedian Advanced
John Ferraro
9 Danger Act Eliminated
Jon Call
10 Strongman Eliminated
Duo Guerrero
11 Tightrope Duo Eliminated
Jon Dorenbos
12 Magician Advanced Immediately
The Passing Zone
13 Juggling Duo Advanced
Julian Davis and the Hayburners
14 Bluegrass Band Eliminated
Raii and Whitney Smith
15 Singing Duo Eliminated
Ronee Martin
16 Singer Advanced
Cory Kahaney
17 Comedian Eliminated
Axel Perez
18 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated
Rory Freeman
19 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated
Linkin' Bridge
20 A Cappella Group Advanced
^1 Although Hara is a multimedia illusionist, his act he performed did not include any multimedia.
Round 2[edit]
Guest judge: Reba McEntire
Date: July 13, 2016
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
McEntire
Mel B
Mandel
Kadie Lynn Roberson
1 Singer And Guitarist Advanced
Vello Vaher
2 Contortionist Advanced
House of Lewis
3 Hip Hop Band Eliminated
Zach Sherwin
4 Comedic Rapper Eliminated
Skylar Katz
5 Rapper Eliminated
Erik Cavanaugh
6 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated
Sofie Dossi
7 Contortionist Advanced Immediately
Moya Angela
8 Singer Advanced
Parker Garrison
9 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated
Youngster
10 Dance Group Eliminated
Cody Carter
11 Baton Twirler Eliminated
Kadan Bart Rockett
12 Illusionists Advanced
Adam Grabowski
13 Comedian Eliminated
Julia Scotti
14 Comedian Advanced
OneVoice
15 Singing Group Eliminated
RL Bell
16 Singer Eliminated
Cecile and Mighty
17 Singing Illusionists Eliminated
Steven Brundage
18 Rubik's Cube Magician Wild Card
Gary Sladek and Jim
19 Trampolinists Eliminated
Deadly Games
20 Extreme Knife Throwers Advanced
Round 3[edit]
Guest judge: George Lopez
Date: July 19, 2016
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Lopez
Mel B
Mandel
José and Carrie
1 Dancing Dog Act Eliminated
Daniel Joyner
2 Singer Advanced
Ilan & Josh
3 Beatboxers Eliminated
The Finest Family
4 Dance Group Eliminated
Blake Vogt
5 Magician Advanced
Alla and Daniel
6 Ballroom Dancing Duo Advanced
Charles & Rose
7 Singing Duo Eliminated
Mason Bumba
8 Martial Artist Eliminated
Tape Face
9 Mime Advanced
Good Girl
10 R&B Vocal Group Eliminated
Dominique Dy
11 Singer And Pianist Eliminated
Madison Watkins
12 Singer Eliminated
Charlie Plaças
13 Aerialist Eliminated
Malevo
14 Malambo Group Advanced Immediately
Ian Stewart
15 Crossbow Act Eliminated
Ryan Stock & AmberLynn
16 Sideshow Act Advanced
Al Ducharme
17 Comedian Eliminated
Ryan Beard
18 Comedic Singer Eliminated
Sam Morril
19 Comedian Eliminated
Brian Justin Crum
20 Singer Advanced
Round 4[edit]
Guest judge: Louis Tomlinson
Date: July 20, 2016
This was the only episode of Judge Cuts this season in which acts received four red buzzers.
Act
Order
Performance type
Buzzes
Result
Cowell
Klum
Tomlinson
Mel B
Mandel
ThroWings
1 Extreme Acrobats Advanced
Campbell Walker Fields
2 Singer And Pianist Eliminated
FLIP
3 Dance Group Wild Card
Shane and Shannon Jessen
4 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated
Outlawz
5 Dance Group Advanced
Ary Hill
6 Singer Eliminated
Avonlea Martin
7 Singer Eliminated
Jayna Brown
8 Singer Advanced Immediately
John Hetlinger
9 Rock Singer Eliminated
Nathan Bockstahler
10 Comedian Eliminated
Viktor Kee
11 Juggler Advanced
Sos and Victoria
12 Quick Change Duo Advanced
Jon Bernhardt
13 Musician Eliminated Immediately
Jonathan Nosan
14 Contortionist Eliminated
The Amazing Armando
15 Magician 1 Eliminated Immediately
Musicality
16 A Cappella Group Advanced
Oksana Grishina
17 Contemporary Dancer Eliminated
The Baron of the Universe
18 Strongman Eliminated
D.J. Demers
19 Comedian Eliminated
The Clairvoyants
20 Mentalists Advanced
^1 Because Mel B was on stage during Armando's act, Tomlinson pressed her buzzer.
Quarterfinals[edit]
The live quarterfinals were held at the Dolby Theatre, starting on July 26, 2016. They featured the nine golden buzzer acts, the 24 acts passed through during the Judge Cuts round, and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges. Twelve acts performed each week. Seven acts made it through to the semi-finals, while five were eliminated. Outlawz, ThroWings, Vello Vaher and Alla and Daniel received an "X" in the live shows.
Key
Buzzed
Advanced (Won Public Vote)
Judges' Choice
Won Judges' Choice
Lost Judges' Choice
Dunkin' Save
Judges' Wildcard
Week 1 (July 26–27)[edit]
Guests: Mat Franco, Paul Zerdin
Act
Order
Act
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Jayna Brown
1 Singer Advanced
Hara
2 Multimedia Illusionist 1 Eliminated
Outlawz
3 Hip-Hop Dance Group Eliminated
Musicality
4 School Choir Advanced
Lori Mae Hernandez
5 Comedian Dunkin' Save
Deadly Games2
6 Extreme Knife Throwers Judges' Choice
Jon Dorenbos
7 Magician Advanced
Daniel Joyner
8 Singer Eliminated
Tape Face
9 Mime Advanced
Dorothy Williams
10 Burlesque Dancer Eliminated
Sila Sveta
11 Videomapping Dance Duo Eliminated
Laura Bretan
12 Opera Singer Advanced
^1 After Mandel's vote tied the Judges' Choice, Deadly Games was announced to have received more of America's votes than Hara, and advanced to the semi-finals.
^2 In the middle of the Dunkin' Save vote during the results show, Deadly Games's picture was portrayed as Daniel Joyner, bringing Deadly Games's voting percentage to 0%. It was later fixed.
Week 2 (August 2–3)[edit]
Guests: Fitz and The Tantrums featuring Team iLuminate
Act
Order
Act
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
FLIP
1 Dance Group Eliminated
Moya Angela
2 Singer Eliminated
Viktor Kee
3 Juggler Advanced
Kadie Lynn Roberson
4 Singer And Guitarist 1 Judges' Choice
Ryan Stock and AmberLynn2
5 Sideshow Act Eliminated
Calysta Bevier
6 Singer Advanced
Sofie Dossi
7 Contortionist Advanced
The Clairvoyants
8 Mentalists Advanced
Sal Valentinetti
9 Singer Dunkin' Save
ThroWings
10 Extreme Acrobats 3 Eliminated
Steven Brundage
11 Rubik's Cube Magician Advanced
Sos and Victoria
12 Quick Change Duo Eliminated
^1 After Cowell's vote tied the Judges' Choice, Kadie Lynn Roberson was announced to have received more of America's vote than ThroWings, and advanced to the semifinals.
^2 AmberLynn accidentally shot Ryan in the chest, but he was declared okay.
^3 Cowell pressed his buzzer after his comments on ThroWings. He later stated that he pressed the buzzer due to safety reasons.
Week 3 (August 23–24)[edit]
Guests: Recycled Percussion, Michael Phelps
Act
Order
Act
Buzzes and judges' choices
Result
Cowell
Heidi
Mel B
Mandel
Vello Vaher
1 Contortionist Eliminated
Ronee Martin
2 Singer Eliminated
Kadan Bart Rockett
3 Illusionists Advanced
Linkin' Bridge
4 A Cappella Group Judges' Choice
Alla and Daniel
5 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated
Blake Vogt
6 Magician Advanced
Edgar
7 Family Band Advanced
Julia Scotti
8 Comedian Eliminated
Brian Justin Crum
9 Singer Advanced
Malevo
10 Malambo Group Dunkin' Save
The Passing Zone
11 Juggling Duo Wild Card
Grace VanderWaal
12 Singer-Songwriter/Ukulele Player Advanced
Semifinals[edit]
The live semifinals started on August 30, 2016. They feature the 21 acts voted to the semifinals, plus the judges' semifinal wildcard pick. Each week, eleven acts will perform. Five will go through, while six will be eliminated. No acts got buzzed.
Key
Advanced (Won Public Vote)
Judges' Choice
Won Judges' Choice
Lost Judges' Choice
Dunkin' Save
Week 1 (August 30–31)[edit]
Guests: The Illusionists
Act
Order
Performance description
Judges' choices
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Sal Valentinetti
1 Singer, performed "That's Life" by Frank Sinatra. Advanced
Blake Vogt
2 Magician, performed a trick in which he tore off a piece of a card that Simon chose, and made it reappear in the empty card box. Vogt then got on a scissor lift and covered himself with a large cloth, only to disappear upon dropping the cloth and reappearing on one of the theater's balconies. Eliminated
Edgar
3 Family Band, performed "Bless the Broken Road" by Rascal Flatts. Eliminated
Lori Mae Hernandez
4 Comedian, performed a routine in which she joked about the U.S Olympic team, her barbie doll collection, and Nick and the judges. Eliminated
Musicality
5 School Choir, performed "Born This Way" by Lady Gaga. Eliminated
Deadly Games
6 Extreme Knife Throwers, performed a routine consisting of Alfredo using a whip to cut a rose off of a stem in Anna's mouth, throwing knives at Anna while she was obscured by a long white canvas, and shooting a crossbow at her whilst holding balloons with her mouth/hands. Eliminated
Tape Face
7 Mime, performed a routine in which he brought an audience member to the stage to "duel" with him using staple guns and balloons under both men's armpits and between their legs. Dunkin' Save
Jon Dorenbos
8 Magician, performed a trick in which he made the judges throw a football at a U.S. map, then proceeded to reveal 4 quarters in a locked chest that represented the states the judges threw their footballs at. Dorenbos also revealed a hidden map to the judges that predicted the locations of the judges' throws. Advanced
Grace VanderWaal
9 Singer-Songwriter/Ukulele Player , performed her original song, "Light the Sky". Advanced
Malevo
10 Malambo Group, performed an Argentine folk dance routine with elements such as water and percussion incorporated. Eliminated
Laura Bretan
11 Opera Singer, performed Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Pie Jesu". Judges' Choice
Week 2 (September 6–7)[edit]
Guests: Andra Day, Blue Journey
Act
Order
Performance description
Judges' choices
Result
Cowell
Klum
Mel B
Mandel
Jayna Brown
1 Singer, performed "Rise" by Katy Perry. Eliminated
Kadan Bart Rockett
2 Illusionists, performed a trick in which they made all of their classmates appear out of a cardboard schoolhouse. Eliminated
Kadie Lynn Roberson
3 Singer, performed "I Hope You Dance" by Lee Ann Womack. Eliminated
Viktor Kee
4 Juggler, performed a routine consisting of emerging out of a treasure chest, levitating a ball, and then juggling four balls in a variety of ways. 1 Judges' Choice
Linkin' Bridge
5 A Cappella Group, performed "7 Years" by Lukas Graham. Advanced
The Passing Zone
6 Juggling Duo, performed a routine in which they juggled flaming torches around Cowell. Eliminated
Calysta Bevier
7 Singer, performed "Human" by Christina Perri. Eliminated
Steven Brundage
8 Rubik's Cube Magician, performed a routine in which he asked Cannon to choose a card with a celebrity's name on it while the judges were mixing Rubik's cubes, followed by asking Cannon to place the mixed cubes on a board, followed by revealing the chosen celebrity on the board. Eliminated
Sofie Dossi
9 Contortionist, performed a routine in which she balanced and rotated on a platform using her hands while contorting her body, followed by a performance on a suspended hoop. Dunkin' Save
The Clairvoyants
10 Mentalists, performed a routine in which they asked for Mandel to ask Cowell a question, asked Mel B for an influence, asked Klum to name a kiss location, named the time on a clock correctly, and correctly named what the judges wrote. Advanced
Brian Justin Crum
11 Singer, performed "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears. Advanced
^1 After Mandel's vote tied the Judges' Choice, Viktor Kee was announced to have received more of America's votes than Steven Brundage, and advanced to the finals.
Finals[edit]
The performances took place on September 13, 2016, where 10 acts performed. Every performance received a standing ovation from every judge. No acts were buzzed.
The season finale took place on September 14, 2016. During the finale results, the top 5 acts were revealed first; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place. Grace VanderWaal was announced the winner at the end of the finale. She won the million-dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on October 27, 28, 29 and 30, 2016.[15]
Key
Advanced to the top 5
Top 10
Guests: Pitbull, LunchMoney Lewis, Paula Abdul, Stevie Nicks, Il Volo
Act
Order
Performance description
Ranking
Sal Valentinetti
1 Singer, performed "Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin. Advanced
Sofie Dossi
2 Contortionist, performed a compilation act, including a fast back-flip sequence and an aerial ring routine. Top 10
Linkin' Bridge
3 A Cappella Group, performed "See You Again" by Charlie Puth. Top 10
Laura Bretan
4 Opera Singer, performed "O mio babbino caro", by Giacomo Puccini. Top 10
The Clairvoyants
5 Mentalists, performed an act where they compiled their previous performances together, naming a man's birthday from the crowd, naming the expiration date and the last four numbers of Simon's credit card while Amelie was submerged underwater, and naming the Howie-flavored jelly bean that Mel B described inside of a pendant. Advanced
Brian Justin Crum
6 Singer, Performed "Man in the Mirror" by Michael Jackson. Advanced
Tape Face
7 Mime, performed an act with horse puppets to the tune of "William Tell Overture", featuring Mel B with a toilet seat around her neck as he fired a plunger at the toilet seat in a parody of the William Tell legend. Top 10
Viktor Kee
8 Juggler, performed with several different juggling methods, including one with a flaming ball. Top 10
Jon Dorenbos
9 Magician, told an inspirational story while manipulating cards the judges signed. Advanced
Grace VanderWaal
10 Singer-Songwriter/Ukulele Player, sang an original song called "Clay" with an anti-bullying message. Advanced
Finale[edit]
The following chart describes the performances each act did that was televised for the finale.
Act(s)
Performance Description
Valentinetti
Singer; Guest Performers: Jersey Boys. Sang "Oh What a Night" together.
Dossi, Bretan & Kee
Contortionist, Opera Singer and Juggler; Guest Performers: Il Volo. Bretan and II Volo sang a duet of "Nessun dorma", while Dossi swung from a hoop in the air and Kee juggled balls.
Linkin' Bridge
A Cappella Group; Guest Performers: Silhouettes. Sang "7 Years" with Silhouettes shadow dancing in the background.
The Clairvoyants & Dorenbos
Mentalists; Guest Performer: Paula Abdul. Thommy handed Heidi a book of celebrities. She called "stop" on a photo of Abdul, who joined them on stage carrying a box. A lottery followed; each judge picked a random number between 1 and 50. They opened a box that contained a lottery ticket with the numbers each judge chose. They handed Abdul an envelope, and Dorenbos asked Abdul to pick a card from a giant deck of cards. He had her tear the card into four pieces, three of which he put into a paper bag. He made them disappear, and they reappeared in the envelope reassembled. The remaining corner was a perfect match.
Crum
Singer. Instead of a Guest performer, Crum sang "Creep" by Radiohead.
Tape Face
Mime; Guest Performers: Jon Dorenbos, Brian Justin Crum, Viktor Kee & Shon China Lacy. Tape Face got them all to sway to "Lean on Me" by Bill Withers. Then he sat them in four chairs, with their backs all facing the same direction. He laid them down so that they were leaning on each other and pulled out the chairs, one by one, so that they were, themselves, the chairs. He sat down, read some papers and snapped a selfie, and they were stuck that way until he slid the chairs back so they could de-tangle.
VanderWaal
Singer-Songwriter/Ukulele Player. Instead of a guest performer, VanderWaal again sang "I Don't Know my Name".
Key
1st place (Winner)
2nd place (Runner-up)
3rd place
4th place
5th place
Act
Result
Grace VanderWaal
Winner
The Clairvoyants
Runner-Up
Jon Dorenbos
3rd place
Brian Justin Crum
4th place
Sal Valentinetti
5th place
Top 36 acts[edit]
Key
Winner Runner-up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist (lost judges' vote) Semifinalist (lost audience vote) Quarterfinalist (lost judges' vote) Quarterfinalist (lost audience vote) Golden buzzer (Auditions) Golden buzzer (Judge Cuts) Judges' wild card (quarterfinals) Judges' wild card (semifinals)
Name of Act
Age(s)
Genre
Act
Hometown
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Result
Grace VanderWaal 12 Singing Singer-Songwriter/Ukeleleist Suffern, New York 3 1 Winner
The Clairvoyants 28 & 29 Magic Mentalists Vienna, Austria 2 2 Runner-up
Jon Dorenbos 35 Magic Magician Philadelphia 1 1 3rd Place
Brian Justin Crum 28 Singing Singer San Diego, California 3 2 4th Place
Sal Valentinetti 21 Singing Crooner Bethpage, New York 2 1 5th Place
Laura Bretan 14 Singing Opera Singer Chicago 1 1 Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)
Tape Face 38 Comedy Mime Canterbury, New Zealand 1 1 Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save Vote)
Sofie Dossi 15 Gymnastics Contortionist Cypress, California 2 2 Finalist (Won Dunkin' Save Vote)
Linkin' Bridge 36–41 Singing Vocal Group Louisville, Kentucky 3 2 Finalist (Won Public Vote)
Viktor Kee 45 Juggling Juggler Priluki, Ukraine 2 2 Finalist (Won Judges' Vote)
Steven Brundage 25 Magic Rubik's Cube Magician Saratoga Springs, New York 2 2 Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Edgar 15–36 Singing Family Band Toluca Lake, California 3 1 Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Blake Vogt 27 Magic Magician Lebanon, Indiana 3 1 Eliminated
Calysta Bevier 16 Singing Singer Grand Rapids, Ohio 2 2 Eliminated
Deadly Games 32 & 34 Danger Extreme Knife Throwers Las Vegas, Nevada 1 1 Eliminated
Jayna Brown 14 Singing Singer Baltimore, Maryland 1 2 Eliminated
Kadan Bart Rockett 10 Magic Illusionists Hollywood, California 3 2 Eliminated
Kadie Lynn Roberson 12 Singing Singer And Guitarist Kemp, Texas 2 2 Eliminated
Lori Mae Hernandez 13 Comedy Comedian Lancaster, California 1 1 Eliminated
Malevo 17–42 Dance Malambo Group Buenos Aires, Argentina 3 1 Eliminated
Musicality 15–18 Singing School Choir Chicago 1 1 Eliminated
The Passing Zone 49 Juggling Juggling Duo Hermosa Beach, California 3 2 Eliminated
Hara 25 Magic Multimedia Illusionist Japan 1 N/A Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
ThroWings 25 & 29 Acrobatics Extreme Acrobats Boston, Massachusetts 2 N/A Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Ronee Martin 62 Singing Singer Columbia, Virginia 3 N/A Eliminated (lost judges' vote)
Alla & Daniel 8 & 32 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Saratov, Russia 3 N/A Eliminated
Daniel Joyner 17 Singing Singer Alamo, Tennessee 1 N/A Eliminated
Dorothy Williams 90 Dance Burlesque Dancer Hilo, Hawaii 1 N/A Eliminated
FLIP 14–17 Dance Dance Group Lévis, Canada 2 N/A Eliminated
Julia Scotti 63 Comedy Comedienne Whiting, New Jersey 3 N/A Eliminated
Moya Angela 32 Singing Singer Las Vegas, Nevada 2 N/A Eliminated
Outlawz 17–20 Dance Hip-Hop Dance Group Gilbert, Arizona 1 N/A Eliminated
Ryan Stock & AmberLynn 34 Danger Sideshow Act Las Vegas, Nevada 2 N/A Eliminated
Sila Sveta 20–35 Dance Videomapping Dance Duo Los Angeles 1 N/A Eliminated
Sos & Victoria 37 & 44 Magic Quick Change Duo Mannheim, Germany 2 N/A Eliminated
Vello Vaher 52 Gymnastics Contortionist Tallinn, Estonia 3 N/A Eliminated
Ratings[edit]
U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
rank
Weekly
rank
1
Auditions Week 1 (Premiere) May 31, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.6 10 11.67[16] 1 3[17]
2
Auditions Week 2 June 7, 2016 2.3 8 10.79[18] 1 3[19]
3
Auditions Week 3 June 14, 2016 2.6 10 11.54[20] 1 5[21]
4
Auditions Week 4 June 21, 2016 2.3 9 11.73[22] 1 1[23]
5
Auditions Week 5 June 28, 2016 Tuesday 9:00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.21[24] 1 1[25]
6
Auditions Week 6 July 5, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.7 10 12.81[26] 1 1[27]
7
Judge Cuts 1 July 12, 2016 2.4 9 11.54[28] 1 1[29]
8
Judge Cuts 2 July 13, 2016 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.85[30] 1 2[29]
9
Judge Cuts 3 July 19, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.10[31] 1 2[32]
10
Judge Cuts 4 July 20, 2016 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.78[33] 1 1[32]
11
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Performances) July 26, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.3 9 10.47[34] 1 1[35]
12
Quarterfinals, Week 1 (Results) July 27, 2016 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 1.8 8 9.52[36] 1 3 (tie)[35]
13
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Performances) August 2, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.57[37] 1 4 (tie) [38]
14
Quarterfinals, Week 2 (Results) August 3, 2016 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 1.8 7 9.39[39] 1 (tie) 8 (tie)[38]
15
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Performances) August 23, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.4 9 11.26[40] 1 1[41]
16
Quarterfinals, Week 3 (Results) August 24, 2016 Wednesday 9:00 p.m. 2.1 8 10.67[42] 1 (tie) 2 (tie)[41]
17
Semifinals, Week 1 (Performances) August 30, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.28[43] 1 2[44]
18
Semifinals, Week 1 (Results) August 31, 2016 Wednesday 9:00 p.m. 2.0 8 10.50[45] 1 4[44]
19
Semifinals, Week 2 (Performances) September 6, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.5 9 11.96[46] 1 6[47]
20
Semifinals, Week 2 (Results) September 7, 2016 Wednesday 9:00 p.m. 2.0 7 10.61[48] 2 9[47]
21
Finals (Performances) September 13, 2016 Tuesday 8:00 p.m. 2.8 10 13.97[49] 1 4 (tie)[50]
22
Finale September 14, 2016 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 2.8 10 14.41[51] 1 4 (tie)[50]
Specials[edit]
Show
Episode title
First air date
Timeslot (EDT)
Rating
(18–49)
Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
Nightly
rank
Weekly
rank
S1
Best of Season 11 Auditions July 6, 2016 Wednesday 8:00 p.m. 1.8 7 8.48[52] 2 5[27]
S2
Quarterfinals Week 3 Recap August 24, 2016 1.4 6 7.26[42] 2 13 (tie)[41]
S3
Semifinals Week 1 Recap August 31, 2016 1.2 7 6.46[45] 2 16[44]
S4
Holiday Spectacular December 19, 2016 Monday 8:00 p.m. 1.8 6 9.54[53] 1 5 (tie)[54]
Contestants who appeared on other seasons or shows[edit]
The Passing Zone competed in season 1 and finished in the final.
Dan Meyer competed in season 3, but was cut in Vegas.
Russian Bar Trio competed in season 3, but had to withdraw due to injury. Donald Braswell took their place.
Diane Barnard competed in season 9, and was eliminated during auditions in both seasons.
Sal Valentinetti appeared on season 14 of American Idol and was cut during Hollywood Week.
Cory Kahaney competed in season 1 of Last Comic Standing and finished in the final. She also appeared in season 4 of Food Network Star and was eliminated first.
Steven Brundage and Blake Vogt participated on the second season of Penn & Teller: Fool Us, where Brundage successfully fooled Penn & Teller.
Pato & Ginger participated on the first season of México Tiene Talento, where they finished runners-up.
José and Carrie participated on the ninth season of La France a un incroyable talent and finished as a semifinalist.
Laura Bretan won the sixth season of Românii au talent.
Will Jay, a contestant who was eliminated in auditions, competed in the fourth season of The Voice of China and was eliminated in the Knockouts.
Brennley Brown appeared on Season 12 of The Voice and finished in the Top 6.
International broadcasts[edit]
In Indonesia, the eleventh season of the show has currently been broadcast by NET. since October 22, 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB.[55] But, since Monday, October 31, in addition to the weekend slot, the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama, the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta, which was concluded on Friday, October 28, 2016.[56]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 2, 2015). "'America's Got Talent' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC". Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Khatchatourian, Maane (October 22, 2015). "Simon Cowell to Judge 'America's Got Talent'". Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AGT 2016 Vote is now closed! Please come back Tuesday, July 26, to cast your first vote.'".
Jump up ^ "AGT". NBC. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reba McEntire Joins 'America's Got Talent' as Guest Judge".
Jump up ^ Kaur, Jaskiran (September 14, 2016). "America's Got Talent (AGT) Season 11 (2016) Winner revealed: Things to know about Grace VanderWaal". Yibada (English ed.). New York City. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Eichel, Molly; Rowan, Tommy (September 14, 2016). "Jon Dorenbos takes 3rd, Grace VanderWaal wins America's Got Talent". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America's Got Talent for Season 11". October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum". Digital Spy. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Auditions". The Futon Critic. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cannon, Nick (May 31, 2016). "I FINALLY GET A GOLDEN BUZZER!!! #AGTPremiere". Twitter. Twitter. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season".
Jump up ^ Justin Harp (March 8, 2016). "Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America's Got Talent". Digital Spy.
Jump up ^ "Audition In Person: 2015-2016 Audition Cities". America's Got Talent Auditions. FremantleMedia North America & Simco, Ltd. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Aaron Couch (May 31, 2016). "America's Got Talent: Laura Bretan Stuns Judges with Opera Singing". People.com.
Jump up ^ Respers France, Lisa (September 15, 2016). "America's Got Talent crowns Grace VanderWaal as winner". CNN. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 2, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, '500 Questions' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 7, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: NBA Finals, 'America's Got Talent' lead the week of May 30-June 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 8, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, '20/20' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 14, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: NBA Finals down but still dominant in week of June 6–12". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 15, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, 'Maya & Marty' and 'Coupled' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 21, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: NBA Finals rule the week of June 13–19". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 22, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Maya & Marty,' 'To Tell the Truth' and 'Coupled' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 28, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent' leads the week of June 20–26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2016). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Zoo' premiere adjusts down to series low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 6, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent,' 'Bachelorette' top the week of June 27-July 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up to season high". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 12, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent,' Olympic trials put NBC on top for July 4–10". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 13, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' and MLB All-Star Game adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 19, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent' wins the week of July 11–17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 14, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: ESPYs, 'Big Brother' and 'AGT' adjust up; 'The Night Shift,' 'Wayward Pines' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 20, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' and 'Hotel Hell' adjust up, final RNC numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 26, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent' finishes 1-2 for July 18–24". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 21, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' and 'Whose Line' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 27, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'AGT' and 'Bachelorette' adjust up, 'Zoo,' 'Coupled' and 'Whose Line' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (July 27, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent' remains No. 1 for July 25–31". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 28, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Big Brother' and 'America's Got Talent' adjust up, 'Night Shift' and 'American Gothic' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 3, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, 'Whose Line' and 'MADtv' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (August 9, 2016). "Combined broadcast/cable weekly rankings, Aug. 1-7: Olympics mean smaller cable presence". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 4, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: CMA Festival, 'America's Got Talent' and 'Night Shift' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 24, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'Better Late Than Never,' everything else unchanged". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (August 30, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: 'America's Got Talent' leads NBC to a win". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (August 25, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Big Brother' adjusts up to season high". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 31, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (September 7, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: College football, 'America's Got Talent' top the week of Aug. 29-September 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 1, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Big Brother' adjusts up, 'America's Got Talent' and 'The Night Shift' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 8, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings:'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, 'Better Late Than Never' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 13, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: NFL rules the week of Sept. 5-11". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 9, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: Presidential forum, 'America's Got Talent', 'Big Brother' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 14, 2016). "Tuesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent' adjusts up, 'Better Late Than Never' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 20, 2016). "Broadcast weekly Top 25: Football, finales and Emmys, oh my". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 15, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'America's Got Talent,' 'Big Brother adjust up, 'Blindspot' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2016). "Wednesday final ratings: 'Masterchef' adjusts up, 'Wayward Pines' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 20, 2016). [tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/great-christmas-light-fight-finale-adjusts-down-monday-final-ratings/ "'Great Christmas Light Fight' finale adjusts down: Monday final ratings"] Check |url= value (help). TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 28, 2016). [tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/weekly-ratings/week-14-broadcast-top-25-and-network-rankings-dec-19-25-2016/ "NFL and NBC dominate the week 14 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings"] Check |url= value (help). TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NET. on Twitter: "Mulai malam ini, setiap Sabtu & Minggu America's ..." Retrieved 1 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung, Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3". Retrieved 1 November 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
IMDB America's Got Talent website
Preceded by
Season 10 (2015) America's Got Talent
Season 11 (2016) Succeeded by
Season 12
[hide]
v
t
e
America's Got Talent
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Winners
Bianca Ryan
Terry Fator
Neal E. Boyd
Kevin Skinner
Michael Grimm
Landau Eugene Murphy Jr.
Olate Dogs
Kenichi Ebina
Mat Franco
Paul Zerdin
Grace VanderWaal
Darci Lynne Farmer
Runners-up
The Millers
Cas Haley
Eli Mattson
Bárbara Padilla
Jackie Evancho
Silhouettes
Tom Cotter
Taylor Williamson
Emily West
Drew Lynch
The Clairvoyants
Angelica Hale
Third place
Butterscotch
Nuttin' But Stringz
Recycled Percussion
Team iLuminate
Oz Pearlman
Jon Dorenbos
Light Balance
Other
notable
contestants
Season 1
Taylor Ware
Alexis Jordan
Celtic Spring
The Passing Zone
Rappin' Granny
Leonid the Magnificent
Jessica Sanchez
Kevin Johnson
Season 2
Jabbawockeez
Julienne Irwin
Kevin James
Season 3
Kaitlyn Maher
ZOOperstars!
Derrick Barry
Season 4
Grandma Lee
The Texas Tenors
Thia Megia
Season 5
ArcAttack
Haspop
Alice Tan Ridley
Prince Poppycock
Connor Doran
The Strange Familiar
Lindsey Stirling
Season 6
Geechy Guy
Anna Graceman
POPLYFE
Professor Splash
Melissa Villaseñor
Season 7
David Garibaldi and His CMYK's
Rudy Coby
Trish Paytas
Season 8
Cami Bradley
Marty Brown
Brad Byers
Forte
Branden James
Jim Meskimen
John Wing Jr.
Season 9
Dan Naturman
Wendy Liebman
Miguel Dakota
Quintavious Johnson
The Willis Clan
Mike Super
Season 10
Stevie Starr
Piff the Magic Dragon
Myq Kaplan
Freelusion Dance Company
Metal Mulisha Fitz Army
Kacey Jones
Kayvon Zand
Season 11
Ryan Stock & AmberLynn
Tape Face
Brian Justin Crum
Cory Kahaney
The Passing Zone
Laura Bretan
Zach Sherwin
D.J. Demers
Sos and Victoria
Season 12
Bello Nock
Colin Cloud
Mandy Harvey
Merrick Hanna
Preacher Lawson
Puddles Pity Party
The Singing Trump
Demian Aditya
Season 13
The Sacred Riana
Related
America's Got Talent: The Champions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_11)&oldid=843669411"
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text:
Chromosomal crossover
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Crossing over occurs between prophase 1 and metaphase 1 and is the process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes. It can also happen during mitotic division,[1] which may result in loss of heterozygosity. Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis.[citation needed] Crossing over also accounts for genetic variation, because due to the swapping of genetic material during crossing over, the chromatids held together by the centromere are no longer identical. So, when the chromosomes go on to meiosis II and separate, some of the daughter cells receive daughter chromosomes with recombined alleles. Due to this genetic recombination, the offspring have a different set of alleles and genes than their parents do. In the diagram, genes B and b are crossed over with each other, making the resulting recombinants after meiosis Ab, AB, ab, and aB.
Thomas Hunt Morgan's illustration of crossing over (1916)
A double crossing over
Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis. Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome.
Crossing over was described, in theory, by Thomas Hunt Morgan. He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it "chiasmatypie". The term chiasma is linked, if not identical, to chromosomal crossover. Morgan immediately saw the great importance of Janssens' cytological interpretation of chiasmata to the experimental results of his research on the heredity of Drosophila. The physical basis of crossing over was first demonstrated by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931.[2]
The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci (markers) is the crossing-over value . For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions, recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure (chromosome) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing-over value which is used in the production of genetic maps.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 DNA repair theory
1.2 Links to bacterial transformation
2 Chemistry
2.1 MSH4 and MSH5
2.2 Chiasma
3 Consequences
4 Non-homologous crossover
5 See also
6 References
Origins[edit]
There are two popular and overlapping theories that explain the origins of crossing-over, coming from the different theories on the origin of meiosis. The first theory rests upon the idea that meiosis evolved as another method of DNA repair, and thus crossing-over is a novel way to replace possibly damaged sections of DNA.[5] The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation, with the function of propagating diversity.[6]
DNA repair theory[edit]
Crossing over and DNA repair are very similar processes, which utilize many of the same protein complexes.[5][7][8] Recombinases and primases lay a foundation of nucleotides along the DNA sequence. One such particular protein complex that is conserved between processes is RAD51, a well conserved recombinase protein that has been shown to be crucial in DNA repair as well as cross over.[9] Several other genes in D. melanogaster have been linked as well to both processes, by showing that mutants at these specific loci cannot undergo DNA repair or crossing over. Such genes include mei-41, mei-9, hdm, spnA, and brca2.[5] This large group of conserved genes between processes supports the theory of a close evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, DNA repair and crossover have been found to favor similar regions on chromosomes. In an experiment using radiation hybrid mapping on wheat’s (Triticum aestivum L.) 3B chromosome, crossing over and DNA repair were found to occur predominantly in the same regions.[10] Furthermore, crossing over has been correlated to occur in response to stressful, and likely DNA damaging, conditions [11][12]
Links to bacterial transformation[edit]
The process of bacterial transformation also shares many similarities with chromosomal cross over, particularly in the formation of overhangs on the sides of the broken DNA strand, allowing for the annealing of a new strand. Bacterial transformation itself has been linked to DNA repair many times.[5] The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation, with the function of propagating genetic diversity.[6] .[13] Thus, this evidence suggests that it is a question of whether cross over is linked to DNA repair or bacterial transformation, as the two do not appear to be mutually exclusive. It is likely that crossing over may have evolved from bacterial transformation, which in turn developed from DNA repair, thus explaining the links between all three processes.
Chemistry[edit]
A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.
Meiotic recombination may be initiated by double-stranded breaks that are introduced into the DNA by exposure to DNA damaging agents[5] or the Spo11 protein.[14] One or more exonucleases then digest the 5’ ends generated by the double-stranded breaks to produce 3’ single-stranded DNA tails (see diagram). The meiosis-specific recombinase Dmc1 and the general recombinase Rad51 coat the single-stranded DNA to form nucleoprotein filaments.[15] The recombinases catalyze invasion of the opposite chromatid by the single-stranded DNA from one end of the break. Next, the 3’ end of the invading DNA primes DNA synthesis, causing displacement of the complementary strand, which subsequently anneals to the single-stranded DNA generated from the other end of the initial double-stranded break. The structure that results is a cross-strand exchange, also known as a Holliday junction. The contact between two chromatids that will soon undergo crossing-over is known as a chiasma. The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral structure which can be 'pulled' by other recombinases, moving it along the four-stranded structure.
Holliday Junction
Molecular structure of a Holliday junction.
Molecular structure of a Holliday junction. From PDB: 3CRX.
MSH4 and MSH5[edit]
The MSH4 and MSH5 proteins form a hetero-oligomeric structure (heterodimer) in yeast and humans.[16][17][18] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH4 and MSH5 act specifically to facilitate crossovers between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.[16] The MSH4/MSH5 complex binds and stabilizes double Holliday junctions and promotes their resolution into crossover products. An MSH4 hypomorphic (partially functional) mutant of S. cerevisiae showed a 30% genome wide reduction in crossover numbers, and a large number of meioses with non exchange chromosomes.[19] Nevertheless, this mutant gave rise to spore viability patterns suggesting that segregation of non-exchange chromosomes occurred efficiently. Thus in S. cerevisiae proper segregation apparently does not entirely depend on crossovers between homologous pairs.
Chiasma[edit]
The grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum was exposed to an acute dose of X-rays during each individual stage of meiosis, and chiasma frequency was measured.[20] Irradiation during the leptotene-zygotene stages of meiosis (that is, prior to the pachytene period in which crossover recombination occurs) was found to increase subsequent chiasma frequency. Similarly, in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus, exposure to X-irradiation during the zygotene-early pachytene stages caused a significant increase in mean cell chiasma frequency.[21] Chiasma frequency was scored at the later diplotene-diakinesis stages of meiosis. These results suggest that X-rays induce DNA damages that are repaired by a crossover pathway leading to chiasma formation.
Consequences[edit]
The difference between gene conversion and chromosomal crossover.
In most eukaryotes, a cell carries two versions of each gene, each referred to as an allele. Each parent passes on one allele to each offspring. An individual gamete inherits a complete haploid complement of alleles on chromosomes that are independently selected from each pair of chromatids lined up on the metaphase plate. Without recombination, all alleles for those genes linked together on the same chromosome would be inherited together. Meiotic recombination allows a more independent segregation between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes, as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes.
Recombination results in a new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome. Although the same genes appear in the same order, some alleles are different. In this way, it is theoretically possible to have any combination of parental alleles in an offspring, and the fact that two alleles appear together in one offspring does not have any influence on the statistical probability that another offspring will have the same combination. This principle of "independent assortment" of genes is fundamental to genetic inheritance.[22] However, the frequency of recombination is actually not the same for all gene combinations. This leads to the notion of "genetic distance", which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a (suitably large) sample of pedigrees. Loosely speaking, one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another. If two genes are located close together on a chromosome, the likelihood that a recombination event will separate these two genes is less than if they were farther apart. Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome. Linkage disequilibrium describes a situation in which some combinations of genes or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from their distances apart. This concept is applied when searching for a gene that may cause a particular disease. This is done by comparing the occurrence of a specific DNA sequence with the appearance of a disease. When a high correlation between the two is found, it is likely that the appropriate gene sequence is really closer.[23]
Non-homologous crossover[edit]
Crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes, but similarities in sequence and other factors can result in mismatched alignments. Most DNA is composed of base pair sequences repeated very large numbers of times.[24] These repetitious segments, often referred to as satellites, are fairly homogenous among a species.[24] During DNA replication, each strand of DNA is used as a template for the creation of new strands using a partially-conserved mechanism; proper functioning of this process results in two identical, paired chromosomes, often called sisters. Sister chromatid crossover events are known to occur at a rate of several crossover events per cell per division in eukaryotes. [24] Most of these events involve an exchange of equal amounts of genetic information, but unequal exchanges may occur due to sequence mismatch. These are referred to by a variety of names, including non-homologous crossover, unequal crossover, and unbalanced recombination, and result in an insertion or deletion of genetic information into the chromosome. While rare compared to homologous crossover events, these mutations are drastic, affecting many loci at the same time. They are considered the main driver behind the generation of gene duplications and are a general source of mutation within the genome.[25]
Many proteins are implicated in DSB repair; this figure shows a probable, simplified mechanism.
The specific causes of non-homologous crossover events are unknown, but several influential factors are known to increase the likelihood of an unequal crossover. One common vector leading to unbalanced recombination is the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs).[26] DSBs are often repaired using non-homologous end joining, a process which involves invasion of a template strand by the DSB strand (see figure below). Nearby homologous regions of the template strand are often used for repair, which can give rise to either insertions or deletions in the genome if a non-homologous but complementary part of the template strand is used.[26] Sequence similarity is a major player in crossover – crossover events are more likely to occur in long regions of close identity on a gene.[27] This means that any section of the genome with long sections of repetitive DNA is prone to crossover events.
The presence of transposable elements is another influential element of non-homologous crossover. Repetitive regions of code characterize transposable elements; complementary but non-homologous regions are ubiquitous within transposons. Because chromosomal regions composed of transposons have large quantities of identical, repetitious code in a condensed space, it is thought that transposon regions undergoing a crossover event are more prone to erroneous complementary match-up;[28] that is to say, a section of a chromosome containing a lot of identical sequences, should it undergo a crossover event, is less certain to match up with a perfectly homologous section of complementary code and more prone to binding with a section of code on a slightly different part of the chromosome. This results in unbalanced recombination, as genetic information may be either inserted or deleted into the new chromosome, depending on where the recombination occurred.
While the motivating factors behind unequal recombination remain obscure, elements of the physical mechanism have been elucidated. Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, for instance, are a well-known regulatory family of proteins, responsible for regulating mismatched sequences of DNA during replication and escape regulation.[29] The operative goal of MMRs is the restoration of the parental genotype. One class of MMR in particular, MutSβ, is known to initiate the correction of insertion-deletion mismatches of up to 16 nucleotides.[29] Little is known about the excision process in eukaryotes, but E. coli excisions involve the cleaving of a nick on either the 5’ or 3’ strand, after which DNA helicase and DNA polymerase III bind and generate single-stranded proteins, which are digested by exonucleases and attached to the strand by ligase.[29] Multiple MMR pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of complex organism genome stability, and any of many possible malfunctions in the MMR pathway result in DNA editing and correction errors.[30] Therefore, while it is not certain precisely what mechanisms lead to errors of non-homologous crossover, it is extremely likely that the MMR pathway is involved.
See also[edit]
Unequal crossing over
Coefficient of coincidence
Genetic distance
Independent assortment
Mitotic crossover
Recombinant frequency
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Griffiths, AJF; Gelbart, WM; Miller, JH; et al. (1999). "Modern Genetic Analysis: Mitotic Crossing-Over". New York: W. H. Freeman.
Jump up ^ Creighton H, McClintock B (1931). "A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea Mays". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 17 (8): 492–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.17.8.492. PMC 1076098  . PMID 16587654. (Original paper)
Jump up ^ Rieger R. Michaelis A., Green M. M. (1976). Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular. Heidelberg - New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-07668-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ King R. C., Stransfield W. D. (1998): Dictionary of genetics. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-50944-1-7; ISBN 0-19-509442-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Harris Bernstein, Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod (2011). Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair. Chapter 19 in DNA Repair. Inna Kruman, editor. InTech Open Publisher. doi:10.5772/25117 http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair
^ Jump up to: a b Bernstein, H; Bernstein, C (2010). "Evolutionary origin of recombination during meiosis". BioScience. 60 (7): 498–505. doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.5.
Jump up ^ Dangel, NJ; Knoll, A; Puchta, H (2014). "MHF1 plays Fanconi anaemia complementation group M protein (FANCM)-dependent and FANCM-independent roles in DNA repair and homologous recombination in plants". Plant J. 78 (5): 822–33. doi:10.1111/tpj.12507. PMID 24635147.
Jump up ^ Saponaro, M; Callahan, D; Zheng, X; Liberi, G (2010). "Cdk1 Targets Srs2 to Complete Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing and to Promote Recombinational Repair". PLoS Genet. 6 (2): e1000858. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000858. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Esposito, M (September 1978). "Evidence that Spontaneous Mitotic Recombination Occurs at the Two-Strand Stage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 75 (9): 4436–4440. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.9.4436.
Jump up ^ Kumar, A; Bassi, F; Paux, E (2012). "DNA repair and crossing over favor similar chromosome regions as discovered in radiation hybrid of Triticum". BMC Genomics. 13 (339). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-339. PMC 3443642  . PMID 22827734. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Steinboeck, F (2010). "The relevance of oxidative stress and cytotoxic DNA lesions for spontaneous mutagenesis in non-replicating yeast cells". Mutat Res. 688 (1–2): 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.006. PMID 20223252.
Jump up ^ Nedelcu, M; Marcu, O; Michod, RE (2004). "Sex as a response to oxidative stress: a twofold increase in cellular reactive oxygen species activates sex genes". Proc. R. Soc. B. 271: 1591–1596. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2747. PMC 1691771  . PMID 15306305. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
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Jump up ^ Keeney, S; Giroux, CN; Kleckner, N (1997). "Meiosis-Specific DNA Double-Strand Breaks Are Catalyzed by Spo11, a Member of a Widely Conserved Protein Family". Cell. 88 (3): 375–84. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81876-0. PMID 9039264.
Jump up ^ Sauvageau, S; Stasiak, Az; Banville, I; Ploquin, M; Stasiak, A; Masson, Jy (June 2005). "Fission Yeast Rad51 and Dmc1, Two Efficient DNA Recombinases Forming Helical Nucleoprotein Filaments" (Free full text). Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (11): 4377–87. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.11.4377-4387.2005. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 1140613  . PMID 15899844.
^ Jump up to: a b Pochart P, Woltering D, Hollingsworth NM (1997). "Conserved properties between functionally distinct MutS homologs in yeast". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (48): 30345–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30345. PMID 9374523.
Jump up ^ Winand NJ, Panzer JA, Kolodner RD (1998). "Cloning and characterization of the human and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene". Genomics. 53 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5447. PMID 9787078.
Jump up ^ Bocker T, Barusevicius A, Snowden T, Rasio D, Guerrette S, Robbins D, Schmidt C, Burczak J, Croce CM, Copeland T, Kovatich AJ, Fishel R (1999). "hMSH5: a human MutS homologue that forms a novel heterodimer with hMSH4 and is expressed during spermatogenesis". Cancer Res. 59 (4): 816–22. PMID 10029069.
Jump up ^ Krishnaprasad GN, Anand MT, Lin G, Tekkedil MM, Steinmetz LM, Nishant KT (2015). "Variation in crossover frequencies perturb crossover assurance without affecting meiotic chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Genetics. 199 (2): 399–412. doi:10.1534/genetics.114.172320. PMC 4317650  . PMID 25467183.
Jump up ^ Church K, Wimber DE (1969). "Meiosis in the grasshopper: chiasma frequency after elevated temperature and x-rays". Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 11 (1): 209–16. doi:10.1139/g69-025. PMID 5797806.
Jump up ^ Westerman M (1971). "The effect of x-irradiation on chiasma frequency in Chorthippus brunneus". Heredity. 27 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1038/hdy.1971.73. PMID 5289295.
Jump up ^ "genetic recombination".
Jump up ^ Genetic Recombination
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, George P. (1976-01-01). "Evolution of Repeated DNA Sequences by Unequal Crossover". Science. 191 (4227): 528–535. doi:10.1126/science.1251186. JSTOR 1741301.
Jump up ^ Graur, Dan; Li, Wen-Hsiung (2000-01-01). Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer. ISBN 9780878932665.
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[hide]
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Genetics: homologous recombination / mobile genetic elements
Primarily prokaryotic
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
Occurs in eukaryotes
Transfection
Chromosomal crossover
Gene conversion
Fusion gene
Horizontal gene transfer
Sister chromatid exchange
Transposon
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Aquatic animal
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Longfin sculpin (Jordania zonope)
An aquatic animal is an animal, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in the water for most or all of its lifetime.[1] Many insects such as mosquitoes, mayflies, dragonflies and caddisflies have aquatic larvae, with winged adults. Aquatic animals may breathe air or extract oxygen that dissolved in water through specialised organs called gills, or directly through the skin. Natural environments and the animals that live in them can be categorized as aquatic (water) or terrestrial (land).
Contents
1 Description
2 Air-breathing aquatic animals
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Description[edit]
The term aquatic can be applied to animals that live in either fresh water (fresh water animals) or salt water (marine animals). However, the adjective marine is most commonly used for animals that live in saltwater, i.e. in oceans, seas, etc.
Aquatic animals (especially freshwater animals) are often of special concern to conservationists because of the fragility of their environments. Aquatic animals are subject to pressure from overfishing, destructive fishing, marine pollution and climate change.
Air-breathing aquatic animals[edit]
In addition to water breathing animals, e.g., fish, most mollusks etc., the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing aquatic or sea mammals such as those in the orders Cetacea (whales) and Sirenia (sea cows), which cannot survive on land, as well as the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals, and the walrus). The term "aquatic mammal" is also applied to four-footed mammals like the river otter (Lontra canadensis) and beavers (family Castoridae), although these are technically amphibious or semiaquatic.
Amphibians, like frogs (the order Anura), while requiring water, are separated into their own environmental classification. The majority of amphibians (class Amphibia) have an aquatic larval stage, like a tadpole, but then live as terrestrial adults, and may return to the water to mate.
Certain fish also evolved to breathe air to survive oxygen-deprived water, such as Arapaima (family Osteoglossidae) and walking catfish.
Most mollusks have gills, while some fresh water ones have a lung instead (e.g. Planorbidae) and some amphibious ones have both (e.g. Ampullariidae).
See also[edit]
Aquatic mammal
Aquatic plant
Freshwater snail
List of semiaquatic tetrapods
Marine biology
Marine invertebrates
Marine mammal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biology Online Dictionary: "Aquatic" Archived 31 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
"Annelids." Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. Web. 2 May 2012. <https://web.archive.org/web/20120606154809/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/annelids/>.
National Invasive Species Information Center. Web. 2 May 2012. <http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/main.shtml>.
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