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Seawater
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Seawater in the Strait of Malacca
Part of a series on
Water salinity
Salinity levels
Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)
Bodies of water
Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity
v
t
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Temperature-salinity diagram of changes in density of water
Ocean salinity at different latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific
Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 599 mM) This means that every kilogram (roughly one litre by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium (Na+
) and chloride (Cl−
) ions). Average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 kg/L at 4 °C (39 °F)) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it freezes at about −2 °C (28 °F).[1] The coldest seawater ever recorded (in a liquid state) was in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier, and measured −2.6 °C (27.3 °F).[2] Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4.[3] However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geochemistry
1.1 Salinity
1.2 Thermophysical properties of Seawater
2 Compositional differences from freshwater
3 Microbial components
4 Origin
5 Human impacts
6 Human consumption
7 Standard
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Geochemistry[edit]
Salinity[edit]
Further information: Salinity § Seawater
Annual mean sea surface salinity expressed in the Practical Salinity Scale for the World Ocean. Data from the World Ocean Atlas[5]
Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 31 g/kg and 38 g/kg, that is 3.1-3.8%, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with fresh water runoff from river mouths, near melting glaciers or vast amounts of precipitation (e.g. Monsoon), seawater can be substantially less saline. The most saline open sea is the Red Sea, where high rates of evaporation, low precipitation and low river run-off, and confined circulation result in unusually salty water. The salinity in isolated bodies of water can be considerably greater still - about ten times higher in the case of the Dead Sea. Historically, several salinity scales were used to approximate the absolute salinity of seawater. A popular scale was the "Practical Salinity Scale" where salinity was measured in "practical salinity units (psu)". The current standard for salinity is the "Reference Salinity" scale [6] with the salinity expressed in units of "g/kg".
Thermophysical properties of Seawater[edit]
The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m3, depending on the temperature and salinity. At a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m3.[7][8] Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1050 kg/m3 or higher. The density of seawater also changes with salinity. Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. The density of typical seawater brine of 120 g/kg salinity at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure is 1088 kg/m3.[7][8] Seawater pH is limited to the range 7.5 to 8.4. The speed of sound in seawater is about 1,500 m/s (whereas speed of sound is usually around 330 m/s in air at roughly 1000hPa pressure, 1 atmosphere), and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure. The thermal conductivity of seawater is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C and a salinity of 35 g/kg.[9] The thermal conductivity decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature.[10]
Compositional differences from freshwater[edit]
Seawater composition (by mass) (salinity = 3.5%)
Element
Percent
Element
Percent
Oxygen 85.84 Sulphur 0.091
Hydrogen 10.82 Calcium 0.04
Chloride 1.94 Potassium 0.04
Sodium 1.08 Bromide 0.0067
Magnesium 0.1292 Carbon 0.0028
Vanadium 1.5 × 10−11 – 3.3 × 10−11
Seawater contains more dissolved ions than all types of freshwater.[11] However, the ratios of solutes differ dramatically. For instance, although seawater contains about 2.8 times more bicarbonate than river water based on molarity, the percentage of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of all dissolved ions is far lower than in river water. Bicarbonate ions also constitute 48% of river water solutes but only 0.14% of all seawater ions.[11][12] Differences like these are due to the varying residence times of seawater solutes; sodium and chloride have very long residence times, while calcium (vital for carbonate formation) tends to precipitate much more quickly.[12] The most abundant dissolved ions in seawater are sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate and calcium.[13] Its osmolarity is about 1000 mOsm/l.[14]
Small amounts of other substances are found, including amino acids at concentrations of up to 2 micrograms of nitrogen atoms per liter,[15] which are thought to have played a key role in the origin of life.
Microbial components[edit]
Research in 1957 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography sampled water in both pelagic and neritic locations in the Pacific Ocean. Direct microscopic counts and cultures were used, the direct counts in some cases showing up to 10 000 times that obtained from cultures. These differences were attributed to the occurrence of bacteria in aggregates, selective effects of the culture media, and the presence of inactive cells. A marked reduction in bacterial culture numbers was noted below the thermocline, but not by direct microscopic observation. Large numbers of spirilli-like forms were seen by microscope but not under cultivation. The disparity in numbers obtained by the two methods is well known in this and other fields.[16] In the 1990s, improved techniques of detection and identification of microbes by probing just small snippets of DNA, enabled researchers taking part in the Census of Marine Life to identify thousands of previously unknown microbes usually present only in small numbers. This revealed a far greater diversity than previously suspected, so that a litre of seawater may hold more than 20,000 species. Dr. Mitchell Sogin from the Marine Biological Laboratory feels that "the number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse five to 10 million."[17]
Bacteria are found at all depths in the water column, as well as in the sediments, some being aerobic, others anaerobic. Most are free-swimming, but some exist as symbionts within other organisms – examples of these being bioluminescent bacteria. Cyanobacteria played an important role in the evolution of ocean processes, enabling the development of stromatolites and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Some bacteria interact with diatoms, and form a critical link in the cycling of silicon in the ocean. One anaerobic species, Thiomargarita namibiensis, plays an important part in the breakdown of hydrogen sulphide eruptions from diatomaceous sediments off the Namibian coast, and generated by high rates of phytoplankton growth in the Benguela Current upwelling zone, eventually falling to the seafloor.
Bacteria-like Archaea surprised marine microbiologists by their survival and thriving in extreme environments, such as the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. Alkalotolerant marine bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio spp. survive in a pH range of 7.3 to 10.6, while some species will grow only at pH 10 to 10.6.[18] Archaea also exist in pelagic waters and may constitute as much as half the ocean's biomass, clearly playing an important part in oceanic processes.[19] In 2000 sediments from the ocean floor revealed a species of Archaea that breaks down methane, an important greenhouse gas and a major contributor to atmospheric warming.[20] Some bacteria break down the rocks of the sea floor, influencing seawater chemistry. Oil spills, and runoff containing human sewage and chemical pollutants have a marked effect on microbial life in the vicinity, as well as harbouring pathogens and toxins affecting all forms of marine life. The protist dinoflagellates may at certain times undergo population explosions called blooms or red tides, often after human-caused pollution. The process may produce metabolites known as biotoxins, which move along the ocean food chain, tainting higher-order animal consumers.
Pandoravirus salinus, a species of very large virus, with a genome much larger than that of any other virus species, was discovered in 2013. Like the other very large viruses Mimivirus and Megavirus, Pandoravirus infects amoebas, but its genome, containing 1.9 to 2.5 megabases of DNA, is twice as large as that of Megavirus, and it differs greatly from the other large viruses in appearance and in genome structure.
In 2013 researchers from Aberdeen University announced that they were starting a hunt for undiscovered chemicals in organisms that have evolved in deep sea trenches, hoping to find "the next generation" of antibiotics, anticipating an "antibiotic apocalypse" with a dearth of new infection-fighting drugs. The EU-funded research will start in the Atacama Trench and then move on to search trenches off New Zealand and Antarctica.[21]
The ocean has a long history of human waste disposal on the assumption that its vast size makes it capable of absorbing and diluting all noxious material.[22] While this may be true on a small scale, the large amounts of sewage routinely dumped has damaged many coastal ecosystems, and rendered them life-threatening. Pathogenic viruses and bacteria occur in such waters, such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae the cause of cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis E and polio, along with protozoans causing giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. These pathogens are routinely present in the ballast water of large vessels, and are widely spread when the ballast is discharged.[23]
Origin[edit]
Diagram showing concentrations of various salt ions in seawater. The composition of the total salt component is: Cl−
55%, Na+
30.6%, SO2−
4 7.7%, Mg2+
3.7%, Ca2+
1.2%, K+
1.1%, Other 0.7%. Note that the diagram is only correct when in units of wt/wt, not wt/vol or vol/vol.
Total Molar Composition of Seawater (Salinity = 35)[24]
Component
Concentration (mol/kg)
H
2O 53.6
Cl−
0.546
Na+
0.469
Mg2+
0.0528
SO2−
4 0.0282
Ca2+
0.0103
K+
0.0102
CT 0.00206
Br−
0.000844
BT 0.000416
Sr2+
0.000091
F−
0.000068
Scientific theories behind the origins of sea salt started with Sir Edmond Halley in 1715, who proposed that salt and other minerals were carried into the sea by rivers after rainfall washed it out of the ground. Upon reaching the ocean, these salts concentrated as more salt arrived over time (see Hydrologic cycle). Halley noted that most lakes that don't have ocean outlets (such as the Dead Sea and the Caspian Sea, see endorheic basin), have high salt content. Halley termed this process "continental weathering".
Halley's theory was partly correct. In addition, sodium leached out of the ocean floor when the ocean formed. The presence of salt's other dominant ion, chloride, results from outgassing of chloride (as hydrochloric acid) with other gases from Earth's interior via volcanos and hydrothermal vents. The sodium and chloride ions subsequently became the most abundant constituents of sea salt.
Ocean salinity has been stable for billions of years, most likely as a consequence of a chemical/tectonic system which removes as much salt as is deposited; for instance, sodium and chloride sinks include evaporite deposits, pore-water burial, and reactions with seafloor basalts.[12]:133
Human impacts[edit]
Climate change, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, excess nutrients, and pollution in many forms are altering global oceanic geochemistry. Rates of change for some aspects greatly exceed those in the historical and recent geological record. Major trends include an increasing acidity, reduced subsurface oxygen in both near-shore and pelagic waters, rising coastal nitrogen levels, and widespread increases in mercury and persistent organic pollutants. Most of these perturbations are tied either directly or indirectly to human fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer, and industrial activity. Concentrations are projected to grow in coming decades, with negative impacts on ocean biota and other marine resources.[25]
One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures,[26] because it severely affects coral reefs and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).
Human consumption[edit]
Main article: Sea water poisoning
See also: Desalination
Accidentally consuming small quantities of clean seawater is not harmful, especially if the seawater is taken along with a larger quantity of fresh water. However, drinking seawater to maintain hydration is counterproductive; more water must be excreted to eliminate the salt (via urine) than the amount of water obtained from the seawater itself.[27]
The renal system actively regulates sodium chloride in the blood within a very narrow range around 9 g/L (0.9% by weight).
In most open waters concentrations vary somewhat around typical values of about 3.5%, far higher than the body can tolerate and most beyond what the kidney can process. A point frequently overlooked in claims that the kidney can excrete NaCl in Baltic concentrations of 2% (in arguments to the contrary) is that the gut cannot absorb water at such concentrations, so that there is no benefit in drinking such water. Drinking seawater temporarily increases blood's NaCl concentration. This signals the kidney to excrete sodium, but seawater's sodium concentration is above the kidney's maximum concentrating ability. Eventually the blood's sodium concentration rises to toxic levels, removing water from cells and interfering with nerve conduction, ultimately producing fatal seizure and cardiac arrhythmia.[citation needed]
Survival manuals consistently advise against drinking seawater.[28] A summary of 163 life raft voyages estimated the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. The effect of seawater intake on rats confirmed the negative effects of drinking seawater when dehydrated.[29]
The temptation to drink seawater was greatest for sailors who had expended their supply of fresh water, and were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking. This frustration was described famously by a line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner:
"Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink."
Although humans cannot survive on seawater, some people claim that up to two cups a day, mixed with fresh water in a 2:3 ratio, produces no ill effect. The French physician Alain Bombard survived an ocean crossing in a small Zodiak rubber boat using mainly raw fish meat, which contains about 40 percent water (like most living tissues), as well as small amounts of seawater and other provisions harvested from the ocean. His findings were challenged, but an alternative explanation was not given. In his 1948 book, Kon-Tiki, Thor Heyerdahl reported drinking seawater mixed with fresh in a 2:3 ratio during the 1947 expedition.[30] A few years later, another adventurer, William Willis, claimed to have drunk two cups of seawater and one cup of fresh per day for 70 days without ill effect when he lost part of his water supply.[31]
During the 18th century, Richard Russell advocated the practice's medical use in the UK, and René Quinton expanded the advocation of the practice other countries, notably France, in the 20th century. Currently, the practice is widely used in Nicaragua and other countries, supposedly taking advantage of the latest medical discoveries.
Most ocean-going vessels desalinate potable water from seawater using processes such as vacuum distillation or multi-stage flash distillation in an evaporator, or, more recently, reverse osmosis. These energy-intensive processes were not usually available during the Age of Sail. Larger sailing warships with large crews, such as Nelson's HMS Victory, were fitted with distilling apparatuses in their galleys.[32] Animals such as fish, whales, sea turtles, and seabirds, such as penguins and albatrosses have adapted to living in a high saline habitat. For example, sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles remove excess salt from their bodies through their tear ducts.[33]
Standard[edit]
ASTM International has an international standard for artificial seawater: ASTM D1141-98 (Original Standard ASTM D1141-52). It is used in many research testing labs as a reproducible solution for seawater such as tests on corrosion, oil contamination, and detergency evaluation.[34]
See also[edit]
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Brine
Brine mining
Brackish water
Fresh water
Saline water
Sea ice
Seawater pH
Surface tension of seawater
Thalassotherapy
Thermohaline circulation
CORA dataset global ocean salinity
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Thermophysical properties of seawater". Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Leslie, Mitchell (5 October 2000). "The Case of the Missing Methane". ScienceNOW. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
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Jump up ^ Doney, Scott C. (18 June 2010). "The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry". Science. 328 (5985): 1512–1516. doi:10.1126/science.1185198. PMID 20558706. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
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Jump up ^ "29". Shipboard Medicine (PDF). Retrieved 17 October 2010.
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External links[edit]
Tables
Tables and software for thermophysical properties of seawater, MIT
Physical properties of sea water
Composition
Vanadium concentration in seawater and estuary environments is around 1.5–3.3 ug/kg [1].
Vanadium speciation and cycling in coastal waters [2]
Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of Molybdenum and Vanadium in seawater [3]
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Tropical cyclone naming
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the current and future tropical cyclone lists. For the history of naming, see History of tropical cyclone naming. For previously named storms, see Historic tropical cyclone names.
Part of a series on
Tropical cyclones
Formation and naming[show]
Development
Structure
Effects[show]
Warnings and watches
Storm surge
Notable storms
Climatology and tracking[show]
Basins
RSMCs
Scales
Observation
Forecasting
Rainfall forecasting
Rainfall climatology
Tropical cyclone naming[show]
Tropical cyclone naming
History of tropical cyclone naming
List of historic tropical cyclone names
List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
List of retired Pacific hurricane names
List of retired Pacific typhoon names
List of retired Philippine typhoon names
List of retired Australian cyclone names
List of retired South Pacific cyclone names
Outline of tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones portal
v
t
e
Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings. The names are intended to reduce confusion in the event of concurrent storms in the same basin. Generally once storms produce sustained wind speeds of more than 33 knots (61 km/h; 38 mph), names are assigned in order from predetermined lists depending on which basin they originate. However, standards vary from basin to basin: some tropical depressions are named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones must have a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the centre before they are named in the Southern Hemisphere.
Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes and naming lists have subsequently been introduced and developed for the Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins, as well as the Australian region, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 North Atlantic Ocean
3 Eastern Pacific Ocean
3.1 North Pacific east of 140°W
3.2 Central North Pacific Ocean (140°W to 180°)
4 Western Pacific Ocean (180° – 100°E)
4.1 International names
4.2 Philippines
5 North Indian Ocean (45°E – 100°E)
6 South-West Indian Ocean (Africa – 90°E)
7 Australian Region (90°E – 160°E)
7.1 Indonesia
7.2 Papua New Guinea
7.3 Australia
8 Southern Pacific Ocean (160°E – 120°W)
9 South Atlantic
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: History of tropical cyclone naming and List of historic tropical cyclone names
Tropical cyclone naming institutions
Basin
Institution
Area of responsibility
Northern Hemisphere
North Atlantic
Eastern Pacific United States National Hurricane Center Equator northward, African Coast – 140°W [1]
Central Pacific United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center Equator northward, 140°W - 180° [1]
Western Pacific Japan Meteorological Agency
PAGASA (Unofficial) Equator – 60°N, 180 – 100°E
5°N – 21°N, 115°E – 135°E [2]
[3]
North Indian Ocean India Meteorological Department Equator northward, 100°E – 45°E [4]
Southern Hemisphere
South-West
Indian Ocean Mauritius Meteorological Services
Météo Madagascar Equator – 40°S, 55°E – 90°E
Equator – 40°S, African Coast – 55°E [5]
Australian region Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
Papua New Guinea National Weather Service
Australian Bureau of Meteorology Equator – 10°S, 90°E – 141°E
Equator – 10°S, 141°E – 160°E
10°S – 36°S, 90°E – 160°E [6]
Southern Pacific Fiji Meteorological Service
Meteorological Service of New Zealand Equator – 25°S, 160°E – 120°W
25°S – 40°S, 160°E – 120°W [6]
South Atlantic Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center (Unofficial) Equator – 35°S, Brazilian Coast – 20°W [7]
Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were often named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred.[8] The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907.[8] This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific.[8] Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.[8]
At present, tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to facilitate the effective communication of forecasts and storm-related hazards to the general public.[9] This is especially important when multiple storms are occurring simultaneously in the same ocean basin.[9] Names are generally assigned in order from predetermined lists, once they produce one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km/h (40 mph).[1][4][5] However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some systems named in the Western Pacific when they develop into tropical depressions or enter PAGASA's area of responsibility.[3] Within the Southern Hemisphere, systems must be characterized by a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named.[5][6]
Any member of the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists.[1][2][6] A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the system has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage, impact, or for other special reasons.[1] A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon, but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons:[1][2] these reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names, and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media.[1][10] PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones when they have caused at least 7009100000000000000♠₱1 billion in damage or have caused at least 300 deaths.[11]
North Atlantic Ocean[edit]
Main article: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Hurricane Lee nearing peak strength in September 2017
Within the North Atlantic Ocean, tropical or subtropical cyclones are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami) when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[1] There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the first letters A—W used, skipping Q and U, and alternating between male and female names.[1] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee meeting.[1] If all of the names on a list are used, storms are named after the letters of the Greek alphabet.[1]
The current naming scheme began with the 1979 season. It uses alternating women's and men's names, and also includes some Spanish and a few French names. Before then, only women's names were used.
List of Atlantic tropical cyclone names
2018
Names
Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk
Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sara Tony Valerie William
2019
Names
Andrea Barry Chantal Dorian Erin Fernand Gabrielle Humberto Imelda Jerry Karen
Lorenzo Melissa Nestor Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy
2020
Names
Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gonzalo Hanna Isaias Josephine Kyle
Laura Marco Nana Omar Paulette Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred
2021
Names
Ana Bill Claudette Danny Elsa Fred Grace Henri Ida Julian Kate
Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda
2022
Names
Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl
Lisa Martin Nicole Owen Paula Richard Shary Tobias Virginie Walter
2023
Names
Arlene Bret Cindy Don Emily Franklin Gert Harold Idalia Jose Katia
Lee Margot Nigel Ophelia Philippe Rina Sean Tammy Vince Whitney
References:[1]
Eastern Pacific Ocean[edit]
Main article: List of retired Pacific hurricane names
Hurricane Bud near peak intensity on June 12, 2018
Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, there are two warning centers that assign names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[1] Tropical cyclones that intensify into tropical storms between the coast of Americas and 140°W are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), while tropical cyclones intensifying into tropical storms between 140°W and 180° are named by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu).[1] Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists and a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization Hurricane Committee.[1] The current naming scheme began with the 1978 season, one year before the Atlantic basin (and which anomalously used the list that will be used next in 2018, rather than the one for 2020). As with the Atlantic basin, it uses alternating women's and men's names, and also includes some Spanish and a few French names. Before then, only women's names were used. Because Eastern Pacific hurricanes mainly threaten western Mexico and Central America, the lists contain more Spanish names than the Atlantic lists.
North Pacific east of 140°W[edit]
When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between the coastline of the Americas and 140°W, it will be named by the NHC. There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the letters A—Z used, skipping Q and U, with each name alternating between a male or a female name.[1] The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane Committee.[1] If all of the names on a list are used, storms are named using the letters of the Greek alphabet.[1]
List of Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone names
2018
Names
Aletta Bud Carlotta Daniel Emilia Fabio Gilma Hector Ileana John Kristy Lane
Miriam Norman Olivia Paul Rosa Sergio Tara Vicente Willa Xavier Yolanda Zeke
2019
Names
Alvin Barbara Cosme Dalila Erick Flossie Gil Henriette Ivo Juliette Kiko Lorena
Mario Narda Octave Priscilla Raymond Sonia Tico Velma Wallis Xina York Zelda
2020
Names
Amanda Boris Cristina Douglas Elida Fausto Genevieve Hernan Iselle Julio Karina Lowell
Marie Norbert Odalys Polo Rachel Simon Trudy Vance Winnie Xavier Yolanda Zeke
2021
Names
Andres Blanca Carlos Dolores Enrique Felicia Guillermo Hilda Ignacio Jimena Kevin Linda
Marty Nora Olaf Pamela Rick Sandra Terry Vivian Waldo Xina York Zelda
2022
Names
Agatha Blas Celia Darby Estelle Frank Georgette Howard Ivette Javier Kay Lester
Madeline Newton Orlene Paine Roslyn Seymour Tina Virgil Winifred Xavier Yolanda Zeke
2023
Names
Adrian Beatriz Calvin Dora Eugene Fernanda Greg Hilary Irwin Jova Kenneth Lidia
Max Norma Otis Pilar Ramon Selma Todd Veronica Wiley Xina York Zelda
References:[1]
Central North Pacific Ocean (140°W to 180°)[edit]
Hurricane Pali in January 2016, the earliest named system in the basin
When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between 140°W and 180°, it is named by the CPHC.[1] Four lists of Hawaiian names are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane committee, rotating without regard to year, with the first name for a new year being the next name in sequence that was not used the previous year.[1] Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next Hurricane Committee meeting.[1]
List of Central Pacific tropical cyclone names
List
Names
1
Akoni Ema Hone Iona Keli Lala Moke Nolo Olana Pena Ulana Wale
2
Aka Ekeka Hene Iolana Keoni Lino Mele Nona Oliwa Pama Upana Wene
3
Alika Ele Huko Iopa Kika Lana Maka Neki Omeka Pewa Unala Wali
4
Ana Ela Halola Iune Kilo Loke Malia Niala Oho Pali Ulika Walaka
References:[1]
Western Pacific Ocean (180° – 100°E)[edit]
Typhoon Talim off Taiwan at peak intensity in September 2017
Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100°E are officially named by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms.[2] However, PAGASA also names tropical cyclones that occur or develop into tropical depressions within their self-defined area of responsibility between 5°N–25°N and 115°E-135°E.[3] This often results in tropical cyclones in the region having two names.[3]
International names[edit]
Main article: List of retired Pacific typhoon names
Tropical cyclones within the Western Pacific are assigned international names by the JMA when they become a tropical storm with 10-minute sustained winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[2] The names are used sequentially without regard to year and are taken from five lists of names that were prepared by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, after each of the 14 members submitted 10 names in 1998.[2] The order of the names to be used was determined by placing the English name of the members in alphabetical order.[2] Members of the committee are allowed to request the retirement or replacement of a system's name if it causes extensive destruction or for other reasons such as number of deaths.[2] Unlike other basins, storms are also named after plants, animals, objects, and mythological beings.
List of Western Pacific tropical cyclone names
List
Contributing nation
Cambodia
China
North Korea
(DPRK)
Hong Kong
Japan
Laos
Macau
Malaysia
Micronesia
Philippines
South Korea
(ROK)
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
1
Damrey Haikui Kirogi Kai-tak[nb 1] Tembin[nb 2] Bolaven Sanba Jelawat Ewiniar Maliksi Gaemi Prapiroon Maria Son-Tinh
Ampil Wukong Jongdari Shanshan Yagi Leepi Bebinca Rumbia Soulik Cimaron Jebi Mangkhut Barijat Trami
2
Kong-rey Yutu Toraji Man-yi Usagi Pabuk Wutip Sepat Mun Danas Nari Wipha Francisco Lekima
Krosa Bailu Podul Lingling Kajiki Faxai Peipah Tapah Mitag Hagibis Neoguri Bualoi Matmo Halong
3
Nakri Fengshen Kalmaegi Fung-wong Kammuri Phanfone Vongfong Nuri Sinlaku Hagupit Jangmi Mekkhala Higos Bavi
Maysak Haishen Noul Dolphin Kujira Chan-hom Linfa Nangka Saudel Molave Goni Atsani Etau Vamco
4
Krovanh Dujuan Surigae Choi-wan Koguma Champi In-fa Cempaka Nepartak Lupit Mirinae Nida Omais Conson
Chanthu Dianmu Mindulle Lionrock Kompasu Namtheun Malou Nyatoh Rai Malakas Megi Chaba Aere Songda
5
Trases Mulan Meari Ma-on Tokage Hinnamnor Muifa Merbok Nanmadol Talas Noru Kulap Roke Sonca
Nesat Haitang Nalgae Banyan Hato[nb 3] Pakhar Sanvu Mawar Guchol Talim Doksuri Khanun Lan Saola
References:[2][13]
Philippines[edit]
Main article: List of retired Philippine typhoon names
Typhoon Paolo (Lan) at peak strength in October 2017
Since 1963, PAGASA has independently operated its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that occur within its own self-defined Philippine Area of Responsibility.[3][14] The names are taken from four different lists of 25 names and are assigned when a system moves into or develops into a tropical depression within PAGASA's jurisdiction.[3][14] The four lists of names are rotated every four years, with the names of significant tropical cyclones retired should they have caused at least 7009100000000000000♠₱1 billion in damage and or at least 300 deaths within the Philippines.[14][15] Should the list of names for a given year be exhausted, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first ten of which are published every year.[14]
List of Philippine region tropical cyclone names
2018
Main
Agaton Basyang Caloy Domeng Ester Florita Gardo Henry Inday Josie Karding Luis Maymay
Neneng Ompong Paeng Queenie Rosita Samuel Tomas Usman Venus Waldo Yayang Zeny
Auxiliary
Agila Bagwis Chito Diego Elena Felino Gunding Harriet Indang Jessa
2019
Main
Amang Betty Chedeng Dodong Egay Falcon Goring Hanna Ineng Jenny Kabayan Liwayway Marilyn
Nimfa Onyok Perla Quiel Ramon Sarah Tisoy Ursula Viring Weng Yoyoy Zigzag
Auxiliary
Abe Berto Charo Dado Estoy Felion Gening Herman Irma Jaime
2020
Main
Ambo Butchoy Carina Dindo Enteng Ferdie Gener Helen Igme Julian Kristine Leon Marce
Nika Ofel Pepito Quinta Rolly Siony Tonyo Ulysses Vicky Warren Yoyong Zosimo
Auxiliary
Alakdan Baldo Clara Dencio Estong Felipe Gomer Heling Ismael Julio
2021
Main
Auring Bising Crising Dante Emong Fabian Gorio Huaning Isang Jolina Kiko Lannie Maring
Nando Odette Paolo Quedan Ramil Salome Tino Urduja[nb 4] Vinta[nb 5] Wilma Yasmin Zoraida
Auxiliary
Alamid Bruno Conching Dolor Ernie Florante Gerardo Hernan Isko Jerome
References:[14]
North Indian Ocean (45°E – 100°E)[edit]
Cyclone Ockhi near its peak intensity in November 2017
Within the North Indian Ocean between 45°E – 100°E, tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) when they are judged to have intensified into a cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[17] There are eight lists of names which are used in sequence and are not rotated every few years; however, the names of significant tropical cyclones are retired.[18]
List of Northern Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names
List
Contributing nation
Bangladesh
India
Maldives
Myanmar
Oman
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Thailand
1
Onil Agni Hibaru Pyarr Baaz Fanoos Mala Mukda
2
Ogni Akash Gonu Yemyin Sidr Nargis Rashmi Khai-Muk
3
Nisha Bijli Aila Phyan Ward Laila Bandu Phet
4
Giri Jal Keila Thane Murjan Nilam Viyaru Phailin
5
Helen Lehar Madi Nanauk Hudhud Nilofar Ashobaa Komen
6
Chapala Megh Roanu Kyant Nada Vardah Maarutha Mora
7
Ockhi Sagar Mekunu Daye Luban Titli Gaja Phethai
8
Fani Vayu Hikaa Kyarr Maha Bulbul Pawan Amphan
References:[17]
South-West Indian Ocean (Africa – 90°E)[edit]
Cyclone Enawo nearing landfall in Madagascar in March 2017
Within the South-West Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90°E, a tropical or subtropical disturbance is named when it is judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least 34 kn (39 mph; 63 km/h).[5][19] This is defined as being when gales are either observed or estimated to be present near a significant portion of the system's center.[5] Systems are named in conjunction with Météo-France Reunion by either Météo Madagascar or the Mauritius Meteorological Service.[5] If a disturbance reaches the naming stage between Africa and 55°E, then Météo Madagascar names it; if it reaches the naming stage between 55°E and 90°E, then the Mauritius Meteorological Service names it.[5] The names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed.[5] The names that are going to be used during a season are selected in advance by the World Meteorological Organization's RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee from names submitted by member countries.[5]
List of South–West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone names
2017–18
Names
Ava Berguitta Cebile Dumazile Eliakim Fakir Guambe Habana Iman Jobo Kanga Ludzi Melina
Nathan Onias Pelagie Quamar Rita Solani Tarik Urilia Vuyane Wagner Xusa Yarona Zacarias
2018–19
Names
Alcide Bouchra Cilida Desmond Eketsang Funani Gelena Haleh Idai Joaninha Kenneth Lorna Maipelo
Njazi Oscar Pamela Quentin Rajab Savana Themba Uyapo Viviane Walter Xangy Yemurai Zanele
2019–20
Names
Ambali Belna Calvinia Diane Esami Francisco Gabekile Herold Irondro Jeruto Kundai Lisebo Michel
Nousra Olivier Pokera Quincy Rebaone Salama Tristan Ursula Violet Wilson Xila Yekela Zania
References:[19][20]
Australian Region (90°E – 160°E)[edit]
Main article: List of retired Australian cyclone names
Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E – 160°E, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue.[6] The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 90°E and 141°E, while Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 141°E and 160°E.[6] Outside of these areas, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones.[6] If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region.[6] A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.[6][10]
Indonesia[edit]
If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator-10°S and 90°E-141°E, it will be named by the Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta).[6] Names are assigned in sequence from list A, while list B details names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.[6]
List of Indonesian tropical cyclone names
List A
Anggrek Bakung Cempaka Dahlia Flamboyan Kenanga Lili Mangga Seroja Teratai
List B
Anggur Belimbing Duku Jambu Lengkeng Melati Nangka Pisang Rambutan Sawo
References:[6][21]
Papua New Guinea[edit]
If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator – 10°S and 141°E – 160°E, then it will be named by Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby).[6] Names are assigned in sequence from list A and are automatically retired after being used regardless of any damage caused.[6] List B contains names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.[6]
List of Papua New Guinea tropical cyclone names
List A
Alu Buri Dodo Emau Fere Hibu Ila Kama Lobu Maila
List B
Nou Obaha Paia Ranu Sabi Tau Ume Vali Wau Auram
References:[6]
Australia[edit]
Cyclone Debbie making landfall over Queensland in March 2017
When a system develops into a tropical cyclone below 10°S between 90°E and 160°E, then it will be named by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) which operates three Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane.[6] The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year.[6][10]
List of Australian tropical cyclone names
List A
Names
Anika Billy Charlotte Dominic Ellie Freddy Gabrielle Herman Ilsa Jasper Kirrily
Lincoln Megan Neville Olga Paul Robyn Sean Tasha Vince Zelia ------
List B
Names
Anthony Bianca Courtney Dianne Errol Fina Grant Hayley Iggy Jenna Koji
Luana Mitchell Narelle Oran Peta Riordan Sandra Tim Victoria Zane ------
List C
Names
Alessia Bruce Catherine Dylan Edna Fletcher Gillian Hadi Ivana Jack Kate
Laszlo Mingzhu Nathan Olwyn[nb 6] Quincey Raquel Stan Tatiana Uriah Yvette ------
List D
Names
Alfred Blanche Caleb Debbie[nb 7] Ernie Frances Greg Hilda Irving Joyce Kelvin
Linda Marcus Nora Owen Penny Riley Savannah Trevor Veronica Wallace ------
List E
Names
Ann Blake Claudia Damien Esther Ferdinand Gretel Harold Imogen Joshua Kimi
Lucas Marian Noah Odette Paddy Ruby Seth Tiffany Vernon ------ -----
References:[6][10]
Southern Pacific Ocean (160°E – 120°W)[edit]
Cyclone Donna in May 2017, the strongest off-season cyclone in the South Pacific
Main article: List of retired South Pacific cyclone names
Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160°E – 120°W, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue.[6] The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25°S, while the New Zealand MetService names systems (in conjunction with the FMS) that develop to the south of 25°S.[6] If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region.[6] A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.[6] The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A — D in order, without regard to year before restarting with List A.[6] List E contains names that will replace names on A-D when needed.[6]
List of South Pacific tropical cyclone names
List A
Names
Ana Bina Cody Dovi Eva Fili Gina Hagar Irene Judy Kevin Lola Mal
Nat Osai Pita Rae Sheila Tam Urmil Vaianu Wati Xavier Yani Zita
List B
Names
Arthur Becky Chip Denia Elisa Fotu Glen Hettie Innis Julie Ken Lin Maciu
Nisha Orea Pearl Rene Sarah Troy Uinita Vanessa Wano ------ Yvonne Zaka
List C
Names
Alvin Bune Cyril Daphne Eden Florin Garry Haley Isa June Kofi Louise Mike
Niko Opeti Perry Reuben Solo Tuni Usa Victor Wanita ------ Yates Zidane
List D
Names
Amos Bart Cook Donna Ella Fehi Gita Hola Iris Josie Keni Liua Mona
Neil Oma Pola Rita Sarai Tino Uili Vicky Wiki ------ Yolanda Zazu
List E (Standby)
Names
Aru Ben Cama Dean Emosi Fanny Garth Hart Ili ------ ------ Lute Mata
Neta Olivia Pana Rex Seru Tasi Uesi Velma Wasa ------ Yasa Zanna
References:[6]
South Atlantic[edit]
When a significant tropical or subtropical cyclone exists in the South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center's Serviço Meteorológico Marinho names the system using a predetermined list of names.[7]
List of South Atlantic tropical cyclone names
Names
Arani Bapo Cari Deni Eçaí Guará Iba Jaguar Kamby Mani
References:[7]
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
Tropical cyclone scales
Atlantic hurricane season
South Atlantic tropical cyclone
Pacific hurricane season
Pacific typhoon season
South Pacific tropical cyclone season
North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
Australian region tropical cyclone season
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The name Kai-tak was retired after Tropical Storm Kai-tak, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[12]
Jump up ^ The name Tembin was retired after Typhoon Tembin, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[12]
Jump up ^ The name Hato was retired after Typhoon Hato, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[12]
Jump up ^ The name Urduja was retired after Tropical Storm Urduja, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[16]
Jump up ^ The name Vinta was retired after Typhoon Vinta, but no name has been confirmed to replace it.[16]
Jump up ^ The name Olwyn is scheduled to be replaced.[10]
Jump up ^ The name Debbie is scheduled to be replaced.[10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w RA IV Hurricane Committee (June 6, 2016). Regional Association IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) Hurricane Operational Plan 2016 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-30). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 30–31, 101–105. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i WMO/ESCP Typhoon Committee (March 13, 2015). Typhoon Committee Operational Manual Meteorological Component 2015 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-23). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 1–7, 33–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Why and how storms get their names". GMA News. September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b RSMC — Tropical Cyclones New Delhi (2010). Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2009 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee (September 16, 2016). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean: 2016 (PDF) (Report No. TCP-12). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (November 18, 2016). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2016 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. I–4 – II–9 (9–21). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Normas Da Autoridade Marítima Para As Atividades De Meteorologia Marítima" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Navy. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dorst, Neal M (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (PPTX). Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Slides 8–72.
^ Jump up to: a b Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 1, 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Tropical Cyclone Names". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. November 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "PAGASA replaces names of 2014 destructive typhoons" (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. February 5, 2015. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Replacement Names of HAIMA, SARIKA, NOCK-TEN and MERANTI in the Tropical Cyclone Name List" (PDF). Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center (March 24, 2018). "List of names for tropical cyclones adopted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea (valid as of 2018): Names of tropical cyclones". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Philippine Tropical cyclone names". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PAGASA replaces Tropical Cyclone "Lando" to "Liwayway"" (Press release). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Urduja removed from PAGASA name list as damage exceeds P1 billion". GMA News. December 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea: 2015 (PDF) (2015 ed.). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 11–12. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Naming of Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 31, 2015). "How are the names chosen?". Météo-France. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tropical Cyclone Naming". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cyclone Names". Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
AskBOM: How do tropical cyclones get their names?
United States National Hurricane Center – RSMC Miami
United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center – RSMC Honolulu
Japan Meteorological Agency – RSMC Tokyo
India Meteorological Department – RSMC New Delhi
Météo-France – RSMC La Reunion
Indonesia Badan Meteorologi & Geofisika – TCWC Jakarta
Australia Bureau of Meteorology – TCWC Perth, Darwin, Brisbane
Fiji Meteorological Service – RSMC Nadi
Meteorological Service of New Zealand – TCWC Wellington
Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center – Marine Meteorological Service
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclone_naming&oldid=846438379"
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text:
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown
Genre
Panel game
Presented by
Jimmy Carr
Starring
Sean Lock
Jon Richardson
Susie Dent
Rachel Riley
Joe Wilkinson
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
15
No. of episodes
96 (as of 9 February 2018) (list of episodes)
Production
Location(s)
Granada Studios (2012)
MediaCityUK (2013–present)
Running time
45–65 minutes
Production company(s)
ITV Studios
Zeppotron
Distributor
Endemol UK
Release
Original network
Channel 4
Picture format
576i (16:9 SDTV) (2012)
1080i (HDTV) (2013–present)
Original release
2 January 2012 (2012-01-02) – present
Chronology
Related shows
8 Out of 10 Cats
Countdown
External links
Website
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown is a crossover between the panel games 8 Out of 10 Cats and Countdown. The show follows the format of Countdown, but with hosts and contestants from 8 Out of 10 Cats, and an emphasis on humour.
The first episode aired as part of Channel 4's "mash-up night" on 2 January 2012; the first full series was aired in July 2013 and multiple series have since been commissioned. Episodes feature Jimmy Carr as host; two teams of two contestants feature in most episodes, with Sean Lock and Jon Richardson as permanent team captains (various other personalities, such as Lee Mack, Sarah Millican, Bill Bailey and Claudia Winkleman, deputise when either captain is unavailable to film). Rachel Riley and Susie Dent take up their regular roles from Countdown; Joe Wilkinson appears in many earlier episodes as Rachel's assistant and has also stood in as a team captain.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Format
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Ratings
4.1.1 Channel 4 Mashup
4.1.2 Original Programme (Rematch)
4.1.3 Series 1
4.1.4 Series 2
4.1.5 Series 3
4.1.6 Series 4
4.1.7 Series 5
4.1.8 Series 6
4.1.9 Series 7
4.1.10 Series 8
4.1.11 Series 9
4.1.12 Series 10
4.1.13 Series 11
4.1.14 Series 12
4.1.15 Series 13
4.1.16 Series 14
4.1.17 Series 15
4.2 Awards
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
On 2 January 2012, Channel 4 orchestrated a special "mash-up night" to celebrate its 30th anniversary, which involved two shows on the network merging their formats. One combination depicted Countdown and 8 Out of 10 Cats. Jimmy Carr took over as host alongside Rachel Riley. Sean Lock and Jon Richardson competed as contestants and Joe Wilkinson joined Susie Dent in Dictionary Corner. The show consisted of four letters rounds, two numbers rounds and the conundrum, interspersed with 8 Out of 10 Cats-style banter.[1]
A second special episode called 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown was broadcast on 24 August 2012 as part of Channel 4's "Funny Fortnight". Once again, Carr was host, Lock and Richardson were contestants, and Riley and Dent returned to their roles. In Dictionary Corner, Susie was joined by David O'Doherty. Wilkinson and past contestant Clarke Carlisle also featured. In this edition, there were five letters rounds, four numbers rounds and a conundrum.
Two additional specials aired in April 2013, with Lee Mack playing against Richardson, as Lock was unwell. In addition to the regulars, these specials also featured Rhod Gilbert, Rob Beckett, Stephen Mangan and Richard Osman as contestants, Tim Key and Henning Wehn in Dictionary Corner, and Wilkinson as Riley's "personal assistant".[2][3]
On 9 July 2013, Channel 4 announced it had commissioned a full series of 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown to air later in the summer.[4] Six episodes aired from July to September.[5] The final episode of the series was part of Channel 4's "80s Night".[6] The opening sequence for the final episode featured the standard title sequence for 8 Out of 10 Cats interspersed with images of the title sequence that Countdown used in the 1980s. Another series of six episodes were broadcast between 3 January and 28 February 2014.[7]
Recordings for a new series of six episodes began on 19 May 2014.[8] The first episode was broadcast on 6 June 2014, with the series originally scheduled to end on 11 July 2014; however, it was stretched to seven episodes and therefore ended on 18 July 2014.[9] Another four episodes were recorded on 2 and 16 July 2014; the first recording was episode seven of Series 3. The next three episodes began airing from 5 September 2014 and concluded on 19 September 2014.[10]
Rachel Riley confirmed via Twitter on 19 September 2014 that more episodes of 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown would be filmed for 2015.[11] It was announced in November that the show would have a Christmas special, followed by a new six-episode series.[12] Episodes for the fifth series were recorded throughout December 2014 with one of the episodes also being recorded on 1 February 2015. Recording for series 6 began on 5 March 2015 and its broadcast in May 2015, with further recordings in May, June and July 2015.[13]
Further recordings also took place in November and December 2015. Another Christmas Special aired on 8 December 2015 and another six-part series began in January 2016. A further series followed in 2016, beginning in August and running through October. A tenth series began broadcast on 8 June 2017.
Format[edit]
Each episode lasts one hour, including advertising breaks, although the January 2012 special lasted only 30 minutes. Since the first one-third of the program is occupied in introducing the panel, and due to the comedy interspersed between and during rounds, the game does not consist of the standard 15 rounds. The first few specials had different numbers of rounds ranging from 7 to 10. In the two full series of the show, there were either 8 or 9 rounds. The first three-quarters of the show contained a letters round and a numbers round; the last section had a letters round, a numbers round (if there was time) and a conundrum. More recent series featured rounds involving two contestants participating in humorous activities, such as being blindfolded and identifying props that were spelt with nine letters.
The letters and numbers rounds are the same as in Countdown, and there are also "Teatime teasers". The conundrums and teatime teasers typically contain sexual words or innuendos but with usually innocent answers,[14] such as "GONADTIP" (clue: "One way to become a parent", answer: "ADOPTING").[15]
Whilst the clock is ticking, as the contestants attempt to find a word or reach the target from the numbers within 30 seconds, Carr often takes part in some form of unusual or non-sequitur activity such as trying to get a dog through an obstacle course, stacking a house of cards or enticing a bird of prey to fly onto his arm. Rachel Riley is occasionally involved in these segments.
Apart from during the first two specials, there are two contestants on each team, with Jon and Sean as permanent guests. During some rounds, contestants all offer an answer but only the best answer from each team counts. During some rounds, one player per team is nominated to give an answer.
A celebrity appears in Dictionary Corner, and, after each numbers round, they present a poem, song or other comedic segment. Susie Dent's "Origin of Words" section does not appear, but is instead replaced with an additional segment from the guest.
In earlier episodes, Joe Wilkinson appeared as Rachel's assistant in the second half of the show, often dressed in costume whilst using props. The humour continued throughout the series, such as Wilkinson offered special prizes, replacing letter tiles with symbols or turning up despite having been "fired". During Wilkinson's sketches Robert Deaton (as Wilkinson's half-brother Fabio) sometimes appears. Since 2016, Wilkinson has appeared sporadically as a contestant.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown episodes
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
The first mashup was watched by 2.49 million viewers, making it the second most watched Channel 4 show that week.[16] The next episode, part of "Funny Fortnight", received 1.76 million viewers, which was an 8.3% audience share.[17] The 2014 Christmas special was watched by 1.75 million viewers: a 7.6% audience share.[18]
Ratings are sourced from BARB. All ratings from Series 9 onwards include +1.
Channel 4 Mashup[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
(millions)
1 2 January 2012 2.90[nb 1]
Original Programme (Rematch)[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
(millions)
1 24 August 2012 2.06[nb 2]
Series 1[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
(millions)
1 12 April 2013 2.63[nb 3]
2 19 April 2013 2.24[nb 4]
Series 2[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
(millions)
1 26 July 2013 2.47[nb 5]
2 2 August 2013 2.30[nb 6]
3 9 August 2013 2.46[nb 7]
4 16 August 2013 2.10[nb 8]
5 13 September 2013 2.30[nb 9]
1980's Special 20 September 2013 2.88[nb 10]
Series 3[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 3 January 2014 2.37[nb 11]
2 10 January 2014 2.75[nb 12]
3 17 January 2014 2.70[nb 13]
4 24 January 2014 2.79[nb 14]
5 21 February 2014 2.76[nb 15]
6 28 February 2014 2.90[nb 16]
Series 4[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 6 June 2014 2.30[nb 17]
2 13 June 2014 1.76[nb 18]
3 20 June 2014 1.93[nb 19]
4 27 June 2014 1.88[nb 20]
5 4 July 2014 1.98[nb 21]
6 11 July 2014 2.35[nb 22]
7 18 July 2014 2.00[nb 23]
Series 5[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 5 September 2014 2.30[nb 24]
2 12 September 2014 2.45[nb 25]
3 19 September 2014 2.43[nb 26]
Series 6[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
Christmas Special 29 December 2014 2.65[nb 27]
1 9 January 2015 2.76[nb 28]
2 16 January 2015 2.43[nb 29]
3 23 January 2015 2.29[nb 30]
4 30 January 2015 2.53[nb 31]
5 6 February 2015 1.77[nb 32]
6 13 February 2015 2.58[nb 33]
Series 7[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 3 May 2015 1.65[nb 34]
2 15 May 2015 N/A[nb 35]
3 22 May 2015 N/A[nb 36]
4 29 May 2015 N/A[nb 37]
5 5 June 2015 N/A[nb 38]
6 19 June 2015 N/A[nb 39]
7 26 June 2015 N/A[nb 40]
8 3 July 2015 1.56[nb 41]
9 10 July 2015 1.79[nb 42]
10 17 July 2015 1.88[nb 43]
11 24 July 2015 1.91[nb 44]
12 31 July 2015 2.03[nb 45]
13 7 August 2015 2.09[nb 46]
14 14 August 2015 2.35[nb 47]
15 21 August 2015 2.25[nb 48]
16 28 August 2015 2.25[nb 49]
17 4 September 2015 2.38[nb 50]
Series 8[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
Christmas Special 8 December 2015 1.82[nb 51]
1 15 January 2016 1.98[nb 52]
2 22 January 2016 2.39[nb 53]
3 29 January 2016 1.91[nb 54]
4 5 February 2016 2.11[nb 55]
Series 9[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 25 February 2016 1.97[nb 56]
2 3 March 2016 2.06[nb 57]
3 10 March 2016 2.00[nb 58]
4 24 March 2016 2.06[nb 59]
5 31 March 2016 1.43[nb 60]
Series 10[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 5 August 2016 1.93
2 12 August 2016 1.57
3 19 August 2016 1.30
4 26 August 2016 1.83
5 2 September 2016 2.00
Series 11[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 24 September 2016 1.53
2 1 October 2016 1.52
3 8 October 2016 1.44
4 15 October 2016 1.46
5 22 October 2016 1.59
6 29 October 2016 1.41
7 5 November 2016 1.61
Series 12[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
Christmas Special 24 December 2016 2.51
New Year Special 30 December 2016 1.51
1 13 January 2017 1.81
2 20 January 2017 1.79
3 27 January 2017 1.79
4 3 February 2017 1.70
5 10 February 2017 1.90
6 17 February 2017 1.68
7 24 April 2017 1.00
8 1 May 2017 1.15
Series 13[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
Election Special 8 June 2017 1.26
1 22 June 2017 0.91
2 29 June 2017 1.23
3 6 July 2017 1.26
Series 14[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
1 18 August 2017 1.59
2 25 August 2017 1.49
3 1 September 2017 1.48
4 15 September 2017 1.42
5 22 September 2017 1.72
Series 15[edit]
Episode No.
Airdate
Total viewers
Christmas Special 29 December 2017 1.83
1 19 January 2018 1.88
2 26 January 2018 2.06
3 2 February 2018 2.26
4 9 February 2018 2.25
Awards[edit]
In 2014, 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown was nominated for the British Comedy Awards in two categories: Best Comedy Panel Programme and Best Comedy Moment of 2014.[19][20] Sean Lock was also nominated for Best Male Television Comic, and Joe Wilkinson was nominated for Best Comedy Breakthrough Artist.[12]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 2.49 million on Channel 4, 411,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.68 million on Channel 4, 379,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.07 million on Channel 4, 559,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.74 million on Channel 4, 495,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.08 million on Channel 4, 386,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.83 million on Channel 4, 467,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.17 million on Channel 4, 291,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.68 million on Channel 4, 424,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.90 million on Channel 4, 404,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.55 million on Channel 4, 334,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.97 million on Channel 4, 371,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.31 million on Channel 4, 436,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.29 million on Channel 4, 406,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.51 million on Channel 4, 283,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.49 million on Channel 4, 269,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.53 million on Channel 4, 366,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.95 million on Channel 4, 349,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.42 million on Channel 4, 342,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.66 million on Channel 4, 274,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.59 million on Channel 4, 287,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.73 million on Channel 4, 252,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.98 million on Channel 4, 371,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.72 million on Channel 4, 281,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.91 million on Channel 4, 391,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.00 million on Channel 4, 452,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.00 million on Channel 4, 434,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.29 million on Channel 4, 356,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.43 million on Channel 4, 326,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.16 million on Channel 4, 271,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.88 million on Channel 4, 410,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.26 million on Channel 4, 274,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.44 million on Channel 4, 332,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.22 million on Channel 4, 359,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.32 million on Channel 4, 325,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ needs to be populated from BARB
Jump up ^ needs to be populated from BARB
Jump up ^ needs to be populated from BARB
Jump up ^ needs to be populated from BARB
Jump up ^ needs to be populated from BARB
Jump up ^ needs to be populated from BARB
Jump up ^ No +1 figure available
Jump up ^ 1.48 million on Channel 4, 306,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.55 million on Channel 4, 326,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.66 million on Channel 4, 248,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ No +1 figure available
Jump up ^ 1.76 million on Channel 4, 329,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.08 million on Channel 4, 269,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.01 million on Channel 4, 237,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.95 million on Channel 4, 300,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 2.06 million on Channel 4, 322,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.55 million on Channel 4, 271,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ No +1 figure available
Jump up ^ 2.13 million on Channel 4, 263,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.62 million on Channel 4, 288,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ No +1 figure available
Jump up ^ 1.64 million on Channel 4, 321,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.81 million on Channel 4, 246,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.68 million on Channel 4, 318,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ 1.76 million on Channel 4, 298,000 on Channel 4 +1
Jump up ^ No +1 figure available
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Carr to Host Countdown". 16 November 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". Channel 4. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". Channel 4. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Eames, Tom (9 July 2013). "'8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown' ordered for full series by Channel 4". Digital Spy. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown - All 4". www.channel4.com.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". Channel 4.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". Channel 4.
Jump up ^ "Channel 4 orders more 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". British Comedy Guide. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Series 7". Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "8 OUT OF 10 CATS DOES COUNTDOWN". Retrieved 1 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rachel Riley on Twitter". Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b Alexander, Susannah (25 November 2014). "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown gets Christmas special and new series". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "8 OUT OF 10 CATS DOES COUNTDOWN - Free Audience Tickets". Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". UKGameshows.com. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats does Countdown 7". 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown. 21 minutes in. And here's your teaser. The words are "GONADTIP" and the clue is "One way to become a parent."
Jump up ^ Top 10 Programmes Archived 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. - BARB. Select Channel 4 and 2012 > January > 2 – 8 Jan
Jump up ^ "Channel 4's Funny Fortnight - 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown - Christmas Special". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Finbow, Katy (10 November 2014). "Toast of London, Harry and Paul lead British Comedy Awards nominations". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Winners 2014". British Comedy Awards. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
External links[edit]
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown at channel4.com
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown at UKGameshows.com
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown on IMDb
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown at British Comedy Guide
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