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Cabinet of the United Kingdom
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The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and 21 cabinet ministers, the most senior of the government ministers.
Ministers of the Crown, and especially Cabinet ministers, are selected primarily from the elected members of House of Commons, and from the House of Lords, by the Prime Minister. Cabinet ministers are heads of government departments, mostly with the office of "Secretary of State for [function; e.g., Defence]". The collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office, and can exercise the same powers.[1]
The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in traditional constitutional theory. This interpretation was originally put across in the work of nineteenth century constitutionalists such as Walter Bagehot, who described the Cabinet as the "efficient secret" of the British political system in his book The English Constitution. The political and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been gradually reduced over the last several decades, with some claiming its role has been usurped by a "prime ministerial" government.
The Cabinet is the executive committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council,[2] a body which has legislative, judicial and executive functions, and whose large membership includes members of the Opposition. Its decisions are generally implemented either under the existing powers of individual government departments, or by Orders in Council.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Composition
3 Meetings of the cabinet
4 Location of Cabinet meetings
5 Parliamentary accountability
6 Current cabinet
7 Shadow Cabinet
8 See also
8.1 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Until at least the 16th century, individual Officers of State had separate property, powers and responsibilities granted with their separate offices by Royal Command, and the Crown and the Privy Council constituted the only co-ordinating authorities. In England, phrases such as "cabinet counsel", meaning advice given in private, in a cabinet in the sense of a small room, to the monarch, occur from the late 16th century, and, given the non-standardised spelling of the day, it is often hard to distinguish whether "council" or "counsel" is meant.[3] The OED credits Francis Bacon in his Essays (1605) with the first use of "Cabinet council", where it is described as a foreign habit, of which he disapproves: "For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings’ times, hath introduced cabinet counsels; a remedy worse than the disease".[4] Charles I began a formal "Cabinet Council" from his accession in 1625, as his Privy Council, or "private council", and the first recorded use of "cabinet" by itself for such a body comes from 1644, and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practices.[3]
Since the reign of King George I the Cabinet has been the principal executive group of British government. Both he and George II made use of the system, as both were not native English speakers, unfamiliar with British politics, and thus relied heavily on selected groups of advisers. The term "minister" came into being since the royal officers "ministered" to the sovereign. The name and institution have been adopted by most English-speaking countries, and the Council of Ministers or similar bodies of other countries are often informally referred to as cabinets.
The modern Cabinet system was set up by Prime Minister David Lloyd George during his premiership, 1916–1922, with a Cabinet Office and Secretariat, committee structures, unpublished minutes, and a clearer relationship with departmental Cabinet ministers. (The formal procedures, practice and proceedings of the Cabinet remain largely unpublished, if not secret.)
This development grew out of the exigencies of the First World War, where faster and better co-ordinated decisions across Government were seen as a crucial part of the war effort. Decisions on mass conscription, co-ordination worldwide with other governments across international theatres, and armament production tied into a general war strategy that could be developed and overseen from an inner "War Cabinet". The country went through successive crises after the war: the 1926 United Kingdom general strike; the Great Depression of 1929–32; the rise of Bolshevism after 1917 and Fascism after 1922; the Spanish Civil War 1936 onwards; the invasion of Abyssinia 1936; the League of Nations Crisis which followed; and the re-armament and resurgence of Germany from 1933, leading into another World War. All these demanded a highly organised and centralised Government centred on the Cabinet.
This centralisation enhanced the power of the Prime Minister, who moved from being the primus inter pares of the Asquith Cabinets of 1906 onwards, to the dominating figures of David Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin and Winston Churchill.
Composition[edit]
Cabinet ministers, like all ministers, are appointed and may be dismissed by the monarch at pleasure (that is, they may be dismissed without notice or reason given, although normally they are given a courteous option to resign) on the advice of the Prime Minister. The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is also generally at the Prime Minister's discretion. The Cabinet has always been led by the Prime Minister, whose unpaid office as such was traditionally described as merely primus inter pares (first among equals), but today the Prime Minister is clearly the preeminent head of government, with the effective power to appoint and dismiss Cabinet ministers and to control the Cabinet's agenda. The extent to which the Government is collegial varies with political conditions and individual personalities.
Any change to the composition of the Cabinet involving more than one appointment is customarily referred to as a reshuffle; a routine reshuffle normally occurs every summer. The total number of ministers allowed to be paid as "Cabinet ministers" is limited by the Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975, and this has caused successive Prime Ministers problems, and accounts for some of the unusual regular attendees at Cabinet, who are not paid as Cabinet ministers. The number in addition to the Prime Minister is currently 21;[5] total cabinet composition fluctuating between 21 and 23.
The Cabinet Secretary does not have a political appointment such as Secretary of State and is not a member of the Cabinet, but is the professional Head of Her Majesty's Civil Service. (The Cabinet Secretaries of the devolved Scottish Government are Scottish Ministers, unrelated to the U.K. Cabinet).
In formal constitutional terms, the Cabinet is a committee of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. All Cabinet members are made Privy Counsellors shortly after appointment if not already Privy Counsellors, but only selected Privy Counsellors are appointed to the Cabinet or invited to attend. MPs and peers in the Cabinet use the style "the Right Honourable" (abbr. the Rt Hon.)[6]
The Cabinet has come to be made up almost entirely of members of the House of Commons. The Leader of the House of Lords is a member of the House of Lords. Otherwise it is rare for a peer to sit in the Cabinet. The Lord Chancellor was formerly the presiding officer of the House of Lords, but since 2007 need not be a member of the Lords, and members of the House of Commons have been appointed. Until the re-appointment to the cabinet of Lord Mandelson on 3 October 2008, the old Leader of the Lords, Lady Amos, was the last peer to sit in any other Cabinet post, as Secretary of State for International Development from May to October 2003. Before then, the last Secretary of State for a major department drawn from the Lords was Lord Young of Graffham, serving between 1985 and 1989 as Secretary of State for Employment until 1987 and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry until 1989. The number of junior ministers who are peers has increased since 1997.
Occasionally cabinet members are selected from outside the Houses of Parliament and if necessary granted a peerage. Harold Wilson appointed Frank Cousins and Patrick Gordon Walker to the 1964 cabinet despite their not being MPs at the time. On 3 October 2008 Peter Mandelson, at the time of appointment not a member of either House, became Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and was immediately made a life peer. During the First World War, the South African politician Jan Smuts served in Lloyd George's War Cabinet without ever becoming a member of either house of the British parliament.
There are some 100 junior members of the Government who are not members of the Cabinet, including Ministers of State and Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State; and unpaid Parliamentary Private Secretaries are in practice apprentice ministers on the payroll vote. Some of them may be Privy Counsellors, or may be appointed to the Privy Council as a mark of distinction, without becoming Cabinet ministers. Equally, some junior ministers below Cabinet level may be invited to all Cabinet meetings as a matter of course. The Attorney General for England and Wales together with the chair of the governing political party, are customarily included, and other members of the Government can be invited at the Prime Minister's discretion, either regularly or ad hoc.
Since the end of the twentieth century more non-members of Her Majesty's Government were permitted by the Prime Minister to attend Cabinet meetings on a regular basis, notably Alastair Campbell in his capacity as Director of Communications and Strategy between 1997 and 2003, and Jonathan Powell, the Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister, under Tony Blair, with a distinctly separate role from the Cabinet Secretary/Head of the Civil Service.
A photograph is taken of each new Cabinet in the garden or drawing room at 10 Downing Street.[7]
Meetings of the cabinet[edit]
The Cabinet table
The Cabinet meets on a regular basis, usually weekly on a Thursday morning notionally to discuss the most important issues of government policy, and to make decisions. Despite the custom of meeting on a Thursday, after the appointment of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister the meeting day was switched to Tuesday.[8] However, when David Cameron became prime minister, he held his cabinet meetings on Thursdays again.[9] The length of meetings varies according to the style of the Prime Minister and political conditions, but today meetings can be as short as 30 minutes, which suggests announcement or ratification of decisions taken in committee, by informal groups, or in bi-lateral discussions between the Prime Minister and individual colleagues, with discussion in Cabinet itself very limited. The Prime Minister normally has a weekly audience with the Queen thereafter.
The Cabinet has numerous sub-committees which focus on particular policy areas, particularly ones which cut across several ministerial responsibilities, and therefore need coordination. These may be permanent committees or set up for a short duration to look at particular issues ("ad hoc committees"). Junior ministers are also often members of these committees, in addition to Secretaries of State. The transaction of government business through meetings of the Cabinet and its many committees is administered by a small secretariat within the Cabinet Office. Consequent Orders in Council are normally made by the Queen-in-Council with a quorum of the Privy Council, which meets monthly or ad hoc.
The Institute for Government claims that the reduced number of full Cabinet meetings signify "that the role of Cabinet as a formal decision-making body has been in decline since the war."[citation needed]. This view has been contradicted by Vernon Bogdanor, a British constitutional expert, who claims that "the Cabinet has, in fact, been strengthened by the decline in full meetings, as it allows more matters to be transferred to cabinet committees. Thus, business is done more efficiently."[10]
Most Prime Ministers have had a so-called "kitchen cabinet" consisting of their own trusted advisers who may be Cabinet members but are often non-cabinet trusted personal advisers on their own staff. In recent governments, generally from Margaret Thatcher, and especially in that of Tony Blair, it has been reported that many or even all major decisions have been made before cabinet meetings. This suggestion has been made by former ministers including Clare Short and Chris Smith, in the media, and was made clear in the Butler Review, where Blair's style of "sofa government" was censured.
Location of Cabinet meetings[edit]
Cabinet meetings are usually held in the Cabinet Room of 10 Downing Street, the Prime Minister's official residence.
Cabinet meetings have also been held at Chequers, and in one case at the Grand Hotel, Brighton.[11] In September 1921, under David Lloyd George, a Cabinet meeting was held at Inverness Town House in the Scottish Highlands to discuss the Irish Problem, the only meeting outside England.
Parliamentary accountability[edit]
There are two key constitutional conventions regarding the accountability of cabinet ministers to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, cabinet collective responsibility, and individual ministerial responsibility.
These are derived from the fact the members of the cabinet are Members of Parliament, and therefore accountable to the House of which they are a member. The Queen will only appoint a Prime Minister whose Government can command the support of the House of Commons, which alone can grant supply to a Government by authorising taxes; and the House of Commons expects all ministers to be personally accountable to Parliament. In practice, Cabinet ministers will usually have a junior minister to represent their department in the House of Lords.
Cabinet collective responsibility means that members of the cabinet make major decisions collectively, and are therefore collectively responsible for the consequences of these decisions. Therefore, no minister may speak against government decisions, and if a vote of no confidence is passed in Parliament, every minister and government official drawn from Parliament is expected to resign from the executive. Cabinet ministers who disagree with major decisions are expected to resign, Robin Cook being a recent example over the decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003. The principle of collective responsibility is not impaired by the fact that decisions may be made in a cabinet committee rather than by the full cabinet.
Individual ministerial responsibility is the convention that in their capacity as head of department, a minister is personally responsible for the actions and failings of their department. Under circumstances of gross failure in their department, a minister is expected to resign (and may be forced to do so by the Prime Minister), while their civil servants remain permanent and anonymous. This is relatively rare in practice, perhaps because administrative failure is of less interest to the media than personal scandal, and less susceptible to unequivocal proof. The closest example in recent years is perhaps Estelle Morris, who resigned as Secretary of State for Education and Skills in 2002 following severe problems and inaccuracies in the marking of A-level exams. The circumstances under which this convention is followed are not possible to define strictly, and depend on many other factors. If a minister's reputation is seen to be tarnished by a personal scandal (for example when it was luridly revealed that David Mellor had an extramarital affair) they very often resign. This often follows a short period of intense media and opposition pressure for them to do so. In general, despite numerous scandals, in Britain known cases of serious corruption (e.g. acceptance of bribes) are relatively rare in comparison with many other democracies. One reason is the strength of the whip system, political parties and the civil service, in comparison to individual politicians. This means MPs and ministers have little capacity to be influenced by improper pressure.[citation needed]
Parliamentary Questions can be tabled for ministers in either house of Parliament for either written or oral reply. These may be "planted" questions for the advantage of the Government, or antagonistic questions from the Opposition, or may genuinely seek information. Cabinet ministers must respond, either themselves or through a deputy, although the answers do not always fully answer the question. Written answers, which are usually more specific and detailed than oral questions are usually written by a civil servant. Answers to written and oral questions are published in Hansard.
Parliament cannot dismiss individual ministers (though members or a House may call for their resignation, or formally resolve to reduce their salary by a nominal amount), but the House of Commons is able to determine the fate of the entire Government. If a vote of no confidence in the Government passes, then the Queen will seek to restore confidence either by a dissolution of Parliament and the election of a new one, or by the acceptance of the resignation of her entire government.
In the United Kingdom's parliamentary system, the executive is not separate from the legislature, since Cabinet members are drawn from Parliament. Moreover, the executive tends to dominate the legislature for several reasons:
the first-past-the-post voting system (which tends to give a large majority to the governing party)
the power of the Government Whips (whose role is to ensure party members vote in accordance with the party line)
the "payroll vote" (a term which refers to the fact that members of parliament of the majority party will wish to be promoted to an executive position, and then be on the government's payroll).
collective ministerial responsibility requires members of the government to vote with the government on whipped votes, or else resign their position.
The combined effect of the Prime Minister's ability to control Cabinet by circumventing effective discussion in Cabinet and the executive's ability to dominate parliamentary proceedings places the British Prime Minister in a position of great power, that has been likened to an elective dictatorship (a phrase coined by Lord Hailsham in 1976). The relative inability of Parliament to hold the Government of the day to account is often cited by the UK media as a justification for the vigour with which they question and challenge the Government. This is often controversial as some people believe that Individual Media Corporations have had key influence upon certain components of British elections.[12]
The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution (1867) in which he described the prime minister as the primus‐inter‐pares ("first among equals").[13] The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government (1972) and by Tony Benn. They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the Prime Minister had acquired more power so that Prime Ministerial Government was a more apt description.[13] Crossman stated that the increase the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties, the development of a unified civil service, and the grown of the Prime Minister's private office and Cabinet secretariat.[14] Graham Allen (a Government Whip during Tony Blair's first government) makes the case in The Last Prime Minister: Being Honest About the UK Presidency (2003) that in fact the office of prime minister has presidential powers,[15] as did Michael Foley in The British Presidency (2000).[16] However the power that a prime minister has over his or her cabinet colleagues is directly proportional to the amount of support that they have with their political parties and this is often related to whether the party considers them to be an electoral asset or liability. Also when a party is divided into factions a Prime Minister may be forced to include other powerful party members in the Cabinet for party political cohesion. The Prime Minister's personal power is also curtailed if their party is in a power-sharing arrangement, or a formal coalition with another party (as happened in the coalition government of 2010 to 2015).[14][13][17]
Current cabinet[edit]
As of July 2017[update]:
Main article: Second May ministry
Cabinet of the United Kingdom (the executive committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council)[18][19] [edit]
Portfolio
Minister
Term
Cabinet ministers
Prime Minister
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service Theresa May MP 2016 – present
First Secretary of State
Minister for the Cabinet Office Damian Green MP 2017 – present
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Second Lord of the Treasury Philip Hammond MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for the Home Department Amber Rudd MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Boris Johnson MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union David Davis MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Defence Sir Michael Fallon KCB MP 2014 – present
Secretary of State for Health Jeremy Hunt MP 2012 – present
Lord Chancellor
Secretary of State for Justice Dr David Lidington CBE MP 2017 – present
Secretary of State for Education
Minister for Women and Equalities Justine Greening MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for International Trade
President of the Board of Trade Dr Liam Fox MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Dr Greg Clark MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Michael Gove MP 2017 – present
Secretary of State for Transport Chris Grayling MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Sajid Javid MP 2016 – present
Leader of the House of Lords
Lord Privy Seal Natalie Evans, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park PC 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Scotland David Mundell MP 2015 – present
Secretary of State for Wales Alun Cairns MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Northern Ireland James Brokenshire MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for International Development Priti Patel MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Karen Bradley MP 2016 – present
Secretary of State for Work and Pensions David Gauke MP 2017 – present
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Chairman of the Conservative Party Sir Patrick McLoughlin MP 2016 – present
Also attending cabinet meetings
Leader of the House of Commons
Lord President of the Council Andrea Leadsom MP 2017 – present
Chief Secretary to the Treasury Elizabeth Truss MP 2017 – present
Chief Whip in the House of Commons
Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Gavin Williamson CBE MP 2016 – present
Attorney General Jeremy Wright QC MP 2014 – present
Minister of State for Immigration Brandon Lewis MP 2017 – present
Minister of State for Employment Damian Hinds MP 2017 – present
Shadow Cabinet[edit]
Main article: Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)
The Official Opposition (the non-government party with the largest number of elected Members of Parliament—in practice either the Labour or the Conservative Party) is led by the Shadow Cabinet, supported by numerous junior Opposition frontbenchers.
The Scottish National Party, as of 2016[update] the third-largest party, has a set of spokesmen in the House of Commons, known by their leader's name as the Frontbench Team of Ian Blackford.
See also[edit]
British Government frontbench
List of British ministries
Category:Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom cabinet committee
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ministers of the Crown Act 1975 s 3
Jump up ^ Cabinet Manual, 1.14
^ Jump up to: a b OED Cabinet
Jump up ^ Bacon, Essay "On Counsel" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Cabinet". Number10.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "How do you address a Lord?". www.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 May 2015. Rt Hon. should be used when a Lord is a member of the Privy Council.
Jump up ^ Cabinet Office Precedent Book Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., 1992, page 79.
Jump up ^ Jones, George (2 July 2007). "Cabinet moves to Tuesdays". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ "David Cameron coalition team in first cabinet meeting". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-28.
Jump up ^ "PRIME MINISTER. Cabinet meeting held at Grand Hotel, Brighton, 4 October 1966: request...". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. The National Archives.
Jump up ^ "Newspaper support in general elections". The Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fairclough, Paul (2002). "6.1 The Primemister". Advanced Government and Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913434-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Andy (1998). "Prime ministerial government". UK Government & Politics. Heinemann. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-435-33158-0.
Jump up ^ Allen, Graham (14 February 2017). The Last Prime Minister: Being Honest About the UK Presidency. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-84540-609-7.
Jump up ^ Foley, Michael (2000). "Chapter 1: The Blair revolution and presidential standard". The British Presidency. Manchester University Press. pp. 1-26. ISBN 978-0-7190-5016-9.
Jump up ^ Palekar, S.A. (2008). "Position of the Prime Minister". Comparative Politics and Government. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 37. ISBN 978-81-203-3335-2.
Jump up ^ "Election 2017: Prime Minister and ministerial appointments". gov.uk (Press release). British Government. 11 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Her Majesty's Government". parliament.uk. Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.
Cabinet Office - Main Site
Cabinet Office - UK Executive
Cabinet Office - List of Cabinet Ministers
Cabinet Papers, 1915-1981 (National Archives)
BBC news website - The Cabinet
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text:
Longhorn Network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Longhorn Network
Launched
August 26, 2011 (2011-08-26)[1]
Owned by
University of Texas at Austin
ESPN Inc.
IMG College
Picture format
720p (HD), 480i (SD)
Slogan
Hook 'Em Horns
Country
United States
Language
English
Broadcast area
Nationwide
Headquarters
Austin, Texas
Sister channel(s)
ESPN
ESPN2
ESPN3
ESPNews
ESPNU
ESPN on ABC
ESPN Deportes
ESPN Classic
SEC Network
ACC Network
ESPN Goal Line & Bases Loaded
Website
Longhorn Network
Availability
Satellite
Dish Network
Channel 407 (HD/SD)
DirecTV
Channel 677 (HD only)
Cable
Cox
(AR, KS, LA and OK)
Check local listings
Charter
(AR, LA, NM, TX and VA)
Check local listings
Grande
(TX)
Check local listings
Time Warner
(TX)
Channel 383 (HD/SD)
IPTV
AT&T U-verse
Channel 611 (SD)
Channel 1611 (HD)
Verizon FiOS
Texas:
Channel 79 (SD)
Channel 579 (HD)
Other areas:
Channel 320 (SD)
Google Fiber
Channel 230 (HD/SD)
Streaming media
WatchESPN
espn.go.com/longhornnetwork
The Longhorn Network (LHN) is an American regional sports network that is owned as a joint venture between the University of Texas at Austin, ESPN and IMG College, and is operated by ESPN (itself owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company and the Hearst Communications). The network, which launched on August 26, 2011, focuses on the Texas Longhorns varsity sports teams of the University of Texas at Austin.
The Longhorn Network, whose name and logo was revealed during the Longhorns' spring football game on April 3, 2011,[2] features events from 20 different sports involving the Texas Longhorns athletics department, along with original and historical programming. The network also features academic and cultural content from the UT Austin campus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Carriage
1.1 Carriage agreements
1.1.1 2012
1.1.2 2013
1.1.3 2014
1.1.4 2015
1.1.5 2017
1.2 Online presence
2 Programming
2.1 Regular programming
2.2 Sports
3 Controversies
3.1 High school football
3.2 Big 12 Conference football
3.3 Potential conflict of interest
4 References
5 External links
Carriage[edit]
The first national provider to carry the Longhorn Network was fiber optic television service Verizon FiOS, which announced a deal to carry the network in August 2011.[3] On August 31, 2012, the network began to be carried on AT&T U-verse. Several smaller cable providers throughout Texas have also added the channel – namely Consolidated Communications, Bay City Cablevision, Mid-Coast Cablevision, Texas Mid-Gulf Cablevision, En-Touch Systems, E-Tex Communications and Grande Communications.[4][5]
Currently, the only major provider serving Texas that does not carry the Longhorn Network is Comcast. The status of negotiations with Comcast are not publicly known.[4]
Carriage agreements[edit]
2012[edit]
On October 4, 2012, New York-based Cablevision Systems Corporation began carrying LHN on its systems in the Western United States. Its New York City area systems were not included in the deal.[6] Two months later on December 12, Cox Communications announced a comprehensive long-term distribution agreement that included adding the Longhorn Network to its systems in Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma.[7][8] On December 31, 2012, Charter Communications announced that it would add LHN as part of a wide-range long-term carriage deal with ESPN and The Walt Disney Company. Charter also took over Cablevision's western systems in the first quarter of 2013 and maintained the rights agreed to by Cablevision for LHN. It is available on its systems in Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Texas and Virginia.[9][8]
2013[edit]
On August 8, 2013, Time Warner Cable announced that it would begin carrying LHN in its Texas service areas.[10]
2014[edit]
On March 3, 2014, The Walt Disney Company and Dish Network announced a deal to carry the Longhorn Network as part of a new long-term, wide-ranging distribution agreement.[11] The channel became available on the satellite provider on May 28 of that year. On December 23, 2014, DirecTV announced a long-term, wide-ranging distribution agreement with Disney that included the carriage of Longhorn Network. [12]
2015[edit]
Longhorn Network launched on DirecTV on January 21, 2015 along with Fusion. It became available on regional sports network on the Choice package in the Southwestern United States and on the Sports Pack everywhere else. [13]
2017[edit]
In May 2017, DirecTV Now reduced the presence for the Longhorn Network from nationwide coverage to solely to the Big 12 territory (DirecTV's satellite service continues to carry LHN nationally). [14]
Online presence[edit]
Although the Longhorn Network has an internet presence hosted by ESPN, it functions as a TV Everywhere service that is unavailable to subscribers unless their cable and internet service provider carries the network, with further geographical restrictions (usually confined to the states contained within the Big 12 Conference); WatchESPN enforces the same restrictions in carrying the Longhorn Network feed on that site.[15] Patrick Ryan, Policy Counsel, Open Internet at Google pointed out that the reach of LHN as of September 2012 was about 10 million potential viewers, whereas if it were online, it could reach 230 million viewers in the U.S., or as many as 2 billion potential viewers.[15]
Programming[edit]
Regular programming[edit]
[16][17]
Longhorn Extra: This Week – A weekly broadcast covering news on the university's 20 varsity teams.
Rewind with Tom Herman – A Monday program featuring analysis from the football coach of the past weekend's game.
Texas All Access – A weekly insider show about the Longhorns sports teams, focusing on the football team during the fall months.
Game Plan with Tom Herman – A Thursday night preview show to the upcoming weekend's football game.
Texas GameDay – A two-hour pre-game show, similar in format to ESPN's College GameDay, which is broadcast from the site of Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium for home games and the Austin-based network studio for road games.
Texas GameDay Final – A 90-minute post-game show, similar in format to ESPN's College Football Final, on site at Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium for home games and the Austin-based network studio for road games.
Longhorn Legends – A roundtable discussion program with Longhorns football coach Mack Brown and a rotating selection of former players.
The Season: 2005 Texas Longhorns – An in-depth review of the 2005 Longhorns football season, during which the team earned its fourth national championship in the university's history.
Texas' Greatest Games – A Top 10 countdown of what is considered to be the program's best football games.
Texas' Greatest Athletes – A program covering those who are considered to be the best athletes (across all sports) that the school has produced.
Traditions – A look into how some of the university's historical sports traditions started.
Sports[edit]
The first live sports event broadcast on the network aired on the date of its launch, the women's volleyball team's 2011 season opener against the Pepperdine Waves. The first live football game telecast on the network aired on September 3, 2011, in which the Longhorns played against the Rice Owls.[18] The Longhorn Network would expand its sports coverage to include five UTSA Roadrunners football games to its schedule for sister campus University of Texas at San Antonio's inaugural football season, the first of which aired on September 10, 2011.[19] The majority of the live events are handled by the Longhorn Network Operations department, which manages the crew that sets up the equipment used to air the event. Over 200 live events were managed by this department during the 2011-2012 school year.
In 2015, Longhorn Network simulcast the featured groups coverage of ESPN's broadcast of the Open Championship, as it featured Longhorns alumni Jordan Spieth.[20]
In order to get more viewers to watch the network for live sports it airs other teams other then Texas schools as it will air the Wisconsin vs Colorado State Softball game on February 11, 2018 & the Texas hosted Softball games on February 23 & February 24, 2018.
Controversies[edit]
High school football[edit]
From the initial announcement of the Longhorn Network, ESPN had made it known that it desired to broadcast up to 18 high school football games per season. The idea was a cause for concern among other Big 12 schools, especially Texas A&M, due to what that university viewed as possible recruiting violations, and was partly responsible for A&M's decision to leave the Big 12 for the Southeastern Conference in 2012.[21] During an August 1, 2011, meeting of all Big 12 athletic directors, it was decided that the issue of airing high school football games on the network would be postponed for one year, allowing time for the NCAA to rule on the matter.[22] On August 11, 2011, the NCAA ruled that no school or conference network would be permitted to broadcast high school sports or any other high school programming, effectively bringing the issue to a close.[23][24]
Big 12 Conference football[edit]
In addition to a non-conference game each season, ESPN desired to place a Big 12 Conference game on the Longhorn Network. At the same Big 12 meeting that discussed high school football telecasts, it was agreed upon that a conference game would be acceptable as long as both schools and the conference office approved the broadcast.[22] It was reported that ESPN asked Texas Tech for permission to broadcast the team's November 5 game against the Longhorns on the network. ESPN told the university that the game would most likely not be carried on any of the ESPN family of networks, leaving a broadcast on the LHN as its only option. In return, ESPN promised to televise two non-conference football games over the next four seasons, televise some other non-football programming, $5 million cash, and help from the network to try to arrange a home-and-home series against a top BCS conference school. Texas Tech passed on the offer with the university's chancellor Kent Hance explaining that "I don't want a Tech fan to have to give one dime to the Longhorn Network". ESPN then contacted Oklahoma State about airing games on the network; that university also refused the invitation to appear on the network.[25] Texas Athletics eventually announced that the Kansas Jayhawks had agreed to let its game against the Longhorns on October 29 air on LHN (the University of Kansas's third-tier media rights are also managed by LHN co-owner IMG College). The agreement allowed the Longhorn Network to be the national carrier of the game, except in Kansas markets, where the game was shown on broadcast television.[26] ESPN revealed plans to broadcast the Texas Tech-Texas State game on the Longhorn Network in 2012, however Texas Tech threatened to drop the game in favor of an 11-game schedule, resulting the game being removed from LHN's schedule.
In November 2012, ESPN syndicated a second feed of a Longhorn football home game against Iowa State to ABC-affiliated television stations across Iowa (including KETV in Omaha, Nebraska, which is owned by ESPN part-owner Hearst Corporation) to provide access to the game within that state. A secondary announcing team was used for the Iowa State feed.[27] The same was done in September 2013 for a matchup against Ole Miss throughout the state of Mississippi. Mediacom eventually established an online/traditional network with Iowa State in their service area, Cyclones.tv, featuring university programming, along with any live games featuring Texas which are only available through Longhorn Network.
Potential conflict of interest[edit]
Concerns have been raised by some fans, bloggers and journalists that ESPN's financial stake in the Longhorn Network creates a potential conflict of interest.[28][29][30] Some fear that ESPN's involvement in the network will inhibit journalistic integrity as that network has a financial interest in the success of the athletic programs at the University of Texas. Sports Illustrated writer Richard Deitsch wrote: "The network's existence... creates an impossible situation for ESPN's college football producers and reporters (plenty of whom care about reporting). For every story ESPN does on Texas and its opponents, they'll be skeptics wondering what the motivation was for the story."[31]
Additionally, some have questioned the stipulation included in the network's founding agreement that gives Texas the right to dismiss LHN announcers that do not "reflect the quality and reputation of UT."[28][32] An ESPN spokesperson addressed the situation by stating: "This is not common in ESPN agreements because this UT network is so unique/new for us ...The provision does not allow for random replacement of commentators or reaction to critical comments... it's more about potential situations where a commentator makes completely inappropriate comments or gets involved in inappropriate actions."[33]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Texas' Longhorn Network raising some concerns around Big 12, USA Today, retrieved 25 July 2011
Jump up ^ "ESPN and University of Texas unveil 'Longhorn Network' name and logo," from TexasSports.com, 4/3/2011
Jump up ^ ESPN's Longhorn Network Corrals Verizon FiOS As First Announced Affiliate Multichannel News August 25, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Longhorn Network Adds Six Texas Operators Multichannel News August 26, 2011
Jump up ^ Grande adds Longhorn Network Archived 2011-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. Austin American-Statesman September 2, 2011
Jump up ^ Longhorn Network signs deal with Cablevision Systems Houston Chronicle October 4, 2012
Jump up ^ Kristie Chong Adler. "The Walt Disney Company and Cox Communications Announce Comprehensive Distribution Agreement - ESPN MediaZone". ESPN MediaZone.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions about the Longhorn Network". go.com.
Jump up ^ Press release (31 December 2012). "The Walt Disney Company and Charter Communications Announce New Distribution Agreement". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Kristie Chong Adler. "Time Warner Cable Launches Longhorn Network - ESPN MediaZone". ESPN MediaZone.
Jump up ^ Kristie Chong Adler. "The Walt Disney Company and DISH Network Sign Groundbreaking Long-term, Wide-ranging Agreement - ESPN MediaZone". ESPN MediaZone.
Jump up ^ "DIRECTV - DIRECTV and The Walt Disney Company Sign Expansive Agreement". directv.com.
Jump up ^ "Ande Wall on Twitter". Twitter.
Jump up ^ "DIRECTV Now Moves Longhorn Network From National Channel to Regional". tvanswerman.com.
^ Jump up to: a b “College sports should hook ‘em online”, from Policy By the Numbers (September 8, 2012)
Jump up ^ Longhorn Network to launch Aug. 26; first slate of shows announced Archived 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine., Austin American-Statesman, retrieved 25 July 2011
Jump up ^ Longhorn Network announces additional programming Archived 2011-09-20 at the Wayback Machine., Austin American-Statesman, retrieved 5 August 2011
Jump up ^ Longhorn Network names on-air team Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine., KXAN-TV. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Longhorn Network to air 5 UTSA home football games". statesman.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "British Open 2015 viewing guide: Coverage schedule and how to watch live online from St. Andrews". SBNation. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Staples, Andy (July 5, 2012). "TCU finally in Big 12". Inside College Football. Sports Illustrated. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Big 12 sets up restrictions on Longhorn Network, Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 1 August 2011
Jump up ^ High school games cannot be on school networks Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine., CBS Sports, retrieved 11 August 2011
Jump up ^ Finger, Mike (August 11, 2011). "Longhorn Network's high school plans permanently shot down". San Antonio Express. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tech says no to Longhorn Network, Amarillo Globe-News. Retrieved 9 August 2011/
Jump up ^ Texas-Kansas football game to air on Longhorn Network, TexasSports.com. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Dinges, Gary (9 November 2012). "Texas-Iowa State game to air, but Longhorn Network remains tough to find". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Open Mikes: Is the Longhorn Network a good or bad idea? USA Today. Retrieved August 29, 2011
Jump up ^ Longhorn Network Contract Between Texas and ESPN Revealed, Big 12 Future Not Bright The Big Lead. Retrieved August 29, 2011
Jump up ^ ESPN's Texas Longhorn Network - Good For College Sports? Corn Nation. Retrieved August 29, 2011
Jump up ^ College Football TV Roundtable SI.com. Retrieved August 29, 2011
Jump up ^ ESPN Talent on the Longhorn Network Better Be Nice – or the University of Texas Might Have You Replaced The Big Lead. Retrieved August 29, 2011
Jump up ^ Longhorns TV Deal: Texas Can Fire ESPN Broadcasters Burnt Orange Nation. Retrieved August 29, 2011
Further reading
Steven Godfrey (October 3, 2013). "The eye of Texas: Inside the Longhorn Network as it continues to enter uncharted television territory". SB Nation. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
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