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List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign
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Elizabeth II
The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of England (871–1707), the Kingdom of Scotland (878–1707), the Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800), and the Principality of Wales (1216–1542).
Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Victoria.[1][2] On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overall
1.1 Gallery
1.2 Elizabeth II
2 Unitary monarchy
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Great Britain
3 Kingdoms
3.1 England
3.2 Scotland
3.3 Ireland
4 Principalities
4.1 Gwynedd
4.2 Wales
5 See also
6 References
Overall[edit]
These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in Britain for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.
No.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
Days
Years, days
1 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 Present 24,158 7004241580000000000♠66 years, 51 days
2 Victoria of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days
3 George III of the United Kingdom 25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years, 96 days
4 James VI of Scotland 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days
5 Henry III of England 18 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,483 56 years, 29 days
6 Edward III of England 25 January 1327 20 June 1377 18,410 50 years, 147 days
7 William I of Scotland 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years, 360 days
8 Llywelyn of Gwynedd 1195 11 April 1240 16,173–16,902 c. 44–45 years
9 Elizabeth I of England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years, 127 days
10 David II of Scotland 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years, 260 days
The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland for 64 years, 3 months, and 16 days (17 September 1701 – 1 January 1766).
Gallery[edit]
1 – Elizabeth II
2 – Victoria
3 – George III
4 – James VI
5 – Henry III
6 – Edward III
7 – William I
8 – Llywelyn I
9 – Elizabeth I
10 – David II
Elizabeth II[edit]
On 9 September 2015 (at the age of 89 years, 141 days), Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history.[3][4] On 23 May 2016 (at the age of 90 years, 32 days), her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender").[5] On 13 October 2016 (at the age of 90 years, 175 days), she became the world's longest-reigning current monarch (and the world's longest-serving current head of state) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), King of Thailand.[6][7]
Should she still be reigning on –
18 July 2020 (at age 94 years, 88 days), she will have been queen for 25,000 days.[8]
6 February 2022 (at age 95 years, 291 days), she will celebrate her platinum jubilee, marking 70 years on the throne.[9]
27 May 2024 (at age 98 years, 36 days), she will surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest-reigning monarch of a major European country.[10]
Unitary monarchy[edit]
See also: List of British monarchs
United Kingdom[edit]
On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927[11] following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 Present 24,158 7004241580000000000♠66 years, 51 days
Victoria 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days
George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 9,390 25 years, 259 days
George III [12] 1 January 1801 29 January 1820 6,967 19 years, 28 days
George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 5,535 15 years, 57 days
George IV 29 January 1820 26 June 1830 3,801 10 years, 148 days
Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 3,391 9 years, 104 days
William IV 26 June 1830 20 June 1837 2,551 6 years, 359 days
Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 326 326 days
Great Britain[edit]
On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
George III[12]
(also United Kingdom) 25 October 1760 1 January 1801 14,677 40 years, 68 days
George II 22 June 1727N.S. 25 October 1760 12,168 33 years, 114 days
George I 1 August 1714 11 June 1727 4,697 12 years, 314 days
Anne[13] 1 May 1707 1 August 1714 2,649 7 years, 92 days
Kingdoms[edit]
England[edit]
See also: List of English monarchs
Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Henry III 18 or 19 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,482
or 20,483 56 years, 28 days
or 29 days
Edward III 25 January 1327 21 June 1377 18,410 50 years, 147 days
Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years, 127 days
Henry VI[14] 31 August 1422
31 October 1470
4 March 1461
11 April 1471
14,065
162
Total: 14,227 38 years, 185 days
162 days
38 years, 347 days
Æthelred II[14] 18 March 978
3 February 1014
25 December 1013
23 April 1016
13,065
810
Total: 13,875 35 years, 282 days
2 years, 80 days
37 years, 362 days
Henry VIII 22 April 1509 28 January 1547 13,795 37 years, 281 days
Charles II[15] 30 January 1649 6 February 1685 13,156 36 years, 7 days
Henry I 3 August 1100 1 December 1135 12,903 35 years, 120 days
Henry II
(co-ruler with Henry the Young King) 25 October 1154 6 July 1189 12,673 34 years, 254 days
Edward I 20 November 1272 7 July 1307 12,646 34 years, 229 days
Alfred the Great 24 April 871 26 October 899 10,412 28 years, 185 days
Edward the Elder 27 October 899 17 July 924 9,029 24 years, 264 days
Charles I[16] 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years, 309 days
Henry VII 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 8,642 23 years, 242 days
Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 5 January 1066 8,612 23 years, 211 days
Richard II 22 June 1377 29 September 1399 8,134 22 years, 99 days
James I[17] 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 8,039 22 years, 3 days
Edward IV[14] 4 March 1461
11 April 1471
3 October 1470
9 April 1483
3,500
4,381
Total: 7,881 9 years, 213 days
11 years, 363 days
21 years, 211 days
William I 12 December 1066 9 September 1087 7,563 20 years, 258 days
Edward II 7 July 1307 20 January 1327 7,137 19 years, 197 days
Cnut 30 November 1016 12 November 1035 6,921 18 years, 347 days
Stephen[14] 22 December 1135
1 November 1141
7 April 1141
25 October 1154
1,933
4,741
Total: 6,674 5 years, 106 days
12 years, 358 days
18 years, 99 days
John 6 April 1199 19 October 1216 6,406 17 years, 196 days
Edgar I 1 October 959 8 July 975 5,759 15 years, 280 days
Æthelstan 2 August 924
(or 925) 27 October 939 5,564
or 5,199 15 years, 86 days
or 14 years, 86 days
Henry IV 29 September 1399 20 March 1413 4,920 13 years, 172 days
William III[18]
(co-ruler with Mary II) 13 February 1689 8 March 1702 4,770 13 years, 23 days
Henry the Young King
(co-ruler with Henry II) 14 June 1170 11 June 1183 4,745 12 years, 362 days
William II 9 September 1087 2 August 1100 4,710 12 years, 327 days
Richard I 6 July 1189 6 April 1199 3,561 9 years, 274 days
Eadred 26 May 946 23 November 955 3,468 9 years, 181 days
Henry V 21 March 1413 31 August 1422 3,450 9 years, 163 days
Edmund I 27 October 939 26 May 946 2,403 6 years, 211 days
Edward VI 28 January 1547 6 July 1553 2,351 6 years, 159 days
Mary II[19]
(co-ruler with William III) 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 2,144 5 years, 318 days
Mary I
19 July 1553 17 November 1558 1,947 5 years, 121 days
Anne[13]
(also Kingdom of Great Britain) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years, 53 days
Eadwig 23 November 955 1 October 959 1,408 3 years, 312 days
James II[20] 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 1,404 3 years, 309 days
Edward the Martyr 9 July 975 18 March 978 984 2 years, 253 days
Harold I 12 November 1037 17 March 1040 856 2 years, 126 days
Harthacnut 17 March 1040 8 June 1042 813 2 years, 83 days
Richard III 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 788 2 years, 57 days
Harold II 5 January 1066 14 October 1066 282 282 days
Edmund II 23 April 1016 30 November 1016 221 221 days
Matilda (disputed) 7 April 1141 1 November 1141 208 208 days
Edward V 9 April 1483 26 June 1483 78 78 days
Edgar II 15 October 1066 17 December 1066 63 63 days
Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 3 February 1014 40 40 days
Jane (disputed) 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 9 days
Scotland[edit]
See also: List of Scottish monarchs
Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I (House of Alpin) in 848 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
James VI[17] 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days
William I 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years, 360 days
Constantine II 900 943 c. 15,500 c. 43 years
David II 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years, 260 days
Alexander III 6 July 1249 19 March 1286 13,405 36 years, 256 days
Malcolm III 17 March 1058 13 November 1093 13,025 35 years, 241 days
Alexander II 4 December 1214 6 July 1249 12,633 34 years, 214 days
James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 11,281 30 years, 323 days
Malcolm II 25 March 1005 25 November 1034 10,837 29 years, 245 days
James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 10,688 29 years, 96 days
David I 23 April 1124 24 May 1153 10,623 29 years, 31 days
James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 10,174 27 years, 313 days
Charles II[15] 30 January 1649
29 May 1660
3 September 1651
6 February 1685
946
9,019
Total: 9,965 2 years, 216 days
24 years, 253 days
27 years, 104 days
James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 9,220 25 years, 90 days
Mary I 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 8,988 24 years, 222 days
Charles I[16] 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years, 309 days
Kenneth II 971 995 c. 8,700 c. 23-24 years
James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 8,564 23 years, 164 days
Robert I 25 March 1306 7 June 1329 8,475 23 years, 74 days
Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 6,996 19 years, 56 days
Alexander I 8 January 1107 23 April 1124 6,315 17 years, 106 days
Macbeth 14 August 1040 15 August 1057 6,210 17 years, 1 day
Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 5,828 15 years, 350 days
Constantine I 862 877 c. 5,400 c. 15 years
Kenneth MacAlpin 843 13 February 858 c. 5,100 c. 14 years
William II[18] 11 May 1689 8 March 1702 4,683 12 years, 301 days
Malcolm IV 24 May 1153 9 December 1165 4,582 12 years, 199 days
Giric
(co-ruler with Eochaid?) 878 889 c. 4.000 c. 11 years
Donald II 889 900 c. 4,000 c. 11 years
Malcolm I 943 954 c. 3,600 c. 10-11 years
Edgar 1097 8 January 1107 c. 3,600 c. 10 years
Kenneth III 997 25 March 1005 c. 2,900 c. 8 years
Indulf 954 962 c. 2,700 c. 8 years
Duncan I 25 November 1034 14 August 1040 2,089 5 years, 263 days
Mary II[19] 11 April 1689 28 December 1694 2,087 5 years, 261 days
Amlaíb 971 977 c. 2,000 c. 5-6 years
Anne[13]
(also Kingdom of Great Britain) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years, 53 days
Dub 962 c. 966-967 c. 1,800 c. 5 years
Cuilén c. 966-967 971 c. 1,800 c. 5 years
Domnall mac Ailpín 858 13 April 862 c. 1.300 c. 4 years
James VII[21] 6 February 1685 11 December 1688
(claimed until 16 September 1701.) 1,404
(claimed 6,065.) 3 years, 309 days
claimed 16 years, 222 days
Margaret 25 November 1286 26 September 1290 1,401 3 years, 305 days
John Balliol 17 November 1292 10 July 1296 1,331 3 years, 236 days
Donald III 13 November 1093 1097 c. 1,000 c. 3-4 years
Constantine III 1095 1097 c. 700 c. 2 years
Áed mac Cináeda 877 878 c. 365 c. 1 year
Lulach 15 August 1057 17 March 1058 212 212 days
Duncan II May 1094 12 November 1094 c. 195 "less than 7 months"
Ireland[edit]
See also: Monarchy of Ireland
The High King of Ireland (846–1198) was primarily a titular title (with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first "King of Ireland"). The later Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, the long title of which was "An Act that the King of England, his Heirs and Successors, be Kings of Ireland". In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1166 1193 c. 26-27 years
Edward Bruce (disputed) June 1315 14 October 1318 c. 3 years, 100 days
Brian Ua Néill (disputed) 1258 1260 c. 1-2 years
Principalities[edit]
Gwynedd[edit]
See also: List of rulers of Gwynedd
The Principality (or Kingdom) of Gwynedd (5th century–1216) was based in northwest Wales, its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as "King of the Britons" before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions. In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales, although the new title was not first used until the 1240s.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Gruffudd ap Cynan 1081 1137 c. 55-56 years
Llywelyn the Great 1195 11 April 1240 >16,172 c. 44-45 years
Owain Gwynedd 1137 1170 >11,688 c. 33 years
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1195 >8,766 c. 25 years
Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1170 <1 year
Wales[edit]
See also: List of Princes of Wales
The Principality of Wales (1216–1542) was a client state of England for much of its history, except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales (see House of Aberffraw). From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English (and later British) heir apparent. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)
Name
Reign
Duration
From
To
(days)
(years, days)
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1253 11 December 1282 >10,572 c. 29 years
Owain Glyndŵr (disputed) 16 September 1400 c. 1416 >5,585 c. 16 years
Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 25 February 1246 1255 >3,000 c. 9 years
Owain Lawgoch (disputed) May 1372 July 1378 >2,221 c. 6 years
Dafydd ap Llywelyn 12 April 1240 25 February 1246 2,145 5 years, 319 days
Dafydd ap Gruffydd 11 December 1282 3 October 1283 296 296 days
Charles, Prince of Wales, is the longest-serving Prince of Wales, with a tenure of 7004217960000000000♠59 years, 246 days since his proclamation as such in 1958.
See also[edit]
Current reigning monarchs by length of reign
List of British monarchs by longevity
List of British monarchy records
List of longest-reigning monarchs
Line of succession to the British throne
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patricia Treble (30 December 2014). "Palace calculations: Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria". Maclean's. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Website of the British Monarchy". Retrieved 5 September 2015. On 9 September 2015, The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria.
Jump up ^ Warren Gaebel. "Longest Reigning British Monarch". Warren Gaebel. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth is about to become Britain's longest-reigning queen. Here's how she's changed monarchy". The Spectator. 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Famous Stewarts". www.stewartsociety.org. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88". BBC News. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ By PA Oct 13, 2016. "Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand's King Bhumibol dies". Aol.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest-reigning British monarch". Deutsche Welle. 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
Jump up ^ Victoria Arbiter (September 9, 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II: The platinum monarch?". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elledge, Jonn (9 September 2015). "Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts". New Statesman.
Jump up ^ "Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
^ Jump up to: a b George III, King of Great Britain, became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anne, Queen of England and Queen of Scots, became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Monarch's total length of reign is the sum of the two reigns displayed.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently.
^ Jump up to: a b James VI, King of Scots, became James I, King of England, in 1603.
^ Jump up to: a b William of Orange became William III, King of England, on 13 February 1689 and William II, King of Scots, on 11 May 1689.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689.
Jump up ^ James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scots, concurrently.
Jump up ^ James was James II, King of England, and James VII, King of Scotland, concurrently.
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text:
The Blind Side (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 2009 feature film about an American football player. For other films of the same name, see The Blind Side.
The Blind Side
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Lee Hancock
Produced by
Broderick Johnson
Andrew Kosove
Gil Netter
Screenplay by
John Lee Hancock
Based on
The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game
by Michael Lewis
Starring
Sandra Bullock
Tim McGraw
Quinton Aaron
Jae Head
Lily Collins
Ray McKinnon
Kathy Bates
Music by
Carter Burwell
Cinematography
Alar Kivilo
Edited by
Mark Livolsi
Production
company
Alcon Entertainment
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
November 20, 2009 (2009-11-20)
Running time
126 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$29 million[1]
Box office
$309.2 million[1]
The Blind Side is a 2009 American biographical sports drama film written and directed by John Lee Hancock, based on the 2006 book The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game by Michael Lewis.[2][3] The storyline features Michael Oher, an offensive lineman who was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL. The film follows Oher from his impoverished upbringing, through his years at Wingate Christian School (a fictional representation of Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis, Tennessee),[4] his adoption by Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy, to his position as one of the most highly coveted prospects in college football, then finally becoming a first-round pick of the Ravens.
Quinton Aaron stars as Michael Oher, alongside Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuohy, Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy, and Kathy Bates as Miss Sue, Oher's tutor.[2] The film also features appearances by several current and former NCAA coaches, including Houston Nutt, Ed Orgeron, Nick Saban, Lou Holtz, Tommy Tuberville and Phillip Fulmer.[5]
The Blind Side grossed over $300 million. Bullock went on to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role. The film also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture, which was considered a surprise for the producers and led to the Academy to change their requirements for Best Picture nominations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Coaches playing themselves
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.2.1 Race controversy
4.3 Awards and nominations
4.3.1 Best Picture nomination
5 Soundtrack
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
The film opens with seventeen-year-old Michael ("Big Mike") Oher talking to an NCAA investigator. Then a flashback ensues.
Michael has been in foster care with different families in Memphis, Tennessee, due to his mother's drug addiction. Every time he is placed in a new home, he runs away. His friend's father, on whose couch Mike had been sleeping, asks Burt Cotton, the coach of Wingate Christian School, to help enroll his son and Mike. Impressed by Mike's size and athleticism, Cotton gets him admitted despite his poor academic record. Later, Michael is befriended by a younger student named Sean Jr. ("SJ"). SJ's mother, Leigh Anne Tuohy, is a strong-minded interior designer and the wife of wealthy businessman Sean Tuohy.
The school staff tell Michael that his father has died, apparently due to an accident. Later, Leigh Anne and Sean watch their daughter Collins playing volleyball. After the game, Sean notices Michael picking up leftover food on the bleachers.
One night, Leigh Anne notices Michael walking alone on the moist road, shivering in the cold without adequate clothing. When she learns that he plans to spend the night huddled outside the closed school gym, Leigh Anne offers to let him sleep on the couch in the Tuohy home.
The next morning, Leigh Anne notices that Michael has left. Seeing him walking away, she asks him to spend the Thanksgiving holiday with her family. Slowly, Michael becomes a member of the family. Later, Leigh Anne drives Michael to his mother's house. He sees an eviction notice posted on the door, and his mother is gone.
Leigh Anne's friends wonder what she is doing; they suggest that Collins might not be safe around Michael, but Leigh Ann rebukes them. She later asks Collins how she feels about it. Collins replies that they cannot just throw Michael out. When Leigh Anne seeks to become Michael's legal guardian, she learns he was taken from his drug-addict mother when he was seven and that no one knows her whereabouts. She is also told that, although he scored poorly in a career aptitude test, he was ranked in the 98th percentile in "protective instincts". When Michael appears to be hesitant to use his strength and size while learning to play football, Leigh Anne tells him, as an offensive lineman, he must protect his quarterback. From that moment, Michael improves drastically, well enough to play at the college level. However, to do that, he must meet the minimum grade point average to get in so the Tuohys hire a private tutor for him, the outspoken and kind Miss Sue.
Leigh Anne has a face-to-face conversation with Michael's mother about adopting him. Although she seems unresponsive in the beginning, the mother finally wishes Michael the best.
Michael is heavily recruited by many prestigious schools. SJ talks to coaches and negotiates on Michael's behalf – and his own. When Michael gets his grades high enough, he decides to attend Ole Miss, where Sean had played and Leigh Anne had been a cheerleader. That causes NCAA investigator Granger to look into the matter to determine if the Tuohys took him in and unduly influenced him just so he would play for their alma mater.
Michael runs away before the interview is over and confronts Leigh Anne about her motives for taking him in. He then proceeds to find his biological mother in Hurt Village. A gang leader welcomes him back, offers him a beer, and makes sexually offensive insinuations about Leigh Anne and Collins. When the gang leader threatens to go after them, Michael battles with him and other thugs. After thinking things over and questioning Leigh Anne, Michael tells Granger he chose Ole Miss because "it's where my family goes to school". Michael is accepted into college and says his farewells to the Tuohy family.
The film ends with information about and photos of the real Tuohy family and Michael Oher, who went on to play in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft where he won Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 before also playing for the Tennessee Titans and Carolina Panthers.
Cast[edit]
Sandra Bullock in 2010 after receiving the SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
Quinton Aaron as Michael "Big Mike" Oher
Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuohy
Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy
Jae Head as Sean "S.J." Tuohy, Jr.
Lily Collins as Collins Tuohy
Kathy Bates as Miss Sue
Ray McKinnon as Coach Burt Cotton
Kim Dickens as Mrs. Boswell
Adriane Lenox as Denise Oher
Eaddy Mays as Elaine
Robert "IronE" Singleton as Alton
Coaches playing themselves[edit]
Tommy Tuberville, the coach of Auburn
Nick Saban, the coach of Louisiana State
Lou Holtz, the coach of South Carolina
Phillip Fulmer, the coach of Tennessee
Houston Nutt, the coach of Arkansas
Ed Orgeron, the coach of Ole Miss
Production[edit]
The Blind Side was produced by Alcon Entertainment and released by Warner Bros. The film's production budget was $29 million.[1] Filming for the school scenes took place at Atlanta International School and The Westminster Schools in Atlanta, Georgia, and it features many of their students as extras. The film premiered on November 17 in New York City and New Orleans and opened in theaters on November 20 in the rest of the United States and in Canada.[6]
Academy Award winner Julia Roberts was originally offered Bullock's role, but turned it down.[7] Bullock initially turned down the starring role three times due to discomfort with portraying a devout Christian. By her own account, Bullock felt she couldn't objectively represent such a person's beliefs on screen.[8] But after a visit with the real Leigh Anne Tuohy, Bullock not only won the role, but also took a pay cut and agreed to receive a percentage of the profits instead.[9][dead link]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Blind Side opened in 3,110 theaters on its opening weekend, the weekend of November 20, 2009. It grossed a strong $34,510,000 in its opening weekend, the second highest gross of that weekend, behind The Twilight Saga: New Moon. It was the highest-grossing opening weekend of Sandra Bullock's career. The per-theater average for The Blind Side's opening weekend was $11,096.[10] In its opening weekend, the movie already earned more than it's $29 million production budget. It proved to have remarkable staying power, taking in an additional $9.5 million, bringing its gross to $60,125,000 by the weekend of November 27, 2009.[11] The movie enjoyed a rare greater success for the second weekend than it did in its opening weekend, taking in an estimated $40 million, an increase of 18 percent, from November 27 to November 29, 2009, coming in second to New Moon once again, bringing its gross to $100,250,000.[1]
In its third weekend, the movie continued its trend of rare feats by moving up to the number one position with $20.4 million in sales after spending the previous two weekends in second place for a total gross of $128.8 million, due to strong word-of-mouth.[12] In its fourth weekend, it moved down to second place, dropping a slim 23% with an estimated $15.5 million for a total of $150.2 million in the United States and Canada as of December 13, 2009.[13] The film hit $200 million domestically on January 1, 2010, marking the first time a movie marketed with a sole actress' name above the title (Bullock's) has crossed the $200 million mark.[14] The Blind Side has also become the highest grossing football movie and sports drama of all time domestically [15][16] unadjusted for ticket inflation.[17] The Blind Side ended its domestic theatrical run on June 4, 2010 (nearly 7 months after it opened), earning a total of $255,959,475.[18] In the UK and Ireland, The Blind Side was released on March 26, 2010.[19] It was the third biggest release of that weekend behind Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang and Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland.[20]
Critical response[edit]
The film received moderately positive reviews, with critics praising Sandra Bullock's performance. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 66%, based on 196 reviews, with a rating average of 6.1/10. The site's general consensus reads, "It might strike some viewers as a little too pat, but The Blind Side has the benefit of strong source material and a strong performance from Sandra Bullock."[21] Metacritic, which assigned a normalized score of 53 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[22] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[23]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)
Race controversy[edit]
The Blind Side has been criticized as presenting a white savior narrative in which Oher, an African-American male, is unable to overcome poverty and personal failure without the guidance of adoptive, white mother Tuohy. For example, Jeffrey Montez de Oca of the University of Colorado writes that in The Blind Side's portrayal of adoption, "charity operates as a signifying act of whiteness that obscures the social relations of domination that not only make charity possible but also creates an urban underclass in need of charity."[24] Melissa Anderson of the Dallas Observer argues that the "mute, docile" portrayal of Oher effectively endorses the Uncle Tom stereotype of African-American submission to white authority.[25]
Awards and nominations[edit]
The Blind Side has earned numerous awards and nominations for the lead performance of the film's star, Sandra Bullock.
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
Academy Awards Best Picture Gil Netter, Andrew Kosove and Broderick Johnson Nominated
Best Actress in a Leading Role Sandra Bullock Won
Critics’ Choice Awards Best Actress Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Won
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Won
People's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Won
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Actress Nominated
Teen Choice Awards Movie Actress – Drama Won
Breakout Male Actor Quinton Aaron Nominated
Favorite Drama Movie The Blind Side Won
ESPY Awards Best Sports Movie Won
Movieguide Awards Best Movie for Mature Audiences
Epiphany Prize for Inspiring Movies The Blind Side Won[26]
Best Picture nomination[edit]
The nomination of The Blind Side for Best Picture was considered a surprise, even to its producers.[27] In an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences had upped the number of Best Picture nominees from a mandatory number of five to ten in time for the 82nd Academy Awards, the year The Blind Side was nominated.[28] However, in 2011, the Academy changed the policy, stating that the Best Picture category would feature between five and ten nominees depending on voting results, as opposed to a set number of nominees.[29][not in citation given] The change was interpreted as a response to films like The Blind Side being nominated for Best Picture to fill up the set number of spots.[30][31]
Soundtrack[edit]
The movie features 23 songs by artists including Les Paul, Young MC, Lucy Woodward, The Books, Canned Heat, Five for Fighting, and the film's co-star Tim McGraw.[32] However, while the score soundtrack by Carter Burwell was released on CD, none of the featured songs were included.
Home media[edit]
The Blind Side was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 23, 2010. The Blind Side was available exclusively for rental from Blockbuster for 28 days.[33]
Redbox and Netflix customers had to wait 28 days before they were able to rent the movie.[34][35] This stems from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Redbox against Warner Home Video, who, in an attempt to boost DVD sales, refused to sell wholesale titles to Redbox. On August 19, 2009 Redbox sued Warner Home Video[36] to continue purchasing DVD titles at wholesale prices. On February 16, 2010, Redbox settled the lawsuit[35] and agreed to a 28-day window past the street date.
As of July 9, 2013, units sold for the DVD stand at more than 8.4 million copies and has grossed a further $107,962,159 adding to its total gross.[37]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Blind Side Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Dave McNary (March 27, 2009). "Kathy Bates to star in 'Blind Side'". Variety. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Blind Side (2009)". Internet Movie Database. April 22, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Briarcrest opted out of feature role in 'The Blind Side' from CommercialAppeal.com
Jump up ^ Schlabach, Mark (June 29, 2009). "Prominent coaches turn actors for film". ESPN. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Blind Side – Release dates
Jump up ^ Abramowitz, Rachel (December 16, 2009). "A Bonanza Year for Sandra Bullock". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Swartzendruber, Jay (November 17, 2010). "Believers Walk the Talk in The Blind Side". Crosswalk.com. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sandra Bullock scores touchdown at box office" on Reuters.com
Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for November 20–22, 2009 from Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Daily Box Office for Thursday, November 26, 2009 from Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "'Blind Side' tops 'New Moon' at box office" from The Hollywood Reporter
Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for January 8–10, 2010 from Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ "'Avatar' passes $300 million mark on Friday, and Sandra Bullock makes box-office history" from Hollywood Insider
Jump up ^ Sports – Football Movies at the Box Office. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on January 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Sports Drama Movies at the Box Office. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on January 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Weekend Report: ‘Avatar’ Rocks New Year’s. Box Office Mojo (January 4, 2010). Retrieved on January 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ End-of-Run Report: 'Blind Side,' 'Crazy Heart,' 'Runaways' Close. Box Office Mojo (June 6, 2010). Retrieved on January 23, 2011
Jump up ^ "The Blind Side". Yahoo!. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gant, Charles (March 30, 2010). "Nanny McPhee sends Alice in Wonderland to the naughty step at the UK box office". Film. London: The Guardian. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Blind Side (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Blind Side: Reviews (2009)". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/10/
Jump up ^ Montez de Oca, J. (2012). White Domestic Goddess on a Postmodern Plantation: Charity and Commodity Racism in The Blind Side. Sociology Of Sport Journal, 29(2), 131–150.
Jump up ^ Melissa Anderson, The Blind Side: What Would Black People Do Without Nice White Folks?, 19 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "2010 Movieguide Awards Winners". Movieguide. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael Cieply and Paula Schwartz, ‘Blind Side’ Finds a Path to the Oscars by Running Up the Middle, The New York Times, February 10, 2010, accessed February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "82nd Academy Awards to Feature 10 Best Picture Nominees". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Academy Builds Surprise Into Best Picture Rules". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. June 14, 2011. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ David Karger, The Academy's new Best Picture rule: How it will change the prediction period, Entertainment Weekly, June 15, 2011, accessed February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nicole Sperling and Amy Kaufman, Oscars change rule for best-picture race, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2011, accessed February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Blind Side, The [2009] Soundtrack @ what-song. What-song.com. Retrieved on January 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Panchuk, Kerri (March 19, 2010). "Blockbuster CEO: The movie's not over yet".
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Home Entertainment And Netflix Announce New Agreements Covering Availability Of Dvds, Blu-Ray And Streaming Content. Netflix.mediaroom.com (January 6, 2010). Retrieved on January 23, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b redbox press room. redbox press room (February 16, 2010). Retrieved on January 23, 2011
Jump up ^ redbox press room. redbox press room (August 19, 2009). Retrieved on January 23, 2011
Jump up ^ The Blind Side – DVD Sales. The Numbers. Retrieved on July 9, 2013
External links[edit]
Official website
The Blind Side on IMDb
The Blind Side at Box Office Mojo
The Blind Side at Rotten Tomatoes
The Blind Side at Metacritic
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Machine code is a computer program written in machine language instructions that can be executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction causes the CPU to perform a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory.
Machine code is a strictly numerical language which is intended to run as fast as possible, and may be regarded as the lowest-level representation of a compiled or assembled computer program or as a primitive and hardware-dependent programming language. While it is possible to write programs directly in machine code, it is tedious and error prone to manage individual bits and calculate numerical addresses and constants manually. For this reason, programs are very rarely written directly in machine code in modern contexts, but may be done for low level debugging, program patching, and assembly language disassembly.
The overwhelming majority of practical programs today are written in higher-level languages or assembly language. The source code is then translated to executable machine code by utilities such as compilers, assemblers, and linkers, with the important exception of interpreted programs,[1] which are not translated into machine code. However, the interpreter itself, which may be seen as an executor or processor, performing the instructions of the source code, typically consists of directly executable machine code (generated from assembly or high-level language source code).
Machine code is by definition the lowest level of programming detail visible to the programmer, but internally many processors use microcode or optimise and transform machine code instructions into sequences of micro-ops, this is not generally considered to be a machine code per se.
Contents
1 Instruction set
2 Programs
3 Assembly languages
4 Example
5 Relationship to microcode
6 Relationship to bytecode
7 Storing in memory
8 Readability by humans
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 Further reading
Instruction set[edit]
Main article: Instruction set
Every processor or processor family has its own instruction set. Instructions are patterns of bits that by physical design correspond to different commands to the machine. Thus, the instruction set is specific to a class of processors using (mostly) the same architecture. Successor or derivative processor designs often include all the instructions of a predecessor and may add additional instructions. Occasionally, a successor design will discontinue or alter the meaning of some instruction code (typically because it is needed for new purposes), affecting code compatibility to some extent; even nearly completely compatible processors may show slightly different behavior for some instructions, but this is rarely a problem. Systems may also differ in other details, such as memory arrangement, operating systems, or peripheral devices. Because a program normally relies on such factors, different systems will typically not run the same machine code, even when the same type of processor is used.
A processor's instruction set may have all instructions of the same length, or it may have variable-length instructions. How the patterns are organized varies strongly with the particular architecture and often also with the type of instruction. Most instructions have one or more opcode fields which specifies the basic instruction type (such as arithmetic, logical, jump, etc.) and the actual operation (such as add or compare) and other fields that may give the type of the operand(s), the addressing mode(s), the addressing offset(s) or index, or the actual value itself (such constant operands contained in an instruction are called immediates).[2]
Not all machines or individual instructions have explicit operands. An accumulator machine has a combined left operand and result in an implicit accumulator for most arithmetic instructions. Other architectures (such as 8086 and the x86-family) have accumulator versions of common instructions, with the accumulator regarded as one of the general registers by longer instructions. A stack machine has most or all of its operands on an implicit stack. Special purpose instructions also often lack explicit operands (CPUID in the x86 architecture writes values into four implicit destination registers, for instance). This distinction between explicit and implicit operands is important in code generators, especially in the register allocation and live range tracking parts. A good code optimizer can track implicit as well as explicit operands which may allow more frequent constant propagation, constant folding of registers (a register assigned the result of a constant expression freed up by replacing it by that constant) and other code enhancements.
Programs[edit]
A computer program is a list of instructions that can be executed by a central processing unit. A program's execution is done in order for the CPU that is executing it to solve a specific problem and thus accomplish a specific result. While simple processors are able to execute instructions one after another, superscalar processors are capable of executing a variety of different instructions at once.
Program flow may be influenced by special 'jump' instructions that transfer execution to an instruction other than the numerically following one. Conditional jumps are taken (execution continues at another address) or not (execution continues at the next instruction) depending on some condition.
Assembly languages[edit]
Main article: Assembly language
A much more readable rendition of machine language, called assembly language, uses mnemonic codes to refer to machine code instructions, rather than using the instructions' numeric values directly. For example, on the Zilog Z80 processor, the machine code 00000101, which causes the CPU to decrement the B processor register, would be represented in assembly language as DEC B.
Example[edit]
The MIPS architecture provides a specific example for a machine code whose instructions are always 32 bits long. The general type of instruction is given by the op (operation) field, the highest 6 bits. J-type (jump) and I-type (immediate) instructions are fully specified by op. R-type (register) instructions include an additional field funct to determine the exact operation. The fields used in these types are:
   6      5     5     5     5      6 bits
[  op  |  rs |  rt |  rd |shamt| funct]  R-type
[  op  |  rs |  rt | address/immediate]  I-type
[  op  |        target address        ]  J-type

rs, rt, and rd indicate register operands; shamt gives a shift amount; and the address or immediate fields contain an operand directly.
For example, adding the registers 1 and 2 and placing the result in register 6 is encoded:
[  op  |  rs |  rt |  rd |shamt| funct]
    0     1     2     6     0     32     decimal
 000000 00001 00010 00110 00000 100000   binary

Load a value into register 8, taken from the memory cell 68 cells after the location listed in register 3:
[  op  |  rs |  rt | address/immediate]
   35     3     8           68           decimal
 100011 00011 01000 00000 00001 000100   binary

Jumping to the address 1024:
[  op  |        target address        ]
    2                 1024               decimal
 000010 00000 00000 00000 10000 000000   binary

Relationship to microcode[edit]
In some computer architectures, the machine code is implemented by an even more fundamental underlying layer called microcode, providing a common machine language interface across a line or family of different models of computer with widely different underlying dataflows. This is done to facilitate porting of machine language programs between different models. An example of this use is the IBM System/360 family of computers and their successors. With dataflow path widths of 8 bits to 64 bits and beyond, they nevertheless present a common architecture at the machine language level across the entire line.
Using microcode to implement an emulator enables the computer to present the architecture of an entirely different computer. The System/360 line used this to allow porting programs from earlier IBM machines to the new family of computers, e.g. an IBM 1401/1440/1460 emulator on the IBM S/360 model 40.
Relationship to bytecode[edit]
Machine code is generally different from bytecode (also known as p-code), which is either executed by an interpreter or itself compiled into machine code for faster (direct) execution. An exception is when a processor is designed to use a particular bytecode directly as its machine code, such as is the case with Java processors.
Machine code and assembly code are sometimes called native code when referring to platform-dependent parts of language features or libraries.[3]
Storing in memory[edit]
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for the code (instructions) and data. Today, most processors implement such separate signal pathways for performance reasons but actually implement a Modified Harvard architecture,[citation needed] so they can support tasks like loading an executable program from disk storage as data and then executing it. Harvard architecture is contrasted to the Von Neumann architecture, where data and code are stored in the same memory which is read by the processor allowing the computer to execute commands.
From the point of view of a process, the code space is the part of its address space where the code in execution is stored. In multitasking systems this comprises the program's code segment and usually shared libraries. In multi-threading environment, different threads of one process share code space along with data space, which reduces the overhead of context switching considerably as compared to process switching.
Readability by humans[edit]
Pamela Samuelson wrote that machine code is so unreadable that the United States Copyright Office cannot identify whether a particular encoded program is an original work of authorship;[4] however, the US Copyright Office does allow for copyright registration of computer programs[5] and a program's machine code can sometimes be decompiled in order to make its functioning more easily understandable to humans.[6]
Cognitive science professor Douglas Hofstadter has compared machine code to genetic code, saying that "Looking at a program written in machine language is vaguely comparable to looking at a DNA molecule atom by atom."[7]
See also[edit]
Look up machine code in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Assembly language
Endianness
List of machine languages
Machine code monitor
Overhead code
P-code machine
Reduced instruction set computing (RISC)
Very long instruction word
Teaching Machine Code: Micro-Professor MPF-I
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Such as many versions of BASIC, especially early ones, as well as Smalltalk, MATLAB, Perl, Python, Ruby and other special purpose or scripting languages.
Jump up ^ Bradley Kjell; kjell at ieee dot org. "Immediate Operand".
Jump up ^ "Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This?". developer.com. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
Jump up ^ Pamela Samuelson (Sep 1984). "CONTU Revisited: The Case against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form". 1984 (4). Duke Law Journal: 663–769. JSTOR 1372418.
Jump up ^ "Copyright Registration for Computer Programs" (PDF). US Copyright Office. August 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "What is decompile? - Definition from WhatIs.com". WhatIs.com. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ D. Hofstadter (1980). "Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid": 290.
Further reading[edit]
Hennessy, John L.; Patterson, David A. Computer Organization and Design. The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 1-55860-281-X.
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Structured Computer Organization. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-020435-8.
Brookshear, J. Glenn. Computer Science: An Overview. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-321-38701-5.
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Kogi, Kogi State
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LGA in Kogi State, Nigeria
Kogi
LGA
Kogi
Location in Nigeria
Coordinates: 8°06′N 6°48′E / 8.100°N 6.800°E / 8.100; 6.800Coordinates: 8°06′N 6°48′E / 8.100°N 6.800°E / 8.100; 6.800
Country
Nigeria
State
Kogi State
Area
• Total
1,498 km2 (578 sq mi)
Population (2006 census)
• Total
115,900
Time zone
WAT (UTC+1)
3-digit postal code prefix
260
ISO 3166 code
NG.KO.KO
Kogi is a Local Government Area in Kogi State, Nigeria bounded by Niger State and the Niger River in the west, the Federal Capital Territory in the north, Nasarawa State in the east and the Benue River to its confluence with the Niger in the south. Its headquarters are in the town of Koton Karfe (or Koton Karifi) on the A2 highway.
It has an area of 1,498 km² and a population of 115,900 at the 2006 census.
The postal code of the area is 260.[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Post Offices- with map of LGA". NIPOST. Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
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Map of Nigeria highlighting Kogi State

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