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North Dakota State Bison football
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North Dakota State Bison Football
2017 North Dakota State Bison football team
First season
1894
Head coach
Chris Klieman
4th season, 54–6 (.900)
Stadium
Fargodome
(Capacity: 19,000)
Year built
1992
Field surface
AstroTurf Magic Carpet II (2012)
Location
Fargo, North Dakota
NCAA division
Division I FCS
Conference
Missouri Valley (2008–)
Past conferences
Great West (2004–2007)
North Central (1922–2003)
All-time record
710–371–34 (.652)
Bowl record
7–5 (.583)
Playoff appearances
31
Playoff record
Div. I FCS: 28-2
Div. II: 35-13
Claimed nat'l titles
14
(Div. II): 1965, 1968, 1969, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990
(Div. I FCS): 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017
Conference titles
34
(7 MVFC, 1 GWFC, 26 NCC)
Rivalries
South Dakota State University (Dakota Marker)
University of North Dakota (Nickel Trophy) (Suspended till 2019 [1])
University of Northern Iowa
Colors
Green and Yellow[2]
Fight song
On Bison
Mascot
Thundar
Marching band
Gold Star Marching Band
Website
www.gobison.com
The North Dakota State Bison football program represents North Dakota State University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision level and competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The Bison play in the 19,000 seat Fargodome located in Fargo, ND. The Bison have won 14 National Championships and 34 Conference Championships. They won five-consecutive NCAA Division I-FCS National Championships between 2011 and 2015 as well as a sixth FCS title in 2017. NDSU is the only college football program to ever win five consecutive NCAA national championships, and the only football program to win six FCS titles in seven years. In regards to overall record, post-season play, and titles won over the past 7 years; the NDSU Bison Football program is known as one of the most successful teams in the modern-day FCS.
Since 2011, the North Dakota State Bison have a record of 97-8 (.924) which included a record 22 game playoff win streak, making them the most successful college football program in Division I this decade. The Bison are 151-35 (.812) since moving to Division I in 2004. Since 1964, the Bison have had only 3 losing seasons and an overall record of 499-137–4 (.783) through that 53-year span, one of the best in all of college football. North Dakota State currently has more all-time program wins than any non-Ivy League FCS Program over 700. Of all teams established after 1894, only Oklahoma has won a higher percentage of their games than NDSU. The team also has the record for the longest winning streak in Division I-FCS which stands at 33 consecutive games spanning from 2012 to 2014. It is also tied for the 3rd longest streak in NCAA football during the past 50 years.[3]
In the final AP Football Poll of the 2013–14 season; after their third consecutive National Championship, North Dakota State finished with 17 votes which ranked them at #29 in all of D1 football, the highest end of season ranking of any team in the history of FCS football. After defeating 13th-ranked (FBS) Iowa in 2016, the Bison earned 74 votes and a #27 ranking in the entire D1 field, overtaking their previous record to become the highest-ranked FCS team of all time.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1894–1921: Beginnings
1.2 1922–2003: Division II
1.3 2004–present: Division I (FCS)
1.4 The 2013 Bison
2 Records and streaks
2.1 FCS records
2.2 Division II Records
2.3 Missouri Valley Football Conference Records
2.4 Current streaks
3 Fargodome
4 National championships
5 Record against FBS competition
6 Record against Missouri Valley Football Conference
7 Conference championships
8 Playoff history
8.1 Division I (FCS)
8.2 Division II
9 Head coaching history
10 All-Time statistical leaders
10.1 Single-game leaders
10.2 Single-season leaders
10.3 Career leaders
10.4 Bison Records
11 Bison in the NFL Draft
11.1 NDSU players currently in the NFL
12 Stadiums
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
For year-by-year results, see List of North Dakota State Bison football seasons.
1894–1921: Beginnings[edit]
The Bison fielded their first team in 1894 and were originally known as the NDAC Farmers.[5] From the early 1900s to 1921, the nickname of the school then known as North Dakota Agricultural College was the Aggies. The first coach for the new NDAC football team was Henry Bolley, who also fielded the first football program at Purdue University in 1887 and was their first Quarterback. He challenged the University of North Dakota to a football match in 1890, but did not have enough players until 1894, the first official year of football at NDSU. In 1902, Eddie Cochems, known as the father of the forward pass was hired as head coach of the Bison where he experimented building an offense around his new technique; which subsequently became legal in the 1906 college football season; Cochems went 9–1 in his 2-year stint as head coach. The college hired famed Michigan Halfback Paul Magoffin, the first player to ever catch a forward pass in 1907, as head coach, but he left for the head coaching position offered to him by George Washington University a year later. The 1918 season was cancelled due to the outbreak of the Spanish Flu in conjunction with the first World War. The 1943 and 1944 seasons were also cancelled due to World War II and the shortage of eligible players. Keeping with their Michigan favoritism, the NDAC hired Stanley Borleske in 1919 to coach the football, basketball, and baseball teams. After six years of coaching and a 36–36–7 record, Borleske left for Fresno State but is largely credited with developing the Bison mascot. It was well known he was not a fan of the "Aggies" mascot, wanting something 'strong and fierce' he came up with the 'Bison' which remains the mascot today. He also coined the term "Thundering Herd" which is still a common reference to the NDSU Bison Football fanbase.[5]
1922–2003: Division II[edit]
Oct 20th, 1928 – NDAC (NDSU) vs. St. Thomas (View looking SE with Ceres Hall in the distance) Courtesy: NDSU Institute for Regional Studies
In 1921, NDSU became a charter member of the now-defunct North Central Conference, which they remained affiliated with for 82 years until 2003. Their primary rival during this time were the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux (now the Fighting Hawks) whom they competed with to win the Nickel Trophy. As members of Division II, they won 8 national championships with an overall record of 347–94–4 having only 2 losing seasons from 1964–2003.
2004–present: Division I (FCS)[edit]
In 2004, all North Dakota State athletic teams moved to Division I. From 2004 to 2007, the Bison were members of the Great West Football Conference. Since 2008 they have been affiliated with the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Since moving to Division I, their primary rival are the South Dakota State University Jackrabbits whom they compete with each year for the Dakota Marker. The team's former head coach was Craig Bohl, who led the Bison from 2003 to 2014, holds the school record for most wins by a head coach. At the beginning of the 2015 football season the Bison had a Division I record of 117–30 and has been coached by Chris Klieman since 2014.
The NDSU Bison are the only FCS program to ever be ranked higher #34 in the AP National Football Poll. After the 2011 Championship Game, the Bison became only the third team in FCS history to receive votes in the final AP Top 25 with 2, putting them at #32 overall (FCS Record); the others being Appalachian State who receive 5 votes after their third consecutive FCS Championship in 2007 and ended at #34 and James Madison University after their 2010 upset of then #13 Virginia Tech.[6] After the 2012 season, the Bison again broke the barrier and became the first ever FCS team to breach the poll twice by receiving 1 vote and ending at #36 in the nation. Due to the overwhelming support and attention NDSU got during this run, ESPN announced that it would host its ESPN College GameDay program in downtown Fargo on September 21, 2013. The Bison ended up beating Delaware State 51–0 later that day. The Bison finished the 2013 regular season with an undefeated 11–0 record, their first perfect season since 1990. The Bison became the first FCS team to ever finish the regular season ranked on the AP Poll at #34 with 1 vote. After a perfect season (15–0) and winning their third consecutive championship game. After the 2013 season, the Bison were ranked #29 in the National Division I AP Poll, tallying a massive 17 votes, far beyond what any other FCS team had ever received. After defeating Iowa in 2016 the bison were ranked 27th in the AP Poll with 74 votes, the highest ranking of any team in FCS history.
In 2014, after beating their 5th consecutive FBS team, Iowa State, and their subsequent game against Weber State; which was their 26th straight victory, ESPN again announced they would bring their College Gameday program back to downtown Fargo on September 13, 2014 to cover the Bison's amazing run for the second straight year. The visit marked first time the show has ever visited the same FCS school twice and only the 6th time they have visited a non-FBS school since 1993.The Bison won an FCS record 33 straight games from 2012 to 2014, which is also the 3rd longest in the history of Division 1 NCAA football. From 2010 to 2014, the Bison did not lose a single road game, a span of 22 games. They also had a winning streak of 26 home games (2012-2015) and have won 20 Consecutive Playoff Wins (FCS Record). The Bison have won 16 straight home openers since their 1999 loss to Ferris State and are 21–1 in home openers since the Fargodome opened in 1992. In 2017, NDSU became the only team in FCS history to make 7 consecutive semifinal appearances in the playoffs.
Collectively, the Bison have won 34 conference championships, and 14 national championships. They were selected as NCAA College Division II champions by polling three times (1965, 1968, 1969), won the NCAA Division II National Football Championship five times (1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990), and have won the NCAA Division I Football Championship six times in seven seasons (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017).[7] From 2012 to 2014, the Bison had an FCS record of 33 straight wins, which is tied for the third longest in modern NCAA history. The Bison football program has had only 3 losing seasons since 1964.
Historically, only 5 teams established after 1893; Oklahoma, Texas A&M, Arkansas, Florida, and Clemson have won more total games than NDSU's 711.
The 2013 Bison[edit]
The 2013 team had a perfect 15–0 season, becoming the first program to do that since Marshall in 1996. They won their third consecutive national championship, tying an FCS record. A majority of the starters played in all 3 national championship games and went 43–2 in their 3-year stint, a number unrivaled in Division I FCS football. The Bison only lost 2 games in the three-year span by a combined 6 points. Through 2013, the Bison outscored their opponents by a combined 581–169 (+412) on the season. Only two other teams in FCS history have had a larger point spread through a season, 1996 Marshall (+448) and 1999 Georgia Southern (+485). Unlike the Marshall and Georgia Southern teams, NDSU's defense held their opponents to just 127 points in the regular season (11.5 ppg) and just 11 point on average through the playoffs that year. NDSU won its playoff games with an average margin of victory of 32.75 points, which just falls behind the 1996 Marshall team, which averaged a 34-point spread. In 2013, the Bison tallied three shutouts, and held nine teams to 10 points or less, including a streak of nine consecutive quarters without allowing a point. The offense was known for a ground-and-pound strategy, which wore opponents down and controlled the time of possession. The team averaged over 34 minutes of possession per game, while allowing an average of just 250 yards of opposing offense. In the 12 playoff games they played from 2011–13, they allowed an average of 9.3 points per game, an FCS record. The only playoff loss the seniors experienced in their 4-year career was the 38–31 OT loss at eventual champion Eastern Washington in 2010 in the FCS quarterfinals. The span of seasons that followed for NDSU in the years after that overtime loss are easily the best and most dominant years Division I football has seen from a single team.[8]
Records and streaks[edit]
FCS records[edit]
5 Consecutive FCS National Championships (2011-2015)
6 FCS National Championships (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017)
33 Consecutive Wins (2012–2014) (3rd Longest in past 50 years of NCAA Division I football.)[3]
30 Straight Weeks at #1 in the FCS Coaches Poll (2012–2014)[9]
20 Straight Weeks at #1 in the STATS Poll (2012-2013)[10] (30 weeks at #1 out of 31)
10 Consecutive Weeks with at least 1 vote in the AP Top 25 College Football Poll (2014)
22 Consecutive Playoff/Post-season Wins (2011–2016)
5 Seasons with votes in the AP College Football Poll (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016)
Ranked 29th in the AP Top 25 College Football Poll (2013 season) (Highest end of season ranking by an FCS team)
45 Consecutive Non-Conference Home wins (Ended 12/16/2016 with playoff loss to James Madison University)
Ranked 27th in the AP Top 25 College Football Poll (week 4, 2016 season) (Highest ranking by an FCS team)
74 Total AP votes for FBS Top-25 ranking (week 4, 2016) (Most votes received by any FCS team)
22 Consecutive Road Wins (2012–2014)
Division II Records[edit]
8 National Championships (1965, 1968, 1969, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990)
Missouri Valley Football Conference Records[edit]
18 Consecutive Conference Wins (2012–2014)
26 Consecutive Home Wins (2012–2015)
Current streaks[edit]
All are consecutive/straight and currently ongoing
6 Wins against FBS Competition (2010–2016) FCS Record
7 Consecutive FCS Semifinals appearances (2011-present) FCS Record
7 Conference Championships (2011–2017)
8 Consecutive FCS Quarterfinals appearances (2010-Present) FCS Record
8 Playoff Appearances (2010–2017)
8 Winning Seasons (51 winning seasons in last 54 years)
19 Home Opening Wins (1999–Present) (24/25 Overall in Fargodome)
27 Wins after an Off Week
96 Weeks ranked in the FCS Stats Poll Top-10 (Since Week 2 in 2011)
103 Weeks Ranked in Top-10 of FCS Polling
108 Games Scoring (2010–Present)
122 Games without losing back-to-back (since 2009)
Fargodome[edit]
The Fargodome during a North Dakota State Bison Football Game
The Bison have played in the Fargodome since it opened in 1993. It holds 18,700 for football games and over 19,000 including standing room only tickets. The record attendance at the Fargodome is 19,108 when the Bison played Missouri State on October 12, 2013. The Bison have only lost one playoff game in the history of the Fargodome. The tremendous crowd noise caused by the Fargodome's steel roof disrupts many opposing offenses and creates one of the best home field advantages in college football
Football Records in the Fargodome
Playoffs: 21–1 (.955)
Home Openers: 23–1 (.958)
Overall Record: 144–24 (.857)
Record Attendance: 19,108 on 10-12-2013 vs. Missouri State
In 2011, the Fargodome was ranked as the 49th best stadium in all of college football.[11] The article cites, "There aren't many indoor venues in college football, but the few that do exist at the non-FBS level are very unfriendly to any visiting team. That effect is only amplified in a playoff atmosphere." The Fargodome is routinely ranked as one of the loudest college football stadiums in the country. In 2016, Stadium Journey ranked the Fargodome as the #2 Best FCS stadium to experience a game in [12] On December 10, 2011 in a game against Lehigh, the crowd noise was measured at 111 decibels, comparable to when the New Orleans Saints play in the Superdome. During the 2011 playoffs, the decibel level spiked past 130 decibels several times but was not an official measurement.[13][14] On December 14, 2012 in an FCS semifinal game against Georgia Southern, the crowd noise exceeded the 115 decibel mark and was known to be one of the loudest games in NDSU history. The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead conducted an informal study of Fargodome crowd noise from the press box during a playoff semifinal game last December. The readings showed a high of 111 decibels following a late touchdown by quarterback Brock Jensen. The decibel meter consistently read 102–106 throughout that game, according to The Forum. http://www.ndsu.edu/news/view/detail/11083/ During the 2013 Furman playoff game, the crowd noise was measured at 115 decibels.[15] During the 2015 playoffs against Montana, the crowd noise measured 120 decibels, the Bison beat the Grizz 37–6 avenging their season opening loss in Missoula. The record for the loudest indoor stadium crowd was set in 2013 at the Sacramento Kings stadium Sleep Train Arena at 126 decibels. Due to the notorious noise, the Fargodome is sometimes referred to as the "Thunderdome".
National championships[edit]
North Dakota State have won 14 national championships; three as a member of the College Division (precursor of Division II), five as a member of Division II, and six as a member of Division I (FCS). The Bison have been the runner-up three times (1967, 1981, 1984) and have appeared in a total of 14 national championship games.
Year
Coach
Selector
Record
Score
Opponent
1965 Darrell Mudra NCAA College Division by Polling 11–0 20–7 Grambling
1968 Ron Erhardt 10–0 23–14 Arkansas State
1969 Ron Erhardt 10–0 30–3 Montana
1983 Don Morton NCAA DII Playoff 12–1 41–21 Central State
1985 Earle Solomonson 11–2–1 35–7 North Alabama
1986 Earle Solomonson 13–0 27–7 South Dakota
1988 Rocky Hager 14–0 35–21 Portland State
1990 Rocky Hager 14–0 51–11 IUP
2011 Craig Bohl NCAA DI (FCS) Playoff 14–1 17–6 Sam Houston State
2012 Craig Bohl 14–1 39–13 Sam Houston State
2013 Craig Bohl 15–0 35–7 Towson
2014 Chris Klieman 15–1 29–27 Illinois State
2015 Chris Klieman 13–2 37–10 Jacksonville State
2017 Chris Klieman 14-1 17-13 James Madison
Record against FBS competition[edit]
Overall (9–3)
Season
Opponent
Division
Result
Score
Record
2006 Ball State MAC W 29–24 1–0
Minnesota Big Ten L 9–10 1–1
2007 Central Michigan MAC W 44–14 2–1
Minnesota Big Ten W 27–21 3–1
2008 Wyoming Mtn West L 13–16 3–2
2009 Iowa State Big 12 L 17–34 3–3
2010 Kansas Big 12 W 6–3 4–3
2011 Minnesota Big Ten W 37–24 5–3
2012 Colorado State Mtn West W 22–7 6–3
2013 Kansas State Big 12 W 24–21 7–3
2014 Iowa State Big 12 W 34–14 8–3
2016 #13 Iowa Big Ten W 23–21 9–3
2020 Oregon Pac-12
2022 Arizona Pac-12
2024 Colorado Pac-12
Record against Missouri Valley Football Conference[edit]
North Dakota State has a winning record against every team in the Missouri Valley Conference except the UNI Panthers.
Team
Record
Winning %
Illinois State 8–2 .800
Indiana State 9–1 .900
Missouri State 8–2 .800
South Dakota 54–26–3 .669
South Dakota State 59–42–5 .580
Southern Illinois 7–3 .700
Northern Iowa 25–26 .490
Western Illinois 8–2 .800
Youngstown State 8–4 .667
Conference championships[edit]
North Dakota State has won 34 conference championships; North Central Conference (26), Great West (1), Missouri Valley (7)
Year
Conference
Overall Record
Conference Record
Coach
1925♦ North Central 13–8–2 4–0–2 Ion Cortright
1932 North Central 7–1–1 4–0 Casey Finnegan
1935 North Central 7–1–1 4–0–1 Casey Finnegan
1964♦ North Central 10–1 5–1 Darrell Mudra
1965 North Central 11–0 6–0 Darrell Mudra
1966♦ North Central 8–2–0 5–1 Ron Erhardt
1967 North Central 9–1 6–0 Ron Erhardt
1968 North Central 10–0 6–0 Ron Erhardt
1969 North Central 10–0 6–0 Ron Erhardt
1970 North Central 9–0–1 6–0 Ron Erhardt
1972♦ North Central 8–2 6–1 Ron Erhardt
1973♦ North Central 8–2 6–1 Ev Kjelbertson
1974♦ North Central 7–4 5–2 Ev Kjelbertson
1976 North Central 9–3 6–0 Jim Wacker
1977 North Central 9–2–1 6–0 Jim Wacker
1981 North Central 10–3 7–0 Don Morton
1982 North Central 12–1 7–0 Don Morton
1983 North Central 12–1 8–1 Don Morton
1984♦ North Central 11–2 8–1 Don Morton
1985 North Central 11–2–1 7–1 Earle Solomonson
1986 North Central 13–0 9–0 Earle Solomonson
1988 North Central 14–0 9–0 Rocky Hager
1990 North Central 14–0 9–0 Rocky Hager
1991 North Central 7–3 7–1 Rocky Hager
1992 North Central 10–2 8–1 Rocky Hager
1994♦ North Central 9–3 7–2 Rocky Hager
2006 Great West 10–1 4–0 Craig Bohl
2011♦ Missouri Valley 14–1 7–1 Craig Bohl
2012 Missouri Valley 14–1 7–1 Craig Bohl
2013 Missouri Valley 15–0 8–0 Craig Bohl
2014♦ Missouri Valley 15–1 7–1 Chris Klieman
2015♦ Missouri Valley 13–2 7–1 Chris Klieman
2016♦ Missouri Valley 12–2 7–1 Chris Klieman
2017 Missouri Valley 14–1 7–1 Chris Klieman
Total 34 Conference Titles
♦ Denotes a tie for first place and conference co-champion
Playoff history[edit]
Division I (FCS)[edit]
(2004–present)
North Dakota State has appeared in 8 straight NCAA Division I FCS playoff berths. The Bison have an overall record of 28-2 in post-season play since becoming eligible in 2008, including a record streak of 22 consecutive playoff wins from 2011 to 2016. Since the beginning of 2011, NDSU has won 6 National Championships. The ESPN television program College GameDay hosted their program from downtown Fargo on September 21, 2013 to cover NDSU's run and returned for a second visit on September 13, 2014.
Year
Seed
Record
Result
Opponent
Score
Head Coach
Division I (FCS) (postseason playoffs with 20-team bracket)
2010 #16 2–1 First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals Robert Morris
#4 Montana State
#5 Eastern Washington W 43–17
W 42–17
L 31–38 OT Craig Bohl
2011 #2 4–0 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Champions #17 James Madison
#6 Lehigh
#3 Georgia Southern
#1 Sam Houston State W 26–14
W 24–0
W 35–7
W 17–6 Craig Bohl
2012 #1 4–0 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Champions #19 South Dakota State
#9 Wofford
#6 Georgia Southern
#5 Sam Houston State W 28–3
W 14–7
W 23–20
W 39–13 Craig Bohl
Division I (FCS) (postseason playoffs with 24-team bracket)
2013 #1 4–0 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Champions Furman
#11 Coastal Carolina
#15 New Hampshire
#7 Towson W 38–7
W 48–14
W 52–14
W 35–7 Craig Bohl
2014 #2 4–0 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Champions #14 South Dakota State
#6 Coastal Carolina
#19 Sam Houston State
#5 Illinois State W 27–24
W 39–32
W 35–3
W 29–27 Chris Klieman
2015 #3 4–0 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Champions #16 Montana
#15 Northern Iowa
#7 Richmond
#1 Jacksonville State W 37–6
W 23–13
W 33–7
W 37–10 Chris Klieman
2016 #1 2–1 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals #24 San Diego
#8 South Dakota State
#4 James Madison W 45–7
W 36–10
L 17–27 Chris Klieman
2017 #2 4–0 Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Champions San Diego
#8 Wofford
#6 Sam Houston State
#1 James Madison W 38–3
W 42–10
W 55-13
W 17-13 Chris Klieman
8
28–2
(.931)
1,005–389
Division II[edit]
(1964–2003)
North Dakota State appeared in 23 NCAA Division II postseasons from 1964 to 2003. During this stretch NDSU compiled a 347–94–4 record winning almost 80% of their games for four decades and claiming eight Championships along the way. NDSU appeared in seven out of 10 Championship games from 1981–1990; including appearing in four straight Championship games, an unrivaled number in DII as they posted a 111–16–2 (.875) mark from 1981–1990. While this is a startling record, from 1964 to 1973 the Bison went 90–12–1 (.887) which included a 35-game unbeaten streak.
Year
Record
Result
Game
Opponent
Score
Head Coach
College Division (rankings via AP writers poll)
1964 1–0 unranked Mineral Water Bowl Western State W 14–13 Darrell Mudra
1965 1–0 AP #1 Pecan Bowl Grambling State W 20–7 Darrell Mudra
1967 0–1 AP #2 Pecan Bowl Texas-Arlington L 13–10 Ron Erhardt
1968 1–0 AP #1 Pecan Bowl Arkansas State W 23–14 Ron Erhardt
1969 1–0 AP #1 Camellia Bowl Montana W 30–3 Ron Erhardt
1970 1–0 AP #3 Camellia Bowl Montana W 31–16 Ron Erhardt
Division II (postseason playoffs with 8-team bracket)
1976 1–1 3rd Place First round
Grantland Rice Bowl Eastern Kentucky
Montana State W 10–7
L 10–3 Jim Wacker
1977 1–1 3rd Place First round
Grantland Rice Bowl Northern Michigan
Jacksonville State W 20–6
L 31–7 Jim Wacker
1981 2–1 Runner Up First round
Semifinals
Championship Puget Sound
Shippensburg State
Southwest Texas State W 24–10
W 18–6
L 42–13 Don Morton
1982 1–1 3rd Place First round
Semifinals Virginia Union
UC Davis W 21–20
L 19–14 Don Morton
1983 3–0 Champions First round
Semifinals
Championship Towson State
UC Davis
Central State W 24–17
W 26–17
W 41–21 Don Morton
1984 2–1 Runner Up* First round
Semifinals
Championship UC Davis
Nebraska–Omaha
Troy State W 31–25
W 25–14
L 18–17 Don Morton
1985 3–0 Champions First round
Semifinals
Championship UC Davis
South Dakota
North Alabama W 31–12
W 16–7
W 35–7 Earle Solomonson
1986 3–0 Champions First round
Semifinals
Championship Ashland
Central State
South Dakota W 50–0
W 35–12
W 27–7 Earle Solomonson
Division II (postseason playoffs with 16-team bracket)
1988 4–0 Champions First round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Championship Augustana
Millersville
Sacramento State
Portland State W 41–7
W 36–26
W 42–20
W 35–21 Rocky Hager
1989 1–1 First round
Quarterfinals Edinboro
Jacksonville State W 45–32
L 21–17 Rocky Hager
1990 4–0 Champions First round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Championship Northern Colorado
Cal Poly–SLO
Pittsburg State
IUP W 17–7
W 47–0
W 39–29
W 51–11 Rocky Hager
1991 0–1 First round Mankato State L 27–7 Rocky Hager
1992 1–1 First round
Quarterfinals Northeast Missouri State
Pittsburg State W 42–7
L 38–37 (OT) Rocky Hager
1994 1–1 First round
Quarterfinals Pittsburg State
North Dakota W 18–12 (3OT)
L 14–7 Rocky Hager
1995 1–1 First round
Quarterfinals North Dakota
Pittsburg State W41–10
L 9–7 Rocky Hager
1997 0–1 First round Northwest Missouri State L 39–28 Bob Babich
2000 2–1 First round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals #1 Northwest Missouri State
#5 University of Nebraska Omaha
#11 Delta State W 31–17
W 43–21
L 34–16 Bob Babich
Totals
35–13
(.729)
At the end of the 1984 championship game NDSU took the lead on a field goal making it 17–15 with 1:36 left; after being on the Troy State 2-yard line and settling for 3 points. Troy State subsequently drove down the field with no timeouts to the Bison's 33 yard line with :15 remaining. With apparent confusion on the field Troy State (known since 2005 as simply Troy) rushed the field goal team out on the field and freshman kicker Ted Clem kicked the longest field goal in Troy history of 50 yards as time expired to give the Trojans the victory.
Head coaching history[edit]
Chris Klieman is the 30th and current head coach of the Bison who has a 54–6 record as head coach since 2014 and won the National Championship in 2014, 2015, and 2017. Craig Bohl holds the record for most wins in school history with 104 in his 11-year career averaging over 9.5 wins per season. Rocky Hager holds the record for most conference titles won with 5.
#
Coach
Years Active
Record
Conference Titles
National Championships
1 Henry Luke Bolley 1894–1899 7–8–1 No Affiliation
2 Jack Harrison 1900–1901 15–1–1 No Affiliation
3 Eddie Cochems 1902–1903 9–1–0 No Affiliation
4 A. L. Marshall 1904–1905 4–7–1 No Affiliation
5 Gil Dobie 1906–1907 7–0–0 No Affiliation
6 Paul Magoffin 1908 2–3–0 No Affiliation
7 Arthur Reuber 1909–1912 12–7–1 No Affiliation
8 Howard Wood 1913–1914 5–5–2 No Affiliation
9 Paul J. Davis 1915–1917 10–7–1 No Affiliation
10 Stanley Borleske 1919–1921, 1923–1924, 1928 17–14–4 0
11 Joe Cutting 1922 6–2–0 0
12 Ion Cortright 1925–1927 13–8–2 1
13 Casey Finnegan 1928–1940 57–49–11 2
14 Stan Kostka 1941, 1946–1947 8–17–0 0
15 Robert A. Lowe 1942–1945 3–9–2 0
16 Howard Bliss 1948–1949 3–16–0 0
17 Mac Wenskunas 1950–1953 11–21–1 0
18 Del Anderson 1954–1955 1–16–1 0
19 Les Luymes 1956 5–4–0 0
20 Bob Danielson 1957–1962 13–39–2 0
21 Darrell Mudra 1963–1965 24–6–0 2 1965
22 Ron Erhardt 1966–1972 61–7–1 6 1968, 1969
23 Ev Kjelbertson 1973–1975 17–13–0 2
24 Jim Wacker 1976–1978 24–9–1 2
25 Don Morton 1979–1984 57–15–0 4 1983
26 Earle Solomonson 1985–1986 24–2–1 2 1985, 1986
27 Rocky Hager 1987–1996 91–25–1 5 1988, 1990
28 Bob Babich 1997–2002 46–22 0
29 Craig Bohl 2003–2013 104–32 4 2011, 2012, 2013
30 Chris Klieman 2014– 54-6 4 2014, 2015, 2017
Totals
711-371–34
34
14
All-Time statistical leaders[edit]
Single-game leaders[edit]
Passing Yards: 451 – Steve Walker (2006)
Rushing Yards: 263 – Tyler Roehl (2007)
Receiving Yards: 232 – Len Kretchman (1988)
Single-season leaders[edit]
Passing Yards: 2,874 – Carson Wentz (2014)
Rushing Yards: 1,920 – John Crockett (2014)
Receiving Yards: 1,191 – Zach Vraa (2013)
Field Goals Made: 29‡ – Adam Keller (2014)
Points By a Kicker: 145‡ – Adam Keller (2014)
Career leaders[edit]
Passing Yards: 7,651 – Brock Jensen (2010–2014)
Rushing Yards: 4,700 – Lamar Gordon (1997–2001)
Receiving Yards: 2,957 – Zach Vraa (2011–2016)
Field Goals Made: 53 – Adam Keller (2011–2015)
Career Starts: 61‡ – Christian Dudzik (2011–2015)
Wins By a Quarterback: 48‡ – Brock Jensen (2010–2014)[16]
‡Denotes FCS Record
Bison Records[edit]
Longest Field Goal: 55 Yards - Ken Johnson (1997 vs. SDSU)
Longest TD Run from Scrimmage: 90 Yards - Cy Peschel (1928 vs. SDSU)
Longest Run from Scrimmage: 75 Yards - Arden Beachy (1992 vs. Mankato State)
Longest TD Pass: 88 Yards - Kelly Artz from Kevin Feeny (1995 vs. Northern Colorado)
Longest Punt: 82 Yards - Brian Kraabel (1975 vs. SDSU)
Longest Punt Return: 98 Yards (for TD) - Fritz Hansen (1934 vs. Oklahoma City)
Longest Kick Return: 100 Yards (for TD) - John Elmer Pariseau (1923 vs. South Dakota)
Longest Pass Interception Return: 99 Yards (for TD) - Peter Gergen (1927 vs. DePaul)
Longest Fumble Recovery Return: 79 Yards - Claudie Miller (1925 vs. North Dakota)
Longest Blocked Kick Return: 71 Yards - Jerry Dahl (1974 vs. North Dakota) & Rick Buddle (1976 vs. Morningside)
Bison in the NFL Draft[edit]
*Note: This list only includes players taken in the NFL Draft, it does not include those players who signed contracts with NFL teams outside the draft and the CFL
Year drafted
Round
Pick in round
Overall Pick
Player
Team
Position
Notes
2016 1 2 2 Carson Wentz Eagles QB Highest FCS player ever taken in the NFL Draft. First NDSU Quarterback to be drafted. Super Bowl LII Champion.
2016 5 16 155 Joe Haeg Colts OT
2015 5 17 153 Kyle Emanuel Chargers LB
2014 3 3 67 Billy Turner Dolphins T
2009 7 33 242 Nick Schommer Titans DB
2008 6 34 200 Joe Mays Eagles LB
2005 5 29 165 Rob Hunt Colts C
2002 3 19 84 Lamar Gordon Rams RB
2002 7 2 213 Pete Campion Panthers G
1991 2 27 54 Phil Hansen Bills DE
1989 6 17 156 Doug Lloyd Raiders RB
1989 9 13 236 Monte Smith Broncos G
1987 12 22 329 Chad Stark Giants RB
1987 12 27 334 Tyrone Braxton Broncos DB Second NDSU Graduate to win a Super Bowl Ring (XXXII, XXXIII)
1985 2 18 46 Stacy Robinson Giants WR First NDSU Graduate to win a Super Bowl Ring
1984 5 19 131 Dave Piepkorn Browns T
1981 7 5 171 Kevin Donnalley Cardinals DB
1979 9 12 232 Gordy Sprattler Jets RB
1977 11 1 280 Chuck Rodgers Buccaneers DB
1975 9 26 234 Bruce Reimer Steelers RB
1975 12 6 292 Jerry Dahl Chargers LB
1974 2 8 34 Steve Nelson Patriots LB Donated Snowplow Game game ball to NDSU
1974 10 4 238 Mike Puestow Browns WR
1974 16 16 406 Sanford Quale Bills T
1973 15 2 366 Mike Evenson Saints C
1973 17 18 434 Bob Erickson 49ers G
1972 8 10 192 Ralph Wirtz Bears WR
1970 8 15 197 Tim Mjos Packers RB
1970 14 13 351 Chuck Wald Falcons WR
1969 10 12 246 Bruce Nelson Packers T
1969 11 11 271 Mike Berdis Dolphins T
1968 17 26 461 Ken Rota Packers RB
1966 14 14 214 Ron Hanson Packers WR
1965 13 14 182 Bruce Airheart Colts RB
1953 24 11 288 Marlow Gudmundson Rams B
1948 30 6 281 Clarence McGeary Packers T
1947 19 4 169 Jerry Mulready Steelers B
1939 5 2 32 Ernie Wheeler Steelers B[17] First NDSU player ever taken in the draft, highest pick until Carson Wentz was drafted #2 overall in 2016.
NDSU players currently in the NFL[edit]
As of 10/25/2017
Player
Years
Position
Team
Carson Wentz 2016- QB Philadelphia Eagles
Joe Haeg 2016- OT Indianapolis Colts
CJ Smith 2016- CB Cleveland Browns
Kyle Emanuel 2015- LB Los Angeles Chargers
Billy Turner 2014- OT Denver Broncos
Marcus Williams 2014- CB Houston Texans
Ramon Humber 2009- LB Buffalo Bills
Stadiums[edit]
The Fargodome
Dacotah Field, 1910–1992: 82 Years
Fargodome, 1993–present: 24 Years
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.grandforksherald.com/sports/4204979-sources-und-set-leave-big-sky-conference
Jump up ^ NDSU Bison Graphic Standards (PDF). May 23, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "North Dakota State Bison". GoBison.com.
Jump up ^ "2016 College Football Rankings - Week 4". ESPN.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "NDSU Quick Facts". GoBison.com.
Jump up ^ KRMG News http://www.krmg.com/weblogs/krmg-sports-with-rick-couri/2010/sep/13/ap-and-coaches-polls-after-week-two-in-college-foo/. Retrieved December 13, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Haley, Craig. "In the FCS Huddle: FCS champ North Dakota State goes back-to-back". Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Jeff Kolpack. "Montana, NDSU boast two of best teams in FCS history". INFORUM.
Jump up ^ "North Dakota State University Athletics - Bison Look to Keep Sole Possession of First Place Saturday at Northern Iowa". Gobison.com. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ "North Dakota State University Athletics - Top-Five Matchup Saturday When Bison Host Griz in Trees Bowl". Gobison.com. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Ranking the Greatest Stadiums in College Football, Final 2011 Edition". Bleacher Report. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
Jump up ^ Paul Donaldson. "2015 FCS College Football Stadium Experience Rankings - Stadium Journey - Scout". Stadium Journey. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Fcs Preview | Indiana Sports Page Football". iHigh.com. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
Jump up ^ "I Can't Hear You" (PDF). Media.nola.com. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
Jump up ^ "NDSU fans reach 115 decibels at playoff game – NDSU News (NDSU)". ndsu.edu.
Jump up ^ "Brock Jensen – 2013 Football". North Dakota State. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Jump up ^ DraftHistory.com
External links[edit]
Official website
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Terrace House: Opening New Doors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Terrace House: Opening New Doors
Genre
Reality
Presented by
You, Reina Triendl, Yoshimi Tokui, Azusa Babazono, Ryota Yamasato, Shono Hayama
Opening theme
"...Ready for It?" by Taylor Swift (Japan)
"Trying" by Eleventyseven (International)
Country of origin
Japan
Original language(s)
Japanese
Release
Original network
Fuji Television, Netflix
Terrace House (テラスハウス): Opening New Doors is a Japanese reality television series in the Terrace House franchise set in Karuizawa of the Nagano prefecture in Japan. It premiered on Netflix Japan as a Netflix Original on December 19, 2017.[1] It is a Netflix and Fuji co-production which is also broadcast on Fuji Television in Japan, first through Fuji on Demand (FOD) on January 16, 2018[2] and on-air broadcast on January 22, 2018.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Timeline
1.3 Guest appearances
2 Episodes
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
№
Name
Occupation
Birth date
Age*
Appearance
English
Japanese
Nickname
Eps
#
01 Ami Komuro 小室安未 Ami university student January 19, 1997 20 01 -
02 Yuudai Arai 新井雄大 Yuudai aspiring chef April 8, 1998 19 01 - 09 9
03 Mizuki Haruta 治田みずき Mizuki freelance writer / interpreter June 30, 1991 26 01 - 09 9
04 Takayuki Nakamura 中村貴之 Taka professional snowboarder May 25, 1986 31 01 -
05 Tsubasa Sato 佐藤つば冴 Tsubasa ice hockey player September 28, 1993 24 01 -
06 Shion Okamoto 岡本至恩 Shion model January 13, 1995 22 01 -
07 Shohey Uemura 上村翔平 Shohey musician / vocalist July 16, 1989 28 10 -
08 Seina Shimabukuro 島袋聖南 Seina model April 4, 1987 30 10 -
*Age when they first joined Terrace House.
Timeline[edit]
Guest appearances[edit]
Name
Japanese
Cast member
Episode(s)
Hana Imai 今井華 Boys × Girls Next Door Episode 14
Episodes[edit]
No. in Season
No. in Part
Title
Netflix Japan Release Date
Fuji TV Air Date
Length (mins)
Part 1
1
1 "Opening New Doors" December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19) January 22, 2018 42
2
2 "A New Experience For Her" December 26, 2017 (2017-12-26) January 29, 2018 34
3
3 "Captain Tsubasa" January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02) February 5, 2018 32
4
4 "The Reason She Cried" January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09) February 12, 2018 36
5
5 "Cocky Kid" January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23) February 19, 2018 40
6
6 "First Snowfall" January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30) February 26, 2018 42
7
7 "I Erased Him From My World" February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06) March 12, 2018 42
8
8 "A Man with Different Values" February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13) April 9, 2018 38
Part 2
9
1 "She's the MVP" February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27) April 16, 2018 44
10
2 "The Christmas Assassin" March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06) TBA 37
11
3 "Best Actor in a Supporting Role" March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13) TBA 37
12
4 "If Only You Were Five Years Younger" March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20) TBA 40
13
5 "She Asks Too Much For Love" April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03) TBA 40
14
6 "The Birthday That Decided Their Fate" April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10) TBA 36
15
7 "The Mustache Tells the Story of Love" April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17) TBA TBA
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2017年12月19日（火）より、 Netflixにて先行配信" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ "1/16からは、@fujitvplus での配信がSTART！". @TH6TV (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ "フジテレビにて、2018年1月22日より、毎週月曜 深夜24時25分から放送を予定。" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-01-10.
External links[edit]
Official website
Terrace House: Opening New Doors on Netflix
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Boys × Girls Next Door
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Rina Sumioka
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Rie Kitahara
Kenya Yasuda
Presenters
You
Reina Triendl
Hiroomi Tosaka
Related articles
Terrace House: Closing Door
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Land reclamation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about land reclaimed from the sea. For land reclaimed from the desert, see Dedesertification. For the disposal of waste material, see landfill.
"Reclaimed" redirects here. For other uses, see Reclaim.
Reclaiming in Perth, Australia 1964
Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a landfill), is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill.
In a number of other jurisdictions, including parts of the United States,[1] the term "reclamation" can refer to returning disturbed lands to an improved state. In Alberta, Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the provincial government as "The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses."[2] In Oceania it is frequently referred to as land rehabilitation.
Contents
1 Methods
2 Habitation
2.1 Asia
2.2 Europe
2.3 Africa
2.4 Americas
3 Agriculture
4 Beach restoration
5 Landfill
6 Environmental impact
6.1 Environmental legislation
7 Dangers
8 Land amounts added
9 See also
10 Notes
11 External links
12 References
Methods[edit]
Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different methods. The most simple method involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called "infilling"[3] and the material used to fill the space is generally called "infill".[4][5] Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated and hence needs to be contained. Land dredging is also another method of land reclamation. It is the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of a body of water. It is commonly used for maintaining reclaimed land masses as sedimentation, a natural process, fills channels and harbors naturally.[6]
Habitation[edit]
The entire East Coast Park in Singapore was built on reclaimed land with a man-made beach.
The Flevopolder in the Netherlands, reclaimed from the IJsselmeer, is the largest reclaimed artificial island in the world.
Land Reclamation in the Beirut Central District
The whole district of Fontvieille, Monaco was reclaimed from the sea
Instances where the creation of new land was for the need of human activities.
Notable examples include:
Asia[edit]
Some of the coastlines of Saadiyat Island, in the UAE. Used for commercial purposes.[7]
Much of the coastlines of Mumbai, India. It took over 150 years to join the original Seven Islands of Bombay. These seven islands were lush, green, thickly wooded, and dotted with 22 hills, with the Arabian Sea washing through them at high tide. The original Isle of Bombay was only 24 km long and 4 km wide from Dongri to Malabar Hill (at its broadest point) and the other six were Colaba, Old Woman's Island, Mahim, Parel, Worli and Mazgaon. (See also Hornby Vellard).[8]
Much of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and South Korea. It is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed.[9]
Inland lowlands in the Yangtze valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Shanghai and Wuhan.[10]
Much of the coastline of Karachi, Pakistan.
The shore of Jakarta Bay. Land is usually reclaimed to create new housing areas and real estate properties, for the rapidly expanding city of Jakarta. So far, the largest reclamation project in the city is the creation of "Golf Island", which is still ongoing.[11]
A part of the Hamad International Airport in Qatar, around 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi).
The entire island of The Pearl-Qatar situated in West Bay (Doha), Qatar.
Haikou Bay, Hainan Province, China, where the west side of Haidian Island is being extended, and off the coast of Haikou City, where new land for a marina is being created.
The Cotai Strip in Macau, where most of the major casinos are located
Nagoya Centrair Airport, Japan
Incheon International Airport, Korea
Beirut Central District, Lebanon
The southern Chinese city of Shenzhen
The shore of Manila Bay in the Philippines, especially along Metro Manila, has attracted major developments such as the Mall of Asia Complex, Entertainment City and the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex.
The city-state of Singapore, where land is in short supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation.[12]
The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates
The Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Hulhumalé Island, Maldives. It is one of the six divisions of Malé City.
Giant Sea Wall Jakarta
Europe[edit]
Airport of Nice, France
Large parts of the Netherlands
Almost half of the micronation of Monaco
Parts of Dublin, Ireland
Most of Belfast Harbour and areas of Belfast, Northern Ireland
Parts of Saint Petersburg, Russia, such as the Marine Facade
Helsinki (of which the major part of the city center is built on reclaimed land)
Barceloneta area, Barcelona, in Spain
The port of Zeebrugge in Belgium
The southwestern residential area in Brest, Belarus
Majority of left-bank and some right-bank residential areas of Kiev were built on a reclaimed fens and floodplains of the Dnieper river.
Most of Fontvieille, Monaco
Parts surrounding Port Hercules in La Condamine, Monaco
The airport peninsula, the industrial area of Cornigliano, the PSA container terminal and other parts of the port in Genoa, Italy
The Fens in East Anglia
Venice, Italy
Rione Orsini, part of Borgo Santa Lucia, Naples
A big part of Kavala, city in Greece
Africa[edit]
The Foreshore in Cape Town
The Hassan II Mosque in Morocco is built on reclaimed land.
The Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria.
Americas[edit]
Large parts of Rio de Janeiro, most notably several blocks in the new docks area, the entire Flamengo Park and the neighborhood of Urca
Parts of New Orleans (which is partially built on land that was once swamp)
Parts of Montevideo, Uruguay, Rambla Sur and several projects still going on in Montevideo's Bay.
Much of the urbanized area adjacent to San Francisco Bay, including most of San Francisco's waterfront and Financial District, San Francisco International Airport, the Port of Oakland, and large portions of the city of Alameda has been reclaimed from the bay.
Mexico City (which is situated at the former site of Lake Texcoco); the chinampas are a famous example.
Parts of Panama City urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, using material extracted from Panama Canal excavations.
The Chicago shoreline
The Northwestern University Lakefill, part of the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois
Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts
Battery Park City, Manhattan
Brooklyn Bridge Park, Brooklyn
Liberty State Park, Jersey City
The Toronto Islands, Leslie Street Spit, and the waterfront in Toronto
Part of Nuns' Island and all of Île Notre-Dame in Montreal
The Cinta Costera, in Panama City, Panama
The Potter's Cay in Nassau, The Bahamas was connected to the island of New Providence
The shore of Nassau, The Bahamas especially along East Bay street.
Aeroparque Jorge Newbery, in Buenos Aires, Argentina
One of the earliest large scale projects was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi) of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres) of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever taken during the Colonial Hong Kong era.[13] Some 20% of land in the Tokyo Bay area has been reclaimed,[14] most notably Odaiba artificial island. Le Portier, Monaco and Gibraltar are also expanding due to land reclamation. The city of Rio de Janeiro was largely built on reclaimed land, as was Wellington, New Zealand.
Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. It is often considered in places with high population density and a scarcity of flat land. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates are other examples of artificial islands (although there is yet no real "scarcity of land" in Dubai), as well as the Flevopolder in the Netherlands which is the largest artificial island in the world.
Agriculture[edit]
Land reclamation in progress in Bingzhou (丙州) Peninsula (formerly, island) of the Dongzui Bay (东咀港). Tong'an District, Xiamen, China
Agriculture was a drive for land reclamation before industrialisation.[15] In South China, farmers reclaimed paddy fields by enclosing an area with a stone wall on the sea shore near a river mouth or river delta. The species of rice that grow on these grounds are more salt tolerant. Another use of such enclosed land is the creation of fish ponds. It is commonly seen on the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. These reclaimed areas also attract species of migrating birds.
A related practice is the draining of swampy or seasonally submerged wetlands to convert them to farmland. While this does not create new land exactly, it allows commercially productive use of land that would otherwise be restricted to wildlife habitat. It is also an important method of mosquito control.
Even in the post-industrial age, there have been land reclamation projects intended for increasing available agricultural land. For example, the village of Ogata in Akita, Japan, was established on land reclaimed from Lake Hachirogata (Japan's second largest lake at the time) starting in 1957. By 1977, the amount of land reclaimed totalled 172.03 square kilometres (66.42 sq mi).[16]
Beach restoration[edit]
Main article: Beach nourishment
Beach rebuilding is the process of repairing beaches using materials such as sand or mud from inland. This can be used to build up beaches suffering from beach starvation or erosion from longshore drift. It stops the movement of the original beach material through longshore drift and retains a natural look to the beach. Although it is not a long-lasting solution, it is cheap compared to other types of coastal defences. An example of this is the city of Mumbai.[8]
Landfill[edit]
As human overcrowding of developed areas intensified during the 20th century, it has become important to develop land re-use strategies for completed landfills. Some of the most common usages are for parks, golf courses and other sports fields. Increasingly, however, office buildings and industrial uses are made on a completed landfill. In these latter uses, methane capture is customarily carried out to minimize explosive hazard within the building.
An example of a Class A office building constructed over a landfill is the Dakin Building at Sierra Point, Brisbane, California. The underlying fill was deposited from 1965 to 1985, mostly consisting of construction debris from San Francisco and some municipal wastes. Aerial photographs prior to 1965 show this area to be tidelands of the San Francisco Bay. A clay cap was constructed over the debris prior to building approval.[17]
A notable example is Sydney Olympic Park, the primary venue for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games, which was built atop an industrial wasteland that included landfills.
Another strategy for landfill is the incineration of landfill trash at high temperature via the plasma-arc gasification process, which is currently used at two facilities in Japan, and will be used at a planned facility in St. Lucie County, Florida.[18]
Environmental impact[edit]
Parts (highlighted in brown) of the San Francisco Bay were reclaimed from wetlands for urban use.
Draining wetlands for ploughing, for example, is a form of habitat destruction. In some parts of the world, new reclamation projects are restricted or no longer allowed, due to environmental protection laws. Reclamation projects have strong negative impacts on coastal populations, although some species can take advantage of the newly created area.[19]
Environmental legislation[edit]
A map of reclaimed land in Hong Kong: Grey (built), red (proposed or under development). Many of the urban areas of Hong Kong are on reclaimed land.
The State of California created a state commission, the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, in 1965 to protect San Francisco Bay and regulate development near its shores. The commission was created in response to growing concern over the shrinking size of the bay.
Hong Kong legislators passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance, proposed by the Society for Protection of the Harbour, in 1997 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened Victoria Harbour against encroaching land development.[20] Several large reclamation schemes at Green Island, West Kowloon, and Kowloon Bay were subsequently shelved, and others reduced in size.
Dangers[edit]
Reclaimed land is highly susceptible to soil liquefaction during earthquakes,[21] which can amplify the amount of damage that occurs to buildings and infrastructure. Subsidence is another issue, both from soil compaction on filled land, and also when wetlands are enclosed by levees and drained to create Polders. Drained marshes will eventually sink below the surrounding water level, increasing the danger from flooding.
Land amounts added[edit]
Bangladesh – about 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) in total and has 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) potential (8% of total area) up to 12 metres (39 ft) depth in the territorial sea area.[22]
Netherlands – about 1/6 (almost 17%) of the entire country, or about 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi) in total, has been reclaimed from the sea, lakes, marshes and swamps. The province of Flevoland has almost completely been reclaimed from the Zuiderzee.
South Korea – As of 2006, 38 percent or 1,550 square kilometres (600 sq mi) of coastal wetlands reclaimed, including 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) at Saemangeum. Songdo International Business district, the largest private development in history, is a large-scale reclamation project built entirely on tidal mudflats.
Singapore – 20% of the original size or 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi). As of 2003[update], plans for 99 square kilometres (38 sq mi) more are to go ahead,[23] despite the fact that disputes persist with Malaysia over Singapore's extensive land reclamation works.[24]
Hong Kong – (Main article: Land reclamation in Hong Kong)
Praya Reclamation Scheme began in the late 1860s and consisted of two stages totaling 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres).[13] Hong Kong Disneyland, Hong Kong International Airport, and its predecessor, Kai Tak Airport, were all built on reclaimed land. In addition, much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of Victoria Harbour. This has raised environmental issues of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the Central district,[25] as well as the collusion of the Hong Kong Government with the real estate developers in the territory.[26][27]
In addition, as the city expands, new towns in different decades were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Shatin-Ma On Shan, West Kowloon, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O.
Macau – 170% of the original size or 17 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi)[28]
Jakarta, Indonesia – Giant Sea Wall Jakarta is part of a massive coastal development project at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia.
Manila Bay, Philippines – additional 626 hectares along the eastern coast of Manila Bay created in the 1990s[29] to the 88-hectare Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex. The shore road of Manila (Roxas Boulevard) is actually reclaimed land, as well as its extension road to Cavite (Manila-Cavite Expressway / Aguinaldo Boulevard).
Mumbai, India – An archipelago of originally seven separate islands were joined together by land reclamation over a span of five centuries. This was done to develop Mumbai as a harbour city.
Monaco – 0.41 square kilometres (0.16 sq mi) out of 2.05 square kilometres (0.79 sq mi), or one fifth of Monaco comes from land taken from the sea, mainly in the neighborhoods of Fontvieille, La Condamine, and Larvotto/Bas Moulins.
Tokyo Bay, Japan – 249 square kilometres (96 sq mi)[30] including the entirety of Odaiba artificial island.
Kobe, Japan – 23 square kilometres (8.9 sq mi) (1995).
Bahrain – 76.3% of original size of 410 square kilometres (160 sq mi) (1931–2007).[citation needed][31]
New Zealand – significant areas of land totalling several hundred hectares have been reclaimed along the harbourfront of Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin. In Dunedin – which in its early days was nicknamed "Mudedin" – around 2.5 square kilometres (0.97 sq mi), including much of the inner city and suburbs of Dunedin North, South Dunedin and Andersons Bay is reclaimed from the Otago Harbour, and a similar area in the suburbs of St Clair and St Kilda is reclaimed swampland.
United Arab Emirates – Dubai has a total of four reclaimed islands (the Palm Jumeirah, Jebal Ali, The Burj al Arab Island, and The World Islands), with a fifth under construction (the Palm Deira). There are several man made islands in Abu Dhabi, such as Yas Island and Al Lulu Island.
Country
Reclaimed land (km2)
Note
China 13,500+ Land reclamations of China
Netherlands 7,000
South Korea 1,550
United States 1,000+ Artificial islands of the United States
Japan 500+
UAE 470 Land reclamation in the UAE
Bahrain 410
Singapore 135
Bangladesh 110
Qatar 35
Macau 17
New Zealand 3.3 Reclamation of Wellington Harbour[32]
Maldives 0.62 [33]
Monaco 0.41 Land reclamation in Monaco
See also[edit]
Artificial island
Great wall of sand
Marine regression – the formation of new land by reductions in sea level
Drainage system (agriculture) – drainage for land reclamation
Land improvement
Land reclamation in Hong Kong
Hong Kong Society for Protection of the Harbour
Land reclamation in Monaco
Mine reclamation
Polder – low-lying land reclaimed from a lake or sea
Reclamation of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
River reclamation
Water reclamation
Land reclamation in Singapore
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "American Society for Mining and Reclamation". Retrieved 2012-04-01.
Jump up ^ Powter, Chris (2002). "Glossary of Reclamation and Remediation Terms used in Alberta" (PDF). Government of Alberta. ISBN 0-7785-2156-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
Jump up ^ Lambi, Cornelius Mbifung (2001). Environmental issues: problems and prospects. Bamenda, Cameroon: Unique Printers. p. 152. ISBN 978-9956-11-005-6.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Supplement Engineering Field Handbook Chapter 16: Streambank and Shoreline Protection" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. p. 16–WI–36.
Jump up ^ "Regional Road Maintenance ESA Program, Part 2: Best Management Practices" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. p. 2.42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-05-02.
Jump up ^ Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric. "What is dredging?". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
Jump up ^ (http://www.hydrant.co.uk), Site designed and built by Hydrant (2013-03-07). "Depth charges: Land reclamation and dredging are big business". Oxford Business Group. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Mumbai, Srinath Perur in (2016-03-30). "Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people?". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
Jump up ^ Murray N. J., Clemens R. S., Phinn S. R., Possingham H. P. & Fuller R. A. (2014) Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 267–72. doi: 10.1890/130260
Jump up ^ Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362; Mira Mihelich, “Polders and Politics of Land Reclamation in Southeast China during the Northern Sung” (Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell Univ., 1979); Peter Perdue, Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan 1500–1850 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1987); Mei Li 梅莉, Zhang Guoxiong 張國雄, and Yan Changgui 晏昌貴, Lianghu pingyuan kaifa tanyuan 兩湖平原開發探源 (Nanchang: Jiangxi jiaoyu chubanshe, 1995); Shiba Yoshinobu, “Environment versus Water Control: The Case of the Southern Hangzhou Bay Area from the Mid-Tang Through the Qing,” in Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History, ed. Mark Elvin and Ts’ui-jung Liu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 135–64
Jump up ^ "Jakarta clears hurdle in reclamation project".
Jump up ^ Collin Anderson (2016). DP Architects on Marina Bay: Designing for Reclaimed Lands. Oro Editions. ISBN 9781941806975.
^ Jump up to: a b Bard, Solomon. [2002] (2002). Voices from the Past: Hong Kong 1842–1918. HK University press. ISBN 962-209-574-7
Jump up ^ Petry, Anne K. (July 2003). "Geography of Japan" (PDF). Japan Digest, Indiana University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Daniel R. "Into the frontier: medieval land reclamation and the creation of new societies. Comparing Holland and the Po Valley, 800–1500". Academia.edu.
Jump up ^ "The History of Ogata-Mura | Ogata-mura". Ogata.or.jp. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
Jump up ^ Paul B. Awosika and Marc Papineau, Phase One Environmental Site Assessment, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, California, prepared for Argentum International by Certified. Engineering & Testing Company, Boston, Massachusetts, July 15, 1993
Jump up ^ "Florida county plans to vaporize landfill trash". USA Today. 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Jump up ^ Borzée, Amaël; Kim, Kyungmin; Heo, Kyongman; Jablonski, Piotr G.; Jang, Yikweon (4 October 2017). "Impact of land reclamation and agricultural water regime on the distribution and conservation status of the endangered Dryophytes suweonensis". PeerJ. 5: e3872. doi:10.7717/peerj.3872.
Jump up ^ Wallis, Keith (February 12, 1996). "Bill seeks to protect harbour". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
Jump up ^ ""Bangladesh fights for survival against climate change," by William Wheeler and Anna-Katarina Gravgaard, The Washington Times". Pulitzercenter.org. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Finds it Hard to Expand Without Sand". Planet Ark. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Singapore". The World Factbook. CIA. 1 September 2010. section Transnational issues. Retrieved 1 October 2010. disputes persist with Malaysia over […] extensive land reclamation works
Jump up ^ "Courts protect our imperiled waterway – at least for the time being". Hong Kong Standard. August 14, 2006. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Jump up ^ DeGolyer, Michael (March 15, 2007). "Commentary: Just Looking for Answers". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Jump up ^ Ng, Michael (October 5, 2006). "Lawmaker warns of West Kowloon arts venue glut". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Jump up ^ gov.mo
Jump up ^ "Philippine Reclamation Authority". http://pea.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Japan Fact Sheet". Japan Reference. Retrieved 2007-03-23.
Jump up ^ Chief, Habib Toumi, Bahrain Bureau (2010-01-12). "Bahrain parliament wants solution to land reclamation issue". GulfNews. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "150 years of news: How reclamations shaped Wellington". Stuff. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
Jump up ^ "UAE Dredging Company Gulf Cobla Delivers Maldives Airport Land Reclamation for Expansion Project - International Dredging Review - May-June 2017". www.dredgemag.com. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
External links[edit]
The Cape Town Foreshore Plan 1947
The Canadian Land Reclamation Association
The case for offshore Mumbai airport
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Land reclamation.
Wordie, Jason (18 April 1999). "Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good". The Standard. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012), IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea), Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70, ISBN 9782831712550 [permanent dead link]
Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014), "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea", Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12 (5): 267–272, doi:10.1890/130260
|url =http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-parliament-wants-solution-to-land-reclamation-issue-1.567052
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