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Insulin signal transduction pathway
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The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, and a variety of other hormones.
When carbohydrates are consumed, digested, and absorbed the pancreas senses the subsequent rise in blood glucose concentration and releases insulin to promote an uptake of glucose from the blood stream. When insulin binds to the insulin receptor, it leads to a cascade of cellular processes that promote the usage or, in some cases, the storage of glucose in the cell. The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue.
This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell. There is also a counter mechanism in the body to stop the secretion of insulin beyond a certain limit. Namely, those counter-regulatory mechanisms are glucagon and epinephrine. The process of the regulation of blood glucose (also known as glucose homeostasis) also exhibits oscillatory behavior.
On a pathological basis, this topic is crucial to understanding certain disorders in the body such as diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Transduction pathway
1.1 Insulin biosynthesis and transcription
1.2 Insulin secretion
1.3 Fatty acids and insulin secretion
1.4 Hormonal regulation of insulin secretion
1.5 Action on the cell
1.6 Regulation of the insulin receptor signal
2 Feedback mechanisms
2.1 Positive
2.2 Negative
3 Trigger mechanism
4 Counter mechanism
4.1 Function of glucagon
5 Oscillatory behavior
6 References
Transduction pathway[edit]
The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response which causes other subsequent responses, hence creating a chain reaction, or cascade. During the course of signaling, the cell uses each response for accomplishing some kind of a purpose along the way. Insulin secretion mechanism is a common example of signal transduction pathway mechanism.
Insulin is produced by the pancreas in a region called Islets of Langerhans. In the islets of Langerhans, there are beta-cells, which are responsible for production and storage of insulin. Insulin is secreted as a response mechanism for counteracting the increasing excess amounts of glucose in the blood.
Glucose in the body increases after food consumption. This is primarily due to carbohydrate intake, but to a much lesser degree protein intake ([1])([2]). Depending on the tissue type, the glucose enters the cell through facilitated or passive diffusion. In muscle and adipose tissue, glucose enters through GLUT 4 receptors via facilitated diffusion ([3]). In brain, kidney and retina, glucose enters passively. In the beta-cells of the pancreas, glucose enters through the GLUT 2 receptors (process described below).
Insulin biosynthesis and transcription[edit]
Insulin biosynthesis is regulated by transcriptional and translational levels. The β-cells promote their protein transcription in response to nutrients. The exposure of rat Langerhans islets to glucose for 1 hour is able to remarkably induce the intracellular proinsulin levels. It was noted that the proinsulin mRNA remained stable. This suggests that the acute response to glucose of the insulin synthesis is independent of mRNA synthesis in the first 45 minutes, because the blockage of the transcription decelerated the insulin accumulation during that time [1]. PTBPs, also called Polypyrimidine tract binding proteins, are proteins that regulate the translation of mRNA. They increase the viability of mRNA and provoke the initiation of the translation. PTBP1 enable the insulin gene specific activation and insulin granule protein mRNA by glucose [1] .
Two aspects of the transduction pathway process are explained below: insulin secretion and insulin action on the cell.
Insulin Secretion process (Figure 1.1.1)
Insulin secretion[edit]
The glucose that goes in the bloodstream after food consumption also enters the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The glucose passively diffuses in the beta cell through a GLUT-2 vesicle. Inside the beta cell, the following process occurs:
Glucose gets converted to Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P) through Glucokinase; and G6P is subsequently oxidized to form ATP. This process inhibits the ATP-sensitive potassium ion channels of the cell causing the Potassium ion channel to close and not function anymore. The closure of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels causes depolarization of the cell membrane causing the cell membrane to stretch which causes the voltage-gated calcium channel on the membrane to open causing an influx of Ca2+ ions. This influx then stimulates fusion of the insulin vesicles to the cell membrane and secretion of insulin in the extracellular fluid outside the beta cell; thus making it enter the bloodstream. [Also Illustrated in Figure 1.1.1].[2]
Insulin action on the cell process (Figure 1.1.2)
There are 3 subfamilies of Ca+2 channels; L-type Ca+2 channels, Non-L-Type Ca+2 channels (including R-Type) and the T-type Ca+2 channels. There are two phases of the insulin secretion, the first phase involves the L-type Ca+2 channels and the second phase involves the R-type Ca+2 channels. The Ca+2 influx generated by R-type Ca+2 channels is not enough to cause insulin exocytosis, however, it increases the mobilization of the vesicles towards the cell membrane [1].
Fatty acids and insulin secretion[edit]
Fatty acids also affect insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetes, fatty acids are able to potentiate insulin release to compensate the increment need of insulin. It was found that the β-cells express free fatty acid receptors at their surface, through which fatty acids can impact the function of β-cells. Long-chain acyl-CoA and DAG are the metabolites resulting from the intracellular metabolism of fatty acids. Long-chain acyl-CoA has the ability to acylate proteins that are essential in the insulin granule fusion. On the other hand, DAG activates PKC that is involved in the insulin secretion [1].
Hormonal regulation of insulin secretion[edit]
Several hormones can affect the insulin secretion. Estrogen is correlated with an increase of insulin secretion by depolarizing the β-cells membrane and enhancing the entry of Ca+2. In contrast, growth hormone is known to lower the serum level of insulin by promoting the production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). IGF-I in turn, suppresses the insulin secretion [1].
Action on the cell[edit]
After insulin enters the bloodstream, it binds to a membrane-spanning glycoprotein receptor. This glycoprotein is embedded in the cellular membrane and has an extracellular receptor domain, made up of two α-subunits, and an intracellular catalytic domain, made up of two β-subunits. The α-subunits act as insulin receptors and the insulin molecule acts as a ligand. Together, they form a receptor-ligand complex.
Binding of insulin to the α-subunit results in a conformational change in the membrane-bound glycoprotein, which activates tyrosine kinase domains on each β-subunit. The tyrosine kinase activity causes an auto phosphorylation of several tyrosine residues in the β-subunit. The phosphorylation of 3 residues of tyrosine is necessary for the amplification of the kinase activity [3].
Once the tyrosine kinase is activated in the insulin receptor, it triggers the activation of the docking proteins, also called IRS (1-4) that are important in the signaling pathway, and then the activation of the PI-3k [4]

The two enzymes Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAP-Kinase) and Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI-3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase) are responsible for expressing the mitogenic and metabolic actions of Insulin, respectively.
The activation of MAP-Kinase leads to completion of mitogenic functions like cell growth and gene expression.
The activation of PI-3K leads to crucial metabolic functions such as synthesis of lipids, proteins and glycogen. It also leads to cell survival and cell proliferation. Most importantly, the PI-3K pathway is responsible for the distribution of glucose for important cell functions.The activation of PI-3K leads to the activation of PKB (AKT) that induces the impact of insulin on the liver. For example, the suppression of hepatic glucose synthesis and the activation glycogen synthesis. Hence, PKB possesses a crucial role in the linkage of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the insulin signaling pathway. The activated GLUT4 will translocate to the cell membrane and promotes the transportation of glucose into the intracellular medium [3].
Thus, insulin’s role is more of a promoter for the usage of glucose in the cells rather than neutralizing or counteracting it.
Regulation of the insulin receptor signal[edit]
PI-3K is one of the important components in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. It maintains the insulin sensitivity in the liver. PI-3K is composed of a regulatory subunit (P85) and a catalytic subunit (P110). P85 regulates the activation of PI-3K enzyme [5]. In the PI-3K heterodimer (P85-p110), P85 is responsible for the PI-3K activity, by binding to the binding site on the insulin receptor substrates (IRS). It was noted that an increase of P85 a (isoform of P85) results in a competition between the later and the P85-P110 complex to the IRS binding site, reducing the PI-3k activity and leading to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance refers also to Type 2 diabetes. It was also noted that increased serine phosphorylation of IRS is involved in the insulin resistance by reducing their ability to attract PI3K. The serine phosphorylation can also lead to degradation of IRS-1 [4].
Feedback mechanisms[edit]
Signal transduction is a mechanism in which the cell responds to a signal from the environment by activating several proteins and enzymes that will give a response to the signal. Feedback mechanism might involve negative and positive feedbacks. In the negative feedback, the pathway is inhibited and the final result of the transduction pathway is reduced or limited. In positive feedback, the transduction pathway is promoted and stimulated to produce more products.
Positive[edit]
Insulin secretion results in positive feedback in different ways. Firstly, insulin increases the uptake of glucose from blood by the translocation and exocytosis of GLUT4 storage vesicles in the muscle and fat cells. Secondly, it promotes the conversion of glucose into triglyceride in the liver, fat, and muscle cells. Finally, the cell will increase the rate of glycolysis within itself to break glucose in the cell into other components for tissue growth purposes.
An example of positive feedback mechanism in the insulin transduction pathway is the activation of some enzymes that inhibit other enzymes from slowing or stopping the insulin transduction pathway which results in improved intake of the glucose.
One of these pathways, involves the PI(3)K enzyme (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase). This pathway is responsible for activating glycogen, lipid-protein synthesis, and specific gene expression of some proteins which will help in the intake of glucose. Different enzymes control this pathway. Some of these enzymes constrict the pathway causing a negative feedback like the GSK-3 pathway. Other enzymes will push the pathway forward causing a positive feedback like the AKT and P70 enzymes. When insulin binds to its receptor, it activates the glycogen synthesis by inhibiting the enzymes that slow down the PI(3)K pathway such as PKA enzyme. At the same time, it will promote the function of the enzymes that provide a positive feedback for the pathway like the AKT and P70 enzymes.[6] The inactivation of the enzymes that stop the reaction and activating of enzymes that provide a positive feedback will increase glycogen, lipid & protein syntheses and promote glucose intake.
(Image to help explain the function of the proteins mentioned above in the positive feedback.)
Negative[edit]
When insulin binds to the cell's receptor, it results in negative feedback by limiting or stopping some other actions in the cell. It inhibits the release and production of glucose from the cells which is an important part in reducing the glucose blood level. Insulin will also inhibit the breakdown of glycogen into glucose by inhibiting the expression of the enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of Glycogen.
An example of negative feedback is slowing or stopping the intake of glucose after the pathway was activated. Negative feedback is shown in the insulin signal transduction pathway by constricting the phosphorylation of the insulin-stimulated tyrosine.[7] The enzyme that deactivates or phosphorylates the insulin-stimulated tyrosine is called tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). When activated, this enzyme provides a negative feedback by catalyzing the dephosphorylation of the insulin receptors.[8] The dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor slows down glucose intake by inhibiting the activation (phosphorylation) of proteins responsible for further steps of the insulin transduction pathway.
Trigger mechanism[edit]
Insulin is synthesized and secreted in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Once insulin is synthesized, the beta cells are ready to release it in two different phases. As for the first phase, insulin release is triggered rapidly when the blood glucose level is increased. The second phase is a slow release of newly formed vesicles that are triggered regardless of the blood sugar level. Glucose enters the beta cells and goes through glycolysis to form ATP that eventually causes depolarization of the beta cell membrane (as explained in Insulin secretion section of this article). The depolarization process causes voltage-controlled calcium channels (Ca2+) opening, allowing the calcium to flow into the cells. An increased calcium level activates phospholipase C, which cleaves the membrane phospholipid phosphtidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 binds to receptor proteins in the membrane of endplasmic reticulum (ER). This releases (Ca2+) from the ER via IP3 gated channels, and raises the cell concentration of calcium even more. The influx of Ca2+ ions causes the secretion of insulin stored in vesicles through the cell membrane. The process of insulin secretion is an example of a trigger mechanism in a signal transduction pathway, because insulin is secreted after glucose enters the beta cell and that triggers several other processes in a chain reaction.
Counter mechanism[edit]
Function of glucagon[edit]
While insulin is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels, glucagon is secreted to raise blood glucose levels. This is why glucagon has been known for decades as a counter-regulatory hormone.[9] When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which in turn causes the liver to convert stored glycogen polymers into glucose monomers, which is then released into the blood. This process is called glycogenolysis. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, have glucagon receptors which allow for glucagon to attach to them and thus stimulate glycogenolysis.[10] Contrary to insulin, which is produced by pancreatic β-cells, glucagon is produced by pancreatic α-cells.[11] It is also known that an increase in insulin suppresses glucagon secretion, and a decrease in insulin, along with low glucose levels, stimulates the secretion of glucagon.[11]
Oscillatory behavior[edit]
When blood-glucose levels are too low, the pancreas is signaled to release glucagon, which has essentially the opposite effect of insulin and therefore opposes the reduction of glucose in the blood. Glucagon is delivered directly to the liver, where it connects to the glucagon receptors on the membranes of the liver cells, signals the conversion of the glycogen already stored in the liver cells into glucose. This process is called glycogenolysis.
Conversely, when the blood-glucose levels are too high, the pancreas is signaled to release insulin. Insulin is delivered to the liver and other tissues throughout the body (e.g., muscle, adipose). When the insulin is introduced to the liver, it connects to the insulin receptors already present, that is tyrosine kinase receptor.[12] These receptors have two alpha subunits (extracellular) and two beta subunits (intercellular) which are connected through the cell membrane via disulfide bonds. When the insulin binds to these alpha subunits, 'glucose transport 4' (GLUT4) is released and transferred to the cell membrane to regulate glucose transport in and out of the cell. With the release of GLUT4, the allowance of glucose into cells is increased, and therefore the concentration of blood glucose might decrease. This, in other words, increases the utilization of the glucose already present in the liver. This is shown in the adjacent image. As glucose increases, production of insulin increases, which thereby increases the utilization of the glucose, which maintains the glucose levels in an efficient manner and creates an oscillatory behavior.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fu, Zhuo; Gilbert, Elizabeth R.; Liu, Dongmin (1 January 2013). "Regulation of Insulin Synthesis and Secretion and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes". National institute of health: 9(1): 25–53.
Jump up ^ Guyton AC, Hall JE (2005). "Chapter 78: Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus". Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 963–68. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Saini, Vandana (15 July 2010). "Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus" (PDF). World journal of diabetes. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Draznin, Boris (2006). "Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance: Serine Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and Increased Expression of p85α" (PDF). American Diabetes Association. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Taniguchi, Cullen M.; Tran, Thien T.; Kondo, Tatsuya; Luo, Ji; Ueki, Kohjiro; Cantley, Lewis C.; Kahn, C. Ronald (8 August 2006). "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit p85 suppresses insulin action via positive regulation of PTEN" (PDF). PNAS. 103.
Jump up ^ Brady MJ, Nairn AC, Saltiel AR (Nov 1997). "The regulation of glycogen synthase by protein phosphatase 1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Evidence for a potential role for DARPP-32 in insulin action". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (47): 29698–703. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.47.29698. PMID 9368038.
Jump up ^ Craparo A, Freund R, Gustafson TA (Apr 1997). "14-3-3 (epsilon) interacts with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and insulin receptor substrate I in a phosphoserine-dependent manner". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (17): 11663–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11663. PMID 9111084.
Jump up ^ Saltiel AR, Kahn CR (Dec 2001). "Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism". Nature. 414 (6865): 799–806. doi:10.1038/414799a. PMID 11742412.
Jump up ^ Brubaker PL, Anini Y (Nov 2003). "Direct and indirect mechanisms regulating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 81 (11): 1005–12. doi:10.1139/y03-107. PMID 14719035.
Jump up ^ Estall JL, Drucker DJ (May 2006). "Glucagon and glucagon-like peptide receptors as drug targets". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 12 (14): 1731–50. doi:10.2174/138161206776873671. PMID 16712485.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooperberg BA, Cryer PE (Nov 2010). "Insulin reciprocally regulates glucagon secretion in humans". Diabetes. 59 (11): 2936–40. doi:10.2337/db10-0728. PMC 2963553  . PMID 20811038.
Jump up ^ Khan AH, Pessin JE (Nov 2002). "Insulin regulation of glucose uptake: a complex interplay of intracellular signalling pathways". Diabetologia. 45 (11): 1475–83. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0974-7. PMID 12436329.
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National Mission for clean Ganga
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pollution in ganga
The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council which was set up in October 2016 under the River Ganga (Rejuvenation, Protection and Management) Authorities order 2016. The order dissolved National Ganga River Basin Authority. The aim is to clean the Ganga and its tributaries in a comprehensive manner.[1] Nitin Gadkari is the present Minister for Ministry for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Namami Gange
2 Clean Ganga Fund
3 Earlier effort to clean Ganga
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Namami Gange[edit]
Namami Gange Programme, an integrated conservation mission, was approved as the flagship programme by the government in June 2014 with budget outlay of ₹20,000 crore to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of the Ganga. Under the project 8 states are covered. Dept of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation proposes to make 1,632 gram panchayats by the Ganga open defecation-free by 2022, at a cost of Rs 1,700 cr (central share).
Clean Ganga Fund[edit]
The Union Cabinet gave its approval for setting up of Clean Ganga Fund in September 2014 with the aim of using the collection for various activities under the Namami Gange programme for cleaning the Ganga.
Utilisation of funds[2]
* Cleaning up of the Ganga
* Setting up of waste treatment plants
* Conservation of biotic diversity of the river
* Development of public amenities
* Activities such as Ghat redevelopment and Research and Development and innovative projects.[3]
Earlier effort to clean Ganga[edit]
ganga canal dried for cleaning
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi launched Phase I in 1985,[4] covering 25 Ganga towns in three states; Rs 862.59 crore were spent.
Phase II covered 59 towns in five states; Rs 505.31 cr were spent. Rivers such as Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar, Mahananda had separate action plans.[5]
See also[edit]
Water pollution in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About National Mission for Clean Ganga". NMCG. 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Meri Ganga | National Ganga Portal". meriganga.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
Jump up ^ PTI. "Clean Ganga Fund: Rs. 66 crore and counting". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Namami Gange Programme". nmcg.nic.in. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
Jump up ^ PTI. "Govt to extend Ganga action plan to major rivers". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
External links[edit]
Official website
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (October 2016)
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text:
List of American Horror Story episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk which premiered on October 5, 2011 on FX. Described as an anthology series, each season is conceived as a mostly self-contained miniseries, following a disparate set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own "beginning, middle, and end."[1]
In October 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season titled Cult, which premiered on September 5, 2017 on FX.[2][3][4] In January 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season.[5] As of November 14, 2017,[update] 84 episodes of American Horror Story have aired, concluding the seventh season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
1.1 Season 1: Murder House (2011)
1.2 Season 2: Asylum (2012–13)
1.3 Season 3: Coven (2013–14)
1.4 Season 4: Freak Show (2014–15)
1.5 Season 5: Hotel (2015–16)
1.6 Season 6: Roanoke (2016)
1.7 Season 7: Cult (2017)
2 Ratings
3 References
4 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Title
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 Murder House 12 October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05) December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21)
2 Asylum 13 October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17) January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)
3 Coven 13 October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09) January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29)
4 Freak Show 13 October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08) January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
5 Hotel 12 October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07) January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)
6 Roanoke 10 September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14) November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
7 Cult 11 September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
Season 1: Murder House (2011)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Murder House
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05) 1ATS79 3.18[6]
2
2 "Home Invasion" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12) 1ATS01 2.46[7]
3
3 "Murder House" Bradley Buecker Jennifer Salt October 19, 2011 (2011-10-19) 1ATS02 2.59[8]
4
4 "Halloween (Part 1)" David Semel James Wong October 26, 2011 (2011-10-26) 1ATS03 2.96[9]
5
5 "Halloween (Part 2)" David Semel Tim Minear November 2, 2011 (2011-11-02) 1ATS04 2.74[10]
6
6 "Piggy Piggy" Michael Uppendahl Jessica Sharzer November 9, 2011 (2011-11-09) 1ATS05 2.83[11]
7
7 "Open House" Tim Hunter Brad Falchuk November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16) 1ATS06 3.06[12]
8
8 "Rubber Man" Miguel Arteta Ryan Murphy November 23, 2011 (2011-11-23) 1ATS07 2.81[13]
9
9 "Spooky Little Girl" John Scott Jennifer Salt November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30) 1ATS08 2.85[14]
10
10 "Smoldering Children" Michael Lehmann James Wong December 7, 2011 (2011-12-07) 1ATS09 2.54[15]
11
11 "Birth" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Tim Minear December 14, 2011 (2011-12-14) 1ATS10 2.59[16]
12
12 "Afterbirth" Bradley Buecker Jessica Sharzer December 21, 2011 (2011-12-21) 1ATS11 3.22[17]
Season 2: Asylum (2012–13)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Asylum
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
13
1 "Welcome to Briarcliff" Bradley Buecker Tim Minear October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17) 2ATS01 3.85[18]
14
2 "Tricks and Treats" Bradley Buecker James Wong October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24) 2ATS02 3.06[19]
15
3 "Nor'easter" Michael Uppendahl Jennifer Salt October 31, 2012 (2012-10-31) 2ATS03 2.47[20]
16
4 "I Am Anne Frank (Part 1)" Michael Uppendahl Jessica Sharzer November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07) 2ATS04 2.65[21]
17
5 "I Am Anne Frank (Part 2)" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Brad Falchuk November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14) 2ATS05 2.78[22]
18
6 "The Origins of Monstrosity" David Semel Ryan Murphy November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21) 2ATS06 1.89[23]
19
7 "Dark Cousin" Michael Rymer Tim Minear November 28, 2012 (2012-11-28) 2ATS07 2.27[24]
20
8 "Unholy Night" Michael Lehmann James Wong December 5, 2012 (2012-12-05) 2ATS08 2.36[25]
21
9 "The Coat Hanger" Jeremy Podeswa Jennifer Salt December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12) 2ATS09 2.22[26]
22
10 "The Name Game" Michael Lehmann Jessica Sharzer January 2, 2013 (2013-01-02) 2ATS10 2.21[27]
23
11 "Spilt Milk" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Brad Falchuk January 9, 2013 (2013-01-09) 2ATS11 2.51[28]
24
12 "Continuum" Craig Zisk Ryan Murphy January 16, 2013 (2013-01-16) 2ATS12 2.30[29]
25
13 "Madness Ends" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Tim Minear January 23, 2013 (2013-01-23) 2ATS13 2.29[30]
Season 3: Coven (2013–14)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Coven
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
26
1 "Bitchcraft" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09) 3ATS01 5.54[31]
27
2 "Boy Parts" Michael Rymer Tim Minear October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16) 3ATS02 4.51[32]
28
3 "The Replacements" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon James Wong October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23) 3ATS03 3.78[33]
29
4 "Fearful Pranks Ensue" Michael Uppendahl Jennifer Salt October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30) 3ATS04 3.71[34]
30
5 "Burn, Witch. Burn!" Jeremy Podeswa Jessica Sharzer November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06) 3ATS05 3.80[35]
31
6 "The Axeman Cometh" Michael Uppendahl Douglas Petrie November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13) 3ATS06 4.16[36]
32
7 "The Dead" Bradley Buecker Brad Falchuk November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20) 3ATS07 4.00[37]
33
8 "The Sacred Taking" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Ryan Murphy December 4, 2013 (2013-12-04) 3ATS08 4.07[38]
34
9 "Head" Howard Deutch Tim Minear December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11) 3ATS09 3.94[39]
35
10 "The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon James Wong January 8, 2014 (2014-01-08) 3ATS10 3.49[40]
36
11 "Protect the Coven" Bradley Buecker Jennifer Salt January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15) 3ATS11 3.46[41]
37
12 "Go to Hell" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Jessica Sharzer January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22) 3ATS12 3.35[42]
38
13 "The Seven Wonders" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Douglas Petrie January 29, 2014 (2014-01-29) 3ATS13 4.24[43]
Season 4: Freak Show (2014–15)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Freak Show
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
39
1 "Monsters Among Us" Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08) 4ATS01 6.13[44]
40
2 "Massacres and Matinees" Alfonso Gomez-Rejon Tim Minear October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15) 4ATS02 4.53[45]
41
3 "Edward Mordrake (Part 1)" Michael Uppendahl James Wong October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22) 4ATS03 4.44[46]
42
4 "Edward Mordrake (Part 2)" Howard Deutch Jennifer Salt October 29, 2014 (2014-10-29) 4ATS04 4.51[47]
43
5 "Pink Cupcakes" Michael Uppendahl Jessica Sharzer November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05) 4ATS05 4.22[48]
44
6 "Bullseye" Howard Deutch John J. Gray November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12) 4ATS06 3.65[49]
45
7 "Test of Strength" Anthony Hemingway Crystal Liu November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19) 4ATS07 3.91[50]
46
8 "Blood Bath" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy December 3, 2014 (2014-12-03) 4ATS08 3.30[51]
47
9 "Tupperware Party Massacre" Loni Peristere Brad Falchuk December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10) 4ATS09 3.07[52]
48
10 "Orphans" Bradley Buecker James Wong December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17) 4ATS10 2.99[53]
49
11 "Magical Thinking" Michael Goi Jennifer Salt January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07) 4ATS11 3.11[54]
50
12 "Show Stoppers" Loni Peristere Jessica Sharzer January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14) 4ATS12 2.94[55]
51
13 "Curtain Call" Bradley Buecker John J. Gray January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21) 4ATS13 3.27[56]
Season 5: Hotel (2015–16)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Hotel
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
52
1 "Checking In" Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07) 5ATS01 5.81[57]
53
2 "Chutes and Ladders" Bradley Buecker Tim Minear October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14) 5ATS02 4.06[58]
54
3 "Mommy" Bradley Buecker James Wong October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21) 5ATS03 3.20[59]
55
4 "Devil's Night" Loni Peristere Jennifer Salt October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28) 5ATS04 3.04[60]
56
5 "Room Service" Michael Goi Ned Martel November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04) 5ATS05 2.87[61]
57
6 "Room 33" Loni Peristere John J. Gray November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11) 5ATS06 2.64[62]
58
7 "Flicker" Michael Goi Crystal Liu November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18) 5ATS07 2.64[63]
59
8 "The Ten Commandments Killer" Loni Peristere Ryan Murphy December 2, 2015 (2015-12-02) 5ATS08 2.31[64]
60
9 "She Wants Revenge" Michael Uppendahl Brad Falchuk December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09) 5ATS09 2.14[65]
61
10 "She Gets Revenge" Bradley Buecker James Wong December 16, 2015 (2015-12-16) 5ATS10 1.85[66]
62
11 "Battle Royale" Michael Uppendahl Ned Martel January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06) 5ATS11 1.84[67]
63
12 "Be Our Guest" Bradley Buecker John J. Gray January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13) 5ATS12 2.24[68]
Season 6: Roanoke (2016)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Roanoke
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
64
1 "Chapter 1" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14) 6ATS01 5.14[69]
65
2 "Chapter 2" Michael Goi Tim Minear September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21) 6ATS02 3.27[70]
66
3 "Chapter 3" Jennifer Lynch James Wong September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28) 6ATS03 3.08[71]
67
4 "Chapter 4" Marita Grabiak John J. Gray October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05) 6ATS04 2.83[72]
68
5 "Chapter 5" Nelson Cragg Akela Cooper October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12) 6ATS05 2.82[73]
69
6 "Chapter 6" Angela Bassett Ned Martel October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19) 6ATS06 2.48[74]
70
7 "Chapter 7" Elodie Keene Crystal Liu October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26) 6ATS07 2.62[75]
71
8 "Chapter 8" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Todd Kubrak November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02) 6ATS08 2.20[76]
72
9 "Chapter 9" Alexis O. Korycinski Tim Minear November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09) 6ATS09 2.43[77]
73
10 "Chapter 10" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16) 6ATS10 2.45[78]
Season 7: Cult (2017)[edit]
Main article: American Horror Story: Cult
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
74
1 "Election Night" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) 7ATS01 3.93[79]
75
2 "Don't Be Afraid of the Dark" Liza Johnson Tim Minear September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12) 7ATS02 2.38[80]
76
3 "Neighbors from Hell" Gwyneth Horder-Payton James Wong September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19) 7ATS03 2.25[81]
77
4 "11/9" Gwyneth Horder-Payton John J. Gray September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26) 7ATS04 2.13[82]
78
5 "Holes" Maggie Kiley Crystal Liu October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) 7ATS05 2.20[83]
79
6 "Mid-Western Assassin" Bradley Buecker Todd Kubrak October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) 7ATS06 2.15[84]
80
7 "Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag" Rachel Goldberg Crystal Liu October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) 7ATS07 2.07[85]
81
8 "Winter of Our Discontent" Barbara Brown Joshua Green October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) 7ATS08 2.06[86]
82
9 "Drink the Kool-Aid" Angela Bassett Adam Penn October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) 7ATS09 1.48[87]
83
10 "Charles (Manson) in Charge" Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) 7ATS10 1.82[88]
84
11 "Great Again" Jennifer Lynch Tim Minear November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) 7ATS11 1.97[89]
Ratings[edit]
American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Murder House
3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N/A
Asylum
3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29
Coven
5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24
Freak Show
6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27
Hotel
5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N/A
Roanoke
5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N/A
Cult
3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N/A
Source: Nielsen Media Research[90][91][92][93][94]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Martin, Denise (May 22, 2012). "Ryan Murphy Dissects Glee and American Horror Story, Addresses Fans and Critics". Vulture. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie (July 20, 2017). "And the Title of American Horror Story Season 7 Is…". Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (October 4, 2016). "'American Horror Story' Renewed for Season 7 at FX". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Murphy Teases "American Crime Story" Future Seasons|E! Live from the Red Carpet". YouTube. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (January 12, 2017). "'American Horror Story' Renewed For Two More Seasons at FX". Variety. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 6, 2011). "Wednesday Cable: 'American Horror Story' Premiere, 'South Park' Return Top MLB Playoffs + 'Ghost Hunters,' 'Nick Swardson' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 13, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'South Park' Rises; 'American Horror Story' Falls; + Brewers/Cards NLCS, 'Psych' Premiere, 'Ghost Hunters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 20, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Storage Wars' Tops Night, 'American Horror Story' Rises; 'South Park' Falls + 'Psych,' 'Pretty Little Liars' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 28, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings:'American Horror Story' Series High Edges 'South Park' + 'Psych,' 'Daily Show,' 'Ultimate Fighter' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (November 3, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'South Park,' 'American Horror Story' Lead + 'Psych,' 'Real World,' 'Mythbusters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 10, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story,' 'South Park' Lead; 'Psych' Lower + 'Real World,' 'Mythbusters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (November 17, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Series High + 'South Park,' 'Psych,' 'Real World,' 'Ultimate Fighter,' 'Mythbusters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 28, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Cruises to Easy Thanksgiving Eve Win". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 1, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + Captain Kirk Boosts 'Psych'; 'Hot In Cleveland,' 'Full Throttle Saloon' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (December 8, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story,' 'Sons Of Guns' Top Night + 'Psych', 'Hot In Cleveland,' 'Ghost Hunters' Finale & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 15, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Falls, But Leads + 'Sons Of Guns,' 'Moonshiners,' 'Psych', 'Hot In Cleveland' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (December 22, 2011). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Finale Rises, Leads Night + 'Sons Of Guns,' 'Moonshiners,' 'Top Chef', 'Hot In Cleveland' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2012). "'American Horror Story' Premiere Garners 3.85 Million Total Viewers, 2.20 Million Adults 18-49". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda. "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story: Asylum' Wins Night + 'Duck Dynasty', 'South Park', 'The Daily Show' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 1, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'South Park', 'Duck Dynasty','Face Off', 'Key & Peele', 'South Beach Tow' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy (November 8, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Beats 'American Horror Story' + 'Moonshiners', 'South Park', 'The Daily Show' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel (November 15, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Moonshiners', 'The Daily Show', 'South Beach Tow' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 26, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Moonshiners' & 'Duck Dynasty' Win Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Restaurant Impossible','South Beach Tow', 'Conan' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 29, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings:'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Moonshiners', 'The Challenge', 'Hot in Cleveland', 'South Beach Tow' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 7, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night + 'American Horror Story: Asylum', 'Moonshiners', 'Smurfs Christmas Carol', 'Daily Show' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 13, 2012). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Moonshiners' & 'Amish Mafia' Win Night, 'American Horror Story', 'South Beach Tow', 'Shipping Wars' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 4, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Sugar Bowl' Wins Night, 'Moonshiners', 'American Horror Story', 'Amish Mafia', 'Full Throttle Saloon' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 10, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Moonshiners' & 'Amish Mafia' Win Night + 'American Horror Story', 'Duck Dynasty' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 17, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Moonshiners' Wins Night, + 'Amish Mafia', 'American Horror Story', 'Workaholics', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 24, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Moonshiners' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Necessary Roughness', 'Workaholics', 'Top Chef' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 10, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Beats 'American Horror Story: Coven' + MLB Baseball, 'Bad Ink', 'South Park' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 17, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Bad Ink', 'Key & Peele','Top Chef' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 24, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Leads Night + 'American Horror Story', 'South Park', 'Million Dollar Listing' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 31, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'South Park', 'Key & Peele', 'Ghost Hunters', 'Preachers of LA' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 7, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + 'South Park', 'Key & Peele', NBA Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 14, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'South Park', 'Key & Peele', 'Extreme Cheapskates' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 21, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night + 'South Park', NBA Basketball, 'American Pickers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 5, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Leads Night + 'South Park', 'American Pickers', College Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'South Park', 'Rodeo Girls', 'Key & Peele' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 9, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'My Strange Addiction', 'Psych', 'Real World Ex-Plosion' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 16, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'American Horror Story', 'Crazy Hearts: Nashville', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 23, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Wahlburgers', 'Workaholics', 'Psych' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 30, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night + 'American Horror Story', NBA Basketball, 'Wahlburgers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 9, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + 'South Park' 'Teen Mom II', 'The Daily Show, 'Key & Peele' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 16, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'South Park', 'Teen Mom 2', Baseball, 'Impact Wrestling' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 23, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + 'Key & Peele', 'Melissa & Joey' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 30, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'South Park', 'Key & Peele', 'Ghost Hunters', 'Top Chef' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 6, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story: Freak Show' Tops Night + 'South Park', NBA Basketball, 'Key & Peele' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 13, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'South Park', 'American Pickers', 'Key & Peele', 'Top Chef' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 20, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + NBA Basketball, 'Duck Dynasty', 'South Park' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 4, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + College Basketball, 'Duck Dynasty', 'South Park' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night,'South Park', 'Duck Dynasty', 'Melissa & Joey' & More - Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 18, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + 'The Daily Show', 'The Colbert Report', 'Mob Wives' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ribel, Sara (January 9, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'Duck Dynasty', 'Wahlburgers', 'Mob Wives', 'Little Women LA' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 14, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'The Game', 'Duck Dynasty', 'Workaholics' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Wins Night, 'Duck Dynasty', 'The Game', 'Broad City', 'Melissa & Joey' & More". TV by the Numbers. January 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 8, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story: Hotel' premiere on top, plus MLB, 'Teen Mom'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 15, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' and MLB lead, plus 'South Park,' 'Teen Mom II'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 22, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' down in week 3, NLCS clincher leads the day". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 29, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: Republican debate sets a CNBC record but down from previous debates". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 5, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' and NBA lead the day". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 12, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' on top, plus 'Alaskan Bush People,' 'South Park'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 19, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' stable, 'South Park' down slightly". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 3, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' dips, news channels rise with shooting coverage". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 10, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'South Park,' 'AHS' and 'Alaskan Bush People' lead". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 17, 2015). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' leads, 'AHS: Hotel' goes below 1.0". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 7, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' returns, plus 'It's Always Sunny,' 'Alaskan Bush People'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 14, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'AHS: Hotel' finale rises, plus 'Duck Dynasty,' 'Mob Wives'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (September 15, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' premiere wins the night". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (September 22, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' experiences major drop". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (September 29, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' dips once again". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 6, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: MLB Wild Card games stay on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 13, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story: Roanoke' bumps up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 20, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: Third Presidential Debate wins the night". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 27, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (November 3, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' falls, 'Queen Sugar' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (November 10, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story' ticks back up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (November 17, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story: Roanoke' season finale holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 7, 2017). "Tuesday cable ratings: 'American Horror Story: Cult' premieres lower than 'Roanoke'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 14, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.12.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 20, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.19.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 27, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.26.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 4, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.3.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 11, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.10.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 18, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.17.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 25, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.24.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 1, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.31.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 8, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.7.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 15, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.14.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. January 24, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story: Coven: (Season Three) Ratings". TV Series Finale. January 30, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story: Freak Show Ratings". TV Series Finale. January 22, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story: Hotel (Season Five) Ratings". TV Series Finale. January 14, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Horror Story: Season Six Ratings". TV Series Finale. November 17, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
External links[edit]
Horror fiction portal
Television portal
Official website
List of American Horror Story episodes on IMDb
List of American Horror Story episodes at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
American Horror Story
Awards and nominations
Cast members
Episodes list
Murder House
"Pilot"
"Home Invasion"
"Murder House"
"Halloween, Parts 1 and 2"
"Piggy Piggy"
"Open House"
"Rubber Man"
"Spooky Little Girl"
"Smoldering Children"
"Birth"
"Afterbirth"
Asylum
"Welcome to Briarcliff"
"Tricks and Treats"
"Nor'easter"
"I Am Anne Frank, Parts 1 and 2"
"The Origins of Monstrosity"
"Dark Cousin"
"Unholy Night"
"The Coat Hanger"
"The Name Game"
"Spilt Milk"
"Continuum"
"Madness Ends"
Coven
"Bitchcraft"
"Boy Parts"
"The Replacements"
"Fearful Pranks Ensue"
"Burn, Witch, Burn!"
"The Axeman Cometh"
"The Dead"
"The Sacred Taking"
"Head"
"The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks"
"Protect the Coven"
"Go to Hell"
"The Seven Wonders"
Freak Show
"Monsters Among Us"
"Massacres and Matinees"
"Edward Mordrake, Parts 1 and 2"
"Pink Cupcakes"
"Bullseye"
"Test of Strength"
"Blood Bath"
"Tupperware Party Massacre"
"Orphans"
"Magical Thinking"
"Show Stoppers"
"Curtain Call"
Hotel
"Checking In"
"Chutes and Ladders"
"Mommy"
"Devil's Night"
"Room Service"
"Room 33"
"Flicker"
"The Ten Commandments Killer"
"She Wants Revenge"
"She Gets Revenge"
"Battle Royale"
"Be Our Guest"
Roanoke
"Chapter 1"
"Chapter 2"
"Chapter 3"
"Chapter 4"
"Chapter 5"
"Chapter 6"
"Chapter 7"
"Chapter 8"
"Chapter 9"
"Chapter 10"
Cult
"Election Night"
"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark"
"Neighbors from Hell"
"11/9"
"Holes"
"Mid-Western Assassin"
"Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins: Scumbag"
"Winter of Our Discontent"
"Drink the Kool-Aid"
"Charles (Manson) in Charge"
"Great Again"
Characters
Murder House
Asylum
Coven
Freak Show
Hotel
Roanoke
Cult
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Horror_Story_episodes&oldid=841367757"
Categories:
American Horror Story episodes
Lists of American horror-supernatural television series episodes
American Horror Story lists
Hidden categories:
Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017
All articles containing potentially dated statements
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New7Wonders of the World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 February 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the New7Wonders Foundation list. For other uses, see Wonders of the World.
From left to right, top to bottom: Chichen Itza, Christ the Redeemer, Great Wall of China, Machu Picchu, Petra, Taj Mahal, and Colosseum.
New7Wonders of the World (2000–2007) was a campaign started in 2000 to choose Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments.[1] The popularity poll was led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the New7Wonders Foundation based in Zurich, Switzerland, with winners announced on 7 July 2007 in Lisbon.[2][3]
The New7Wonders Foundation claimed that more than 100 million votes were cast through the Internet or by telephone. Voting via the Internet was limited to one vote for seven monuments per person/identity, but multiple voting was possible through telephone.[4] Hence the poll was considered unscientific.[5] According to John Zogby, founder and current President/CEO of the Utica, New York-based polling organization Zogby International, New7Wonders Foundation drove "the largest poll on record".[6][5] After supporting the New7Wonders Foundation at the beginning of the campaign by providing advice on nominee selection, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), by its bylaws having to record all and give equal status to world heritage sites, distanced itself from the undertaking in 2001 and again in 2007.[7][8]
The New7Wonders Foundation, established in 2001, relied on private donations and the sale of broadcast rights and received no public funding or taxpayers' money.[9] After the final announcement, New7Wonders said it didn't earn anything from the exercise and barely recovered its investment.[10]
Although N7W describes itself as a not-for-profit organization, the company behind it—the New Open World Corporation (NOWC)—is a commercial business. All licensing and sponsorship money is paid to NOWC.
The foundation has run two subsequent programs: New7Wonders of Nature, the subject of voting until 2011, and New7WondersCities, which wound up in 2014.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Reactions
2.1 United Nations
2.2 Brazil
2.3 Peru
2.4 Chile
2.5 India
2.6 Jordan
2.7 Mexico
3 Other finalists
4 References
5 External links
Winners[edit]
Location of the New7Wonders winners
The Great Pyramid of Giza, largest and oldest of the three pyramids at the Giza Necropolis in Egypt and the only surviving (and oldest) of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was granted honorary status.
Wonder
Location
Image
Year
Great Pyramid of Giza
(honorary status) Giza Necropolis, Egypt 2560 BCE
Great Wall of China China 700 BCE
Petra Jordan 312 BCE
The Colosseum Rome, Italy 80 CE
Chichen Itza Yucatán, Mexico 600 CE
Machu Picchu Cuzco Region, Peru 1450 CE
Taj Mahal Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India 1643 CE
Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1931 CE
Reactions[edit]
United Nations[edit]
In 2007 the New7Wonders Foundation contracted a partnership with the United Nations in recognition of the efforts to promote the UN's Millennium Development Goals". The UN posted on its website:[11]
The New7Wonders campaigns aim to contribute to the process of uplifting the well being and mutual respect of citizens around the world, through encouraging interaction, expression opinion and direct participation by voting and polling on popular global issues which are understandable to everyone.
—  United Nations Office of Partnerships
However, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in a press release on June 20, 2007, reaffirmed that it has no link with the "private initiative". The press release concluded:[8]
There is no comparison between Mr. Weber's mediatised campaign and the scientific and educational work resulting from the inscription of sites on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The list of the 8 New Wonders of the World will be the result of a private undertaking, reflecting only the opinions of those with access to the Internet and not the entire world. This initiative cannot, in any significant and sustainable manner, contribute to the preservation of sites elected by this public.
—  UNESCO
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil there was a campaign Vote no Cristo (Vote for the Christ) which had the support of private companies, namely telecommunications operators that stopped charging voters to make telephone calls and SMS messages to vote.[12] Additionally, leading corporate sponsors including Banco Bradesco and Rede Globo spent millions of reals in the effort to have the statue voted into the top seven.[3] Newsweek reports the campaign was so pervasive that:[3]
One morning in June, Rio de Janeiro residents awoke to a beeping text message on their cell phones: "Press 4916 and vote for Christ. It's free!" The same pitch had been popping up all over the city since late January—flashing across an electronic screen every time city-dwellers swiped their transit cards on city buses and echoing on TV infomercials that featured a reality-show celebrity posing next to the city's trademark Christ the Redeemer statue.
—  Elizabeth Dwoskin, Newsweek
According to an article in Newsweek, around 10 million Brazilians had voted in the contest by early July.[3] This number is estimated as the New7Wonders Foundation never released such details about the campaign. An airplane message, with a huge inscription "4916 VOTE FOR CHRIST" flew in Rio de Janeiro for a month.
Peru[edit]
An intensive campaign led by the Peruvian Ministry of Commerce and Tourism in Peru had a great impact in the media and consequently Peruvian people voted massively for its national wonder. The announcement of the new World Wonders generated great expectation and the election of Machu Picchu was celebrated nationwide.
Chile[edit]
The Chilean representative for Easter Island's Moais, Alberto Hotus, said Weber gave him a letter saying that the Moais had finished eighth and were morally one of the New Seven Wonders. Hotus said he was the only participant to receive such an apology.[13]
India[edit]
A campaign to publicize the Taj Mahal in India gathered speed and it reached a climax in July 2007 with news channels, radio stations, and many celebrities asking people to vote for the Taj Mahal.
Jordan[edit]
Queen Rania Al-Abdullah of Jordan joined the campaign to back Petra, Jordan's national treasure.[3]
Mexico[edit]
There was a campaign on the news programs to encourage people to vote for Chichen Itzá.[citation needed]
Other finalists[edit]
The other 13 finalists,[14] listed alphabetically, were:
Wonder
Location
Image
Year
Acropolis of Athens Athens, Greece 447 BCE
Alhambra Granada, Spain 1333
Angkor Wat Angkor, Cambodia 1113
Eiffel Tower Paris, France 1887
Hagia Sophia İstanbul, Turkey 537
Kiyomizu-dera Kyoto, Japan 1633
Moai Easter Island, Chile 1250
Neuschwanstein Füssen, Germany 1869
Red Square Moscow, Russia 1561
Statue of Liberty New York City, United States 1886
Stonehenge Amesbury, United Kingdom 2400 BCE
Sydney Opera House Sydney, Australia 1959
Timbuktu Timbuktu, Mali 1327
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How the New7Wonders movement all began - World of New7Wonders". World of New7Wonders.
Jump up ^ "The project founder Bernard Weber - A Short History - World of New7Wonders". World of New7Wonders.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dwoskin, Elizabeth (2007-07-09). "Vote for Christ". Newsweek. ISSN 0028-9604. Archived from the original on 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ "Voting Analysis". World of New7Wonders. Archived from the original on 2013-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b The Seven Wonders of the World, 2.0, Los Angeles Times, 2007-07-07
Jump up ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth (2007-07-09). "Vote for Christ". Newsweek. ISSN 0028-9604.
Jump up ^ "New7Wonders and UNESCO: Separate organizations, common goals". World of New7Wonders. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "UNESCO confirms that it is not involved in the "New7Wonders of the World" campaign". UNESCO. July 9, 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interesting questions and answers". World of New7Wonders.
Jump up ^ Oh Taj! 7 wonders won’t get campaign money, indianexpress.com, 2007-07-22 Archived August 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "World Votes for New7Wonders".
Jump up ^ "Sete Maravilhas: Brasil comemora eleição de Cristo Redent" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Líder pascuense furioso porque le dieron a la isla un triunfo moral" Las Últimas Noticias July 10, 2007 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "New7Wonders of the World". World of New7Wonders.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Poll of 100 million votes names new Seven Wonders of the World
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