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Om
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This article is about the sacred sound and spiritual icon in Hindu religion. For movies and other uses, see Om (disambiguation).
"Aum" redirects here. For other uses, see Aum (disambiguation).
The "Om" or "Aum" symbol in Devanagari
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Om ( listen (help·info), IAST: Auṃ or Oṃ, Devanagari: ॐ) is a sacred sound and a spiritual icon in Hindu religion.[1][2] It is also a mantra in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism[3][4], and Sikhism.
Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.[5][6] The symbol has a spiritual meaning in all Indian dharmas, but the meaning and connotations of Om vary between the diverse schools within and across the various traditions.
In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols.[7][8] It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge).[9][10][11] The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.[11] It is a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts, during puja and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passages (sanskara) such as weddings, and sometimes during meditative and spiritual activities such as Yoga.[12][13]
The syllable is also referred to as omkara (ओंकार, oṃkāra), aumkara (औंकार, auṃkāra), and pranava (प्रणव, praṇava).[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and meaning
2 Written representation
3 Hinduism
3.1 Upanishads
3.1.1 Chandogya Upanishad
3.1.2 Katho Upanishad
3.1.3 Maitri Upanishad
3.1.4 Mundaka Upanishad
3.1.5 Mandukya Upanishad
3.1.6 Shvetashvatara Upanishad
3.1.7 Aitareya Aranyaka
3.2 Bhagavad Gita
3.3 Yoga Sutra
3.4 Puranic Hinduism
4 Jainism
5 Buddhism
5.1 Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)
5.2 Niō guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs
6 Sikhism
7 Modern reception
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Origin and meaning[edit]
The syllable Om is referred to as praṇava.[15][16] Other used terms are akṣara (literally, letter of the alphabet, imperishable, immutable) or ekākṣara (one letter of the alphabet), and omkāra (literally, beginning, female divine energy).[17][18][19][20] Udgitha, a word found in Sama Veda and bhasya (commentaries) based on it, is also used as a name of the syllable.[21]
The syllable Om is first mentioned in the Upanishads, the mystical texts associated with the Vedanta philosophy. It has variously been associated with concepts of "cosmic sound" or "mystical syllable" or "affirmation to something divine", or as symbolism for abstract spiritual concepts in the Upanishads.[11] In the Aranyaka and the Brahmana layers of Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the "whole of Veda".[11] The etymological foundations of Om are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts (the early Upanishads).[22][23] The Aitareya Brahmana of Rig Veda, in section 5.32, for example suggests that the three phonetic components of Om (pronounced AUM) correspond to the three stages of cosmic creation, and when it is read or said, it celebrates the creative powers of the universe.[11][24] The Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equate Om with Bhur-bhuvah-Svah, the latter symbolizing "the whole Veda". They offer various shades of meaning to Om, such as it being "the universe beyond the sun", or that which is "mysterious and inexhaustible", or "the infinite language, the infinite knowledge", or "essence of breath, life, everything that exists", or that "with which one is liberated".[11] The Sama Veda, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps Om to the audible, the musical truths in its numerous variations (Oum, Aum, Ovā Ovā Ovā Um, etc.) and then attempts to extract musical meters from it.[11]
The syllable Om evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads. Max Müller and other scholars state that these philosophical texts recommend Om as a "tool for meditation", explain various meanings that the syllable may be in the mind of one meditating, ranging from "artificial and senseless" to "highest concepts such as the cause of the Universe, essence of life, Brahman, Atman, and Self-knowledge".[25][26]
Written representation[edit]
Phonologically, the syllable ओम् represents /aum/, which is regularly monophthongised to [õː] in Sanskrit phonology. When occurring within spoken Sanskrit, the syllable is subject to the normal rules of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar, however with the additional peculiarity that after preceding a or ā, the au of aum does not form vriddhi (au) but guna (o) per Pāṇini 6.1.95 (i.e. 'om'). It is sometimes also written ओ३म् (o̿m [õːːm]), notably by Arya Samaj, where ३ (i.e., the digit "3") is pluta ("three times as long"), indicating a length of three morae (that is, the time it takes to say three syllables) — an overlong nasalised close-mid back rounded vowel.
The Om symbol is a ligature in Devanagari, combining ओ (au) and chandrabindu (ँ, ṃ). In Unicode, the symbol is encoded at U+0950 ॐ Devanagari OM and at U+1F549 🕉 OM Symbol ("generic symbol independent of Devanagari font").
The Om or Aum symbol is found on ancient coins, in regional scripts. In Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura era coins (dated from the 1st to 4th centuries) are embossed with Aum along with other symbols.[27] Nagari or Devanagari representations are found epigraphically on medieval sculpture, such as the dancing Shiva (ca. 10th to 12th century); Joseph Campbell (1949) even argued that the dance posture itself can be taken to represent AUM as a symbol of the entirety of "consciousness, universe" and "the message that God is within a person and without".[28]
The Om symbol, with epigraphical variations, is also found in many southeast Asian countries. For example, it is called Unalom or Aum in Thailand and has been a part of various flags and official emblems such as in the Thong Chom Klao of King Rama IV (r. 1851–1868).[29] The Cambodian official seal has similarly incorporated the Aum symbol.[30] In traditional Chinese characters, it is written as 唵 (pinyin – ǎn), and as 嗡 (pinyin – wēng) in simplified Chinese characters.[citation needed]
There have been proposals that the Om syllable may already have had written representations in Brahmi script, dating to before the Common Era. A proposal by Deb (1848) held that the swastika is "a monogrammatic representation of the syllable Om, wherein two Brahmi /o/ characters (U+11011 𑀑 Brahmi letter O) were superposed crosswise and the 'm' was represented by dot".[31] A commentary in Nature considers this theory questionable and unproven.[32] Roy (2011) proposed that Om was represented using the Brahmi symbols for "A", "U" and "M" (𑀅 𑀉 𑀫), and that this may have influenced the unusual epigraphical features of the symbol ॐ for Om.[33][34]
Om in various scripts
in Devanagari, Gujarati, Sourashtri & Historical Marathi Script (Modi)
(Assamese, Bengali, Oriya)[35]
Arya Samaj
Tamil[36]
Kannada[37]
Telugu[37]
Malayalam[38]
Grantha[39]
Siddham[40]
Jain symbol
Chinese[41]
Tibetan[42]
Bali (Indonesia)[43]
Java (Indonesia)[44]
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Om Symbol at Kanaka Durga Temple, Vijayawada
Om came to be used as a standard utterance at the beginning of mantras, chants or citations taken from the Vedas. For example, the Gayatri mantra, which consists of a verse from the Rigveda Samhita (RV 3.62.10), is prefixed not just by Om but by Om followed by the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ.[45] Such recitations continue to be in use in Hinduism, with many major incantations and ceremonial functions beginning and ending with Om.[4] Maheshwarananda (2002) suggests that the Om reflects the cosmological beliefs in Hinduism, as the primordial sound associated with the creation of universe from nothing.[46]
Upanishads[edit]
The syllable "Om" is described with various meanings in the Upanishads. Descriptions include "the sacred sound, the Yes!, the Vedas, the Udgitha (song of the universe), the infinite, the all encompassing, the whole world, the truth, the ultimate reality, the finest essence, the cause of the Universe, the essence of life, the Brahman, the Atman, the vehicle of deepest knowledge, and Self-knowledge".[26]
Chandogya Upanishad[edit]
Om is a common symbol found in the ancient texts of Hinduism, such as in the first line of Rig veda (top), as well as an icon in temples and spiritual retreats.
The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism. It opens with the recommendation that "let a man meditate on Om".[47] It calls the syllable Om as udgitha (उद्गीथ, song, chant), and asserts that the significance of the syllable is thus: the essence of all beings is earth, the essence of earth is water, the essence of water are the plants, the essence of plants is man, the essence of man is speech, the essence of speech is the Rig Veda, the essence of the Rig Veda is the Sama Veda, and the essence of Sama Veda is the udgitha (song, Om).[48]
Rik (ऋच्, Ṛc) is speech, states the text, and Sāman (सामन्) is breath; they are pairs, and because they have love for each other, speech and breath find themselves together and mate to produce a song.[47][48] The highest song is Om, asserts section 1.1 of Chandogya Upanishad. It is the symbol of awe, of reverence, of threefold knowledge because Adhvaryu invokes it, the Hotr recites it, and Udgatr sings it.[48][49]
The second volume of the first chapter continues its discussion of syllable Om, explaining its use as a struggle between Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons).[50] Max Muller states that this struggle between gods and demons is considered allegorical by ancient Indian scholars, as good and evil inclinations within man, respectively.[51] The legend in section 1.2 of Chandogya Upanishad states that gods took the Udgitha (song of Om) unto themselves, thinking, "with this song we shall overcome the demons".[52] The syllable Om is thus implied as that which inspires the good inclinations within each person.[51][52]
Chandogya Upanishad's exposition of syllable Om in its opening chapter combines etymological speculations, symbolism, metric structure and philosophical themes.[49][53] In the second chapter of the Chandogya Upanishad, the meaning and significance of Om evolves into a philosophical discourse, such as in section 2.10 where Om is linked to the Highest Self,[54] and section 2.23 where the text asserts Om is the essence of three forms of knowledge, Om is Brahman and "Om is all this [observed world]".[55]
Katho Upanishad[edit]
The Katho Upanishad is the legendary story of a little boy, Nachiketa – the son of sage Vajasravasa – who meets Yama, the Indian deity of death. Their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of man, knowledge, Atman (Soul, Self) and moksha (liberation).[56] In section 1.2, Katho Upanishad characterizes Knowledge/Wisdom as the pursuit of good, and Ignorance/Delusion as the pursuit of pleasant,[57] that the essence of Veda is to make man liberated and free, look past what has happened and what has not happened, free from the past and the future, beyond good and evil, and one word for this essence is the word Om.[58]
The word which all the Vedas proclaim,
That which is expressed in every Tapas (penance, austerity, meditation),
That for which they live the life of a Brahmacharin,
Understand that word in its essence: Om! that is the word.
Yes, this syllable is Brahman,
This syllable is the highest.
He who knows that syllable,
Whatever he desires, is his.
—  Katho Upanishad, 1.2.15-1.2.16[58]
Maitri Upanishad[edit]
The Maitrayaniya Upanishad in sixth Prapathakas (lesson) discusses the meaning and significance of Om. The text asserts that Om represents Brahman-Atman. The three roots of the syllable, states the Maitri Upanishad, are A + U + M.[59] The sound is the body of Soul, and it repeatedly manifests in three: as gender-endowed body – feminine, masculine, neuter; as light-endowed body – Agni, Vayu and Aditya; as deity-endowed body – Brahma, Rudra[60] and Vishnu; as mouth-endowed body – Garhapatya, Dakshinagni and Ahavaniya;[61] as knowledge-endowed body – Rig, Saman and Yajur;[62] as world-endowed body – Bhūr, Bhuvaḥ and Svaḥ; as time-endowed body – Past, Present and Future; as heat-endowed body – Breath, Fire and Sun; as growth-endowed body – Food, Water and Moon; as thought-endowed body – intellect, mind and psyche.[59][63] Brahman exists in two forms – the material form, and the immaterial formless.[64] The material form is changing, unreal. The immaterial formless isn't changing, real. The immortal formless is truth, the truth is the Brahman, the Brahman is the light, the light is the Sun which is the syllable Om as the Self.[65][66]
The world is Om, its light is Sun, and the Sun is also the light of the syllable Om, asserts the Upanishad. Meditating on Om, is acknowledging and meditating on the Brahman-Atman (Soul, Self).[59]
Mundaka Upanishad[edit]
The Mundaka Upanishad in the second Mundakam (part), suggests the means to knowing the Self and the Brahman to be meditation, self-reflection and introspection, that can be aided by the symbol Om.[67][68]
That which is flaming, which is subtler than the subtle,
on which the worlds are set, and their inhabitants –
That is the indestructible Brahman.[69]
It is life, it is speech, it is mind. That is the real. It is immortal.
It is a mark to be penetrated. Penetrate It, my friend.

Taking as a bow the great weapon of the Upanishad,
one should put upon it an arrow sharpened by meditation,
Stretching it with a thought directed to the essence of That,
Penetrate[70] that Imperishable as the mark, my friend.

Om is the bow, the arrow is the Soul, Brahman the mark,
By the undistracted man is It to be penetrated,
One should come to be in It,
as the arrow becomes one with the mark.
—  Mundaka Upanishad, 2.2.2 – 2.2.4[71][72]
Adi Shankara, in his review of the Mundaka Upanishad, states Om as a symbolism for Atman (soul, self).[73]
Mandukya Upanishad[edit]
The Mandukya Upanishad opens by declaring, "Om!, this syllable is this whole world".[74] Thereafter it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies.[75] This discussion is built on a structure of "four fourths" or "fourfold", derived from A + U + M + "silence" (or without an element).[74][75]
Aum as all states of time
In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future, that these three are "Aum". The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is "Aum" expressed.[75]
Aum as all states of Atman
In verse 2, states the Upanishad, everything is Brahman, but Brahman is Atman (the Soul, Self), and that the Atman is fourfold.[74] Johnston summarizes these four states of Self, respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal.[76]
Aum as all states of consciousness
In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness: wakeful, dream, deep sleep and the state of ekatma (being one with Self, the oneness of Self).[75] These four are A + U + M + "without an element" respectively.[75]
Aum as all of knowledge
In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable "Aum". It states that the first element of "Aum" is A, which is from Apti (obtaining, reaching) or from Adimatva (being first).[74] The second element is U, which is from Utkarsa (exaltation) or from Ubhayatva (intermediateness).[75] The third element is M, from Miti (erecting, constructing) or from Mi Minati, or apīti (annihilation).[74] The fourth is without an element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the Upanishad, the syllable Om is indeed the Atman (the self).[74][75]
Shvetashvatara Upanishad[edit]
The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, in verses 1.14 to 1.16, suggests meditating with the help of syllable Om, where one's perishable body is like one fuel-stick and the syllable Om is the second fuel-stick, which with discipline and diligent rubbing of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within. Such knowledge, asserts the Upanishad, is the goal of Upanishads.[77][78] The text asserts that Om is a tool of meditation empowering one to know the God within oneself, to realize one's Atman (Soul, Self).[79]
Aitareya Aranyaka[edit]
Aitareya Aranyaka in verse 23.6,[clarification needed] explains Om as "an acknowledgment, melodic confirmation, something that gives momentum and energy to a hymn".[7]
Om (ॐ) is the pratigara (agreement) with a hymn. Likewise is tatha (so be it) with a song. But Om is something divine, and tatha is something human.
—  Aitareya Aranyaka 23.6, [7]
Bhagavad Gita[edit]
The Bhagavad Gita, in the Epic Mahabharata, mentions the meaning and significance of Om in several verses. For example, Fowler notes that verse 9.17 of the Bhagavad Gita synthesizes the competing dualistic and monist streams of thought in Hinduism, by using "Om which is the symbol for the indescribable, impersonal Brahman".[80]
I am the Father of this world, Mother, Ordainer, Grandfather, the Thing to be known, the Purifier, the syllable Om, Rik, Saman and also Yajus.
—  Krishna to Arjuna, Bhagavad Gita 9.17, [80]
The significance of the sacred syllable in the Hindu traditions, is similarly highlighted in various of its verses, such as verse 17.24 where the importance of Om during prayers, charity and meditative practices is explained as follows,[81]
Therefore, uttering Om, the acts of yagna (fire ritual), dāna (charity) and tapas (austerity) as enjoined in the scriptures, are always begun by those who study the Brahman.
—  Bhagavad Gita 17.24, [81][82]
Yoga Sutra[edit]
The aphoristic verse 1.27 of Pantanjali's Yogasutra links Om to Yoga practice, as follows,[83]
तस्य वाचकः प्रणवः ॥२७॥
His word is Om.
—  Yogasutra 1.27, [83]
Johnston states this verse highlights the importance of Om in the meditative practice of Yoga, where it symbolizes three worlds in the Soul; the three times – past, present and future eternity, the three divine powers – creation, preservation and transformation in one Being; and three essences in one Spirit – immortality, omniscience and joy. It is, asserts Johnston, a symbol for the perfected Spiritual Man (his emphasis).[83]
Puranic Hinduism[edit]
The Hindu deity Ganesha is sometimes linked to the symbol Om and as the symbol for Upanishadic concept of Brahman.[84][85]
The medieval era texts of Hinduism, such as the Puranas adopt and expand the concept of Om in their own ways, and to their own theistic sects. According to the Vayu Purana, Om is the representation of the Hindu Trimurti, and represents the union of the three gods, viz. A for Brahma, U for Vishnu and M for Shiva. The three sounds also symbolise the three Vedas, namely (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda).[citation needed]
The Shiva Purana highlights the relation between deity Shiva and the Pranava or Om. Shiva is declared to be Om, and that Om is Shiva.[86]
Jainism[edit]
In Jainism, om is considered a condensed form of reference to the Pañca-Parameṣṭhi, by their initials A+A+A+U+M (o3m). The Dravyasamgraha quotes a Prakrit line:[87]
ओम एकाक्षर पञ्चपरमेष्ठिनामादिपम् तत्कथमिति चेत "अरिहंता असरीरा आयरिया तह उवज्झाया मुणियां"[88]
Translation: Veneration to the Arhats, veneration to the perfect ones, veneration to the masters, veneration to the teachers, veneration to all the monks in the world.[87]
AAAUM (or just "Om") is one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis: "Arihant, Ashiri, Acharya, Upajjhaya, Muni".[89]
ओं नमः (Oṃ namaḥ) Siddhanam (6 syllables), Om Nhi (2 syllables) and just Om (1 syllable) are the short forms of the Paramesthi-Mantra, also called Namokar Mantra or Navkar Mantra in Jainism.[87]
Buddhism[edit]
Nio statues in Kyoto prefecture of Japan, believed to be saying the start and the end of syllable "AUM"[90][91]
Om is often used in some later schools of Buddhism, for example Tibetan Buddhism, which was influenced by Indian Hinduism and Tantra.[92][93]
In Chinese Buddhism, Om is often transliterated as the Chinese character 唵 (pinyin ǎn) or 嗡 (pinyin wēng).
Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana)[edit]
In Tibetan Buddhism, Om is often placed at the beginning of mantras and dharanis. Probably the most well known mantra is "Om mani padme hum", the six syllable mantra of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokiteśvara. This mantra is particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokiteśvara. Moreover, as a seed syllable (bija mantra), Aum is considered sacred and holy in Esoteric Buddhism.[94]
Some scholars interpret the first word of the mantra oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ to be auṃ, with a meaning similar to Hinduism – the totality of sound, existence and consciousness.[95][96]
Oṃ has been described by the 14th Dalai Lama as "composed of three pure letters, A, U, and M. These symbolize the impure body, speech, and mind of everyday unenlightened life of a practitioner; they also symbolize the pure exalted body, speech and mind of an enlightened Buddha."[97][98] According to Simpkins, Om is a part of many mantras in Tibetan Buddhism and is a symbolism for "wholeness, perfection and the infinite".[99]
Niō guardian kings and Komainu lion-dogs[edit]
Aum is symbolically represented by Niō (仁王) statues in Japan, and their equivalent in East Asia. Niō appear in pairs in front of Buddhist temple gates and stupas, in the form of two fierce looking guardian kings (Vajra).[90] One has an open mouth, regarded by Buddhists as symbolically speaking the "A" syllable; the other has a closed mouth, symbolically speaking the "Um" syllable. The two together are regarded as saying "Aum", the vajra-breath, or the Absolute in Sanskrit.[90][91]
Komainu (狛犬), also called lion-dogs, found in Japan, Korea and China, also occur in pairs before Buddhist temples and public spaces, and again, one has an open mouth (Agyō), the other closed (Ungyō).[100] Like Nio statues, they are traditionally interpreted to be saying the start and end of "Aun" – a transliteration of the Sanskrit sacred syllable Aum (or Om), signifying the start and end of everything.[101][102]
Sikhism[edit]
Main article: Ik Onkar
Ik Onkar (One God)
Ik Oankar, iconically represented as ੴ in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib (although sometimes spelt out in full as ਏਕੰਕਾਰੁ) is the statement of singularity in Sikhism, that is 'there is one God'.[103][104] The phrase is a compound of the numeral one (ik) and onkar, states Doniger, canonically understood in Sikhism to refer to "absolute monotheistic unity of God".[105] Ik Oankar has a prominent position at the head of the Mul Mantar and the opening words of the Sri Guru Granth Sahib.[105]
The Oankar of Sikhism is related to Om in Hinduism.[105] Some Sikhs disagree that Ik Oankar is same as Om.[105] Onkar is, states Wazir Singh, a "variation of Om (Aum) of the ancient Indian scriptures (with a slight change in its orthography), implying the seed-force that evolves as the universe".[106] Ik Onkar is part of the "Mul Mantra" in Sikh teachings and represents "One God", explains Gulati, where "Ik" means One, and Onkar is "equivalent of the Hindu "Om" (Aum)".[107] Guru Nanak wrote a poem entitled Oankar in which, states Doniger, he "attributed the origin and sense of speech to the Divinity, who is thus the Om-maker".[105]
Oankar ('the Primal Sound') created Brahma, Oankar fashioned the consciousness,
From Oankar came mountains and ages, Oankar produced the Vedas,
By the grace of Oankar, people were saved through the divine word,
By the grace of Oankar, they were liberated through the teachings of the Guru.
—  Ramakali Dakkhani, Adi Granth 929-930, Translated by Pashaura Singh[108]
Ik Aumkara appears at the start of Mul Mantra, states Kohli, and it occurs as "Aum" in the Upanishads and in Gurbani.[109] However, the meaning of Oankar in the Sikh tradition, states Pashaura Singh, is quite different in certain respects than those in other Indian philosophical traditions.[108]
Modern reception[edit]
The Brahmic script om-ligature has become widely recognised in Western counterculture since the 1960s, mostly in its standard Devanagari form (ॐ), but the Tibetan alphabet om (ༀ) has also gained limited currency in popular culture.[110]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), Om, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931804, page 482
Jump up ^ Om Meriam-Webster (2013), Pronounced: \ˈōm\
Jump up ^ Jan Gonda (1963), The Indian Mantra, Oriens, Vol. 16, pages 244-297
^ Jump up to: a b Julius Lipner (2010), Hindus: There Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415456760, pages 66-67
Jump up ^ T A Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808775, page 248
Jump up ^ Sehdev Kumar (2001), A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan, ISBN 978-8170173489, page 5
^ Jump up to: a b c Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, page 435
Jump up ^ Krishna Sivaraman (2008), Hindu Spirituality Vedas Through Vedanta, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812543, page 433
Jump up ^ David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195156690, page 54
Jump up ^ Hajime Nakamura, A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120819634, page 318
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus (2011), Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism, De Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110181593, pages 435-456
Jump up ^ David White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691140865, pages 104-111
Jump up ^ Alexander Studholme (2012), The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791453902, pages 1-4
Jump up ^ OM Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), Pranava, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931804, page 522
Jump up ^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 74-75, 347, 364, 667
Jump up ^ Diana Eck (2013), India: A Sacred Geography, Random House, ISBN 978-0385531924, page 245
Jump up ^ R Mehta (2007), The Call of the Upanishads, Motilal Barnarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807495, page 67
Jump up ^ Omkara, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany
Jump up ^ CK Chapple, W Sargeant (2009), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-1438428420, page 435
Jump up ^ Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 12 with footnote 1
Jump up ^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, page 207
Jump up ^ John Grimes (1995), Ganapati: The Song of Self, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791424391, pages 78-80 and 201 footnote 34
Jump up ^ Aitareya Brahmana 5.32, Rig Veda, pages 139-140 (Sanskrit); for English translation: See Arthur Berriedale Keith (1920). The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda. Harvard University Press. p. 256.
Jump up ^ Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages 1-21
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 67-85, 227, 284, 308, 318, 361-366, 468, 600-601, 667, 772
Jump up ^ Henry Parker, Ancient Ceylon (1909), p. 490.
Jump up ^ Joseph Campbell (1949), The Hero with a Thousand Faces, 108f.
Jump up ^ Deborah Wong (2001), Sounding the Center: History and Aesthetics in Thai Buddhist Performance, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226905853, page 292
Jump up ^ James Minahan (2009), The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems, ISBN 978-0313344961, pages 28-29
Jump up ^ HK Deb, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume XVII, Number 3, page 137
Jump up ^ The Swastika, p. PA365, at Google Books, Nature, Vol. 110, No. 2758, page 365
Jump up ^ Ankita Roy (2011), Rediscovering the Brahmi Script. Industrial Design Center, IIT Bombay. See the section, "Ancient Symbols".
Jump up ^ SC Kak (1990), Indus and Brahmi: Further Connections. Cryptologia, 14(2), pages 169-183
Jump up ^ ଓଁ (U+0B13 & U+0B01), ওঁ (U+0993 & U+0981)
Jump up ^ ௐ (U+0BD0)
^ Jump up to: a b ಓಂ (U+0C93 & U+0C82)
Telugu ఓం (U+0C13 & U+0C02)
Jump up ^ ഓം (U+0D13 & U+0D02)
Jump up ^ "oo m"
Jump up ^ 𑖍𑖼 (U+1158D & U+115BC)
Jump up ^ 唵 (U+5535)
Jump up ^ ༀ (U+0F00)
Jump up ^ ᬒᬁ (U+1B12 & U+1B01)
Jump up ^ ꦎꦴꦀ (U+A98E & U+A980 & U+A9B4)
Jump up ^ Monier Monier-Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom, Luzac & Co., London, page 17
Jump up ^ Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda, The hidden power in humans, Ibera Verlag (2002), p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 1-3 with footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 68-70
^ Jump up to: a b Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195124354, page 171-185
Jump up ^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 70-71 with footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 4-6 with footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Hume, Chandogya Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 178-180
Jump up ^ Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 4-19 with footnotes
Jump up ^ Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 28 with footnote 1
Jump up ^ Max Muller, Chandogya Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, page 35
Jump up ^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 269-273
Jump up ^ Max Muller (1962), Katha Upanishad, in The Upanishads – Part II, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486209937, page 8
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 284-286
^ Jump up to: a b c Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages 307-308
Jump up ^ later called as Shiva
Jump up ^ this is a reference to the three major Vedic fire rituals
Jump up ^ this is a reference to the three major Vedas
Jump up ^ Maitri Upanishad – Sanskrit Text with English Translation[permanent dead link] EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, Bibliotheca Indica, page 258-260
Jump up ^ Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages 306-307 verse 6.3
Jump up ^ Sanskrit Original: द्वे वाव ब्रह्मणो रूपे मूर्तं चामूर्तं च । अथ यन्मूर्तं तदसत्यम् यदमूर्तं तत्सत्यम् तद्ब्रह्म तज्ज्योतिः यज्ज्योतिः स आदित्यः स वा एष ओमित्येतदात्माभवत् | Maitrayani Upanishad Wikisource;
English Translation: Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, page 347
Jump up ^ Maitri Upanishad – Sanskrit Text with English Translation[permanent dead link] EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, Bibliotheca Indica, page 258
Jump up ^ Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanisads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass (2010 Reprint), ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 580-581
Jump up ^ Eduard Roer, Mundaka Upanishad[permanent dead link] Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 144
Jump up ^ Hume translates this as "imperishable Brahma", Max Muller translates it as "indestructible Brahman"; see: Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Mundaka Upanishad, Oxford University Press, page 36
Jump up ^ The Sanskrit word used is Vyadh, which means both "penetrate" and "know"; Robert Hume uses penetrate, but mentions the second meaning; see: Robert Hume, Mundaka Upanishad, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 372 with footnote 1
Jump up ^ Robert Hume, Mundaka Upanishad, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 372-373
Jump up ^ Charles Johnston, The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920–1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, ISBN 978-1495946530 (Reprinted in 2014), Archive of Mundaka Upanishad, pages 310-311 from Theosophical Quarterly journal
Jump up ^ Mundaka Upanishad, in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary – Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, page 144 with section in 138-152
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814691, pages 605-637
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 391–393
Jump up ^ Charles Johnston, The Measures of the Eternal – Mandukya Upanishad Theosophical Quarterly, October, 1923, pages 158-162
Jump up ^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 308
Jump up ^ Max Muller, Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 237
Jump up ^ Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.14 – 1.16, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 396-397 with footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1845193461, page 164
^ Jump up to: a b Jeaneane D. Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1845193461, page 271
Jump up ^ Translator: KT Telang, Editor: Max Muller, The Bhagavadgita with the Sanatsujatiya and the Anugita at Google Books, Routledge Print, ISBN 978-0700715473, page 120
^ Jump up to: a b c The Yogasutras of Patanjali Charles Johnston (Translator), page 15
Jump up ^ John A Grimes (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self. State University of New York Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-7914-2439-1.
Jump up ^ Stephen Alter (2004), Elephas Maximus, Penguin, ISBN 978-0143031741, page 95
Jump up ^ Guy Beck (1995), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812611, page 154
^ Jump up to: a b c von Glasenapp 1999, pp. 410-411.
Jump up ^ oma ekākṣara pañca-parameṣṭhi-nāmā-dipam tatkathamiti cheta "arihatā asarīrā āyariyā taha uvajjhāyā muṇiyā"
Jump up ^ Om – significance in Jainism, Languages and Scripts of India, Colorado State University
^ Jump up to: a b c Snodgrass, Adrian (2007). The Symbolism of the Stupa, Motilal Banarsidass. p. 303. ISBN 978-8120807815.
^ Jump up to: a b Baroni, Helen J. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. Rosen Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.
Jump up ^ Samuel, Geoffrey (2005). Tantric Revisionings: New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120827523.
Jump up ^ "Vajrayana Buddhism Origins, Vajrayana Buddhism History, Vajrayana Buddhism Beliefs". www.patheos.com. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
Jump up ^ ""OM" - THE SYMBOL OF THE ABSOLUTE". Retrieved 2015-10-13.
Jump up ^ Olsen, Carl (2014). The Different Paths of Buddhism: A Narrative-Historical Introduction. Rutgers University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-8135-3778-8.
Jump up ^ Getty, Alice (1988). The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History and Iconography. Dover Publications. pp. 29, 191–192. ISBN 978-0-486-25575-0.
Jump up ^ "Om Mani Padme Hum by The Dalai Lama". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ C. Alexander Simpkins; Annellen M. Simpkins (2009). Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients. W.W. Norton. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-393-70565-2.
Jump up ^ C. Alexander Simpkins; Annellen M. Simpkins (2009). Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients. W.W. Norton. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-393-70565-2.
Jump up ^ Komainu and Niô Dentsdelion Antiques Tokyo Newsletter, Volume 11, Part 3 (2011)
Jump up ^ Ball, Katherine (2004). Animal Motifs in Asian Art. Dover Publishers. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-486-43338-7.
Jump up ^ Arthur, Chris (2009). Irish Elegies. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-230-61534-2.
Jump up ^ Singh, Wazir (1969). Aspects of Guru Nanak's philosophy. Lahore Book Shop. p. 20. Retrieved 2015-09-17. the 'a,' 'u,' and 'm' of aum have also been explained as signifying the three principles of creation, sustenance and annihilation. ... aumkār in relation to existence implies plurality, ... but its substitute Ik Oankar definitely implies singularity in spite of the seeming multiplicity of existence. ...
Jump up ^ Singh, Khushwant (2002). "The Sikhs". In Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo. The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 114. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ Wazir Singh (1969), Guru Nanak's philosophy, Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 1, page 56
Jump up ^ Mahinder Gulati (2008), Comparative Religious And Philosophies : Anthropomorphlsm And Divinity, Atlantic, ISBN 978-8126909025, pages 284-285; Quote: "While Ek literally means One, Onkar is the equivalent of the Hindu "Om" (Aum), the one syllable sound representing the holy trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva - the God in His entirety."
^ Jump up to: a b Pashaura Singh (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308, page 227
Jump up ^ SS Kohli (1993), The Sikh and Sikhism, Atlantic, ISBN 81-71563368, page 35, Quote: "Ik Aumkara is a significant name in Guru Granth Sahib and appears in the very beginning of Mul Mantra. It occurs as Aum in the Upanishads and in Gurbani, the Onam Akshara (the letter Aum) has been considered as the abstract of three worlds (p. 930). According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad "Aum" connotes both the transcendent and immanent Brahman.
Jump up ^ Messerle, Ulrich. "Graphics of the Sacred Symbol OM".
Sources[edit]
von Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999), Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation [Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1376-6
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Om
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aum.
Wiktionary entry: "ॐ"
Just say Om Joel Stein, Time Magazine Archives
Meditation on OM: Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science, Kumar et al. (2010), Int Journal of Yoga
Autonomic changes during "OM" meditation Telles et al. (1995)
The Meaning of the "Om-mani-padme-hum" Formula, A. H. Francke (1915)
Analysis Of Acoustic of “OM” Chant To Study It's Effect on Nervous System Gurjar et al. (2009)
Neuro-cognitive aspects of “OM” sound/syllable perception: A functional neuroimaging study Kumar et al. (2015), Cognition & Emotion, Vol 29, Issue 3
The Mantra Om: Word and Wisdom Swami Vivekananda
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text:
Of the Night
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2006 EP by Guillemots, see Of the Night (EP).
"Of the Night"
Single by Bastille
from the album All This Bad Blood
B-side
"Oblivion" (Live from Capitol Studios)
Released
11 October 2013
Format
Digital download, 10" vinyl, CD
Recorded
2012
Genre
New wave
alternative dance
Length
3:33
Label
Virgin
Songwriter(s)
Benito Benitez, John "Virgo" Garrett III, Thea Austin, Giorgio Spagna, Francesco Bontempi, Annerley Gordon, Peter Glenister, Mike Gaffey
Producer(s)
Dan Smith
Bastille singles chronology
"Things We Lost in the Fire"
(2013) "Of the Night"
(2013) "Pompeii/Waiting All Night"
(2014)
"Things We Lost in the Fire"
(2013) "Of the Night"
(2013) "Pompeii/Waiting All Night"
(2014)
"Of the Night" is a song by British indie rock band Bastille, released on 11 October 2013 as the lead single from All This Bad Blood (2013), a reissue of their debut studio album Bad Blood (2013). The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, and has also charted in several other countries.
The song was covered by Ellie Goulding at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and release
2 Critical reception
3 Commercial performance
4 Music video
5 Track listing
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 Release history
8 See also
9 References
Background and release[edit]
"Of the Night" is a mash up of two 1990s Eurodance songs, the 1993 hit "The Rhythm of the Night" by Italian act Corona and the 1992 hit "Rhythm Is a Dancer" by German group Snap!.[2][3] The song was first featured on Bastille's mixtape Other People's Heartache, which was released in 2012 as a free download.[4][5]
“ That's a strange one. It's kind of a tongue-in-cheek thing that we did that kind of got out of hand. It started off because Dan [Smith] got really ill when we first got signed, and so to ease his way back into vocal recording we decided to do some mixtapes using old songs that we listened to growing up. These were interesting songs you wouldn't expect us to cover and try to reinvent in a more current kind of way, and then it became one of our biggest songs. Then we started doing it live just because it was a cool song and was fun to play, and audiences started to really kind of dig it. And it all started off like a little experiment." ”
— Will Farquarson, talking about "Of the Night"[6]
"Of the Night" was later used in a promotional trailer for the eighth series of ITV's Dancing on Ice in January 2013.[7][8] It received its first radio play on Huw Stephens' BBC Radio 1 show on 9 October 2013,[9] and was released digitally on 11 October 2013.[10] On 15 November 2013, Of the Night EP was released, featuring three remixes of the song and a live recording of "Oblivion".[11]
Critical reception[edit]
Paul Leake of Click Music gave the track five out of five stars, and called it "one of the most inspired covers ever made," adding that it evokes "doe-eyed nostaglia for the purity of 90s' dance music" and "modulates between the sombre heartbreak and quiet intensity."[12]
Digital Spy's Robert Copsey wrote, "On paper, Dan Smith & Co.'s gloomy, atmospheric re-working sounds like career-suicide, and while it certainly isn't that, by opting for such a daring choice it feels like all their hard work at carefully carving out their own niche has come undone."[13]
Commercial performance[edit]
While set to become the band's first number one single at the midweek stage, the song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, selling 80,257 copies in its first week,[14] only 660 copies less than Lily Allen's version of "Somewhere Only We Know", becoming the narrowest chart race of 2013.[15]
Music video[edit]
An official music video promoting the song was released onto YouTube on 9 October 2013.[16] It was directed by Dave Ma (who has previously worked with Foals, Ghostpoet and Delphic), and stars American actor James Russo (Once Upon a Time in America, Django Unchained) as the main protagonist,[17] a Los Angeles police detective who visits several crime scenes, including a woman shot at a motel, a woman overdosed on pills, a man drowned in a pool, a store clerk shot during a robbery, and a woman in a bathroom with her throat slashed. The corpses sing along with the music (it is heavily implied that the police detective is going crazy, hallucinating seeing the corpses sing). At one point the band members are seen conversing with the police, then told to face the wall and put their hands on their heads, while an officer searches them.[18] The video ends with the police detective lying on the floor of a bathroom, singing along with the last few lines of the song. The camera pans out to reveal he has slashed his wrists. Mike Wass of Idolator called the video "quite possibly the most depressing video of the year."[3]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[19]
"Of the Night" – 3:34
Digital download (EP)[11]
"Of the Night" – 3:34
"Oblivion" (Live from Capitol Studios) – 3:08
"Of the Night" (MNEK Remix) – 4:38
"Of the Night" (Icarus Remix) – 5:20
"Of the Night" (Kove Remix) – 6:15
"Of the Night" (music video) – 3:51
CD maxi single[20]
"Of the Night" – 3:34
"Of the Night" (MNEK Remix) – 4:38
10" vinyl (limited to 1,000 copies)[21]
Side A
"Of the Night" – 3:34
"Of the Night" (MNEK Remix) – 4:38
Side B
"Oblivion" (Live from Capitol Studios) – 3:08
"Of the Night" (Icarus Remix) – 5:20
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013–14)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[22]
6
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[23]
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[24]
39
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[25]
2
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[26]
90
Denmark (Tracklisten)[27]
22
Germany (Official German Charts)[28]
10
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[29]
3
Ireland (IRMA)[30]
2
Italy (FIMI)[31]
25
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[32]
88
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33]
28
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[34]
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[35]
33
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[36]
80
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[37]
23
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[38]
39
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]
28
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[40]
2
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[41]
35
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Hungarian Airplay Chart[42]
79
UK Singles Chart[43]
74
Chart (2014)
Position
Germany (Official German Charts)[44]
63
UK Singles Chart[45]
98
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[46]
Platinum 70,000^
Germany (BVMI)[47]
Gold 0^
Italy (FIMI)[48]
Gold 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[49]
Platinum 600,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom[19]
11 October 2013 Digital download Virgin Records
Italy[50][51]
25 October 2013 Contemporary hit radio Universal Music
8 November 2013
United Kingdom[11][21]
15 November 2013 Digital download (EP) Virgin Records
18 November 2013 10" vinyl
Germany[20]
4 February 2014 Compact disc
United States
19 April 2014 10" vinyl
See also[edit]
Mashup (music)
Being Nobody
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ellie Goulding Covers Bastille’s ‘Rhythm Of The Night': Surfer Stephen’s Viral Video Of The Day". 97.1 AMP RADIO. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bastille unveil 'Of the Night' music video". Click Music. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Wass, Mike (9 October 2013). "Bastille Mash Two '90s Dance Classics On "Of The Night": Watch The Crime-Filled Video". Idolator. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Dave (13 March 2013). "Bastille – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Other People's Heartache – Bastille". Last.fm. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary (20 January 2014). "Bastille Working On Sophomore Album In Between Tour Dates". Billboard. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Listen: Bastille’s ‘Of the Night’ mixes Snap and Corona". Click Music. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "ITV1 – Dancing On Ice 2013". tvadmusic.co.uk. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bastille: Of The Night (Video)". nessymon.com. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Of the Night - Single by Bastille". iTunes. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Of the Night – EP by Bastille". iTunes Store (GB). Apple. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Leake, Paul. "Bastille: 'Of the Night' review". Click Music. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Robert (15 November 2013). "Bastille: 'Of The Night' - Single review". Digital Spy. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (25 November 2013). "Official Charts Analysis: Robbie LP sells 108k to claim UK's 1,000th Official No.1". Music Week. Intent Media. Retrieved 23 November 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Lane, Daniel (24 November 2013). "Lily Allen beats Bastille and Gary Barlow to Number 1 in closest chart race of the year!". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bastille - Of The Night". YouTube. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Trendell, Andrew (9 October 2013). "Bastille to re-release Bad Blood with new tracks and new single". Gigwise. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
Jump up ^ BastilleVEVO (9 October 2013). "Bastille - Of The Night (Official Music Video)". YouTube. Virgin Records. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Of the Night – Single by Bastille". iTunes Store (GB). Apple. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Of the Night (2-Track) [Single]" (in German). Amazon.de. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Of The Night' Exclusive 10" Picture Disc". Virgin EMI. Archived from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Bastille – Of the Night". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Bastille – Of the Night" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bastille – Of the Night" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bastille – Of the Night" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201430 into search. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Bastille – Of the Night". Tracklisten. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bastille – Of the Night". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 49, 2013". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "FIMI – Classifiche – Top Digital – Classifica settimanale WK 48 del 2013". Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (in Italian). Retrieved 25 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bastille – Of the Night" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Bastille – Of the Night". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201412 into search.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201429 into search. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Bastille – Of the Night" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bastille – Of the Night". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Bastille – Of the Night". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bastille – Chart history" Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Bastille. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2013". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart". ARIA Charts. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bastille; 'Of the Night')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Bastille – Of the Night" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Bastille – Of the Night". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 5 July 2014. Enter Of the Night in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Gaibotti, Jessica. "Bastille – Of the Night (Universal)" (in Italian). Radio Airplay SRL. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Mompellio, Gabriel. "Bastille – Of the Night (Universal)" (in Italian). Radio Airplay SRL. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
[hide]
v
t
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Bastille
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Laura Palmer EP
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Singles
"Overjoyed"
"Bad Blood"
"Flaws"
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"Of the Night"
"Pompeii/Waiting All Night"
"Oblivion"
"Torn Apart"
"Good Grief"
"Send Them Off!"
"Blame"
Other songs
"Fake It"
Mixtapes
Other People's Heartache
Related articles
Discography
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Of_the_Night&oldid=799332575"
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values: List of awards and nominations received by Bastille

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values: Of The Night (Bastille daina) – Lithuanian

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