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History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia
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Dammam No. 7, the first commercial oil well in Saudi Arabia, struck oil on March 4, 1938.
Saudi Arabia crude oil production 1950-2012
Saudi Arabian oil was first discovered by the Americans in commercial quantities at Dammam oil well No. 7 in 1938 in what is now modern day Dhahran.
Contents
[hide]
1 Before the discovery of oil
2 Initial search
3 after Discovery of oil
4 Changes to the original concession
5 Tapline
6 1973 Arab-Israeli War
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Before the discovery of oil[edit]
On January 15, 1902, Ibn Saud took Riyadh from the Rashid tribe. In 1913, his forces captured the province of al-Hasa from the Ottoman Turks. In 1922, he completed his conquest of the Nejd, and in 1925, he conquered the Hijaz. In 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed with Ibn Saud as king.[1] Without stability in the region, the search for oil would have been difficult, as evidenced by early oil exploration in neighbouring countries such as Yemen and Oman.[2]
Prior to 1938, there were three main factors that triggered the search for oil in Arabia:
The discovery of oil by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company at Masjid-i-Sulaiman in the mountains of north-western Persia in 1908; but the consensus of geological opinion at the time was that there was no oil on the Arabian peninsula, although there were rumours of an oil seepage at Qatif on the eastern seaboard of al-Hasa, the eastern province of Arabia.
The demand for oil during World War I. It became obvious that oil was going to be a crucial resource in warfare for the foreseeable future.[1] Examples that proved this were “General Gallieni’s commandeering of the Paris taxi fleet to ferry soldiers to the front. This happened when the city seemed about to fall”.[3] In addition to this, Germany’s shortage of oil supplies hindered their ability to produce aircraft, automobiles, and engines. The allies took advantage of this by producing thousands of vehicles to aid their war effort.[3]
The onset of the Great Depression. Prior to the depression, a major source of income for the ruler of Hijaz was the taxes paid by pilgrims on their way to the holy cities. After the depression hit, the number of pilgrimages per year fell from 100,000 to below 40,000.[1] This hurt their economy greatly and they needed to find alternate sources of income. This caused Ibn Saud to get serious about the search for oil.
Initial search[edit]
In 1922, Ibn Saud met a New Zealand mining engineer named Major Frank Holmes. During World War I, Holmes had been to Gallipoli and then Ethiopia, where he first heard rumours of the oil seeps of the Persian Gulf region.[1] He was convinced that much oil would be found throughout the region. After the war, Holmes helped to set up Eastern and General Syndicate Ltd in order, among other things, to seek oil concessions in the region.
In 1923, the king signed a concession with Holmes allowing him to search for oil in eastern Saudi Arabia. Eastern and General Syndicate brought in a Swiss geologist to evaluate the land but he claimed that searching for oil in Arabia would be “a pure gamble”.[1] This discouraged the major banks and oil companies from investing in Arabian oil ventures.
In 1925, Holmes signed a concession with the sheikh of Bahrain, allowing him to search for oil there. He then proceeded to the United States to find an oil company that might be interested in taking on the concession. He found help from Gulf Oil. In 1927, Gulf Oil took control of the concessions that Holmes made years ago. But Gulf Oil was a partner in the Iraq Petroleum Company, which was jointly owned by Royal Dutch/Shell, Anglo-Persian, the Compagnie Française des Pétroles, and "the Near East Development Company, representing the interests of the American companies.[3] The partners had signed up to the “Red Line Agreement” which meant that Gulf Oil was precluded from taking up the Bahrain concession without the consent of the other partners; and they declined.[1] Despite a promising survey in Bahrain, Gulf Oil was forced to transfer its interest to another company, Standard Oil of California (SOCAL), which was not a bound by the Red Line Agreement.[4]
Meanwhile Ibn Saud had dispatched American mining engineer Karl Twitchell to examine eastern Arabia. Twitchell found encouraging signs of oil, asphalt seeps in the vicinity of Qatif, but advised the king to await the outcome of the Bahrain No.1 well before inviting bids for a concession for al-Hasa.[5] To the American engineers working in Bahrain, standing on the Jebel Dukhan and gazing across a twenty-mile (32 km) stretch of the Persian Gulf at the Arabian Peninsula in the clear light of early morning, the outline of the low Dhahran hills in the distance were an obvious oil prospect.
On 31 May 1932, the SOCAL subsidiary, the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) struck oil on Bahrain.[1] The discovery brought fresh impetus to the search for oil on the Arabian peninsula.
Negotiations for an oil concession for al-Hasa province opened at Jeddah in March, 1933. Twitchell attended with lawyer Lloyd Hamilton on behalf of SOCAL. The Iraq Petroleum Company represented by Stephen Longrigg competed in the bidding but SOCAL was granted the concession on 23 May 1933. Under the agreement, SOCAL was given “exploration rights to some 930,000 square kilometers of land for 60 years”.[1] Soon after the agreement, geologists arrived in al-Hasa and the search for oil was underway.
after Discovery of oil[edit]
SOCAL set up a subsidiary company, the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC) to develop the oil concession. SOCAL also joined forces with the Texas Oil Company when together they formed CALTEX in 1936 to take advantage of the latter’s formidable marketing network in Africa and Asia.
When CASOC geologists surveyed the concession area, they identified a promising site and named it Dammam No. 7, after a nearby village. Over the next three years, the drillers were unsuccessful in making a commercial strike, but chief geologist Max Steineke persevered. He urged the team to drill deeper, even when Dammam No. 7 was plagued by cave-ins, stuck drill bits and other problems, before the drillers finally struck oil on 3 March 1938.[6] This discovery would turn out to be first of many, eventually revealing the largest source of crude oil in the world.[7] For the king, oil revenues became a crucial source of wealth since he no longer had to rely on receipts from pilgrimages to Mecca. This discovery would alter Middle Eastern political relations forever.
Changes to the original concession[edit]
In 1943, the name of the company in control in Saudi Arabia was changed to Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO). In addition, numerous changes were made to the original concession after the striking of oil. In 1939, the first modification gave the Arabian American Oil Company a greater area to search for oil and extended the concession until 1949, increasing the original deal by six years. In return, ARAMCO agreed to provide the Saudi Arabian government with large amounts of free kerosene and gasoline, and to pay higher payments than originally stipulated.
Beginning in 1950, the Saudi Arabian government began a pattern of trying to increase government shares of revenue from oil production. In 1950, a fifty-fifty profit-sharing agreement was signed, whereby a tax was levied by the government. This tax considerably increased government revenues. The government continued this trend well into the ‘80s. By 1982, ARAMCO’s concession area was reduced to 220,000 square kilometers, down from the original 930,000 square kilometers. By 1988, ARAMCO was officially bought out by Saudi Arabia and became known as Saudi Aramco.
Tapline[edit]
Due to the quantity of the oil in Saudi Arabia, construction of pipelines became necessary to increase efficiency of production and transport. ARAMCO soon realized that “advantages of a pipeline to the Mediterranean Sea seemed obvious, saving about 3,200 kilometers of sea travel and the transit fees of the Suez Canal”.[8] In 1945, the Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company (Tapline) was started and was completed in 1950. The pipeline greatly increased efficiency of oil transport, but also had its shortcomings. Issues concerning taxes and damages plagued it for years. It had to be shut down numerous times for repairs, and by 1983 was officially shut down.[8]
1973 Arab-Israeli War[edit]
This conflict was also known as the Yom Kippur War. This was a conflict between Egypt, Syria and their backers versus Israel. The conflict was the continuation of a troubling historical pattern of conflict between Israel and the Arab world. Because the United States was a supporter of Israel, the Arab countries participated in an oil boycott of Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[9] This boycott later includes Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. This was one of the major causes of the 1973 energy crisis that occurred in the United States.[10] After the completion of the war, the price of oil increased drastically allowing Saudi Arabia to gain much wealth and power.[11]
See also[edit]
Energy portal
Saudi Arabia portal
Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia
Energy in Saudi Arabia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Saudi Aramco World : Prelude to Discovery". saudiaramcoworld.com.
Jump up ^ Morton, Michael Quentin (2006). In the Heart of the Desert: the Story of an Exploration Geologist and the Search for Oil in the Middle East. Green Mountain Press. ISBN 0-9552212-0-X. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c Singer, Clifford E. Energy and International War: from Babylon to Baghdad and beyond. Vol. 6. Singapore: World Scientific, 2008. Print. Energy and Resource Economics.
Jump up ^ Keating, Aileen (2005). Mirage: Power, Politics, and the Hidden History of Arabian Oil. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-346-3.
Jump up ^ Wagner, Heather Lehr (2008). Saudi Arabia. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60413-023-2.
Jump up ^ "In War and Peace 1927-1946", About Chevron, retrieved 19 June 2011
Jump up ^ "80 Days That Changed The World". Time.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saudi Arabia Oil Industry". country-studies.com.
Jump up ^ http://envhist.wisc.edu/cool_stuff/energy/crisis.shtml
Jump up ^ Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, New York: Bedford, 2006, p. 329.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia". U.S. Department of State.
External links[edit]
Map of oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia
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The Ellen DeGeneres Show (season 15)
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This is a list of episodes of the fifteenth[1] season of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, which began airing from Tuesday September 5, 2017.
Season 15 (2017–18)[edit]
#(Season)
#(Series)
Air Date
Guests
15-01 2,257 September 5, 2017 Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg
15-02 2,258 September 6, 2017 Reese Witherspoon, Pink
15-03 2,259 September 7, 2017 Miley Cyrus
Miley Cyrus performs Younger Now
15-04 2,260 September 8, 2017 Halle Berry
15-05 2,261 September 11,2017 Queen Latifah, Portugal. The Man
15-06 2,262 September 12,2017 Heidi Klum
15-07 2,263 September 13,2017 Alec Baldwin, Tig Notaro, Harry MacKenzie
15-08 2,264 September 14, 2017 Jessica Biel, Kym Douglas, Lonzo Ball, LaVar Ball & Luis Fonsi
15-09 2,265 September 15, 2017 Channing Tatum, Kyle MacLachlan, Grace VanderWaal
15-10 2,266 September 18, 2017 Justin Theroux, Drew Carey, Grace VanderWaal
15-11 2,267 September 19, 2017 Sarah Paulson, Nick Jonas
15-12 2,268 September 20, 2017 Megyn Kelly. Russell Westbrook, Logic & Alessia Cara
15-13 2,269 September 21, 2017 Judi Dench, Imagine Dragons
15-14 2,270 September 22, 2017 Jake Gyllenhaal, Kesha, Darci Lynne Farmer
15-15 2,271 September 25, 2017 Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown & Milo Ventimiglia, Macklemore & Kesha
15-16 2,272 September 26, 2017 Jane Fonda, Taye Diggs, Bleachers
15-17 2,273 September 27, 2017 Eric Stonestreet, Whitney Cummings, Kelsea Ballerini
15-18 2,274 September 28, 2017 Jamie Foxx & Jay Pharoah, Cole Swindell
15-19 2,275 September 29, 2017 LL Cool J, Shania Twain
15-20 2,276 October 2, 2017 Anthony Anderson, Victoria Arlen & Val Chmerkovskiy
15-21 2,278 October 3, 2017 Howie Mandel, Rita Ora
15-22 2,279 October 4, 2017 Oprah Winfrey, Demi Lovato
15-23 2,280 October 5, 2017 Jared Leto, Savannah Guthrie, Thirty Seconds to Mars
15-24 2,281 October 6, 2017 Ryan Gosling, Ricky Martin, Usher
15-25 2,282 October 9, 2017 Harrison Ford
15-26 2,283 October 10, 2017 Josh Gad, Charlie Puth
15-27 2,284 October 11, 2017 Gina Rodriguez, French Montana, Sean Combs, Swae Lee
15-28 2,285 October 12, 2017 Kate Hudson, Nacho Figueras, Andra Day & Common
15-29 2,286 October 13, 2017 Mindy Kaling, Bethenny Frankel, Anderson East
15-30 2,287 October 16, 2017 Cate Blanchett, Taylor Kitsch, Dain Yoon
15-31 2,288 October 17, 2017 Andrew Garfield, Snoop Dogg, Beck
15-32 2,289 October 18, 2017 Laura Dern, Arcade Fire
15-33 2,290 October 19, 2017 Dax Shepard, Jordan Fisher & Lindsay Arnold, HAIM
15-34 2,291 October 20, 2017 Paris Jackson, Niall Horan, Kunal Nayyar
15-35 2,292 October 23, 2017 Justin Hartley, Bobby Moynihan, Jordan Fisher & Lindsay Arnold
15-36 2,293 October 24, 2017 Michael Strahan, Sam Smith
15-37 2,294 October 25, 2017 Cast of 'Strange Things', Sean Hayes, Finn Wolfhard, Gaten Matarazzo, Caleb McLaughlin & Noah Schnapp, Sheryl Crow
15-38 2,295 October 26, 2017 Matt Damon, Luke Bryan
15-39 2,296 October 27, 2017 Kristen Bell, Mila Kunis & Kathryn Hahn, Kelly Clarkson
15-40 2,297 October 30, 2017 Jim Parsons & Iain Armitage, Demi Lovato, Ziqi Li
15-41 2,298 October 31, 2017
(Halloween Show)
Julie Bowen, Sofie Dossi, J Balvin
15-42 2,299 November 1, 2017 Ricky Gervais
15-43 2,300 November 2, 2017 Kerry Washington
15-44 2,301 November 3, 2017 Kris Jenner, Brielle Milla
15-45 2,302 November 6, 2017 Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Zully Hernandez
15-46 2,303 November 7, 2017 Adam Levine, Maroon 5
15-47 2,304 November 8, 2017 Idris Elba, Nate Seltzer
15-48 2,305 November 9, 2017
(Ellen's 2,500th Show)
Wanda Sykes, Halsey
15-49 2,306 November 10, 2017 Owen Wilson, Chris Long, St. Vincent, Tavaris
15-50 2,307 November 13, 2017 Vice President Joe Biden, Jon Dorenbos
15-51 2,308 November 14, 2017 Colin Farrell, Dax Shepard
15-52 2,309 November 15, 2017 Kim Kardashian West, Reuben de Maid, Imagine Dragons
15-53 2,310 November 16, 2017 Blake Shelton, Jacob Tremblay, Steve Spangler
15-54 2,311 November 17, 2017 Ty Burrell, Lin-Manuel Miranda
15-55 2,312 November 20, 2017 Garth Brooks
Day 1 of 12 Days!
15-56 2,313 November 21, 2017 Sofia Vergara, Barbra Streisand
Day 2 of 12 Days!
15-57 2,314 November 22, 2017 Beth Behrs, Channing Tatum
Day 3 of 12 Days!
15-58 2,315 November 27, 2017 Eric McCormack, BTS
Day 4 of 12 Days!
15-59 2,316 November 28, 2017 Mark Hamill, Ben Platt. Kym Douglas, Liam Payne
Day 5 of 12 Days!
15-60 2,317 November 29, 2017 Bryan Cranston, Timothée Chalamet & Armie Hammer, Daya
Day 6 of 12 Days!
15-61 2,318 November 30, 2017 Chelsea Handler, Molly Bloom, Sam Smith
Day 7 of 12 Days!
15-62 2,319 December 1, 2017 Octavia Spencer, Dave Franco, Ed Sheeran
Day 8 of 12 Days!
15-63 2,320 December 4, 2017 Tiffany Haddish, Blake Shelton
Day 9 of 12 Days!
15-64 2,321 December 5, 2017 Chris Pratt & Bryce Dallas Howard, The National
Day 10 of 12 Days!
15-65 2,322 December 6, 2017 Neil Patrick Harris, Padma Lakshmi, Chris Stapleton
Day 11 of 12 Days!
15-66 2,323 December 7, 2017 Allison Janney
Day 12 of 12 Days!
15-67 2,324 December 8, 2017 Sebastian Stan, Gwen Stefani
Day 13 of 12 Days!
15-68 2,325 December 11, 2017 Jennifer Hudson
Day 14 of 12 Days!
15-69 2,326 December 12, 2017 Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Luke Bryan
Day 15 of 12 Days!
15-70 2,327 December 13, 2017 Pitch Perfect 3 cast, Mario Lopez, Sia
15-71 2,328 December 14, 2017 Will Smith, Queens of the Stone Age
15-72 2,329 December 15, 2017 Hillary Clinton, Khalid
15-73 2,330 January 2, 2018 Ricky Martin
15-74 2,331 January 3, 2018 Seth Meyers, The Four: Battle For Stardom cast, Charlie Puth
15-75 2,332 January 4, 2018 Khloe Kardashian
15-76 2,333 January 5, 2018 Kumail Nanjiani
15-77 2,334 January 8, 2018 Debra Messing
15-78 2,335 January 9, 2018 Tom Hanks & Meryl Streep
15-79 2,336 January 10, 2018 Margot Robbie
15-80 2,337 January 11, 2018 Helen Mirren, Luke Evans
15-81 2,338 January 12, 2018 Ted Danson
15-82 2,339 January 15, 2018 Hugh Jackman, Demi Lovato
15-83 2,340 January 16, 2018 Penelope Cruz, Freddie Highmore, LANCO
15-84 2,341 January 17, 2018 Sarah Jessica Parker, Camila Cabello
15-85 2,342 January 18, 2018 Saoirse Ronan, Dierks Bentley
15-86 2,343 January 19, 2018 Dax Shepard, Nicole Richie, Mumford & sons
15-87 2,344 January 22, 2018 Chadwick Boseman, Jeff Garlin, Kalen Allen
15-88 2,345 January 23, 2018 Hoda Kotb, First Aid Kit
15-89 2,347 January 25, 2018 Ed O'Neill, Pharrell Williams & N.E.R.D.
15-90 2,348 January 26, 2018
(Ellen's Birthday Show)
Kristen Bell, DNCE
15-91 2,349 January 29, 2018 Megan Mullally, The 15:17 to Paris cast
15-92 2,350 January 30, 2018 Season 15's Greatest Moments So Far
15-93 2,351 January 31, 2018 Jamie Dornan, Troye Sivan
15-94 2,352 February 1, 2018 Michelle Obama, Portia de Rossi, Surprise appearances by Jimmy Kimmel, Jamie Foxx, Sofia Vergara, and Chance the Rapper
Ellen's 60th Birthday Extravaganza, Part 1
15-95 2,353 February 2, 2018 Portia de Rossi, Surprise Appearances by Jennifer Aniston, Kevin Hart and Channing Tatum
Ellen's 60th Birthday Extravaganza, Part 2
15-96 2,354 February 5, 2018 Melissa McCarthy, Gus Kenworthy
15-97 2,355 February 6, 2018 Michael B. Jordan, Average Andy at Cirque du Solei
15-98 2,356 February 7, 2018 Milo Ventimiglia, Dax Shepard, Claire & Dave Crosby
15-99 2,357 February 8, 2018 Sean Combs
15-100 2,358 February 9, 2018 Drew Barrymore
15-101 2,359 February 12, 2018 John Krasinski, Greta Gerwig
15-102 2,360 February 13, 2018 Jerry Seinfeld, Nick Foles, Dua Lipa
15-103 2,361 February 14, 2018 Natalie Portman, Dax Shepard
15-104 2,362 February 15, 2018 David Spade, Sam Smith, Kalen Allen
15-105 2,363 February 16, 2018 Steph Curry & Ayesha Curry, Ziqi Li aka Lil' Mushroom
15-106 2,364 February 19, 2018 Chrissy Teigen, The Fosters cast, Macey Hensley
15-107 2,365 February 20, 2018 Diane Keaton, Nate Seltzer
15-108 2,366 February 21, 2018 Bill Gates, Kellie Pickler, Keala Settle
15-109 2,367 February 22, 2018 Oprah Winfrey
15-110 2,368 February 23, 2018 Josh Duhamel, Tavaris Jones
15-111 2,369 February 26, 2018 Heidi Klum, Tonya Harding
15-112 2,370 February 27, 2018 Jimmy Kimmel
15-113 2,371 February 28, 2018 Cast of Scandal
15-114 2,372 March 1, 2018 Adam Rippon, Mandy Moore, Adam Devine, Dan + Shay
15-115 2,373 March 2, 2018 Jennifer Lawrence, Laverne Cox, Meghan Trainor
15-116 2,374 March 12, 2018 Bill Hader, Auli'i Cravalho, Jon Dorenbos
15-117 2,375 March 13, 2018 Dana Carvey, Ronda Rousey, 21 Savage
15-118 2,376 March 14, 2018 Sean Hayes, Nick Robinson, Dua Lipa
15-119 2,377 March 15, 2018 Kendall Jenner, Becca Kufrin, Portugal. The Man
15-120 2,378 March 16, 2018 Jennifer Garner, RuPaul
15-121 2,379 March 19, 2018 Allison Janney, Zach Woods
15-122 2,380 March 20, 2018 Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir, John Oliver, Cast of Tag
15-123 2,381 March 21, 2018 Mila Kunis & Kate McKinnon, Camila Cabello, Jenna Fischer & Oliver Hudson
15-124 2,382 March 22, 2018 Ellen Pompeo, Devin Dawson, Adam Rippon
15-125 2,383 March 23, 2018 John Cena, Sigourney Weaver, Jhene Aiko & Rae Sremmurd
15-126 2,384 April 2, 2018 Dwayne Johnson, Logic
15-127 2,385 April 3, 2018 Lauren Graham, Kacey Musgraves
15-128 2,386 April 4, 2018 Seth Rogen, Giada De Laurentiis, Bob Roth
15-129 2,387 April 5, 2018 Kristen Bell, Sen. Kamala Harris
15-130 2,388 April 6, 2018 Ice Cube, Aubrey Plaza
15-131 2,389 April 9, 2018 Alex Rodriguez, Christina Hendricks
15-132 2,390 April 10, 2018 Eva Longoria, Colin Hanks
15-133 2,391 April 11, 2018 Anna Faris, John Legend, Pauly D
15-134 2,392 April 12, 2018 Helen Hunt, Andy Cohen
15-135 2,393 April 13, 2018 Jason Sudeikis, Ali Wong
15-136 2,394 April 16, 2018 Tracee Ellis Ross, Jason Aldean
15-137 2,395 April 17, 2018 Steve Harvey, Samira Wiley, Jon Dorenbos
15-138 2,396 April 18, 2018 Amy Schumer, Evan Rachel Wood, Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line
15-139 2,397 April 19, 2018 Cardi B, Thomas Middleditch, Bazzi
15-140 2,398 April 20, 2018 Elisabeth Moss, Van Jones
Ellen's Earth Day Show
15-141 2,399 April 23, 2018 Macaulay Culkin, Constance Wu & Henry Golding
15-142 2,400 April 24, 2018 Scarlett Johansson, Jake Tapper, Parquet Courts
15-143 2,401 April 25, 2018 Charlize Theron, Danai Gurira
15-144 2,402 April 26, 2018 Chris Hemsworth, Kelly Clarkson
15-145 2,403 April 27, 2018 Benedict Cumberbatch, Keith Urban
15-146 2,404 April 30, 2018 Kim Kardashian West
15-147 2,405 May 1, 2018 Justin Timberlake
15-148 2,406 May 2, 2018 Jennifer Lopez, Derek Hough, Ne-Yo and Jenna Dewan
15-149 2,407 May 3, 2018 Julie Bowen , Leon Bridges
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.thetvdb.com/?tab=season&seriesid=72194&seasonid=727492&lid=7
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Witch's Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Witch's Love
Promotional poster
Original title
마녀의 사랑
Genre
Romantic comedy
Mystery
Fantasy
Written by
Son Eun-hye
Directed by
Park Chan-yool
Starring
Yoon So-hee
Hyun Woo
Lee Hong-bin
Kim Young-ok
Go Soo-hee
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
No. of episodes
12
Production
Executive producer(s)
Sohn Ki-won
Camera setup
Single-camera
Production company(s)
Kim Jong-hak Production
Distributor
MBN
Release
Original network
MBN
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Dolby Digital
Original release
July 25 (2018-07-25) – August 30, 2018 (2018-08-30)
External links
Website
Production website
Witch's Love (Hangul: 마녀의 사랑; RR: Manyeoui Sarang) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Yoon So-hee, Hyun Woo, Lee Hong-bin, Kim Young-ok and Go Soo-hee. It aired on MBN's Wednesdays and Thursdays at 23:00 (KST) time slot from July 25 to August 30, 2018.[1]
Contents
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
3 Original soundtrack
3.1 Part 1
4 References
5 External links
Synopsis[edit]
It tells the stories of modern-day witches as they explore romance.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Yoon So-hee as Kang Cho-hong
A nosy witch who works as a delivery person in a restaurant run by two other witches. She possesses the power of telekinesis.[2]
Hyun Woo as Ma Sung-tae
A wealthy martial arts expert with a childhood trauma.[3]
Lee Hong-bin as Hwang Jae-wook
A webtoon illustrator.[4]
Kim Young-ok as Maeng Ye-soon
A witch who is an artisan of rice soup.[5]
Go Soo-hee as Jo Aeng-doo
A witch who possesses super-human strength.[6]
Supporting[edit]
Choi Jae-sub as Kim Dong-soo
Ma Sung-tae's secretary.[7]
Choi Tae-hwan as Choi Min-soo
Kang Cho-hong's ex-boyfriend.[8]
Original soundtrack[edit]
Witch's Love
OST
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
2018
Genre
K-pop
Soundtrack
Language
Korean
English
Label
Hello EMC
Kim Jong-hak Production
Producer
Sohn Ki-won (executive)
Part 1[edit]
Released on August 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Artist
Length
1. "The Magic" JeTon Lee Joo-heon, Song Woo-jin, Riff Gowoon (Berry Good) 03:16
2. "The Magic" (Inst.) Lee Joo-heon, Song Woo-jin, Riff 03:16
Total length: 06:32
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kim, Da-woon. "'마녀의 사랑' 마녀 윤소희X인간 현우, 첫 만남부터 '업어치기'". Naver (in Korean). SE Daily. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jang, Seo-jung. "[공식입장] 윤소희, MBN 새드라마 '마녀의 사랑' 출연..'리치맨' 후속". Naver (in Korean). OSEN. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Han, Hye-sun. "[공식입장] '마녀의 사랑' 측 "현우, 남주인공 출연 확정…윤소희와 호흡"". Nate (in Korean). SE Daily. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Han, Hye-sun. "[공식입장] MBN 측 "빅스 홍빈, '마녀의 사랑' 출연 확정"..윤소희·현우와 호흡". Naver (in Korean). Seoul Economic Daily. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'마녀의 사랑' 윤소희-김영옥-고수희, 인간 홀리는 마녀력이란?". Naver (in Korean). Maeil Business Newspaper. July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Soo-yeon (May 31, 2018). "신스틸러 고수희 '마녀의 사랑' 합류, 윤소희·홍빈과 호흡(공식)". Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "[공식입장] 최재섭, '마녀의 사랑' 출연 확정…신스틸러 활약 예고". Xports News (in Korean). June 28, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'마녀의 사랑' 윤소희♥최태환, 한밤 중 손하트 세례 "꿈에서 만나"". Naver (in Korean). Maeil Broadcasting Network. July 26, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Korean)
Witch's Love on IMDb
Witch's Love at HanCinema
Witch's Love at Daum (in Korean)
MBN Wednesday–Thursday dramas
Previous program
Witch's Love
(July 25 – August 30, 2018)
Next program
Rich Man
(May 9 – June 28, 2018) Devilish Charm
(September 5 – October 25, 2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch%27s_Love&oldid=866421393"
Categories:
Maeil Broadcasting Network television dramas
Korean-language television programs
2010s South Korean television series
2018 South Korean television series debuts
2018 South Korean television series endings
South Korean romantic comedy television series
South Korean mystery television series
South Korean fantasy television series
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Epiglottis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Epiglottis
Posterior view of the larynx. The epiglottis is the most superior structure shown.
Details
Precursor
Hypopharyngeal eminence [1][unreliable source?]
Identifiers
Latin
Epiglottis
MeSH
D004825
TA
A06.2.07.001
FMA
55130
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The epiglottis is a flap in the throat that keeps food from entering the windpipe and the lungs. The flap is made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. It stands open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go along the esophagus instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus.
The epiglottis gets its name from being above the glottis (epi- + glottis). There are taste buds on the epiglottis.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Microanatomy
1.2 Development
1.3 Variation
2 Function
2.1 Gag reflex
2.2 Speech sounds
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Inflammation
4 History
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The epiglottis is shaped somewhat like a leaf of purslane, with the stem attached to the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage.[3]
The epiglottis is one of nine cartilaginous structures that make up the larynx (voice box). During breathing, it lies completely within the larynx. During swallowing, it serves as part of the anterior of the pharynx.[citation needed]
Microanatomy[edit]
The body of the epiglottis consists of elastic cartilage.
The epiglottis has two surfaces, a forward-facing surface facing the tongue, and a posterior surface facing the larynx.[3]
The entire lingual surface and the apical portion of the laryngeal surface (since it is vulnerable to abrasion due to its relation to the digestive tract)[citation needed] are covered by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.[3] However, some parts of the laryngeal surface, which is in relation to the respiratory system, has respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified, ciliated columnar cells and mucus secreting goblet cells.[3]
Development[edit]
The epiglottis arises from the fourth pharyngeal arch. It can be seen as a distinct structure later than the other cartilage of the pharynx, visible around the fifth month of development.[4]
Variation[edit]
A high rising epiglottis
A high-rising epiglottis is a normal anatomical variation, visible during an oral examination, which does not cause any serious problem apart from a mild sensation of a foreign body in the throat. It is seen more often in children than adults and does not need any medical or surgical intervention.[5][citation needed]
Function[edit]
The epiglottis is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx.[3] During swallowing, elevation of the hyoid bone draws the larynx upward; as a result, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its superior side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner, the epiglottis prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is behind it.[citation needed] Swallowing with little to no aspiration of food can occur even when there is no epiglottis (such as when destroyed by disease).[3]
Gag reflex[edit]
Should food or liquid enter the windpipe due to the epiglottis failing to close properly, the gag reflex is induced to protect the respiratory system.[citation needed] The glossopharyngeal nerve sends fibers to the upper epiglottis that contribute to the afferent limb of the gag reflex. (The gag reflex is variable in people from a limited to a hypersensitive response.) The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve sends fibers to the lower epiglottis that contribute to the efferent limb of the cough reflex.[6] This initiates an attempt to try to dislodge the food or liquid from the windpipe.
Speech sounds[edit]
In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this sound-type is rather rare.
Clinical significance[edit]
Inflammation[edit]
Main article: Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis is known as epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is mainly caused by Haemophilus influenzae. A person with epiglottitis may have a fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing. For this reason, acute epiglottitis is considered a medical emergency, because of the risk of obstruction of the pharynx. Epiglottitis is often managed with antibiotics, racemic epinephrine (a sympathomimetic bronchodilator that is delivered by aerosol), and may require tracheal intubation or a tracheostomy if breathing is difficult.[7] Behind the root of the tongue is an epiglottic vallecula which is an important anatomical landmark in intubation.
The incidence of epiglottitis has decreased significantly in countries where vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae is administered.[8][9]
History[edit]
The epiglottis was first described by Aristotle, although the epiglottis' function was first defined by Vesalius in 1543. It also has Greek roots.[10]
Additional images[edit]
Epiglotic cartilage.
Larynx
Cut through the larynx of a horse
Larynx. 1=vocal folds, 2=vestibular fold, 3=epiglottis, 4=plica aryepiglottica, 5=arytenoid cartilage, 6=sinus piriformis, 7=dorsum of the tongue
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Epiglottal consonant
Epiglotto-pharyngeal consonant
Pharyngeal consonant
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Roger E. (2006). Human malformations and related anomalies. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516568-3.
Jump up ^ Jowett, A.; Shrestha, R. (1998). "Mucosa and taste buds of the human epiglottis". Journal of Anatomy. 193 (4): 617–618. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19340617.x. PMC 1467887  .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f editor-in-chief, Susan Standring ; section editors, Neil R. Borley; et al. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). ""Development of the Urogenital system"". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed., Thoroughly rev. and updated. ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 362. ISBN 9780443068119.
Jump up ^ Petkar, Nadeem; Georgalas, Christos; Bhattacharyya, Abir (September 2007). "High-rising epiglottis in children: should it cause concern?". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM. 20 (5): 495–496. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2007.05.060212. ISSN 1557-2625. PMID 17823468.
Jump up ^ April, Ernest. Clinical Anatomy, 3rd ed. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins.
Jump up ^ Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 681. ISBN 978-0-7020-3084-0.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Brian; Reddy, Srijaya K.; Verghese, Susan T. (Oct 2012). "Acute epiglottitis in the era of post-Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB) vaccine". Journal of Anesthesia. 27 (2): 316–7. doi:10.1007/s00540-012-1500-9. PMID 23076559. Retrieved Nov 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hermansen, MN; Schmidt, J. H.; Krug, A. H.; Larsen, K; Kristensen, S (Apr 2014). "Low incidence of children with acute epiglottis after introduction of vaccination". Dan Med J. 61 (4): A4788. PMID 24814584.
Jump up ^ Lydiatt, Daniel D.; Bucher, Gregory S. (2010). "The historical Latin and etymology of selected anatomical terms of the larynx". Clinical Anatomy: NA. doi:10.1002/ca.20912.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiglottis.
lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (larynxsagsect)
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the larynx
Cartilage
major/unpaired: Epiglottis
Vallecula
Thyroid
Adam's apple
Cricoid
minor/paired: Arytenoid
Vocal process
Muscular process
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Ligaments/folds
extrinsic ligaments: Hyoepiglottic ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Lateral ligament
Median ligament
Thyroepiglottic ligament
Cricotracheal ligament
intrinsic ligaments, upper: Quadrangular membrane
Aryepiglottic
Vestibular ligament/Vestibular fold
intrinsic ligaments, lower: Cricothyroid ligament
Median
Lateral/Conus elasticus
Vocal ligament/Vocal folds
Laryngeal cavity
Laryngeal inlet
Vestibule
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Infraglottic cavity
Laryngeal muscles
Cricothyroid
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posterior
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Arytenoid
oblique arytenoid
aryepiglottic
transverse arytenoid
Thyroarytenoid
vocal
thyroepiglottic
Other
Cricothyroid articulation
Cricoarytenoid articulation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiglottis&oldid=841857839"
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Larynx
Human throat
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Lying in state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the band, see Lying in States.
Philip IV of France lying in state
Mahatma Gandhi lying in state
Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a dead official is placed in a state building, either outside or inside a coffin, to allow the public to pay their respects. It traditionally takes place in the principal government building of a country, state, or city. While the practice differs among countries, a viewing in a location other than the principal government building may be referred to as lying in repose.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Canada
2 North Korea
3 Russia
4 Singapore
5 South Africa
6 United Kingdom
7 United States
7.1 Lain in state
7.2 Lain in honor
7.3 Lain in repose
7.4 States and cities
8 Vatican City
9 Coptic Patriarchate
10 Other notable funerals
11 See also
12 References
Canada[edit]
In Canada, official lying in state is a part of a state funeral, an honor generally reserved for former Governors General and former Prime Ministers. It is held in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill, in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. Ex-governors general lie in state in the Senate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour. During the period of lying in state, the coffins are flanked at each corner by a Guard of honour, made up of four members drawn from the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as members of the Governor General's Foot Guards for former governors general, and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers. Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted (resting on Arms reversed) with their backs turned towards the casket.
Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident. For instance, Maurice Richard, nationally known hockey player, was given a state funeral by the province of Quebec when he died in 2000; his coffin lay in state at the Molson Centre.[2] This process was repeated for fellow Canadiens legend Jean Béliveau in December 2014.
Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians.
North Korea[edit]
In North Korea, the body of the late leader Kim Jong-il was displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang prior to his funeral, which began and ended at the palace. An honor guard armed with AK-47s was present. Jong-il's father Kim Il-sung, the founding president, is on display elsewhere in the palace.[3]
Russia[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In Russia, during the time of the Soviet Union (1917–1991), the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders, such as Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline. They took place in Moscow, beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions, and ending with an interment at Red Square.
For the lying in state at the House of the Unions, the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall, which would be decorated by flowers, numerous red flags and other communist symbols. The mourners, which usually would be brought in by the thousands, shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze. On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall, a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music. The deceased's embalmed body, dressed in a black suit, white shirt and a tie, was displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations, red roses and tulips, facing the queue of mourners. A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background. At the right side of the hall, seats were placed for guests of honour, with the front row reserved for the dead leader's family.
On the day of the funeral, a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place. Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum, while Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Singapore[edit]
At state funerals in Singapore, the national flag is put on the coffin. The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person at Parliament House. The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased. Similar to British traditions, the vigil guard is composed of groups of five commissioned officers from the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and Singapore Police Force (SPF) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes. One of the five officers stands facing outward at each of the four corners of the casket, while the fifth and most senior one stands in front and faces inward. Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted.[4]
Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state of Goh Keng Swee in May 2010,[5] Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015 [6] as well as S R Nathan in August 2016. [7]
South Africa[edit]
Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa.[citation needed] The event took place at the Union Buildings, the same site where he was inaugurated as the President of South Africa on May 10, 1994. The body of Mandela was lying in State for three days, starting on Wednesday, December 11, 2013 and ending Friday, December 13. The body was viewed by thousands of South Africans before it was airlifted to Qunu in the Eastern Cape where Mandela was buried on December 15, 2013.
United Kingdom[edit]
See also: State funerals in the United Kingdom and Vigil of the Princes
In state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom, the lying-in-state takes place in Westminster Hall. The coffin is placed on a catafalque and is guarded, around the clock, by detachments, each of four men, from the following units:
Sovereign's Bodyguard
Her Majesty's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
The Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard
The Royal Company of Archers, The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland
Household Cavalry
The Life Guards
The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)
Foot Guards
Grenadier Guards
Coldstream Guards
Scots Guards
Irish Guards
Welsh Guards
Each unit mans the guard for a total of six hours, with each detachment standing post for twenty minutes. The four men stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted; their backs are turned towards the coffin.
On two occasions, the guard has been mounted by four male members of the Royal Family. At the lying in state of King George V in 1936, the guard was mounted by his four sons King Edward VIII, the Duke of York (George VI), the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent. For Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's lying-in-state in 2002, the guard was mounted by her four grandsons, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, the Earl of Wessex, and Viscount Linley.[8]
United States[edit]
See also: State funerals in the United States
Representative Thaddeus Stevens lying in state in the Capitol rotunda on August 13, 1868. Because of his prominence as an abolitionist, members of the Butler Zouaves, an African-American company of the District of Columbia, served as honor guards. A plaster statue of President Abraham Lincoln, likely submitted for a commission, was credited to Henry J. Ellicott.
John J. Pershing saluting the Unknown Soldier of World War I, who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 9, 1921.
Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress honor President John F. Kennedy, who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 24, 1963.
Richard Nixon and members of Congress honor Lyndon B. Johnson who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on January 24, 1973.
The U.S. Joint Service Color Guard and members of Congress honor President Ronald Reagan, who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on June 10, 2004.
Dick Cheney and members of Congress honor President Gerald Ford, who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on December 30, 2006.
Lying in state is the rare honor granted by the United States to a deceased official whereby his or her remains are placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., for public viewing. The casket is guarded by members of the armed forces. By regulation and custom, only Presidents, military commanders, and members of Congress are granted the honor of lying in state. Except for Presidents and former Presidents, the honor is not automatic. Not all those entitled to the honor have it accepted by their survivors. The first leader to receive this honor was Henry Clay, former Speaker of the House of Representatives, when he died in 1852. Since then, the honor has been extended to 29 people, including eleven Presidents.
The process of lying in state at the Capitol is as follows. The coffin or casket is usually placed on a catafalque, usually the Lincoln catafalque, so named as it was constructed for lying in state upon the death of Abraham Lincoln, after his assassination in 1865. The casket is guarded at each of its corners by a serviceperson from each of the branches of the armed forces. In contrast to the practice in the United Kingdom and other countries of the Commonwealth, guards at the Capitol face the casket, hold their rifles with their right hand, and keep the rifle butt resting on the floor. After the viewing and ceremony at the Capitol, the remains are taken to the burial location.
Lain in state[edit]
1852 – Henry Clay, long-serving Senator and Representative, Secretary of State, Speaker of the House, and three-time presidential candidate
1865 – President Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in office
1868 – Thaddeus Stevens, Representative from Pennsylvania
1874 – Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts
1875 – Vice President Henry Wilson, served under Grant, died in office
1881 – President James Garfield, assassinated in office
1886 – John A. Logan, Senator from Illinois
1901 – President William McKinley, assassinated while in office
1909 – Pierre L'Enfant – although he died in 1825, his remains were disinterred; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery
1917 – Admiral George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy
1921 – The Unknown Soldier for World War I
1923 – President Warren Harding, died in office
1930 – President William Howard Taft, President 1909–13, also Chief Justice 1921–30
1948 – John J. Pershing, General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after
1953 – Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader
1958 – The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War
1963 – President John F. Kennedy, assassinated in office
1964 – General Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army
1964 – President Herbert Hoover, serving 1929–33
1969 – President Dwight Eisenhower, President 1953–1961, Supreme Allied Commander during World War II
1969 – Everett Dirksen, Illinois Senator, Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969
1972 – J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director 1929–1972
1973 – President Lyndon B. Johnson, President 1963–1969
1978 – Hubert Humphrey, Vice President 1965–1969, Minnesota Senator
1984 – The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (later identified as 1st. Lt. Michael J. Blassie)
1989 – Claude Pepper, long-serving Senator and Representative
2004 – President Ronald Reagan, President 1981–1989
2006–07 – President Gerald Ford, President 1974–1977
2012 – Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, Senator from Hawaii, and recipient of the Medal of Honor[9][10]
Lain in honor[edit]
1998 – United States Capitol Police Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson, killed on duty
2005 – Rosa Parks, civil rights activist [11][12]
2018 – Billy Graham, Christian evangelist[13]
The United States Congress has created a similar—though not identical—privilege for distinguished Americans who do not qualify for a lying in state designation. In the process of "lying in honor," the honor guard in the Rotunda is provided by the Capitol Police or another suitable source. [14][15]
In 1998, Chestnut and Gibson were killed while defending the Capitol against Russell Eugene Weston Jr. Congress approved their remains to lie in honor in the Rotunda. Chestnut was the first African American to lie in honor. In 2005, upon the death of civil rights activist Rosa Parks, Congress authorized her remains to lie in honor at the Rotunda; Parks was the second African American and the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda.[11] Graham was the first religious leader to be honored in this way.[16]
Lain in repose[edit]
Supreme Court Justices "lie in repose" in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building.
1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren
1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall
1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger
1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.
1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun
2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.
2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia
States and cities[edit]
Some U.S. states and cities extend similar honors. For example, in the state of Hawaii, three people have been laid in state at the Hawaii State Capitol, among which include famous Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997, and the aforementioned Daniel Inouye, President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate and Senator from Hawaii.
In the City of San Francisco, California, Mayor Ed Lee laid in state at the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall after his death in office in 2017.
Vatican City[edit]
Pope John Paul II's body lying in state.
A deceased pope customarily lies in state in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace and then in St. Peter's Basilica, between the holding of a Mass of Visitation and a Mass of Requiem.[citation needed] The funeral of Pope John Paul II was an example of this custom.
Coptic Patriarchate[edit]
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time. This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church. [17]
Other notable funerals[edit]
Death and funeral of Josip Broz Tito
Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino
Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo
Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau
Death and state funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska
See also[edit]
Caisson
Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan
Catafalque
Death and funeral of Richard Nixon
Funeral train
Lying in repose
Lincoln Catafalque
Missing man formation
Riderless horse
State funeral
State funeral of John F. Kennedy
State funerals in the United States
Vigil of the Princes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Rocket to get state funeral". CBC News. May 28, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Kim's body on show in North Korea amid mass mourning". AFP. The West Australian. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Cheong, Danson (4 April 2015). "'An honour to stand vigil for Mr Lee Kuan Yew'". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Of state funerals and state-assisted funerals". Public Opinion.
Jump up ^ "Vigil guard, highest form of respect, accorded to Lee Kuan Yew during lying in state". Channel News Asia.
Jump up ^ "Vigil guards to be mounted for S R Nathan's Lying-in-State". Channel News Asia.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived July 31, 2007, at WebCite
Jump up ^ "Senator Inouye Lying in State". US Architect of the Capitol. December 19, 2012. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Individuals Who Have Lain in State or in Honor". History, Art & Archives – United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks Lies in Honor in Capitol Rotunda". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Lying in State | Architect of the Capitol | United States Capitol". Aoc.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Billy Graham's body to 'lie in honor' at U.S. Capitol". charlotteobserver. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ Those Who Have Lain In State or In Honor in the Capitol Rotunda, US Architect of the Capitol.
Jump up ^ Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda (PDF), U.S. Senate Historical Office from the Architect of the Capitol.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Ed (February 22, 2018). "Billy Graham to lie in honor at the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
Jump up ^ Boulos Ayad Ayad, Phd: "Ancient Egyptian Civilization and the Coptic Church", Coptic Church Review, Volume 9, Number 4
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