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Graduate Record Examinations
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This article is about the admissions test for US graduate schools. For other uses, see GRE (disambiguation).
Record Examination: General Test
Acronym
GRE
Type
Computer-based or paper-based standardized test.
Developer / administrator
Educational Testing Service
Knowledge / skills tested
Analytical writing, quantitative reasoning and verbal reasoning.
Purpose
Admissions to masters and doctoral degree programs in various universities.
Year started
1949; 69 years ago (1949)
Duration
About 3 hours and 45 minutes (includes 1-minute breaks after each section and a 10-minute break after third section).
Score / grade range
Analytical writing: 0.0 to 6.0 (in 0.5 point increments),
Verbal reasoning: 130 to 170 (in 1 point increments),
Quantitative reasoning: 130 to 170 (in 1 point increments).
Score / grade validity
5 years
Offered
Computer-based test: Multiple times a year (depends on availability of the test center).
Paper-based test: Up to 3 times a year in October, November and February.[1]
Restrictions on attempts
Computer-based test: Can be taken only once after 21 days from the day of exam in every year. Maximum of 5 times a year. (Applies even if candidate cancels scores on a test taken previously.)[2]
Paper-based test: Can be taken as often as it is offered.[2]
Countries / regions
About 1,000 test centers in more than 160 countries.[3]
(Paper-based test offered only in areas where computer-based testing is not available.)[1]
Languages
English
Annual number of test takers
584,677 (2016)[4]
Prerequisites / eligibility criteria
No official prerequisite. Intended for bachelor's degree graduates and undergraduate students who are about to graduate. Fluency in English assumed.
Fee
US$ 205[5]
(Limited offers of "Fee Reduction Program" for U.S. citizens or resident aliens who demonstrate financial need, and for national programs in United States that work with underrepresented groups.[6])
Scores / grades used by
Most graduate schools in USA, and few in other countries.
Website
www.ets.org/gre
The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most Graduate Schools in the United States.[7] The GRE is owned and administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS) who created it in 1949.[8] According to ETS, the GRE aims to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills that have been acquired over a long period of learning. The content of the GRE consists of certain specific algebra, geometry, arithmetic, and vocabulary. The GRE General Test is offered as a computer-based exam administered at Prometric testing centers.
In the graduate school admissions process, the level of emphasis that is placed upon GRE scores varies widely between schools and departments within schools. The importance of a GRE score can range from being a mere admission formality to an important selection factor.
The GRE was significantly overhauled in August 2011, resulting in an exam that is not adaptive on a question-by-question basis, but rather by section, so that the performance on the first verbal and math sections determine the difficulty of the second sections presented. Overall, the test retained the sections and many of the question types from its predecessor, but the scoring scale was changed to a 130 to 170 scale (from a 200 to 800 scale).[9]
The cost to take the test is US$205,[5] although ETS will reduce the fee under certain circumstances.[6] They also promote financial aid to those GRE applicants who prove economic hardship.[10] ETS does not release scores that are older than 5 years, although graduate program policies on the acceptance of scores older than 5 years will vary.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Verbal section
1.2 Quantitative section
1.3 Analytical writing section
1.3.1 Issue Task
1.3.2 Argument task
1.4 Experimental section
2 Scoring
2.1 Scaled score percentiles
3 Use in admissions
4 GRE Subject Tests
5 GRE and GMAT
6 Preparation
7 Testing locations
8 Validity
9 Criticism
9.1 Bias
9.2 Weak predictor of graduate school performance
9.3 Historical susceptibility to cheating
10 2011 revision
11 GRE before October 2002
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Structure[edit]
The computer-based GRE General Test consists of six sections. The first section is always the analytical writing section involving separately timed issue and argument tasks. The next five sections consist of two verbal reasoning sections, two quantitative reasoning sections, and either an experimental or research section. These five sections may occur in any order. The experimental section does not count towards the final score but is not distinguished from the scored sections. Unlike the computer adaptive test before August 2011, the GRE General Test is a multistage test, where the examinee's performance on earlier sections determines the difficulty of subsequent sections. This format allows the examined person to freely move back and forth between questions within each section, and the testing software allows the user to "mark" questions within each section for later review if time remains. The entire testing procedure lasts about 3 hours 45 minutes.[11][12] One-minute breaks are offered after each section and a 10-minute break after the third section.
The paper-based GRE General Test also consists of six sections. The analytical writing is split up into two sections, one section for each issue and argument task. The next four sections consist of two verbal and two quantitative sections in varying order. There is no experimental section on the paper-based test. This version is only available in areas where the computer-based version is unavailable.
Verbal section[edit]
The computer-based verbal sections assess reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and vocabulary usage. The verbal test is scored on a scale of 130-170, in 1-point increments (Before August, 2011 the scale was 200–800, in 10-point increments). In a typical examination, each verbal section consists of 20 questions to be completed in 30 minutes.[11] Each verbal section consists of about 6 text completion, 4 sentence equivalence, and 10 critical reading questions. The changes in 2011 include a reduced emphasis on rote vocabulary knowledge and the elimination of antonyms and analogies. Text completion items have replaced sentence completions and new reading question types allowing for the selection of multiple answers were added.
Quantitative section[edit]
The computer-based quantitative sections assess basic high school level mathematical knowledge and reasoning skills. The quantitative test is scored on a scale of 130–170, in 1-point increments (Before August 2011 the scale was 200–800, in 10-point increments). In a typical examination, each quantitative section consists of 20 questions to be completed in 35 minutes.[11] Each quantitative section consists of about 8 quantitative comparisons, 9 problem solving items, and 3 data interpretation questions. The changes in 2011 include the addition of numeric entry items requiring the examinee to fill in a blank and multiple-choice items requiring the examinee to select multiple correct responses.[13]
Analytical writing section[edit]
The analytical writing section consists of two different essays, an "issue task" and an "argument task". The writing section is graded on a scale of 0–6, in half-point increments. The essays are written on a computer using a word processing program specifically designed by ETS. The program allows only basic computer functions and does not contain a spell-checker or other advanced features. Each essay is scored by at least two readers on a six-point holist scale. If the two scores are within one point, the average of the scores is taken. If the two scores differ by more than a point, a third reader examines the response.
Issue Task[edit]
The test taker is given 30 minutes to write an essay about a selected topic.[14] Issue topics are selected from a pool of questions, which the GRE Program has published in its entirety. Individuals preparing for the GRE may access the pool of tasks on the ETS website.[15]
Argument task[edit]
The test taker will be given an argument (i.e. a series of facts and considerations leading to a conclusion) and asked to write an essay that critiques the argument. Test takers are asked to consider the argument's logic and to make suggestions about how to improve the logic of the argument. Test takers are expected to address the logical flaws of the argument and not provide a personal opinion on the subject. The time allotted for this essay is 30 minutes.[11] The Arguments are selected from a pool of topics, which the GRE Program has published in its entirety. Individuals preparing for the GRE may access the pool of tasks on the ETS website.[16]
Experimental section[edit]
The experimental section, which can be either verbal or quantitative, contains new questions ETS is considering for future use. Although the experimental section does not count towards the test-taker's score, it is unidentified and appears identical to the scored sections. Because test takers have no definite way of knowing which section is experimental, it is typically advised that test takers try their best and be focused on every section. Sometimes an identified research section at the end of the test is given instead of the experimental section.[17] There is no experimental section on the paper-based GRE.[citation needed]
Scoring[edit]
An examinee can miss one or more questions on a multiple-choice section and still receive a perfect score of 170. Likewise, even if no question is answered correctly, 130 is the lowest possible score.[9]
Scaled score percentiles[edit]
The percentiles for the current General test and the concordance with the prior format[18] are as follows. Means and standard deviations for the measures on the new score scale are not yet available:[19]
Scaled score
Verbal reasoning percentile
Verbal prior scale
Quantitative reasoning percentile
Quantitative prior scale
170 99 760–800 98 800
169 99 740–750 97 800
168 98 720–730 95 800
167 97 710 94 800
166 96 700 92 800
165 95 680–690 90 790
164 93 660–670 88 790
163 92 650 86 780
162 89 630–640 83 770
161 87 620 80 770
160 84 600–610 78 760
159 81 590 74 750
158 78 570–580 71 740
157 74 560 68 730
156 71 540–550 64 720
155 67 530 60 700–710
154 63 510–520 56 690
153 59 500 52 680
152 54 480–490 48 660–670
151 50 460–470 44 640–650
150 45 450 40 630
149 41 430–440 37 610–620
148 36 420 32 590–600
147 33 410 28 570–580
146 29 390–400 25 550–560
145 25 380 21 530–540
144 22 370 18 500–520
143 18 350–360 15 480–490
142 16 340 12 460–470
141 13 330 10 430–450
140 10 320 8 400–420
139 8 310 6 380–390
138 7 300 4 350–370
137 5 290 3 330–340
136 3 280 2 300–320
135 2 280 1 280–290
134 2 270 1 260–270
133 1 260 1 240–250
132 1 250 <1 220–230
131 1 240 <1 200–210
130 <1 200–230 <1 200
Field-wise distribution of takers of GRE revised General Test.[20]
Analytical Writing score
Writing % Below
6 99
5.5 98
5 93
4.5 80
4 56
3.5 38
3 15
2.5 7
2 2
1.5 1
1 <1
0.5 <1
"Field-wise distribution" of test takers is "limited to those who earned their college degrees up to two years before the test date." ETS provides no score data for "non-traditional" students who have been out of school more than two years, although its own report "RR-99-16" indicated that 22% of all test takers in 1996 were over the age of 30.
Use in admissions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many graduate schools in the United States require GRE results as part of the admissions process. The GRE is a standardized test intended to measure all graduates' abilities in tasks of general academic nature (regardless of their fields of specialization) and the extent to which undergraduate education has developed their verbal skills, quantitative skills, and abstract thinking.
In addition to GRE scores, admission to graduate schools depends on several other factors, such as GPA, letters of recommendation, and statements of purpose. [21] Furthermore, unlike other standardized admissions tests (such as the SAT, LSAT, and MCAT), the use and weight of GRE scores vary considerably not only from school to school, but also from department to department and program to program.[22] For instance, most business schools and economics programs require very high GRE or GMAT scores for entry, while engineering programs are known to allow more score variation. Liberal arts programs may only consider the applicant's verbal score, while mathematics and science programs may only consider quantitative ability. Some schools use the GRE in admissions decisions, but not in funding decisions; others use it for selection of scholarship and fellowship candidates, but not for admissions. In some cases, the GRE may be a general requirement for graduate admissions imposed by the university, while particular departments may not consider the scores at all.[23] Graduate schools will typically provide the average scores of previously admitted students and information about how the GRE is considered in admissions and funding decisions. In some cases programs have hard cut off requirements for the GRE; for example, the Yale Economics PhD program requires a minimum quantitative score of 160 to apply.[24] The best way to ascertain how a particular school or program evaluates a GRE score in the admissions process is to contact the person in charge of graduate admissions for the specific program in question.
In February 2016, the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law became the first law school to accept either the GRE or the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) from all applicants.[25] [26][27] The college made the decision after conducting a study showing that the GRE is a valid and reliable predictor of students' first-term law school grades.
In the spring of 2017, Harvard Law School announced it was joining University of Arizona Law in accepting the GRE in addition to the LSAT from applicants to its three-year J.D. program.[28]
GRE Subject Tests[edit]
In addition to the General Test, there are also six GRE Subject Tests testing knowledge in the specific areas of Biology; Chemistry; Literature in English; Mathematics; Physics; and Psychology. The length of each exam is 170 minutes.
In the past, subject tests were also offered in the areas of Computer Science, Economics, Revised Education, Engineering, Geology, History, Music, Political Science, Sociology, and Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology. In April 1998, the Revised Education and Political Science exams were discontinued. In April 2000, the History and Sociology exams were discontinued; with Economics, Engineering, Music, and Geology being discontinued in April 2001.[29] The Computer Science exam was discontinued after April 2013.[30] Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was discontinued in December 2016.
GRE and GMAT[edit]
The GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a computer-adaptive standardized test in mathematics and the English language for measuring aptitude to succeed academically in graduate business studies. Business schools commonly use the test as one of many selection criteria for admission into an MBA program. Starting in 2009, many business schools began accepting the GRE in lieu of a GMAT score. Policies varied widely for several years. However, as of the 2014–2015 admissions season, most business schools accept both tests equally. Either a GMAT score, or a GRE score, can be submitted for an application to an MBA program. Business schools also accept either score for their other (non-MBA) Master's and PhD programs.
The primary issue on which business school test acceptance policies vary is in how old a GRE or GMAT score can be before it is no longer accepted. The standard is that scores cannot be more than 5 years old (e.g., Wharton,[31] MIT Sloan,[32] Columbia Business School[33]).
Preparation[edit]
A variety of resources are available for those wishing to prepare for the GRE. ETS provides preparation software called PowerPrep, which contains two practice tests of retired questions, as well as further practice questions and review material. Since the software replicates both the test format and the questions used, it can be useful to predict the actual GRE scores. ETS does not license their past questions to any other company, making them the only source for official retired material. ETS used to publish the "BIG BOOK" which contained a number of actual GRE questions; however, this publishing was abandoned. Several companies provide courses, books, and other unofficial preparation materials.
Some students taking the GRE use a test preparation company. Students who do not use these courses often rely on material from university text books, GRE preparation books, sample tests, and free web resources.
Testing locations[edit]
While the general and subject tests are held at many undergraduate institutions, the computer-based general test is only held at test centers with appropriate technological accommodations. In the United States, students in major cities or from large universities will usually find a nearby test center, while those in more isolated areas may have to travel a few hours to an urban or university location. Many industrialized countries also have test centers, but at times test-takers must cross country borders.
Validity[edit]
An analysis of the GRE's validity in predicting graduate school success found a correlation of .30 to .45 between the GRE and both first year and overall graduate GPA. The correlation between GRE score and graduate school completion rates ranged from .11 (for the now defunct analytical section) to .39 (for the GREsubject test). Correlations with faculty ratings ranged from .35 to .50.[34]
Criticism[edit]
Bias[edit]
Critics have claimed that the computer-adaptive methodology may discourage some test takers since the question difficulty changes with performance.[35] For example, if the test-taker is presented with remarkably easy questions half way into the exam, they may infer that they are not performing well, which will influence their abilities as the exam continues, even though question difficulty is subjective. By contrast, standard testing methods may discourage students by giving them more difficult items earlier on.
Critics have also stated that the computer-adaptive method of placing more weight on the first several questions is biased against test takers who typically perform poorly at the beginning of a test due to stress or confusion before becoming more comfortable as the exam continues.[36] On the other hand, standard fixed-form tests could equally be said to be "biased" against students with less testing stamina since they would need to be approximately twice the length of an equivalent computer adaptive test to obtain a similar level of precision.[37]
The GRE has also been subjected to the same racial bias criticisms that have been lodged against other admissions tests. In 1998, The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education noted that the mean score for black test-takers in 1996 was 389 on the verbal section, 409 on the quantitative section, and 423 on the analytic, while white test-takers averaged 496, 538, and 564, respectively.[38] The National Association of Test Directors Symposia in 2004 stated a belief that simple mean score differences may not constitute evidence of bias unless the populations are known to be equal in ability.[39] A more effective, accepted, and empirical approach is the analysis of differential test functioning, which examines the differences in item response theory curves for subgroups; the best approach for this is the DFIT framework.[40]
Weak predictor of graduate school performance[edit]
The GREs are criticized for not being a true measure of whether a student will be successful in graduate school. Robert Sternberg (now of Oklahoma State University–Stillwater; working at Yale University at the time of the study), a long-time critic of modern intelligence testing in general, found the GRE general test was weakly predictive of success in graduate studies in psychology.[41] The strongest relationship was found for the now-defunct analytical portion of the exam.
The ETS published a report ("What is the Value of the GRE?") that points out the predictive value of the GRE on a student's index of success at the graduate level.[42] The problem with earlier studies is the statistical phenomena of restriction of range. A correlation coefficient is sensitive to the range sampled for the test. Specifically, if only students accepted to graduate programs are studied (in Sternberg & Williams and other research), the relationship is occluded. Validity coefficients range from .30 to .45 between the GRE and both first year and overall graduate GPA in ETS' study.[34]
Kaplan and Saccuzzo state that the criterion that the GRE best predicts is first-year grades in graduate school. However, this correlation is only in the high tens to low twenties. "If the test correlates with a criterion at the .4 level, then it accounts for 16% of the variability in that criterion, with the other 84% resulting from unknown factors and errors"[43] (p. 303). Graduate schools may be placing too much importance on standardized tests rather than on factors that more fully account for graduate school success, such as prior research experience, GPAs, or work experience. While graduate schools do consider these areas, many times schools will not consider applicants that score below a current score of roughly 314 (1301 prior score). Kaplan and Saccuzzo also state that "the GRE predict[s] neither clinical skill nor even the ability to solve real-world problems" (p. 303).
Historical susceptibility to cheating[edit]
In May 1994, Kaplan, Inc warned ETS, in hearings before a New York legislative committee, that the small question pool available to the computer-adaptive test made it vulnerable to cheating. ETS assured investigators that it was using multiple sets of questions and that the test was secure. This was later discovered to be incorrect.[44]
In December 1994, prompted by student reports of recycled questions, then Director of GRE Programs for Kaplan, Inc and current CEO of Knewton, Jose Ferreira led a team of 22 staff members deployed to 9 U.S. cities to take the exam. Kaplan, Inc then presented ETS with 150 questions, representing 70–80% of the GRE.[45] According to early news releases, ETS appeared grateful to Stanley H. Kaplan, Inc for identifying the security problem. However, on December 31, ETS sued Kaplan, Inc for violation of a federal electronic communications privacy act, copyright laws, breach of contract, fraud, and a confidentiality agreement signed by test-takers on test day.[46] On January 2, 1995, an agreement was reached out of court.
Additionally, in 1994, the scoring algorithm for the computer-adaptive form of the GRE was discovered to be insecure. ETS acknowledged that Kaplan, Inc employees, led by Jose Ferreira, reverse-engineered key features of the GRE scoring algorithms. The researchers found that a test taker’s performance on the first few questions of the exam had a disproportionate effect on the test taker’s final score. To preserve the integrity of scores, ETS revised its scoring and uses a more sophisticated scoring algorithm.
2011 revision[edit]
In 2006, ETS announced plans to enact significant changes in the format of the GRE. Planned changes for the revised GRE included a longer testing time, a departure from computer-adaptive testing, a new grading scale, and an enhanced focus on reasoning skills and critical thinking for both the quantitative and qualitative sections.[47]
On April 2, 2007, ETS announced the decision to cancel plans for revising the GRE.[48] The announcement cited concerns over the ability to provide clear and equal access to the new test after the planned changes as an explanation for the cancellation. The ETS stated, however, that they do plan "to implement many of the planned test content improvements in the future", although specific details regarding those changes have not yet been announced.
Changes to the GRE took effect on November 1, 2007, as ETS started to include new types of questions in the exam. The changes mostly center on "fill in the blank" type answers for the mathematics section that requires the test-taker to fill in the blank directly, without being able to choose from a multiple choice list of answers. ETS currently plans to introduce two of these new types of questions in each quantitative section, while the majority of questions will be presented in the regular format.[49]
Since January 2008, the Reading Comprehension within the verbal sections has been reformatted, passages' "line numbers will be replaced with highlighting when necessary in order to focus the test taker on specific information in the passage" to "help students more easily find the pertinent information in reading passages."[50]
In December 2009, ETS announced plans to move forward with significant revisions to the GRE in 2011.[51] Changes include a new 130–170 scoring scale, the elimination of certain question types such as antonyms and analogies, the addition of an online calculator, and the elimination of the CAT format of question-by-question adjustment, in favor of a section by section adjustment.[52] The Revised GRE General test replaced General GRE test on August 1, 2011. The revised GRE is said to be better by design and gives better test taking experience. The new types of questions in the revised pattern are supposed to test the skills needed in graduate and business schools programs.[53] From July 2012 onwards GRE announced an option for users to customize their scores called ScoreSelect.[54]
GRE before October 2002[edit]
The earliest versions of the GRE tested only for verbal and quantitative ability. For a number of years before October 2002, the GRE had a separate Analytical Ability section which tested candidates on logical and analytical reasoning abilities. This section was replaced by the Analytical Writing Assessment.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
List of admissions tests
GRE Subject Tests:
GRE Biology Test
GRE Chemistry Test
GRE Literature in English Test
GRE Mathematics Test
GRE Physics Test
GRE Psychology Test
Other tests:
Law School Admission Test (LSAT)
Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)
Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
SAT
ACT (test)
Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)
International English Language Testing System (IELTS)
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External links[edit]
Official website
GRE information website for residents of Mainland China, English version - by the Chinese National Education Examinations Authority
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Supernatural (season 13)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Supernatural (season 13)
Promotional poster
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
4
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 12
List of Supernatural episodes
The thirteenth season of Supernatural, an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 12, 2017, on The CW.[1] The season will consist of 23 episodes and air on Thursdays at 8:00 pm (ET). This is the second season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners.[2]
This season will feature a backdoor pilot to a possible spin-off series called Wayward Sisters, starring Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills, Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum, Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak, Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones, Clark Backo as Patience Turner and Yadira Guevara-Prip as Kaia Nieves.[3][4] The season will also feature an animated crossover episode with Scooby-Doo.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Starring
1.2 Special guest star
1.3 Guest stars
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Starring[edit]
Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
Alexander Calvert as Jack
Misha Collins as Castiel
Special guest star[edit]
Loretta Devine as Missouri Moseley
Guest stars[edit]
Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
Ruth Connell as Rowena[6]
Osric Chau as Kevin Tran[7]
Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills
Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum
Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak
Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones
Clark Backo as Patience Turner
Yadira Guevara-Prip as Kaia Nieves
Christian Keyes as Michael[8]
Keith Szarabajka as Donatello Redfield
Courtney Ford as Kelly Kline
Jeffrey Vincent Parise as Asmodeus
Lisa Berry as Billie
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Supernatural episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
265
1 "Lost and Found" Phil Sgriccia Andrew Dabb October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12) T13.20551 2.10[9]
Lucifer's son Jack seems unsure of himself and the world. Dean tries to shoot him and he knocks out both Winchesters with a sonic scream, leaving to search for his father. He ends up at a local police station and seems mostly innocent but is unsure of and unable to control his power. Sam and Dean follow, Dean insists on killing him but Sam sees Jack as just a child. While Dean explains what Jack is to a local officer, Jack explains he learned English and grew up quickly from his mother who told him the world was dangerous and that Castiel was the father who would protect him. Three angels show up wanting to use Jack's almost limitless power for themselves. The Winchesters banish two of them and kill the third; Jack is stabbed in the heart in the process but unharmed by the blade. Dean agrees to take him to the bunker; but only until they can find a way to kill him. They are on their own with Chuck not answering prayers. They give Castiel and Kelly a hunter's funeral, also saying goodbye to Crowley and Mary whom they assume Lucifer killed. In the alternate world, Lucifer keeps Mary alive because he needs her for something.
266
2 "The Rising Son" Thomas J. Wright Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19) T13.20552 1.90[10]
On the way back to the bunker, the Winchesters and Jack stop at a hotel and are met by Donatello the prophet. Amara ate his soul, but he has been mentally making the moral choice ever since, and he was drawn to Jack's power. Jack reads the Bible to learn more about himself and his family. Realizing he'll need more protection, the Winchesters try to get him warding tattoos, but he reflexively attacks the tattoo artist for hurting him and his body heals the ink away. Dean takes this as proof Jack will turn evil, while Sam thinks it's because he lacks control. Meanwhile, the final Prince of Hell, Asmodeus, takes charge of Hell until Lucifer returns, disguising himself as Donatello to trick Jack into freeing the Shedim — Hell's darkest creatures — to be a hero. The brothers and the real Donatello appear, and when Asmodeus hurts them, a flicker of Jack's power makes him flee. At the bunker, Dean admits to Jack he will kill him if he turns bad. In the alternate world, Lucifer protects Mary, intending to trade her for Jack when they get home. They meet an alternate version of Michael, who killed his world's Lucifer. Michael is the stronger of the two, and keeps this Lucifer alive because he needs him for something.
267
3 "Patience" Robert Singer Robert Berens October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26) T13.20553 1.93[11]
Missouri Mosley (from Season 1's "Home") calls the Winchesters because a wraith with a taste for psychics is going after her family next. Dean and Jody go to protect her son James and granddaughter Patience who is unaware she inherited Missouri's gift. The wraith reappears and kills Missouri as she knew it would. James reveals he cut out his mother out of his life many years ago, as he grew up fearing she would get killed and when his wife Tess got sick, Missouri said she would be fine; but Tess died, and James couldn't forgive Missouri. The wraith attacks Patience at school and later kidnaps her from home intending to feed on her slowly. Patience sees the wraith kill her father, Jody and Dean in a vision. Patience is then able to warn them and Dean kills the wraith. James and Dean think Patience should live a normal life but Jody says it is her choice and says her door is open if Patience needs help. Meanwhile, Sam tries to train Jack without any progress. Jack takes it as a sign he will be evil since his powers only work negatively, Sam wants to help him as Jack reminds him of his own days addicted to demon blood. While the brothers argue over him, Jack says Castiel's name; Castiel hears this and wakes up in a void of nothingness.
268
4 "The Big Empty" John Badham Meredith Glynn November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02) T13.20554 1.82[12]
A man is killed by his dead wife. Taking the case, Sam convinces Dean to let Jack join them; also having convinced Jack to help save Mary if he can master his powers. There are no signs of a ghost or revenant. A woman is then killed by her dead son. Both victims shared a grief therapist Mia, whom the guys question pretending to be three brothers that lost their mother. Sam and Dean get into an argument about Mary; and Sam discovers Mia is a shapeshifter. Mia says she only helps people by pretending to be their loved ones to give closure, and the killer must be her ex boyfriend and fellow shapeshifter, Buddy. While Sam goes to Buddy's address, Buddy actually sneaks into Mia's office and knocks out Dean and Jack. When Mia refuses to kill them, Buddy prepares to shoot Sam when he walks into the room. Jack is able to use his powers to deflect the bullet away from Sam and throw Buddy into the wall, allowing Sam to kill him. Mia in Kelly's form tells Jack that even monsters can do good. At the bunker Dean gives Jack some approval; and wants Sam to keep believing Mary is alive, admitting that he no longer seems to believe in anything anymore. Meanwhile, Castiel is in The Empty, a place predating even God and Amara, where all angels and demons sleep forever after they die. Castiel is the first in eternity to wake up. The entity there takes Castiel's form and taunts him to go back to sleep as the entity hates being awake itself. Castiel refuses, forcing the entity to send him back to Earth.
269
5 "Advanced Thanatology"[13] John Showalter Steve Yockey November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09) T13.20555 TBD
270
6 "Tombstone"[14] Nina Lopez-Corrado Davy Perez November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16) T13.20556 TBD
271
7 "War of the Worlds"[15] Richard Speight, Jr. Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23) T13.20557 TBD
The ninth and tenth episodes are titled "The Bad Place" and "Wayward Sisters" respectively and are a two-part episode directed by Phil Sgriccia.[16]
Production[edit]
Supernatural was renewed for a thirteenth season by The CW on January 8, 2017.[17] This season is the first season not to feature Mark Sheppard as Crowley since his introduction in season 5, as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning.[18] Alexander Calvert, who was introduced as Jack in the season 12 finale, was promoted to series regular for this season.[19]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Lost and Found" October 12, 2017 0.7/3 2.10[9] TBD TBD TBD TBD
2 "The Rising Son" October 19, 2017 0.7/3 1.90[10] TBD TBD TBD TBD
3 "Patience" October 26, 2017 0.6/2 1.93[11] TBD TBD TBD TBD
4 "The Big Empty" November 2, 2017 0.6/2 1.82[12] TBD TBD TBD TBD
5 "Advanced Thanatology" November 9, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (June 8, 2017). "The CW sets fall premiere dates: Supergirl kicks off lineup Oct. 9". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael; Gelman, Vlada (May 13, 2016). "Supernatural Names New Showrunners as Jeremy Carver Moves to Frequency". TVLine. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 23, 2017). "Wayward Sisters: Spinoff Adds Supernatural Trio And Newcomer To Cast". Deadline. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (September 28, 2017). "Supernatural Spin-off casts Yadira Guevara-Prip as Kaia". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (May 18, 2017). "Supernatural Meets Scooby-Doo? Jinkies, It's Happening!". TVLine. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (October 19, 2017). "Spoiler Room: Scoop on 'The Originals', 'Once Upon a Time', 'Supernatural' and more". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (October 12, 2017). "Supernatural: Osric Chau returning as Kevin in Season 13". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (September 12, 2017). "Supernatural season 13: See the first look at Michael's return". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'Will & Grace,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Gotham' and NFL adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 20, 2017). "'Gotham' and 'Supernatural' adjust up, final NFL numbers: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 27, 2017). "NFL adjusts up, scripted shows all unchanged: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 3, 2017). "'Will & Grace' adjusts up, 'Sheldon' and other CBS shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#1305) "Advanced Thanatology"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#1306) "Tombstone"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "(#1307) "War of the Worlds"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jim Michaels [@TheJimMichaels] (October 10, 2017). "The #SPNFamily asked for it? You got it! @cw_spn The 2 part episode you've been waiting for is in the final stage.." (Tweet). Retrieved October 10, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (January 8, 2017). "The CW Renews Supernatural, DC Superhero Shows". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (May 24, 2017). "Supernatural Season 13: Mark Sheppard Not Returning as a Series Regular". TVLine. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (August 9, 2017). "Supernatural Promotes Lucifer's Son to Series Regular Ahead of Season 13". TVLine. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Supernatural at epguides.com
List of Supernatural episodes on IMDb
List of Supernatural season 13 episodes at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Supernatural
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Devil's Trap"
Season 2
"What Is and What Should Never Be"
"All Hell Breaks Loose"
Season 3
"Fresh Blood"
"A Very Supernatural Christmas"
"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
"No Rest for the Wicked"
Season 4
"Lazarus Rising"
Season 5
"Sympathy for the Devil"
"Good God, Y'All!"
"Swan Song"
Season 6
"Exile on Main St."
Season 7
"Meet the New Boss"
"Hello, Cruel World"
Season 8
"Sacrifice"
Season 9
Season 10
"Black"
"Reichenbach"
"Soul Survivor"
"Brother's Keeper"
Season 11
"Out of the Darkness, Into the Fire"
"Form and Void"
"The Bad Seed"
"Baby"
"Thin Lizzie"
"Our Little World"
"O Brother Where Art Thou?"
"The Devil in the Details"
"Beyond the Mat"
"Safe House"
"Hell's Angel"
"Don't Call Me Shurley"
"All in the Family"
"We Happy Few"
"Alpha and Omega"
Season 12
"Keep Calm and Carry On"
"Mamma Mia"
"The Foundry"
"American Nightmare"
"The One You've Been Waiting For"
"Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox"
"Rock Never Dies"
"LOTUS"
"First Blood"
"Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets"
Season 13
Characters
Main
Sam Winchester
Dean Winchester
Ruby
Bela Talbot
Castiel
Crowley
Lucifer
Supporting
John Winchester
Mary Winchester
Bobby Singer
Jo Harvelle
Ellen Harvelle
Anna Milton
Jody Mills
Antagonists
Azazel
Meg Masters
Lilith
Uriel
Alastair
Zachariah
Rowena
Other
Awards and nominations
Supernatural Wiki
Supernatural: Bloodlines
"Carry On Wayward Son"
Wikipedia books: Supernatural
Seasons
Season 1
Season 2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supernatural_(season_13)&oldid=808951697"
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Supernatural (U.S. TV series) seasons
2017 American television seasons
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text:
Bone healing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bone healing of a fracture by forming a callus as shown by X-ray.
Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture.
Generally bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting for the bone's natural healing process to occur.
Adequate nutrient intake has been found to significantly affect the integrity of the fracture repair.[1] Age, Bone type, drug therapy and pre existing bone pathology are factors which affect healing. The role of bone healing is to produce new bone without a scar as seen in other tissues which would be a structural weakness or deformity.[2]
The process of the entire regeneration of the bone can depend on the angle of dislocation or fracture. While the bone formation usually spans the entire duration of the healing process, in some instances, bone marrow within the fracture has healed two or fewer weeks before the final remodeling phase.[citation needed]
While immobilization and surgery may facilitate healing, a fracture ultimately heals through physiological processes. The healing process is mainly determined by the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone). The periosteum is one source of precursor cells which develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone. Other sources of precursor cells are the bone marrow (when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts.[3]
Contents
1 Primary healing
1.1 Contact healing
1.2 Gap healing
2 Secondary healing
2.1 Reaction
2.2 Repair
2.3 Remodelling
2.4 Obstructions
2.5 Complications
2.6 Gallery
2.7 Radiologic timeline in young children
3 Footnotes
4 References
Primary healing[edit]
Primary healing (also known as direct healing) requires a correct anatomical reduction which is stable, without any gap formation. Such healing requires only the remodeling of lamellar bone, the Haversian canals and the blood vessels without callus formation. This process may take a few months to a few years.[4]
Contact healing[edit]
When the gap between the bone ends is less than 0.01 mm, and interfragmentary strain is less than 2%, contact healing can occur. In this case, cutting cones, which consists of osteoclasts, form across the fracture lines, generating cavities at a rate of 50–100 μm/day. Osteoblasts fill up the cavities with the Haversian system. This caused the formation of lamellar bone that oriented longitudinally along the long axis of the bone. Blood vessels form that penetrate the Harversian system. Remodelling of lamellar bone results in healing without callus formation.[4]
Gap healing[edit]
If the fracture gap is 800 μm to 1 mm, the fracture is filled by osteoclasts and then by lamellar bone oriented perpendicular to the axis of the bone. This orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. This process takes three to eight weeks.[4]
Secondary healing[edit]
Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by perisoteal layer of bone, occurs without formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage.[5] This process of healing occurs when the fracture is treated conservatively using orthopaedic cast or immobilisation, external fixation, or internal fixation.[4]
There are three major phases of fracture healing, two of which can be further sub-divided to make a total of five phases:[5]
Reaction
i. Inflammation
ii. Granulation tissue formation
Repair
iii. Cartilage callus formation
iv. Lamellar bone deposition
Remodeling
v. Remodeling to original bone contour
Reaction[edit]
After fracture, blood cells accumulate adjacent to the injury site. Soon after fracture, blood vessels constrict, stopping further bleeding. Within a few hours, the extravascular blood cells form a clot called a hematoma[5] that acts as a template for callus formation. These cells, including macrophages, release inflammatory mediators such as cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1 family (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), 11 (IL-11), and 18 (IL-18)) and increase blood capillary permeability. Inflammation peaks by 24 hours and completes by seven days. Through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, TNFα mediates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell (originated from the bone marrow) into osteoblast and chondrocytes. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and CXCR4 mediate recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells. IL-1 and IL-6 are the most important cytokines for bone healing. IL-1 promotes formation of callus and of blood vessels. IL-6 promotes differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.[4] All cells within the blood clot degenerate and die. Within this area, the fibroblasts replicate. Within 7-14 days, they form a loose aggregate of cells, interspersed with small blood vessels, known as granulation tissue.[5] Osteoclasts move in to reabsorb dead bone ends, and other necrotic tissue is removed.[6]
Repair[edit]
Radiolucency around a 12 day old scaphoid fracture that was initially barely visible.[7]
Seven to nine days after fracture, the cells of the periosteum replicate and transform. The periosteal cells proximal to (on the near side of) the fracture gap develop into chondroblasts, which form hyaline cartilage. The periosteal cells distal to (at the far end of) the fracture gap develop into osteoblasts, which form woven bone[5] through bone resorption of calcified cartilage and recruitment of bone cells and osteoclasts.[4] The fibroblasts within the granulation tissue develop into chondroblasts which also form hyaline cartilage. These two new tissues grow in size until they unite with each other. These processes culminate in a new mass of heterogeneous tissue known as a fracture callus.[5] Callus formation peaks at day 14 of fracture.[4] Eventually, the fracture gap is bridged.[5]
The next phase is the replacement of the hyaline cartilage and woven bone with lamellar bone. The replacement process is known as endochondral ossification with respect to the hyaline cartilage and bony substitution with respect to the woven bone. Substitution of woven bone happens before substitution of hyaline cartilage. The lamellar bone begins forming soon after the collagen matrix of either tissue becomes mineralized.[5] At this stage, the process is induced by IL-1 and TNFα.[4] The mineralized matrix is penetrated by microvessel and numerous osteoblasts. The osteoblasts form new lamellar bone upon the recently exposed surface of the mineralized matrix. This new lamellar bone is in the form of trabecular bone. Eventually, all of the woven bone and cartilage of the original fracture callus is replaced by trabecular bone, restoring most of the bone's original strength.[5]
Remodelling[edit]
Remodeling begins as early as three to four weeks after fracture and may take 3 to 5 years to complete.[4] The process substitutes the trabecular bone with compact bone. The trabecular bone is first resorbed by osteoclasts, creating a shallow resorption pit known as a "Howship's lacuna". Then osteoblasts deposit compact bone within the resorption pit. Eventually, the fracture callus is remodelled into a new shape which closely duplicates the bone's original shape and strength. This process can be achieved by the formation of electrical polarity during partial weight bearing a long bone;[5] where electropositive convex surface and electronegative concave surface activates osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively.[4] This process can be enhanced by certain synthetic injectable biomaterials, such as cerament, which are osteoconductive and actively promote bone healing.[5]
Obstructions[edit]
Femur (top) healed while improperly aligned
Poor blood supply which leads to the death of the osteocytes. Bone cell death also depends on degree of fracture and disruption to the Haversian system.
Condition of the soft tissues. Soft tissue between bone ends restricts healing.
Nutrition and drug therapy. Poor general health reduces healing rate. Drugs that impair the inflammatory response impede healing also.
Infection. Diverts the inflammatory response away from healing towards fighting off the infection.
Age. Young bone unites more rapidly than adult bone.
Pre-existing bone malignancy.
Mechanical factors such as the bone not being aligned, and too much or too little movement. Excess mobility can disrupt the bridging callus, interfering with union; but slight biomechanical motion is seen to improve callus formation.[6]
Complications[edit]
Complications of fracture healing include:
Infection: this is the most common complication of fractures and predominantly occurs in open fractures. Post-traumatic wound infection is the most common cause of chronic osteomyelitis in patients. Osteomyelitis can also occur following surgical fixation of a fracture.[8]
Non-union: no progression of healing within six months of a fracture occurring. The fracture pieces remain separated and can be caused by infection and/or lack of blood supply (Ischaemia) to the bone.[9] There are two types of non-union, atrophic and hypertrophic. Hypertrophic involves the formation of excess callus leading to bone ends appearing sclerotic causing a radiological "Elephants Foot" appearance[6] due to excessive fracture ends mobility but adequate blood supply.[4] Atrophic non-union results in re-absorption and rounding of bone ends[6] due to inadequate blood supply and excessive mobility of the bone ends.[4]
Mal-union: healing occurs but the healed bone has 'angular deformity, translation, or rotational alignment that requires surgical correction'. This is most common in long bones such as the femur.[10]
Delayed union: healing times vary depending on the location of a fracture and the age of a patient. Delayed union is characterised by 'persistence of the fracture line and a scarcity or absence of callus formation' on x-ray. Healing is still occurring but at a much slower rate than normal.[9]
Gallery[edit]
Collagen fibers of woven bone
Osteoclast displaying many nuclei within its "foamy" cytoplasm
Osteoblasts forming compact bone, containing two osteocytes, within a resorption pit in trabecular bone
Radiologic timeline in young children[edit]
On medical imaging, secondary bone healing displays the following features over time in young children:
Features and when they appear (and percentage of individuals having the feature in that period or at that time point)[11]
Resolution of soft tissues 7-10 days (or 2-21 days)
Gap widening 4-6 weeks (56%)
Periosteal reaction 7 days - 7 weeks
Marginal sclerosis 4-6 weeks (85%)
First callus 4-7 weeks (100%)
Radiodensity of callus > cortex 13 weeks (90%)
Bridging callus 2.6 - 13 weeks
Periosteal incorporation 14 weeks
Remodeling 9 weeks (50%)
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Susan E. Brown, PhD. "How to Speed Fracture Healing" (PDF). Center for Better Bones. While no scientist has yet conducted a clinical trial using all 20 key nutrients for fracture healing, several studies have found multi-nutrient therapy to reduce complication and accelerate fracture healing.
Jump up ^ Gomez-Barrena E, Rosset P, Lozano D, Stanovici J, Ermthaller C, Gerbhard F. Bone fracture healing: Cell therapy in delayed unions and nonunions. Bone. 2015;70:93–101.
Jump up ^ Ferretti C, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Periosteum derived stem cells for regenerative medicine proposals: Boosting current knowledge. World Journal of Stem Cells. 2014;6(3):266-277. doi:10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.266.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Richard, Marsell; Thomas A, Einhorn (1 June 2012). "The biology of fracture healing". Injury. 42 (6). doi:10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031. PMC 3105171. PMID 21489527.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Mahamutha, Affshana; JothiPriya, Saveethna (2015). "Healing Mechanism in Bone Fracture" (PDF). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 7 (7): 441–442. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nyary Tamas, Scamell BE. (2015). Principles of bone and joint injuries and their healing. Surgery(Oxford). 33 (1), p 7-14.
Jump up ^ Jarraya, Mohamed; Hayashi, Daichi; Roemer, Frank W.; Crema, Michel D.; Diaz, Luis; Conlin, Jane; Marra, Monica D.; Jomaah, Nabil; Guermazi, Ali (2013). "Radiographically Occult and Subtle Fractures: A Pictorial Review". Radiology Research and Practice. 2013: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2013/370169. ISSN 2090-1941. CC-BY 3.0
Jump up ^ Rowbotham, Emma; Barron, Dominic (2009). "Radiology of fracture complications". Orthopaedics and Trauma. 23 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.mporth.2008.12.008.
^ Jump up to: a b Jahagirdar, Rajeev; Scammell, Brigitte E (2008). "Principles of fracture healing and disorders of bone union". Surgery. 27 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.12.011.
Jump up ^ Chen, Andrew T; Vallier, Heather A (2016). "Noncontiguous and open fractures of the lower extremity: Epidemiology, complications, and unplanned procedures". Injury. 47 (3): 742–747. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2015.12.013.
Jump up ^ Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is:
- Prosser, Ingrid; Lawson, Zoe; Evans, Alison; Harrison, Sara; Morris, Sue; Maguire, Sabine; Kemp, Alison M. (2012). "A Timetable for the Radiologic Features of Fracture Healing in Young Children". American Journal of Roentgenology. 198 (5): 1014–1020. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6734. ISSN 0361-803X.
- Data is taken from scientific studies, notably Islam et al. where data is contradictory to radiology textbooks:
Islam, Omar; Soboleski, Don; Symons, S.; Davidson, L. K.; Ashworth, M. A.; Babyn, Paul (2000). "Development and Duration of Radiographic Signs of Bone Healing in Children". American Journal of Roentgenology. 175 (1): 75–78. doi:10.2214/ajr.175.1.1750075. ISSN 0361-803X.
References[edit]
Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1986), "Histochemical localization of calcium in the fracture callus with potassium pyroantimonate: possible role of chondrocyte mitochondrial calcium in callus calcification", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 68-A (5): 703-715
Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1991), "Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 73-A (6): 832-847
Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1997), "Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in microvessels of periosteal callus", Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 11 (4): 244-253
Ham, Arthur W. and William R. Harris (1972), "Repair and transplantation of bone", The biochemistry and physiology of bone, New York: Academic Press, p. 337-399
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Can We Still Be Friends
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Can We Still Be Friends"
Single by Todd Rundgren
from the album Hermit of Mink Hollow
B-side
"Out Of Control" (US), "Determination" (UK)
Released
1978
Recorded
1978
Genre
Ballad
Length
3:34
Label
Bearsville
Songwriter(s)
Todd Rundgren
Producer(s)
Todd Rundgren
Todd Rundgren singles chronology
"Good Vibrations"
(1976) "Can We Still Be Friends"
(1978) "Bang the Drum All Day"
(1983)
"Good Vibrations"
(1976) "Can We Still Be Friends"
(1978) "Bang the Drum All Day"
(1983)
"Can We Still Be Friends" is a song written and originally performed by Todd Rundgren.
Contents
[hide]
1 Todd Rundgren version
2 Robert Palmer version
2.1 Chart performance
3 Other versions
4 References
5 External links
Todd Rundgren version[edit]
Todd Rundgren released his version on his 1978 album Hermit of Mink Hollow. This was the only hit single on the album, reaching #29 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] It was a hit single in Australia, where it went to #8. The lyrics describe a relationship to which Rundgren and the woman to whom he is singing have given great effort to fix the relationship, but simply cannot work. Rundgren explains this, but wishes to part amicably, asking several times if he and his partner can "still be friends." The song is generally assumed to be about Rundgren's breakup with long-time companion Bebe Buell in 1977. Rundgren played all the instruments and performed all the vocals on the track, as he did with the rest of the album.
In 1994, this song made a prominent appearance in the movie Dumb and Dumber. It also appears on the soundtrack for the 2001 film Vanilla Sky, and the TV series Nip/Tuck.
Robert Palmer version[edit]
"Can We Still Be Friends"
Single by Robert Palmer
from the album Secrets
B-side
"Too Good To Be True"
Released
1979
Genre
Pop rock
Label
Island
Songwriter(s)
Todd Rundgren
Producer(s)
Robert Palmer
Robert Palmer singles chronology
"Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)"
(1979) "Can We Still Be Friends"
(1979) "Johnny and Mary"
(1980)
"Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)"
(1979) "Can We Still Be Friends"
(1979) "Johnny and Mary"
(1980)
In 1979, "Can We Still Be Friends" became a hit again when Robert Palmer recorded a version for his album Secrets.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[2] 52
Dutch Top 40[3] 32
Other versions[edit]
Rod Stewart recorded this song as a track for his 1984 album Camouflage. This version is performed at a faster tempo than Rundgren's and Palmer's versions and features more prominent use of the synthesizer.
Marc Jordan recorded the song as a track for his 1990 album COW
In 2001, Vonda Shepard's version appeared on a soundtrack for the television show Ally McBeal; this is very first revived song of Shepard.
Mandy Moore recorded it on her 2003 album Coverage, which is composed entirely of remakes.
Kate Markowitz recorded it on her album Map of the World.
Argentine rock musicians Charly García and Nito Mestre, founding members of the band Sui Generis, recorded a Spanish version entitled "Yo soy su papá" ("I am his father"), which appeared on their 2000 album Sinfonías para adolescentes (Symphonies for Teenagers).
Colin Blunstone recorded a version on his 1979 album "Late Nights in Soho"
Filipino singer Toni Gonzaga sang her own version as a soundtrack of a movie of the same title.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100, Chart Listing For The Week Of sep 02 1978". Retrieved November 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100, Chart Listing For The Week Of feb 16 1980". Retrieved November 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "De Nederlandse Top 40, week 1, 1980". Retrieved November 19, 2008.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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Todd Rundgren
Studio albums
Runt
Runt. The Ballad of Todd Rundgren
Something/Anything?
A Wizard, a True Star
Todd
Initiation
Faithful
Hermit of Mink Hollow
Healing
The Ever Popular Tortured Artist Effect
A Cappella
Nearly Human
2nd Wind
No World Order
The Individualist
With a Twist...
Up Against It!
One Long Year
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State
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with Utopia
Todd Rundgren's Utopia
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RA
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Redux '92: Live in Japan
Live albums
Another Live
Back to the Bars
Redux '92: Live in Japan
Singles
"We Gotta Get You a Woman"
"I Saw the Light"
"Hello It's Me"
"Good Vibrations"
"Can We Still Be Friends"
"Bang the Drum All Day"
Related articles
Discography
Nazz
The New Cars
Bat Out of Hell
Bebe Buell
Liv Tyler
Steven Tyler
Daryl Hall
[show]
v
t
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Robert Palmer
Studio albums
Sneakin' Sally Through the Alley (1974)
Pressure Drop (1975)
Some People Can Do What They Like (1976)
Double Fun (1978)
Secrets (1979)
Clues (1980)
Pride (1983)
Riptide (1985)
Heavy Nova (1988)
Don't Explain (1990)
Ridin' High (1992)
Honey (1994)
Rhythm & Blues (1999)
Drive (2003)
Live albums
Maybe It's Live (1982)
Live at the Apollo (2001)
At the BBC (2010)
Compilations
Addictions: Volume 1 (1989)
Addictions: Volume II (1992)
Very Best of Robert Palmer (1995)
Woke Up Laughing (1998)
20th Century Masters (1999)
Singles
"Every Kinda People"
"Best of Both Worlds"
"Bad Case of Loving You (Doctor, Doctor)"
"Can We Still Be Friends"
"Johnny and Mary"
"Some Guys Have All the Luck"
"Discipline of Love"
"Addicted to Love"
"I Didn't Mean to Turn You On"
"Sweet Lies"
"Simply Irresistible"
"Early in the Morning"
"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)"
"I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
"You're Amazing"
" Mercy Mercy Me" / "I Want You"
"Happiness"
"Girl U Want"
"Know by Now"
"You Blow Me Away"
"True Love"
Related articles
Discography
The Power Station
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can_We_Still_Be_Friends&oldid=817736756"
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James Sullivan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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James Sullivan may refer to:
James Sullivan (athlete) (1885–1964), American Olympic athlete in 1906 and 1908
Jim Sullivan (boxer) (1886–1949), British boxer
James Sullivan (city manager) (1925–2012), American city manager
Jimmy Sullivan (footballer) (1896–1983), Victorian Football League player
James Sullivan (governor) (1744–1808), governor of Massachusetts, 1807–08
James Edward Sullivan (1862–1914), American Olympic official
James F. Sullivan (1857–?), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
James Mark Sullivan (1873–1935), American lawyer and diplomat
James P. Sullivan (Monsters Inc.), protagonist of Monsters Inc.
James W. Sullivan (1909–1974), American art director
L. James Sullivan (born 1933), American firearms inventor
James Sullivan, birth name of The Rev (1981–2009), drummer for Avenged Sevenfold
James Stephen Sullivan (1929–2006), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
James Sullivan (Medal of Honor), American soldier
See also[edit]
Jim Sullivan (disambiguation)
This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Sullivan&oldid=768081379"
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