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Persimmon
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This article is about the edible fruit. For other uses, see Persimmon (disambiguation).
Two fuyu persimmon fruits
Persimmon flower
The persimmon /pərˈsɪmən/ (sometimes spelled persimon) is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros. The most widely cultivated of these is the Asian or Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki.[1] Diospyros is in the family Ebenaceae, and a number of non-persimmon species of the genus are grown for ebony timber.
Contents
[hide]
1 Names and etymology
2 Description
3 Selected species
3.1 Diospyros kaki (Asian persimmon, Japanese persimmon)
3.2 Diospyros lotus (date-plum)
3.3 Diospyros virginiana (American persimmon)
3.4 Diospyros digyna (black persimmon)
3.5 Diospyros discolor
3.6 Diospyros peregrina (Indian persimmon)
3.7 Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon)
4 Fruit
4.1 Production
4.2 Culinary uses
5 Nutrient and phytochemical content
5.1 Unripened persimmons and bezoars
6 Wood
7 Trees
8 Folklore
9 In popular culture
10 Gallery
11 References
12 External links
Names and etymology[edit]
The word Diospyros comes from the ancient Greek words "dios" (δῐος) and "pyron" (πῡρον). A popular etymology construed this as "divine fruit", or as meaning "wheat of Zeus"[2] or "God's pear" and "Jove's fire". The dio-, as shown by the short vowel 'i' has nothing to do with 'divine' (δῑoς ), dio- being an affix attached to plant names, and in classical Greek the compound referred to 'the fruit of the nettle tree'.[citation needed]
The word persimmon itself is derived from putchamin, pasiminan, or pessamin, from Powhatan, an Algonquian language of the eastern United States, meaning "a dry fruit".[3]
Description[edit]
Persimmon leaves
Persimmon leaves in autumn
The tree Diospyros kaki is the most widely cultivated species of persimmon. Typically the tree reaches 4.5 to 18 metres (15 to 60 ft) in height and is round-topped.[1] It stands erect, but sometimes can be crooked or have a willowy appearance.[1]
The leaves alternate, are oblong with brown-hairy petioles that are 2 centimetres (0.8 in) in length.[1] They are leathery and glossy on the upper surface, brown and silky underneath.[1] The leaves are deciduous and bluish-green in color. In the fall, they turn to yellow, orange, or red.[1]
Persimmon trees are typically dioecious,[4] meaning male and female flowers are produced on separate trees.[1] Some trees have both male and female flowers and in rare cases also bear the 'perfect' flower.[4] Male flowers are pink[4] and appear in groups of 3.[1] They have a 4-parted calyx, a corolla, and 24 stamens in 2 rows.[1] Female flowers are creamy-white[4] and appear solitary.[1] They have a large calyx, a 4-parted, yellow corolla, 8 undeveloped stamens, and a rounded ovary bearing the style and stigma.[1] 'Perfect' flowers are a cross between the two[1] and contain both male and female reproductive organs.[4]
Persimmon fruit matures late in the fall and can stay on the tree until winter.[4] In color, the ripe fruit of the cultivated strains range from glossy light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety.[1] They similarly vary in size from 1.5 to 9 cm (0.6 to 3.5 in) in diameter, and in shape the varieties may be spherical, acorn-, or pumpkin-shaped.[5] The flesh is astringent until fully ripe and is yellow, orange, or dark-brown in color.[1] The calyx generally remains attached to the fruit after harvesting, but becomes easy to remove once the fruit is ripe. The ripe fruit has a high glucose content and is sweet in taste. Like the tomato, persimmons are not commonly considered to be berries, but in terms of botanical morphology, the fruit is in fact a berry.
Selected species[edit]
Main article: Diospyros
While many species of Diospyros bear fruit inedible to humans or only occasionally gathered, the following are grown for their edible fruit:
Diospyros kaki (Asian persimmon, Japanese persimmon)[edit]
Asian or Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is the commercially most important persimmon, and is native to Japan, China, Korea, Myanmar and Nepal.[1][6] It is deciduous, with broad, stiff leaves, and is known as the shizi (柿子 in Chinese), and also as the Japanese Persimmon or kaki (柿) in Japanese. Its fruits are sweet and slightly tangy with a soft to occasionally fibrous texture. Cultivation of the fruit extended first to other parts of east Asia, India and Nepal, and it was later introduced to California and southern Europe in the 1800s and to Brazil in the 1890s.[7]
Numerous cultivars have been selected. Some varieties are edible in the crisp, firm state but it has its best flavor when allowed to rest and soften slightly after harvest. The Japanese cultivar 'Hachiya' is widely grown. The fruit has a high tannin content, which makes the unripe fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin levels are reduced as the fruit matures. Persimmons like 'Hachiya' must be completely ripened before consumption. When ripe, this fruit comprises thick, pulpy jelly encased in a waxy thin-skinned shell.
"Sharon fruit" (named after the Sharon plain in Israel) is the marketing name for the Israeli-bred cultivar 'Triumph'.[8] As with most commercial pollination-variant-astringent persimmons, the fruit are ripened off the tree by exposing them to carbon dioxide. The "sharon fruit" has no core, is seedless and particularly sweet, and can be eaten whole.[8]
Nanyo City, Yamagata, Japan. October 2005.
In the Valencia region of Spain, there is a variegated form of kaki called the "Ribera del Xuquer", "Spanish persimon" (with one 'm') or "Rojo Brillante" ("bright red").[9]
Diospyros lotus (date-plum)[edit]
Date-plum (Diospyros lotus), also known as lotus persimmon, is native to southwest Asia and southeast Europe. It was known to the ancient Greeks as "the fruit of the gods" and often referred to as "nature's candy". Its English name probably derives from Persian Khormaloo خرمالو literally "date-plum", referring to the taste of this fruit, which is reminiscent of both plums and dates.
Diospyros virginiana (American persimmon)[edit]
American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is native to the eastern United States. Its fruit is traditionally eaten in a special steamed pudding in the Midwest, and sometimes its timber is used as a substitute for ebony (e.g., in instruments).
Diospyros digyna (black persimmon)[edit]
Black persimmon or black sapote (Diospyros digyna) is native to Mexico. Its fruit has green skin and white flesh that turns black when ripe.
Diospyros discolor[edit]
The Mabolo or Velvet-apple (Diospyros discolor) is native to the Philippines. It is bright red when ripe. It is also native to China, where it is known as shizi. It is also known as Korean mango.
Diospyros peregrina (Indian persimmon)[edit]
Indian persimmon (Diospyros peregrina) is a slow-growing tree, native to coastal West Bengal. The fruit is green and turns yellow when ripe. It is relatively small with an unremarkable flavor and is better known for uses in folk medicine rather than culinary applications.
Diospyros texana (Texas persimmon)[edit]
Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana) is native to central and west Texas and southwest Oklahoma in the United States, and eastern Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico. The fruit of D. texana are black on the outside (as opposed to just on the inside as with the Mexican persimmon) subglobose berries with a diameter of 1.5–2.5 cm (0.59–0.98 in) ripen in August. The fleshy berries become edible when they turn dark purple or black, at which point they are sweet and can be eaten from the hand or made into pudding or custard.
Fruit[edit]
Commercially and in general, there are two types of persimmon fruit: astringent and non-astringent.
The heart-shaped Hachiya is the most common variety of astringent persimmon. Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble tannins and are unpalatable if eaten before completely softened, though the sweet, delicate flavor of fully ripened persimmons of varieties that are astringent when unripe is particularly relished. The astringency of tannins is removed in various ways. Examples include ripening by exposure to light for several days and wrapping the fruit in paper (probably because this increases the ethylene concentration of the surrounding air). Ethylene ripening can be increased in reliability and evenness, and the process can be greatly accelerated by adding ethylene gas to the atmosphere in which the fruit is stored. For domestic purposes, the most convenient and effective process is to store the ripening persimmons in a clean, dry container together with other varieties of fruit that give off particularly large quantities of ethylene while they are ripening; apples and related fruits such as pears are effective, and so are bananas and several others. Other chemicals are used commercially in artificially ripening persimmons or delaying their ripening. Examples include alcohol and carbon dioxide, which change tannin into the insoluble form. Such bletting processes sometimes are jump-started by exposing the fruit to cold or frost. The resultant cell damage stimulates the release of ethylene, which promotes cellular wall breakdown.
This is a sound, ripe kaki, soft enough for one to lift the calyx out cleanly and split the fruit for eating
A whole Jiro persimmon fruit and a cross-section of one.
Astringent varieties of persimmons also can be prepared for commercial purposes by drying. Tanenashi fruit will occasionally contain a seed or two, which can be planted and will yield a larger, more vertical tree than when merely grafted onto the D. virginiana rootstock most commonly used in the U.S. Such seedling trees may produce fruit that bears more seeds, usually 6 to 8 per fruit, and the fruit itself may vary slightly from the parent tree. Seedlings are said to be more susceptible to root nematodes.
The non-astringent persimmon is squat like a tomato and is most commonly sold as fuyu. Non-astringent persimmons are not actually free of tannins as the term suggests but rather are far less astringent before ripening and lose more of their tannic quality sooner. Non-astringent persimmons may be consumed when still very firm and remain edible when very soft.
There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside—known as goma in Japan—and the fruit can be eaten when firm. These varieties are highly sought after. Tsurunoko, sold as "chocolate persimmon" for its dark brown flesh, Maru, sold as "cinnamon persimmon" for its spicy flavor, and Hyakume, sold as "brown sugar", are the three best known.
Before ripening, persimmons usually have a "chalky" or bitter taste.
Astringent
'Dōjō hachiya' (ja: 堂上蜂屋)
'Gionbō'
'Hachiya' (ja: 蜂屋), 'Kōshū hyakume' (ja: 甲州百目), 'Fuji' (ja: 富士)
Hongsi (Korean: 홍시)
Ormond
'Saijō' (ja: 西条)
Sheng
Tanenashi
'Hiratanenashi' (ja: 平核無)
'Tone wase' (ja: 刀根早生)
Tamopan
Maru
Tipo
Cioccolatino
Nonastringent
Dan gam (Korean, 단감)
'Fuyū' (ja: 富有)
'Hanagosho' (ja: 花御所)
'Izu' (ja: 伊豆)
'Jirō' (ja: 次郎柿)
'Sōshū' (ja: 早秋)
'Taishū' (ja: 太秋)
Vainiglia
Production[edit]
Persimmon production – 2013
Country
Production (millions of tonnes)
China 2.0
South Korea 0.3
Japan 0.26
Brazil 0.12
Azerbaijan 0.08
World 4.6
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[10]
In 2013, world production of persimmons was 4.6 million tonnes, with China accounting for 43% of this total (table). Other major producers include the Republic of Korea, Japan, Brazil and Azerbaijan (table).
Culinary uses[edit]
See also: Dried persimmon
Persimmons are eaten fresh, dried, raw, or cooked. When eaten fresh, they are usually eaten whole like an apple in bite-size slices, and may be peeled. One way to consume ripe persimmons, which may have soft texture, is to remove the top leaf with a paring knife and scoop out the flesh with a spoon. Riper persimmons can also be eaten by removing the top leaf, breaking the fruit in half, and eating from the inside out. The flesh ranges from firm to mushy, and, when firm owing to being unripe, has an apple-like crunch. American persimmons (Diospyros virginiana) and Diospyros digyna are completely inedible until they are fully ripe.[citation needed]
In China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, persimmons after harvesting are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market, to be sold as dried fruit. In Japan, the dried persimmon fruit is called hoshigaki, in China "shìbǐng", in Korea ''gotgam, and in Vietnam hồng khô. It is eaten as a snack or dessert and used for other culinary purposes.
In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make the traditional Korean spicy punch sujeonggwa, while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a persimmon vinegar called gamsikcho.
In Taiwan, fruits of astringent varieties are sealed in jars filled with limewater to get rid of bitterness. Slightly hardened in the process, they are sold under the name "crisp persimmon" (cuishi) or "water persimmon" (shuishizi). Preparation time is dependent upon temperature (5 to 7 days at 25–28 °C (77–82 °F)).
For centuries, Japanese have consumed persimmon leaf tea (Kaki-No-Ha Cha) made from the dried leaves of "kaki" persimmons (Diospyros kaki).[11] In some areas of Manchuria and Korea, the dried leaves of the fruit are used for making tea. The Korean name for this tea is ghamnip cha.
In the Old Northwest of the United States, persimmons are harvested and used in a variety of dessert dishes, most notably pies. They can be used in cookies, cakes, puddings, salads, curries and as a topping for breakfast cereal. Persimmon pudding is a baked dessert made with fresh persimmons that has the consistency of pumpkin pie but resembles a brownie and is almost always topped with whipped cream. An annual persimmon festival, featuring a persimmon pudding contest, is held every September in Mitchell, Indiana.
Persimmons may be stored at room temperature 20 °C (68 °F) where they will continue to ripen. In northern China, unripe persimmons are frozen outside during winter to speed up the ripening process.
Peeled, flattened, and dried persimmons (shìbǐng) in a Xi'an market
Kaki preserved in limewater
Hoshigaki, Japanese dried persimmon
gotgam, Korean dried persimmon
dangam kkakdugi
Nutrient and phytochemical content[edit]
Compared to apples, persimmons have higher levels of dietary fiber and some dietary minerals,[12] but overall are not a significant source of nutrients except for manganese (17% of the Daily Value, DV) and provitamin A beta-carotene (10% DV, table for raw Japanese persimmons per 100 gram amount). In a 100 gram amount, raw American persimmons are a rich source of vitamin C (80% DV) and iron (19% DV, table).
Japanese persimmons, raw
Diospyros kaki
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
293 kJ (70 kcal)
Carbohydrates
18.59 g
Sugars
12.53 g
Dietary fiber
3.6 g
Fat
0.19 g
Protein
0.58 g
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin
10%
81 μg
2%
253 μg
834 μg
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.03 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.1 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.1 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
8 μg
Choline
2%
7.6 mg
Vitamin C
9%
7.5 mg
Vitamin E
5%
0.73 mg
Vitamin K
2%
2.6 μg
Minerals
Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
8 mg
Iron
1%
0.15 mg
Magnesium
3%
9 mg
Manganese
17%
0.355 mg
Phosphorus
2%
17 mg
Potassium
3%
161 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
1%
0.11 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
American persimmons, raw
Diospyros virginiana
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
531 kJ (127 kcal)
Carbohydrates
33.5 g
Sugars
n/a
Dietary fiber
n/a
Fat
0.4 g
Protein
0.8 g
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV†
Vitamin C
80%
66 mg
Minerals
Quantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
27 mg
Iron
19%
2.5 mg
Phosphorus
4%
26 mg
Potassium
7%
310 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Persimmon fruits contain phytochemicals, such as catechin, gallocatechin[13] and betulinic acid.[14]
Unripened persimmons and bezoars[edit]
Unripened persimmons contain the soluble tannin shibuol, which, upon contact with a weak acid, polymerizes in the stomach and forms a gluey coagulum, a "foodball" or phytobezoar, that can affix with other stomach matter.[15] These phytobezoars are often very hard and almost woody in consistency. More than 85% of phytobezoars are caused by ingestion of unripened persimmons.[16]
Persimmon bezoars (diospyrobezoars) often occur in epidemics in regions where the fruit is grown.[17][18] Diospyrobezoars should not be of concern when consuming moderate quantities of persimmons. One case in medical literature from 2004 revealed a 51-year-old patient who had eaten a kilogram (2.2 pounds) of unpeeled persimmons each day for 40 years.[19][20] Surgery is sometimes employed, but Coca-Cola also has been used successfully to chemically shrink or eliminate persimmon-related bezoars.[21]
It is often advised that persimmons should not be eaten on an empty stomach.[22]
Horses may develop a taste for the fruit growing on a tree in their pasture and overindulge also, making them quite ill.[23]
Wood[edit]
An example of persimmon wood furniture
Though persimmon trees belong to the same genus as ebony trees, persimmon tree wood has a limited use in the manufacture of objects requiring hard wood. It is hard, but cracks easily and is somewhat difficult to process. Persimmon wood is used for paneling in traditional Korean and Japanese furniture.
In North America, the lightly colored, fine-grained wood of D. virginiana is used to manufacture billiard cues and textile shuttles. It is also used in the percussion field to produce the shaft of some mallets and drumsticks. Persimmon wood was also heavily used in making the highest-quality heads of the golf clubs known as "woods" until the golf industry moved primarily to metal woods in the last years of the 20th century. In fact, the first metal woods made by TaylorMade, an early pioneer of that club type, were branded as "Pittsburgh Persimmons". Persimmon woods are still made, but in far lower numbers than in past decades. Over the last few decades persimmon wood has become popular among bow craftsmen, especially in the making of traditional longbows. Persimmon wood is used in making a small number of wooden flutes and eating utensils such as wooden spoons and cornbread knives (wooden knives that may cut through the bread without scarring the dish).
Like some other plants of the genus Diospyros, older persimmon heartwood is black or dark brown in color, in stark contrast to the sapwood and younger heartwood, which is pale in color.
Trees[edit]
Persimmon tree
The trees of all species have stiff, tumescent leaves, but the female of the D. virginiana can look less turgid than the male because the leaves droop when fruiting, perhaps because of the heavier nutrient requirements. They grow swiftly, and are resilient to the stresses of unpredictable climates. Persimmons can tolerate and adapt to a wide range of climates. Persimmons are also known for their resistance to diseases and pests. They are one of the last trees to leaf out in the spring, and do not flower until well after the leaves have formed, bypassing the threat of blossom loss to frosts. The fruit hangs on the branches long into the winter. Because they grow swiftly and colonize off their root systems, they are ideal for helping recover habitat. A persimmon tree will be mature enough to bear fruit within 7–8 years. They hold their own against flooding riverbanks quite well and are listed in Stormwater Journal's list of water-holding trees.[24]
Folklore[edit]
In Ozark folklore, the severity of the upcoming winter is said to be predictable by slicing a persimmon seed and observing the cutlery-shaped formation within it.[25]
In Korean folklore the dried persimmon (gotgam, Korean: 곶감) has a reputation for scaring away tigers.[26]
In popular culture[edit]
Persimmons are the favourite food of the title character of the film Okja.[27][28]
Gallery[edit]
Persimmon orchard northern Kansai region, Japan.
Hachiya persimmons in December
Japanese persimmons hung to dry after fall harvest
Their red color and cracking skins show which persimmons are ripe. The yellow fruit are nearly ripe and will ripen, especially if exposed to ethylene.
Comparison of hachiya cultivar and jiro cultivar kaki persimmon size.
Peeled, hanging Hachiya Persimmons in Southern California.
Persimmon cut open.
Japanese persimmon (cultivar 'Hachiya') - watercolor 1887
Kaki fruit (Japanese persimmon)
A branch heavily laden with persimmons
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Morton JF (1987). "Japanese persimmon". NewCROP, New Crops Resource Online Program, Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products; from Morton, J. 1987. Japanese Persimmon. p. 411–416. In: Fruits of warm climates.
Jump up ^ Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 0-398-06179-3.
Jump up ^ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1984—Merriam-Webster Page 877
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Diospyros kaki 'Fuyu'". Missouri Botanical Garden. 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Carley Petersen and Annabelle Martin. "General Crop Information: Persimmon". University of Hawaii, Extension Entomology & UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
Jump up ^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 181. ISBN 1561643726.
Jump up ^ The persimmon was first introduced to the State of São Paulo, afterwards expanding across Brazil through Japanese immigration; the State of São Paulo is still the greatest producer within Brazil, with an area of 3,610 hectares dedicated to persimmon culture in 2003; cf. todafruta.com.br Archived 2009-10-14 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, By Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull, CABI, 2008, Page 327
Jump up ^ "Spanish persimon". Foods from Spain. 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Production/Crops, Persimmons, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Division of Statistics". UN Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2013.
Jump up ^ https://wawaza.com/products/Japanese-Kaki-Persimmon-Leaves-Bulk-Tea.html
Jump up ^ Gorinstein, S.; Zachwieja, Z.; Folta, M.; Barton, H.; Piotrowicz, J.; Zemser, M.; Weisz, M.; Trakhtenberg, S.; Màrtín-Belloso, O. (2001). "Comparative Contents of Dietary Fiber, Total Phenolics, and Minerals in Persimmons and Apples". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (2): 952–957. doi:10.1021/jf000947k. PMID 11262055.
Jump up ^ Nakatsubo F et al. (October 2005). "Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species". Journal of Wood Science. Japan: Springer Japan. 48 (5): 414–418. doi:10.1007/BF00770702. Retrieved 2008-11-28. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Quintal-Novelo, C.; Moo-Puc, R. E.; Chale-Dzul, J.; Cáceres-Farfán, M.; Mendez-Gonzalez, M.; Borges-Argáez, R. (2012). "Cytotoxic constituents from the stem bark of Diospyros cuneata". Natural Product Research. 27 (17): 1594–7. doi:10.1080/14786419.2012.738201. PMID 23098219.
Jump up ^ Verstanding, A. G.; Bauch, K.; Bloom, R.; Hadas, I.; Libson, E. (1989). "Small-bowel phytobezoars: detection with radiography". Radiology. 172 (3): 705–707.
Jump up ^ Delia, C. W. (1961). "Phytobezoars (diospyrobezoars). A clinicopathologic correlation and review of six cases". Arch Surg. 82 (4): 579–583. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1961.01300100093010.
Jump up ^ "Bezoars". Merck Online Medical Dictionary. Merck. 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
Jump up ^ Merck Manual, Rahway, New Jersey, Sixteenth Edition, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Section 52, page 780
Jump up ^ "Bezoars, Phytobezoars and Diospyrobezoars, OH MY!! Diospyros virginiana - common persimmons". Persimmonpudding.com. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
Jump up ^ Altinli, E.; Saribeyoglu, K.; Uras, C. (2004). "Laparoscopic extirpation of a large gastric diospyrobezoar". Case Reports and Clinical Practice Review. 5: 503–505.
Jump up ^ Hayashi, Kazuki; Ohara, Hirotaka; Naitoh, Itaru; Okumura, Fumihiro; Andoh, Tomoaki; Itoh, Takafumi; Nakazawa, Takahiro; Joh, Takashi (November 12, 2008). "Persimmon bezoar successfully treated by oral intake of Coca-Cola: a case report". Cases Journal. London, England, U.K.: BioMed Central (published December 11, 2008). 1: 385. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-1-385. ISSN 1757-1626. OCLC 234326274. Retrieved October 24, 2012. Referring to past reports [1-9], the period from the administration of Coca-Cola until the disappearance of the bezoars was a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 2 months.
Jump up ^ Damrosch, Barbara (2004-11-25). "East Meets West in a Fall Fruit". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
Jump up ^ Cummings, C. A.; K. J. Copedge; A. W. Confer (1997). "Equine gastric impaction, ulceration, and perforation due to persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) ingestion" (PDF). J Vet Diagn Invest. 9 (3): 311–313. doi:10.1177/104063879700900315. PMID 9249173. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Stormh2o.com Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Persimmon Seeds Predict: Warm Winter, Above Average Snow Fall in the Ozarks". University of Mo. Extension. 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
Jump up ^ "The Tiger and Dried Persimmon". Kookminbooks. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20.
Jump up ^ "'Okja' Proves That We're Doomed if We Don't Understand One Another". Vice. 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
Jump up ^ "If you don't find yourself moved by Okja, you might be a sociopath". NewsComAu. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
External links[edit]
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"Persimmon". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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La Reina del Sur (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 2011 television series. For other uses, see La Reina del Sur (disambiguation).
La Reina del Sur
Genre
Telenovela
Created by
Roberto Stopello
Based on
La Reina del Sur (es)
by Arturo Pérez-Reverte
Written by
Juan Marcos Blanco
Valentina Párraga
Story by
Arturo Pérez-Reverte
Directed by
Mauricio Cruz
Walter Doehner
Creative director(s)
Gabriela Monroy
Starring
Kate del Castillo
Humberto Zurita
Rafael Amaya
Iván Sánchez
Cristina Urgel
Alberto Jiménez
Miguel de Miguel
Gabriel Porras
Salvador Zerboni
Nacho Fresneda
Mónica Estarreado
Alejandro Calva
Cuca Escribano
Dagoberto Gama
Christian Tappán
Eduardo Velasco
Alfonso Vallejo
Pablo Castañón
Miguel Ángel Blanco
Lorena Santos
Sara Maldonado
Carmen Navarro
Santiago Meléndez
Juan José Arjona
Narrated by
Kate del Castillo
Theme music composer
Bello Jaime Teodoro
Opening theme
"La Reina del Sur" performed by Los Cuates de Sinaloa
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
Spanish
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
63 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Patricio Wills
Producer(s)
Ángel Ossorio
Cinematography
Alejandro García W.
Editor(s)
Perla Martínez
Alba Merchan Hamann
Hader Antivar Duque
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Production company(s)
Antena 3 Televisión
Telemundo Studios
RTI Producciones
Release
Original network
Telemundo
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Stereophonic sound
First shown in
United States
Original release
February 28, 2011 (2011-02-28) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Queen of the South
External links
Website
La Reina del Sur (lit. The Queen of the South) is a Spanish-language telenovela produced by the American television network Telemundo, in conjunction with the Antena 3 network and RTI Producciones. Based on a novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez-Reverte, the drama depicts the rise of Teresa Mendoza (Kate del Castillo), a young woman from Mexico who becomes the most powerful drug trafficker in southern Spain. La Reina del Sur was nominated for Novela of the Year, Favorite Lead Actress, and Best Bad Luck Video.[1][2][3] With a $10 million budget it is the second most expensive telenovela ever produced by Telemundo, the first being El Señor de los Cielos.[4] An English language remake, Queen of the South, premiered in June 2016 on USA Network, starring Alice Braga.[5][6]
Contents
1 Synopsis
1.1 Season 1 (2011)
1.2 Season 2
2 Episodes
3 Cast
3.1 Main
3.2 Recurring
4 Remake
5 Ratings
6 Awards and nominations
7 Source Material
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Season 1 (2011)[edit]
The series is the television adaptation of the literary work of the same name of Spanish author Arturo Pérez-Reverte. It is the chronicle of the rise to power of a Mexican woman within the world of international drug trafficking. Teresa Mendoza begins her adventure as a humble young woman in love with a pilot employed by the Mexican cartels. When they execute her boyfriend, Teresa flees, desperate to avoid the same fate. Her escape takes her to the south of Spain where she tries to start a new life. However, she is once again immersed in the world of narcotics trafficking, and for a second time, she suffers the death of a beloved man. After several blows, Teresa decides to take the reins of her destiny and becomes the head of her own organization. Through strategic alliances and a strong sense for business, Teresa "La Mexicana" begins to control an intercontinental drug distribution business. However, her great success is accompanied by a high personal price, and Teresa's happiness and heart are tested.
Season 2[edit]
Main article: La Reina del Sur (season 2)
The season revolves around Teresa Mendoza eight years after the events of the first season. Disappeared for the rest of the world, Teresa now lives an idyllic existence in Italian Tuscany, but the kidnapping of her daughter forces her to reintroduce herself into the underworld of drug trafficking and once again confront her old enemies and the past she tried to leave behind.[7]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of La Reina del Sur episodes
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 63 28 February 2011 (2011-02-28) 30 May 2011 (2011-05-30)
2 TBA 2019 (2019)[8] TBA
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Kate del Castillo as Teresa Mendoza
Humberto Zurita as Epifanio Vargas
Rafael Amaya as Raimundo Dávila Parra / El Güero
Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra / El Gallego
Cristina Urgel as Patricia O'Farrell
Alberto Jiménez as Oleg Yasikov
Miguel de Miguel as Teo Aljarafe
Gabriel Porras as Roberto Gato Márquez / El Gato Fierros
Salvador Zerboni as Ramiro Vargas / El Ratas
Nacho Fresneda as Dris Larbi
Mónica Estarreado as Fátima Mansur
Alejandro Calva as César Güemes / Batman
Cuca Escribano as Sheila
Dagoberto Gama as Potequim Gálvez / El Pote
Christian Tappan as Willy Rangel
Eduardo Velasco as Coronel Abdelkader Chaib
Alfonso Vallejo as Manolo Céspedes
Pablo Castañón as Lalo Veiga
Miguel Ángel Blanco as Siso Pernas
Lorena Santos as Soraya
Sara Maldonado as Verónica Cortés / Guadalupe Romero
Carmen Navarro as Marcela / La Conejo
Santiago Meléndez as Saturnino "Nino" Juárez
Juan José Arjona as Pablo Flores
Recurring[edit]
Karim El-Kerem as Mohamed Mansur
Klaus as Eddie Álvarez
Lincoln Palomeque as Faustino Sánchez Godoy
Nerea Garmendia as Eugenia Montijo
Juan Pablo Raba as Jaime Gutiérrez Solana
Ezequiel Montalt as Jaime "Jimmy" Arenas
Rodolfo Valdés as El Chino Parra
Remake[edit]
Main article: Queen of the South (TV series)
An English language remake, Queen of the South, premiered in June 2016 on USA Network, starring Alice Braga.[5][6]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)
1 Mon–Fri 10pm/9c 63 February 28, 2011 (2011-02-28) 2.4[9] May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30) 4.2[10] TBD
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominated
Result
2011 People in Spanish Awards
Best Telenovela Roberto Stopello Won
Best Actress Kate del Castillo Won
Best Supporting Actor Humberto Zurita Nominated
Rafael Amaya Nominated
Best Villain Salvador Zerboni Nominated
Newcomer of the Year Cristina Urgel Won
Iván Sánchez Nominated
Sweethearts Kate del Castillo & Iván Sánchez Nominated
2012 TVyNovelas Awards Colombia
Best Series Roberto Stopello Nominated
Favorite Production Roberto Stopello Nominated
Best Villain Of Series Humberto Zurita Nominated
1st Your World Awards
Novela of the Year Roberto Stopello Nominated
Favorite Lead Actress Kate del Castillo Nominated
Best Bad Luck Video Amor que mata Nominated
Source Material[edit]
Pérez-Reverte, author of the novel, has stated that a great source of inspiration were mexican drug ballads,[11] country-polka songs that tell the stories about real life mexican drug lords.
One of the real life characters that inspired the novel is Sandra Ávila Beltrán,[12][13][14][15] known as the Queen of the Pacific, famous for being one of the first female drug traffickers to reach the level of "Boss" in the Mexican cartels, a place usually reserved for men.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ TELEMUNDO PRESENTS THE FIRST EDITION OF “PREMIOS TU MUNDO” (YOUR WORLD AWARDS) CELEBRATING THE BEST IN POP CULTURE THURSDAY, AUGUST 30 FROM 8PM-11PM/ET
Jump up ^ Premios tu mundo 2012: Categorías y Nominados
Jump up ^ Lista de ganadores de la primera edición de los premios Tu Mundo[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Guthrie, Marisa (1 April 2011). "How the Telenovela Is Beating the Networks". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b N'Duka, Amanda (9 June 2016). "Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (23 September 2014). "La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "La reina del sur 2: tráiler, fecha de estreno, personajes y lo que debes saber". laprensa.peru.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Este es el primer avance de La Reina del Sur 2". El Salvador (in Spanish). 17 May 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Telemundo's Epic Original Production La Reina Del Sur Delivers Highest Premiere Ratings In Network History". Tvbythenumbers. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Sellers, John. "'La Reina del Sur' Finale Does Muy, Muy Bien for Telemundo". thewrap.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/10/04/index.php?section=sociedad&article=048o1soc
Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/02/08/54d71e0e22601ded2e8b456d.html
Jump up ^ http://www.unionjalisco.mx/articulo/2018/07/16/espectaculos/la-mujer-que-inspiro-la-reina-del-sur
Jump up ^ https://www.debate.com.mx/show/La-narco-mas-famosa-llega-a-Estados-Unidos-20160622-0013.html
Jump up ^ http://www.sinembargo.mx/20-05-2018/3420275
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/16/mexico-drug-cartels-famous-female-leader-sandra-avila
External links[edit]
La Reina del Sur on IMDb
show
v
t
e
Telemundo telenovelas and series
Current
La Reina del Sur (since 2011)
El Señor de los Cielos (since 2013)
Señora Acero (since 2014)
Sin senos sí hay paraíso (since 2016)
Enemigo íntimo (since 2018)
Luis Miguel (since 2018)
Falsa identidad (since 2018)
Former
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Ángel de la guarda, mi dulce compañía (2003)
Pasión de gavilanes (2003)
El alma herida (2003)
Prisionera (2004)
Gitanas (2004)
Te voy a enseñar a querer (2004)
Anita no te rajes (2004)
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¿Dónde está Elisa? (2010)
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e
RTI Producciones telenovelas and series
En cuerpo ajeno (1992)
Clase aparte (1994-1996)
María Bonita (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1997)
Amantes del desierto (2001)
Adrián está de visita (2001)
La vengaza (2002)
Sofía dame tiempo (2003)
Ángel de la guarda, mi dulce compañía (2003)
Pasión de Gavilanes (2003)
Te voy a enseñar a querer (2004)
La mujer en el espejo (2004)
La Tormenta (2004-2006)
Amores de mercado (2006)
El Zorro, la espada y la rosa (2007)
Sin vergüenza (2007)
Madre Luna (2007)
Victoria (2007)
La traición (2008)
Sin senos no hay paraíso (2008-2009)
Doña Bárbara (2008-2009)
Victorinos (2009)
Niños Ricos, Pobres Padres (2009)
Bella calamidades (2009)
El clon (2010)
La Diosa Coronada (2010)
Ojo por ojo (2010)
Los herederos del Monte (2011)
La Reina del Sur (2011)
Flor Salvaje (2011)
¿Quién Eres Tú? (2012)
Las Bandidas (2013)
Tres Caínes (2013)
La Madame (2013)
La virgen de la calle (2014)
La viuda negra (2014-2016)
¿Quién mató a Patricia Soler? (2014)
El Chivo (2014)
La esquina del diablo (2015)
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Reina_del_Sur_(TV_series)&oldid=858086333"
Categories:
2010s American television series
2011 telenovelas
2011 American television series debuts
2011 Spanish television series debuts
American television series based on telenovelas
Spanish-language American telenovelas
RTI Producciones telenovelas
Telemundo telenovelas
Films about Mexican drug cartels
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All articles with dead external links
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Interlanguage link template link number
Pages using infobox television with editor parameter
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