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Nathaniel Buzolic
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Nathaniel Buzolic
Buzolic in 2013
Born
(1983-08-04) 4 August 1983 (age 34)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Alma mater
Screenwise
University of Western Sydney
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2001–present
Nathaniel Buzolic (born 4 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He was the host of Nine Network's late-night television quiz show The Mint, and had a regular role on the BBC soap opera Out of the Blue (2008). He was also a co-host of the educational show Weather Ed on The Weather Channel. He is also known for his role as Kol Mikaelson on the CW show The Vampire Diaries and its spin-off The Originals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Buzolic hosted the Disney Channel's afternoon kids show Studio Disney (2005). He has also appeared in All Saints (2003), Home and Away (2002) and an uncredited role in an episode of Water Rats (2001).
Buzolic's played the title role in the feature comedy Offing David (2008) alongside fellow Australian actor Adam J. Yeend. Previously, he had minor roles in the 2007 Australian short films Road Rage and My Greatest Day Ever.
In 2011, it was confirmed that Buzolic would play Kol Mikaelson in the CW series The Vampire Diaries.[1][2] He reprised his role in the pilot episode of The Vampire Diaries spin-off series The Originals. It was reported on 30 May 2014 that Buzolic will return to The Originals for its second season and he appeared in the first trailer that debuted at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con.[3]
On 20 February 2014, it was announced that Buzolic had landed one of the lead roles in Supernatural: Bloodlines, a spin-off of the CW series Supernatural,[4] with the twentieth episode of the latter's ninth season serving as a backdoor pilot.[5] However, The CW passed on the pilot in May 2014.[6] In March 2014, Buzolic appeared in two episodes of the fourth season of ABC Family's Pretty Little Liars as Dean Stavros, Spencer's (Troian Bellisario) substance abuse counselor. He reprised his role as Dean in the fifth and sixth episode of sixth season.
Personal life[edit]
Buzolic (pronounced Buzolich) is a first-generation Australian, and is of Croatian descent.[7] Buzolic studied at De La Salle College Ashfield, and later attended the Australian Theatre for Young People (ATYP) in Sydney and later studied at Screenwise Acting School for Film and Television, graduating in 2004.[citation needed] He is a devout Christian.[8]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Dirty Deeds N/A Uncredited role
2007 Road Rage Young driver Short film
2007 My Greatest Day Ever Coach Short film
2008 Offing David David Feature Film
2009 Multiple Choice Tommy Short film
2010 Needle Ryan
2016 "Hacksaw Ridge" Harold "Hal" Doss
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Water Rats N/A Uncredited; unknown episodes
2002 Home and Away Paul Chalmers 1 episode
2003 All Saints Damon Lloyd Episode: "Friends in Need"
2005 Studio Disney Himself Host
2007 Mint, TheThe Mint Himself Host
2008 Out of the Blue Paul O'Donnell Main role (50 episodes)
2010 Cops L.A.C. Jahrryde Episode: "A Veil of Tears"
2011 Crownies Jesse Major 1 episode
2012–14 Vampire Diaries, TheThe Vampire Diaries Kol Mikaelson Recurring role (10 episodes)
2013–present Originals, TheThe Originals Kol Mikaelson Recurring role (Season 2-present)
2014 The Originals: Awakening Kol Mikaelson Web miniseries (4 episodes)
2014–15 Pretty Little Liars Dean Stavros Recurring role (4 episodes)
2014 Supernatural David Lassiter Episode: "Bloodlines" (backdoor pilot for Supernatural: Bloodlines)
2015 Bones Hunter Ellis Episode: "The Teacher in the Books"
2015 Significant Mother Jimmy Barnes Main role (9 episodes)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ JMo and Elle (29 January 2012). "Aussie vampire Nathaniel Buzolic told: 'bronze up'". Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Masters, Megan (9 December 2011). "Nate Berkus Show Ending, Vampire Diaries Casts More Originals". TV Line. PMC. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (30 May 2014). "Nathaniel Buzolic Returning to The Originals In Season 2: Find Out How!". TV Line. PMC. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (20 February 2014). "Nathaniel Buzolic & Lucien Laviscount Land The Leads In CW's 'Supernatural' Spinoff". Deadline.com. PMC. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Thurm, Eric (29 April 2014). "Supernatural: "Bloodlines"". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (8 May 2014). "Fall TV Scoop: The CW Orders Four Dramas, Including Flash, iZombie and Jane the Virgin, Passes on Supernatural Spin-Off". TVLine. PMC. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nathaniel Buzolic answers fans' questions about his role of Kol on The Vampire Diaries!". Oh No They Didn't!. 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "EKSKLUZIVNI RAZGOVOR sa zvijezdom Vampirskih dnevnika". DubrovnikTV.net. 18 June 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathaniel Buzolic.
Nathaniel Buzolic on IMDb
Nathaniel Buzolic on Twitter
Nathaniel Buzolic on Facebook

This article about an Australian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Swim diaper
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Packages of swim diapers (left)
A swim diaper is a diaper that is made for those who have incontinences and is to be worn underneath a bathing suit, or as a bathing suit. Swim diapers serve the purpose of containing fecal waste.
Swim diapers can be reusable and disposable. They are not intended to be absorbent.[1] Typically, it is assumed that a swim diaper should be absorbent, or contain urine, like a regular diaper. However, the purpose of a swim diaper is only to contain solid waste; the lack of absorbency prevents the swim diaper from swelling up with water.[2]
Often reusable swim diapers are lined with a fiber which encourages the solid waste to cling to the fiber without an absorbency layer. A snug fit in the legs and waist are key to function. Brands such as Splash About[3] and The Honest Co[4] use tightly knit polyester or neoprene as their material. The disadvantages of a reusable swim diaper is that they must be washed to be reused. On the other hand, a disposable swim diaper is only partially biodegradable and repeated purchases may cost more than reuse. One brand of disposable swim diapers is Little Swimmers, marketed under the Kimberly-Clark Huggies brand. Procter & Gamble produces the rival brand Pampers Splashers. Both are sold in three sizes: small (16–26 lb or 7–12 kg), medium (24–34 lb or 11–15 kg) and large (over 32 lb or 14 kg+). Due to their design for swimwear, they are not as absorbent and not intended for regular diapering.
Swim diapers at public pools[edit]
Some public pools require swim diapers for use by young children and the incontinent out of hygiene concerns. For the same reason, other pools do not allow swim diapers at all. Sick children who are not potty-trained and do not wear swim diapers may be responsible for the transmission of e. coli from fecal matter.[5][6]
When not used properly, or when using inferior products, health experts caution that swim diapers may not protect pool water against communicable diseases, such as norovirus.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schultz, Hollie. "Pull-Ups® and Swim Diapers are Not the Same Thing". Baby Gizmo. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buying a swim diaper". The Baby Center. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/202320-energize-splashes-out-on-baby-swimwear-firn.html
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/travel/airports-get-more-friendly-for-parents-with-young-children.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ "Prevent e.coli with swim diapers". Essortment.com. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Swim diapers may not keep pool water clean, UF experts say". University of Florida. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "University of Florida News - Swim diapers may not keep pool water clean, UF experts say". News.ufl.edu. 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
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Leaving on a Jet Plane
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"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
Single by Peter, Paul and Mary
from the album Album 1700
B-side
"The House Song"
Released
October 1969
Format
7"
Genre
Folk
Length
3:27
Label
Warner Bros.-Seven Arts 7340
Songwriter(s)
John Denver
Producer(s)
Milt Okun
Peter, Paul and Mary singles chronology
"Day Is Done"
(1969) "Leaving on a Jet Plane"
(1969) "The Marvelous Toy"
(1969)
"Day Is Done"
(1969) "Leaving on a Jet Plane"
(1969) "The Marvelous Toy"
(1969)
"Leaving on a Jet Plane" is a song written by John Denver[1] in 1966 and most famously recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary. The original title of the song was "Babe, I Hate to Go", as featured on his 1966 studio album John Denver Sings, but Denver's then producer Milt Okun convinced him to change the title. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded the song for their 1967 Album 1700 but only released it as a single in 1969.[2]
It turned out to be Peter, Paul and Mary's biggest (and final) hit, becoming their only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. The song also spent three weeks atop the easy listening chart[3] and was used in commercials for United Airlines in the late 1970s. The song also topped the charts in Canada, and reached No. 2 in both the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart in February 1970.
In 1969, John Denver recorded a version of the song for his debut solo album, Rhymes & Reasons, and re-recorded it in 1973 for John Denver's Greatest Hits. His version was featured in the end credits of The Guard.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lawsuit
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 References
4 External links
Lawsuit[edit]
In the 1980s the song prompted litigation involving the British group New Order. The band's single "Run 2" (1989) was the subject of a lawsuit brought by Denver, who argued that its wordless guitar break was based on his "Leaving on a Jet Plane". An out-of-court settlement ensured that the song would never be re-released in its original form.[4]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1969-70)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[5] 30
Canada RPM Top Singles 1
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[6] 1
UK 2
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 1
US Easy Listening (Billboard)[3] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[8] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Rank
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[9] 13
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[10] 50
Chart (1970)
Rank
Canada[11] 71
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Denver Dies in Plane Crash". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
Jump up ^ Amy Willis (September 17, 2009). "Peter, Paul and Mary: Career timeline". The Daily Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 192.
Jump up ^ "New Order:Singles:Run 2". Niagara.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ David Kent's "Australian Chart Book 1970-1992" Archived 2016-03-05 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ RPM Adult Contemporary, December 13, 1969
Jump up ^ [Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002]
Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19691220.html
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
Jump up ^ Top Records on 1969 (Based on Billboard Charts)", Billboard, December 27, 1969. pp. 16-17. Accessed December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
External links[edit]
Review of "Leaving on a Jet Plane" at AllMusic
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Try a Little Kindness" by Glen Campbell Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single (Peter, Paul & Mary version)
November 22, 1969 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" by B.J. Thomas
Preceded by
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" by Steam Billboard Hot 100 number one single (Peter Paul and Mary version)
December 20, 1969 (one week) Succeeded by
"Someday We'll Be Together" by Diana Ross & the Supremes
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Forever, John
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John Denver's Greatest Hits
John Denver's Greatest Hits, Volume 2
John Denver's Greatest Hits, Volume 3
The Very Best of John Denver
John Denver: A Portrait
The John Denver Collection
Something to Sing About
16 Biggest Hits
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The Music Is You: A Tribute to John Denver
Singles
"Take Me Home, Country Roads"
"Rocky Mountain High"
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"Back Home Again"
"Sweet Surrender"
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"Looking for Space"
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"The Cowboy and the Lady"
"Perhaps Love"
"Shanghai Breezes"
"Dreamland Express"
"And So It Goes"
Related articles
Discography
Filmography
Perhaps Love
"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
Category
[show]
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Peter, Paul and Mary
Peter Yarrow
Paul Stookey
Mary Travers
Studio albums
Peter, Paul and Mary
Moving
In the Wind
A Song Will Rise
See What Tomorrow Brings
The Peter, Paul and Mary Album
Album 1700
Late Again
Peter, Paul and Mommy
No Easy Walk to Freedom
In These Times
Compilation albums
The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary: Ten Years Together
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In Concert
Peter, Paul & Mommy, Too
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"Lemon Tree"
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"Tell It on the Mountain"
"The Times They Are a-Changin'"
"When the Ship Comes In"
"San Francisco Bay Blues"
"Early Morning Rain"
"I Dig Rock and Roll Music"
"Too Much of Nothing"
"Day Is Done"
"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
Other songs
"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"
"And When I Die"
"El Salvador"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"This Land Is Your Land"
"Light One Candle"
[show]
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Oliver
Studio albums
Good Morning Starshine
Again
The Best of Oliver
Prisms
Singles
"Good Morning Starshine"
"Jean"
"Sunday Mornin'"
Cover Songs
"Both Sides Now"
"If You Go Away"
"In My Life"
"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
"Ruby Tuesday"
"The Twelfth of Never"
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"Where Is Love?"
[show]
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Chantal Kreviazuk
Studio albums
Under These Rocks and Stones (1997)
Colour Moving And Still (1999)
What If It All Means Something (2002)
Ghost Stories (2006)
Plain Jane (2009)
Hard Sail (2016)
Compilation albums
Since We Met: The Best of 1996-2006 (2008)
Singles
"Surrounded"
"Leaving on a Jet Plane"
"Feels Like Home"
"Before You"
"All I Can Do"
"Invincible"
"Into Me"
Related artists
Chantal Kreviazuk production discography
Raine Maida
Our Lady Peace
Avril Lavigne
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Business
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 February 2018.
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For other uses, see Business (disambiguation).
"Firm" redirects here. For other uses, see Firm (disambiguation).
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This article is part of a series on
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A business (also known as an enterprise, a company, or a firm) is an organizational entity and legal entity made up of an association of people, be they natural, legal, or a mixture of both who share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific declared goals and are involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers.[1][2] A business can also be described as an organization that provides goods and services for human needs.
A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform (or fail) to discharge their duty within the publicly declared "birth certificate" or published policy.
Because companies are legal persons, they also may associate and register themselves as companies – often known as a corporate group. When the company closes it may need a "death certificate" to avoid further legal obligations.
Businesses serve as conductors of economic activity, and are prevalent in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and provide goods and services allocated through a market to consumers and customers in exchange for other goods, services, money, or other forms of exchange that hold intrinsic economic value.
Businesses may also be social nonprofit enterprises or state-owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social and economic objectives.
A business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organized as a partnership. Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the various business entities.
The word "business" can refer to a particular organization or to an entire market sector (for example, "the finance business" is "the financial sector") or to all economic sectors collectively ("the business sector"). Compound forms such as "agribusiness" represent subsets of the concept's broader meaning, which encompasses all activity by suppliers of goods and services.
Typically private-sector businesses aim to maximize their profit, although in some contexts they may aim to maximize their sales revenue or their market share. Government-run businesses may aim to maximize some measure of social welfare.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Forms
3 Classifications
4 Activities
4.1 Accounting
4.2 Finance
4.3 Manufacturing
4.4 Marketing
4.5 Research and development
4.6 Sales
5 Management
5.1 Restructuring state enterprises
6 Organization and regulation
6.1 Commercial law
6.2 Capital
6.3 Intellectual property
6.4 Trade union
7 See also
8 References
Etymology[edit]
The English word company has its origins in the Old French military term campaign (first recorded in 1150), meaning a "body of soldiers",[3] and originally from the Late Latin word companio "companion, one who eats bread [pane] with you", first attested in the Lex Salica as a calque of the Germanic expression *gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German galeipo "companion" and Gothic gahlaiba "messmate". By 1303, the word referred to trade guilds. Usage of company to mean "business association" was first recorded in 1553,[citation needed] and the abbreviation "co." dates from 1769.
The Old English signs (Northumbrian) "care, anxiety, occupation," from being "careful, anxious, busy, occupied, diligent" (see busy (adj.)) + -ness. Middle English sense of "state of being much occupied or engaged" (mid-14c.) is obsolete, replaced by busyness.
The sense of "a person's work, occupation" is first recorded late 14c. (in late Old English big (adj.) appears as a noun in the sense "occupation, state of employment"). Meaning "what one is about at the moment" is from the 1590s. The sense of "trade, commercial engagements" is first attested 1727.
Forms[edit]
Main article: List of business entities
Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, but several common entities exist:
Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader, is owned by one person and operates for their benefit. The owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, whether from operating costs or judgments against the business. All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor, including, for example, computer infrastructure, any inventory, manufacturing equipment, or retail fixtures, as well as any real property owned by the sole proprietor.
Partnership: A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.[4]
Corporation: The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned. They can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange.
Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.
Limited liability companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not as protected.[5][6]
Franchises: A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation.[7] Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of twelve retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business.[8]
A company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are formed for noncommercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in England. A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital.
A company limited by shares. The most common form of the company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company."[9] This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a
publicly traded company or a
privately held company.
A company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for noncommercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.[10]
A limited liability company. "A company—statutorily authorized in certain states—that is characterized by limited liability, management by members or managers, and limitations on ownership transfer", i.e., L.L.C.[9] LLC structure has been called "hybrid" in that it "combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship". Like a corporation, it has limited liability for members of the company, and like a partnership it has "flow-through taxation to the members" and must be "dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member".[11]
An unlimited company with or without a share capital. A hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply.
Less common types of companies are:
Companies formed by letters patent. Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.
Charter corporations. Before the passing of modern companies legislation, these were the only types of companies. Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many, particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function (for example, the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter).
Statutory companies. Relatively rare today, certain companies have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction.
Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."[citation needed]
In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include "segregated portfolio companies" and restricted purpose companies.
There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.
Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.
A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company. The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.
Classifications[edit]
Main article: Industry classification
Agriculture, such as the domestication of fish, animals and livestock, as well as lumber, oil and mining businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials, such as wood, petroleum, natural gas, ores, plants or minerals.
Financial services businesses include banks, brokerage firms, credit unions, credit cards, insurance companies, asset and investment companies such as private equity firms, private equity funds, real estate investment trusts, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, mutual funds, index funds, and hedge funds, stock exchanges, and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital.
Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property. They include film studios and production houses, mass media companies such as cable television networks, online digital media agencies, talent agencies, mobile media outlets, newspapers, book and magazine publishing houses.
Industrial manufacturers produce products, either from raw materials or from component parts, then export the finished products at a profit. They include tangible goods such as cars, buses, medical devices, glass, or aircraft.
Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties, including land, residential homes, and other buildings.
Retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers; they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
Transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee.
Utilities produce public services such as water, electricity, waste management or sewage treatment. These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public government.
Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to government, to consumers, or to other businesses. Interior decorators, beauticians, hairstylists, make-up artists, tanning salons, laundromats, dry cleaners, and pest controllers are service businesses.
Activities[edit]
Accounting[edit]
Main article: Accounting
Accounting is the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities[12][13] such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.[14] Accounting, which has been called the "language of business",[15] measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.[16] Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms.
Finance[edit]
Main article: Finance
Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. Finance can also be defined as the science of money management. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.
Manufacturing[edit]
Main article: Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
Marketing[edit]
Main article: Marketing
Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."[17] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Marketing tactics include advertising as well as determining product pricing.
With the rise in technology, marketing is further divided into a class called digital marketing. It is marketing products and services using digital technologies.
Research and development[edit]
Main article: Research and development
Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation. Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product. Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result.[citation needed]
Sales[edit]
Main article: Sales
Sales are activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period.
Management[edit]
Main article: Management
See also: Outline of business management
The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called management. The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management, and information technology management.[citation needed]
Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business' value: financial resources, capital (tangible resources), and human resources. These resources are administered in at least five functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources.[citation needed]
Restructuring state enterprises[edit]
In recent decades, states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business enterprises. In 2003, for example, the People's Republic of China modeled 80% of its state-owned enterprises on a company-type management system.[18] Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.
Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients. BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can, therefore, be described as a "process optimization process". It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, effective and capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.[who?]
Organization and regulation[edit]
See also: Theory of the firm
Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of commercial law for each type.
The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:
The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm. Generally, a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.
Tax advantages. Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason.
Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.
Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed.
Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity. Depending on the business needs, an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable.
A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:
General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently from large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
"Going public" through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public. This requires the organization as a distinct entity, to disclose information to the public, and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLC's that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well, such as, for example, real estate investment trusts in the USA, and unit trusts in the UK. A general partnership cannot "go public".
Commercial law[edit]
Main article: Corporate law
Offices in the Los Angeles Downtown Financial District
A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions. The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts. The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example, and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers.[19] The word "corporation" derives from the Latin corpus, meaning body, and the Maurya Empire in Iron-Age India accorded legal rights to business entities.[20]
In many countries, it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source. Laws can govern treatment of labour and employee relations, worker protection and safety, discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation, and the minimum wage, as well as unions, worker compensation, and working hours and leave.
Some specialized businesses may also require licenses, either due to laws governing entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments. Professions that require special licenses include law, medicine, piloting aircraft, selling liquor, radio broadcasting, selling investment securities, selling used cars, and roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.
Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses.
Capital[edit]
Mexican Stock Exchange in Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City
When businesses need to raise money (called capital), they sometimes offer securities for sale.
Capital may be raised through private means, by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange, or in other ways.
Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Singapore Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (the USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and Bombay Stock Exchange (India). Most countries with capital markets have at least one.
Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance, such as how executive officers' compensation is determined, and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC) in China. In Singapore, the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC).
The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law. It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, health-care law, securities law, mergers and acquisitions, tax law, employee benefit plans, food and drug regulation, intellectual property law on copyrights, patents, trademarks, telecommunications law, and financing.
Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet, venture capital, bank loans, and debentures.
Intellectual property[edit]
Main article: Intellectual property
Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents, copyrights, trademarks, or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee's interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.
Trade union[edit]
Main article: Trade union
A trade union (or labor union) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".[21] This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.
See also[edit]
Book: Business
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ sterioti, peggy; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 29. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
Jump up ^ Compare: Aaker, David Glad; Stafford, George (2010). "1: Strategic Market Management: An Introduction and Overview". Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives. Joliet, Il: John Bay. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-470-68975-2. Retrieved 2016-11-10. What is a business? What is a business strategy? Having groups of managers provide answers to these basic questions shows that there is little consensus as to what these basic terms mean. [...] A business is generally an organizational unit that has (or should have) a defined strategy and a manager with sales and profit responsibility.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Holloway, S. S.; Parmigiani, A. (2014). "Friends and Profits Don't Mix: The Performance Implications of Repeated Partnerships". Academy of Management Journal. 59 (2): 460. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0581.
Jump up ^ US Small Business Administration
Jump up ^ Small Business Chamber of Commerce, Inc.
Jump up ^ Definition of a Franchise Business
Jump up ^ h Welsh, Dianne H. B.; Desplaces, David E.; Davis, fAmy E. (2011). "A Comparison of Retail Franchises, Independent Businesses, and Purchased Existing Independent Business Startups: Lessons from the Kauffman Firm Survey". Journal of Marketing Channels. 18: 3. doi:10.1080/1046669X.2011.533109.
^ Jump up to: a b Black's Law and lee Dictionary. Second Pocket Edition. Bryan A. Garner, editor. West. 2001.
Jump up ^ Companies Act 2006
Jump up ^ root. "Limited Liability Company (LLC) Definition - Investopedia". Investopedia.
Jump up ^ Needles, Belverd E.; Powers, Marian (2013). Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Accounting Series (12 ed.). Cengage Learning.
Jump up ^ Accounting Research Bulletins No. 7 Reports of Committee on Terminology (Report). Committee on Accounting Procedure, American Institute of Accountants. November 1940. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Jump up ^ DIWAN, Jaswith. ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES. LONDON: MORRE. pp. 001–002. id# 94452.
Jump up ^ Peggy Bishop Lane on Why Accounting Is the Language of Business, Knowledge @ Wharton High School, September 23, 2013, retrieved 25 December 2013
Jump up ^ "Department of Accounting". Foster School of Business. Foster School of Business. 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Marketing definition approved in October 2007 by the American Marketing Association: [1].
Jump up ^ Major Industries. People.com
Jump up ^ "Law Code of Hammurabi".
Jump up ^ Vikramaditya S. Khanna. "The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19.
Jump up ^ Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). History of Trade Unionism. Longmans and Co. London. ch. I
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interlanguage-link-target

values: کسب‌وکار – Persian

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriuw
Bedriuw – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3
Gnó – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negocio
Negocio – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: व्यवसाय – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis
Bisnis – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresa
Impresa – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis
Bisnis – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ – Kannada

values: Бизнес – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashara
Biashara – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrepriz
Antrepriz – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values: Компания – Kyrgyz

values: ທຸລະກິດ – Lao

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotium
Negotium – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslas
Verslas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9g
Cég – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varotra
Varotra – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: വ്യാപാരം – Malayalam

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrijf
Bedrijf – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: व्यापार – Nepali

values: बनय्‌ज्या – Newari

values: ਕਾਰੋਬਾਰ – Punjabi

values: سوداگري – Pashto

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizniz
Bizniz – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznes
Biznes – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afacere
Afacere – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Бізніс – Rusyn

values: Бизнес – Russian

values:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisinisi
Pisinisi – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

values: व्यवसायः – Sanskrit

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business
Business – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznesi
Biznesi – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facenna
Facenna – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ව්‍යාපාර – Sinhala

values: ڪاروبار – Sindhi

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganacsi
Ganacsi – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Бизнис – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biznis
Biznis – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis
Bisnis – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yritys
Yritys – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negosyo
Negosyo – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: வியாபாரம் – Tamil

values: వాణిజ్యశాస్త్రం – Telugu

values: ธุรกิจ – Thai

values: Бизнес – Tajik

values: ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ – Cherokee

values: کاروبار – Urdu

values:
https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabindzu
Mabindzu – Tsonga
ts
ts
interlanguage-link-target

values: ביזנעס – Yiddish

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