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Chief Illiniwek
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The Chief Illiniwek logo
A performance of Chief Illiniwek at a football game in 2006
Chief Illiniwek was the mascot (often referred to by supporters as the "symbol") of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), associated with the University's intercollegiate athletic programs, from 1926 to February 21, 2007. Chief Illiniwek was portrayed by a student to represent the Illiniwek, the state's namesake, although the regalia worn was from the Sioux. The student portraying Chief Illiniwek performed during halftime of Illinois football and basketball games, as well as during women's volleyball matches.
For more than two decades, Chief Illiniwek has been the center of a controversy between fans and alumni who view "the Chief" as part of UIUC tradition; while Native American individuals and organization, social scientists, and educators view such mascots as cultural appropriation of indigenous images and rituals, and perpetuating stereotypes about American Indian peoples. In 2005, Chief Illiniwek was one of 19 mascots cited as "hostile or abusive" by the NCAA in a policy that banned schools from full participation in postseason activities as long as they continued to use such mascots.[1][2]
The University of Illinois retired Chief Illiniwek in 2007, with his last official performance on February 21, 2007.[3] However, the controversy has continued because UIUC has not selected a replacement, while an unofficial "Chief" continues to appear at games and other events.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
3 Controversy
3.1 Position of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
3.2 NCAA involvement
4 Chief Illiniwek and the Fighting Illini
5 Retiring Chief Illiniwek
6 After retirement
6.1 Selection of unofficial chief portayers
6.2 Unofficial performances and events
7 Official Chief portrayal list
8 Unofficial Chief portrayal list
9 See also
10 Films
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Background[edit]
Chief Illiniwek and the Chief Illiniwek logo—a stylized front view of an American Indian face and headdress—are trademarks of the University of Illinois. Licensed use of the logo by the university has been increasingly restrictive as a result of the ongoing controversy. Chief Illiniwek is not based on an actual American Indian chief, nor did a historical figure with this name ever exist.
Since he performed many of the functions of other schools’ mascots, Chief Illiniwek is generally referred to as the university’s mascot in news regarding the controversy.[4] Chief Illiniwek predates the use of mascots by most sports teams, making him one of the first.[5] In the final years he did not perform at road games, since other Big Ten universities refused to allow the character to perform at their home games, citing him as offensive.[6]
During sporting events, the Chief was portrayed by a student selected via audition and wearing traditional Lakota (Sioux) regalia. The portrayal also included a dance of unknown origins, possibly adapted from early 20th century fancy dancing as filtered through the Boy Scouts (see History, below). His dance corresponded to the music and lyrics of the "Three in One" performed by the university band, which is an arrangement of three original songs entitled "The March of the Illini", "Hail to the Orange", and "Pride of the Illini".[7] The Chief performed only at major sporting events hosted by the university. The stated intent of the Chief was to celebrate the Native American heritage of the state of Illinois.[citation needed]
History[edit]
The origin of Chief Illiniwek dates to 1926, when Ray Dvorak, assistant director of bands at the University of Illinois, conceived the idea of having a Native American war dance performed during halftime of Illinois football games. The first performance occurred on October 30, 1926 at Memorial Stadium during the halftime of a game against the University of Pennsylvania. At the conclusion of his performance, Illinwek was met at midfield by a drum major dressed as the University of Pennsylvania's Quaker mascot, offered a peace pipe, and walked off the field arm in arm.[1] Student Lester Leutwiler, an Eagle Scout, created the original costume and performed the dance based upon his experience as a Boy Scout. The expression Illiniwek (meaning "the complete human being - the strong, agile human body, and the indomitable human spirit")[8] was first used in conjunction with the University of Illinois football team by football coach Bob Zuppke, referring to the Illinois Confederation[9] of Native Americans who historically had inhabited much of present-day Illinois.
Another student, A. Webber Borchers, was the only Chief to ride on horseback around the field[1] and solidified the Chief tradition, continuing the performances and soliciting contributions for a permanent costume in 1930. Since then, the costume has been replaced several times, most recently in 1982. The current costume was sold to the University marching band by Frank Fools Crow, chief of the Oglala Sioux (a nation unrelated to the Illiniwek), after being sewn by his wife. He visited the campus in 1982 to present the regalia during halftime of a football game at the request of then-Assistant Director of Bands and Director of Athletic Bands Gary Smith. The costume contained real eagle feathers, but because eagle feathers are sacred to Native Americans, and because they came from a species protected byLacey Treaty Act (1900),[10] the Eagle Act (1940), the Migratory Bird Act, and at that time Endangered Species Act, the feathers in the headdresses worn by the Chief were replaced with dyed turkey feathers after requests from the family of Chief Fools Crow.[11]
Chief Illiniwek's dance was derived from "Indian Lore" studies done by university students who had been Boy Scouts. The three- or four-minute dance is based on fancy dance, a style that originated from the Plains Indians as a means of providing a more secular display than purely sacred dancing, and which is practiced today by many Native Americans at pow-wows. The dance has evolved over time; each student who performs the role of the Chief augments the basic performance with his own movements and steps. Although it is claimed the dance is similar to traditional fancy dance, the Chief's routine includes mid-air splits, which are rarely found in Native fancy dance.[citation needed] Only the music has remained unchanged, with the Chief always performing to the Three in One. In the 1990s, literature distributed by the University ceased describing the dance as "authentic."[citation needed]
A total of 36 different students officially performed the role of the Chief. All but one have been men: one woman, Idelle (Stith) Brooks, served in 1943 due to the shortage of male students during World War II; she was called "Princess Illiniwek." No student portraying Chief Illiniwek was of American Indian heritage during the 82 year span,[12] although Brooks, a journalism major who had grown up on the Osage Reservation in Fairfax, Oklahoma, was described as an "honorary princess of the Osage Indian tribe".[13][14] Brooks weighed 90 pounds and her Chief regalia weighed 50.[1]
The actual descendants of the Illiniwek opposed the Chief (see Controversy, below). Whereas, when in May 1995, a WICD reporter interviewed members of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, Chief Don Giles said, "We do not have a problem with the mascot.",[15] by 2000, the tribal council, under a new chief, passed a resolution opposing the use of the Chief by the University.[16] On January 17, 2007, the Executive Committee of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council, issued a resolution asking that the University of Illinois return the regalia to the family of Frank Fools Crow and cease the use of the Chief Illiniwek mascot. The resolution was delivered to the university's Board of Trustees, UI President B. Joseph White, and Chancellor Richard Herman. The campus' Native American House was authorized by the Oglala Sioux to distribute the resolution to the public.[17]
The Chief appeared at the University's homecoming parade and pep rally until 1991.[1]
Controversy[edit]
From the mid-1970s, the Chief was the subject of debate at the University of Illinois.[8] In October 1989, Charlene Teters, a graduate student from the Spokane tribe, began protesting the Chief at athletic events after her young son and daughter's reaction to the Chief's dance at a basketball game.[18] Soon, individuals and organizations, some from outside of the University, began to support the Chief's elimination. Some academic departments adopted official stances in favor of retirement of the symbol. External organizations including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Education Association, Amnesty International, the Modern Language Association, and Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas also took positions in favor of retiring the Chief.[19] In November 1989, the Illinois state legislature passed a resolution in support of the Chief.[1]
Student and alumni organizations, such as the Honor the Chief Society and Chief Illiniwek Educational Foundation, are dedicated to explaining and preserving the tradition of Chief Illiniwek. The Students for the Chief group formed in 1990.[1] Among the national Native American organizations which called for the retirement of the symbol were the National Congress of American Indians and the National Indian Education Association. At the Urbana-Champaign campus, the Native American House, the American Indian Studies program, and the Native American student organizations all called for its retirement.
Chief Illiniwek with the University of Illinois Marching Illini
Those in favor of retiring the Chief contended that the Chief misappropriates Native American culture and perpetuates harmful racial or ethnic stereotypes. They argued that this obstructed the creation of a diverse and tolerant learning community, harmed the reputation of the University, and promoted an inaccurate image of Native Americans. Those in support of the Chief claimed that he was a revered symbol representing not only a proud people but the great spirit of a great university.
A 1995 ruling by the United States Department of Education found that the Chief did not violate Native American students' civil rights. Also in 1995, the state legislature approved a bill making the Chief the "official symbol" of the University, but Governor Jim Edgar's amendatory veto allowed the decision to remain with the University.[1]
On January 13, 2000, the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois passed a resolution concerning the issue of the continuation of the Chief Illiniwek performances at its athletic events. The resolution acknowledged the existence of a controversy. Pursuant to this resolution, the board retained Louis B. Garippo, a former circuit court judge in Cook County, to assist in conducting a dialogue on Chief Illiniwek. The Special Intake Session on Chief Illiniwek was held in Foellinger Auditorium on the Urbana campus on April 14, 2000. Garippo presided over the session, reviewed and compiled communications on the issue, and prepared a report[20] to the board. Garippo's task was to convey respondents' opinions to the board, not to make a recommendation on the status of Chief Illiniwek.
In 2006, the University Board of Trustees opted to study the issue and passed a resolution calling for "a consensus conclusion to the matter of Chief Illiniwek." Many on both sides of the issue found this resolution problematic, given that former trustee Roger Plummer determined that a compromise on the issue was not possible. At that point, the Board of Trustees had not consulted on the matter with the faculty of the American Indian Studies Program.
In the past few years, opinion polls on the subject have not been much help in defining Native American opinion on the subject. In 2002, a Peter Harris Research Group poll of those who declared Native American ethnicity on a U.S. census showed that 81% of Native Americans support the use of Indian nicknames in high school and college sports, and 83% of Native Americans support the use of Indian mascots and symbols in professional sports. However, the methods and results of this poll have been disputed.[21] A separate poll conducted by the Native-run newspaper Indian Country Today in 2001 reported that 81% of those polled "indicated use of American Indian names, symbols and mascots are predominantly offensive and deeply disparaging to Native Americans."
A non-binding student referendum on Chief Illiniwek was conducted in March 2004. Of the approximately one-third of the student body who cast ballots, 69% of the voters favored retention of the Chief.[22] Faculty have tended to be critical of the Chief.[8][23] Another non-binding student referendum on Chief Illiniwek was conducted in February 2008. Of the approximately 23% of the student body who cast ballots, 79% (7,718) voted to show support for Chief Illiniwek, while 21% (2,052) voted to not show support.[24]
Position of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma[edit]
The Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma are the closest living descendants of the Illiniwek Confederacy, having been relocated to Oklahoma in the 19th century. The position of the tribal leadership has evolved over the years. In a television interview with WICD-TV in 1995, Don Giles, then Chief of the Peoria Tribe, said, "To say that we are anything but proud to have these portrayals would be completely wrong. We are proud. We're proud that the University of Illinois, the flagship university of the state, a seat of learning, is drawing on that background of our having been there. And what more honor could they pay us?" Supporting Chief Giles was another tribal elder, Ron Froman, who stated that the protesters "don't speak for all Native Americans, and certainly not us."[8]
Ron Froman was later elected Chief, by which time his views on the Chief Illiniwek symbol had changed. His opinions shifted following meetings with American Indian students attending the University. In April 2000, the tribal council, with Chief Froman's support, passed by the margin of 3 to 2 a resolution requesting "the leadership of the University of Illinois to recognize the demeaning nature of the characterization of Chief Illiniwek, and cease use of this mascots [sic]".[16] Froman said, "I don't know what the origination was, or what the reason was for the university to create Chief Illiniwek. I don't think it was to honor us, because, hell, they ran our (butts) out of Illinois."[25] This puts Chief Illiniwek in a position different from that of the mascots of other schools such as Florida State University, whose American Indian mascots are not opposed by the leadership of the corresponding tribes. In 2005, a new Chief, John P. Froman, when asked his position by the NCAA, indicated that "the Chief was not representative of our tribe and culture, mainly because the costume is Sioux."[26] In 2006, in response to a widely published column by journalist George Will in support of the symbol's use, he wrote a letter reiterating the Peoria Tribe's opposition to the symbol and decrying that the "University of Illinois has ignored the tribe's request for nearly five years."[27]
NCAA involvement[edit]
In August 2005, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the primary governing board for intercollegiate athletics, instituted a ban on schools that use what they call "hostile and abusive American Indian nicknames" from hosting postseason games, beginning February 2006. The University of Illinois was among the 18 schools subject to the ban which, among other things, prohibited the University from hosting NCAA-sponsored tournaments. The ban was soon expanded to include Bowl Championship Series-sponsored bowl games, starting with the 2006 football season. The university appealed the ban in October on the grounds that it violates NCAA bylaws and violated institutional autonomy.
On November 11, 2005, the NCAA, stating that it had "found no new information relative to the mascot, known as ‘Chief Illiniwek’ or the logo mark used by some athletics teams that depicts an American Indian in feathered headdress,"[28] upheld the ban on the University of Illinois. However, it did allow the continued use of the nicknames "Illini" and "Fighting Illini" by the University because they are based on the name of the state and not of American Indian descent. The university appealed the decision again on January 30, 2006, mere days before the deadline.[29] While the NCAA Executive Committee granted an extension to April 28, the committee's next meeting, to other schools affected by the ban, the University of Illinois requested a longer stay until May 15, the end of the current semester. The Executive Committee ignored the request for a longer stay and denied the university's second appeal while indicating that no further appeals would be entertained.[30]
The Chicago Sun-Times reported on August 31, 2006 that Chief Illiniwek would "no longer be an official university symbol" after the 2006–2007 basketball season. The paper also reported that the ownership of the Chief would be transitioned to an organization called the "Council of Chiefs" and made up of a number of people who have previously portrayed Chief Illiniwek. The next day, however, the University disputed the Sun-Times report. University sources confirmed that several former Chiefs had met with University officials to discuss preserving the symbol's tradition but stated that the so-called "Council of Chiefs" did not exist as a formally organized group. A University spokesman stated that "no decisions have been made" regarding the symbol's fate.[31]
Chief Illiniwek and the Fighting Illini[edit]
Some have incorrectly linked Chief Illiniwek with the nickname Fighting Illini. Though many assume that both are based on Illinois' American Indian traditions, the name Illini was first associated with the school by the student newspaper, which in 1874 changed its name from The Student to The Illini.[32]
The addition of the adjective "fighting" originated about five years before the appearance of Chief Illiniwek, as a tribute to Illinois soldiers killed in World War I. Similarly, the on-campus football venue, Memorial Stadium, was named in honor of those fallen soldiers. As stated above, the NCAA has exempted the names Illini and Fighting Illini from its ban on American Indian imagery, as these names are purely based on the name of the state, and not a Native American tribe.
The state of Illinois was named by French explorers after the indigenous Illiniwek people, a consortium of Algonquian tribes which thrived in the area.
The word Illiniwek or iliniwek is the plural form of ilinwe and means "those who speak in the ordinary way," although it has often been mistranslated as "tribe of superior men."[33]
Retiring Chief Illiniwek[edit]
On February 16, 2007, Lawrence Eppley, chair of the board of trustees issued a unilateral ruling retiring Chief Illiniwek.[34] Chief Illiniwek's last performance, by the final Chief, Dan Maloney of Galesburg, Illinois, took place on February 21, 2007 at the last men's home basketball game of the 2006–2007 regular season against Michigan, in Assembly Hall.[35] As at the time, Chief Illiniwek also performed at women's home basketball games, the first halftime performance without the portrayal of Chief Illiniwek was the following night, February 22, 2007, at the women's basketball game against Michigan State.
On March 13, 2007, the University of Illinois board of trustees voted unanimously to retire Illiniwek's name, image and regalia.[36]
After retirement[edit]
On October 4, 2009, the University of Illinois gave the Chief Illiniwek regalia to the Oglala Lakota. The media were denied entry to this event, which was called a "private function" by Associate Director of Athletics Dana Brenner. The university did not offer a public statement about the return.[37]
Students and fans still chant "Chief" during the performance of Three In One during halftime. Since neither the NCAA nor the University have any control over what the fans chant, opposition groups have called to additionally ban the Three In One performance.[38]
In April 2014, an indigenous student, Xochitl Sandoval, sent a letter to the university administration (which she also posted on her Facebook page) describing her thoughts of suicide resulting from the daily insults she felt due to the continued presence of "The Chief" on campus, including other students wearing the old image and name on sweatshirts and the continued "unofficial" performances the current "Chief", Ivan A. Dozier at some events. She stated that these thoughts came as a result of her feeling that she had no recourse because the university had not enforced its own policies regarding racism and the creation of a hostile environment for indigenous students such as herself; but had instead stated her only recourse would be personal action.[39] Soon afterward there was a gathering on the Quad organized by the president of the Native American Indigenous Student Organization in support of Sandoval, and calling for further action by the University to eliminate the presence of the Chief on campus.[40] The Campus Faculty Association (CFA) also issued a statement in support of Sandoval.[41]
In May 2016, the University announced that a process was underway to select a "first-ever athletic mascot" for the university—the phrase evidently recognizing the argument by some Chief supporters that the Chief was not a mascot but a "symbol."[42]
In August of 2017, University Chancellor Robert Jones made the decision to ban the school's "War Chant", in response to critic claims that said the music stereotyped Native Americans and prolonged the divisive debate over Chief Illiniwek. ""Debating it was not going to do anything but kind of re-initiate a lot of the agony and the angst that have been a cancer that has been eating away at this university for more than a decade," Jones said of the closed-session ruling. [43] Later in 2017, a protest interrupted the school's homecoming parade in response to the Unofficial chief marching with the Honor the Chief Society. [44] The following morning, members of the Sioux nation hosted a traditional dance ceremony on campus bearing a banner reading "The Fighting Sioux Support the Fighting Illini". These performers were part of an organization known as NAGA (Native American Guardians Association). “...the idea is to educate, not eradicate, and the idea is to improve what you have but never give up the opportunity to teach about Native Americanism.” said Andre Billeaudeaux, executive director of NAGA. [45]
Selection of unofficial chief portayers[edit]
In April 2008, the "Council of Chiefs", a group of previous Chief Illiniwek performers, named a student to portray the chief, although this portrayal is not sanctioned or endorsed by the University.[46] Logan Ponce, a Latino student, was chosen as the 37th portrayer. Ponce expressed the ultimate goal of returning the Chief to the university. "It's unique to Illinois and has been such an important part of our history," he said. "It's part of our heritage. We look forward to continuing it."[47]
In May 2010 the Students for Chief Organization chose a new student to serve as the 38th chief portrayer: Ivan A. Dozier, who claims Cherokee ancestry.[48] Dozier performed as Chief at the "Next Dance" event over homecoming weekend at the University in 2010. He also appeared in regalia at numerous sporting events throughout the year.[49] Bennett Kamps was select to replace Dozier upon his graduation, with an initial appearance in February, 2016.[50] The current portrayer is Omar Cruz.[51]
Unofficial performances and events[edit]
An event called "Students for Chief Illiniwek Presents: The Next Dance," happened on November 15, 2008 following the football game against Ohio State University, in the Assembly Hall. "We want to do this event on a very exciting day for Illini fans and we want it to be a complement to that day's game," said Roberto Martell Jr., former president of Students for Chief Illiniwek and a junior in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.[52] An open letter was sent forth by the Native American House encouraging the entire University community to speak out against the event.[53]
On February 26, 2010 the webpage of Students for Chief Illiniwek posted nearly fifty email correspondences, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, of several members of the University administration attempting to prevent the "Next Dance" portrayals. Parties involved include Renee Romano, Anna Gonzalez, Robert Warrior, and then-Chancellor Richard Herman. The emails include conversations between Romano and Richard Herman appreciating "the fact that we've been trying to get in the way of allowing the students for the chief to perform a dance in the assembly hall and "trying to think of a reason to deny them access to Assembly Hall on Oct. 2." The revelation of free speech violations by the administrators was criticized by free-speech advocates, including the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, which currently gives the University of Illinois a yellow light rating.[54]
In October 2012, the Chief made an unsanctioned halftime appearance at Memorial stadium, in the Homecoming football game against Indiana.[55]
In January 2015, an unofficial appearance at Tuscola High School, by former portrayer Ivan A. Dozier, was cancelled. School officials removed the announcement post from social media saying they did not have the time or personnel to address the bad language and personal attacks that were made in the online comments. Dozier, who is part Cherokee, claimed the appearance was cancelled due to the negative comments and threats on social media from people who opposed to the former mascot.[56][57] The School District announced via Twitter that the appearance was cancelled "In order to ensure highest level of student/community safety."[58]
Both the Counsel of Chiefs and Students for Chief Illiniwek posted events on Facebook encouraging fans to wear "Chief" gear to the basketball game with Purdue on February 22, 2018. Entitled "Paint the Hall Chief" the posting prompted the university to request that Facebook remove the events due to copyright infringement of the original Chief Illiniwek logo; which Facebook refused to do because the image used is significantly different than the original, constituting legal "fair use".[51] At the game, about 100 protestors assembled at the main entrance to the State Farm Center displaying signs and chanting opposition to the Chief.[59]
Official Chief portrayal list[edit]
Name Years of portrayal Hometown
Lester G. Leutwiler 1926, 27, 28 Urbana, Illinois
A. Webber Borchers 1929, 30 Decatur, Illinois
William A. Newton 1931, 32, 33, 34 Chicago, Illinois
Edward C. Kalb 1935, 36, 37, 38 Springfield, Illinois
John Grable 1939, 40 Overland, Missouri
Glen Holthaus 1941, 42 St. Louis, Missouri
Idelle Stith* 1943 Fairfax, Oklahoma
Kenneth Hanks 1944 Raymond, Illinois
Robert Bitzer 1945, 46 Collinsville, Illinois
Robert Bischoff 1947 St. Louis, Missouri
James A. Down 1948, 49, 50 East St. Louis, Illinois
William G. Hug 1951, 52 Park Ridge, Illinois
Gaylord Spotts 1953, 54, 55 Jacksonville, Illinois
Ronald S. Kaiser 1956 Clayton, Missouri
John W. Forsyth 1957, 58, 59 Olney, Illinois
Ben Forsyth 1960, 61, 62, 63 Olney, Illinois
Fred Cash 1964, 65 Urbana, Illinois
Rick Legue 1966, 67 Champaign, Illinois
Gary Simpson 1968, 69 Fairfield, Illinois
John Bitzer 1970, 71, 72, 73 Shelbyville, Illinois
Mike Gonzalez 1974, 75, 76 Jacksonville, Illinois
Matt Gawne 1977, 78, 79 Oak Park, Illinois
Pete Marzek 1980 Berwyn, Illinois
Scott Christensen 1981, 82, 83 Bloomingdale, Illinois
William Forsyth 1984, 85 Springfield, Illinois
Michael Rose 1986, 87 Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tom Livingston 1988, 89 LaGrange, Illinois
Kurt Gruben 1990, 91 Rochelle, Illinois
Steve Raquel 1992 Champaign, Illinois
Jeff Beckham 1993 Bourbonnais, Illinois
John Creech 1994, 95 London, Kentucky
Scott Brakenridge 1996, 97 Western Springs, Illinois
John Madigan 1998, 99, 2000 Philo, Illinois
Matthew Veronie 2001, 02, 03 South Holland, Illinois
Kyle Cline 2004, 05 Decatur, Illinois
Dan Maloney 2006, 07 Galesburg, Illinois
*Stith portrayed "Princess Illiniwek". [60]
Unofficial Chief portrayal list[edit]
Name Years of portrayal Hometown
Dan Maloney 2008 Galesburg, Illinois
Logan Ponce 2009, 10 St. Charles, Illinois
Ivan Dozier 2011, 12, 13, 14, 15 Ivesdale, Illinois
Bennett Kamps 2016, 17 Barrington, Illinois
Omar Cruz 2017 Chicago, Illinois
[61] [62]
See also[edit]
Peoria (tribe)
Native American Mascot Controversy
List of sports team names and mascots derived from Indigenous peoples
List of ethnic sports team and mascot names (all ethnicities)
Films[edit]
Chief Video Documentary - The Chief & The Tradition[63]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Gebregiorgis, Senait (October 27, 2017). "UI Students Protest Chief at Homecoming Parade". Urbana, Illinois.
Jump up ^ Abrol, Karan (October 31, 2017). "Native American Guardian Association advocates for Chief Illiniwek". Daily Illini. Champaign-Urbana, Illinois.
Jump up ^ "New Chief Illiniwek". The News-Gazette. April 29, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ "New Chief Illiniwek Portrayers Announced". 2008-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Chief supporters select new portrayer". News-Gazette.com. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
Jump up ^ Goldenstein, Taylor (October 22, 2010). "The Next Dance event perseveres". The Daily Illini. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
Jump up ^ Hockenberry, Maggie. "New "unofficial" chief named". Retrieved February 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Julie Wurth (February 18, 2018). "'Paint the Hall Chief' call has many riled up". The News-Gazette. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://media.www.dailyillini.com/media/storage/paper736/news/2008/10/30/News/Students.For.Chief.Illiniwek.Plans.the.Next.Dance-3516587.shtml. Retrieved November 1, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Native American House Statement on November 15 event" (PDF). Native American House and American Indian Studies Department. November 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-10. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Shibley, Robert (February 1, 2010). "Will Chief Illiniwek dance again?". Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Quitalig, Daryl (2012-10-29). "Chief makes Homecoming appearance". Daily Illini. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
Jump up ^ Carrera, Anna (January 5, 2015). "District cancels Chief after threats". Champaign, Illinois: WCIA TV. Archived from the original on January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Shannon. "Standing their ground," Chicago Tribune, p. 8. March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rossow, Jim (January 5, 2015). "Chief's dance at high school game called off". News-Gazette. Champaign, Illinois.
Jump up ^ Shannon Ryan (February 22, 2017). "Chief Illiniwek protesters and supporters turn out for Illinois' final home basketball game". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ 2006-07 Fighting Illini men's basketball media guide, page 42, Custom Color Graphics; Champaign, IIIinois
Jump up ^ News-Gazette 1/20/16 "Barrington Sophomore Next Chief"
Jump up ^ [13]
Jump up ^ [14] Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Bibliography[edit]
King, C. Richard, and Charles Fruehling Springwood, eds. (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. Foreword by Vine Deloria Jr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Spindel, Carol (2002). Dancing at Halftime: Sports and the Controversy Over American Indian Mascots. Updated edition, with a new afterword. New York: New York University Press.
External links[edit]
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Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
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An Agni-II during the Republic Day parade in 2004.
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of Defence programme for the research and development of the comprehensive range of missiles. The programme was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board[1] in partnership with other Indian government political organisations.[2] The project started in 1982–83 with popular political support from the successive governments and bestowed under the leadership of Abdul Kalam who oversaw its ending in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed.
On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.[2] It added that the strategic integrated guided missile programme was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the programme had been developed and inducted by the Indian armed forces.[3]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Hurdles
2 Prithvi
3 Agni Re-entry Technology
4 Trishul
5 Akash
6 Nag
7 See also
8 External links
9 References
History[edit]
Main article: Guided Missiles of India § History
By the start of the 1980s, the DRDL had developed competence and expertise in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of aerospace materials based on the Soviet rocketry technologies. Thus, India's political leadership, which included Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Defence Minister R. Venkataraman, V.S. Arunachalam (Political Advisor to the Defence Minister), decided that all these technologies should be consolidated.
This led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme with Dr. Abdul Kalam, who had previously been the project director for the SLV-3 programme at ISRO, was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. While the scientists proposed the development of each missile consecutively, the Defence Minister R. Venkataraman asked them to reconsider and develop all the missiles simultaneously. Thus, four projects, to be pursued concurrently, were born under the IGMDP:
Short range surface-to-surface missile (code-named Prithvi)
Short range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named Trishul)
Medium range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and
Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).
The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.[2] As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing.[4]
Hurdles[edit]
Main article: Guided Missiles of India § Diplomatic and Technological Hurdles
After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the Missile Technology Control Regime (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR.[4]
Prithvi[edit]
Main article: Prithvi missile
Missile
Type
Warhead
Payload (kg)
Range (km)
Dimension (m)
Fuel/Stages
Weight (kg)
In service
CEP (m)
Prithvi-I Tactical Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical 1,000 150 8.55X1.1 Single stage liquid 4,400 1988 30–50
Prithvi-II Tactical Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical 350–750 350 8.55X1.1 Single stage liquid 4,600 1996 10–15
Prithvi-III Tactical Nuclear, HE, submunitions, FAE, chemical 500–1,000 350–600 8.55X1 Single stage solid 5,600 2004 10–15
The Prithvi missile (from Sanskrit पृथ्वी pṛthvī "Earth") is a family of tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) and is India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it was first test-fired on 25 February 1988 from Sriharikota, SHAR Centre, Pottisreeramulu Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. It has a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called Prithvi while the naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi II class missiles are code named Dhanush (meaning Bow). Both variants are used for surface targets.
The Prithvi is said to have its propulsion technology derived from the Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missile.[5] Variants make use of either liquid or both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its role as a tactical nuclear weapon.
The initial project framework of the IGMDP envisioned the Prithvi missile as a short-range ballistic missile with variants for the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.[6] Over the years the Prithvi missile specifications have undergone a number of changes. The Prithvi I class of missiles were inducted into the Indian Army in 1994, and it is reported that Prithvi I missiles are being withdrawn from service, being replaced with Prahar missiles.[7] Prithvi II missiles were inducted in 1996. Prithvi III class has a longer-range of 350 km, and was successfully test fired in 2004.[8]
Agni Re-entry Technology[edit]
A technology demonstrator for re-entry technology called Agni was added to IGMDP as Prithvi was unable to be converted to a longer ranged missile. The first flight of Agni with re-entry technology took place in 1989.[9] The re-entry system used resins and carbon fibres in its construction and was able to withstand a temperature of up to 3000° C.[9][10] The technologies developed in this project were eventually used in the Agni series of missiles.[11]
Trishul[edit]
Main article: Trishul (missile)
Trishul (Sanskrit: त्रिशूल, meaning trident) is the name of a short range surface-to-air missile developed by India as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It has a range of 12 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg warhead. Designed to be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to defend naval vessels against missiles and also as a short-range surface-to-air missile on land. According to reports, the range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The weight of the missile is 130 kg. The length of the missile is 3.1 m.[12] India officially shut down the project on 27 February 2008.[13] In 2003, Defence Minister George Fernandes had indicated that the Trishul missile had been de-linked from user service and would be continued as a technology demonstrator.
Akash[edit]
Main article: Akash missile
An Akash missile being test fired from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Orissa. The launch platform is a BMP-2 vehicle
Akash (Sanskrit: आकाश meaning Sky) is a medium-range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project ever undertaken by the Union government in the 20th century. Development costs skyrocketed to almost US$120 million, which is far more than other similar systems.[13]
Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.8 metres. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage. The missile has a terminal guidance system capable of working through electronic countermeasures. The entire Akash SAM system allows for attacking multiple targets (up to 4 per battery). The Akash missile's use of ramjet propulsion system allows it to maintain its speed without deceleration, unlike the Patriot missiles.[14] The missile is supported by a multi-target and multi-function phased array fire control radar called the 'Rajendra' with a range of about 80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement.[15]
The missile is completely guided by the radar, without any active guidance of its own. This allows it greater capability against jamming as the aircraft self-protection jammer would have to work against the high-power Rajendra, and the aircraft being attacked is not alerted by any terminal seeker on the Akash itself.
Design of the missile is similar to that of the SA-6, with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, internal schema shows a completely modernised layout, including an onboard computer with special optimised trajectories, and an all-digital proximity fuse.
The Akash system meant for the Army uses the T-72 tank chassis for its launcher and radar vehicles. The Rajendra derivative for the Army is called the Battery Level Radar-III. The Air Force version uses an Ashok Leyland truck platform to tow the missile launcher, while the Radar is on a BMP-2 chassis and is called the Battery Level Radar-II. In either case, the launchers carry three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers are automated, autonomous and networked to a command post and the guidance radar. They are slewable in azimuth and elevation. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.
The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.
The IAF has initiated the process to induct the Akash surface-to-air missiles developed as a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. The Multiple target handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in a C4I environment during the trials. Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005 itself. The Akash System's 3-D central acquisition radar (3-D car) group mode performance was then fully established.[16][17]
In December 2007 Indian Air Force completed user trials for the Akash missile system. The trials, which were spread over ten days, were successful, and the missile hit its target on all five occasions. Before the ten-day trial at Chandipur, the Akash system's ECCM Evaluation tests were carried out at Gwalior Air force base while mobility trials for the system vehicles were carried out at Pokhran. The IAF had evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency in engaging targets. The following trials were conducted: Against low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude receding target.[18] Following this, the IAF declared that it would initiate the induction of 2 squadrons strength (each squadron with 2 batteries) of this missile system, to begin with. Once deliveries are complete, further orders would be placed to replace retiring SA-3 GOA (Pechora) SAM systems.[19][20] In February 2010, the Indian Air Force ordered six more squadrons of the Akash system, taking orders to eight of the type. The Indian Army is also expected to order the Akash system.
Nag[edit]
Main article: Nag Missile
Nag Missile
Nag (Sanskrit: नाग meaning cobra) is India's third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile. It is an all weather, top attack missile with a range of 3 to 7 km.
The missile uses an 8 kg tandem HEAT warhead capable of defeating modern armour including ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) and composite armour. Nag uses Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) guidance with day and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (Lock on Before Launch). Nag can be mounted on an infantry vehicle; a helicopter launched version will also be available with integration work being carried out with the HAL Dhruv.
Separate versions for the Army and the Air Force are being developed. For the Army, the missiles will be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag Missile Carrier) equipped with a thermographic camera for target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified BMP-2 IFV licence produced as "Sarath" in India. The carriers are capable of carrying four ready-to-fire missiles in the observation/launch platform which can be elevated with more missiles available for reload within the carrier. For the Air Force, a nose-mounted thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory "Helina". The missile has a complete fiberglass structure and weighs around 42 kg.
Nag was test fired for the 45th time on 19 March 2005 from the Test Range at Ahmednagar (Maharashtra), signalling the completion of the developmental phase. It will now enter production phase, subject to user trials and acceptance by the Indian Army.
Further versions of the missile may make use of an all-weather Milli Metric Wave (MMW) seeker as an additional option. This seeker has reportedly been developed and efforts are on to integrate it into the missile.
See also[edit]
India portal
Military of India portal
Rajendra Radar
SA-6 Gainful
Agni missile system
List of missiles
Dongfeng
External links[edit]
CSIS Missile Threat - India
Bharat Rakshak's page of Akash
Bharat Rakshak's page on Trishul
Nag Missile
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Indian Ordnance Factories: Ordnance Factory Itarsi". Ofb.gov.in. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Integrated Guided Missile Development Program". Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "India scraps integrated guided missile programme". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b T. S., Subramanian (31 January 2009). "Missile shield". Frontline. India. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "Prithvi – India Missile Special Weapons Delivery Systems". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
Jump up ^ Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive Archived 2 December 2001 at the Library of Congress Web Archives accessed 18 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "After 17 years in service, the Prithvi I missile will give way to smaller and better Prahar". defense-update.com. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Dhanush/Sagarika (Project K-15) (India) – Jane's Naval Weapon Systems". Janes.com. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
^ Jump up to: a b T. S. Subramanian (31 January – 13 February 2009). "Missile shield". Frontline. Vol. 26 no. 3. Kasturi. ISSN 0970-1710.
Jump up ^ T. S. Subramanian (21 August 2015). "Technologist to the core". Frontline. Kasturi. ISSN 0970-1710.
Jump up ^ PIB Delhi (13 August 2012). "Missile Development Programme".
Jump up ^ "Trishul Surface To Air Missile Not A Failure Says Government". India-defence.com. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "India Shuts Down Trishul Missile Project" Rediff.com 27 February 2008
Jump up ^ T.S. Subramanian (11 December 2005) "Akash missile achieves a milestone" The Hindu'.' Retrieved 18 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Global Security.Org article accessed 18 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM's". Frontierindia.net. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Air Force Impressed With Akash Surface To Air Missiles Performance". India-defence.com. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
Jump up ^ "DRDO report on Akash Air Defence Weapon System"DRDO
Jump up ^ "IAF to induct indigenous Akash missile". Sify News. 26 December 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Ajai Shukla (23 January 2008)"Missile mission meets target" Business Standard
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