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The Amazing Race Canada 6
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The Amazing Race Canada
(season 6)
Season run
July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03) – present
Filming dates
April 23 (2018-04-23) – May 19, 2018 (2018-05-19)
Presenter
Jon Montgomery
Season statistics
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 5
The sixth season of The Amazing Race Canada (also known as The Amazing Race Canada: Heroes Edition[1]) is a reality game show based on the American series The Amazing Race. It features ten teams of two consisting of everyday Canadian heroes.[2] The grand prize includes: a CA$250,000 cash payout, a "once-in-a-lifetime" trip for two around the world, and a 2018 Chevrolet Traverse Redline for each.[2] For the sixth year in a row, Jon Montgomery returned as the host.
The season premiered on July 3, 2018.[3]
Contents
1 Production
1.1 Development
1.2 Casting
1.3 Marketing
2 Results
3 Episode title quotes
4 Prizes
5 Race summary
5.1 Leg 1 (British Columbia)
5.2 Leg 2 (British Columbia → Yukon)
5.3 Leg 3 (Yukon → British Columbia)
5.4 Leg 4 (British Columbia → Indonesia)
5.5 Leg 5 (Indonesia → Ontario)
5.6 Leg 6 (Ontario)
5.7 Future legs
5.8 Upcoming legs
6 Ratings
7 References
8 External links
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Hatley Castle in the city of Colwood, British Columbia, served as the backdrop for the Starting Line of the sixth season of The Amazing Race Canada
On October 12, 2016, CTV announced that the show was renewed for the sixth season.[4]
Filming of The Amazing Race Canada 6 began on April 23, 2018, when the show’s Facebook page broadcast the start of the Race during its first of six "Jon on the Road: Presented by Chevrolet Facebook Live",[5] which featured Devon Soltendieck of etalk interviewing host Jon Montgomery at the starting line, Hatley Gardens in Colwood, British Columbia, before the Race commenced.[6] The five subsequent livestreams featured Jon during filming of the Race offering hints about destinations on the racecourse.
This season's visit to Fredericton, New Brunswick means that all 13 of Canada's provincial and territorial capitals have been featured at least once in the 6 seasons of the Canadian Race.
Season 5 winners Sam Lambert and Paul Mitskopoulos were the Pit Stop greeters of Leg 6 in their hometown of Toronto.
Casting[edit]
The cast includes Olympic bronze medalist in skeleton Mellisa Hollingsworth, Toronto Argonauts cheerleaders Leanne Larsen and Marielle "Mar" Lyon, and former CFL player Kwame Osei.
Marketing[edit]
Chevrolet continued sponsoring the show and was the sole sponsor of the Facebook Live events.[1] Canadian Tire's outfitter brand Woods also continued their sponsorship from the previous season. New sponsors are Alcon Dailies contact lenses, Dempster's Bakery, Royal Canadian Legion and SkipTheDishes.[7]
Results[edit]
Team
Relationship
Position (by leg)
Roadblocks
1
2
3
4
5
⋐6⋑
7+
8
9
10
11
Taylor & Courtney
Siblings RCMP Officers 5th 3rd 1st 5th 1st 1st Taylor 4, Courtney 3
Nancy & Mellisa
Teammates Elite Athletes 2nd 2nd 8thε2 2nd⊃ 5th 2nd Nancy 4, Mellisa 3
Martina & Phil
Siblings Volunteers 7th 6th 4th 6th⊂ 3rd3 3rd Martina 3, Phil 4
Leanne & Mar
Teammates Mentors 1st 4th 3rdε1 1st 6th3 4th Leanne 3, Mar 4
Dylan & Kwame
Friends Football Coaches 4th 5th 5th 3rd 4th3 5th Dylan 4, Kwame 3
Courtney & Adam
Engaged First Responders 8th 7th 6th 7th 2nd3 6th⊃ Courtney 3, Adam 4
Zainab & Monica
Co-Workers/Friends RCN Sailors 6th 9th 7th 4th⋑ 7th 7th⊂ Zainab 3, Monica 4
Todd & Anna
Dating Advocates 3rd 1st 2ndε1 8th⋐ Todd 3, Anna 2
Joseph & Akash
Friends Volunteers 9th 8th 9th Joseph 2, Akash 2
Chewy & Happy
Best Friends Retired RCAF Pilots 10th Chewy 1, Happy 1
A red team placement means the team was eliminated.
An underlined blue team's placement indicates that the team came in last on a non-elimination leg and had to perform a Speed Bump during the next leg of the race.
An underlined leg number indicates that there was no mandatory rest period at the Pit Stop and all teams were ordered to continue racing. The first place team was still awarded a prize on that leg. An underlined team's placement indicates that that team came in last on a "continue racing" leg and were not eliminated.
A purple ε indicates that the team had previously found an Express Pass and used it on that leg.
A brown ⊃ or a cyan ⋑ indicates that the team chose to use one of the two U-Turns in a Double U-Turn, respectively; ⊂ or ⋐ indicates the team who received it. If ⋐⋑ is next to a leg number, it indicates that the second U-Turn was not used.
An orange + next to a leg number indicates that there was a Face Off on that leg of the race, while an orange − indicates the team that lost the Face Off and received a pre-determined time penalty.
^ Two teams who found an Express Pass in Leg 2 − Todd & Anna and Leanne & Mar − chose to use theirs to bypass the pie-eating task in Leg 3.
^ Nancy & Melissa chose to use the Express Pass they found in Leg 2 to bypass the fairy doors search task in Leg 3.
^ Four teams (Martina & Phil, Courtney & Adam, Dylan & Kwame and Leanne & Mar) were unable to check into the Pit Stop as they had stepped on the Pit Stop mat without their backpacks, and were told to go back to retrieve them before being allowed to check-in. Only the placement for Martina & Phil was affected; they dropped to 3rd place.
Episode title quotes[edit]
Episode titles are often taken from quotes made by the racers.
"Just a Beaver Hero" – Courtney (of Courtney & Adam)
"Fiddler's Fart" – Nancy
"Sounds Like a Wild Boar" – Zainab
"Just Suck My Blood Please" – Mar
"You Gotta Whip That Cream" – Martina
"Smells Like Sweat and Fun" – Dylan
"Poodle Time" –
Prizes[edit]
The prize for each leg is awarded to the first place team for that leg.
Leg 1 – A trip for two to Tokyo, Japan
Leg 2 – A trip for two to the South of France
Klondike Campsite Set Up Challenge – CA$5,000 from Woods. Awarded to Todd & Anna.
Leg 3 – A trip for two to Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Leg 4 – A trip for two to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Leg 5 – A trip for two to London, England, United Kingdom
Leg 6 – A trip for two to Hong Kong, China and CA$5,000 from Canada Bread donated to a Food Bank in their community
Leg 7 –
Race summary[edit]
Destinations
Air travel Rail travel Water travel Bus travel
Route Markers
Detour Roadblock Fast Forward U-Turn Speed Bump Pit Stop
Leg 1 (British Columbia)[edit]
Upon arriving in mainland British Columbia, teams visited the Sea-to-Sky Corridor where they encountered the first Roadblock of the race
Airdate: July 3, 2018
Colwood, British Columbia Canada (Hatley Park National Historic Site – Hatley Gardens) (Starting Line)
Swartz Bay (Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal) to Delta (Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal)
Squamish (Sea-to-Sky Gondola – Panorama Trail)
Squamish (Squamish Days Loggers' Sports Festival)
Squamish (Darrell Bay)
Britannia Beach (Britannia Mine Museum – Mill No.3)
In the first Roadblock of the Race, one team member had to ride a zip-line to a net suspended high above the Mamquam Valley. With a bungee cord, they then had to jump from the net to grab a plush beaver toy and exchange it for their next clue. If they missed, they had to wait at the back of the line to try again.
In the second Roadblock of this leg, the team member who didn't perform the first Roadblock had to participate in a loggersports activity by climbing an 80 feet (24 m) pole, with the aid of spurs and a harness, to retrieve their next clue at the top.
Additional tasks
At the starting line, teams first had to search the grounds around Hatley Castle to find their backpacks with their first clue.
At the Sea-to-Sky Gondola, teams had to sign for one of 5 gondolas to the top of the mountain, where they found the clue for the first Roadblock.
At Darrell Bay, teams had to put on wetsuits and steer a paddleboard toward 20 buoys floating in the bay, each tied to a trap containing a live crab below. They had to choose a trap, pull it up, then return to shore with it to have the crab measured. If the crab was regulation size, they received their next clue.
Additional information
In a parking lot outside Hatley Castle, teams found 2018 Chevrolet Cruze hatchbacks, which served as transportation on this leg.
Leg 2 (British Columbia → Yukon)[edit]
While in Dawson City, tasks were focused in the downtown area and around its historic role in the Klondike Gold Rush
Airdate: July 10, 2018
Vancouver (Vancouver International Airport) to Dawson City, Yukon (Dawson City Airport)
Dawson City (Dredge No. 4)
Dawson City (Bank of British North America)
Dawson City (Palace Grand Theatre or Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall)
Dawson City (Midnight Dome)
The first Detour of the Race was a choice between Dance or Chance. In Dance, teams travelled to the Palace Grand Theatre. After donning burlesque costumes, team would watch a can-can performance. Teams would then join the performers on stage and would perform the dance. When teams performed the can-can to the satisfaction of the judge, they would receive their next clue. In Chance, teams travelled to Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall and had to watch a round of blackjack. After observing the round, team members would then assume the role of dealer, and each member had to deal out a hand to casino patrons and properly pay out casino chips. If teams made a mistake, then they would have to go to the back of the line and wait for another attempt. When each team member successfully dealt a round of blackjack, the pit boss would give teams their next clue.
Additional tasks
After arriving at Dawson City Airport, teams found parked 2018 Chevrolet Silverado "High Country Edition" trucks, which served as transportation for the rest of this leg, and had to load a tent and camping supplies from Race sponsor Woods into their truck. Teams then drove to Dredge No. 4 and had to assemble a campsite that matched an example setup. When teams correctly assembled their campsite, they would receive their next clue. In addition, the team that assembled their campsite the fastest would win a $5,000 prize from Woods. Todd & Anna won this prize.
At the Bank of British North America, teams received a global positioning system receiver with nine pre-programmed destinations. Teams had to search Dawson City to find a gold coin at five different locations: the SS Keno, the George Mercer Dawson commemorative plaque near the Yukon Hotel, the Robert W. Service Cabin, the Red Feather Saloon, and the Clapp and Jones Steamer at the Dawson City Firefighter Museum. Teams could also find an Express Pass at three different locations: the Former Post Office, the Dänojà Zho Cultural Centre, and the Hillside Cemetery. One location, the Commissioner's Residence, had neither a coin nor an Express Pass. After finding five coins, teams had to return to the Bank of British North America to exchange their coins for their next clue.
Leg 3 (Yukon → British Columbia)[edit]
Teams ended this leg in Cowichan Valley at the Kinsol Trestle, one of the highest wooden former railway trestles in the world
Airdate: July 17, 2018
Dawson City (Dawson City Airport) to Vancouver, British Columbia (Vancouver International Airport)
(Seaplane) Vancouver (Vancouver Harbour Air Terminal) to Ganges, Salt Spring Island (Ganges Harbour)[8]
Ganges (Salt Spring Saturday Market)[8]
Mount Erskine Provincial Park (Mount Erskine Access Trail – Fairy Doors)
Vesuvius (Vesuvius Ferry Terminal) to Crofton, Vancouver Island (Crofton Ferry Terminal)
Duncan (Vancouver Island Motorsport Circuit)
Duncan (Pacific Northwest Raptors)
Shawnigan Lake (Kinsol Trestle)
For their Speed Bump, Zainab & Monica had to correctly identify eight flavour-infused fleur de sel samples before they could continue racing. In the first Roadblock of this leg, one team member had to complete a full lap in a 2018 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport convertible around the Vancouver Island Motorsport Circuit within three minutes, without exceeding 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) to receive their next clue.
In the second Roadblock of this leg, the team member who didn't perform the first Roadblock had to observe a silent demonstration of how to tie a falconer's knot. Then, a live raptor was placed on their arm while wearing a protective glove, and they had to correctly tie the leash of their bird using a falconer's knot to a metal loop attached to their glove within fifteen seconds to receive their next clue.
Additional tasks
At Salt Spring Saturday Market, each team had to eat two whole blueberry pies. Once finished, they were given keys to 2018 Chevrolet Bolt EV hatchbacks containing their next clue; these served as transportation for the rest of this leg.
At Mount Erskine Access Trail, teams had to search through the park's ten fairy doors to find their next clue hidden behind three of the doors.
Leg 4 (British Columbia → Indonesia)[edit]
Teams finished this leg in Jakarta at Merdeka Square, in the shadow of Indonesia's National Monument
Airdate: July 24, 2018
Victoria (Victoria International Airport) to Jakarta, Indonesia (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport)
West Jakarta (Kota Tua – Fatahillah Square)
North Jakarta (Pelabuhan Sunda Kelapa)
South Jakarta (Kebayoran Baru – Pasar Burung Barito)
South Jakarta (Langsat Park or Mayestik Market) (in Indonesian)
South Jakarta (Kebayoran Baru – Gedung Teater Bulungan)
Central Jakarta (Merdeka Square overlooking the National Monument)
This leg's Detour was a choice between Ular or Kebaya. In Ular, teams had to find a snake handler within Langsat Park, choose a container, and completely clean the snake inside. Once approved, they then moved to a medical station where each team member had to attach a leech to their partner's arm and let it suck their blood for five minutes, after which they received their next clue. In Kebaya, teams had to find a marked sewing stall in Mayestik Market. Using a sewing machine, they had to sew two panels of fabric and then, sew each panel to the underside of the lapels on the women's blazer known as a kebaya to receive their next clue.
In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to perform the Saman dance. After dressing in costume, they had to learn and correctly perform a series of complex hand and body movements in sync with a group of dancers on stage to receive their next clue.
Additional tasks
Upon arrival in Fatahillah Square, teams had to sign up for one of three departure times the next morning. They then had to watch a traditional welcoming performance by dancers in Ondel-ondel costumes to receive their next clue.
At Pelabuhan Sunda Kelapa, teams had to carry durians by hand from a truck and onto a pinisi until they filled a crate to receive their next clue.
Leg 5 (Indonesia → Ontario)[edit]
The Roadblock in Stratford took place in the Festival Theatre, home of the world-renowned Stratford Festival
Airdate: July 31, 2018
Jakarta (Soekarno–Hatta International Airport) to Toronto, Ontario , Canada (Toronto Pearson International Airport)
Ingersoll (CAMI Automotive Assembly Plant)
Stratford (Festival Theatre)
Stratford (Avon River – Avon Boat Rentals or Rhéo Thompson Candies)
Stratford (Stratford City Hall – "Queen of the Square")
In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to dress in Elizabethan costume, then learn and act out a sword fighting duel scene, ending with the racer's "death"; if performed convincingly, they would receive their next clue.
This leg's Detour was a choice between Pedal or Package. In Pedal, teams had to use a paddle boat to navigate part of the Avon River in Stratford to find and collect six illustrated cards. When placed in the correct order, the pieces would form a rebus that encoded the words "Queen of the Square". In Package, teams traveled to Rhéo Thompson Candies, where they had to correctly assemble and package ten boxes of assorted mint chocolates and ten boxes of assorted jelly candies to receive their next clue, which only read "Queen of the Square".
Additional tasks
Upon arrival in Toronto, teams were instructed to travel to the place where the Chevrolet Equinox crossover SUV is assembled in Ontario. They were left to figure out that this referred to CAMI Automotive in Ingersoll and not the Chevrolet assembly plants located in Oshawa and St. Catharines, Ontario. Once there, they found a sign-up board to determine the order they would be admitted the next morning, in five-minute intervals. They then had to watch a silent demonstration and follow the nineteen steps to correctly assemble one Equinox front door to receive their next clue.
The clues following the Detour only told teams to find "Queen of the Square"; teams had to figure out that this was a cinema that holds screenings inside Stratford's city hall auditorium. Teams would then find Jon Montgomery and the Pit Stop mat inside.
Additional information
After arriving at Toronto Pearson International Airport, teams found parked 2018 Chevrolet Equinox "True North Editions" containing their next clue; these served as transportation for the rest of this leg and the first part of Leg 6.
Leg 6 (Ontario)[edit]
Upon arriving in Toronto, teams visited its famous city hall to search for a race flag from the observation deck
Airdate: August 7, 2018
Toronto (Toronto City Hall – East Tower Observation Deck)
Toronto (Yonge–Dundas Square)
(TTC Subway) Toronto (Dundas Station) to (Lansdowne Station)
Toronto (The Monkey's Paw)
Toronto (El Convento Rico or Versus Coffee)
Toronto (North York Harvest Food Bank)
Toronto (Ireland Park)
In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose a 2018 Chevrolet Spark and load it with a variety of provided household items, without putting any in the passenger seat and not obstructing vision through the rear-view mirror. Then, using the backup camera, they had to reverse the vehicle through a slalom course without knocking over any cones to park within a marked space. Once completed, they contacted the OnStar service to be told their next destination.
This leg's Detour was a choice between Walk the Part or Latte Art. In Walk the Part, teams had to dress in colourful costumes, then learn and correctly perform a Vogue routine with a dance troupe in front of an audience to receive their next clue. In Latte Art, teams as baristas had to prepare two cups of latte, then re-create a leaf pattern of latte art in the foam using food coloring and proper pouring technique. Once both were approved, they received their next clue.
Additional tasks
Upon arrival in Toronto, teams traveled to City Hall, where they had to make their way up to the observation deck on the 27th floor of the east tower and search for a red and yellow Race flag on the roof of a building at their next destination – Yonge–Dundas Square.
The clue given via OnStar after the Roadblock instructed teams to only travel via TTC Subway to The Monkey's Paw bookstore. Here, they received a token to insert into the Biblio-mat, a book vending machine. They would find their next clue inside the dispensed book. They would also find the Double U-Turn board.
At North York Harvest Food Bank, teams had to choose a list of various bread products donated by Race sponsor Dempster's Bakery. They had to pack the specified quantities of each product into red boxes. Once complete and verified as correct, they received their next clue.
Future legs[edit]
Leg 7 (Ontario → Manitoba)
Airdate: August 14, 2018
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Winnipeg (Royal Winnipeg Ballet)
(Face Off)
Upcoming legs[edit]
Mexico
Mexico City [9]
New Brunswick
Fredericton (Government House) [10]
Ratings[edit]
Viewership includes initial date of viewing plus seven day DVR playback.
No.
Title
Air date
Viewers
(millions)
Weekly rank
Ref.
1
"Just a Beaver Hero" July 3, 2018 1.771 1 [11]
2
"Fiddler's Fart" July 10, 2018 1.600 2 [12]
3
"Sounds Like a Wild Boar" July 17, 2018 1.814 1 [13]
4
"Just Suck My Blood Please" July 24, 2018 1.769 1 [14]
5
"You Gotta Whip That Cream" July 31, 2018
6
"Smells Like Sweat and Fun" August 7, 2018
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "CTV Celebrates the Canadian Heroes Among Us with the First-Ever THE AMAZING RACE CANADA: HEROES EDITION # # # This Year's Race Kicks off TODAY with a Facebook Live Event in Partnership with Chevrolet". Bell Media. April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "#MeetTheRacers: All 10 Teams Now Revealed for Season 6 of CTV's Highly Anticipated and First-Ever The Amazing Race Canada: Heroes Edition, Premiering July 3". Newswire. June 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "CTV Announces Heroic 2018 Summer Schedule Anchored By Highly Anticipated, First-Ever THE AMAZING RACE CANADA: HEROES EDITION # # # CTV Delivers Hollywood Star Power this Summer with Rachel Bilson and Eddie Cibrian in New Drama TAKE TWO, Amy Poehler in New Series MAKING IT, and Jennifer Lopez with the Return of WORLD OF DANCE". Bell Media. May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Calling All Heroes: CTV Orders Sixth Season of Hit Series THE AMAZING RACE CANADA". CTV. October 12, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Watch The New Season Of The Amazing Race Canada Kick Off Live On Facebook This Monday". CTV Television Network. April 22, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wong, Kendra (23 April 2018). "Amazing Race Canada kicks off at Hatley Castle". Goldstream News Gazette. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "CTV's THE AMAZING RACE CANADA: HEROES EDITION Welcomes Season 6 Sponsors and Announces Fan Contests". Newswire.ca. June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Nolan, Elizabeth (May 7, 2018). "Amazing Race Canada Contestants Speed Across The Island". Gulf Islands Driftwood. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jon is on the road with more clues about The #AmazingRaceCanada: Heroes Edition!". Facebook. May 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jon shares the last clues from the road! Stay tuned for details about The #AmazingRaceCanada premiere on CTV!". Facebook. May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) July 2 - July 8, 2017" (PDF). Numeris. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) July 9 - July 15, 2017" (PDF). Numeris. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) July 16 - July 22, 2018" (PDF). Numeris. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) July 23 - July 29, 2018" (PDF). Numeris. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Chariot racing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A modern recreation of chariot racing in Puy du Fou
Chariot racing (Greek: ἁρματοδρομία harmatodromia, Latin: ludi circenses) was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine sports. Chariot racing was dangerous to both drivers and horses as they often suffered serious injury and even death, but these dangers added to the excitement and interest for spectators. Chariot races could be watched by women, who were banned from watching many other sports. In the Roman form of chariot racing, teams represented different groups of financial backers and sometimes competed for the services of particularly skilled drivers. As in modern sports like soccer, spectators generally chose to support a single team, identifying themselves strongly with its fortunes, and violence sometimes broke out between rival factions. The rivalries were sometimes politicized, when teams became associated with competing social or religious ideas. This helps explain why Roman and later Byzantine emperors took control of the teams and appointed many officials to oversee them.
The sport faded in importance in the West after the fall of Rome. It survived for a time in the Byzantine Empire, where the traditional Roman factions continued to play a prominent role for several centuries, gaining influence in political matters. Their rivalry culminated in the Nika riots, which marked the gradual decline of the sport.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancient Greek Era
1.1 Early chariot racing
1.2 Olympic Games
1.3 Other festivals
2 Roman era
3 Byzantine era
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 Sources
7.1 Primary sources
7.2 Secondary sources
8 External links
Ancient Greek Era[edit]
Early chariot racing[edit]
It is unknown exactly when chariot racing began, but It may have been as old as chariots themselves. It is known from artistic evidence on pottery that the sport existed in the Mycenaean world,[a] but the first literary reference to a chariot race is one described by Homer, at the funeral games of Patroclus.[1] The participants in this race were Diomedes, Eumelus, Antilochus, Menelaus, and Meriones. The race, which was one lap around the stump of a tree, was won by Diomedes, who received a slave woman and a cauldron as his prize. A chariot race also was said to be the event that founded the Olympic Games; according to one legend, mentioned by Pindar, King Oenomaus challenged suitors for his daughter Hippodamia to a race, but was defeated by Pelops, who founded the Games in honour of his victory.[2][3]
Olympic Games[edit]
Chariot racing on a black-figure hydria from Attica, ca. 510 BC
In the ancient Olympic Games, as well as the other Panhellenic Games, there were both four-horse (tethrippon, Greek: τέθριππον) and two-horse (synoris, Greek: συνωρὶς) chariot races, which were essentially the same aside from the number of horses. [b] The chariot racing event was first added to the Olympics in 680 BC with the games expanding from a one-day to a two-day event to accommodate the new event (but was not, in reality, the founding event).[4][5] The chariot race was not so prestigious as the foot race of 195 meters (stadion, Greek: στάδιον), but it was more important than other equestrian events such as racing on horseback, which were dropped from the Olympic Games very early on.[6]
The races themselves were held in the hippodrome, which held both chariot races and riding races. The single horse race was known as the "keles" (keles, Greek: κέλης).[c] The hippodrome was situated at the south-east corner of the sanctuary of Olympia, on the large flat area south of the stadium and ran almost parallel to the latter. Until recently, its exact location was unknown, since it is buried by several meters of sedimentary material from the Alfeios River. In 2008, however, Annie Muller and staff of the German Archeological Institute used radar to locate a large, rectangular structure similar to Pausanias's description. Pausanias, who visited Olympia in the second century AD, describes the monument as a large, elongated, flat space, approximately 780 meters long and 320 meters wide (four stadia long and one stadefour plethra wide). The elongated racecourse was divided longitudinally into two tracks by a stone or wooden barrier, the embolon. All the horses or chariots ran on one track toward the east, then turned around the embolon and headed back west. Distances varied according to the event. The racecourse was surrounded by natural (to the north) and artificial (to the south and east) banks for the spectators; a special place was reserved for the judges on the west side of the north bank.[7][8]
The Charioteer of Delphi, one of the most famous statues surviving from Ancient Greece
The race was begun by a procession into the hippodrome, while a herald announced the names of the drivers and owners. The tethrippon consisted of twelve laps around the hippodrome,[9] with sharp turns around the posts at either end. Various mechanical devices were used, including the starting gates (hyspleges, Greek: ὕσπληγγες; singular: hysplex, Greek: ὕσπληγξ) which were lowered to start the race.[10] According to Pausanias, these were invented by the architect Cleoitas, and staggered so that the chariots on the outside began the race earlier than those on the inside. The race did not begin properly until the final gate was opened, at which point each chariot would be more or less lined up alongside each other, although the ones that had started on the outside would have been traveling faster than the ones in the middle. Other mechanical devices known as the "eagle" and the "dolphin" were raised to signify that the race had begun, and were lowered as the race went on to signify the number of laps remaining. These were probably bronze carvings of those animals, set up on posts at the starting line.[11]
In most cases, the owner and the driver of the chariot were different persons. In 416 BC, the Athenian general Alcibiades had seven chariots in the race, and came in first, second, and fourth; obviously, he could not have been racing all seven chariots himself.[12] Philip II of Macedon also won an Olympic chariot race in an attempt to prove he was not a barbarian, although if he had driven the chariot himself he would likely have been considered even lower than a barbarian. The poet Pindar did praise the courage of Herodotes of Thebes, however, for driving his own chariot.[13] This rule also meant that women could win the race through ownership, despite the fact that women were not allowed to participate in or even watch the Games.[4] This happened rarely, but a notable example is the Spartan Cynisca, daughter of Archidamus II, who won the chariot race twice.[14] Chariot racing was a way for Greeks to demonstrate their prosperity at the games. The case of Alcibiades indicates also that chariot racing was an alternative route to public exposure and fame for the wealthy.[15]
The charioteer was usually either a family member of the owner of the chariot or, in most cases, a slave or a hired professional.[5] Driving a racing chariot required unusual strength, skill, and courage. Yet, we know the names of very few charioteers,[16] and victory songs and statues regularly contrive to leave them out of account.[17] Unlike the other Olympic events, charioteers did not perform in the nude, probably for safety reasons because of the dust kicked up by the horses and chariots, and the likelihood of bloody crashes. Racers wore a sleeved garment called a xystis. It fell to the ankles and was fastened high at the waist with a plain belt. Two straps that crossed high at the upper back prevented the xystis from "ballooning" during the race.[18]
The chariots themselves were modified war chariots, essentially wooden carts with two wheels and an open back,[19] although chariots were by this time no longer used in battle. The charioteer's feet were held in place, but the cart rested on the axle, so the ride was bumpy. The most exciting part of the chariot race, at least for the spectators, was the turns at the ends of the hippodrome. These turns were very dangerous and often deadly. If a chariot had not already been knocked over by an opponent before the turn, it might be overturned or crushed (along with the horses and driver) by the other chariots as they went around the post. Deliberately running into an opponent to cause him to crash was technically illegal, but nothing could be done about it (at Patroclus' funeral games, Antilochus in fact causes Menelaus to crash in this way,[20]) and crashes were likely to happen by accident anyway.
Other festivals[edit]
As a result of the rise of the Greek cities of the classic period, other great festivals emerged in Asia Minor, Magna Graecia, and the mainland providing the opportunity for athletes to gain fame and riches. Apart from the Olympics, the best respected were the Isthmian Games in Corinth, the Nemean Games, the Pythian Games in Delphi, and the Panathenaic Games in Athens, where the winner of the four-horse chariot race was given 140 amphorae of olive oil (much sought after and precious in ancient times). Prizes at other competitions included corn in Eleusis, bronze shields in Argos, and silver vessels in Marathon.[d] Another form of chariot racing at the Panathenaic Games was known as the apobatai, in which the contestant wore armor and periodically leapt off a moving chariot and ran alongside it before leaping back on again.[21] In these races, there was a second charioteer (a "rein-holder") while the apobates jumped out; in the catalogues with the winners both the names of the apobates and of the rein-holder are mentioned.[22] Images of this contest show warriors, armed with helmets and shields, perched on the back of their racing chariots.[23] Some scholars believe that the event preserved traditions of Homeric warfare.[24]
Roman era[edit]
See also: Equirria
The plan of the Circus Maximus
The Romans probably borrowed chariot racing from the Etruscans as well as the racing tracks, who themselves borrowed it from the Greeks, but the Romans were also influenced directly by the Greeks.[25][26][e] According to Roman legend, chariot racing was used by Romulus just after he founded Rome in 753 BC as a way of distracting the Sabine men. Romulus sent out invitations to the neighbouring towns to celebrate the festival of the Consualia, which included both horse races and chariot races. Whilst the Sabines were enjoying the spectacle, Romulus and his men seized and carried off the Sabine women, who became wives of the Romans.[27][28] Chariot races were a part of several Roman religious festivals, and on these occasions were preceded by a parade (pompa circensis) that featured the charioteers, music, costumed dancers, and images of the gods. While the entertainment value of chariot races tended to overshadow any sacred purpose, in late antiquity the Church Fathers still saw them as a traditional "pagan" practice, and advised Christians not to participate.[29]
Bas-relief of a quadriga race in the Circus Maximus (2nd-3rd century)
A chariot race in the Roman era
In ancient Rome, chariot races commonly took place in a circus.[30] The main centre of chariot racing was the Circus Maximus in the valley between Palatine Hill and Aventine Hill,[f] which could seat 250,000 people.[27] It was the earliest circus in the city of Rome.[30] The Circus was supposed to date to the city's earliest times,[g] but it was rebuilt by Julius Caesar around 50 BC so that it had a length of about 650 metres (2,130 ft) and a width of about 125 metres (410 ft).[31] One end of the track was more open than the other, as this was where the chariots lined up to begin the race. The Romans used a series of gates known as carceres, an equivalent to the Greek hysplex. These were staggered in the same way as the hysplex, but they were slightly different because Roman racing tracks also had a median (the spina) in the centre of the track.[32] The carceres took up the angled end of the track,[33] and the chariots were loaded into spring-loaded gates. When the chariots were ready, the emperor (or whoever was hosting the races, if they were not in Rome) dropped a cloth known as a mappa, signalling the beginning of the race.[34] The gates would spring open, creating a perfectly fair beginning for all participants.
Chariot race of Cupids; ancient Roman sarcophagus in the Museo Archeologico (Naples). Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
Once the race had begun, the chariots could move in front of each other in an attempt to cause their opponents to crash into the spinae (singular spina). On the top of the spinae stood small tables or frames supported on pillars, and also small pieces of marble in the shape of eggs or dolphins.[33][35] The spina eventually became very elaborate, with statues and obelisks and other forms of art, but the multiplication of the adornments of the spina had one unfortunate result: They became so numerous that they obstructed the view of spectators on lower seats.[36] At either end of the spina was a meta, or turning point, in the form of large gilded columns.[37] [35] Spectacular crashes in which the chariot was destroyed and the charioteer and horses incapacitated were known as naufragia, also the Latin word for shipwrecks.[38]
A white charioteer; part of a mosaic of the third century AD, showing four leading charioteers from the different colors, all in their distinctive gear
The race itself was much like its Greek counterpart, although there were usually 24 races every day that, during the fourth century, took place on 66 days each year.[39] However, a race consisted of only 7 laps (and later 5 laps, so that there could be even more races per day), instead of the 12 laps of the Greek race.[33] The Roman style was also more money-oriented; racers were professionals and there was widespread betting among spectators.[40][41][42] There were four-horse chariots (quadrigae) and two-horse chariots (bigae), but the four-horse races were more important.[33] In rare cases, if a driver wanted to show off his skill, he could use up to 10 horses, although this was extremely impractical.
The technique and clothing of Roman charioteers differed significantly from those used by the Greeks. Roman drivers wrapped the reins round their waist, while the Greeks held the reins in their hands.[h] Because of this, the Romans could not let go of the reins in a crash, so they would be dragged around the circus until they were killed or they freed themselves. In order to cut the reins and keep from being dragged in case of accident, they carried a falx, a curved knife. They also wore helmets and other protective gear.[43][35] In any given race, there might be a number of teams put up by each faction, who would cooperate to maximize their chances of victory by ganging up on opponents, forcing them out of the preferred inside track or making them lose concentration and expose themselves to accident and injury.[43][35] Spectators could also play a part as there is evidence they threw lead "curse" amulets studded with nails at teams opposing their favourite.[44]
A winner of a Roman chariot race, from the Red team
Another important difference was that the charioteers themselves, the aurigae, were considered to be the winners, although they were usually also slaves (as in the Greek world). They received a wreath of laurel leaves, and probably some money; if they won enough races they could buy their freedom.[17] Drivers could become celebrities throughout the Empire simply by surviving, as the life expectancy of a charioteer was not very high. One such celebrity driver was Scorpus, who won over 2000 races[3] before being killed in a collision at the meta when he was about 27 years old. The most famous of all was Gaius Appuleius Diocles who won 1,462 out of 4,257 races. When Diocles retired at the age of 42 after a 24-year career his winnings reportedly totalled 35,863,120 sesterces ($US 15 billion), making him the highest paid sports star in history.[45] The horses, too, could become celebrities, but their life expectancy was also low. The Romans kept detailed statistics of the names, breeds, and pedigrees of famous horses.
Seats in the Circus were free for the poor, who by the time of the Empire had little else to do, as they were no longer involved in political or military affairs as they had been in the Republic. The wealthy could pay for shaded seats where they had a better view, and they probably also spent much of their times betting on the races. The circus was the only place where the emperor showed himself before a populace assembled in vast numbers, and where the latter could manifest their affection or anger. The imperial box, called the pulvinar in the Circus Maximus, was directly connected to the imperial palace.[46]
Mosaic from Lyon illustrating a chariot race with the four factions: Blue, Green, Red and White
Chariot races in the Roman era
The driver's clothing was color-coded in accordance with his faction, which would help distant spectators to keep track of the race's progress.[47] According to Tertullian, there were originally just two factions, White and Red, sacred to winter and summer respectively.[48] As fully developed, there were four factions, the Red, White, Green, and Blue.[49] Each team could have up to three chariots each in a race. Members of the same team often collaborated with each other against the other teams, for example to force them to crash into the spina (a legal and encouraged tactic).[33] Drivers could switch teams, much like athletes can be traded to different teams today.
By 77 BC, the rivalry between the Red and the Whites was already developed, when a funeral for a Red driver involved a Red supporter throwing himself on the funeral pyre. No writer of the time, however, refers to these as factions such as came into existence later, with the factions being official organizations.[33] Writing near the beginning of the third century, he wrote that the Reds were dedicated to Mars, the Whites to the Zephyrs, the Greens to Mother Earth or spring, and the Blues to the sky and sea or autumn.[48] Domitian created two new factions, the Purples and Golds, which disappeared soon after he died.[33] The Blues and the Greens gradually became the most prestigious factions, supported by emperor and populace alike. Numerous occasions occurred when a Blue vs. Green clash would break out during a race. Indeed, Reds and Whites are only rarely mentioned in the surviving literature, although their continued activity is documented in inscriptions and in curse-tablets.[50]
Byzantine era[edit]
The Hippodrome today, with the Walled Obelisk in the foreground and Thutmose's Obelisk on the right
Like many other aspects of the Roman world, chariot racing continued in the Byzantine Empire, although the Byzantines did not keep as many records and statistics as the Romans did. In place of the detailed inscriptions of Roman racing statistics, several short epigrams in verse were composed celebrating some of the more famous Byzantine Charioteers.[51] The six charioteers about whom these laudatory verses were written were Anastasius, Julianus of Tyre, Faustinus, his son, Constantinus, Uranius, and Porphyrius.[52] Although Anastasius's single epigram reveals almost nothing about him, Porphyrius is much better known, having thirty-four known poems dedicated to him.[53]
Constantine I (r. 306–337) preferred chariot racing to gladiatorial combat, which he considered a vestige of paganism.[54] However, the end of gladiatorial games in the Empire may have been more the result of the difficulty and expense that came with procuring gladiators to fight in the games, than the influence of Christianity in Byzantium.[55] The Olympic Games were eventually ended by Emperor Theodosius I (r. 379–395) in 393, perhaps in a move to suppress paganism and promote Christianity, but chariot racing remained popular. The fact that chariot racing became linked to the imperial majesty meant that the Church did not prevent it, although gradually prominent Christian writers, such as Tertullian, began attacking the sport.[56] Despite the influence of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire, venationes, bloody wild-beast hunts, continued as a form of popular entertainment during the early days of the Empire as part of the extra entertainment that went along with chariot racing. Eventually, Emperor Leo (r. 457–474) banned public entertainments on Sundays in 469, showing that the hunts did not have imperial support, and the venationes were banned completely by Emperor Anastasius (r. 491–518) in 498. Anastasius was praised for this action by some sources, but their concern seems to be more for the danger the hunts could put humans in rather than for objections to the brutality or moral objections.[55] There continued to be burnings and mutilations of humans who committed crimes or were enemies of the state in the hippodrome throughout the Byzantine Empire, as well as victory celebrations and imperial coronations.[57]
The chariot races were important in the Byzantine Empire, as in the Roman Empire, as a way to reinforce social class and political power, including the might of the Byzantine emperor, and were often put on for political or religious reasons.[58] In addition, chariot races were sometimes held in celebration of an emperor's birthday.[59] An explicit parallel was drawn between the victorious charioteers and the victorious emperor. The factions addressed their victors by chanting "Rejoice ... your Lords have conquered" while the charioteer took a victory lap, further indicating the parallel between the charioteer's victory and the emperor's victory.[60] Indeed, reliefs of Porphyrius, the famous Byzantine charioteer, show him in a victor's pose being acclaimed by partisans, which is clearly modeled on the images on the base of Emperor Theodosius's obelisk.[61] The races could also be used to symbolically make religious statements, such as when a charioteer, whose mother was named Mary, fell off his chariot and got back on and the crowd described it as "The son of Mary has fallen and risen again and is victorious."[62]
The Hippodrome of Constantinople (really a Roman circus, not the open space that the original Greek hippodromes were) was connected to the emperor's palace and the Church of Hagia Sophia, allowing spectators to view the emperor as they had in Rome.[i] Citizens used their proximity to the emperor in the circuses and theatres to express public opinion, like their dissatisfaction with the Emperor's errant policy.[63] It has been argued that the people became so powerful that the emperors had no choice but to grant them more legal rights. However, contrary to this traditional view, it appears, based on more recent historical research, that the Byzantine emperors treated the protests and petitions of their citizens in the circuses with greater contempt and were more dismissive of them than their Roman predecessors. Justinian I (r. 527–565), for instance, seems to have been dismissive of the Greens' petitions and to have never negotiated with them at all.[64]
There is not much evidence that the chariot races were subject to bribes or other forms of cheating in the Roman Empire. In the Byzantine Empire, there seems to have been more cheating; Justinian I's reformed legal code prohibits drivers from placing curses on their opponents, but otherwise there does not seem to have been any mechanical tampering or bribery. Wearing the colours of one's team became an important aspect of Byzantine dress.
The Triumphal Quadriga is a set of Roman or Greek bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga. They date from late Classical Antiquity and were long displayed at the Hippodrome of Constantinople. In 1204 AD, Doge Enrico Dandolo sent them to Venice as part of the loot sacked from Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade.
Chariot racing in the Byzantine Empire also included the Roman racing clubs, which continued to play a prominent role in these public exhibitions. By this time, the Blues (Vénetoi) and the Greens (Prásinoi) had come to overshadow the other two factions of the Whites (Leukoí) and Reds (Roúsioi), while still maintaining the paired alliances, although these were now fixed as Blue and White vs. Green and Red.[j] These circus factions were no longer the private businesses they were during the Roman Empire. Instead, the races began to be given regular, public funding, putting them under imperial control.[65] Running the chariot races at public expense was probably a cost-cutting and labor-reducing measure, making it easier to channel the proper funds into the racing organizations.[66] The Emperor himself belonged to one of the four factions, and supported the interests of either the Blues or the Greens.[67][68]
Adopting the color of their favorite charioteers was a way fans showed their loyalty to that particular racer or faction.[69] Many of the young men in the fan clubs, or factions, adopted extravagant clothing and hairstyles, such as billowing sleeves, "Hunnic" hair-styles, and "Persian" facial hair.[70][71] There is evidence that these young men were the faction members most prone to violence and extreme factional rivalry.[72] Some scholars have tried to argue that the factional rivalry and violence was a result of opposing religious or political views, but more likely the young men simply identified strongly with their faction for group solidarity. The factional violence was probably engaged in similarly to the violence of modern football or soccer fans.[73] The games themselves were the usual focus of the factional violence, even when it was taken to the streets.[74] Although fans who went to the hippodrome cheered on their favorite charioteers, their loyalty appears to be to the color for which the charioteer drove more than for the individual driver. Charioteers could change faction allegiance and race for different colors during their careers, but the fans did not change their allegiance to their color.[75]
The Blues and the Greens were now more than simply sports teams. They gained influence in military, political,[k] and theological matters, although the hypothesis that the Greens tended towards Monophysitism and the Blues represented Orthodoxy is disputed. It is now widely believed that neither of the factions had any consistent religious bias or allegiance, in spite of the fact that they operated in an environment fraught with religious controversy.[76][77] According to some scholars, the Blue-Green rivalry contributed to the conditions that underlay the rise of Islam, while factional enmities were exploited by the Sassanid Empire in its conflicts with the Byzantines during the century preceding Islam's advent.[l]
The Blue-Green rivalry often erupted into gang warfare, and street violence had been on the rise in the reign of Justin I (r. 518–527), who took measures to restore order, when the gangs murdered a citizen in the Hagia Sophia.[76] Riots culminated in the Nika riots of 532 AD during the reign of Justinian, which began when the two main factions united and attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the emperor.[78]
Chariot racing seems to have declined in the course of the seventh century, with the losses the Empire suffered at the hands of the Arabs and the decline of the population and economy.[79] The Blues and Greens, deprived of any political power, were relegated to a purely ceremonial role. After the Nika riots, the factions grew less violent as their importance in imperial ceremony increased.[80] In particular, the iconoclast emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775) courted the factions for their support in his campaigns against the monks. They aided the emperor in executing his prisoners and by putting on shows in which monks and nuns held hands while the crowd hissed at them. Constantine V seems to have given the factions a political role in addition to their traditionally ceremonial role.[81] The two factions continued their activity until the imperial court was moved to Blachernae during the 12th century.[82]
The Hippodrome in Constantinople remained in use for races, games, and public ceremonies up to the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In the 12th century, Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) even staged Western-style jousting matches in the Hippodrome. During the sack of 1204, the Crusaders looted the city and, among other things, removed the copper quadriga that stood above the carceres; it is now displayed at St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice.[83] Thereafter, the Hippodrome was neglected, although still occasionally used for spectacles. A print of the Hippodrome from the fifteenth century shows a derelict site, a few walls still standing, and the spina, the central reservation, robbed of its splendor. Today, only the obelisks and the Serpent Column stand where for centuries the spectators gathered.[3] In the West, the games had ended much sooner; by the end of the fourth century public entertainments in Italy had come to an end in all but a few towns.[84] The last recorded chariot race in Rome itself took place in the Circus Maximus in 549 AD.[85]
See also[edit]
Media related to Chariot racing at Wikimedia Commons
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ A number of fragments of pottery from show two or more chariots, obviously in the middle of a race. Bennett asserts that this is a clear indication that chariot racing existed as a sport from as early as the thirteenth century BC. Chariot races are also depicted on late Geometric vases (Bennett 1997, pp. 41–48).
Jump up ^ Synoris succeeded tethrippon in 384 BC. Tethrippon was reintroduced in 268 BC (Valettas & Ioannis 1955, p. 613).
Jump up ^ Little is known of the construction of hippodromes before the Roman period (Adkins & Adkins 1998a, pp. 218–219)
Jump up ^ Τhe returning athletes also gained various benefits in their native towns, like tax exemptions, free clothing and meals, and even prize money (Bennett 1997, pp. 41–48).
Jump up ^ In Rome, chariot racing constituted one of the two types of public games, the ludi circenses. The other type, ludi scaenici, consisted chiefly of theatrical performances (Balsdon 1974, p. 248; Mus 2001–2011).
Jump up ^ There were many other circuses throughout the Roman Empire. Circus of Maxentius, another major circus, was built at the beginning of the fourth century BC outside Rome, near the Via Appia. There were major circuses at Alexandria and Antioch, and Herod the Great built four circuses in Judaea. Archaeologists working on a housing development in Essex have unearthed what they believe to be the first Roman chariot-racing arena to be found in Britain (Prudames 2005).
Jump up ^ According to the tradition, the Circus probably dated back to the time of the Etruscans (Adkins & Adkins 1998b, pp. 141–142; Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004, p. 383).
Jump up ^ Roman drivers steered using their body weight; with the reins tied around their torsos, charioteers could lean from one side to the other to direct the horse's movement, keeping the hands free for the whip and such (Futrell 2006, pp. 191–192; Köhne, Ewigleben & Jackson 2000, p. 92).
Jump up ^ The Hippodrome was situated immediately to the west of the imperial palace, and there was a private passage from the palace to the emperor's box, the kathisma, where the emperor showed himself to his subjects. One of Justinian's first acts on becoming emperor was to rebuild the kathisma, making it loftier and more impressive (Evans 2005, p. 16).
Jump up ^ One of the most famous charioteers, Porphyrius, was a member of both the Blues and the Greens at various times in the 5th century (Futrell 2006, p. 200).
Jump up ^ At the root of the political power eventually gained by the factions was the fact that from the mid-fifth century the making of an emperor required that he should be acclaimed by the people (Liebeschuetz 2003, p. 211).
Jump up ^ Khosrau I (r. 531–579) erected an hippodrome near Ctesiphon, and supported the Greens in deliberate contrast to his enemy, Justinian, who favored the Blues (Hathaway 2003, p. 31).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Homer. The Iliad, 23.257–23.652.
Jump up ^ Pindar. "1.75". Olympian Odes.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bennett 1997, pp. 41–48.
^ Jump up to: a b Polidoro & Simri 1996, pp. 41–46.
^ Jump up to: a b Valettas & Ioannis 1955, p. 613.
Jump up ^ Adkins & Adkins 1998a, pp. 350, 420.
Jump up ^ Pausanias. "6.20.10–6.20.19". Description of Greece.
Jump up ^ Vikatou 2007.
Jump up ^ Adkins & Adkins 1998a, p. 420.
Jump up ^ Golden 2004, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Pausanias. "6.20.13". Description of Greece.
Jump up ^ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 6.16.2.
Jump up ^ Pindar. Isthmian Odes, 1.1.
Jump up ^ Golden 2004, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Kyle 2007, p. 172.
Jump up ^ One of them is Carrhotus who is praised by Pindar for keeping his chariot unscathed (Pindar. Pythian, 5.25-5.53). Unlike the majority of charioteers, Carrhotus was friend and brother-in-law of the man he drove for, Arcesilaus of Cyrene; so his success affirmed the success of the traditional aristocratic mode of organizing society (Dougherty & Kurke 2003, Nigel Nicholson, "Aristocratic Victory Memorials", p. 116
^ Jump up to: a b Golden 2004, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Adkins & Adkins 1998a, p. 416.
Jump up ^ Valettas & Ioannis 1955, p. 614.
Jump up ^ Gagarin 1983, pp. 35–39.
Jump up ^ Camp 1998, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Apobates 1955.
Jump up ^ Neils & Tracy 2003, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Kyle 1993, p. 189.
Jump up ^ Golden 2004, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, p. 185.
^ Jump up to: a b Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004, p. 383.
Jump up ^ Scullard 1981, pp. 177–178.
Jump up ^ Beard, North & Price 1998, p. 262.
^ Jump up to: a b Adkins & Adkins 1998b, pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Kyle 2007, p. 305.
Jump up ^ Kyle 2007, p. 306.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Balsdon 1974, pp. 314–319.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, p. 215.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ramsay 1876, p. 348.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Potter & Mattingly 1999, Hazel Dodge, "Amusing the Masses: Buildings for Entertainment and Leisure in the Roman World", p. 237.
Jump up ^ Futrell 2006, p. 191.
Jump up ^ Kyle 2007, p. 304.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, pp. 224–225.
Jump up ^ Laurence 1996, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Potter 2006, p. 375.
^ Jump up to: a b Futrell 2006, pp. 191–192.
Jump up ^ Struck 2010.
Jump up ^ Waldrop 2010.
Jump up ^ Lançon 2000, p. 144.
Jump up ^ Futrell 2006, p. 192.
^ Jump up to: a b Tertullian. De Spectaculis, 9.
Jump up ^ Adkins & Adkins 1998b, p. 347.
Jump up ^ Futrell 2006, p. 209.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, p. 240.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, pp. 240–241.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, p. 241.
Jump up ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 41.
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron 1973, p. 228.
Jump up ^ Tertullian (De Spectaculis, 16) and Cassiodorus called chariot racing an instrument of the Devil. Salvian criticized those who rushed into the circus in order to "feast their impure, adulterous gaze on shameful obscenities" (Olivová 1989, p. 86). Public spectacles were also attacked by John Chrysostom (Liebeschuetz 2003, pp. 217–218).
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 172.
Jump up ^ Kyle 2007, p. 253.
Jump up ^ Theophanes & Turtledove 1982, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1973, p. 249.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1973, pp. 250–251.
Jump up ^ Harris 1972, pp. 242–243.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 169.
Jump up ^ Humphrey 1986, p. 539.
Jump up ^ Humphrey 1986, p. 441.
Jump up ^ Evans 2005, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Hathaway 2003, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Gregory 2010, p. 131.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Prokopios & Kaldellis 2010, pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, pp. 76–77.
Jump up ^ Gregory 2010, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 273.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, pp. 202–203.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans 2005, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz 2003, p. 215.
Jump up ^ McComb 2004, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz 2003, p. 219.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 299.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, pp. 302–304.
Jump up ^ Cameron 1976, p. 308.
Jump up ^ Freeman 2004, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz 2003, pp. 219–220.
Jump up ^ Balsdon 1974, p. 252.
Sources[edit]
Primary sources[edit]
Theophanes; Turtledove, Harry (1982). The Chronicle of Theophanes: An English Translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1128-3.
Homer. The Iliad. Wikisource.
Pausanias. Description of Greece, Book 6: Elis II. See original text in Perseus program.
Pindar. Isthmian Odes – Isthmian 1. See original text in Perseus program.
Pindar. Olympian Odes – Olympian 1. See original text in Perseus program.
Pindar. Pythian Odes – Pythian 5. See original text in Perseus program.
Prokopios; Kaldellis, Anthony (2010). The Secret History with Related Texts. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-60384-180-1.
Thucydides. " Book 6". History of the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Richard Crawley. Wikisource.
Tertullian. De Spectaculis. See original text in the Latin library.
Secondary sources[edit]
Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998a). Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512491-X.
Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998b). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512332-8.
"Apobates". Encyclopedia "The Helios" (in Greek). III. Athens, Greece. 1945–1955.
Balsdon, John Percy Vyvian Dacre (1974). Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome. Bodley Head.
Beard, Mary; North, John A.; Price, S. R. F. (1998). Religions of Rome: A History. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31682-0.
Bennett, Dirk (December 1997). "Chariot Racing in the Ancient World". History Today. Britain. 47 (12): 41–48. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06.
Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2004). "Circuses and Chariot Racing". The Romans: From Village to Empire. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511875-8.
Cameron, Alan (1976). Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
Cameron, Alan (1973). Porphyrius: The Charioteer. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
Camp, John Mck. (1998). Horses and Horsemanship in the Athenian Agora. Princeton, New Jersey: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. ISBN 0-87661-639-2.
Evans, James Allan Stewart (2005). "The Nika Revolt of 532". The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32582-0.
Dougherty, Carol; Kurke, Leslie (2003). The Cultures Within Ancient Greek Culture: Contact, Conflict, Collaboration. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81566-5.
Finley, Moses I.; Pleket, H. W. (1976). The Olympic Games: The First Thousand Years. New York, New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-52406-9.
Freeman, Charles (April 2004). "St Mark's Square: An Imperial Hippodrome?". History Today. Britain: History Today. 54 (4): 39.
Futrell, Alison (2006). The Roman Games: A Sourcebook. Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-4051-1569-6.
Gagarin, Michael (January 1983). "Antilochus' Strategy: The Chariot Race in Iliad 23". Classical Philology. Britain: The University of Chicago Press. 78 (1): 35–39. doi:10.1086/366744. JSTOR 269909.
Golden, Mark (2004). Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24881-7.
Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-8471-X.
Harris, Harold Arthur (1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0718-4.
Hathaway, Jane (2003). "Bilateral Factionalism in Ottoman Egypt". A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5883-0.
Humphrey, John H. (1986). Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04921-5.
Köhne, Eckart; Ewigleben, Cornelia; Jackson, Ralph (2000). Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome. British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-2316-5.
Kyle, Donald G. (1993) [1987]. Athletics in Ancient Athens. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09759-7.
Kyle, Donald G. (2007). Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-631-22971-X.
Lançon, Bertrand (2000). "Festivals and Entertainments". Rome in Late Antiquity: Everyday Life and Urban Change, AD 312-609. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-92976-8.
Laurence, Ray (1996) [1994]. Roman Pompeii: Space and Society. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14103-6.
Liebeschuetz, John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon (2003). "Shows and Factions". The Decline and Fall of the Roman City. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926109-1.
McComb, David G. (2004). Sports in World History. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-31811-4.
Meijer, Fik; Waters, Liz (2010). Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-9697-5.
Mus, P. Dionysius (2001–2011). "Ludi Circenses (longer version)". Societas via Romana. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Neils, Jenifer; Tracy, Stephen V. (2003). Games at Athens. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. ISBN 0-87661-641-4.
Olivová, Věra (1989). "Chariot Racing in the Ancient World". Nikephoros - Zeitschrift für Sport und Kultur im Altertum. Weidmann. 2: 65–88. ISBN 3-615-00058-7.
Polidoro, J. Richard; Simri, Uriel (May–June 1996). "The Games of 676 BC: A Visit to the Centenary of the Ancient Olympic Games". The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. 67 (5): 41–46.
Potter, David Stone; Mattingly, D. J. (1999). Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08568-9.
Potter, David Stone (2006). A Companion to the Roman Empire. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-631-22644-3.
Prudames, David (5 January 2005). "Roman Chariot-Racing Arena Is First to Be Unearthed in Britain". Culture 24. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Ramsay, William Wardlaw (1876). "Games of the Circus". A Manual of Roman Antiquities. London: Charles Griffin and Company.
Scullard, Howard Hayes (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1402-4.
Struck, Peter (2 August 2010). "Greatest of All Time". Lapham's Quarterly. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
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Valettas, G. M.; Ioannis, Passas (1945–1955). "Chariot Racing". Encyclopedia "The Helios" (in Greek). III. Athens, Greece.
Vikatou, Olympia (2007). "Hippodrome of Olympia – Description". Hellenic World Heritage Monuments. Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Waldrop, Murray (13 August 2010). "Wealth of today's sports stars is 'no match for the fortunes of Rome's chariot racers'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
External links[edit]
Chariot Races (United Nations of Roma Victrix (UNRV) History – Roman Empire)
The Circus: Roman Chariot Racing (VRoma: A Virtual Community for Teaching and Learning Classics)
The Games: Chariot Racing
Historic Overview: Roman Army and Chariot Racing (The Roman Army and Chariot Experience (RACE) Jerash Jordan)
Peter Donnelly – Some Observations on Roman Chariot-Racing
Pasko Varnica - Sports In Antiquity
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