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Elections in China
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Elections in China are based on a hierarchical electoral system, whereby local People's Congresses are directly elected, and all higher levels of People's Congresses up to the National People's Congress, the national legislature, are indirectly elected by the People's Congress of the level immediately below.[1]
Governors, mayors, and heads of counties, districts, townships and towns are in turn elected by the respective local People's Congresses.[2] Presidents of people's courts and chief procurators of people's procuratorates are elected by the respective local People's Congresses above the county level.[2] The President and the State Council are elected by the National People's Congress, which is made of 2980 people.
Contents
1 Electoral system
1.1 Direct elections
1.1.1 Local People's Congresses
1.1.2 L People's Governments
1.1.3 Village chiefs
1.2 Indirect elections
1.2.1 Local People's Governments
1.2.2 National People's Congress
1.2.3 National People's Government
1.3 Party system
2 Electoral history
3 Legislation
4 References
4.1 Citations
4.2 Sources
5 See also
Electoral system[edit]
Direct elections[edit]
People's Congresses of cities that are not divided into districts (不设区的市), counties (县), city districts (市辖区), towns (镇), townships (乡), and lastly ethnic townships (民族乡), are directly elected.[1] Additionally, village (村) committee members and chairpersons are directly elected.[3][4] Local People's Congresses have the constitutional authority to recall the heads and deputy heads of government at the provincial level and below.[citation needed]
Local People's Congresses[edit]
A list of voters posted in a neighbourhood in Shenzhen, Guangdong. April 11, 2014.
Under the electoral law of 1 July 1979, nomination of candidates for direct elections (in counties, townships, etc.) can be made by the Communist Party of China, the various other political parties, mass organizations, or any voter seconded by at least 3 others.[5] The final list of electoral candidates must be worked out through "discussion and consultation" or primary elections,[5] but in practice is determined by the election committee in consultation with small groups of voters, through a process known as the "three ups and three downs" (三上三下, sān shàng sān xià).[6] According to the Chinese government, the "three ups and three downs" process is supposed to operate as follows:
the election committee collates all of the nominations, checks them, and publishes the list of nominees and their basic details (first "up"). The published list is given to groups of electors, comprising the voters in each geographical or institutional electorate for discussion (first "down");
the views of the groups of electors are conveyed via group representatives at a committee meeting, in order to reduce the number of candidates (second "up"). The views of different elector groups and the discussions at the committee meeting are then conveyed to voters, and their views are sought (second "down"); and
the views of the groups of electors are once again collated and reported to the election committee which, by reference to the views of the majority of electors, determine the final list of candidates (third "up"). The list of names and basic details is published by electorate (third "down").[7]
The number of candidates for an election should be 50% to 100% larger than the number of seats, voting is to be done by secret ballot, and voters are theoretically entitled to recall elections.[8] Eligible voters, and their electoral districts, are chosen from the family (户籍) or work unit (单位 or dānwèi) registers for rural and urban voters, respectively, which are then submitted to the election committees after cross-examination by electoral district leaders.[9] Electoral districts at the basic level (townships, towns, etc.) are composed of 200–300 voters but sometimes up to 1000, while larger levels (counties, etc.) are composed of 3000 to 4000 voters
Local people's Government.[10]
L People's Governments[edit]
Heads of People's Governments are formally elected by the People's Congress of that level pursuant to the Organic Law on Local People's Congresses and Governments,[11] but the heads of township governments have been experimentally elected by the people through various mechanisms.[12] There are several models used:[13]
direct nomination and election (Chinese: 直推直选; pinyin: zhi tui zhi xuan)
direction election (Chinese: 直选; pinyin: zhi xuan)
two ballots in three rounds (Chinese: 三轮两票制; pinyin: san lun liang piao zhi)
competition based on mass recommendation (Chinese: 民推竞选; pinyin: min tui jing xuan)
nomination and election by the masses (海选 or hǎi xuǎn; literally "sea election")
public recommendation and public election (Chinese: 公推公选; pinyin: gong tui gong xuan)
vote of confidence (Chinese: 信任投票; pinyin: xin ren tou piao)
Village chiefs[edit]
Since taking power in 1978, Deng Xiaoping experimented with direct democracy at the local level.[14] Villages have been traditionally the lowest level of government in China's complicated hierarchy of governance.[15] Many have criticized the locally elected representatives as serving as "rubber stamps", though during some eras the Communists have flirted with the idea of potentially allowing some competition.[16] In the early 1980s, a few southern villages began implementing "Vote for your Chief" policies, in which free elections are intended to be held for the election of a village chief, who holds a lot of power and influence traditionally in rural society.[17] Many of these multi-candidate elections[18] were successful, involving candidate debates, formal platforms, and the initiation of secret ballot boxes.[19] The suffrage was not universal,[20] with eligible citizens above age 18 having the right to vote and be elected.[citation needed] Such an election comprises usually over no more than 2000 voters, and the first-past-the-post system is used in determining the winner,[citation needed] with no restriction on political affiliation.[21] The elections, held every three years,[22] are always supervised by a higher level of government, usually by a County Government. Part of the reason for these early elections was to shift the responsibility of ensuring good performance and reduced corruption of local leaders from the Chinese bureaucracy to the local villagers.[23]
Under the Organic Law of Village Committees, all of China's approximately 1 million villages are expected to hold competitive, direct elections for sub-governmental village committees. A 1998 revision to the law called for improvements in the nominating process and enhanced transparency in village committee administration.[24] The revised law also explicitly transferred the power to nominate candidates to villagers themselves, as opposed to village groups or Chinese Communist Party (CCP) branches.[25] According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, as of 2003 the majority of provinces had carried out at least four or five rounds of village elections.
According to BBC News, state media regularly reports on vote buying and corruption during these elections to discredit wider implementation in higher levels of government.[26]
Some townships and urban areas also have experimented with direct elections of local government leaders.
Indirect elections[edit]
People's Congresses of provinces (省), directly controlled municipalities (直辖市), and cities divided into districts (设区的市) are indirectly elected by the People's Congress of the level immediately below.[1]
Local People's Governments[edit]
The Local People's Congress at each administrative level—other than the village level in rural areas, which hold direct elections—elects candidates for executive positions at that level of government.
National People's Congress[edit]
The National People's Congress (NPC) has 2987 members, elected for five year terms. Deputies are elected (over a three-month period) by the people's congresses of the provinces of China, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and the armed forces. The size of each college of delegates is related to the number of electors in the constituency. 36 deputies are elected in Hong Kong.
National People's Government[edit]
The President and Vice President of China, the Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the NPC, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and the President of the Supreme People's Court are elected by the NPC on the nomination of the Presidium of the NPC.[27] The Premier is elected by the NPC on the nomination of the President.[27] Other members of the State Council are elected by the NPC on the nomination of the Premier.[27] Other members of the Central Military Commission are elected by the NPC on the nomination of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission.[27]
In the 2008 election for the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, for example, president Hu Jintao, the only candidate, received a majority of approval votes. However, some electors chose to write in other names; the most popular write-in candidate was former premier Zhu Rongji.
For appointed positions requiring the approval of the People's Congress, such as the premier and cabinet ministers, delegates may either approve or disapprove of the appointment. Relevant laws provide that if the single candidate does not receive more than 50% approval, the position is left vacant until the next session of the People's Congress. This rarely happens in practice, and has never happened at the national level.
Party system[edit]
Officially, China is a multi-party socialist state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). There are a small number of independent candidates for people's congress, particularly in neighborhoods of major cities, who sometimes campaign using weibos posted on the internet.[28][29]
Although there is no legal requirement for either membership in or approval by the Communist Party, in practice the membership of the higher people's congresses and people's governments are largely determined by the Party.[30] Independent candidates are strongly discouraged and face government intervention in their campaigns.[31] In practice, the power of parties other than the Communist Party of China is eliminated.[29] Because none of the minor parties have independent bases of support and rely on Communist Party approval for appointment to positions of power, none have the capacity to serve as a true opposition party. Whereas there are Communist Party Committees in People's Congresses at all levels, none of the other parties operate any form of party parliamentary groups. In order to represent different segments of the population and bring in technical expertise, the CCP does ensure that a significant minority of people's congress delegates are either minor party members or unaffiliated, and there is tolerance of disagreement and debate in the legislative process where this does not fundamentally challenge the role of the Communist Party.
Communist Party regulations require members of the People's Congresses, People's Governments, and People's Courts to implement CPC recommendations (including nominations) pursuant to the CPC Regulations on the Selection and Appointment Work of Cadres of Both CPC and Government Organs.[30]
"These regulations apply to the selection and appointment of cadres to the working departments and/or internal institutes of the Central Committee of the CPC, the NPCSC, the State Council, the National People's Consultative Committee, the Central Disciplinary Committee of the CPC, officials (not including the heads) of the Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate and their internal institutions, officials of local CPC organs, people's congresses, people's governments, political consultative committees, people's courts, people's procuratorates at and above county level, and their internal institutions, as well as officials of the internal institutions of the working organs mentioned above. Reference should be made to these regulations for the selection and appointment of officials to institutions directly under the leadership of the CPC organs an people's governments at and above county level, trade unions, youth leagues of the CPC, women's associations and any other people's organizations. Reference should be made to these regulations for the selection and appointment of officials who are not CPC members. Reference should also be made to these regulations in the selection and appointment of persons to non-leaders' positions above county level (Chuji). …
"When a CPC committee recommends to a people's congress or its standing committee candidates for officials to positions which need to be elected by either a people's congress or its standing committee, it should first introduce its recommendation opinions to the interim CPC organ within the people's congress or the CPC organization of the standing committee of the people's congress. The interim CPC organ, the CPC organization within the standing committee of the people's congress and CPC members of the standing committee and of the people's congress, should seriously implement the recommendation opinions of the CPC committee, take lead in doing things according to law, and correctly perform their obligations."
Elected leaders remain subordinate to the corresponding CCP secretary, and most are appointed by higher-level party organizations.[30] Furthermore, while legally responsible for the oversight of the administration, it is difficult for a person in a people's congress without party support to exercise effective control or power over the administration of the executive at a given level.
Electoral history[edit]
No parties other than the Communist Party and the eight allied parties were allowed at the elections, which took place from October 2012 to March 2013. The same nine parties are represented at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

e • d Summary of the October 2012–February 2013
National People's Congress
of the People's Republic of China election results
Parties
Seats
Communist Party of China (中国共产党) 2,157 [32]
United Front, independents 830
Total 2,987
e • d Summary of the October 2007–February 2008
National People's Congress
of the People's Republic of China election results
Parties
Seats
Communist Party of China (中国共产党)
Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (民革)
China Democratic League (民盟)
China Democratic National Construction Association (民建)
China Association for Promoting Democracy (民进)
Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (农工民主党)
Zhigongdang of China (中国致公党)
Jiusan Society (九三学社)
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (台盟)
Non-partisans
2,987
Total 2,987
Legislation[edit]
The first electoral law was passed in March 1953, and the second on 1 July 1979.[5] The 1979 law allowed for ordinary voters to nominate candidates, unlike the 1953 law which provided no such mechanism.[5] The 1979 law was revised in 1982, removing the reference to the ability of political parties, mass organizations, and voters to use "various forms of publicity", and instead instructing that the "election committees should introduce the candidates to the voters; the political parties, mass organizations, and voters who recommend the candidates can introduce them at group meetings of the voters".[33] In 1986, the election law was amended to disallow primary elections.[34]
Traditionally, village chiefs were appointed by the township government.[4] The Organic Law of Village Committees was enacted 1987 and implemented in 1988, allowing for direct election of village chiefs instead.[35]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Article 97 of the Constitution of China
^ Jump up to: a b Article 101 of the Constitution of China
Jump up ^ Article 111 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China
^ Jump up to: a b Niou 2011, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chen 1999, p. 65.
Jump up ^ McCormick 1990, p. 141.
Jump up ^ "三上三下"协商确定县乡两级人大代表正式候选人的具体做法是什么？ (What is the specific procedure for the "three ups and three downs" method for determining through consultation the official candidates for People's Congress Representatives at the county and prefecture level?), Hebei People's Congress, 6 December 2011
Jump up ^ Chen 1999, p. 66.
Jump up ^ Leung 1996, pp. 109–110.
Jump up ^ Leung 1996, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Lin 2011, pp. 67–69.
Jump up ^ Lin 2011, p. 66.
Jump up ^ 林 (Lin), 峰 (Feng) (2011). 郑 (Cheng), 宇硕(Joseph Y. S.), ed. Whither China's Democracy: Democratization in China Since the Tiananmen Incident. City University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 65–99. ISBN 978-962-937-181-4. At pp. 77–87.
Jump up ^ Michelle Phillips (July 4, 2011). "Chinese independents to challenge Communists in 2012". The Washington Times Weekly.
Jump up ^ Lei Xie (2012). Environmental Activism in China. Routledge. p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Democracy's other version: China holds elections". The Economist. November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gerald Segal (1989). Political and economic encyclopaedia of the Pacific. Longman. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Unger (2002). The Transformation of Rural China. M.E. Sharpe. p. 218.
Jump up ^ Sue Vander Hook (2011). Communism. ABDO. p. 94.
Jump up ^ Hugo Burgh (2004). The Chinese Journalist: Mediating Information in the World's Most Populous Country. Routledge. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Andrew Sancton and Chen Zhenming (2014). Citizen Participation at the Local Level in China and Canada. CRC Press. p. 214.
Jump up ^ Gunter Schubert and Anna L. Ahlers (2012). Participation and Empowerment at the Grassroots: Chinese Village Elections in Perspective. Lexington Books. p. 1.
Jump up ^ William A. Joseph (2014). Politics in China: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 302.
Jump up ^ Joseph de Rivera (2008). Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace. Springer. p. 162.
Jump up ^ B. He (2007). Rural Democracy in China: The Role of Village Elections. Springer. p. 25.
Jump up ^ Hogg, Chris (22 July 2010). "Buying votes in China village polls 'costing more'". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lin 2011, pp. 68–69.
Jump up ^ "New faces should go back to reality". The Global Times. May 30, 2011. Archived from the original (Editorial) on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011. Just like opposition parties in the West, independent candidates in China represent different opinions on the political scene. Since China's political system is based on the cooperation of multiple parties under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, it would not suit the participation of candidates who choose an opposing attitude toward the current system.
^ Jump up to: a b LaFraniere, Sharon (October 31, 2011). "In China, Political Outsiders Turn to Microblog Campaigns". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2011. an election that is ostensibly open to all comers, but in fact is stacked in favor of the Communist Party's handpicked candidates.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lin 2011, pp. 72–76. "Regulations on the Selection and Appointment Work of Cadres of Both CPC and Government Organs".
Jump up ^ Sharon LaFraniere (December 4, 2011). "Alarmed by Independent Candidates, Chinese Authorities Crack Down". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1].
Jump up ^ Chen 1999, p. 69.
Jump up ^ McCormick 1990, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Niou 2011, pp. 4–5.
Sources[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress document: "China: A country study". Federal Research Division. Government and Politics.
Chen, An (1999). "Two Systems for Electing People's Deputies". Restructuring Political Power in China: Alliances and Opposition, 1978–1998. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 63–96. ISBN 978-1-555-87842-9.
McCormick, Barrett L. (1990). "Elections to Local People's Congresses". Political Reform in Post-Mao China: Democracy and Bureaucracy in a Leninist State. University of California Press. pp. 130–156. ISBN 978-0-520-06765-3.
Leung, Kwan-kwok (1996). "The Basic-Level Elections in Guangzhou Since 1979". In Macpherson, Stewart; Cheng, Joseph Y.S. Economic and Social Development in South China. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 107–. ISBN 978-1-858-98301-1.
Niou, Emerson M. S. (2011), An Introduction to the Electoral Systems Used in Chinese Village Elections (PDF)
See also[edit]
China portal
Politics portal
Politics of China
List of voting results of the National People's Congress of China
Legislative system of China
Yao Lifa
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Blarney Castle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Blarney Castle
County Cork, Ireland
Main castle keep and tower
Blarney Castle
Coordinates
51°55′44″N 8°34′15″W / 51.9289°N 8.5708°W / 51.9289; -8.5708Coordinates: 51°55′44″N 8°34′15″W / 51.9289°N 8.5708°W / 51.9289; -8.5708
Type
Medieval castle
Height
90ft (approximately)
Site information
Controlled by
MacCarthy family, Hollow Sword Blade Company,[1] Jefferyes family, Colthurst family[2]
Condition
Partial ruin
Site history
Built
1210 (original stone structure)
1446 (current structure)
Built by
MacCarthys of Muskerry[3]
Events
Desmond Rebellions, Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Confederate Wars, Williamite War in Ireland
Blarney Castle (Irish: Caisleán na Blarnan) is a medieval stronghold in Blarney, near Cork, Ireland, and the River Martin. Though earlier fortifications were built on the same spot, the current keep was built by the MacCarthy of Muskerry dynasty, a cadet branch of the Kings of Desmond, and dates from 1446.[4] The Blarney Stone is among the machicolations of the castle.
Contents
1 History
2 Tourism
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Blarney House
Blarney Castle, 1954
The castle originally dates from before 1200, when a timber house was believed to have been built on the site, although no evidence remains of this. Around 1210 this was replaced by a stone fortification.[4] It was destroyed in 1446, but subsequently rebuilt by Cormac Laidir MacCarthy, Lord of Muscry,[5][6] who also built castles at Kilcrea and Carrignamuck.[7]
The castle was besieged during the Irish Confederate Wars and was seized in 1646 by Parliamentarian forces under Lord Broghill. However, after the Restoration, the castle was restored to Donough MacCarty, who was made 1st Earl of Clancarty.[8]
During the Williamite War in Ireland in the 1690s, the then 4th Earl of Clancarty (also named Donough MacCarty) was captured and his lands (including Blarney Castle) were confiscated by the Williamites.
The castle was sold and changed hands a number of times — Sir Richard Pyne, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, owned it briefly — before being purchased in the early 1700s by Sir James St John Jefferyes, then governor of Cork City.[2][9]
Members of the Jefferyes family would later build a mansion near the keep. This house was destroyed by fire, and in 1874 a replacement baronial mansion, known as Blarney House, was built overlooking the nearby lake.[10]
Kissing the Blarney Stone
In the mid 19th century, the Jefferyes and Colthurst families were joined by marriage, and the Colthurst family still occupy the demesne.[2] In May 2008, the present estate owner, Sir Charles St John Colthurst, Baronet, succeeded in a court action to eject a man who had lived on his land for 44 years. The man's great-grandfather had been the first to occupy the estate cottage.[11]
Tourism[edit]
The castle is now a partial ruin with some accessible rooms and battlements. At the top of the castle lies the Stone of Eloquence, better known as the Blarney Stone. Tourists visiting Blarney Castle may hang upside-down over a sheer drop to kiss the stone, which is said to give the gift of eloquence. There are many versions of the origin of the stone, including a claim that it was the Lia Fáil — a numinous stone upon which Irish kings were crowned.
Surrounding the castle are extensive gardens. There are paths touring the grounds with signs pointing out the various attractions such as several natural rock formations with fanciful names such as Druid's Circle, Witch's Cave and the Wishing Steps. The grounds include a poison garden with a number of poisonous plants, including wolfsbane, mandrake, ricin and opium, as well as cannabis. Blarney House, also open to the public and within the estate grounds, is a Scottish baronial-style mansion that was built in 1874.[12]
See also[edit]
Blarney
Blarney Stone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Hollow Sword Blades Company (London) purchased several estates forfeited after the Williamite war
^ Jump up to: a b c Landed Estates Database – Estate Record – Blarney
Jump up ^ Samuel, Mark; Hamlyn, Kate (2007). Blarney Castle: Its History, Development and Purpose. Cork University. ISBN 978-1-85918-411-0.
^ Jump up to: a b BlarneyCastle.ie – History Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Irish Pedigrees: MacCarthy, Lords Muskry #119
Jump up ^ Inscription on machicolation reads "Cormac Macarthy fortis me fieri facit AD 1446"
Jump up ^ Westropp, Thomas Johnson. "The Monastery of St. Brigid, Kilcrea, and the Castle of the MacCarthys". Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society. The Society, 1908: 220.
Jump up ^ Adams, C. L. (1906). Castles of Ireland: Some Fortress Histories and Legends. Fredonia. ISBN 1-4101-0300-5.
Jump up ^ BlarneyCastle.ie – Historic Events
Jump up ^ BlarneyCastle.ie – Blarney House Archived 9 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Irish Times, retrieved 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ DiscoverIreland.ie (Official Fáilte Ireland website) Blarney House
Further reading[edit]
Hamlyn, Kate (2007), "Blarney Castle: Myth and Reality", Irish Arts Review (2002–), 24 (4): 126–129, JSTOR 25503636
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blarney Castle.
External links[edit]
Official Blarney Castle Website
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Brian Wilde
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Brian Wilde
Born
Brian George Wilde
(1927-06-13)13 June 1927
Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, England
Died
20 March 2008(2008-03-20) (aged 80)
Ware, Hertfordshire, England
Years active
1953–1997
Spouse(s)
Eva Stuart (1960-2008) (his death)
Children
2
Brian Wilde plaque in Ashton-under-Lyne
Brian George Wilde (13 June 1927 – 20 March 2008) was an English actor, best known for his roles in television comedy, including Mr Barrowclough in Porridge and "Foggy" Dewhurst in Last of the Summer Wine.[1] His lugubrious world-weary face was a staple of British television for forty years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 Porridge
1.2 Last of the Summer Wine
1.3 Other work
1.4 Death
2 Television roles
3 Selected filmography
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
Though born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, (now Greater Manchester) [2] Wilde was brought up in Devon and Hertfordshire and attended Hertford Grammar School. He trained as an actor at RADA.[2]
He had an early uncredited role as a small-time crook in the 1954 film Forbidden Cargo, starring Jack Warner and Nigel Patrick, and a small part in the horror film Night of the Demon (1957). His early television work included the series The Love of Mike (1960) and supporting Tony Hancock in episodes of his ATV series in 1963. Wilde also played Detective Superintendent Halcro in a series of two-part thrillers about undercover Scotland Yard officers, The Men from Room Thirteen (BBC, 1959–61). He had minor roles in films such as Life for Ruth (1962), The Bargee (1964), The Jokers (1967) and Carry On Doctor (1967), and on television in Room at the Bottom (1966–67) as Mr Salisbury. His first major television success was in 1970 as refuse depot manager "Bloody Delilah" in the ITV sitcom The Dustbinmen. He showed his sinister side as the mischievous magician Mr Peacock in the children's drama series Ace of Wands between 1970 and 1972. That year he starred as a murderer in The Uninvited, an episode of the BBC's supernatural thriller series Out of the Unknown. Also in 1971, in the television drama Elizabeth R, Wilde played the efficient, merciless 'rackmaster' Richard Topcliffe, who was charged with the torture of prisoners in the Tower of London. He played a character in the 1970s British children's series The Ghosts of Motley Hall, by Richard Carpenter.
Porridge[edit]
In 1973, he starred as a different kind of gaoler in the second episode of Seven of One, a series of seven individual stories, all of which starred Ronnie Barker. In the episode, entitled "Prisoner and Escort", Wilde played Mr Barrowclough, one of two prison officers whose job it is to escort Barker's character Fletcher across the moors to his prison (the other was Mister Mackay, played by Fulton Mackay). The episode proved popular and a series was commissioned by the BBC, titled Porridge. Wilde reprised his role as the timid and eager-to-please Barrowclough. Porridge was popular and successful; it ran until 1977, with a film version being made in 1979.
Last of the Summer Wine[edit]
Wilde gained and established another role in 1976, when he took over from Michael Bates as the third member of a trio of old men in the BBC sitcom Last of the Summer Wine. The character, Walter "Foggy" Dewhurst, was a determined ex-army man who planned the group's misadventures with military precision and a painstaking eye for detail. Wilde saw the long-running series gather momentum and continue its success; he stayed with the series for nine years, before leaving in 1985 to work on other projects. Foggy was written out of the series—it was said that he had moved to Bridlington to take over the family egg-painting business—and was replaced by Michael Aldridge as Seymour Utterthwaite until 1990.
When Aldridge left Last of the Summer Wine, Wilde returned as Foggy in 1990, reuniting the series' most popular and enduring line-up. Suffering from pneumonia, he stood down for the first five episodes of the 19th series in case his illness worsened. His temporary absence was covered by Frank Thornton; Wilde himself suggested Thornton as a replacement. The filming of the 1997 Christmas special made to introduce Thornton's character resulted in a scheduling problem[clarification needed] that made it impossible for Wilde, who was by then fully fit, to return in that series.
Producer Alan J. W. Bell said, "Since then, he has been invited to return many times, but says he feels he has 'done it now' and doesn't want to go back. I am sure that one day he will make an appearance – we still have his costume standing by", but Wilde never did return to the role and the show ran for another thirteen years, the last series being filmed the year after Wilde's death.
Other work[edit]
He featured in "The Fear Merchants", an episode of ABC's The Avengers, in January 1967. In this he played Jeremy Raven, a ceramics manufacturer caught up in a sinister plot to get rid of the competition. In 1978, Wilde voiced the public information film series Play Safe, highlighting the dangers of overhead power lines to children.
He also supplied the voice of the magician Meredith in the children's animated series Alias the Jester, Shortie the Giraffe in Coco Pops and narrated an animated series, Microscopic Milton, about a microscopic little chap who lives in a clock on the mantelpiece, in the parlour of the house that belongs to a lady called Mrs. Witherspoon. Wilde starred in his own BBC series in 1988, Wyatt's Watchdogs, as retired soldier Major Wyatt who forms his own neighbourhood watch group. As a stuffy ex-army member who leads a motley bunch of comic characters, Wyatt was quite similar to Foggy. The programme, which co-starred Trevor Bannister, was written by Miles Tredinnick and ran for one series of six episodes.
Death[edit]
Wilde suffered a fall in January 2008 from which he never recovered. He died in his sleep on the morning of 20 March 2008 at his home in Ware, Hertfordshire and was survived by Eva, his wife, and their son and daughter. His son, Andrew Wilde, had been film editor on Last of the Summer Wine since the mid-1990s, working initially on many of the episodes that had starred his father, and later on the Frank Thornton editions.[3][4]
Television roles[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1966 "The Baron (TV Series)" Paul Sutton
1966–1967 Room at the Bottom Mr Salisbury
1967 The Avengers Jeremy Raven
1970 The Dustbinmen Bloody Delilah
1971 Elizabeth R Richard Topcliffe
1972 Ace of Wands Mr Peacock
1973 Special Branch Professor Munro
1973 Secrets Major Forster
1973 Marked Personal Stan Lyons
1973–1977 Porridge Mr. Henry Barrowclough
1975 The Sweeney Stanley Hedges
1976–1985
1990–1997 Last of the Summer Wine Walter "Foggy" Dewhurst
1984–1986 The Kit Curran Radio Show Roland Simpson
1988 Wyatt's Watchdogs Major John Wyatt
Selected filmography[edit]
Street Corner (1953) - Pinky - Bogus Detective Sgt (uncredited)
Will Any Gentleman...? (1953) - 1st Clerk
Forbidden Cargo (1954) - Smuggler at Airfield (uncredited)
Simon and Laura (1955) - Peter Harbottle
Tiger in the Smoke (1956) - Trumps
Interpol (1957) - The Monk
Night of the Demon (1957) - Rand Hobart
The Gypsy and the Gentleman (1958) - (uncredited)
Girls at Sea (1958) - Bill
Corridors of Blood (1958) - Man in Operating Theatre Audience (uncredited)
Subway in the Sky (1959)
Beyond the Curtain (1960) - Bill Seddon
Life for Ruth (1962) - Newspaper Photographer (uncredited)
We Joined the Navy (1962) - Petty Officer Gilors
West 11 (1963) - Speaker
The Informers (1963) - Lipson
The Man Who Finally Died (1963) - Cemetery Superintendent (uncredited)
The Bargee (1964) - Policeman
Rattle of a Simple Man (1964) - Fred
Darling (1965) - Willett
Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment (1966) - Mr. Gilbert (uncredited)
Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966) - Vassily`s Father (uncredited)
The Jokers (1967) - Sgt. Catchpole
You Only Live Twice (1967) - 1st Policeman (uncredited)
Carry On Doctor (1967) - Man from Cox & Carter
Connecting Rooms (1970) - Ellerman
Goodbye Gemini (1970) - Taxi Driver
Carry On Henry (1971) - Warder (scenes deleted)
One Brief Summer (1971) - Lambert
No Sex Please, We're British (1973) - Policeman
Alfie Darling (1975) - Doctor
To the Devil a Daughter (1976) - Black Room Attendant
Adventures of a Taxi Driver (1976) - Harold
Porridge (1979) - Barrowclough
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brian Wilde". BFI.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brian Wilde (obituary)". The Daily Telegraph. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Hayward, Anthony (21 March 2008). "Brian Wilde: Foggy in 'Last of the Summer Wine'". The Independent. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Summer Wine star Brian Wilde dies". BBC News. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
External links[edit]
Brian Wilde on IMDb
Wyatt's Watchdogs site
Photos on Pinterest
Obituaries
The Independent, 21 March 2008
The Times, 21 March 2008
The Guardian, 24 March 2008
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 65940330
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Wilde&oldid=833706416"
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Territorial integrity
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Territorial integrity is the principle under international law that nation-states should not attempt to promote secessionist movements or to promote border changes in other nation-states.[citation needed] Conversely it states that imposition by force of a border change is an act of aggression.
In recent years there has been tension between this principle and the concept of humanitarian intervention under Article 73.b of the United Nations Charter "to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying stages of advancement."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of territorial integrity
2 In a changing world
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
History of territorial integrity[edit]
As far back as the earliest written records, there have been political units claiming a definite territory. Intrusion into these territories was considered an act of war, and normally resulted in combat. There were also sometimes several layers of authority, with units waging war on each other while both recognising some higher authority. Ancient and medieval nobility would fight private wars amongst while still acknowledging the same king or emperor, such as was case in the Spring and Autumn period in ancient China, when the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were nominal rulers. Catholic monarchs would often fight one another while recognizing the ecclesiastical authority of the same Pope.
Supporters of the concept of Westphalian sovereignty consider that the modern idea of territorial integrity began with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This is disputed.[by whom?]
The League of Nations was intended to uphold territorial integrity and other principles of international law. It did condemn the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. It broadly supported the Chinese Republic over the creation of Manchukuo in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. Most historians say that the League was discredited by its failure to make these judgements effective.
With the formation of the United Nations (UN) and, later, such organizations as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe), territorial integrity became a part of international resolutions. The Helsinki Final Act dealt with both the inviolability of frontiers and the territorial integrity of States, among other things.
In a changing world[edit]
The recent (post-World War II) strict application of territorial integrity has given rise to a number of problems and, when faced with reality "on the ground", can be seen as too artificial a construct.[2]
Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein, speaking to the International Institute for Strategic Studies on 25 January 2001, argued for a more flexible approach to territorial integrity, in line with historical norms, saying, "Let us accept the fact that states have lifecycles similar to those of human beings who created them. Hardly any Member State of the United Nations has existed within its present borders for longer than five generations. The attempt to freeze human evolution has in the past been a futile responsibility and has probably brought about more violence, rather than if such a process had been controlled peacefully. Restrictions on self-determination threaten not only democracy itself but the state which seeks its legitimation in democracy."[3]
At the 2005 World Summit, the world's nations agreed on a "Responsibility to Protect", allowing a right for humanitarian intervention. It has been argued that this could create a flexible application of concepts of sovereignty and territorial integrity, easing the strict adherence and taking into account the de facto status of the territory and other factors present on a case by case basis.[4] The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674, adopted by the United Nations Security Council on April 28, 2006, "Reaffirm[ed] the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity".[5]
However, this responsibility to protect refers only to the ability of external powers to override sovereignty and does not explicitly involve the changing of borders.
See also[edit]
Breakaway states
Crime of aggression
Secession
Self-determination
2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine
Uti possidetis
Indigenous rights
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UN Charter Chapter XI
Jump up ^ Stuart Elden (University Of Durham) Boundaries-in-the-making (Part 1): Critical perspectives on national borders paper presented on 4 June 2005 to the Association of American Geographers 2005 Annual Meeting
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Annan calls for endorsement of Responsibility to Protect
Jump up ^ Resolution 1674 (2006) on the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine website
Further reading[edit]
Sebastian Anstis and Mark Zacher (June 2010). "The Normative Bases of the Global Territorial Order." Diplomacy and Statecraft 21: 306-323.
Mark Zacher (2001). "The Territorial Integrity Norm." International Organization 55: 215-250.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_integrity&oldid=806020521"
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