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The Day the Music Died
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This article is about the plane crash. For other uses, see The Day the Music Died (disambiguation).
The Day the Music Died
The memorial marking the crash site, 2003
Accident summary
Date
February 3, 1959 (1959-02-03)
Summary
Spatial disorientation, loss of control in near-IMC conditions
Site
Near Clear Lake, Iowa, United States
43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417Coordinates: 43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417
Passengers
3
Crew
1
Fatalities
4 (all)
Survivors
0
Aircraft type
Beechcraft Bonanza
Operator
Dwyer Flying Service, Mason City, Iowa
Registration
N3794N
Flight origin
Mason City Municipal Airport, Iowa
Destination
Hector Airport, North Dakota
On February 3, 1959, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died", after singer-songwriter Don McLean so referred to it in his 1971 song "American Pie".
At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" tour across the United States Midwest. Rising artists Valens and Richardson had joined the tour, as well.
The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of flu and even frostbite. After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by such conditions, Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Richardson, who had the flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss.
Soon after takeoff, late at night and in poor, wintry weather conditions, the pilot lost control of the light aircraft, a Beechcraft Bonanza, which subsequently crashed into a cornfield, leaving no survivors.
The event has since been mentioned in various songs and films. A number of monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom, the venue that hosted the artists' last performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Flight arrangements
3 Take-off and crash
4 Aftermath
5 Official investigation
6 Subsequent investigations
7 Legacy
7.1 Notification of victims' families
7.2 Memorials
7.2.1 Films
7.2.2 Memorial concerts
7.2.3 Monuments
7.2.4 Roads
7.2.5 Songs
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Books
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958. For the start of the "Winter Dance Party" tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings (bass), Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums), with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo. The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days. New hit artist Ritchie Valens, J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson and Dion DiMucci and his band The Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.[1][2]
Winter Dance Party Tour schedule, 1959
The tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959. The amount of travel soon became a logistical problem. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled; instead of "circling" around the Midwest to each town, the tour zig-zagged with distances between cities over 400 miles. General Artists Corporation, the organization that booked the tour, later received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure:
"They didn't care. It was like they threw darts at a map ... The tour from hell -- that's what they named it -- and it's not a bad name."
Buddy Holly historian Bill Griggs[3]
The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus, although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate, breaking down and being replaced with astounding frequency. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first 11 days of the tour -- "reconditioned school buses, not good enough for school kids."[3] The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no road crew assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the weather which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from the 20s to as low as -36 °F. One bus had a heating system that broke down shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin. Later, Richardson and Valens began experiencing flu-like symptoms and drummer Bunch was hospitalized for severely frostbitten feet, after the tour bus simply broke down in the middle of the highway in subzero temperatures near Ironwood, Michigan. The musicians replaced that bus with another school bus and kept traveling.[4] After Bunch was hospitalized, Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties. When Dion and The Belmonts were performing, the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Holly. As Holly's group had been the backing band for all of the acts, Holly, Valens, and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Clear Lake, Iowa.[5]
On Monday, February 2, the tour arrived in Clear Lake, Iowa, having driven 350 miles from the previous day's concert in Green Bay. The town had not been a scheduled stop, but the tour promoters, hoping to fill an open date, called the manager of the local Surf Ballroom, Carroll Anderson (1920-2006), and offered him the show. He accepted, and they set the show for that night. By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead, Minnesota, a 365-mile drive north and northwest (and, emphasizing the poor planning, a journey that would take them directly back through two towns they had already played within the last week.) No let up after that was in sight, as the following day, they were scheduled to travel back almost directly south to Sioux City, Iowa, a 325-mile trip.
Holly decided to charter a plane to take his band and him to Fargo, North Dakota, which is adjacent to Moorhead. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest.[4]
Flight arrangements[edit]
A V-tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft
Surf Ballroom manager Anderson called Hubert Jerry Dwyer (1930-2016), owner of the Dwyer Flying Service, a company in Mason City, Iowa, to charter the plane to fly to Hector Airport in Fargo, the closest one to Moorhead.[6] Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old local pilot described as a "young married man who built his life around flying".[7]
The flying service charged a fee of $36 per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single-engined, V-tailed Beechcraft 35 Bonanza (registration N3794N[8]), which could seat three passengers plus the pilot.[9] A popular misconception, originating from Don McLean's eponymous song about the crash, was that the plane was called American Pie. In fact, no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N.[10]
The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted flu during the tour and asked Waylon Jennings for his seat on the plane. When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said in jest: "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings responded: "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes", a humorous but ill-fated response that haunted him for the rest of his life.[11]
Ritchie Valens, who once had a fear of flying, asked Tommy Allsup for his seat on the plane. The two agreed to toss a coin to decide.[6] Bob Hale, a DJ with KRIB-AM, was working the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight.
In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and The Bopper to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. In a 2009 interview called "The Winter Dance Party", Dion claimed that Holly called him, Valens, and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Frankie Sardo's performance and said "I've chartered a plane, we're the guys making the money [we should be the ones flying ahead]...the only problem is there are only two available seats." According to Dion, it was Valens, not Richardson who had fallen ill, so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat. In his interview, no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane. Dion claims that he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare (equivalent to US$300 in today's money)[12] equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence.[13]
Take-off and crash[edit]
After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens, and Richardson to the Mason City Municipal Airport.[14] The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a ceiling of 3,000 feet (910 m) AMSL with sky obscured, visibility 6 miles (9,700 m), and winds from 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h). Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings pilot Peterson received failed to relay the information.[15]
Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa
The plane took off normally from runway 17 (today's runway 18) at 12:55 am Central Time on Tuesday, February 3.[16] Dwyer, the owner of the flight service company, witnessed the take-off from a platform outside the control tower. He was able to see clearly the aircraft's tail light for most of the brief flight, which started with an initial left turn onto a northwesterly heading and a climb to 800 ft. The tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared out of view. Around 1:00 am, when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact, repeated attempts to establish communication were made, at Dwyer's request, by the radio operator, but they were all unsuccessful.[7]
Later that morning, Dwyer, having heard no word from Peterson since his departure, took off in another airplane to retrace his planned route. Within minutes, at around 9:35 am, he spotted the wreckage less than 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of the airport.[7][17] The sheriff's office, alerted by Dwyer, dispatched Deputy Bill McGill, who drove to the crash site, a cornfield belonging to Albert Juhl.[18]
The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed, estimated to have been around 170 mph (270 km/h), banked steeply to the right and in a nose-down attitude. The right wing tip had struck the ground first, sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet (160 m), before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl's property.[7]
The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the torn fuselage and lay near the wreckage. Richardson's body had been thrown over the fence and into the cornfield of Juhl's neighbor Oscar Moffett, while pilot Peterson's body was entangled in the plane's wreckage.[7] With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota, ballroom manager Carroll Anderson, who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane's takeoff, had to identify the bodies of the musicians.[19] County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly, citing the cause of death as "gross trauma to brain" for the three artists and "brain damage" for the pilot.[20][21]
An Air Force Airman covering the region wrote about witnessing the flight's final moments on radar:
Their airplane registered on the radar of the 789th Air Force Radar Station located near Omaha for a few sweeps. Long enough for the Search Radar Operator to contact me and notify me of the appearance of the new target. As Movements and Identification Operator, my job was to identify every radar return as Friend or Foe. I had enough time to realize the blip was moving away from our site, thus it was a Probably Friendly, and before we could set up a track on the board, the blip faded from sight. Some time later, before the crash site was found, we were asked if we had seen it. The last location was given and in effect, we were the last people to see Rock and Roll, before they and their music died.
—  Willis S. Cole, Jr., A2C (1957–61), 789th AC&W (1959–61), [22]
Aftermath[edit]
Holly's pregnant wife, María Elena, learned of his death from the reports on television. A widow after only six months of marriage, she suffered a miscarriage shortly after, reportedly due to "psychological trauma". Holly's mother, on hearing the news on the radio at home in Lubbock, Texas, screamed and collapsed.[1] María Elena Holly did not attend the funeral and has never visited the gravesite. She later said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."[23]
The "Winter Dance Party" tour did not stop; Waylon Jennings and Tommy Allsup continued performing for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer.[24] Meanwhile, the funerals of the victims were being held individually; Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas, Valens in California, and pilot Peterson in Iowa.
Official investigation[edit]
The wreckage of N3794N as found by the authorities on the morning of the accident
The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB, precursor to the NTSB). It emerged that pilot Roger Peterson had over four years of flying experience, of which one with Dwyer Flying Service, and had accumulated 711 flying hours, of which 128 on Bonanzas. He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flying training, although had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. He and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules, which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going. However, on the night of the accident, visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds, the lack of a visible horizon, and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area.[7]
Furthermore, Peterson, who had failed an instrument checkride nine months before the accident, had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional artificial horizon as source of aircraft attitude information, while N3794N was equipped with an older-type Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope. Crucially, the two types of instruments display the same aircraft pitch attitude information in graphically opposite ways.
The CAB concluded that the accident was due to "the pilot's unwise decision to embark on a flight" that required instrument flying skills he had not proved to have. A contributing factor was the pilot's unfamiliarity with the old-style attitude gyroscope fitted on board the aircraft, which may have caused him to believe that he was climbing when he was in fact descending (an example of spatial disorientation). Another contributing factor was the "seriously inadequate" weather briefing provided to the pilot, which "failed to even mention adverse flying condition which should have been highlighted".[7][25]
Subsequent investigations[edit]
On March 6, 2007, in Beaumont, Texas, Richardson's body was exhumed for reburial in a more fitting part of the local Forest Lawn cemetery. The musician's son, Jay Perry, took the opportunity to have his father's body re-examined to verify the original findings, and asked forensic anthropologist William Bass to carry out the procedure. Among the rumors surrounding the accident that this second examination sought to verify was that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash, since two months after the event, a farmer had found at the crash site a .22 (5.6 mm) pistol known to have belonged to Buddy Holly. Another rumor had Richardson surviving the initial impact and crawling out of the aircraft in search for help, prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the wreckage than the other three. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, nonsurvivable fractures to almost all of his bones; no traces of lead were found from any bullet. Coroner Smiley's original report was, therefore, confirmed.[26][27]
In March 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident.[28] The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Coon suspected a possible failure of the right rudder, or a problem with the fuel system, as well as a possible improper weight distribution. Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized.[29][30] In April 2015, the NTSB declined the request, citing that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings.[31]
Legacy[edit]
Notification of victims' families[edit]
Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death, a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims' names until after their families have been informed.[1]
Memorials[edit]
A memorial service for Roger Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church, Ventura, Iowa, on February 5. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake. His grave site is located at coordinates N 42 39.189 W 095 13.996. Peterson's parents later received condolence letters from the families of Holly and Valens.
Films[edit]
The accident is mentioned in the biographical film The Buddy Holly Story (1978).[32]
The accident is also depicted in the Ritchie Valens biopic La Bamba (1987).[32]
Memorial concerts[edit]
Fans of Holly, Valens, and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979.[33] The 50th-anniversary concert took place on February 2, 2009, with Delbert McClinton, Joe Ely, Wanda Jackson, Los Lobos, Los Lonely Boys, Chris Montez, Bobby Vee, Graham Nash, Peter and Gordon, Tommy Allsup, and a house band featuring Chuck Leavell, James "Hutch" Hutchinson, Bobby Keys, and Kenny Aronoff. Jay P. Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.[34][35]
Monuments[edit]
Signpost near the Clear Lake crash site
In June 1988, a four-foot-tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together.
In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident.[citation needed] The monument is on private farmland, about 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, 5 mi (8.0 km) north of Clear Lake.
Paquette also created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians located outside the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens played their second-to-last show on the night of February 1, 1959. This second memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.[36]
In February 2009, a further memorial made by Paquette for pilot Roger Peterson was unveiled at the crash site.[37]
A large plasma-cut steel set of Wayfarer-style glasses, constructed by Michael Connor of Clear Lake, similar to those Holly wore, sits at the access point to the crash site.[citation needed]
Roads[edit]
A road originating near the Surf Ballroom, extending north and passing to the west of the crash site, is now known as Buddy Holly Place.[38]
Songs[edit]
"American Pie"
The song "American Pie" dubbed the accident "The Day The Music Died"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Eddie Cochran's "Three Stars" (1959) is the first song to commemorate the musicians.
Don McLean later addressed the accident in his song "American Pie" (1971), dubbing it "the Day the Music Died",[39] which for McLean symbolized the "loss of innocence" of the early rock-and-roll generation.[1][40]
Waylon Jennings mentioned the accident in his song "A Long Time Ago" (1978), which he co-wrote with Shel Silverstein. In the song, he says, "Don't ask me who I gave my seat to on that plane / I think you already know."
See also[edit]
Aviation portal
Iowa portal
Rock and Roll portal
Patsy Cline plane crash
Stevie Ray Vaughan helicopter crash
Bill Graham helicopter crash
Randy Rhoads plane crash
1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash
Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Suddath, Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died". Time. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.startribune.com/buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Connection to Buddy Holly Death". WeGoNews.com. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009. (Archive)
Jump up ^ "FAA Registry". Federal Aviation Administration.
Jump up ^ Schuck, Raymond 2012, p. 16.
Jump up ^ "American Pie". Snopes.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ DiMucci, Dion (1988). The Wanderer. Beech Tree Books. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 21.
Jump up ^ "Death certificates" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coroner's investigation" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Day the Music Died". Time Magazine.
Jump up ^ Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carr & Munde 1997, p. 155.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Accident Report: File No. 2-0001" (PDF). Civil Aeronautics Board. September 15, 1959. p. 3, "The Aircraft" section.
Jump up ^ Griggs, Bill. "Big Bopper Exhumation". Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Autopsy of 'Big Bopper' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash". The Washington Post. January 18, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly". KITV. March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kilen, Mike (March 4, 2015). "NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case". Des Moines Register. Gannett Company. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pilkington, Ed (March 5, 2015). "Buddy Holly plane crash : officials consider reopening 1959 probe". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened". The Des Moines Register. Associated Press. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald 2010, p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Winter Dance Party History". Surf Ballroom. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (February 3, 2009). "Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper". CMT News. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Joe (February 5, 2009). "Holly, Valens, Richardson Remembered: 50 Winters Later". Premier Guitar. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (April 11, 2007). "The Day the Music Died". Articles Tree. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (February 2, 2009). "Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site". Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Clear Lake, Iowa: Buddy Holly Crash Site". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crouse 2012, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Thimou, Theodore (December 28, 2006). "Preview: The Twice-Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head". Bay Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
"Buddy Holly's Coroner's Report". February 4, 1959.
"Coroner's investigation—Air crash, Feb. 3, 1959—SW1/4 Section 18, Lincoln Twp.—Cerro Gordo County, Iowa".
"The Day the Music Died: February 3, 1959".
Books[edit]
Carr, Joseph; Munde, Alan (1997). Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-365-8.
Crouse, Richard (2012). Who Wrote The Book of Love?. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-385-67442-3.
Everitt, Rich (2004). Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven. Harbor House. ISBN 978-1-891799-04-4.
McDonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1356-2.
Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon :An Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.
Schuck, Raymond (2012). Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don Mclean's American Pie. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0036-9.
Further reading[edit]
Lehmer, Larry (2004). The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens (illustrated ed.). Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-8256-7287-2.
Rabin, Staton (2009). Oh Boy! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly (illustrated ed.). Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle). ASIN B001OQBLLG.
Schinder, Scott; Huxley, Martin; Skinner, Quinton (2000). The Day the Music Died (illustrated ed.). Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-03962-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Day the Music Died.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Aircraft Accident Report for Buddy Holly's crash
February 3, 1959 front page of the Mason City Globe-Gazette, via Newspapers.com
fiftiesweb.com The Day the Music Died
Bakotopia Magazine's 50th Anniversary memorial article
1959: Buddy Holly killed in air crash
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup. First person interview conducted with Tommy Allsup on September 8, 2011. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
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Groove Is in the Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Groove Is in the Heart"
Single by Deee-Lite
from the album World Clique
B-side
"What Is Love?"
Released
1990
Format
7" single
12" maxi
CD maxi
cassette
Length
3:54 (album version)
3:32 (single version [peanutbutter mix])
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Dmitry Brill
Chung Dong-Hwa
Kierin Kirby
Herbie Hancock
Jonathan Davis
Producer(s)
Deee-Lite
Deee-Lite singles chronology
"Groove Is in the Heart"
(1990) "Power of Love"
(1990)
"Groove Is in the Heart"
(1990) "Power of Love"
(1990)
Music video
"Groove Is in the Heart" on YouTube
"Groove Is in the Heart" is a song by American dance band Deee-Lite. It was released in August 1990 as the lead single from their debut album, World Clique. The song was a hit in many countries, reaching number one in Australia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Critical reception and chart performances
3 Music video
4 Impact and legacy
5 Cover versions
6 Samples used
7 Track listings
8 Personnel
9 Chart performance
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
9.3 Certifications and sales
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
13 References
Background[edit]
Though the album version was not recorded until 1990, the song was originally written in the late 1980s; it was performed live as early as 1989.[1]
The backing track was built around many samples, primarily the main riff from Herbie Hancock's track "Bring Down the Birds" from the Blowup soundtrack and Vernon Burch's "Get Up", which provided the drum track and also formed the basis for the famous breakdown featuring a slide whistle. Parliament-Funkadelic legend Bootsy Collins provided guest vocals, and the rap is provided by Q-Tip of A Tribe Called Quest.[2]
Critical reception and chart performances[edit]
Slant Magazine ranked the song second in its 100 Greatest Dance Songs list, adding: "No song delivered the group's world-conscious Word as colorfully and open-heartedly as "Groove Is in the Heart," which flew up the Billboard charts while goosing stuffed shirts".[3] NME and The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll named "Groove Is in the Heart" the best single released in the year 1990.
An immediate smash in nightclubs, the song went to number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart and also hit number four on the Billboard Hot 100. It peaked at number 1 for one week in Australia in November 1990.
In the UK, the record was equally popular and was released as a double A-side with "What Is Love", and, with the UK single released with the subtitle "peanut butter mix" (because the single was heavily edited and completely omitted the contributions by Bootsy Collins and Q-Tip), it eventually reached number two during September 1990. Its placing second was due to a rule instituted in the UK Singles Chart in the 1980s, which settled any "ties" over chart positions due to equal sales: the single with sales that had increased most from the previous week would reside above the other, controversially giving "The Joker" by the Steve Miller Band the top place. Following complaints from Deee-Lite's record company, WEA, the rule, of which this had been the only case, was scrapped and joint positions were once again allowed. "The Joker" spent a second week at the number one spot and thereafter convincingly outsold "Groove Is in the Heart".
Music video[edit]
The song was accompanied by a psychedelic music video, with Deee-Lite, Q-Tip, Maceo Parker and Bootsy Collins superimposed over a cartoonish late 1960s-style background of various shifting shapes and colors. The video opens and closes with quotes by the band: Lady Miss Kier has an opening dialog consisting of "faux-French" originally spoken in the song's AA-side, "What Is Love?", and the ending features Collins saying, "Don't forget, groove is in the heart, and Deee-Lite have definitely been known to smoke... on stage, that is!" (itself sampled by Deee-Lite in the song) and Lady Miss Kier exclaiming "Deee-groovy!"
Impact and legacy[edit]
VH1 placed "Groove Is in the Heart" at No. 67 in their list of "100 Greatest Songs of the 90's" in 2007.[4] In 2011, The Guardian featured the song on their "A history of modern music: Dance".[5]
Cover versions[edit]
Rick Braun released a smooth jazz cover of "Groove Is in the Heart" on his album Yours Truly (2005, ARTizen Music Group).
American lo-fi group Crocodiles also recorded a cover version of the song, as a medley with the Beach Boys classic "California Girls".
Natasha Bedingfield performed the song at VH1 Divas 2012 concert live with Iggy Azalea performing Q-Tip's rap verse and Bootsy Collins on bass.[citation needed]
Keke Palmer's song "Footworkin'", featured on her debut album So Uncool, features samples from the song.
American retail chain Target Corporation used the song, as performed by Charli XCX with Questlove and Black Thought from The Roots, in a series of 2015 television advertisements.[6]
Samples used[edit]
This is an incomplete list of samples used in the song.[7]
Bel-Sha-Zaar with Tommy Genapopoluis and the Grecian Knights - "Introduction" from the album The Art of Belly Dancing, 1969, Gateway: GSLP 3527 (intro music, vocal sample: "We're going to dance, and have some fun")
Herbie Hancock – "Bring Down the Birds" from the soundtrack album Blow-Up, 1966 (bassline)
Vernon Burch – "Get Up" from the album Get Up (drums, crowd noise, slide whistle)
Ray Barretto – "Right On" from the album Barretto Power, 1972 (cowbell)
Theme from the TV series Green Acres (vocal sample: looped "I" sample ("I-i-i-i-i-i"), sung by Eva Gabor)
Ralph MacDonald – "Jam on the Groove" from the album Sound of a Drum, 1976 (percussion)
Billy Preston – "Uptight" from the album Wildest Organ in Town!, 1966 (breakbeat under rap by Q-Tip)
The Headhunters – "God Make Me Funky" from the album Survival of the Fittest, 1975 (drum fill)
Track listings[edit]
CD maxi - Europe
"Groove Is in the Heart" (meeting of the minds mix) – 5:14
"Groove Is in the Heart" (peanut butter mix) – 3:31
"What Is Love?" (holographic goatee mix) – 4:10
"What Is Love?" (rainbow beard mix) – 4:04
CD maxi - US
"Groove Is in the Heart" (LP version) – 3:55
"Groove Is in the Heart" (peanut butter radio mix) – 3:32
"Groove Is in the Heart" (meeting of the minds mix) – 5:14
"Groove Is in the Heart" (Jelly Jam beats) – 2:12
"What Is Love?" (holographic goatee mix) – 4:13
"What Is Love?" (frenchapella) – 0:57
"What Is Love?" (rainbow beard mix) – 4:03
7" single
"Groove Is in the Heart" (peanut butter mix) – 3:29
"What Is Love?" (holographic goatee mix) – 4:10
12" maxi
"Groove Is in the Heart" (meeting of the minds mix) – 5:10
"Groove Is in the Heart" (peanut butter mix) – 3:29
"What Is Love?" (holographic goatee mix) – 4:10
"What Is Love?" (rainbow beard mix) – 4:02
Cassette
"Groove Is in the Heart"
"What Is Love?" (holographic goatee mix)
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the album liner notes for World Clique.[8]
Lady Miss Kier – lead[9] and background vocals
Q-Tip – rap
Bootsy Collins – background vocals
Maceo Parker – saxophone
Fred Wesley – trombone
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1991)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[10] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11] 25
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12] 19
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)[13] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[14] 15
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[15] 9
France (SNEP)[16] 31
Germany (Official German Charts)[17] 17
Ireland (IRMA)[18] 8
Italy (FIMI)[19] 16
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20] 10
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21] 10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[23] 13
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 4
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[26] 1
US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[27] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[28] 28
US Cash Box Top 100[29] 3
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
France (SNEP)[16] 151
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Rank
Australia (ARIA)[30] 38
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)[31] 2
Italy (FIMI)[19] 75
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[32] 86
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[33] 90
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[34] 27
Chart (1991)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[35] 91
Certifications and sales[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[36]
Platinum 70,000^
United States (RIAA)[37]
Gold 500,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[38]
Silver 200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s
List of RPM number-one dance singles of 1995
List of number-one dance singles of 1990 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Metzger, Richard (April 4, 2013). "Bringing the Funk from the East Village to the Global Village: Vintage Deee-Lite performances". Dangerous Minds. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Plagenhoef, Scott; Schreiber, Ryan, eds. (November 2008). The Pitchfork 500. Simon & Schuster. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4165-6202-3.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Dance Songs". Slant Magazine. January 30, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 90's". Rock on the Net. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "A history of modern music: Dance". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Questlove, Black Thought, and Charli XCX cover "Groove is in the Heart" — listen". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Les samples de Deee lite" (in French). Du-bruit. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ World Clique (liner notes). Deee-Lite. Elektra. 1990. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deee-Lite – World Clique – Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 1343." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 9112." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lescharts.com – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Groove Is in the Heart". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "I singoli più venduti del 1990" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Creative Commons. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Deee-Lite - Groove Is In The Heart search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Deee-Lite – Groove Is In The Heart". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Deee-Lite: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Deee-Lite Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deee-Lite Chart History (Dance Club Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deee-Lite – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Deee-Lite Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles – Week ending NOVEMBER 24, 1990". Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Singles 1990". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Dance Tracks of 1990". RPM. Vol. 53 no. 6. December 22, 1990. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1990" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1990" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1990". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1991". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian Fun Countdowns – Accreditation Awards". Australian Fun Countdowns. April 7, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Deee-Lite – Groove Is in the Heart". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Deee-Lite – Groove Is in the Heart". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Groove Is in the Heart in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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Lady Miss Kier
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DJ Ani
Studio albums
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1990-1999
1990
Deee-Lite - Groove Is in the Heart
1991
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1992
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2016
Rihanna – Work
2017
Lorde - Green Light

References[edit]
NME end of year critic lists
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Law of South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Countries (in pink) which share the mixed South African legal system
South Africa has a 'hybrid' or 'mixed' legal system,[1] formed by the interweaving of a number of distinct legal traditions: a civil law system inherited from the Dutch, a common law system inherited from the British, and a customary law system inherited from indigenous Africans (often termed African Customary Law, of which there are many variations depending on the tribal origin). These traditions have had a complex interrelationship, with the English influence most apparent in procedural aspects of the legal system and methods of adjudication, and the Roman-Dutch influence most visible in its substantive private law.[2] As a general rule, South Africa follows English law in both criminal and civil procedure, company law, constitutional law and the law of evidence; while Roman-Dutch common law is followed in the South African contract law, law of delict (tort), law of persons, law of things, family law, etc. With the commencement in 1994 of the interim Constitution, and in 1997 its replacement, the final Constitution, another strand has been added to this weave.
Besides South Africa itself, South African law, especially its civil law and common law elements, also forms the basis of the laws of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, which were introduced during the process of colonisation. Basutoland (Lesotho) received the law of the Cape Colony in 1884, and Bechuanaland (Botswana) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) received it in 1891.[3] Swaziland received the law of the Transvaal Colony in 1904,[3] and South-West Africa (Namibia) received the law of the Cape Province in 1920, after its conquest by South Africa.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Court system in South Africa
2 History of South African law
2.1 The Roman-Dutch period (1500–1809)
2.2 Prior to 6 April 1652
2.3 6 April 1652 until 1910
2.4 31 May 1910 until 1961
3 Specific fields of law
4 See also
4.1 Articles on specific South African legislation
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Court system in South Africa[edit]
The Palace of Justice in Pretoria, seat the High Court of South Africa Gauteng Regional Division, Pretoria
Main article: Courts of South Africa
The South African court system is organized in a clear hierarchically by | Chapter 8 of the Consitution of the Republic of South Africa, specifically | s166, and consists of (from lowest to highest legal authority):
Firstly, a number of Magistrates' Courts (both smaller Regional and larger District).[5]
Secondly, a single High Court with multiple divisions across the country, both regional (having jurisdiction over the entire province) and smaller local division (having a geographically smaller jurisdiction, usually over a heavily populated regions) introduced by the Superior Courts Act, 2013. This is clearly seen in Gauteng which has both the High Court of South Africa Gauteng Division, Pretoria which sits in Pretoria, and the High Court of South Africa Gauteng Local Division, Johannesburg which sits in Johannesburg.[6]. All High Court names have been clarified by the Chief Justice and can be read on page 14 of the South African Government Gazette No. 37390, 28 February 2014.[7]
Thirdly, the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA), a purely appellate court (court of second instance). While previously both the SCA and Constitutional Court held joint apex jurisdiction/position; the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa, altered the hierarchy so that the Constitutional Court sitting in Johannesburg is the apex court, with the SCA below it, and the High Court below the SCA.[8]
And finally, the Constitutional Court, which is the highest authority in constitutional matters, and since the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa, the highest court in the land for both constitutional matters and all other matters. This position is legally confirmed and constitutionally entrenched by | Section 167(3)(b)(ii) of the Constitution of South Africa which states that the Constitutional Court may decide "any other matter, if the Constitutional Court grants leave to appeal on the grounds that the matter raises an arguable point of law of general public importance which ought to be considered by that Court"[9].[10] The Constitutional Court has final authority to decide whether an issue is Constitutional or not; | s167(3)(c)[11] of the Constitution of South Africa.
In addition, a number of specialized courts have also been created by the legislation in order to deal with specialized areas of law important to the public as well as to avoid a backlog in the main legal administration infrastructure. These courts exist alongside the court hierarchy; their decisions are thus subject to the same process of appeal and review through the normal courts, starting at a specific level depending on the specialized court in question. Within these specialized courts, there exist, to name a few, the Competition Appeal Court, the Electoral Court, the Land Claims Court, and the Labour and Labour Appeal Court.[12]
In addition, African indigenous courts, which deal exclusively with the indigenous law, also exist. A draft Traditional Courts Bill aimed at introducing a Traditional Court below, or on the same level as the Magistrates Courts has been penned, but awaits parliamentary introduction, reading and debate.[13]
History of South African law[edit]
The Roman-Dutch period (1500–1809)[edit]
Until 1795, the Seven United Provinces of Holland was a sovereign independent state. Together with the other territories of the Netherlands, it was organised into a fairly free commonwealth of nations known as the Republiek der Vereenigde Nederlanden (Republic of the United Netherlands).[14] It was originally a rural territory, but the rapid speed of development during the 15th century changed it into a trading centre. The old Germanic customary law was no longer able to settle the disputes which arose in everyday trade, and the Dutch turned to the more advanced Roman law. They took it over and changed it to suit their lives, to such an extent that at the beginning of the 17th century, the great Dutch jurist Hugo de Groot (Grotius) could describe this fusion (or joining together) of Dutch and Roman principles as a “new” legal system with its own contents. This was how Roman-Dutch Law began. It was later to form the basis of the present common law in South Africa in a form that had been expanded by what were called the placaaten which was the legislation of that period.[14]
Prior to 6 April 1652[edit]
With the failure of the successive Dutch and British colonial governments to record the laws of pre-colonial southern Africa, there is a dearth of information about laws prior to the colonisation of South Africa.[citation needed] However, the current South African legal system has recognised the significance of these, and they have been incorporated into the overall legal system, functioning as district/local courts where appropriate.[citation needed]
6 April 1652 until 1910[edit]
From the 6 April 1652 landing of the Dutch in the Cape of Good Hope, the Roman-Dutch legal system and its legislation and laws took increasing hold,[citation needed] holding sway until the Union of South Africa as a dominion of the British Empire was formed on 31 May 1910. Even after this and to date, wherever British law does not stand, Roman-Dutch law forms the bedrock to which South Africa turns in its search for clarity in its law.[citation needed]
31 May 1910 until 1961[edit]
From the union of the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1910 as a dominion within the British Empire called the Union of South Africa, and prior to the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, much of English law was incorporated into or formed the basis of South African law. The jury system was abolished in 1969, and cases are decided by a judge alone, sometimes assisted by two assessors. English law and the Roman-Dutch law which held sway prior to this period form the bedrock to which South Africa even now turns in its search for clarity in its law, and where there is a vacuum in its law.
Specific fields of law[edit]
Constitutional law
Common law
Customary law
Law of agency
Criminal law
Contract law
Law of delict
Property law
Company law
Law of partnerships and trusts
Insolvency law
Labour law
Copyright law
Patent law
Law of persons
Family law
Law of succession
Administrative law
Civil procedure
Criminal procedure
Legal interpretation
Environmental law
Education law
See also[edit]
Advocate: Advocates in South Africa
Attorneys in South Africa
Legal systems of the world
Legal education in South Africa
List of law schools in South Africa
Patent attorney: South Africa
Articles on specific South African legislation[edit]
Constitution of South Africa
List of Acts of the Parliament of South Africa
South African Statutes and other Legislation
South African environmental law
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomas, PhJ; van der Merwe, CG; Stoop, BC (2000). Historical Foundations of South African Private Law. Durban, South Africa: Lexisnexis Butterworths. p. 7. ISBN 9780409058413.
Jump up ^ Du Bois, F (ed) "Wille's Principles of South African Law" 9th ed. Cape Town, Juta & Co, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Pain, JH (July 1978). "The reception of English and Roman-Dutch law in Africa with reference to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland". The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa. 11 (2): 137–167. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Geraldo, Geraldine Mwanza; Nowases, Isabella (April 2010). "Researching Namibian Law and the Namibian Legal System". Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov.za/mc/mc-index.html
Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/notices/2014/2014-02-28-gg37390_gon148-supcourts.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/notices/2014/2014-02-28-gg37390_gon148-supcourts.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov.za/sca/aboutsca.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng.pdf
Jump up ^ "South African criminal court system". Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.judiciary.org.za/index.php/about-us/102-specialised-courts
Jump up ^ http://theconversation.com/south-africas-traditional-courts-bill-2-0-improved-but-still-flawed-74997
^ Jump up to: a b http://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10566/1316/Du%20Toit%20Ars%20Aequi.pdf?sequence=1
References[edit]
Zimmermann, Reinhard and Visser, Daniel P. (1996) Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-826087-3 ;
Joubert, W. A. et al. (2004) The Law of South Africa LexisNexis Butterworths, Durban, South Africa, ISBN 0-409-00448-0 ;
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