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Embargo Act of 1807
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Embargo Act of 1807
Long title
An Act laying an Embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States.
Citations
Statutes at Large
2 Stat. 451
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate by Samuel Smith on December 18, 1807
Passed the Senate on December 18, 1807 (22–6)
Passed the House on December 21, 1807 (82–44) with amendment
Senate agreed to House amendment on December 22, 1807 ({{{agreedvote3}}})
Signed into law by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807
Major amendments
Repealed by Non-Intercourse Act § 19
Origins of
the War of 1812
Chesapeake–Leopard affair
Orders in Council (1807)
Embargo Act of 1807
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Macon's Bill Number 2
Tecumseh's War
Henry letters
War hawks
Rule of 1756
Monroe–Pinkney Treaty
Little Belt affair
v
t
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The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.
The embargo was imposed in response to the violations of the United States neutrality, in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by the belligerent European navies. The British Royal Navy, in particular, resorted to impressment, forcing thousands of American seamen into service on their warships. Britain and France, engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, rationalized the plunder of U.S. shipping as incidental to war and necessary for their survival. Americans saw the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair as a particularly egregious example of a British violation of American neutrality. Perceived diplomatic insults and unwarranted official orders issued in support of these actions by European powers were argued by some to be grounds for a U.S. declaration of war.
President Thomas Jefferson acted with restraint as these antagonisms mounted, weighing public support for retaliation. He recommended that Congress respond with commercial warfare, rather than with military mobilization. The Embargo Act was signed into law on December 22, 1807. The anticipated effect of this measure – economic hardship for the belligerent nations – was expected to chasten Great Britain and France, and force them to end their molestation of American shipping, respect U.S. neutrality, and cease the policy of impressment. The embargo turned out to be impractical as a coercive measure, and was a failure both diplomatically and economically. As implemented, the legislation inflicted devastating burdens on the U.S. economy and the American people.
Widespread evasion of the maritime and inland trade restrictions by American merchants, as well as loopholes in the legislation, greatly reduced the impact of the embargo on the intended targets in Europe. British merchant marine appropriated the lucrative trade routes relinquished by U.S. shippers due to the embargo. Demand for English goods rose in South America, offsetting losses suffered as a result of Non-Importation Acts. The embargo undermined national unity in the U.S., provoking bitter protests, especially in New England commercial centers. The issue vastly increased support for the Federalist Party and led to huge gains in their representation in Congress and in the electoral college in 1808. The embargo had the effect of simultaneously undermining American citizens' faith that their government could execute its own laws fairly, and strengthening the conviction among America's enemies that its republican form of government was inept and ineffectual. At the end of 15 months, the embargo was revoked on March 1, 1809, in the last days of Jefferson's presidency. Tensions with Britain continued to grow, leading to the War of 1812.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Initial legislation
3 Impact on U.S.
4 Case studies
5 Enforcement efforts
5.1 First supplementary act
5.2 Other supplements to the Act
6 Consequences
6.1 Repealing the legislation
7 Wartime legislation
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
After the short truce in 1802–1803 the European wars resumed and continued until the defeat of Napoleon in 1814.[1] The war caused American relations with both Britain and France to deteriorate rapidly. There was grave risk of war with one or the other. With Britain supreme on the sea, and France on the land, the war developed into a struggle of blockade and counterblockade. This commercial war peaked in 1806 and 1807. Britain's Royal Navy shut down most European harbors to American ships unless they first traded through British ports. France declared a paper blockade of Britain (which it lacked a navy to enforce) and seized American ships that obeyed British regulations. The Royal Navy needed large numbers of sailors, and saw the U.S. merchant fleet as a haven for British sailors.[2]
Thomas Jefferson
The British system of impressment humiliated and dishonored the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and their sailors.[3] This British practice of taking British deserters, and often Americans, from American ships and forcing them into the Royal Navy increased greatly after 1803, and caused bitter anger in the United States.
On June 21, 1807 the American warship USS Chesapeake was attacked and boarded on the high seas off the coast of Norfolk, VA[4] by the British warship HMS Leopard. Three Americans were dead and 18 wounded; the British impressed four seamen with American papers as alleged deserters. The outraged nation demanded action; President Jefferson ordered all British ships out of American waters.[5]
Initial legislation[edit]
Passed on December 22, 1807, the Act:[6]
laid an embargo on all ships and vessels under U.S. jurisdiction,
prevented all ships and vessels from obtaining clearance to undertake in voyages to foreign ports or places,
allowed the President of the United States to make exceptions for vessels under his immediate direction,
authorized the President to enforce via instructions to revenue officers and the Navy,
was not constructed to prevent the departure of any foreign ship or vessel, with or without cargo on board,
required a bond or surety from merchant ships on a voyage between U.S. ports, and
exempted warships from the embargo provisions.
This shipping embargo was a cumulative addition to the Non-importation Act of 1806 (2 Stat. 379), this earlier act being a "Prohibition of the Importation of certain Goods and Merchandise from the Kingdom of Great Britain"; the prohibited imported goods being defined where their chief value which consists of leather, silk, hemp or flax, tin or brass, wool, glass; in addition paper goods, nails, hats, clothing, and beer.[7]
The Embargo Act of 1807 is codified at 2 Stat. 451 and formally titled "An Embargo laid on Ships and Vessels in the Ports and Harbours of the United States". The bill was drafted at the request of President Thomas Jefferson and subsequently passed by the Tenth U.S. Congress, on December 22, 1807, during Session 1; Chapter 5. Congress initially acted to enforce a bill prohibiting imports, but supplements to the bill eventually banned exports as well.
Impact on U.S.[edit]
The embargo, which lasted from December 1807 to March 1809 effectively throttled American overseas trade. All areas of the United States suffered. In commercial New England and the Middle Atlantic states, ships rotted at the wharves, and in the agricultural areas, particularly in the South, farmers and planters could not sell their crops on the international market. For New England, and especially for the Middle Atlantic states, there was some consolation, for the scarcity of European goods meant that a definite stimulus was given to the development of American industry.
The embargo was a financial disaster for the Americans because the British were still able to export goods to America: initial loopholes overlooked smuggling by coastal vessels from Canada, whaling ships and privateers from overseas; and widespread disregard of the law meant enforcement was difficult.[8]
A 2005 study by economic historian Douglas Irwin estimates that the embargo cost about 5 percent of America's 1807 GNP.[9]
Case studies[edit]
A case study of Rhode Island shows the embargo devastated shipping-related industries, wrecked existing markets, and caused an increase in opposition to the Democratic-Republican Party. Smuggling was widely endorsed by the public, who viewed the embargo as a violation of their rights. Public outcry continued, helping the Federalists regain control of the state government in 1808–09. The case is a rare example of American national foreign policy altering local patterns of political allegiance. Despite its unpopular nature, the Embargo Act did have some limited, unintended benefits to the Northeastern region especially as it drove capital and labor into New England textile and other manufacturing industries, lessening America's reliance on the British.[10]
In Vermont, the embargo was doomed to failure on the Lake Champlain-Richelieu River water route because of Vermont's dependence on a Canadian outlet for produce. At St. John, Lower Canada, £140,000 worth of goods smuggled by water were recorded there in 1808 – a 31% increase over 1807. Shipments of ashes (used to make soap) nearly doubled to £54,000, but lumber dropped 23% to £11,200. Manufactured goods, which had expanded to £50,000 since Jay's Treaty of 1795, fell over 20%, especially articles made near Tidewater. Newspapers and manuscripts recorded more lake activity than usual, despite the theoretical reduction in shipping that should accompany an embargo. The smuggling was not restricted to water routes, as herds were readily driven across the uncontrollable land border. Southbound commerce gained two-thirds overall, but furs dropped a third. Customs officials maintained a stance of vigorous enforcement throughout and Gallatin's Enforcement Act (1809) was a party issue. Many Vermonters preferred the embargo's exciting game of revenuers versus smugglers, bringing high profits, versus mundane, low-profit normal trade.[11]
The New England merchants who evaded the embargo were imaginative, daring, and versatile in their violation of federal law. Gordinier (2001) examines how the merchants of New London, Connecticut, organized and managed the cargoes purchased and sold, and the vessels used during the years before, during, and after the embargo. Trade routes and cargoes, both foreign and domestic, along with the vessel types, and the ways their ownership and management were organized show the merchants of southeastern Connecticut evinced versatility in the face of crisis.[12]
Gordinier (2001) concludes the versatile merchants sought alternative strategies for their commerce, and to a lesser extent, for their navigation. They tried extra-legal activities, a reduction in the size of the foreign fleet, and the re-documentation of foreign trading vessels into domestic carriage. Most importantly, they sought new domestic trading partners, and took advantage of the political power of Jedidiah Huntington, the Customs Collector. Huntington was an influential member of the Connecticut leadership class (called "the Standing Order"); he allowed scores of embargoed vessels to depart for foreign ports under the guise of "special permission." Old modes of sharing vessel ownership in order to share the risk proved to be hard to modify. Instead established relationships continued through the embargo crisis, in spite of numerous bankruptcies.[13]
Enforcement efforts[edit]
Jefferson's Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was against the entire embargo, foreseeing correctly the impossibility of enforcing the policy and the negative public reaction. "As to the hope that it may...induce England to treat us better," wrote Gallatin to Jefferson shortly after the bill had become law, "I think is entirely groundless...government prohibitions do always more mischief than had been calculated; and it is not without much hesitation that a statesman should hazard to regulate the concerns of individuals as if he could do it better than themselves."[14]:368
Since the bill hindered U.S. ships from leaving American ports bound for foreign trade; it had the side-effect of hindering American exploration.
First supplementary act[edit]
Just weeks later, on January 8, 1808, legislation again passed the Tenth U.S. Congress, Session 1; Chapter 8: "An Act supplementary..." to the Embargo Act (2 Stat. 453). As historian Forrest McDonald wrote, "A loophole had been discovered" in the initial enactment, "namely that coasting vessels, and fishing and whaling boats" had been exempt from the embargo, and they had been circumventing it, primarily via Canada. This supplementary act extended the bonding provision (i.e. Section 2 of the initial Embargo Act) to those of purely domestic trades:[15]
Sections 1 and 2 of the supplementary act required bonding to coasting, fishing and whaling ships and vessels. Even river boats had to post bond.
Section 3 made violations of either the initial or supplementary act an offense; failure of the shipowner to comply would result in forfeiture of the ship and its cargo, or a fine of double that value, and denial of credit for use in custom duties; a captain failing to comply would be fined between one and twenty thousand dollars, and would forfeit the ability to swear an oath before any customs officer.
Section 4 removed the warship exemption from applying to privateers or vessels with a letter of marque.
Section 5 established a fine for foreign ships loading merchandise for export, and allowed for its seizure.
Meanwhile, Jefferson requested authorization from Congress to raise 30,000 troops from the current standing army of 2,800. Congress refused. With their harbors for the most part unusable in the winter anyway, New England and the north ports of the mid-Atlantic states had paid little notice to the previous embargo acts. That was to change with the spring thaw, and the passing of yet another embargo act.[14]:147
With the coming of the spring, the effect of the previous acts were immediately felt throughout the coastal states, especially in New England. An economic downturn turned into a depression and caused increasing unemployment. Protests occurred up and down the eastern coast. Most merchants and shippers simply ignored the laws. On the Canada–US border, especially in upstate New York and Vermont, the embargo laws were openly flouted. Federal officials believed parts of Maine, such as Passamaquoddy Bay on the border with British-held New Brunswick, were in open rebellion. By March, an increasingly frustrated Jefferson was resolved to enforce the embargo to the letter.[citation needed]
Other supplements to the Act[edit]
On March 12, 1808, Congress passed and Jefferson signed into law yet another supplement to the Embargo Act. This supplement[citation needed] prohibited, for the first time, all exports of any goods, whether by land or by sea. Violators were subject to a fine of US$10,000, plus forfeiture of goods, per offense. It granted the President broad discretionary authority to enforce, deny, or grant exceptions to the embargo.[14]:144 Port authorities were authorized to seize cargoes without a warrant and to try any shipper or merchant who was thought to have merely contemplated violating the embargo.
Despite the added penalties, citizens and shippers openly ignored the embargo. Protests continued to grow; and so it was that the Jefferson administration requested and Congress rendered yet another embargo act.
Consequences[edit]
A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is "Embargo" spelled backwards. The embargo was also ridiculed in the New England press as Dambargo, Mob-Rage, or Go-bar-'em.
The Embargo was hurting the United States as much as Britain or France. Britain, expecting to suffer most from the American regulations, built up a new South American market for its exports, and the British shipowners were pleased that American competition had been removed by the action of the U.S. government.
Jefferson placed himself in a strange position with his Embargo policy. Though he had so frequently and eloquently argued for as little government intervention as possible, he now found himself assuming extraordinary powers in an attempt to enforce his policy. The presidential election of 1808, in which James Madison defeated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, showed that the Federalists were regaining strength, and helped to convince Jefferson and Madison that the Embargo would have to be removed.[16]
Shortly before leaving office, in March 1809, Jefferson signed the repeal of the failed Embargo. Despite its unpopular nature, the Embargo Act did have some limited, unintended benefits, especially as entrepreneurs and workers responded by bringing in fresh capital and labor into New England textile and other manufacturing industries, lessening America's reliance on the British merchants.[17][18]
Repealing the legislation[edit]
On March 1, 1809, Congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act, a law that enabled the President, once the wars of Europe ended, to declare the country sufficiently safe and to allow foreign trade with certain nations.[19]
In 1810 the government was ready to try yet another tactic of economic coercion, in the desperate measure known as Macon's Bill Number 2.[20] This bill became law on May 1, 1810, and replaced the Non-Intercourse Act. It was an acknowledgment of the failure of economic pressure to coerce the European powers. Trade with both Britain and France was now thrown open, and the United States attempted to bargain with the two belligerents. If either power would remove her restrictions on American commerce, the United States would reapply non-intercourse against the power that had not so acted. Napoleon quickly took advantage of this opportunity. He promised that his Berlin and Milan Decrees would be repealed, and Madison reinstated non-intercourse against Britain in the fall of 1810. Though Napoleon did not fulfill his promise, strained Anglo-American relations prevented his being brought to task for his duplicity.[21]
The attempt of Jefferson and Madison to resist aggression by peaceful means gained a belated success in June 1812 when Britain finally promised to repeal her Orders in Council. The British concession was too late, for by the time the news reached America the United States had already declared the War of 1812 against Britain.
The entire series of events was ridiculed in the press as Dambargo, Mob-Rage, Go-bar-'em or O-grab-me ("Embargo" spelled backward); there was a cartoon ridiculing the Act as a snapping turtle, named "O' grab me", grabbing at American shipping.
Wartime legislation[edit]
America's declaration of war, in mid-June 1812, was followed shortly by the Enemy Trade Act of 1812 on July 6, which employed similar restrictions as previous legislation; it was likewise ineffective and tightened in December 1813, and debated for further tightening in December 1814. After existing embargoes expired with the onset of war, the Embargo Act of 1813 was signed into law December 17, 1813. Four new restrictions were included: An embargo prohibiting all American ships and goods from leaving port; a complete ban on certain commodities customarily produced in the British Empire; a ban against foreign ships trading in American ports unless 75% of the crew were citizens of the ship's flag; and a ban on ransoming ships. The Embargo of 1813 was the nation's last great trade restriction. Never again would the US government cut off all its trade to achieve a foreign policy objective.[22] The act particularly hurt the northeastern states, since the British kept a tighter blockade on the south, and thus encouraged American opposition to the administration. To make his point, the act was not lifted by Madison until after the defeat of Napoleon, and the point was moot. On February 15, 1815, Madison signed the Enemy Trade Act of 1815; it was tighter than any previous trade restriction including the Enforcement Act of 1809 (January 9) and the Embargo of 1813, but it would expire two weeks later when official word of peace from Ghent was received.[23]
See also[edit]
Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson
Second-term curse
References[edit]
Jump up ^ He returned for 100 days in 1815 but that had no bearing on the U.S.
Jump up ^ Brian DeToy, "The Impressment of American Seamen during the Napoleonic Wars," Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers, 1998 (1988) pp. 492–501
Jump up ^ Paul A. Gilje, "'Free Trade and Sailors' Rights': The Rhetoric of the War of 1812," Journal of the Early Republic, Spring 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp. 1–23
Jump up ^ "Embargo of 1807". Monticello and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker, Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (2006).
Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 451 (1807) Library of Congress, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 379 (1806) Library of Congress, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
Jump up ^ Malone, Dumas (1974). Jefferson the President: The Second Term. Boston: Brown-Little.
Jump up ^ Irwin, Douglas (2005). "The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09". Review of International economics.
Jump up ^ Harvey Strum, "Rhode Island and the Embargo of 1807." Rhode Island History 1994 52(2): 58–67
Jump up ^ H. Nicholas Muller, "Smuggling into Canada: How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson's Embargo." Vermont History 1970 38(1): 5–21
Jump up ^ Glenn Stine Gordinier, "Versatility in Crisis: The Merchants of the New London Customs District Respond to the Embargo of 1807–1809." PhD dissertation U. of Connecticut 2001. 333 pp. DAI 2001 62(2): 739-A. DA3004842
Jump up ^ Gordinier (2001)
^ Jump up to: a b c Adams, Henry (1879). Gallatin to Jefferson, December 1807. The Writings of Albert Gallatin. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 453 (1808) Library of Congress, U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
Jump up ^ Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (1990) ch 20
Jump up ^ Strum (1994)
Jump up ^ Jeffrey A. Frankel, "The 1807–1809 Embargo Against Great Britain." Journal of Economic History (1982) 42#2 pp. 291–308. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. pp. 390–91. ISBN 9781591143628. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Garry Wills (2002). James Madison: The American Presidents Series: The 4th President, 1809-1817. p. 87. ISBN 9780805069051.
Jump up ^ Merrill, Dennis; Paterson, Thomas (September 2009). Major Problems in American Foreign Relations: To 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 132–33. ISBN 978-0-547-21824-3. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812 – A Forgotten Conflict, Ch.7: The Last Embargo pp. 172, 181.
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker, Ed. The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812, a political, social, and military history, pp. 221–25, ABC-CLIO, (2012)
Further reading[edit]
Hofstadter, Richard. 1948. The American Political Tradition (Chapter 11) Alfred A. Knopf. in Essays on the Early Republic, 1789–1815 Leonard Levy, Editor. Dryden Press, 1974.
Irwin, Douglas A. (2005). "The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09". Review of International Economics. 13 (4): 631–45. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00527.x.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1957). "Jefferson, the Napoleonic Wars, and the Balance of Power". William and Mary Quarterly. 14 (2): 196–217. doi:10.2307/1922110. JSTOR 1922110. in Essays on the Early Republic, 1789–1815 Leonard Levy, Editor. Dryden Press, 1974.
Levy, Leonard W. (1963). Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Levy, Leonard. 1974. Essays on the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Dryden Press, 1974.
McDonald, Forrest (1976). The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0147-3.
Malone, Dumas (1974). Jefferson the President: The Second Term. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-54465-5.
Mannix, Richard (1979). "Gallatin, Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1808". Diplomatic History. 3 (2): 151–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00307.x.
Muller, H. Nicholas (1970). "Smuggling into Canada: How the Champlain Valley Defied Jefferson's Embargo". Vermont History. 38 (1): 5–21. ISSN 0042-4161.
Perkins, Bradford. 1968. Embargo: Alternative to War (Chapter 8 from Prologue to War: England and the United States, 1805–1812, University of California Press, 1968) in Essays on the Early Republic 1789–1815. Leonard Levy, Editor. Dryden Press, 1974.
Sears, Louis Martin (1927). Jefferson and the Embargo. Durham: Duke University Press.
Smelser, Marshall (1968). The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131406-4.
Smith, Joshua M. (1998). "'So Far Distant from the Eyes of Authority:' Jefferson's Embargo and the U.S. Navy, 1807–1809". In Symonds, Craig. New Interpretations in Naval History: Selected Papers from the Twelfth Naval History Symposium. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 123–40. ISBN 1-55750-624-8.
Smith, Joshua M. (2000). "Murder on Isle au Haut: Violence and Jefferson's Embargo in Coastal Maine, 1808–1809". Maine History. 39 (1): 17–40.
Smith, Joshua M. (2006). Borderland Smuggling: Patriots, Loyalists, and Illicit Trade in the Northeast, 1783–1820. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2986-4.
Spivak, Burton (1979). Jefferson's English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-0805-1.
Strum, Harvey (1994). "Rhode Island and the Embargo of 1807". Rhode Island History. 52 (2): 58–67. ISSN 0035-4619.
External links[edit]
The Embargo Act of 1807, The Great Republic By the Master Historians, Hubert H. Bancroft, Ed. (c.1900)
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text:
I Don't Wanna Live Forever
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see I Don't Wanna Live Forever (disambiguation).
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
Single by Zayn and Taylor Swift
from the album Fifty Shades Darker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Released
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2016
Studio
Rough Costumer Studio
(Brooklyn, New York)
Record Plant
(Los Angeles, California)
Genre
Electro-R&B
Length
4:05
Label
Universal
Songwriter(s)
Taylor Swift
Sam Dew
Jack Antonoff
Producer(s)
Jack Antonoff
Zayn singles chronology
"Freedun"
(2016) "I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
(2016) "Still Got Time"
(2017)
Taylor Swift singles chronology
"New Romantics"
(2016) "I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
(2016) "Look What You Made Me Do"
(2017)
Fifty Shades soundtrack singles chronology
"Crazy in Love (Remix)"
(2015) "I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
(2016) "Not Afraid Anymore"
(2017)
Music video
"I Don’t Wanna Live Forever" on YouTube
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever", alternatively titled "I Don't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker)",[1] is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Zayn and American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker. It was written by Swift, Sam Dew, and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff. The single was released on December 9, 2016, by Universal Music Group.[2] The song's music video was released on January 27, 2017.[3]
Contents
1 Composition
2 Critical reception
3 Commercial performance
4 Music video
4.1 Synopsis
5 Awards and nominations
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Certifications
9 Release history
10 See also
11 References
Composition[edit]
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever" is an electro-R&B[4] ballad.[5] On the track, the pair trade "romantic overtures", while Zayn uses a falsetto on parts of the song, and Swift ponders what the relationship means.[5]
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever" is written in the key of A minor and moves at a tempo of 118 beats per minute in common time.[6] The song follows a chord progression of F–C–G–Am–F–C–G–G♯dim–Am, and the vocals span two octaves, from E3 to E5.[7]
Critical reception[edit]
Nolan Feenery of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+ rating: "Welcome to Taylor Swift’s Sexy Side." He also praised the vocals of both artists.[4] Lucas Villa of AXS thought the song was not as sexy as Ellie Goulding's "Love Me like You Do" or The Weeknd's "Earned It", writing, "Despite the neutered lyricism, Zayn saves the day and manages to maneuver his most magnificent performance to date."[8]
Commercial performance[edit]
The song upon release was available only on iTunes and Tidal. It was not serviced on Spotify upon launch but was later added the following week. In the United States, it sold 188,000 in its first week, in addition to a 25 million radio audience and 3 million streams. It debuted at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100.[9] It is Zayn's second top 10 solo single and Taylor Swift's 20th top 10, making her the 16th artist and sixth woman to do so.[10] It debuted at number-one on the Digital Songs chart, as Zayn's fourth song (second solo song) and Swift's 11th song to top the chart, tying Swift with Katy Perry for the second-most in the chart's history, behind Rihanna.[10] It is also Zayn's second number-one on the Digital Songs chart in 2016, making him one of only two artists to top the chart with two songs that year, along with Drake.[11] The song later reached a new peak of number 2 on the Hot 100, behind Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" with 109 million radio audience[12] and 25.7 million streams,[13] becoming Zayn's second top 5 single (as solo artist), Swift's 11th top 5 single,[14] and the highest-charting Fifty Shades single.[12] It reached over a million in sales by July 2017,[15] and as of November 2017, it has sold 1.4 million copies in the United States.[16] The song was the tenth best-selling song of 2017 in the United States, selling 1,108,000 copies in that year.[17]
Across European charts, the song debuted at number-one in Spain and Sweden, becoming Swift's first number-one single in both countries, while becoming Zayn's first number-one in Spain and his second number-one in Sweden. It was certified platinum there. It reached the top 10 in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
Music video[edit]
The official music video of the song was released in January 27, 2017 through both Zayn and Swift's official YouTube account at the same time, and was later uploaded through the official Fifty Shades Vevo account as well. It was directed by Grant Singer and was produced by Saul Germaine. The music video uploaded on Swift's Vevo channel has more than 480 million views on YouTube as of June 2018.[18]The music video was named the fourth best music video of 2017 by Vevo.
Synopsis[edit]
The video starts with Zayn emerging from his car on a rainy night as the paparazzi take photos. As Zayn enters a hotel he starts singing his part and as the chorus begins he reaches the elevator with red lights and then pans over to another elevator with Swift singing her part and proceeds to her hotel room. Zayn in his room sings the chorus and Swift pours some champagne in a glass. The rest of the video is Zayn and Swift throwing objects like glasses, lamps, pillows across their rooms in anger with flashing blue and red lights. Zayn and Swift are seen standing together facing backs and singing the chorus together and looking at each other. The video ends with Swift on her bed singing the last part of the song.[19]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Organization
Award
Result
Ref.
2017
Radio Disney Music Awards Best Collaboration Nominated [20]
MTV Millennial Awards Best Collaboration of the Year Won [21]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Music Collaboration Nominated [22]
MTV Video Music Awards Best Collaboration Won [23]
2018
Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Nominated [24]
Satellite Awards Best Original Song Nominated
Brit Awards British Video of the Year Nominated [25]
BMI Awards Award-Winning Songs Won
Credits and personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fifty Shades Darker: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.[26]
Recording
Recorded at Rough Coustumer Studio (Brooklyn, New York)
Taylor Swift's vocals recorded at Rough Costumer Studios (Brooklyn, New York)
Zayn Malik's vocals recorded at Record Plant (Los Angeles, California)
Additional vocals engineered at NightBird Recording Studios (West Hollywood, California)
Mixed at MixStar Studios (Virginia Beach, Virginia)
Mastered at Sterling Sound Studios (New York City, New York)
Management
Published by Sony/ATV Tree Publishing/Taylor Swift Music (BMI), Sony/ATV Songs LLC/Ducky Donathan Music (BMI), Sony/ATV Sonata/By the Chi Publishing (SESAC), UPG Music Publishing (BMI) and 1320 Music Publishing (SESAC)
Zayn Malik appears courtesy of RCA Records
Taylor Swift appears courtesy of Big Machine Records
Personnel
Taylor Swift – songwriter, lead vocals
Zayn – lead vocals
Jack Antonoff – songwriter, producer, instruments, vocals recording (Taylor Swift)
Sam Dew – songwriter, background vocals
Daniel Zaidenstadt – vocals recording (Zayn Malik)
Saltwives – additional vocals engineer
Serban Ghena – mixing
Tom Coyne – mastering
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[27]
19
Australia (ARIA)[28]
3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[29]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[30]
7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[31]
2
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[32]
2
Canada AC (Billboard)[33]
24
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[34]
2
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[35]
2
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[36]
15
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[37]
2
Denmark (Tracklisten)[38]
2
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[39]
3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[40]
7
France (SNEP)[41]
4
Germany (Official German Charts)[42]
2
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[43]
21
Hungary (Single Top 40)[44]
3
Iceland (RÚV)[45]
17
Ireland (IRMA)[46]
4
Israel (Media Forest)[47]
6
Italy (FIMI)[48]
5
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[49]
3
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[50]
2
Malaysia (RIM)[51]
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[52]
7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[53]
6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[54]
4
Norway (VG-lista)[55]
2
Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[56]
80
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[57]
14
Portugal (AFP)[58]
2
Romania (Media Forest)[59]
6
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[60]
4
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[61]
2
Slovenia (SloTop50)[62]
15
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[63]
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[64]
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[65]
2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[66]
5
US Billboard Hot 100[12]
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[67]
16
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[68]
2
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[69]
33
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[70]
3
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[71]
2
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[72]
20
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[73]
17
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[74]
24
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[75]
47
Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[76]
22
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[77]
24
Denmark (Tracklisten)[78]
16
Germany (Official German Charts)[79]
32
Hungary (Single Top 40)[80]
53
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[81]
25
Israel (Media Forest)[82]
50
Italy (FIMI)[83]
30
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[84]
45
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[85]
18
Poland (ZPAV)[86]
93
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[87]
21
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[88]
16
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[89]
52
US Billboard Hot 100[90]
26
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[91]
2× Platinum 140,000^
Belgium (BEA)[92]
Platinum 20,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[93]
2× Platinum 80,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[94]
2× Platinum 160,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[95]
Platinum 60,000^
France (SNEP)[96]
Diamond 233,333*
Germany (BVMI)[97]
Platinum 400,000^
Italy (FIMI)[98]
3× Platinum 150,000
Mexico (AMPROFON)[99]
Platinum+Gold 90,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[100]
Platinum 30,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[101]
Platinum 40,000^
Sweden (GLF)[102]
Platinum 40,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[103]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[104]
4× Platinum 1,400,000[16]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United States
December 9, 2016
Digital download
streaming
Universal [1][105]
United Kingdom
United States
December 12, 2016 Hot adult contemporary radio
Big Machine
Republic
Universal
[106]
December 13, 2016 Contemporary hit radio [107]
United Kingdom
January 6, 2017
Universal
RCA
[108]
Italy
January 13, 2017
Universal
Sony
[109]
See also[edit]
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017
Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2017
List of number-one singles of the 2010s (Sweden)
List of Canadian Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017
List of UK top 10 singles in 2017
List of top 25 singles for 2017 in Australia
List of top 10 singles in 2017 (Australia)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Zayn & Taylor Swift – I Don't Wanna Live Forever". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zayn Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zayn Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot Dance Club Songs – March 11, 2017". Billboard. March 11, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dance/Mix Show Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zayn Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rhythmic Songs". Billboard. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA End of Year Singles 2017". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ö3 Austria Top 40 – Single-Charts 2017". oe3.orf.at. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2017". Ultratop. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rapports Annuels 2017". Ultratop. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Track Top-100 2017". Hitlisten. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stream Top 100 - 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Israel airplay 2017". mediaforest.biz. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017" (Click on "Scarica allegato" and open the "Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital" file) (in Italian). FIMI. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2017". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2017". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Airplay 2017 – w pierwszej trójce Sheeran, Tiësto i Hyży" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2017" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 – hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2017". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2017". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Danish single certifications – Zayn – I Don't Wanna Live Forever". IFPI Denmark. Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website
Jump up ^ "French single certifications – Zayn – I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (ZAYN feat. Taylor Swift; 'I Don't Want To Live Forever')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Zayn & Taylor Swift – I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mexican recording certifications – April 2017 – I Don't Wanna Live Forever". Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. facebook.com. April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Zayn and Taylor Swift – I Don't Wanna Live Forever". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanish single certifications – Zayn – I Don't Wanna Live Forever" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 23 March 2017. Select single under "Chart", enter 2017 in the field "Year". Select '' in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts"
Jump up ^ "Sverige Topplistan: Search for song". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Zayn – I Don't Wanna Live Forever". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 18 August 2017. Select singles in the Format field. Select Platinum in the Certification field. Enter I Don't Wanna Live Forever in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Zayn & Taylor Swift – I Don't Wanna Live Forever". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 16 June 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ White, Jack (December 9, 2016). "Zayn and Taylor Swift release surprise new single I Don't Wanna Live Forever". Official Charts. Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
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Jump up ^ "BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist". BBC Radio 1. British Broadcasting Corporation. January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "I Don't Wanna Live Forever (Fifty Shades Darker) - ZAYN & TAYLOR SWIFT RadioDate". January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
show
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Fifty Shades by E. L. James
Novels
Original trilogy
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Retold
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian
Film series
Films
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Music
Fifty Shades of Grey
"Earned It"
"Love Me like You Do"
"I Know You"
Fifty Shades Darker
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Not Afraid Anymore"
Fifty Shades Freed
"For You"
"Capital Letters"
"Heaven"
Parodies
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
Fifty Shades of Black
show
v
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e
Zayn Malik
Discography
Albums
Mind of Mine
Singles
"Pillowtalk"
"Like I Would"
"Wrong"
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Still Got Time"
"Dusk Till Dawn"
"Let Me"
"Entertainer"
Featured singles
"Back to Sleep (Remix)"
"Cruel"
"Freedun"
Promotional singles
"It's You"
"Befour"
Other songs
"She"
Related articles
One Direction
show
v
t
e
Taylor Swift songs
Discography
Taylor Swift
"Tim McGraw"
"Picture to Burn"
"Teardrops on My Guitar"
"Should've Said No"
"Our Song"
Fearless
"Fearless"
"Fifteen"
"Love Story"
"White Horse"
"You Belong with Me"
"Breathe"
"You're Not Sorry"
"Forever & Always"
"Change"
Speak Now
"Mine"
"Sparks Fly"
"Back to December"
"Speak Now"
"Dear John"
"Mean"
"The Story of Us"
"Innocent"
"Long Live"
"Ours"
Red
"State of Grace"
"Red"
"I Knew You Were Trouble"
"All Too Well"
"22"
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"
"The Last Time"
"Everything Has Changed"
"Begin Again"
1989
"Welcome to New York"
"Blank Space"
"Style"
"Out of the Woods"
"Shake It Off"
"Bad Blood"
"Wildest Dreams"
"Wonderland"
"New Romantics"
Reputation
"...Ready for It?"
"End Game"
"Delicate"
"Look What You Made Me Do"
"Gorgeous"
"Call It What You Want"
"New Year's Day"
Soundtrack songs
"Crazier"
"Today Was a Fairytale"
"Safe & Sound"
"Eyes Open"
"Sweeter Than Fiction"
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
As a featured artist
"Two Is Better Than One"
"Half of My Heart"
"Both of Us"
"Babe"
Other songs
"Ronan"
"Highway Don't Care"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Wanna_Live_Forever&oldid=857078822"
Categories:
2010s ballads
2016 songs
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