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Parallel postulate
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If the sum of the interior angles α and β is less than 180°, the two straight lines, produced indefinitely, meet on that side.
In geometry, the parallel postulate, also called Euclid's fifth postulate because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's Elements, is a distinctive axiom in Euclidean geometry. It states that, in two-dimensional geometry:
If a line segment intersects two straight lines forming two interior angles on the same side that sum to less than two right angles, then the two lines, if extended indefinitely, meet on that side on which the angles sum to less than two right angles.
This postulate does not specifically talk about parallel lines,[1] it is only a postulate related to parallelism. Euclid gave the definition of parallel lines in Book I, Definition 23[2] just before the five postulates.[3]
Euclidean geometry is the study of geometry that satisfies all of Euclid's axioms, including the parallel postulate. A geometry where the parallel postulate does not hold is known as a non-Euclidean geometry. Geometry that is independent of Euclid's fifth postulate (i.e., only assumes the modern equivalent of the first four postulates) is known as absolute geometry (or, in other places known as neutral geometry).
Contents
[hide]
1 Equivalent properties
2 History
3 Converse of Euclid's parallel postulate
4 Criticism
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Equivalent properties[edit]
Probably the best known equivalent of Euclid's parallel postulate, contingent on his other postulates, is Playfair's axiom, named after the Scottish mathematician John Playfair, which states:
In a plane, given a line and a point not on it, at most one line parallel to the given line can be drawn through the point.[4]
This axiom by itself is not logically equivalent to the Euclidean parallel postulate since there are geometries in which one is true and the other is not[citation needed]. However, in the presence of the remaining axioms which give Euclidean geometry, each of these can be used to prove the other, so they are equivalent in the context of absolute geometry.[5]
Many other statements equivalent to the parallel postulate have been suggested, some of them appearing at first to be unrelated to parallelism, and some seeming so self-evident that they were unconsciously assumed by people who claimed to have proven the parallel postulate from Euclid's other postulates. These equivalent statements include:
There is at most one line that can be drawn parallel to another given one through an external point. (Playfair's axiom)
The sum of the angles in every triangle is 180° (triangle postulate).
There exists a triangle whose angles add up to 180°.
The sum of the angles is the same for every triangle.
There exists a pair of similar, but not congruent, triangles.
Every triangle can be circumscribed.
If three angles of a quadrilateral are right angles, then the fourth angle is also a right angle.
There exists a quadrilateral in which all angles are right angles, that is, a rectangle.
There exists a pair of straight lines that are at constant distance from each other.
Two lines that are parallel to the same line are also parallel to each other.
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides (Pythagoras' Theorem).[6][7]
There is no upper limit to the area of a triangle. (Wallis axiom)[8]
The summit angles of the Saccheri quadrilateral are 90°.
If a line intersects one of two parallel lines, both of which are coplanar with the original line, then it also intersects the other. (Proclus' axiom)[9]
However, the alternatives which employ the word "parallel" cease appearing so simple when one is obliged to explain which of the four common definitions of "parallel" is meant – constant separation, never meeting, same angles where crossed by some third line, or same angles where crossed by any third line – since the equivalence of these four is itself one of the unconsciously obvious assumptions equivalent to Euclid's fifth postulate. In the list above, it is always taken to refer to non-intersecting lines. For example, if the word "parallel" in Playfair's axiom is taken to mean 'constant separation' or 'same angles where crossed by any third line', then it is no longer equivalent to Euclid's fifth postulate, and is provable from the first four (the axiom says 'There is at most one line...', which is consistent with there being no such lines). However, if the definition is taken so that parallel lines are lines that do not intersect, or that have some line intersecting them in the same angles, Playfair's axiom is contextually equivalent to Euclid's fifth postulate and is thus logically independent of the first four postulates. Note that the latter two definitions are not equivalent, because in hyperbolic geometry the second definition holds only for ultraparallel lines.
History[edit]
For two thousand years, many attempts were made to prove the parallel postulate using Euclid's first four postulates. The main reason that such a proof was so highly sought after was that, unlike the first four postulates, the parallel postulate is not self-evident. If the order the postulates were listed in the Elements is significant, it indicates that Euclid included this postulate only when he realised he could not prove it or proceed without it.[10] Many attempts were made to prove the fifth postulate from the other four, many of them being accepted as proofs for long periods until the mistake was found. Invariably the mistake was assuming some 'obvious' property which turned out to be equivalent to the fifth postulate (Playfair's axiom). Although known from the time of Proclus, this became known as Playfair's Axiom after John Playfair wrote a famous commentary on Euclid in 1795 in which he proposed replacing Euclid's fifth postulate by his own axiom.
Proclus (410-485) wrote a commentary on The Elements where he comments on attempted proofs to deduce the fifth postulate from the other four, in particular he notes that Ptolemy had produced a false 'proof'. Proclus then goes on to give a false proof of his own. However he did give a postulate which is equivalent to the fifth postulate.
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965-1039), an Arab mathematician, made an attempt at proving the parallel postulate using a proof by contradiction,[11] in the course of which he introduced the concept of motion and transformation into geometry.[12] He formulated the Lambert quadrilateral, which Boris Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert quadrilateral",[13] and his attempted proof contains elements similar to those found in Lambert quadrilaterals and Playfair's axiom.[14]
The Persian mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and poet Omar Khayyám (1050–1123), attempted to prove the fifth postulate from another explicitly given postulate (based on the fourth of the five principles due to the Philosopher (Aristotle), namely, "Two convergent straight lines intersect and it is impossible for two convergent straight lines to diverge in the direction in which they converge."[15] He derived some of the earlier results belonging to elliptical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, though his postulate excluded the latter possibility.[16] The Saccheri quadrilateral was also first considered by Omar Khayyám in the late 11th century in Book I of Explanations of the Difficulties in the Postulates of Euclid.[13] Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him (including Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from his equivalent postulate. He recognized that three possibilities arose from omitting Euclid's fifth postulate; if two perpendiculars to one line cross another line, judicious choice of the last can make the internal angles where it meets the two perpendiculars equal (it is then parallel to the first line). If those equal internal angles are right angles, we get Euclid's fifth postulate, otherwise, they must be either acute or obtuse. He showed that the acute and obtuse cases led to contradictions using his postulate, but his postulate is now known to be equivalent to the fifth postulate.
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274), in his Al-risala al-shafiya'an al-shakk fi'l-khutut al-mutawaziya (Discussion Which Removes Doubt about Parallel Lines) (1250), wrote detailed critiques of the parallel postulate and on Khayyám's attempted proof a century earlier. Nasir al-Din attempted to derive a proof by contradiction of the parallel postulate.[17] He also considered the cases of what are now known as elliptical and hyperbolic geometry, though he ruled out both of them.[16]
Euclidean, elliptical and hyperbolic geometry. The Parallel Postulate is satisfied only for models of Euclidean geometry.
Nasir al-Din's son, Sadr al-Din (sometimes known as "Pseudo-Tusi"), wrote a book on the subject in 1298, based on his father's later thoughts, which presented one of the earliest arguments for a non-Euclidean hypothesis equivalent to the parallel postulate. "He essentially revised both the Euclidean system of axioms and postulates and the proofs of many propositions from the Elements."[17][18] His work was published in Rome in 1594 and was studied by European geometers. This work marked the starting point for Saccheri's work on the subject[17] which opened with a criticism of Sadr al-Din's work and the work of Wallis.[19]
Giordano Vitale (1633-1711), in his book Euclide restituo (1680, 1686), used the Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral to prove that if three points are equidistant on the base AB and the summit CD, then AB and CD are everywhere equidistant. Girolamo Saccheri (1667-1733) pursued the same line of reasoning more thoroughly, correctly obtaining absurdity from the obtuse case (proceeding, like Euclid, from the implicit assumption that lines can be extended indefinitely and have infinite length), but failing to refute the acute case (although he managed to wrongly persuade himself that he had).
In 1766 Johann Lambert wrote, but did not publish, Theorie der Parallellinien in which he attempted, as Saccheri did, to prove the fifth postulate. He worked with a figure that today we call a Lambert quadrilateral, a quadrilateral with three right angles (can be considered half of a Saccheri quadrilateral). He quickly eliminated the possibility that the fourth angle is obtuse, as had Saccheri and Khayyám, and then proceeded to prove many theorems under the assumption of an acute angle. Unlike Saccheri, he never felt that he had reached a contradiction with this assumption. He had proved the non-Euclidean result that the sum of the angles in a triangle increases as the area of the triangle decreases, and this led him to speculate on the possibility of a model of the acute case on a sphere of imaginary radius. He did not carry this idea any further.[20]
Where Khayyám and Saccheri had attempted to prove Euclid's fifth by disproving the only possible alternatives, the nineteenth century finally saw mathematicians exploring those alternatives and discovering the logically consistent geometries which result. In 1829, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky published an account of acute geometry in an obscure Russian journal (later re-published in 1840 in German). In 1831, János Bolyai included, in a book by his father, an appendix describing acute geometry, which, doubtlessly, he had developed independently of Lobachevsky. Carl Friedrich Gauss had also studied the problem, but he did not publish any of his results. Upon hearing of Bolyai's results in a letter from Bolyai's father, Farkas Bolyai, Gauss stated:
"If I commenced by saying that I am unable to praise this work, you would certainly be surprised for a moment. But I cannot say otherwise. To praise it would be to praise myself. Indeed the whole contents of the work, the path taken by your son, the results to which he is led, coincide almost entirely with my meditations, which have occupied my mind partly for the last thirty or thirty-five years."[21]
The resulting geometries were later developed by Lobachevsky, Riemann and Poincaré into hyperbolic geometry (the acute case) and elliptic geometry (the obtuse case). The independence of the parallel postulate from Euclid's other axioms was finally demonstrated by Eugenio Beltrami in 1868.
Converse of Euclid's parallel postulate[edit]
The converse of the parallel postulate: If the sum of the two interior angles equals 180°, then the lines are parallel and will never intersect.
Euclid did not postulate the converse of his fifth postulate, which is one way to distinguish Euclidean geometry from elliptic geometry. The Elements contains the proof of an equivalent statement (Book I, Proposition 27): If a straight line falling on two straight lines make the alternate angles equal to one another, the straight lines will be parallel to one another. As De Morgan[22] pointed out, this is logically equivalent to (Book I, Proposition 16). These results do not depend upon the fifth postulate, but they do require the second postulate[23] which is violated in elliptic geometry.
Criticism[edit]
Attempts to logically prove the parallel postulate, rather than the eighth axiom,[24] were criticized by Arthur Schopenhauer. However, the argument used by Schopenhauer was that the postulate is evident by perception, not that it was not a logical consequence of the other axioms.
See also[edit]
Non-Euclidean geometry
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ non-Euclidean geometries, by Dr. Katrina Piatek-Jimenez
Jump up ^ Euclid's Elements, Book I, Definition 23
Jump up ^ Euclid's Elements, Book I
Jump up ^ Euclid's Parallel Postulate and Playfair's Axiom
Jump up ^ Henderson & Taimiņa 2005, pg. 139
Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein (2003), CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics (2nd ed.), p. 2147, ISBN 1-58488-347-2, The parallel postulate is equivalent to the Equidistance postulate, Playfair axiom, Proclus axiom, the Triangle postulate and the Pythagorean theorem.
Jump up ^ Alexander R. Pruss (2006), The principle of sufficient reason: a reassessment, Cambridge University Press, p. 11, ISBN 0-521-85959-X, We could include...the parallel postulate and derive the Pythagorean theorem. Or we could instead make the Pythagorean theorem among the other axioms and derive the parallel postulate.
Jump up ^ Bogomolny, Alexander. "Euclid's Fifth Postulate". Cut The Knot. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Proclus' Axiom – MathWorld". Retrieved 2009-09-05.
Jump up ^ Florence P. Lewis (Jan 1920), "History of the Parallel Postulate", The American Mathematical Monthly, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 27, No. 1, 27 (1): 16–23, doi:10.2307/2973238, JSTOR 2973238.
Jump up ^ Katz 1998, pg. 269
Jump up ^ Katz 1998, p. 269:
In effect, this method characterized parallel lines as lines always equidistant from one another and also introduced the concept of motion into geometry.
^ Jump up to: a b Rozenfeld 1988, p. 65
Jump up ^ Smith 1992
Jump up ^ Boris A Rosenfeld and Adolf P Youschkevitch (1996), Geometry, p.467 in Roshdi Rashed, Régis Morelon (1996), Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12411-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Boris A. Rosenfeld and Adolf P. Youschkevitch (1996), "Geometry", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 447-494 [469], Routledge, London and New York:
"Khayyam's postulate had excluded the case of the hyperbolic geometry whereas al-Tusi's postulate ruled out both the hyperbolic and elliptic geometries."
^ Jump up to: a b c Katz 1998, pg.271:
"But in a manuscript probably written by his son Sadr al-Din in 1298, based on Nasir al-Din's later thoughts on the subject, there is a new argument based on another hypothesis, also equivalent to Euclid's, [...] The importance of this latter work is that it was published in Rome in 1594 and was studied by European geometers. In particular, it became the starting point for the work of Saccheri and ultimately for the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry."
Jump up ^ Boris A. Rosenfeld and Adolf P. Youschkevitch (1996), "Geometry", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 447-494 [469], Routledge, London and New York:
"In Pseudo-Tusi's Exposition of Euclid, [...] another statement is used instead of a postulate. It was independent of the Euclidean postulate V and easy to prove. [...] He essentially revised both the Euclidean system of axioms and postulates and the proofs of many propositions from the Elements."
Jump up ^ MacTutor's Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri
Jump up ^ O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. "Johann Heinrich Lambert". Retrieved 16 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Faber 1983, pg. 161
Jump up ^ Heath, T.L., The thirteen books of Euclid's Elements, Vol.1, Dover, 1956, pg.309.
Jump up ^ Coxeter, H.S.M., Non-Euclidean Geometry, 6th Ed., MAA 1998, pg.3
Jump up ^ Schopenhauer is referring to Euclid's Common Notion 4: Figures coinciding with one another are equal to one another.
References[edit]
Carroll, Lewis, Euclid and His Modern Rivals, Dover, ISBN 0-486-22968-8
Faber, Richard L. (1983), Foundations of Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., ISBN 0-8247-1748-1
Henderson, David W.; Taimiņa, Daina (2005), Experiencing Geometry: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean with History (3rd ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-143748-8
Katz, Victor J. (1998), History of Mathematics: An Introduction, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-01618-1, OCLC 38199387
Rozenfeld, Boris A. (1988), A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 0-387-96458-4, OCLC 15550634
Smith, John D. (1992), "The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham", The Mathematical Gazette, Mathematical Association, 76 (475): 189–198, doi:10.2307/3620392, JSTOR 3620392
External links[edit]
On Gauss' Mountains
Eder, Michelle (2000), Views of Euclid's Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam, Rutgers University, retrieved 2008-01-23
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parallel_postulate&oldid=836270216"
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text:
List of countries by English-speaking population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Percentage of English speakers by country.
80–100%
60–80%
40–60%
20–40%
0.1–20%
Not available
The following is a list of English-speaking population by country, including information on both native speakers and second-language speakers.
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
List[edit]
This list may be sorted by column by clicking on the column header.
Some numbers have been calculated by Wikipedia editors by mixing data from different sources; figures not attributed to sources and given with a date should be treated with caution.
Country
Eligible population
Total English speakers
Total English speakers (%)
As first language
As first language (%)
As an additional language[1]
As an additional language (%)
Comments
United States 296,603,003 283,160,411 95.5 234,171,556 79.0 48,988,855 16.5 Figures are from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau for persons age 5 and older. Total English speakers are those who either spoke English at home (i.e. as first language), or reported speaking another language at home but could speak English "very well" or "well" (i.e. as an additional language). [2]
India 1,028,737,436 125,344,736 12.18 226,449 0.02 125,118,287 12.16 2001 Census figures for population and first, second, and third languages. English as a first language is only spoken by 226,449 people, as a second language by 86,125,221, and as a third language by 38,993,066.[3][4]
Pakistan 188,400,100 108,036,049 57 15,720,000 8 92,316,049 49 Official Language, lingua franca and spoken amongst a wide proportion of the Pakistani Population - 8% as first language (CIA estimate) and 49% as a second language (other estimates).[5][6][7]
Nigeria 156,493,000 79,000,000 53.34 79,000,000 53.34 Euromonitor International report (2009)
Philippines 100,437,852 64,025,890 63.72 36,935 0.0037 63,988,955 63.71 Total population: Census 2010. Proportion of total speakers: Census 2000, text above Figure 7. 63.71% of the then 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English.[8] Proportion of native speakers: Census 1995, as quoted by Andrew Gonzalez in "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19 (5&6), 487–525, p. 492: .04% of the then 68.4 million people were native speakers of English. (1998).[9] "Six out of 10 people aged 5 and over can speak english (63.71%)."[10]
United Kingdom 64,000,000 59,600,000 97.74 54,400,000 92.14 5,128,000 5.60 Source: Data from the 2011 census for England and Wales.[11] Additional English speaker figures are for usual residents aged 3 years and over with a main language other than English who can speak English "very well" or "well".
Germany 80,600,000 46,272,504 70 272,504 0.338 46,000,000 70 Native speakers: Statistisches Bundesamt (cited here).
Non-native speakers: Eurobarometer report 2006
Does not include foreign military personnel based in Germany.
Canada 33,121,175 28,360,240 85.63 18,858,980 56.94 9,501,260 28.69 Source: [3], Population by knowledge of official languages and Population by mother tongue. The 2011 count reported that 22,564,665 people were able to conduct a conversation in English but not French, while 5,795,575 were able to converse in both English and French. The census also asked for the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual: 18,858,980 reported English as their sole mother tongue, 144,685 reported both English and French as mother tongues, 396,330 reported English and a non-official language as mother tongues, and 24,095 reported English, French and a non-official language as mother tongues.
France 65,350,000 23,000,000 39 23,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Australia 21,394,309 17,357,833 97 15,013,965 70.17 2,343,868 17 Source: 2001 Census.[12] The 2001 census data is subject to multiple interpretations. The data noted that 18,972,350 persons out of 21,394,309 total were speakers of a language, and excluded young children. However, more than a million of those 18,972,350 persons provided no information; 879,778 did not give information on proficiency, and 203,101 were "overseas visitors" who were not asked. Of the 17,889,671 persons for whom an inquiry was made 17,357,833 spoke English only, or "well" or "very well" as a second language; while 531,838 spoke "not well" or "not at all".
Italy 59,619,290 17,000,000 34 17,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Bangladesh 163,323,100 30,108,031 18 709,873 29,398,158 Source: Euromonitor International report 2009, Euromonitor Dec 2010 [13]
Egypt 83,289,500 28,101,325 35 28,101,325 Source: Euromonitor International Report 2011 [14]
Thailand 63,038,247 17,121,187 27.16 17,121,187 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Netherlands 16,770,000 15,030,000 90 15,030,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Nepal 29,890,686 13,896,720 46.49 20,000 0.067 876,720 Source: Census. (date not verified)[citation needed]
South Africa 52,981,991 16,424,417 31 4,930,510 9.3 11,493,907 22 Native speakers from 2011 Census: Census in Brief[permanent dead link], page 23.
Non-native speakers: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Poland 38,501,000 14,300,000 37 100,000 14,200,000 Source: Central Statistical Office,[15] Additional language speakers are people age 18–69, who reported English Language as their first of second best foreign language, Central Statistical Office [16] Native language counted as those who speak English at home.
Turkey 70,586,256 12,000,000 17 12,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006
Iraq 31,700,000 11,095,000 35 11,000,000 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Sri Lanka 22,480,000 10,565,600 47 37,061 0.2 9,680,000 47 English Proficiency Index [17]
Spain 47,190,000 10,400,000 22 10,400,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
China 1,210,000,000 10,000,000 <1 10,000,000 Figures are for English users in mainland China only (i.e. excluding Hong Kong where English is an official language and Macau). The often-cited figure of 300 million is for "learners."[18]
[19]
Brazil 205,000,000 10,542,000 5 292,000 0.14 10,250,000 5 Source: British council (2012) and EF. Only 5% of Brazilians have a proficient grasp of English as a second or foreign additional language and an additional 6% have a very rudimentary knowledge. Brazil has 240 thousand British descendants and 180 thousand American ancestry citizens including the Confederados cultural sub-group, descendants of the Confederate colonies.
Sweden 9,921,541 8,200,000 86 8,200,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Kenya 43,013,431 8,100,000 18.83 7,900,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Cameroon 19,740,000 7,500,000 38 7,500,000 Euromonitor International Report (2009)
Malaysia 27,170,000 15,580,000 62.57 380,000 1.4 15,200,000 61.1 EF English Proficiency Index[20]
Russia 138,312,535 7,574,303 5.48 2,522 7,571,787 Source: Composition by Nationality and Language Ability, Citizenship, Tables 4.5 and 4.1, Russian Census (2010). The "total" figure is the number of residents who reported English as one of the languages they knew. The "first language" figure is the number of residents who reported "American" or "English" as their nationality. The "additional languages" figure is the difference. More than 9 million schoolgoers studied English as a foreign language in 2008–2009.
Belgium 10,584,534 6,250,000 60 6,250,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006 (the 2012 report seems to have a critical typo)
Israel 7,303,000 6,205,000 84.97 100,000 1.37 6,105,000 Source: Ethnologue (2005)[21]
English is widely spoken, both by the Jewish majority and by minority ethnic groups.[22][23]
Austria 8,415,000 6,150,000 73 6,150,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Romania 19,043,767 5,900,000 31 5,900,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Zimbabwe 13,349,000 5,550,000 41.58 250,000 1.87 5,300,000 Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Greece 10,787,690 5,500,000 51 5,500,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Sierra Leone 5,866,000 4,900,000 83.53 500,000 8.52 4,400,000 Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Mexico 120,664,000 15,686,262 12.9 15,686,262 Consulta Mitofsky-Tracking Poll Roy Campos: Las Lenguas Extranjeras en México, January 2013;[24] and II Conteo de Población y Vivienda, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI).[25]
Denmark 5,543,000 4,770,000 86 4,770,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Switzerland 7,637,300 4,680,000 61.28 73,400 0.96 4,606,600 Figure for speakers of English as "main language", according to Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008[26] Source for number of non-native English speakers is 1999 publication by Prof. François Grin cited here: http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/countries/uk/language.html
Morocco 32,770,900 4,587,926 14 4,587,926 Source: Euromonitor International report 2011
Norway 5,136,700 4,500,000 90 4,500,000 Source: http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/norwegian-english-fusion-language/[unreliable source]
Republic of Ireland 4,422,100 4,350,000 98.37 4,122,100 93.21 237,900 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006; Central Statistics Office [4]; Travbla [27]
Singapore 5,607,300 4,218,737 83.1 1,873,302 36.9 2,345,435 Source: 2015 Census. Second language speaker figure only includes those literate in English aged 15 or more and does not include third language proficiency. General Household Survey 2015 "Language Spoken at Home Among Residents Aged 5 Years and Over"
Ghana 27,000,000 18,000,000 66.67 18,000,000 Source: 2010 Ghanaian Census[28]
Tanzania 40,454,000 4,000,000 9.89 4,000,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
New Zealand 4,275,100 3,673,623 97.82 3,673,623 85.93 There were 4,027,947 responses to 2006 Census: Language spoken. 3,673,679 gave English as a response, 81,936 had no English but another language. The balance of 272,382 were; no language (too young) 75,195, no response 196,221, response unidentifiable 588, response outside scope 378. Hence it is most meaningful to express the English-speaking per cent without including the figures for these 272,382. This gives 97.8% English-speaking, 2.2% non-English-speaking (3,673,679 and 81,936 divided by 3,755,565)
Crystal (2003), p. 109, gives figures of 3,700,000 native speakers and 150,000 second language speakers.
Finland 5,410,000 3,800,000 70 3,800,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Portugal 10,623,000 2,900,000 27 2,900,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Papua New Guinea 6,331,000 3,150,000 49.76 150,000 2.37 3,000,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Liberia 3,750,000 3,100,000 82.67 600,000 16 2,500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Jordan 6,598,000 2,969,370 45 2,969,370 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Jamaica 2,714,000 2,650,000 97.64 45,900 17.1 50,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Algeria 35,954,000 2,516,780 7 2,516,780 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Uganda 30,884,000 2,500,000 8.09 2,500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Hong Kong 6,808,433 3,136,784 46.07 238,288 3.5 2,898,496 According to 2011 population census, Hong Kong has approximately 3.1 million speakers, of whom 238,288 regard English as their "usual" language.[29]
Czech Republic 10,562,214 2,850,000 27 2,850,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Argentina 42,192,500 2,752,681 6.52 Source:.[30] Percentage of people who state to have a high level of English. Another 19.49% and 16.23% of people said they had an intermediate and low level, respectively, of English.
Yemen 24,800,000 2,232,000 9 2,232,000 Source: Euromonitor International report 2011
Croatia 4,555,000 2,200,000 49 2,200,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2006
Colombia 47,661,368 2,012,950 4.22 75,600 1,937,350 Total was estimated by multiplying projected population for 2014 (DANE) by percentage of Colombian population that speaks English 4.09%[31] then 63,600 was added to that figure which is the total of American and British residents. Figures for native speakers are as follows: 60,000 U.S. citizens that reside in Colombia[32] 12,000 are Colombian Raizal from San Andrés and Isla de Providencia where they speak San Andrés–Providencia Creole[33] 3,600 British expatriates[34]
Hungary 9,982,000 2,000,000 20 2,000,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Puerto Rico 3,991,000 1,940,000 48.61 100,000 1,840,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Zambia 11,922,000 1,910,000 16.02 110,000 1,800,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Bulgaria 7,640,238 1,900,000 25 2,605 1,902,605 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012 and 2011 Census[35]
Kazakhstan 12,156,705 1,874,583 15.4 602 1,873,981 Number of those who understand spoken English, from these 1.9 million: 311,435 (2.6%/16.6%) can only read, 931,444 (7.7%/49.6%) can read and write in English. The number of native speakers is the sum of Americans and Englishmen "by nationality". (Census 2009)
Lebanon 4,265,600 1,706,000 40 1,706,000 Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)
Chile 16,634,603 1,585,027 9.53 Source: 2012 Census.[36]
Rwanda 10,137,400 1,520,610 15 1,520,610 Source: Euromonitor International report 2009
Slovakia 5,397,036 1,400,000 26 1,400,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Trinidad and Tobago 1,305,000 1,145,000 87.74 1,145,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Slovenia 2,050,000 1,210,000 59 1,210,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Lithuania 3,053,800 1,160,000 38 1,160,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Latvia 2,070,371 950,000 46 950,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Guyana 751,000 680,000 90.55 650,000 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Botswana 1,639,833 630,000 38.42 630,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Estonia 1,294,236 650,000 50 650,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Cyprus 839,000 610,000 73 610,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Malawi 13,931,831 540,209 3.88 209 540,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109 and Kayambizinthu.[37]
Lesotho 1,795,000 500,000 27.86 500,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Suriname 470,784 410,000 87.09 260,000 150,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Malta 453,000 400,000 89 unknown 352,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Namibia 1,820,916 314,000 17.24 14,000 300,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Luxembourg 509,000 290,000 56 290,000 Source: Eurobarometer report 2012
Bahamas 330,549 288,000 87.13 260,000 28,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Barbados 279,000 275,000 98.57 262,000 13,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Belize 301,270 246,000 81.65 190,000 56,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Madagascar 23,042,300 4,147,614 18 4,147,614 The main languages are French and Malagasy.[citation needed]
Mauritius 1,264,866 202,000 15.97 2,000 200,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Vanuatu 215,446 180,000 83.55 60,000 120,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Fiji 853,445 176,000 20.62 6,000 170,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Solomon Islands 552,438 175,000 31.68 10,000 165,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Guam 173,456 158,000 91.09 58,000 100,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Brunei 381,371 144,000 39.07 10,000 134,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120,000 114,000 95 114,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
U.S. Virgin Islands 108,448 113,000 95.97 98,000 15,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Grenada 110,000 100,000 90.91 100,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Samoa 188,540 94,000 49.86 1,000 93,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Isle of Man 80,058 80,000 99.93 80,000
Bhutan 658,000 75,000 11.4 75,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Saint Lucia 165,000 71,000 43.03 31,000 40,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Northern Mariana Islands 84,000 70,000 83.33 5,000 65,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Antigua and Barbuda 85,000 68,000 80 66,000 2,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
American Samoa 57,345 45,933 80.1 1,791 44,142 Source: The World Factbook – American Samoa
Federated States of Micronesia 111,000 64,000 57.66 4,000 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Bermuda 65,000 63,000 96.92 63,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Dominica 67,000 63,000 94.03 3,000 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Marshall Islands 59,000 60,000 98.33 60,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Swaziland 1,141,000 50,000 4.38 50,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Aruba 104,000 44,000 42.31 9,000 35,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
The Gambia 1,709,000 40,000 2.34 40,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Saint Kitts and Nevis 50,000 39,000 78 39,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Cayman Islands 47,000 36,000 76.6 36,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Seychelles 87,000 33,000 37.93 3,000 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Gibraltar 28,875 28,875 100 28,000 875 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Tonga 100,000 30,000 30 30,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Kiribati 95,000 23,000 24.21 23,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
British Virgin Islands 23,000 20,000 86.96 20,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
Palau 20,000 18,500 92.5 500 18,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Andorra 81,222 17,869 22 17,869 Source Census: Linguistic knowledge 2004.
Anguilla 13,000 12,000 92.31 12,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Nauru 10,300 800 96.26 9,500 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. English is spoken as the language of government and commerce.
Cook Islands 20,200 4,000 19.8 1,000 3,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.
Montserrat 5,900 4,000 67.8 4,000 Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.
TOTAL 5,102,585,737 1,179,874,130 336,358,172 838,676,510
The European Union is a supranational union composed of 28 member states. The combined total English-speaking population (2012) is 256,876,220[38] (out of a total population of 500,000,000,[39] i.e. 51%) including 65,478,252 native speakers and 191,397,968 non-native speakers, and would be ranked 2nd if it were included. English native speakers amount to 13% of the whole Union population, while the percentage of people that speak English "well enough in order to be able to have a conversation", either as first (32%), second (11%) or third (3%) foreign language, was 38%.
When taken from this list and added together, the total number of English speakers in the world adds up to around 1,200,000,000. Likewise, the total number of native English speakers adds up to around 350,000,000. This implies that there are approximately 850,000,000 people who speak English as an additional language.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
See also[edit]
EF English Proficiency Index
English medium education
English-speaking world
List of countries where English is an official language
World Englishes
Non-English speaking populations:
Arabophone
Francophone
Hispanophone
Iberophone
Indosphere
Lusophone
Russophone
Sinophone
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Statistics on second language speakers are inevitably not precise; partly because there is no widely agreed definition of second language speakers – there is no differentiation between countries where English is the lingua franca and those where it is not.
Jump up ^ "AGE BY LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ S, Rukmini. "Sanskrit and English: there's no competition".
Jump up ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/popu1.aspx
Jump up ^ "Mapped: The world by English-speaking population". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ "Which Countries Have the Most English Speakers? - K International". www.k-international.com. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
Jump up ^ Before mistakenly correcting the percentage again, please note that there are fewer people aged 5 years or more in any country than there are people in that country, because some people are toddlers or infants. In other words, no, the numbers will not automatically add up. 63.71% is what the cited source, text above Figure 7 Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., a report from the 2000 census, really says. This multiplied by the 2010 census's total population over 5 produces the number in the chart. The 2010 number comes from Philippines in Figures, 2013, Chapter 5, Demography Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., table 5.1 or 5.6
Jump up ^ From mid-2009 to late 2013 this entry overstated the number of native speakers by roughly 100fold, and inflated the number of total speakers, on the alleged basis of material in "Philippines". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-10-16. . In fact, Ethnologue as of 24th December 2013 simply repeats the number of native speakers, 20,000, reported in Crystal 2003, on the basis of an old (pre-1995) census, and does not address total speakers at all. This attempt to correct these errors in turn perpetrates both error and original research, by applying the old percentages listed above, 63.71% of people over 5 as total speakers in 2000, and .04% of people as native speakers in 1995, to the 2010 totals from Philippines in Figures, 2013, Chapter 5, Demography Archived 26 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., tables 5.1 and 5.6. Andrew Gonzalez died in 2006; someone else's attention to the 2010 census figures, which appear not to be online and may not have been printed yet in adequate detail, is needed to produce reliable, more or less current, numbers.
Jump up ^ 2000 Census of population and Housing, Educational Characteristics of the Filipinos "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan, https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf
Jump up ^ "The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen" (PDF). Britishcouncil.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Human Capital in Poland in 2014, figure 15,52
Jump up ^ Demographis Yearbook of Poland: 2014, Table 1, 32,44,190,
Jump up ^ http://www.ef.com/epi/
Jump up ^ Jian Yang (April 2006). "Learners and users of English in China". English Today. 22 (2): 3–10. doi:10.1017/S0266078406002021. . Quote: "What this suggests, it seems, is that Yan’s (2004) ten million may after all be a more informed estimate of the actual regular users of English in China." (page 9)"
Jump up ^ 100million is Back of Envelope Calculation. Learning English in compulsory in China, and 8% of population goes to University, so approximately 100 million are competent in English, and beyond learners
Jump up ^ "EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills". Ef.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ Languages of Israel, Ethnologue.com
Jump up ^ Multilingualism in Israel, Bar-Ilan University – Faculty of Humanities : Language Policy Research Center.
Jump up ^ "ERIC – English Language Teaching Profile: Israel., 1976-Dec". Eric.ed.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Resident population according to main language, Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008
Jump up ^ "The most complete list of English schools and courses in Ireland". Travbla.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "2010 Population & Housing Census" (PDF). Statsghana.gov.gh. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Population Aged 5 and Over by Place of Birth, Usual Language and Ability to Speak Other Language/Dialect, 2011 (A123)". Census2011.gov.hk. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Sociedad :: Los idiomas de los argentinos" (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
Jump up ^ "¿Qué porcentaje de la población colombiana habla inglés?". Colombiestad.gov.co. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Islander Creole English". Ethnologue.
Jump up ^ "Special Reports | Brits Abroad". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
Jump up ^ "2011 census of Bulgaria" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Síntesis de resultados Censo 2012" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Retrieved 2 April 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Edrinnie Kayambizinthu (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in Malawi" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5&6): 369. doi:10.1080/01434639808666363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "European and their languages 2012" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Population at 1 January". Eurostat. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
References[edit]
Teachingenglish.org.uk
Teachingenglish.org.uk
Raymond G. Gordon, Jr. (ed.), ed. (2005). "English". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. Retrieved 2006-03-17. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Eurobarometer report – Europeans and their languages, February 2006 (pdf). Only includes EU citizens aged 15 and above.
Eurobarometer report – Europeans and their languages, June 2012 (pdf). Only includes EU citizens aged 15 and above.
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-521-53033-4.
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Kentucky Derby top four finishers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a listing of first-place, second-place, third-place and fourth-place finishers, and the number of starters in the Kentucky Derby, a Grade I American Thoroughbred race run at 1 1⁄4 miles on dirt for three-year-olds. It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown, run at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.[1]
Year
Winner
Second
Third
Fourth
Starters
2018 Justify Good Magic Audible Instilled Regard 20
2017 Always Dreaming Lookin At Lee Battle of Midway Classic Empire 20
2016 Nyquist Exaggerator Gun Runner Mohaymen 20
2015 American Pharoah † Firing Line Dortmund Frosted 18
2014 California Chrome Commanding Curve Danza Wicked Strong 19
2013 Orb Golden Soul Revolutionary Normandy Invasion 19
2012 I'll Have Another Bodemeister Dullahan Went The Day Well 20
2011 Animal Kingdom Nehro Mucho Macho Man Shackleford 19
2010 Super Saver Ice Box Paddy O'Prado Make Music for Me 20
2009 Mine That Bird Pioneerof the Nile Musket Man Papa Clem 19
2008 Big Brown Eight Belles Denis of Cork Tale of Ekati 20
2007 Street Sense Hard Spun Curlin Imawildandcrazyguy 20
2006 Barbaro Bluegrass Cat Steppenwolfer Jazil 20
2005 Giacomo Closing Argument Afleet Alex Don't Get Mad 20
2004 Smarty Jones Lion Heart Imperialism Limehouse 18
2003 Funny Cide Empire Maker Peace Rules Atswhatimtalkinbout 16
2002 War Emblem Proud Citizen Perfect Drift Medaglia d'Oro 18
2001 Monarchos Invisible Ink Congaree Thunder Blitz 17
2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Aptitude Impeachment More Than Ready 19
1999 Charismatic Menifee Cat Thief Prime Timber 19
1998 Real Quiet Victory Gallop Indian Charlie Halory Hunter 15
1997 Silver Charm Captain Bodgit Free House Pulpit 13
1996 Grindstone Cavonnier Prince of Thieves Halo Sunshine 19
1995 Thunder Gulch Tejano Run Timber Country Jumron 19
1994 Go for Gin Strodes Creek Blumin Affair Brocco 14
1993 Sea Hero Prairie Bayou Wild Gale Personal Hope 19
1992 Lil E. Tee Casual Lies Dance Floor Conte Di Savoya 18
1991 Strike the Gold Best Pal Mane Minister Green Alligator 16
1990 Unbridled Summer Squall Pleasant Tap Video Ranger 15
1989 Sunday Silence Easy Goer Awe Inspiring Dansil 15
1988 Winning Colors Forty Niner Risen Star Proper Reality 17
1987 Alysheba Bet Twice Avies Copy Cryptoclearance 17
1986 Ferdinand Bold Arrangement Broad Brush Rampage 16
1985 Spend A Buck Stephan's Odyssey Chief's Crown Fast Account 13
1984 * Swale Coax Me Chad At The Threshold Fali Time 20
1983 Sunny's Halo Desert Wine Caveat Slew o' Gold 20
1982 Gato Del Sol Laser Light Reinvested Water Bank 19
1981 Pleasant Colony Woodchopper Partez Classic Go Go 21
1980 Genuine Risk Rumbo Jaklin Klugman Super Moment 13
1979 Spectacular Bid General Assembly Golden Act King Celebrity 10
1978 Affirmed † Alydar Believe It Darby Creek Road 11
1977 Seattle Slew † Run Dusty Run Sanhedrin Get the Axe 15
1976 Bold Forbes Honest Pleasure Elocutionist Amano 9
1975 Foolish Pleasure Avatar Diabolo Master Derby 15
1974 Cannonade Hudson County Agitate J. R.'s Pet 23
1973 Secretariat † Sham Our Native Forego 13
1972 Riva Ridge No Le Hace Hold Your Peace Introductivo 16
1971 Canonero II Jim French Bold Reason Eastern Fleet 20
1970 Dust Commander My Dad George High Echelon Naskra 17
1969 Majestic Prince Arts and Letters Dike Traffic Mark 8
1968 * Forward Pass Francie's Hat T.V. Commercial Kentucky Sherry 14
1967 Proud Clarion Barbs Delight Damascus Reason to Hail 14
1966 Kauai King Advocator Blue Skyer Stupendous 15
1965 Lucky Debonair Dapper Dan Tom Rolfe Native Charger 11
1964 Northern Dancer Hill Rise The Scoundrel Roman Brother 12
1963 Chateaugay Never Bend Candy Spots On My Honor 9
1962 Decidedly Roman Line Ridan Sir Ribot 15
1961 Carry Back Crozier Bass Clef Dr. Miller 15
1960 Venetian Way Bally Ache Victoria Park Tompion 13
1959 Tomy Lee Sword Dancer First Landing Royal Orbit 17
1958 Tim Tam Lincoln Road Noureddin Jewel's Reward 14
1957 Iron Liege Gallant Man Round Table Bold Ruler 9
1956 Needles Fabius Come On Red Count Chic 17
1955 Swaps Nashua Summer Tan Racing Fool 10
1954 Determine Hasty Road Hasseyampa Goyamo 17
1953 Dark Star Native Dancer Invigorator Royal Bay Gem 11
1952 Hill Gail Sub Fleet Blue Man Master Fiddle 16
1951 Count Turf Royal Mustang Ruhe Phil D 20
1950 Middleground Hill Prince Mr. Trouble Sunglow 14
1949 Ponder Capot Palestinian Old Rockport 14
1948 Citation † Coaltown My Request Billings 6
1947 Jet Pilot Phalanx Faultless On Trust 13
1946 Assault † Spy Song Hampden Lord Boswell 17
1945 Hoop Jr. Pot o' Luck Darby Dieppe Air Sailor 16
1944 Pensive Broadcloth Stir Up Shut Up 16
1943 Count Fleet † Blue Swords Slide Rule Amber Light 10
1942 Shut Out Alsab Valdina Orphan With Regards 15
1941 Whirlaway † Staretor Market Wise Porter's Cap 11
1940 Gallahadion Bimelech Dit Mioland 8
1939 Johnstown Challedon Heather Broom Viscountyb 8
1938 Lawrin Dauber Can't Wait Menow 10
1937 War Admiral † Pompoon Reaping Reward Melodist 20
1936 Bold Venture Brevity Indian Broom Coldstream 14
1935 Omaha † Roman Soldier Whiskolo Nellie Flag 18
1934 Cavalcade Discovery Agrarian Mata Hari 13
1933 Brokers Tip Head Play Charley O. Ladysman 13
1932 Burgoo King Economic Stepenfetchit Brandon Mint 20
1931 Twenty Grand Sweep All Mate Spanish Play 12
1930 Gallant Fox † Gallant Knight Ned O. Gone Away 15
1929 Clyde Van Dusen Naishapur Panchio Blue Larkspur 21
1928 Reigh Count Misstep Toro Jack Higgins 22
1927 Whiskery Osmand Jock Hydromel 15
1926 Bubbling Over Bagenbaggage Rock Man Rhinock 13
1925 Flying Ebony Captain Hal Son of John Single Foot 20
1924 Black Gold Chilhowee Beau Butler Altawood 19
1923 Zev Martingale Vigil Nassau 21
1922 Morvich Bet Mosie John Finn Deadlock 10
1921 Behave Yourself Black Servant Prudery Tryster 12
1920 Paul Jones Upset On Watch Damask 17
1919 Sir Barton † Billy Kelly Under Fire Valcanite 12
1918 Exterminator Escoba Viva America War Cloud 8
1917 Omar Khayyam Ticket Midway Rickety 15
1916 George Smith Star Hawk Franklin Dodge 9
1915 Regret Pebbles I Sharpshooter Royal II 16
1914 Old Rosebud Hodge Bronzewing John Gund 7
1913 Donerail Ten Point Gowell Foundation 8
1912 Worth Duval Flamma Free Lance 7
1911 Meridian Governor Gray Colston Mud Sill 7
1910 Donau Joe Morris Fighting Bob Boola Boola 7
1909 Wintergreen Miami Dr. Barkley Sir Catesby 10
1908 Stone Street Sir Cleges Dunvegan Synchronized 8
1907 Pink Star Zal Ovelando Red Gauntlet 6
1906 Sir Huon Lady Navarre James Reddick Hyperion II 6
1905 Agile Ram's Horn Layson none 3
1904 Elwood Ed Tierney Brancas Prince Silverwings 5
1903 Judge Himes Early Bourbon Bad News 6
1902 Alan-a-Dale Inventor The Rival Abe Frank 4
1901 His Eminence Sannazarro Driscoll Amur 5
1900 Lieut. Gibson Florizar Thrive Highland Lad 7
1899 Manuel Corsini Mazo His Lordship 5
1898 Plaudit Lieber Karl Isabey Han d'Or 4
1897 Typhoon II Ornament Dr. Catlett Dr. Shepard 6
1896 Ben Brush Ben Eder Semper Ego First Mate 8
1895 Halma Basso Laureate Curator 4
1894 Chant Pearl Song Sigurd Al Boyer 5
1893 Lookout Plutus Boundless Buck McCann 6
1892 Azra Huron Phil Dwyer none 3
1891 Kingman Balgowan High Tariff Hart Wallace 4
1890 Riley Bill Letcher Robespierre Palisade 6
1889 Spokane Proctor Knott Once Again Hindoocraft 8
1888 Macbeth II Gallifet White Alexandria 7
1887 Montrose Jim Gore Jacobin Banburg 7
1886 Ben Ali Blue Wing Free Knight Lijero 10
1885 Joe Cotton Bersan Ten Booker Favor 10
1884 Buchanan Loftin Audrain Bob Miles 9
1883 Leonatus Drake Carter Lord Raglan Ascender 7
1882 Apollo Runnymede Bengal Harry Gilmore 14
1881 Hindoo Lelex Alfambra Sligo 6
1880 Fonso Kimball Bancroft Boulevard 5
1879 Lord Murphy Falsetto Strathmore Trinadad 9
1878 Day Star Himyar Leveler Solicitor 9
1877 Baden-Baden Leonard King William Vera Cruz 11
1876 Vagrant Creedmore Harry Hill Parole 11
1875 Aristides Volcano Verdigris Bob Wooley 15
A † designates a Triple Crown Winner.
Note: D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses.
*In 1968, Dancer's Image finished first, but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse. The drug in question - phenylbutazone - illegal at the time, is now legal for use on racehorses in many states, including Kentucky. Forward Pass is now the 1968 winner of the Kentucky Derby.
*In 1984, Gate Dancer finished fourth, but was disqualified for fouling Fali Time, who was then moved up from 5th to 4th place.
See also[edit]
Kentucky Oaks top three finishers
List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Kentucky Derby Media Guide, 135th Kentucky Derby, page 103-236 on May 2, 2009.
External links[edit]
Kentucky Derby website
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Derby_top_four_finishers&oldid=842074726"
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This page was last edited on 20 May 2018, at 01:57.
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