text:
The Book of Henry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Book of Henry
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Colin Trevorrow
Produced by
Sidney Kimmel
Jenette Kahn
Adam Richman
Written by
Gregg Hurwitz
Starring
Naomi Watts
Jaeden Lieberher
Jacob Tremblay
Sarah Silverman
Lee Pace
Maddie Ziegler
Dean Norris
Music by
Michael Giacchino
Cinematography
John Schwartzman
Edited by
Kevin Stitt
Production
company
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment
Double Nickel Entertainment
Distributed by
Focus Features
Release date
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14) (LAFF)
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) (United States)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[2]
Box office
$4.6 million[3]
The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz. The film stars Naomi Watts, Jaeden Lieberher, Jacob Tremblay, Sarah Silverman, Lee Pace, Maddie Ziegler, and Dean Norris.[4][5] The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius to save the girl next door from abuse.
The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017. It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16, 2017, and received generally negative reviews from critics, mostly focused on the film's plot twists and tonal shifts, and Trevorrow's direction, although the cast received some praise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old boy genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's picture books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. Henry also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their tree house. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor (and Henry's classmate), Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum.
Henry sees Christina being abused by her stepfather, Glenn, the local police commissioner. Henry reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without "conclusive evidence". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he memorializes in a notebook. After a violent seizure, Henry is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies in Susan's arms in the hospital.
Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. Susan tries, but fails, to interest a nearby social services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the window in Peter's bedroom, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe a step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that it will be impossible to trace the murder back to her. Susan's alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while both Christina and Peter are performing at a school talent show.
Susan slips away from the talent show and puts the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, however, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and that she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts Glenn and tells him that she is going to expose him for what he has done to Christina. Glenn replies that everyone will believe him, not her, and he tells her that he is going to call his police chief to come and bring her in. At the same time, affected by Christina's dance performance at the talent show, Principal Wilder decides to follow through on the abuse accusation and contacts the authorities. Glenn returns home, calls his relative at Social Services, and learns that an investigation is being opened into his abuse of Christina. As the police arrive at his house, Glenn kills himself. Susan legally adopts Christina as her daughter. She also finishes writing one of her children's books, as Henry had urged her to do.
Cast[edit]
Jaeden Lieberher as Henry Carpenter, the title character and Susan's older son.
Jacob Tremblay as Peter Carpenter, Henry's brother and Susan’s younger son
Naomi Watts as Susan Carpenter, the mother of Henry and Peter[6]
Dean Norris as Glenn Sickleman, the police commissioner and Christina's abusive stepfather
Maddie Ziegler as Christina Sickleman, Glenn's stepdaughter
Sarah Silverman as Sheila, a waitress and Susan's best friend
Lee Pace as David Daniels, a neurosurgeon who operates on Henry
Bobby Moynihan as John, Susan's and Sheila's boss at the diner
Tonya Pinkins as Janice Wilder, the school principal
Geraldine Hughes as Mrs. Evans, Henry's and Christina's teacher
Jackson Nicoll as Morris, a boy who bullies Peter
Production[edit]
Hurwitz wrote the first draft of the screenplay by 1998. The film was eventually optioned by Jenette Kahn, and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment joined as a producer. An executive at Kimmel Entertainment thought that Colin Trevorrow would be right to direct The Book of Henry. Trevorrow and Hurwitz found each other to be congenial, but then Trevorrow was hired to direct Jurassic World. Another director was considered. By early 2015, after Trevorrow finished Jurassic World, he returned to The Book of Henry.[7][8] Kimmel Entertainment and Double Nickel Entertainment financed and co-produced the film; producers are Sidney Kimmel, Kahn and Adam Richman.[9] Focus Features obtained worldwide distribution rights.[10]
Principal photography on the film began in September 2015 in and around New York City,[6][11][12][13] and concluded in November.[14] The music was composed by Michael Giacchino.[15] Stevie Nicks sang a new song in the film.[16]
Release[edit]
The Book of Henry was scheduled to be released on September 16, 2016,[17] but Focus rescheduled the film's release to June 16, 2017,[18] concluding that during the summer, the film release schedule would offer fewer adult-oriented films that might compete against The Book of Henry for older viewers.[19] The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017.[20] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $1.4 million from 579 theaters (an average of $2,460 per theater), finishing 13th at the box office, and making it "by far the biggest start among the new Specialties" opening that weekend.[21]
The film was featured at the July 2017 Ischia Film Festival, where Trevorrow was honored with the Breakout Director award for the film.[22]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Book of Henry deserves a few points for ambition, but its tonal juggling act – and a deeply maudlin twist – may leave viewers gaping in disbelief rather than choking back tears."[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 31 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[24] PostTrak reported audiences gave the film an 86% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[21]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: "There’s the kind of bad movie that just sits there, unfolding with grimly predictable monotony. Then there’s the kind where the badness expands and metastasizes, taking on a jaw-dropping life of its own, pushing through to ever-higher levels of garishness. The Book of Henry ... is of the latter, you’ve-got-to-see-it-to-disbelieve-it variety."[25] The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw, in a critical review, said that, "in its pure misjudged ickiness, bad-acting ropiness, and its quirksy, smirksy passive-aggressive tweeness, this insidiously terrible film could hardly get any more skin-crawling."[26] Writing for Vulture, Emily Yoshida opined, "It does not suffice to call The Book of Henry bad; it’s nonfunctional, so poorly conceived from the ground up as to slip out of the grasp of the usual standards one applies to narrative film. It might be admirable if it wasn’t such torture to watch."[27]
Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote: "Director Colin Trevorrow ... lacks any of the eccentricities that might make this quirky and contrived material work, even at face value," though he added, "its above-average performances and insistence on following through on an off-beat premise give it a hint of battiness."[28] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave it 1.5 stars out of 4, saying: "The Book of Henry starts well, begins flirting with absurdity in the middle – and ends in crashing disaster. But the feeling persists that director Colin Treverrow believes every word in the shambles of a 20-year-old screenplay by crime novelist Gregg Hurwitz."[29] Stephen Schaefer of the Boston Herald was one of the minority of critics who praised the film, as was Colin Covert of the Chicago Tribune, who concluded: "This is a poignant, frequently funny film that moves into unexpected dark subjects."[30][31]
Audience response has been more favorable than the critical response. Caroline McVitty commented in The Island Packet: "It is a movie that critics hate and audiences love."[32][33] while Metacritc's "User Score" is 4.5 out of 10, indicating mixed or average reviews.[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Book of Henry". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ de Seife, Ethan (December 30, 2015). "Jurassic World Director Colin Trevorrow Looks Ahead". Seven Days. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Henry (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perez, Rodrigo (May 5, 2016). "Interview: Colin Trevorrow Talks The Book of Henry & Going From Blockbusters to Indie Films Again". ThePlaylist.net. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (October 5, 2015). "Colin Trevorrow introduces young Book of Henry stars on Twitter". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Manskar, Noah (November 3, 2015). "Naomi Watts movie The Book of Henry films in Williston Park". The Island Now. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Le, D. Dona (January 1, 2016). "Exclusive Q&A with Gregg Hurwitz '95 (Orphan X, The Book of Henry)". Harvardwood. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 30, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Director Colin Trevorrow Tackling 'Book of Henry'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (March 30, 2015). "Jurassic World's Colin Trevorrow to Direct Book of Henry for Sidney Kimmel". thewrap. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (August 19, 2015). "Jacob Tremblay, Jaeden Lieberher to Co-Star in Colin Trevorrow's Book of Henry". Variety.com. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (October 5, 2015). "Jurassic World Director Colin Trevorrow's The Book of Henry Begins Filming". comingsoon.net.
Jump up ^ "Book of Henry Filming – Update | Village of South Nyack". southnyack.ny.gov. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferraro, Tom (November 12, 2015). "Our Town: The day the circus came to Williston Park". The Island Now. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Kinsey (November 21, 2015). "Colin Trevorrow Tweets The Book Of Henry has Wrapped Filming". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michael Giacchino to Score Colin Trevorrow's The Book of Henry". FilmMusicReporter.com. February 16, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (June 13, 2017). "Stevie Nicks Releases New Song for The Book of Henry: Listen to 'Your Hand I Will Never Let It Go' Now". Eonline.com. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 31, 2016). "Colin Trevorrow's The Book Of Henry to Hit Theaters in September". Deadline. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (August 2, 2016). "Colin Trevorrow's drama Book of Henry delayed until 2017". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (August 2, 2016). "Colin Trevorrow's 'Book of Henry' Pushed Back to 2017 (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (May 2, 2017). "L.A. Film Fest: Colin Trevorrow's The Book of Henry Set for Opening Night". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Brooks, Brian (June 18, 2017). "'Maudie', 'The Journey' & 'Hare Krishna' Open Solid – Specialty Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Ariston (June 26, 2017). "Ischia Fest to Honor Colin Trevorrow, 'Beguiled' to Open Fest". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Henry (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Henry reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (June 14, 2017). "Film Review: 'The Book of Henry'". Variety. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (June 15, 2017). "The Book of Henry review – icky revenge weepie pours syrup over everything". The Guardian. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yoshida, Emily (June 15, 2017). "The Book of Henry Must Be Seen to Be Believed (But Please Don't See It)". Vulture. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (June 15, 2017). "A tween genius plots a murder in the contrived Book Of Henry". A.V. Club. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (June 15, 2017). "'The Book of Henry' Review: Boy Meets Girl, Ends Up in WTF Tearjerker-Thriller". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Covert, Colin (June 15, 2017). "The Book of Henry: Naomi Watts leads a coming-of-age tale that turns dark". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Stephen (June 16, 2017). "Book of Henry: Endearing, smart tale of child genius". Boston Herald. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ McVitty, Caroline (June 21, 2017). "The Book of Henry: Most critics hate, but audiences will love captivating, enlightening movie". The Island Packet. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Adam (June 23, 2017). "What Colin Trevorrow Really Thinks About The Book of Henry's Terrible Reviews". Cinemablend.com. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-book-of-henry/user-reviews
External links[edit]
Official website
The Book of Henry on IMDb
Trailer No. 1
Feature on the young stars of the film in Vanity Fair

[show]
v
t
e
Colin Trevorrow
Films written and directed
Home Base (2002)
Reality Show (2004; written with Daniel Klein)
Jurassic World (2015; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver)
Directed only
Safety Not Guaranteed (2012; written by Derek Connolly)
The Book of Henry (2017; written by Gregg Hurwitz)
Written only
Making Revolution (2003, written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger; directed by Klein)
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018, written with Derek Connolly; directed by J. A. Bayona)
[show]
v
t
e
Gregg Hurwitz
Novels
Orphan X Thrillers series
Orphan X (2016)
Buy a Bullet (2016)
The Nowhere Man (2017)
Hellbent (2018)
The Rains Brothers
The Rains (2016)
Last Chance (2017)
Tim Rackley
The Kill Clause (2004)
The Program (2005)
Troubleshooter (2006)
Last Shot (2007)
Individual
The Tower (1999)
Minutes to Burn (432)
Do No Harm (2002)
The Crime Writer (2008)
Trust No One (2010)
They're Watching (2011)
You're Next (2011)
The Survivor (2012)
Tell No Lies (2013)
Don't Look Back (2014)
Comic books
DC Comics
Batman: The Dark Knight (2012–2014)
Detective Comics (2012–2014)
Penguin: Pain and Prejudice (2011–2012)
Marvel comics
Foolkiller vol. 2 (2007)
Foolkiller: White Angels (2008–2009)
The New Avengers (2009)
Punisher (2008–2009)
The Savage Axe of Ares (2011)
Shadowland: Moon Knight (2010)
The Vengeance of Moon Knight (2009–2010)
Wolverine Annual (2007)
Wolverine: Flies to a Spider (2009)
Wolverine: Switchback (2009)
X-Men Forever (2009)
Filmography
Written
TV Series
Black Flags
Queen of the South (Season 1 Episode 8: Billete de Magia)
V
Films
The Book of Henry (2017)
Produced
TV Series
Black Flags
V
Films
The Book of Henry (2017; co-produced with Colin Trevorrow)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Henry&oldid=834074256"
Categories:
2017 films
English-language films
2010s drama films
American films
American drama films
Films scored by Michael Giacchino
Films directed by Colin Trevorrow
Films produced by Sidney Kimmel
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New York (state)
Films shot in New York City
Focus Features films
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment films
Fictional child prodigies
Films about child abuse
Films about cancer
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from June 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Bahasa Melayu
日本語
中文
3 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 20:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: scope style

value: li

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival
mw-redirect
Los Angeles Film Festival

values:
/wiki/Rube_Goldberg_machines
mw-redirect
Rube Goldberg machines

values:
/wiki/Title_character
mw-redirect
Title character

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.harvardwood.org/q_a_hurwitz

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4572792/
external text

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Last_Shot_(Gregg_Hurwitz_novel)
mw-redirect
Last Shot (Gregg Hurwitz novel)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Films scored by Michael Giacchino

values: Category:Films directed by Colin Trevorrow

values: Category:Films produced by Sidney Kimmel

values: Category:Sidney Kimmel Entertainment films

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Book_of_Henry
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: كتاب هنري – Arabic

values: کتاب هنری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 북 오브 헨리 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ザ・ブック・オブ・ヘンリー – Japanese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Book_of_Henry rootpage-The_Book_of_Henry skin-vector action-view


text:
Italian Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"New Roman Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see New Rome (disambiguation).
Italian Empire
Flag
Kingdom of Italy
Colonies of Italy in 1939
Territories occupied during World War II
The Italian Empire (Italian: Impero Italiano) comprised the colonies, protectorates, concessions, dependencies and trust territories of the Kingdom of Italy and, after 1946, the Italian Republic. The genesis of the Italian colonial empire was the purchase, in 1869, by a commercial company of the coastal town of Assab on the Red Sea.[1] This was taken over by the Italian government in 1882, becoming modern Italy's first overseas territory.[2]
Over the next two decades the pace of European acquisitions in Africa increased, causing the so-called "Scramble for Africa". By the start of the First World War in 1914, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and authority in formerly Ottoman Libya (gained after the Italo-Turkish War). Italy's expansion inland from the Red Sea coast brought her into conflict with the Ethiopian Empire, which defeated her first at the battle of Dogali (1887) and again during first Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1895–96.
Outside Africa, Italy possessed the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey and a concession in Tianjin in China as a result of the Boxer Rebellion. During the First World War, Italy occupied southern Albania to prevent it from falling to Austria-Hungary. In 1917, it established a protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920.[3] The Fascist government that came to power with Benito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists.
In its second invasion of Ethiopia in 1935–36, Italy was successful and it merged its new conquest with its older east African colonies to create Italian East Africa. In 1939, Italy invaded Albania and incorporated it into the Fascist state. During the Second World War (1939–45), Italy occupied British Somaliland, parts of South-Eastern France, Western Egypt and most of Greece, but then lost those conquests and its African colonies, including Ethiopia, to the invading allied forces. It was forced in the final peace to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. It was granted a United Nations trust to administer former Italian Somaliland in 1950 under United Nations supervision. When Somalia became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experiment with colonialism had ended.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Scramble for an empire
1.2 World War I and aftermath
1.3 Fascism and the Italian Empire
1.4 World War II
1.5 End of the empire
2 See also
3 References
3.1 Notes
3.2 Bibliography
4 External links
History[edit]
Scramble for an empire[edit]
Main articles: First Italo-Ethiopian War and Italo-Turkish War
Francesco Crispi promoted the Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 1800s.
The unification of Italy brought with it a belief that Italy deserved its own overseas empire, alongside those of the other powers of Europe, and a rekindling of the notion of mare nostrum.[4] However, Italy had arrived late to the colonial race, and its relative weakness in international affairs meant that it was dependent on the acquiescence of Britain, France and Germany towards its empire-building.[5]
Italy had long considered the Ottoman province of Tunisia, where a large community of Tunisian Italians lived, within its economic sphere of influence. It did not consider annexing it until 1879, when it became apparent that Britain and Germany were encouraging France to add it to its colonial holdings in North Africa.[6] A last minute offer by Italy to share Tunisia between the two countries was refused, and France, confident in German support, ordered its troops in from French Algeria, imposing a protectorate over Tunisia in May 1881 under the Treaty of Bardo.[7] The shock of the "Tunisian bombshell", as it was referred to in the Italian press, and the sense of Italy's isolation in Europe, led it into signing the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Germany and Austria-Hungary.[8]
Italian possessions and sphere of influence in the Horn of Africa in 1896.
Italy's search for colonies continued until February 1886, when, by secret agreement with Britain, it annexed the port of Massawa in Eritrea on the Red Sea from the crumbling Egyptian Empire. Italian annexation of Massawa denied the Ethiopian Empire of Yohannes IV an outlet to the sea[9] and prevented any expansion of French Somaliland.[10] At the same time, Italy occupied territory on the south side of the horn of Africa, forming what would become Italian Somaliland.[11] However, Italy coveted Ethiopia itself and, in 1887, Italian Prime Minister Agostino Depretis ordered an invasion. This invasion was halted after the loss of five hundred Italian troops at the Battle of Dogali.[12] Depretis's successor, Prime Minister Francesco Crispi signed the Treaty of Wuchale in 1889 with Menelik II, the new emperor. This treaty ceded Ethiopian territory around Massawa to Italy to form the colony of Eritrea, and – at least, according to the Italian version of the treaty – made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate.[13] Relations between Italy and Menelik deteriorated over the next few years until the First Italo-Ethiopian War broke out in 1895, when Crispi ordered Italian troops into the country. Outnumbered and poorly equipped,[14] the result was a humiliating defeat for Italy at the hands of Ethiopian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.[15]
On 7 September 1901, a concession in Tientsin was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy by Imperial China. It was administered by the Italian consul in Tientsin. Several ships of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) were based at Tientsin.[16]
A wave of nationalism that swept Italy at the turn of the 20th century led to the founding of the Italian Nationalist Association, which pressed for the expansion of Italy's empire. Newspapers were filled with talk of revenge for the humiliations suffered in Ethiopia at the end of the previous century, and of nostalgia for the Roman era. Libya, it was suggested, as an ex-Roman colony, should be "taken back" to provide a solution to the problems of Southern Italy's population growth. Fearful of being excluded altogether from North Africa by Britain and France, and mindful of public opinion, Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti ordered the declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire, of which Libya was part, in October 1911.[17] As a result of the Italo-Turkish War, Italy gained Libya and the Dodecanese Islands.
World War I and aftermath[edit]
Main articles: Military history of Italy during World War I and Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
The flag of Italy is shown hanging alongside an Albanian flag from the balcony of the Italian prefecture in Vlorë, Albania during World War I.
Partition of Turkey in the Treaty of Sèvres of 1919. The light green marked area is the territory from Anatolia allocated to an Italian sphere of influence. Sèvres was overturned by the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923 where Turkey was restored all of Anatolia.
In 1915, Italy agreed to enter World War I on the side of Britain and France; and, in return, was guaranteed territory at the Treaty of London, both in Europe and, should Britain and France gain Germany's African possessions, in Africa.[18]
Prior to direct intervention in World War I, Italy occupied the Albanian port of Vlorë in December 1914.[3] In the fall of 1916, Italy started to occupy southern Albania.[3] In 1916, Italian forces recruited Albanian irregulars to serve alongside them.[3] Italy, with permission of the Allied command, occupied Northern Epirus on 23 August 1916, forcing the neutralist Greek Army to withdraw its occupation forces from there.[3] In June 1917, Italy proclaimed central and southern Albania as a protectorate of Italy while Northern Albania was allocated to the states of Serbia and Montenegro.[3] By 31 October 1918, French and Italian forces expelled the Austro-Hungarian Army from Albania.[3] However, in 1920, an Albanian rebellion led the Italians to agree to return the occupied regions to Albania, with the exception of Sarzan Island.
Dalmatia was a strategic region during World War I that both Italy and Serbia intended to seize from Austria-Hungary. The Treaty of London guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.[19] By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the Treaty of London and by 17 November had seized Fiume as well.[20] In 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia.[20] Famous Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zara (today's Zadar) in an Italian warship in December 1918.[21]
However, at the concluding Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Italy received less in Europe than had been promised, and none overseas. In April 1920, it was agreed between the British and Italian foreign ministers that Jubaland would be Italy's compensation, but Britain held back on the deal for several years, aiming to use it as leverage to force Italy to cede the Dodecanese to Greece.[22]
Fascism and the Italian Empire[edit]
Main articles: Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Italian invasion of Albania
Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. The map shows territories to become sovereign or dependency territory (in dark-green) and client states (in light-green).
Maximum extent of Imperial Italy.
In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister of Italy after the March on Rome. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the Dodecanese at the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for a payment to Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, though he failed in an attempt to extract a mandate of a portion of Iraq from Britain.
The month following the ratification of the Lausanne treaty, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of Corfu after the Corfu incident. The Italian press supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a Venetian possession for four hundred years. The matter was taken by Greece to the League of Nations, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of Jubaland in 1924, which was merged into Italian Somaliland.[23]
During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches.[24] Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[24] Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.[25] This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism.[25] This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean":[25]
"The bars of this prison are Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus. The guards of this prison are Gibraltar and Suez. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterrean. Greece, Turkey, and Egypt have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto – to march to the oceans."
—  Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans[25]
In the Balkans, the Fascist regime claimed Dalmatia and held ambitions over Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, and Greece based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions.[26] Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states.[27] The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.[26]
In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a League of Nations mandate of the former German Cameroon and a free hand in Ethiopia from France in return for Italian support against Germany (see Stresa Front).[28] This was refused by French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence.[28] The failed resolution of the Abyssinia Crisis led to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire.
Italy's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to Miguel Primo de Rivera's pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the Catalan separatist movement, which was led by Francesc Macià, against the Spanish government.[29] With the rise of the left-wing Republican government replacing the Spanish monarchy, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them in order to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain.[29] In July 1936, Francisco Franco of the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain".[30] Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the Balearic Islands and creating a client state in Spain.[31] Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position – Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its North African colonies and between British Gibraltar and Malta.[32] After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the Balearic Islands.[33]
Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the French protectorate of Tunisia.
After the United Kingdom signed the Anglo-Italian Easter Accords in 1938, Mussolini and foreign minister Ciano issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding Djibouti, Tunisia and the French-run Suez Canal.[34] Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for Italy to demand an Italian takeover of Albania.[34] Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them.[24] In 1938, Italy demanded a sphere of influence in the Suez Canal in Egypt, specifically demanding that the French-dominated Suez Canal Company accept an Italian representative on its board of directors.[35] Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.[35]
In 1939, Italy invaded and captured Albania and made it a part of the Italian Empire as a separate kingdom in personal union with the Italian crown. The region of modern-day Albania had been an early part of the Roman Empire, which had actually been held before northern parts of Italy had been taken by the Romans, but had long since been populated by Albanians, even though Italy had retained strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence.[36] It is possible that Mussolini simply wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's absorption of Austria and Czechoslovakia.[36] Italian King Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci was established to rule over Albania.
World War II[edit]
Main article: Military history of Italy during World War II
Prince Amedeo of Savoy-Aosta led the Italian forces at the Battle of Amba Alagi.[37]
Mussolini entered World War II on the side of Adolf Hitler with plans to enlarge Italy's territorial holdings. He had designs on an area of western Yugoslavia, southern France, Corsica, Malta, Tunisia, part of Algeria, an Atlantic port in Morocco, French Somaliland and British Egypt and Sudan.[38] Mussolini also mentioned to Italo Balbo his ambitions of capturing British and French territories in the Cameroons and founding an Italian Cameroon, in the hope that Italy could establish a colony on the Atlantic coast of Africa.[citation needed]
On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France; both countries had been at war with Nazi Germany since September of the previous year. In July 1940, Italian foreign minister Count Ciano presented Hitler with a document of Italy's demands that included: the annexation of Corsica, Nice, and Malta; protectorates in Tunisia and a buffer zone in Algeria; independence with Italian military presence and bases in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Transjordan as well as expropriation of oil companies in those territories; military occupation of Aden, Perim and Sokotra; Cyprus given to Greece in exchange for Corfu and Ciamuria given to Italy; Italy is given British Somaliland, Djibuti, French Equatorial Africa up to Chad, as well as Ciano adding at the meeting that Italy wanted Kenya and Uganda as well.[39] Hitler accepted the document without any comment.[39]
In October 1940, Mussolini ordered the invasion of Greece from Albania, but the operation was unsuccessful.[40] In April 1941, Germany launched an invasion of Yugoslavia and then attacked Greece. Italy and other German allies supported both actions. The German and Italian armies overran Yugoslavia in about two weeks and, despite British support in Greece, the Axis troops overran that country by the end of April. The Italians gained control over portions of both occupied Yugoslavia and occupied Greece. A member of the House of Savoy, Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta, was appointed king of the newly created Independent State of Croatia.
During the height of the Battle of Britain, the Italians launched an attack on Egypt in the hope of capturing the Suez Canal. By 16 September 1940, the Italians advanced 60 miles across the border. However, in December, the British launched Operation Compass and, by February 1941, the British had cut off and captured the Italian 10th Army and had driven deep into Libya.[41] A German intervention prevented the fall of Libya and the combined Axis attacks drove the British back into Egypt until summer 1942, before being stopped at El Alamein. Allied intervention against Vichy French-held Morocco and Algeria created a two-front campaign. German and Italian forces entered Tunisia in late 1942 in response, however forces in Egypt were soon forced to make a major retreat into Libya. By May 1943, Axis forces in Tunisia were forced to surrender.
The East African Campaign started with Italian advances into British-held Kenya, British Somaliland, and Sudan. In the summer of 1940, Italian armed forces successfully invaded all of British Somaliland.[42] But, in the Spring of 1941, the British had counter-attacked and pushed deep into Italian East Africa. By 5 May, Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia had returned to Addis Ababa to reclaim his throne. In November, the last organised Italian resistance ended with the fall of Gondar.[43] However, following the surrender of East Africa, some Italians conducted a guerrilla war which lasted for two more years.
In November 1942, when the Germans occupied Vichy France during Case Anton, Italian-occupied France was expanded with the occupation of Corsica.
End of the empire[edit]
Italian war cemetery in Keren, Eritrea.
The Cathedral of Tripoli in the 1960s.
By the autumn of 1943, the Italian Empire and all dreams of an Imperial Italy effectively came to an end. On 7 May, the surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia and other near continuous Italian reversals, led King Victor Emmanuel III to plan the removal of Mussolini. Following the Invasion of Sicily, all support for Mussolini evaporated. A meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism was held on 24 July, which managed to impose a vote of no confidence to Mussolini. The "Duce" was subsequently deposed and arrested by the King on the following afternoon. Afterwards, Mussolini remained a prisoner of the King until 12 September, when, on the orders of Hitler, he was rescued by German paratroops and became leader of the newly established Italian Social Republic.
After 25 July, the new Italian government under the King and Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio remained outwardly part of the Axis. But, secretly, it started negotiations with the Allies. On the eve of the American landings at Salerno, which started the Allied invasion of Italy, the new Italian government secretly signed an armistice with the Allies. On 8 September, the armistice was made public. In Albania, Yugoslavia, the Dodecanese, and other territories still held by the Italians, German military forces successfully attacked their former Italian allies and ended Italy's rule. During the Dodecanese Campaign, an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese with the cooperation of the Italian troops ended in total German victory. In China, the Imperial Japanese Army occupied Italy's concession in Tientsin after getting news of the armistice. Later in 1943 the Italian Social Republic formally ceded control of the concession to Japan's puppet regime in China, the Reorganized National Government of China under Wang Jingwei.
In 1947, the Italian Republic formally lost all her overseas colonial possessions as a result of the Treaty of Peace with Italy. There were discussions to maintain Tripolitania (a province of Italian Libya) as the last Italian colony, but these were not successful. In November 1949, Italian Somaliland was made a United Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration. This lasted until 1 July 1960, when Italian Somaliland was granted its independence and, together with British Somaliland, formed the Somali Republic.
See also[edit]
Timeline of the Italian Empire (it)
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mia Fuller, "Italian Colonial Rule", Oxford Bibliographies Online. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism (Algora, 2005), p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Nigel Thomas. Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Osprey Publishing, 2001, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Betts (1975), p.12
Jump up ^ Betts (1975), p.97
Jump up ^ Lowe, p.21
Jump up ^ Lowe, p.24
Jump up ^ Lowe, p.27
Jump up ^ Pakenham (1992), p.280
Jump up ^ Pakenham (1992), p.471
Jump up ^ Pakenham, p.281
Jump up ^ Killinger (2002), p.122
Jump up ^ Pakenham, p.470
Jump up ^ Killinger, p.122
Jump up ^ Pakenham (1992), p.7
Jump up ^ Map and information
Jump up ^ Killinger (2002), p.133
Jump up ^ Fry (2002), p.178
Jump up ^ Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. History of Dalmatia. Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul O'Brien. Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17.
Jump up ^ A. Rossi. The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918–1922. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. Pp. 47.
Jump up ^ Lowe, p.187
Jump up ^ Lowe, pp. 191–199
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). Mussolini, p. 170. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). Vital crossroads: Mediterranean origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940, pp. 105–106. Cornell University Press
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1998. Pp. 467.
Jump up ^ Allan R. Millett, Williamson Murray. Military Effectiveness, Volume 2. New edition. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 184.
^ Jump up to: a b Burgwyn, James H. (1997). Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940, p. 68. Praeger Publishers.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert H. Whealey. Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Paperback edition. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: University Press of Kentucky, 2005. P. 11.
Jump up ^ Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston. Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1999. P. 152.
Jump up ^ R. J. B. Bosworth. The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Pp. 246.
Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton & Company, 2003.
Jump up ^ The Road to Oran: Anglo-Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Pp. 24.
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940. Cornell University, 2002. p 82–83.
^ Jump up to: a b "French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy", LIFE, 19 Dec 1938. Pp. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Dickson (2001), pg. 69
Jump up ^ Time Magazine Aosta on Alag?
Jump up ^ Calvocoressi (1999) p.166
^ Jump up to: a b Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008. Pp. 132.
Jump up ^ Dickson (2001) p.100
Jump up ^ Dickson (2001) p.101
Jump up ^ Dickson (2001) p.103
Jump up ^ Jowett (2001) p.7
Bibliography[edit]
Betts, Raymond (1975). The False Dawn: European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. University of Minnesota.
Barker, A. J. (1971). The Rape of Ethiopia. Ballantine Books.
Bosworth, R. J. B. (2005). Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945. Penguin Books.
Calvocoressi, Peter (1999). The Penguin History of the Second World War. Penguin.
Dickson, Keith (2001). World War II For Dummies. Wiley Publishing, INC.
Fry, Michael (2002). Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. Continuum International Publishing Group.
Howard, Michael (1998). The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press.
Jowett, Philip (1995). Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45. Osprey Publishing.
Jowett, Philip (2001). The Italian Army 1940–45 (2): Africa 1940–43. Osprey Publishing.
Killinger, Charles (2002). The History of Italy. Greenwood Press.
Lowe, C.J. (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940. Routledge.
Mauri Arnaldo,(2004) Eritrea's early stages in monetary and banking development, "International Review of Economics", Vol. LI, n. 4, pp. 547–569.[1]
Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912. New York: Perennial. ISBN 9780380719990.
Patman, Robert G. (2009). The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement. Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
(in Italian) Atlas of Italian colonies, written by Baratta Mario and Visintin Luigi in 1928
[show]
v
t
e
Italian Empire
Subdivisions
Western Mediterranean
Southeastern France
Monaco
Corsica
Balkans
Albanian Kingdom
Islands of the Aegean
Kingdom of Croatia
Dalmatia
Greece
Hellenic State
Principality of the Pindus
Ionian Islands
Italian Province of Lubiana
Kingdom of Montenegro
Italian East Africa
Italian Eritrea
Eritrea Governorate
Italian Somaliland
Somalia Governorate
Italian Oltre Giuba
British Somaliland
Italian Ethiopia
Amhara Governorate
Harrar Governorate
Galla-Sidamo Governorate
Scioa Governorate
Italian Libya
Libya
Cyrenaica
Tripolitania
Fezzan
Far East
Italian concession of Tientsin
Concessions of Italy in China
Planned expansion
Egypt
Majorca
Tentative to occupy French Somaliland
Kenya
Sudan
Malta
Ticino, Valais and Grisons
Tunisia
The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.
Settlers and Irredentism
Settlers and colonists
Albania
Dodecanese
Dalmatia
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Libya
Somalia
Tunisia
Egypt
Lebanon
Gibraltar
Irredentism
Corsica
Nice
Savoy
Dalmatia
Istria-Venezia Giulia
Malta
Switzerland
Corfu
Architecture
Governmental
Governor's Palace (Mogadishu)
Governor's Palace (Tripoli)
Governor's Palace (Asmara)
Asmara Presidential Palace (Asmara)
Civilian
Mogadishu Cathedral
Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara
Benghazi Cathedral
Tripoli Cathedral
Cinema Impero
Fiat Tagliero Building
Marble Arch
Asmara's Opera
Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)
Urbanism
Italian Tripoli
Mogadishu under Italian rule
Italian Benghazi
Italian Asmara
Italian Massaua
Infrastructure
Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway
Ethio-Djibouti Railways
Eritrean Railway
Asmara-Massawa Cableway
Railway stations in Eritrea
Railway stations in Somalia
Via Balbia
Via della Vittoria
Linea dell'Impero
Italian Libya Railways
Libyan Railway stations
History of Italian colonial railways
Political concepts
Greater Italy
Mare Nostrum
New Roman Empire
Spazio vitale
Fourth Shore
Third Rome
Police and military
Eritrean Ascari
Italian African Police
Bands (Italian Army irregulars)
Zaptié
Dubats
Savari
Spahis
Royal Corps of Colonial Troops
Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops
Ascari del Cielo Paratroops
Italian 1st Eritrean Division
Italian 2nd Eritrean Division
1st Libyan Division Sibelle
2nd Libyan Division Pescatori
Italian Libyan Colonial Division
Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)
Maletti Group
Legione Redenta
Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)
Currencies and Stamps
Eritrean tallero
Italian East African lira
Italian Somaliland lira
Italian Somaliland rupia
Italian Somaliland somalo
Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa
Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba
Postage stamps of Italian Libya
[show]
v
t
e
Italy articles
History
Chronology
Prehistory
Italic peoples
Ancient Italian peoples
Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
Nuragic peoples
Etruscan Civilization
Nuragic Civilization
Phoenician / Carthaginian colonies
Magna Graecia
Ancient Rome
Kingdom
Republic
Empire
Middle Ages
Italy under Odoacer
Ostrogoths
Byzantine Italy
Lombards
Regnum Italiae
Sardinian Judgedoms
Arabs
Normans
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Italian city-states
Maritime republics
Renaissance
Italian Wars
Early Modern period
Unification
Revolutions of 1820
Revolutions of 1830
Revolutions of 1848
Sicilian revolution of 1848
First War of Independence
Crimean War
Second War of Independence
Expedition of the Thousand
Third War of Independence
Capture of Rome
Monarchy and the World Wars
Kingdom of Italy
Colonial Empire
World War I
Fascist Italy
World War II
Resistance
Civil War
Republic
Economic Boom
Years of Lead
Years of Mud
Mani pulite
By topic
Citizenship
Currency
Economy
Fashion
Flags
Genetic
Historic states
Military
Music
Postal
Railways
Geography
Peninsula
Northern
Northwest
Northeast
Central
Southern
South
Insular
Climate
Fauna
Flora
Mountains
Prealps
Alps
Apennines
Volcanology
Volcanoes
Beaches
Canals
Caves
Earthquakes
Islands
Lakes
National parks
Rivers
Valleys
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Referendums
Foreign relations
Missions
Judiciary
Law enforcement
Military
Parliament
Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Political parties
President
Prime Minister
Council of Ministers
Regions
Provinces
Metropolitan cities
Comune
Municipalities
Cities
Economy
Economic history
Milan
Naples
Rome
Turin
Regions by GDP
Automotive industry
Banking
Central Bank
Companies
Energy
Government debt
Science and technology
Stock exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Internet
Tourism
Trade unions
Transportation
Welfare
Society
Abortion
Adoption
Billionaires
Capital punishment
Corruption
Crime
Demographics
Education
Secondary
Higher
Universities
Emigration
Fathers' rights movement
Feminism
Gambling
Health
Healthcare
Immigration
LGBT rights
Nobility
Prostitution
Racism
Religion
Smoking
Social class
Terrorism
Women
Culture
Duecento
Trecento
Quattrocento
Cinquecento
Seicento
Settecento
Architecture
Art
Castles
Cinema
Cuisine
Beer
Wine
Decorations
Design
Fashion
Festivals
Folklore
Italian language
Regional Italian
Italian literature
Italophilia
Italophobia
Languages
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
Monuments
Music
Classical
Folk
Opera
Popular
Mythology
National symbols
Anthem
Emblem
Flag
Regions
National monument
Personification
People
Philosophy
Public holidays
Festa della Repubblica
Sculpture
Sport
Traditions
World Heritage Sites
Italy portal
Category
Commons
News
Quotes
Travel
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Colonial conflicts in the Italian Empire
East Africa
Battle of Dogali
Mahdist War in Sudan
First Italo-Ethiopian War
Somaliland Campaign
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
World War II Campaign
North Africa
Italo-Turkish War
Senussi Campaign
Pacification of Libya
World War II Campaign
[show]
v
t
e
Colonial empires
American · Austro-Hungarian · Belgian · British · Couronian · Danish · Dutch · English · French · German · Italian
Japanese · Sovereign Military Order of Malta · Ottoman · Portuguese · Russian · Spanish · Swedish
Colonies in antiquity
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&oldid=836046137"
Categories:
History of European colonialism
Italian Empire
Italian Fascism
Overseas empires
Axis powers
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Italian-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010
Interlanguage link template link number
Articles with Italian-language external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
मराठी
Nederlands
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
سنڌي
Slovenščina
Suomi
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
中文
27 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 April 2018, at 10:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/New_Rome_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
New Rome (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table; width:100%; display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: class style

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #366635; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #CBFE75; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #666666; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories
mw-redirect
United Nations Trust Territories

values:
/wiki/Italian_Republic
mw-redirect
Italian Republic

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values:
/wiki/Italian_Aegean_Islands
mw-redirect
Italian Aegean Islands

values:
/wiki/Italian_irredentists
mw-redirect
Italian irredentists

values:
/wiki/Second_World_War
mw-redirect
Second World War

values:
/wiki/Tunisian_Italians
mw-redirect
Tunisian Italians

values:
/wiki/Yohannes_IV_of_Ethiopia
mw-redirect
Yohannes IV of Ethiopia

values:
/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Qing Dynasty

values: Military history of Italy during World War I

values:
/wiki/Albania_(toponym)
mw-redirect
Albania (toponym)

values: Edit section: Fascism and the Italian Empire

values:
/wiki/Italian_fascism
mw-redirect
Italian fascism

values:
/wiki/Venetian_Ionian_Islands
mw-redirect
Venetian Ionian Islands

values:
/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia
mw-redirect
Occupation of Czechoslovakia

values:
/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III
mw-redirect
Victor Emmanuel III

values:
/wiki/Shefqet_Verlaci
mw-redirect
Shefqet Verlaci

values:
/wiki/Albania_under_Italy
mw-redirect
Albania under Italy

values: Military history of Italy during World War II

values:
/wiki/Amedeo,_3rd_Duke_of_Aosta
mw-redirect
Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia
mw-redirect
Occupied Yugoslavia

values: Axis occupation of Greece during World War II

values:
/wiki/Italian_Invasion_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Italian Invasion of Egypt

values:
/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia
mw-redirect
Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia

values:
/wiki/Italian-occupied_France
mw-redirect
Italian-occupied France

values:
/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign
mw-redirect
Tunisia Campaign

values:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Sicily
mw-redirect
Invasion of Sicily

values: Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces

values:
/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign
mw-redirect
Dodecanese Campaign

values: Reorganized National Government of China

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_peace_with_Italy_(1947)
mw-redirect
Treaty of peace with Italy (1947)

values:
/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territory
mw-redirect
United Nations Trust Territory

values: Timeline of the Italian Empire (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Italian occupation of France during World War II

values:
/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%9344)
mw-redirect
Hellenic State (1941–44)

values:
/wiki/Scioa_Governorate
mw-redirect
Scioa Governorate

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Italian_Lebanese
mw-redirect
Italian Lebanese

values: Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara

values:
/wiki/Tripoli_under_Italian_rule
mw-redirect
Tripoli under Italian rule

values:
/wiki/Italian_Benghazi
mw-redirect
Italian Benghazi

values:
/wiki/Asmara,_Eritrea
mw-redirect
Asmara, Eritrea

values:
/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Eritrea
mw-redirect
Railway stations in Eritrea

values:
/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Somalia
mw-redirect
Railway stations in Somalia

values:
/wiki/Litoranea_Balbo
mw-redirect
Litoranea Balbo

values:
/wiki/Linea_dell%27Impero
mw-redirect
Linea dell'Impero

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Italy_(fascist)
mw-redirect
Imperial Italy (fascist)

values:
/wiki/Italy%27s_Mare_Nostrum
mw-redirect
Italy's Mare Nostrum

values:
/wiki/Fourth_Shore
mw-redirect
Fourth Shore

values:
/wiki/Ascari_del_Cielo_Paratroops
mw-redirect
Ascari del Cielo Paratroops

values:
/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_Sibelle
mw-redirect
1st Libyan Division Sibelle

values:
/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_somalo
mw-redirect
Italian Somaliland somalo

values: Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes

values: Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states

values: History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

values: Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)

values: Postage stamps and postal history of Italy

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy
mw-redirect
Sculpture of Italy

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Italian colonial campaigns

values:
navbox-image plainlist
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: History of Malta under the Order of Saint John

values: Category:History of European colonialism

values: Category:Articles containing Italian-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Articles with Italian-language external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Italian_Empire
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: الإمبراطورية الاستعمارية الإيطالية – Arabic

values: Калоніі Італіі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Италианска империя – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Ιταλική αποικιοκρατία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: امپراتوری ایتالیا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: Talijansko kolonijalno carstvo – Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: האימפריה האיטלקית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Italijos kolonijinė imperija – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: इटालियन वसाहती साम्राज्य – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ਇਤਾਲਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Колонии Италии – Russian

values: سلطنت اطاليه – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: இத்தாலியப் பேரரசு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: จักรวรรดิอิตาลี – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Італійська колоніальна імперія – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: سلطنت اطالیہ – Urdu

values: 意大利殖民帝国 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Italian_Empire rootpage-Italian_Empire skin-vector action-view