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Gun laws in Texas
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Location of Texas in the United States
Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Firearms possession
3 Firearms carry
3.1 License to Carry
3.2 College Carry Laws
3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry
3.3.1 30.06 signage
3.4 Open Carry
3.4.1 30.07 signage
4 Castle Doctrine
4.1 Stand Your Ground
4.2 Civil Immunity
5 Motorists Protection Act
6 National Firearms Act
7 State preemption of local laws
8 See also
9 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit required to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Owner license required? No No
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
Carry license required? No Yes GC Ch. 411.172[1] Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
Open carry? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus? No Yes May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes LGC §229.001. State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted? No No PC 46.01, PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]
Peaceable journey laws? Yes Yes PC 46.02, PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales? No No
A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin, Texas prohibits concealed handguns. This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required, and is no longer enforceable under current law.[3]
Firearms possession[edit]
Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon or is a Felon that is 5 years removed from Felony infraction of probation or parole end date and is now a law abiding citizen. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.
In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. A convicted Felon once 5 years removed from release from prison or probation may also private purchase a firearm. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,000.
Firearms carry[edit]
There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.
License to Carry[edit]
The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.
The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]
This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.
"Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.
An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]
College Carry Laws[edit]
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]
While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)
30.06 signage[edit]
TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.
Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:
In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:
"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]
In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".
Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:
License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.
Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.
Open Carry[edit]
As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.
Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.
Exceptions to Open Carry
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]
30.07 signage[edit]
This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.
TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)
The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.
Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.
Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:
Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"
[16]
Castle Doctrine[edit]
On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).
Stand Your Ground[edit]
Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).
Civil Immunity[edit]
In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.
This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.
Motorists Protection Act[edit]
Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]
Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.
National Firearms Act[edit]
Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]
State preemption of local laws[edit]
Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law.
In 2015, the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law [26].
Furthermore, Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county (i.e. county legislative body) is not authorized to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms [27]
More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale, transfer, ownership, possession, etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7, Subtitle A, Chapter 229, Subchapter A [28]
Further Attorney General decisions also exist. For example, in August 1995 under DM-0364, Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun: "...we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks" [29]
Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm. [30]
See also[edit]
Gun violence and gun control in Texas
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Texas Government Code - Section 411.172". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
Jump up ^ "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "NRA/ILA Firearms Laws for Texas" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws" (PDF). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23. ]
Jump up ^ "Welcome | License To Carry A Handgun | Texas.gov". Txapps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Texas: Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
Jump up ^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16, Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Texas CCW information" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS – Agreements with other states". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "TEX PE. CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06: TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30. BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Texas Legislature Online – History of Senate Bill 378". Capitol.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86. LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83. USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Texas H.B. 1815". Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "DA warns handgun law won't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2005-08-30. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas". Texasgunlaws.org. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm
Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm
Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm
Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf
Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf
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Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fear the Walking Dead (season 3)
Promotional poster
Starring
Kim Dickens
Cliff Curtis
Frank Dillane
Alycia Debnam-Carey
Colman Domingo
Mercedes Mason
Danay García
Daniel Sharman
Sam Underwood
Lisandra Tena
Dayton Callie
Rubén Blades
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
11
Release
Original network
AMC
Original release
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
The third season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017, and is set to consist of 16 episodes.[1] The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017.[2] The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Supporting cast
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Kim Dickens as Madison Clark
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar
Danay García as Luciana Galvez[3]
Daniel Sharman as Troy Otto[4]
Sam Underwood as Jake Otto[3]
Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero
Dayton Callie as Jeremiah Otto[5]
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar
Supporting cast[edit]
Karen Bethzabe as Elena Reyes[6]
Ramses Jimenez as Hector Reyes
Rae Gray as Gretchen Trimbol
Michael William Freeman as Blake Sarno
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Dante Esquivel
Michael Greyeyes as Qaletqa Walker
Justin Rain as Crazy Dog
Production[edit]
AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode third season on April 15, 2016.[7] Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico.[8] This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season.[9] In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season.[10] In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular.[4] In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Sharman play members of the Otto family; and Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero.[3]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
22
1 "Eye of the Beholder" Andrew Bernstein Dave Erickson June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) 3.11[11]
Travis, Madison and Alicia are captured by an armed group and taken to a military compound, where Travis is separated from them and is taken to a basement while Madison and Alicia are taken to an office. At the basement, Travis finds himself with Nick, an injured Luciana and other captives. The captives are being experimented on by a group of soldiers. Travis, Luciana, Nick and one captive attempt to escape, but Travis is re-captured and the other captive is killed while Luciana and Nick sneak in a sewer. Meanwhile, Madison and Alicia attack Troy, impaling one of his eyes with a spoon and taking him as a hostage. Madison then takes Troy out to demand her family to be released while Alicia searches around for Travis. Meanwhile, Travis is thrown into a pit full of walkers, but he manages to kill them all. Nick carrying an injured Luciana tries to get out of the sewer but finds a horde of walkers that slowly make their way into the sewer. After bypassing several obstacles, Travis, Madison, Alicia and Nick are reunited. Soon after, the military compound is overrun with walkers, forcing all people to leave. Travis carrying an injured Luciana and Alicia board a helicopter while Madison and Nick escape in a truck.
23
2 "The New Frontier" Stefan Schwartz Mark Richard June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04) 2.70[11]
The helicopter is attacked and Travis is shot in the stomach and neck. Travis sacrifices himself by falling out of the helicopter to prevent dying and turning in the helicopter. At the hotel, Strand allows many angry refugees past the gates, falsely claiming he is a doctor and can be of assistance. Madison, Troy, and Nick finally reach Broke Jaw Ranch, owned by Troy's father Jeremiah, and are informed that the helicopter has not arrived. Jeremiah welcomes Madison and Nick, who are suspicious of the ranch but ultimately decide to stay, even if that means taking it over. Back at the hotel, Elena orders Strand to leave for allowing survivors to enter the compound. After the helicopter crash, Alicia and Jake carry Luciana on their way to the ranch, where they reunite with Madison and Nick. Madison breaks down after being informed of the death of Travis, while Nick stands by Luciana's side. Prior to leaping to her death from a hotel balcony, IIene gifts Strand the keys to a brand new Jaguar.
24
3 "TEOTWAWKI" Deborah Chow Ryan Scott June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) 2.50[12]
In a television commercial well before the apocalypse, Jeremiah Otto and his family promote a video series on the key to surviving TEOTWAWKI, or "the end of the world as we know it". The ranch holds a meeting in the wake of Charlene's death, where Troy, Jake, and Jeremiah vow justice for the party that shot down the helicopter. Other residents express contempt for Madison and her family. Gretchen, a young girl on the ranch, invites Alicia to "bible study," which Madison coaxes Alicia into attending. A recovering Luciana informs Nick that they must leave the ranch as soon as possible. Back in her cabin, Madison discovers Troy laying in Nick's bed, and he expresses contempt for her son; Madison tells Troy that Nick will learn to fit in. During a scouting mission, Nick soon discovers he and Troy were not so different in their views of the world. Back at the ranch, Jeremiah dispatches Troy to the camp of those who attacked the helicopter; Madison volunteers to accompany them to exact vengeance for Travis. Elsewhere, Strand arrives at the Gonzalez Dam, where he is reunited with an old friend Dante Esquevil, offering him a partnership in consoling the dam's dwindling water supplies, but Dante instead has Strand imprisoned; while in his cell, Strand is reunited with Daniel, alive.
25
4 "100" Alex Garcia Lopez Alan Page June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) 2.40[13]
Through flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped further into Mexico, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed by Efrain Morales, who consoles Daniel's grief for losing Ofelia, whom he was determined to find. While fending off Walkers, Daniel falls into the sewers leading to the Gonzalez Dam, where he is spared death by Lola Guerrero, one of Dante's workers. Learning of Daniel's military expertise, Dante makes Daniel one of his operatives, forcing him to torture Efrain for information on the refugees, who were stealing the dam's dwindling water resources. Daniel eventually is reunited with Strand, who offers to take him to Ofelia at the hotel. After witnessing Dante execute his employees for betrayal, Daniel breaks his control and kills Dante and his bodyguards, taking over the dam.
26
5 "Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame" Daniel Stamm Suzanne Heathcote June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25) 2.50[14]
After a fire kills one of the founders of Broke Jaw, Nick and Jeremiah bond by rebuilding the house, locating Jeremiah's prize antique revolver. Madison, Troy and their squadron set out for the Black Hat Reserve, a sanctuary populated by the Native American tribe of Qaletaqa Walker, whose ancestral land was where Broke Jaw was built upon; however, upon their arrival, Walker has the squadron stripped of their weapons and forces them to return to Broke Jaw, with a warning of an impending invasion unless the land was returned to his tribe. During the trek back, Madison and Troy confront further and Troy contemplates killing Madison, but relents. Back at Broke Jaw, Nick continues debating on leaving with Luciana, but eventually decides to remain; Luciana later leaves. Alicia and Jake begin a relationship. Elsewhere, Strand leads Daniel to the hotel, but upon discovering Ofelia was not present, Daniel abandons Strand, leaving him to the mercy of the undead.
27
6 "Red Dirt" Courtney Hunt Wes Brown July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02) 2.19[15]
After Madison and Troy's return with news of Walker's invasion, civil unrest occurs within Broke Jaw, with many residents considering leaving, including Gretchen and her family, despite Troy's threatening efforts to keep them within the ranch for security measures. Jeremiah allows people the option to leave, despite Madison's approval with Troy's intentions. Aware of the oncoming invasion, Jake journeys to Black Hat to negotiate peace terms with Walker to prevent the war, but Alicia follows him. Madison, Nick and Jeremiah later find Gretchen and her family murdered, presumably by Walker, but Madison suspects Troy was responsible. As such, she informs the community that Walker was responsible to prepare them for the upcoming war, leaving Nick disgusted, but accepted.
28
7 "The Unveiling" Jeremy Webb Mark Richard July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 2.62[16]
Jake and Alicia arrive at Black Hat, where Alicia discovers Ofelia to be alive and allied with Walker's tribe after she escaped the hotel. Jake and Walker agree to exchange hostages; Alicia remains at Black Hat, while Jake returns to Broke Jaw with Ofelia. While at Black Hat, Alicia learns that Walker did not intend to kill Travis, but had been aiming for Jake all along; Walker's people had also predicted the oncoming apocalypse, seeing it as a sign to reclaim the land they once owned. Displeased at Alicia's situation, Madison, Nick and Troy lead a team to rescue her from Black Hat; they succeed in doing so, but several of Walker's men are killed. Jake attempts to make peace by returning Ofelia, but Walker beats him and narrowly avoids scalping him. Later, Ofelia arrives at Broke Jaw, seemingly cast out. However, a crippling illness suddenly strikes the community and many people die and reanimate as walkers, massacring the residents; Nick is among those infected and Madison later uncovers Ofelia was responsible.
29
8 "Children of Wrath" Andrew Bernstein Jami O'Brien July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09) 2.40[16]
Through flashbacks, Ofelia was found, but left for dead by Jeremiah, only to be rescued by Walker. In present day, Ofelia is captured and transported to Walker by Madison; it was revealed Walker had Ofelia poison Broke Jaw's water supply with anthrax, which she was unaware of. In retaliation, Madison, Alicia and Troy sabotage Black Hat and steal a trailer full of Walker's spiritual relics. After recovering, Nick learns from Jeremiah that he had murdered Walker's father, which had ignited the rivalry. Realizing they had chosen the wrong side, Madison parlays with Walker, who demands Jeremiah be killed in exchange for peace. After tensions between them grow after Alicia learns of Troy's actions kept secret, Madison later reveals to her children that she had murdered her abusive father to protect her mother. After Madison fails to convince Jeremiah to kill himself to protect his sons, Nick arrives and kills Jeremiah, labeling his death as a suicide. Madison later delivers his scalp to Walker. Meanwhile, Strand returns to the capsized Abigail, but seeks solace within a Russian survivor on the radio. Desiring no further loneliness, Strand burns down the Abigail and sets off to get revenge against Daniel.
30
9 "Minotaur" Stefan Schwartz Dave Erickson & Mike Zunic September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.14[17]
Walker and the rest of the Native Americans arrive at the ranch. In a meeting, Walker tells the people of the ranch that his grudge is over, as Otto scarified himself for peace. Members of the ranch, including Troy, are not forgiving of the Nation's previous actions. After a resident of the ranch attacks one of Walker's men with a weapon, Walker is given the other key to the arsenal, so his people can arm themselves. Madison, Nick and Walker go to Otto's house to collect weapons from Troy, but he refuses and fires a warning shot. Troy orders everyone out, but Nick stays behind, hoping to get him to back down. A firefight between the Nation and them eventually ensues. Nick confesses to Troy that he killed Otto, leaving him stunned and he gives up. For punishment, Troy is exiled from the ranch and Nick is imprisoned in an outhouse. Troy is driven into the desert by Madison and one of Walker's men. Troy gets a hold of the man's knife, killing him. Madison holds a gun on him and orders him to leave. Meanwhile, at the damn, Lola, Daniel and Efrain distribute water to desperate people in the streets. A man accuses them of controlling the dam for personal gain and the crowd turns on them and attacks. The three of them rush to the truck and drive off.
31
10 "The Diviner" Paco Cabezas Ryan Scott September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) 2.14[17]
After uncovering the ranch only possessed six weeks worth of water, Madison and Walker leave the ranch for the nearby arena where a large auctioning market has been set up to bargain for more water. Once arriving, Madison is reunited with Strand, who was targeted by the resident authorities for failing to pay his debts. He is later captured and forced to fight walkers on the outer grounds until death; fortunately, he is rescued by Madison by stealing the gold Walker intended to trade for the water. Learning of the dam, Madison commands Strand to lead them to the dam to save their people. Back on the ranch, Nick is released from captivity, but soon learns a group of residents were planning on rebelling against the Nation to regain control, but Nick was hesitant to cause further bloodshed. After Alicia reveals the truth behind the water's limited supplies, the community flies into revolt. However, before the coup can begin, they witness Alicia constructing another well on the Nation's land, inspiring the rebels to participate in saving their ranch.
32
11 "La Serpiente" Josef Wladyka Mark Richard & Lauren Signorino September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17) TBD
33
12 "Brother's Keeper"[18] Alrick Riley TBA September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) TBD
34
13 "This Land Is Your Land"[19] Meera Menon TBA October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) TBD
35
14 "El Matadero"[20] Stefan Schwartz TBA October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08) TBD
36
15 "Things Bad Begun"[21] Andrew Bernstein TBA October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) TBD
37
16 "Sleigh Ride"[21] Andrew Bernstein TBA October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15) TBD
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 84%, based on 63 reviews, whose average rating is 7.52/10.[22]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Eye of the Beholder" June 4, 2017 1.2 3.11[11] 0.9 1.97 2.1 5.08[23]
2 "The New Frontier" June 4, 2017 1.0 2.70[11] 1.0 1.93 2.0 4.63[23]
3 "TEOTWAWKI" June 11, 2017 1.0 2.50[12] 0.8 1.72 1.8 4.22[24]
4 "100" June 18, 2017 0.9 2.40[13] 0.8 1.67 1.7 4.07[25]
5 "Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame" June 25, 2017 1.0 2.50[14] 0.8 1.68 1.8 4.18[26]
6 "Red Dirt" July 2, 2017 0.8 2.19[15] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "The Unveiling" July 9, 2017 0.9 2.62[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 "Children of Wrath" July 9, 2017 0.8 2.40[16] N/A N/A N/A N/A
9 "Minotaur" September 10, 2017 0.8 2.14[17] TBD TBD TBD TBD
10 "The Diviner" September 10, 2017 0.8 2.14[17] TBD TBD TBD TBD
11 "La Serpiente" September 17, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
12 "Brother's Keeper" September 24, 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ridgley, Charlie (April 3, 2017). "Season 3 Premiere Date For Fear The Walking Dead Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (July 9, 2017). "Fear The Walking Dead Season 3B Premiere Date Revealed". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "AMC Releases "Fear the Walking Dead" Season 3 Key Art". The Futon Critic. April 18, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ge, Linda (March 23, 2017). "‘Fear the Walking Dead’ Adds ‘Teen Wolf’ Alum Daniel Sharman as Series Regular (Exclusive)". The Wrap. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wigler, Josh (May 22, 2017). "'Fear the Walking Dead' Boss Previews His Politically Charged Final Season". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead Season 3 First-Look Photos". AMC. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (April 15, 2016). "Fear the Walking Dead renewed for season 3". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon (January 6, 2017). "Fear The Walking Dead Season 3 Begins Production In Baja". Comicbook.com. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave (March 24, 2017). "Fear the Walking Dead Showrunner to Step Down After Season 3". TVLine. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mason, Charlie (February 2, 2017). "Buffy Alumna Emma Caulfield Set to Raise Hellmouth on Fear TWD". TVLine. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (June 6, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Leftovers' ends on up note, 'Fear the Walking Dead' premieres to series low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Fear the Walking Dead' ties low, 'Claws' has decent premiere". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 20, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘American Gods’ finale improves, ‘Fear the Walking Dead’ hits another low". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 27, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: BET Awards fall, ‘Power’ and ‘Preacher’ have solid premieres". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (July 5, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: ‘Fear the Walking Dead’ and ‘Power’ dip". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (July 11, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: Amelia Earhart documentary scores big for History". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (September 13, 2017). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Deuce' starts off on par with 'The Night Of'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Brother's Keeper". Screener. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: This Land is Your Land". Screener. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: El Matadero". Screener. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fear the Walking Dead: Things Bad Begun; Sleigh Ride". Screener. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fear the Walking Dead: Season 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (June 14, 2017). "'Nashville' return makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for May 29-June 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 23, 2017). "'Better Call Saul' triples in cable Live +7 ratings for June 5-11". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2017). "'Better Call Saul' on top again: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 12-18". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2017). "'Doctor Who' quadruples in 18-49: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 19-25". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes on IMDb
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Alfred Binet
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Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet
Born
July 8, 1857 (1857-07-08)
Nice, France
Died
October 18, 1911(1911-10-18) (aged 54)[1]
Paris, France
Nationality
French
Known for
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
Binet–Simon test
Spouse(s)
Laure Balbiani
Scientific career
Fields
Psychology
Influences
John Stuart Mill
Influenced
Jean Piaget
Alfred Binet (French: [binɛ]; July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test.[2] In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Education and early career
1.2 Later career and the Binet–Simon test
1.3 Binet and chess
2 Publications
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Biography[edit]
Education and early career[edit]
Binet attended law school in Paris, and received his degree in 1878. He also studied physiology at the Sorbonne. His first formal position was as a researcher at a neurological clinic, Salpêtrière Hospital, in Paris from 1883–1889. From there, Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891–1894. In 1894, he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 (his death). Binet also educated himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris. He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill, who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism. Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory, but Mill's ideas continued to influence his work.
In 1883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Féré, who introduced him to Jean-Martin Charcot, the director of a clinic called La Salpêtrière, Paris. Charcot became his mentor and in turn, Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic, working in his neurological laboratory. At the time of Binet's tenure, Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism. Binet was strongly influenced by Charcot, and published four articles about his work in this area. Unfortunately, Charcot's conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny, and Binet was forced to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher. Nevertheless, he had established his name internationally in the field, Morton Prince for example stating in 1904 that "certain problems in subconscious automatism will always be associated with the names of Breuer and Freud in Germany, Janet and Alfred Binet in France".[3]
When his involvement with hypnosis waned as a result of failure to establish professional acceptance, he turned to the study of development spurred on by the birth of his two daughters, Marguerite and Armande (born in 1885 and 1887, respectively), calling Armande a subjectivist and Marguerite an objectivist, and developing the concepts of introspection and externospection in an anticipation of Carl Jung's psychological types.[4] In the 21-year period following his shift in career interests, Binet "published more than 200 books, articles, and reviews in what now would be called experimental, developmental, educational, social, and differential psychology" (Siegler, 1992). Bergin and Cizek (2001) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget, who later studied with Binet's collaborator Théodore Simon in 1920. Binet's research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence, especially the importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development.
Despite Binet's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence. Wolf (1973) postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliated with a major university. Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology, he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work (Siegler, 1992). Additionally, his more progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke.
Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization. Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance. After investigations by many, the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization. Basically, their patients had known what was expected, what was supposed to happen, and so they simply assented. Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results, and this failure took a toll on him.
In 1890, Binet resigned from La Salpêtrière and never mentioned the place or its director again. His interests then turned towards the development of his children, Madeleine and Alice, who were two years apart. This research presages that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later, regarding the development of cognition in children.
A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. He worked for a year without pay and by 1894, he took over as the director. This was a position that Binet held until his death, and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes. While directing the Laboratory, Theodore Simon applied to do doctoral research under Binet's supervision. This was the beginning of their long, fruitful collaboration. During this time he also co-founded the French journal of psychology, L'Annee psychologique, serving as the director and editor-in-chief of the journal that was the first scientific journal in this domain.
Later career and the Binet–Simon test[edit]
In 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child. French education changed greatly during the end of the nineteenth century, because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to fourteen to attend school. This group to which Binet became a member hoped to begin studying children in a scientific manner. Binet and many other members of the society were appointed to the Commission for the Retarded. The question became "What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom?" Binet made it his problem to establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal, and to measure such differences. L'Etude experimentale de l'intelligence (Experimental Studies of Intelligence) was the book he used to describe his methods and it was published in 1903.
Development of more tests and investigations began soon after the book, with the help of a young medical student named Theodore Simon. Simon had nominated himself a few years before as Binet's research assistant and worked with him on the intelligence tests that Binet is known for, which share Simon's name as well. In 1905, a new test for measuring intelligence was introduced and simply called the Binet–Simon scale. In 1908, they revised the scale, dropping, modifying, and adding tests and also arranging them according to age levels from three to thirteen.
In 1904 a French professional group for child psychology, La Société Libre pour l'Etude Psychologique de l'Enfant, was called upon by the French government to appoint a commission on the education of retarded children. The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education. Binet, being an active member of this group, found the impetus for the development of his mental scale.
Binet and Simon, in creating what historically is known as the Binet-Simon Scale, comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children's abilities at various ages. This task-selection process was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings. They then tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children, ten children per five age groups. The children selected for their study were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age. The purpose of this scale of normal functioning, which would later be revised twice using more stringent standards, was to compare children's mental abilities relative to those of their normal peers (Siegler, 1992).
The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty. The easier ones could be done by everyone. Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a beam of light or talk back to the examiner. Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts, repeat back a series of 2 digits, repeat simple sentences, and define words like house, fork or mama. More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things, reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as "Paris, river and fortune." The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits, find three rhymes for the French word "obéisance" and to answer questions such as "My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors. He has received in turn a doctor, a lawyer, and then a priest. What is taking place?" (Fancher, 1985).
Reproduction of an item from the 1908 Binet-Simon intelligence scale, showing three pairs of pictures, about which the tested child was asked, "Which of these two faces is the prettier?" Reproduced from the article "A Practical Guide for Administering the Binet-Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence" by J. W. Wallace Wallin in the March 1911 issue of the journal The Psychological Clinic (volume 5 number 1), public domain.
For the practical use of determining educational placement, the score on the Binet-Simon scale would reveal the child's mental age. For example, a 6-year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year-olds—but nothing beyond—would have a mental age that exactly matched his chronological age, 6.0. (Fancher, 1985).
Binet was forthright about the limitations of his scale. He stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures. Binet also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by the environment; therefore, intelligence was not based solely on genetics, was malleable rather than fixed, and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds (Siegler, 1992). Given Binet's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable, it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U.S.
While Binet was developing his mental scale, the business, civic, and educational leaders in the U.S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population, while continuing to meet the demands of society. There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy (Siegler,1992) while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class. In 1908, H.H. Goddard, a champion of the eugenics movement, found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race. After studying abroad, Goddard brought the Binet-Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English.
Following Goddard in the U.S. mental testing movement was Lewis Terman, who took the Simon-Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample. The new Stanford-Binet scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children, as was Binet's objective. A new objective of intelligence testing was illustrated in the Stanford-Binet manual with testing ultimately resulting in "curtailing the reproduction of feeble-mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency".[5]
It follows that we should question why Binet did not speak out concerning the newfound uses of his measure. Siegler (1992) pointed out that Binet was somewhat of an isolationist in that he never traveled outside France and he barely participated in professional organizations. Additionally, his mental scale was not adopted in his own country during his lifetime and therefore was not subjected to the same fate. Finally, when Binet did become aware of the "foreign ideas being grafted on his instrument" he condemned those who with 'brutal pessimism' and 'deplorable verdicts' were promoting the concept of intelligence as a single, unitary construct (White, 2000).
He did a lot of studies of children. His experimental subjects ranged from 3 to 18 years old. Binet published the third version of the Binet-Simon scale shortly before his death in 1911. The Binet-Simon scale was and is hugely popular around the world, mainly because of the vast literature it has fostered, as well as its relative ease of administration.
Since his death, many people in many ways have honored Binet, but two of these stand out. In 1917, the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child, of which Binet became a member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests, changed their name to La Société Alfred Binet, in memory of the renowned psychologist. The second honor was not until 1984, when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet-Simon scale as one of twenty of the century's most significant developments or discoveries.
He studied sexual behavior, coining the term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects, such as articles of clothing,[6] and linking this to the after-effects of early impressions in an anticipation of Freud.[7]
He also studied abilities of Valentine Dencausse, the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days.
Binet and chess[edit]
Binet had done a series of experiments to see how well chess players played when blindfolded.[8] He found that only some of the master chess players could play from memory and a few could play multiple games simultaneously without looking at the boards. To remember the positions of the pieces on the boards, some players envisioned exact replicas of specific chess sets, while others envisioned an abstract schema of the game. Binet concluded that extraordinary feats of memory such as blind chess playing could take a variety of mnemonic forms. He recounted his experiments in a book entitled Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec (Paris: Hachette, 1894).[9]
Publications[edit]
La psychologie du raisonnement; Recherches expérimentales par l'hypnotisme (Paris, Alcan, 1886; English translation, 1899). Published in English as The psychology of reasoning, based on experimental researches in hypnotism (Chicago, Open court publishing company, 1899).
Le magnétisme animal (Paris, F. Alcan, 1887). Published in English as Animal Magnetism (New York, D. Appleton and company, 1888)
Perception intérieure (1887).
Etudes de psychologie expérimentale (1888).
Les altérations de la personnalité (Paris: F. Alcan, 1892). Published in English as Alterations of personality (New York : D. Appleton and company, 1896).
The Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms: A Study in Experimental Psychology (1894)
Introduction à la psychologie expérimentale (1894; with co-authors).
On Double Consciousness (1896).
Binet, A. & Henri, V. La fatigue intellectuelle (Paris, Schleicher frères, 1898).
La Suggestibilité (Paris: Schleicher, 1900).
Etude expérimentale de l'intelligence (1903).
L'âme et le corps (1905). Published in English as The Mind and the Brain (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & co. ltd.).
Les révélations de l'écriture d'après un contrôle scientifique (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1906).
Binet, A. & Simon, T. Les enfants anormaux (Paris, A. Colin, 1907). Published in English as Mentally defective children (1907).
Les idées modernes sur les enfants (Paris, E. Flammarion, 1909).
L'intelligence des imbecile (L'année psychologique, 15, 1–147, 1909). Published in English as The intelligence of the feeble-minded (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins company, 1916).
Alfred Binet was one of the founding editors of L'année psychologique, a yearly volume comprising original articles and reviews of the progress of psychology still in print.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Alfred Binet lived approximately 54 years which was common around this time period. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2012-01-10. , (February 20, 2004).
Jump up ^ O. L. Zangwill, 'Binet, Alfred', in R. Gregory, The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 88
Jump up ^ Henri Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious (1970) p. 791
Jump up ^ Ellenberger, p. 702-3
Jump up ^ Terman, L., Lyman, G., Ordahl, G., Ordahl, L., Galbreath, N., & Talbert, W. (1916). The Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence. Baltimore: Warwick & York.
Jump up ^ Binet, A. (1887). "Le fétichisme dans l'amour". Revue Philosophique. 24: 143–167, 252–274.
Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 67
Jump up ^ Gregory ed., p. 155
Jump up ^ Alfred Binet, Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec, (Paris: Hachette, 1894).
References[edit]
Avanzini, Guy (1999), Alfred Binet (in French), Presses universitaires de France, ISBN 2-13-049816-7
Foschi, Renato; Cicciola, Elisabetta (2006), "Politics and naturalism in the 20th century psychology of Alfred Binet.", History of psychology (published Nov 2006), 9 (4), pp. 267–89, doi:10.1037/1093-4510.9.4.267, PMID 17333631
Klein, Alexandre (2011) Correspondance d’Alfred Binet, Volume 2 – L’émergence de la psychologie scientifique (1884–1911). Nancy : Presses Universitaires de Nancy. http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100152160
Klein, Alexandre (2011) "Les apports de la correspondance d’Alfred Binet à l’histoire de la psychologie", Recherches & éducations, Hors-série Centenaire Binet, 53–75. http://rechercheseducations.revues.org/index803.html
Klein, Alexandre Correspondance d'Alfred Binet -Jean Larguier des Bancels, Nancy, PUN, 2008. http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100578310
Klein, Alexandre (2009) "La philosophie scientifique d'Alfred Binet", Revue d'Histoire des sciences, 2009/5, http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHS_622_0373
Klein, Alexandre (2008) "Les écritures du moi en histoire des sciences : les apports de la correspondance d’Alfred Binet", Jahrbuch für Europäische Wissenschaftskultur (Yearbook for European Culture of Science), Bd. 4 (2008), p. 101–115.
Staum, Martin S (2007), "Ribot, Binet, and the emergence from the anthropological shadow.", Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences, 43 (1), pp. 1–18, doi:10.1002/jhbs.20206, PMID 17205542
Faber, Diana (2003), "Archival note: an inquiry into the relationship between Alfred Binet and Cyril Burt.", Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences, 39 (3), pp. 289–97, doi:10.1002/jhbs.10111, PMID 12891695
Nicolas, Serge; Ferrand, Ludovic (2002), "Alfred Binet and higher education.", History of psychology (published Aug 2002), 5 (3), pp. 264–83, doi:10.1037/1093-4510.5.3.264, PMID 12269336
Binet, A; Simon, T (1997), "An investigation concerning the value of the oral method. 1909.", American annals of the deaf (published Jul 1997), 142 (3), pp. 35–45, doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0573, PMID 9222149
Martin, O (1997), "[Psychological measurement from Binet to Thurstone, (1900–1930)]", Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse (4), pp. 457–93, PMID 11625304
Huertas, R; del Cura, M (1996), "Not Available", Asclepio; archivo iberoamericano de historia de la medicina y antropología médica, 48 (2), pp. 115–27, PMID 11636466
Shephard, A H (1989), "Contributions to the history of psychology: LVII. Terman-Binet communication.", Perceptual and motor skills (published Jun 1989), 68 (3 Pt 1), pp. 936–8, doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.3.936, PMID 2664700
Siegler, R. S. (1992). "The other Alfred Binet". Developmental Psychology. 28 (2): 179–190. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.179.
Stocking, G W (1980), "Innovation in the Malinowskian mode: an essay review of long-term field research in social anthropology", Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences (published Jul 1980), 16 (3), pp. 281–6, doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198007)16:3<281::AID-JHBS2300160310>3.0.CO;2-0, PMID 11610713
Sarason, S B (1976), "The unfortunate fate of Alfred Binet and school psychology", Teachers College record, 77 (4), pp. 580–92, PMID 11636093
Pollack, R H (1971), "Binet on perceptual-cognitive development or Piaget-come-lately", Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences (published Oct 1971), 7 (4), pp. 370–4, doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197110)7:4<370::AID-JHBS2300070407>3.0.CO;2-0, PMID 11609528
Wolf, T. H. (1969), "The emergence of Binet's conceptions and measurement of intelligence: a case history of the creative process. Part II", Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences (published Jul 1969), 5 (3), pp. 207–37, doi:10.1002/1520-6696(196907)5:3<207::AID-JHBS2300050302>3.0.CO;2-G, PMID 11610158
Wolf, T. H. (1969), "The emergence of Binet's conception and measurement of intelligence: a case history of the creative process", Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences (published Apr 1969), 5 (2), pp. 113–34, doi:10.1002/1520-6696(196904)5:2<113::AID-JHBS2300050203>3.0.CO;2-5, PMID 11610191
Silverman, H. L.; Krenzel, K, (1964), "Alfred Binet: Prolific Pioneer in Psychology", The Psychiatric quarterly. Supplement, 38, pp. 323–35, PMID 14301636
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Alfred Binet
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Webdocumentary (in French) Alfred Binet. Naissance de la psychologie scientifique
Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
Human Intelligence: Alfred Binet
Works by Alfred Binet at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Alfred Binet at Internet Archive
Works by Alfred Binet at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
"Binet's Self-Consciousness". Archived from the original on 2003-07-24. Retrieved 2002-08-12. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals by Alfred Binet
Le Magnetisme Animal by Alfred Binet
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values: ألفريد بينيه – Arabic

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