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Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball
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Marshall Thundering Herd Basketball
2017–18 Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball team
University
Marshall University
First season
1907
All-time record
1460–1092–2 (.572)
Head coach
Dan D'Antoni (4th season)
Conference
C-USA
Location
Huntington, West Virginia
Arena
Cam Henderson Center
(Capacity: 9,048)
Nickname
Marshall Thundering Herd
Student section
Marshall Maniacs[1]
Colors
Kelly Green and White[2]
Uniforms
Home
Away
Alternate
NCAA Tournament Round of 32
2018
NCAA Tournament appearances
1956, 1972, 1984, 1985, 1987*, 2018
*vacated by NCAA
Conference tournament champions
1984, 1985, 1987, 2018
Conference regular season champions
1956, 1984, 1987, 1988
The Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball team represents Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. They compete in the NCAA Division I as a member of Conference USA.
Marshall has advanced to the NCAA Tournament five times through the years (their 1987 appearance having been vacated[3]), most recently in 2018. The Thundering Herd has also played in the NIT five times, last appearing in 2012. Marshall won the NAIA National Championship in 1947, and is 7-2 all-time in the first collegiate basketball tournament, one year older than the NIT and four years older than the NCAA Tournament.
Notable former Marshall basketball players include NBA and Marshall Hall of Famer Hal Greer, who was named as one of the NBA's 50 best players of all time. Greer was selected to 10 consecutive NBA All-Star games. Greer was named NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1968, one year after leading the Philadelphia 76ers to the NBA title. Additionally, Marshall's Andy Tonkovich was the first overall selection in the BAA (now NBA) draft in 1948. Mike D'Antoni, current head coach of the Houston Rockets and NBA Coach of the Year winner, played college basketball at Marshall from 1970-73.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Cam Henderson era
1.2 Jule Rivlin era
1.3 Ellis Johnson era
1.4 Carl Tacy era
1.5 Bob Daniels era
1.6 Bob Zuffelato era
1.7 Rick Huckabay era
1.8 Billy Donovan era
1.9 Greg White era
1.10 Donnie Jones era
1.11 Tom Herrion era
1.12 Dan D'Antoni era
2 Postseason results
2.1 NCAA Tournament results
2.2 National Invitation Tournament results
2.3 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament results
2.4 NAIA tournament results
3 Home venues
4 Herd in the NBA
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Cam Henderson era[edit]
The legendary coach of the Thundering Herd was Cam Henderson. Henderson, acknowledged as the creator of the modern zone defense, won 358 games against just 158 losses between 1935–1955. Henderson led Marshall to three consecutive Buckeye Conference titles from 1936–39, but his greatest team was the 1946–47 team. They set a Marshall school record with 32 wins in a season; a 17–0 start to the season; a 35-game home winning streak; and won the National Championship in the National Association for Intercollegiate Basketball (today's NAIA) in Kansas City in 1947, sweeping five games in six days. Marshall also played in the NAIB Tournament in 1938 and 1948, losing in the quarterfinals. His 1947–48 team won the Helms Foundation Los Angeles Invitational with a 46–44 win over Syracuse, the same year Henderson coached the Marshall football team to the second-ever Tangerine Bowl.
Andy Tonkovich, who played on that team, was the first draft pick of the 1948 BAA draft by Providence.[4] Center Charlie Slack set a still NCAA record of 25.6 rebounds per game for Henderson's final team in 1954–55.[5] Tonkovich, Gene "Goose" James and Bill Hall were First Team NAIB All-Americans in 1947, joined by Bill Toothman on the second team and Mervin Gutshall on honorable mention, meaning all five starters were on the All-American team. Tonkovich repeated on the second team in 1948. Walt Walowac was a first team Helms Foundation Small College All-American for Henderson in 1953, and was third team on the Helms squad in 1954.
Henderson recorded wins over such marquee programs as Syracuse, Virginia, Memphis, Virginia Tech, Pepperdine, Xavier, Dayton, Louisville (No. 19 in the nation in 1950, a 96–72 Marshall win), Indiana State (Henderson was 2–1 versus John Wooden, when the UCLA legend was coaching the Sycamores), BYU, Idaho, Hawaii, Cincinnati, Tennessee, Western Kentucky, Loyola, Maryland, Miami-Florida, Denver, St. Francis, Wichita State, Colorado, Cal, CCNY, Long Island Univ., South Carolina and St. Louis. His 1954–55 team was second in the Mid-American Conference, but was denied a berth in the NIT by the league in the wake of the cheating scandals in New York and other college spots in the early 1950s.
Jule Rivlin era[edit]
Hall of Famer Hal Greer played under coach Jule Rivlin from 1955–1958
Henderson's first basketball All-American, Jule Rivlin, coached the 1955–56 Herd to its only MAC title and first-ever NCAA Tournament. Rivlin's 1958 Herd led the nation in scoring, with Hal Greer and Leo Byrd, scoring 88.1 points per game and topping the Jerry West-led Mountaineers of West Virginia University who averaged 88.0 points per game. Byrd was an All-American in 1959, first team on the Chuck Taylor/Converse team and second team on UPI and Helms Foundation. Henderson and Tonkovich are both members of the Helms Foundation NAIA Hall of Fame.
Ellis Johnson era[edit]
Marshall was coached to the NIT in 1967 by Ellis T. Johnson (the first All-American for legendary Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp), advancing to the semifinals thanks in part to George Stone scoring 46 points versus Nebraska in their quarterfinal game. Stone went on to play professionally for four years in the American Basketball Association (ABA). Johnson brought the Herd back to the NIT in 1968 behind point guard Dan D'Antoni, but they lost in the first round.
Carl Tacy era[edit]
Carl Tacy coached the Herd to a 23–4 season in 1971–72, losing to Southwest Louisiana, 112–101 in the NCAA Tournament. Marshall was ranked as high as No. 8 in the nation that season, and finished 12th in the nation. Russell Lee was a Converse All-American in 1972, and was selected in the first round of the ABA Draft and second round by the Milwaukee Bucks of the NBA, playing for that team for two years and three seasons overall in the NBA.
Bob Daniels era[edit]
Bob Daniels was the Herd coach beginning in the 1972–73 season leading the team to an appearance in the NIT. Mike D'Antoni was the point guard for the NCAA Tournament team in 1972 and the NIT team in 1973, was a CoSIDA Academic All-American both seasons and was awarded an NCAA post-graduate scholarship. He was drafted by the Kansas City-Omaha Kings and played four seasons in the NBA before moving on to greater glory in the Italian League, winning titles as a player and coach. Kobe Bryant wore No. 8 his first few seasons in the NBA because that was the number D'Antoni wore when he played with Kobe's father in Italy.
Bob Zuffelato era[edit]
Marshall advanced to the school's first conference title game in 1978, falling to Furman in the title game under charismatic coach Stu Aberdeen. Bob Zuffelato took the Herd to the Southern Conference finals in 1979–80, falling again to Furman, after Aberdeen died during the summer of 1979 while on vacation. The 1980–81 team saw Marshall post its first-ever win over West Virginia at the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia. Marshall won the first game played against WVU in Huntington in 1982–83. Marshall would go on to be 5–0 versus the Mountaineers in Huntington before the series moved permanently to the Charleston Civic Center in the state capital.
Rick Huckabay era[edit]
Rick Huckabay led Marshall to six Southern Conference titles - three regular season ones and three conference tournament championships. His teams made three NCAA Tournaments (the 1987 appearance later vacated by the NCAA) and an NIT appearance from 1983–89, although they lost all four postseason contests. John Taft and Skip Henderson were both recruited by Huckabay and are one-two in scoring at Marshall all-time. A highlight of Huckabay's time at Marshall occurred on February 7, 1985, when backup guard Bruce Morris made the longest shot in NCAA basketball history. The "Shot Herd Round the World" measured 89 feet, 10 inches and ended the first half. Marshall went on to defeat Appalachian State in that game, 93-82.[6]
Billy Donovan era[edit]
Billy Donovan
When Billy Donovan was hired in 1994, he was 28 years old and the youngest head coach in NCAA Division I.[7] Donovan helped land West Virginia native and future NBA standout Jason Williams after he had originally signed with Providence. When Donovan left to become the head coach of the University of Florida in 1996, Williams followed him to the Gators. Donovan led the Thundering Herd to the Southern Conference North division title in the 1994–95 season. He went 35–20 in two seasons at Marshall.
Notable assistant coaches at Marshall under Donovan included Anthony Grant and John Pelphrey.
Greg White era[edit]
Keith Veney set an NCAA record with 15 three-pointers in Marshall's Henderson Center against Morehead State University on December 14, 1996[5] for new head coach Greg White, who had been Marshall's point guard from 1977–81. White followed in the great Marshall tradition of outstanding players from the Mullens, West Virginia area including both Mike and Dan D'Antoni.
White coached his first Marshall team to its final Southern Conference Tournament title game in 1996–97, falling to UT-Chattanooga on a last-second, game-winning shot. Marshall joined the Mid-American Conference for the second time in 1997–98, and the Herd was 21-9 in 1999–2000 under White, falling in the MAC semi-finals to Miami, Ohio. White's overall record at Marshall in seven seasons was 115-84.
Donnie Jones era[edit]
Donnie Jones
Before Donnie Jones came to coach Marshall from 2007–2010, he was an assistant with the Florida Gators for 11 years and helped Billy Donovan coach the Gators to consecutive national championships in 2006 and 2007. Jones got Marshall to a winning record for the first time since 2001 with a 16–14 mark in his first season
In 2010, Jones coached Marshall to the CIT, which was their first post-season tournament since 1988. Marshall fell to Appalachian State in the CIT quarterfinals.
Following the 2010 season, and amid growing fan concern over Marshall's performance in the 2010 CUSA and CIT tournaments, Donnie Jones left Marshall to coach conference rival UCF. Considering Jones' success at Marshall and his local ties to the Huntington area, many Marshall fans considered his departure a betrayal, further fueling the Marshall-UCF rivalry.
Tom Herrion era[edit]
In 2010, Marshall hired former College of Charleston head coach, Tom Herrion, to lead the Thundering Herd. In 2012, Herrion coached the Thundering Herd to the National Invitational Tournament for the first time since 1988.[8] However, after back-to-back losing seasons in 2013 and 2014, Marshall bought out the remaining two years of his contract.[9]
In four seasons as head coach, Herrion's record was .500, going 67–67.
Dan D'Antoni era[edit]
On April 24, 2014, Marshall University Athletic Director Mike Hamrick announced Mullens native and Los Angeles Lakers assistant coach, Dan D'Antoni, as the next head coach of the Thundering Herd.[10]
D'Antoni is a Marshall alum and played point guard for The Herd from 1966–1970. He led the team in scoring with a 17.5 scoring average in 1968–69 and led the 1967 team to the semifinals of the National Invitation Tournament, losing to Marquette 83-78 and then losing to Rutgers 93–76 in the 3rd place game. In 1968, he again led the team to the NIT, losing to St. Peter's 102–93 in the first round. He is one of 49 Marshall players to score 1,000 points, tallying 1,109.[11] In 1990, he was inducted into the Marshall University Athletic Hall of Fame.[12]
For the 2017-18 season, Marshall and coach D'Antoni finished the regular season with a win and season sweep over 24th-ranked Middle Tennessee, Marshall's first win over a top-25 opponent since 2011. In the ensuing Conference USA Tournament as the conference's fourth seed, Marshall dominated against UTSA and Southern Miss, before hanging on late against Western Kentucky 67-66 in the conference tournament title game. This gave Marshall its first Conference USA championship and sent the Thundering Herd to the NCAA tournament for the first time in 31 years.[13] As the 13th seed in the East, D'Antoni also led the Thundering Herd to their first-ever NCAA Tournament victory in program history, an 81-75 win over Wichita State, the region's fourth seed, in the first round. Marshall would eventually get knocked out in the second round by a 94-71 loss to in-state rival West Virginia.
Postseason results[edit]
NCAA Tournament results[edit]
Marshall has appeared in the NCAA Tournament six times, although the official tally is five as their 1987 appearance was vacated due to NCAA violations. Their combined record is 1–6, or 1-5 by the official NCAA tally.[14]
Year
Round
Opponent
Result
Notes
1956 First Round Morehead State L 92–107
1972 First Round Southwestern Louisiana L 101–112
1984 First Round Villanova L 72–84
1985 First Round VCU L 65–81
1987 First Round TCU L 60–76 Vacated
2018 First Round
Second Round Wichita State
West Virginia W 81–75
L 71–94
National Invitation Tournament results[edit]
Marshall has been selected to participate in five National Invitation Tournaments. Their combined record is 2–6.
Year
Round
Opponent
Result
1967 First Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
3rd Place Game Villanova
Nebraska
Marquette
Rutgers W 70–68
W 119–88
L 78–83
L 76–93
1968 First Round Saint Peter's L 93–102
1973 First Round Fairfield L 76–80
1988 First Round VCU L 80–81
2012 First Round Middle Tennessee L 78–86
CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament results[edit]
Marshall has been selected to participate in two CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournaments. Their combined record is 1–2.
Year
Round
Opponent
Result
2010 First Round
Quarterfinals Western Carolina
Appalachian State W 90–88
L 72–80
2011 First Round Ohio L 64–65
NAIA tournament results[edit]
The Thundering Herd have appeared in the NAIA Tournament three times. Their combined record is 7–2. They were NAIA National Champions in 1947.
Year
Round
Opponent
Result
1938 First Round
Second Round Peru State
Washburn W 67–60
L 51–53
1947 First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
National Championship Game River Falls State
Hamline
Eastern Washington
Emporia State
Mankato State W 113–80
W 55–54
W 56–48
W 56–55
W 73–59
1948 First Round
Second Round Peru State
San Jose State W 72–53
L 72–74 OT
Home venues[edit]
Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse (1950–1981)
Cam Henderson Center (1981–present)
Herd in the NBA[edit]
Herd in the NBA
NBA Draft selections
Total selected:
20[15]
First picks in draft:
1
1st Round:
2
Current player in bold
Bob Allen – San Francisco Warriors
Mike D'Antoni – Kansas City–Omaha Kings, San Antonio Spurs
Hal Greer – Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
Gene James – New York Knicks, Baltimore Bullets
Jerry Kelly – Boston Celtics, Providence Steamrollers
Russ Lee – Milwaukee Bucks, New Orleans Jazz
Bucky McConnell – Milwaukee Hawks
Tamar Slay – New Jersey Nets, Charlotte Bobcats
Andy Tonkovich – Providence Steamrollers
Jason Williams transferred to Florida - Sacramento Kings, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, Toronto Raptors
Hassan Whiteside – Sacramento Kings, Miami Heat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Marshall Maniacs Herdzone.com
Jump up ^ "Marshall University Brand Guidelines" (PDF). Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marshall University Infractions Report . ncaa.org. March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Andy Tonkovich NBA & ABA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "2013–14 NCAA Men's Basketball Records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marshall's Morris hit the longest shot ever 31 years ago. NCAA.com. February 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Donovan Lands Coaching Job at Marshall. New York Times. March 8, 1994.
Jump up ^ Thundering Herd headed to NIT. Herald-Dispatch. March 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Marshall buys out Tom Herrion. ESPN.com. March 14, 204.
Jump up ^ Marshall hires Dan D'Antoni . ESPN.com. May 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Herd hires the ‘other’ D’Antoni as basketball coach . wvgazette.com. May 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Marshall University Athletics Hall of Fame Herdzone.com. May 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marshall ends 31-year NCAA drought with C-USA title cbssports.com. March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Marshall Thundering Herd Tournament History". ESPN. 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Marshall Players Drafted". Retrieved 2010-04-17.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Marshall University
Located in: Huntington, West Virginia
Academics
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Founded: 1837
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Endowment: 106 million
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Moche culture
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This article is about the ancient civilization. For the district in Trujillo Province, see Moche District. For its capital city, see Moche, Trujillo.
Moche culture
Moche
Culturally united independent polities
100–700
A map of Moche cultural influence.
Status
Culturally united independent polities
Capital
Moche[1]
Common languages
Mochica
Religion
Polytheist
Preceded by Succeeded by
Chavín culture
Virú culture
Huari Culture
Today part of
Peru
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The Moche civilization (alternatively, the Mochica culture or the Early, Pre- or Proto-Chimú) flourished in northern Peru with its capital near present-day Moche, Trujillo, Peru[1] from about 100 to 700 AD during the Regional Development Epoch. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state. Rather, they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common elite culture, as seen in the rich iconography and monumental architecture that survives today.
Contents
1 Background
1.1 Moche cultural sphere
2 Southern and Northern Moche
3 Material culture
3.1 Ceramics
3.2 Textiles
3.3 Gallery
4 Religion
5 Collapse
6 Links with other cultures
7 Archaeological discoveries
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Moche society was agriculturally based, with a significant level of investment in the construction of a network of irrigation canals for the diversion of river water to supply their crops. Their culture was sophisticated; and their artifacts express their lives, with detailed scenes of hunting, fishing, fighting, sacrifice, sexual encounters and elaborate ceremonies. The Moche are particularly noted for their elaborately painted ceramics, gold work, monumental constructions (huacas) and irrigation systems.[2]
Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods – the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (100–300 AD), its expansion and florescence during Middle Moche (300–600 AD), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (500–750 AD).[3]
The Salinar culture reigned on the north coast of Peru in 200 BC-200 AD. According to some scholars this was a short transition period between the Cupisnique and the Moche cultures.[4]
There's considerable parallelism between Moche and Cupisnique iconography and ceramic designs, including the iconography of the 'Spider god'.
Moche cultural sphere[edit]
The Moche cultural sphere is centered on several valleys on the north coast of Peru in regions La Libertad, Lambayeque, Jequetepeque, Chicama, Moche, Virú, Chao, Santa, and Nepena[5] and occupied 250 miles of desert coastline and up to 50 miles inland.[6]
The Huaca del Sol, a pyramidal adobe structure on the Rio Moche, was the largest pre-Columbian structure in Peru, but it was partly destroyed when Spanish Conquistadores looted its graves for gold in the 16th century. The nearby Huaca de la Luna is better preserved. Its interior walls contains many colorful murals with complex iconography. The site has been under professional archaeological excavation since the early 1990s.
Other major Moche sites include Sipan, Loma Negra, Dos Cabezas, Pacatnamu, the El Brujo complex, Mocollope, Cerro Mayal, Galindo, Huanchaco, and Pañamarka.
Their adobe huacas have been mostly destroyed by looters and natural forces over the last 1300 years. The surviving ones show that the coloring of their murals was very vibrant.
Southern and Northern Moche[edit]
Two distinct regions of the Moche civilization have been identified, Southern and Northern Moche, with each area probably corresponding to a different political entity.[7]
The Southern Moche region, believed to be the heartland of the culture, originally comprised the Chicama and Moche valleys, and was first described by Rafael Larco Hoyle.[7] The Huaca del Sol-Huaca de la Luna site was probably the capital of this region.[7]
The Northern Moche region includes three valley systems:[7]
The upper Piura Valley, around the Vicús culture region
The lower Lambayeque Valley system, consisting of three rivers: La Leche, Reque and Zaña
The lower Jequetepeque Valley system
The Piura was fully part of the Moche phenomenon only for a short time — during its Early Moche, or Early Moche-Vicús phase — and then developed independently.[7]
It appears that there was a lot of independent development among these various Moche centres (except the eastern regions). They all likely had ruling dynasties of their own, related to each other. Centralized control of the whole Moche area may have taken place from time to time, but appears infrequent.[7]
Pampa Grande, in the Lambayeque Valley, on the shore of the Chancay River, became one of the largest Moche sites anywhere, and occupied the area of more than 400 ha. It was prominent in the Moche V period (600-700 AD), and features an abundance of Moche V ceramics.
The site was laid out and built in a short period of time, and has an enormous ceremonial complex. It includes Huaca Fortaleza, which is the tallest ceremonial platform in Peru.[7]
San Jose de Moro is another northern site in the Jequetepeque valley. It was prominent in the Middle and Late Moche Periods (400-850 AD). Numerous Moche tombs have been excavated here, including several burials containing high status female individuals. These women were depicted in Moche iconography as the Priestess.
Material culture[edit]
Ceramics[edit]
Moche pottery is some of the most varied in the world. The use of mold technology is evident. This would have enabled the mass production of certain forms. But Moche ceramics vary widely in shape and theme, with most important social activities documented in pottery, including war, metalwork, weaving and sex.
Traditional north coast Peruvian ceramic art uses a limited palette, relying primarily on red and white; fineline painting, fully modeled clay, veristic figures, and stirrup spouts. Moche ceramics created between 150–800 AD epitomize this style. Moche pots have been found not just at major north coast archaeological sites, such as Huaca de la luna, Huaca del sol, and Sipan, but also at small villages and unrecorded burial sites as well.
Huaca del Sol (Temple of the Sun), Mochica cultural capital, 4 km (2 mi) south of the modern city of Trujillo
At least 500 Moche ceramics have sexual themes. The most frequently depicted act is anal sex, with scenes of vaginal penetration being very rare. Most pairs are heterosexual, with carefully carved genitalia to show that the anus, rather than the vagina, is being penetrated. Often, an infant is depicted breastfeeding while the couple has sex. Fellatio is sometimes represented, but cunnilingus is absent. Some depict male skeletons masturbating, or being masturbated by living women.[8]
External video
Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers (Moche Culture, Peru), Smarthistory[9]
Moche Portrait Head Bottle, Smarthistory[10]
Because irrigation was the source of wealth and foundation of the empire, the Moche culture emphasized the importance of circulation and flow. Expanding upon this, Moche artwork frequently depicted the passage of fluids, particularly life fluids through vulnerable human orifices. There are countless images of defeated warriors losing life fluids through their nose, or helpless victims getting their eyes torn out by birds or captors. Images of captive sex-slaves with gaping orifices and leaking fluids portray extreme exposure, humiliation, and a loss of power.[citation needed]
The coloration of Moche pottery is often simple, with yellowish cream and rich red used almost exclusively on elite pieces. White and black are rarely used. The Moche are known for their portraiture pottery. The pottery portraits created by the Moche appear to represent actual individuals. Many of the portraits are of individuals with physical disfigurements or genetic defects.
The realistic detail in Moche ceramics may have helped them serve as didactic models. Older generations could pass down general knowledge about reciprocity and embodiment to younger generations through such portrayals. The sex pots could teach about procreation, sexual pleasure, cultural and social norms, a sort of immortality, and transfer of life and souls, transformation, and the relationship between the two cyclical views of nature and life.[11]
Textiles[edit]
The Moche wove textiles, mostly using wool from vicuña and alpaca. Although there are few surviving examples of this, descendants of the Moche people have strong weaving traditions.
Gallery[edit]
Moche portrait vessel,
Musée du quai Branly Paris, France.
Resting deer,
Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru
Alpaca wool tapestry (600–900 AD), Lombards Museum
Earplugs of gold inlaid with precious stones
Ceramic depicting fellatio (300 AD),
Larco Museum, Lima Peru
Ceramic depicting anal sex
Moche warrior pot, British Museum, London, UK
Crescent-Shaped Ornament with Bat, C.E. 1 - 300 Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY
Copper alloy mask with shell, C.E. 1 - 600 Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD
Copper knife with removable figural handle, C.E. 50 - 800 Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, MD
Moche Headdress with feline ornamentations, C.E. 400 Larco Museum, Lima, Peru
Gold Moche necklace with feline faces, Larco Museum, Lima, Peru
Gold Moche whistle with turquoise depicting a warrior, C.E. 1 - 800 Larco Museum, Lima, Peru
Bronze and Shell Moche Mask depicting the hero Ai Apaec.
Copper Ceremonial Knife (Tumi), C.E. 3rd - 7th century Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, NY
Religion[edit]
Moche Nariguera depicting the Decapitator, gold with turquoise and chrysocolla inlays. Museo Oro del Peru, Lima
Moche "Decapitator" mural at Huaca de la Luna
Both iconography and the finds of human skeletons in ritual contexts seem to indicate that human sacrifice played a significant part in Moche religious practices. These rites appear to have involved the elite as key actors in a spectacle of costumed participants, monumental settings and possibly the ritual consumption of blood. The tumi was a crescent-shaped metal knife used in sacrifices. While some scholars, such as Christopher B. Donnan and Izumi Shimada, argue that the sacrificial victims were the losers of ritual battles among local elites, others, such as John Verano and Richard Sutter, suggest that the sacrificial victims were warriors captured in territorial battles between the Moche and other nearby societies. Excavations in plazas near Moche huacas have found groups of people sacrificed together and the skeletons of young men deliberately excarnated, perhaps for temple displays.[12]
The Moche may have also held and tortured the victims for several weeks before sacrificing them, with the intent of deliberately drawing blood. Verano believes that some parts of the victim may have been eaten as well in ritual cannibalism.[12] The sacrifices may have been associated with rites of ancestral renewal and agricultural fertility. Moche iconography features a figure which scholars have nicknamed the "Decapitator"; it is frequently depicted as a spider, but sometimes as a winged creature or a sea monster: together all three features symbolize land, water and air. When the body is included, the figure is usually shown with one arm holding a knife and another holding a severed head by the hair; it has also been depicted as "a human figure with a tiger's mouth and snarling fangs".[13] The "Decapitator" is thought to have figured prominently in the beliefs surrounding the practice of sacrifice.
Collapse[edit]
There are several theories as to what caused the demise of the Moche political structure. Some scholars have emphasised the role of environmental change. Studies of ice cores drilled from glaciers in the Andes reveal climatic events between 536 and 594 AD, possibly a super El Niño, that resulted in 30 years of intense rain and flooding followed by 30 years of drought, part of the aftermath of the climate changes of 535–536.[14] These weather events could have disrupted the Moche way of life and shattered their faith in their religion, which had promised stable weather through sacrifices.
Other evidence demonstrates that these events did not cause the final Moche demise. Moche polities survived beyond 650 AD in the Jequetepeque Valley and the Moche Valleys. For instance, in the Jequetepeque Valley, later settlements are characterized by fortifications and defensive works. While there is no evidence of a foreign invasion, as many scholars have suggested in the past (i.e. a Huari invasion), the defensive works suggest social unrest, possibly the result of climatic changes, as factions fought for control over increasingly scarce resources.[15]
Links with other cultures[edit]
Chronologically, the Moche was an Early Intermediate Period culture, which was preceded by the Chavín horizon, as well as the Cupisnique, and succeeded by the Huari and Chimú. The Moche co-existed with the Ica-Nazca culture in the south. They are thought to have had some limited contact with the Ica-Nazca because they later mined guano for fertilizer and may have traded with northerners. Moche pottery has been found near Ica, but no Ica-Nazca pottery has been found in Moche territory.
The coastal Moche culture also co-existed (or overlapped in time) with the slightly earlier Recuay culture in the highlands. Some Moche iconographic motifs can be traced to Recuay design elements.
The Moche also interacted with the neighbouring Virú culture. Eventually, by 700 CE, they established control over the Viru.
Archaeological discoveries[edit]
The Lord of Sipán, Royal Tombs of Sipán museum, Lambayeque, Peru
Caballito de totora in the Peruvian beach of Huanchaco.
In 1987, archaeologists, alerted by the local police, discovered the first intact Moche tomb at Sipán in northern Peru. Inside the tomb, which was carbon dated to about 300 CE, the archaeologists found the mummified remains of a high ranking male, the Lord of Sipán. Also in the tomb were the remains of six other individuals, several animals, and a large variety of ornamental and functional items, many of which were made of gold, silver, and other valuable materials. Continuing excavations of the site have yielded thirteen additional tombs.
In 2005, a mummified Moche woman known as the Lady of Cao was discovered at the Huaca Cao Viejo, part of the El Brujo archaeological site on the outskirts of present-day Trujillo, Peru. It is the best preserved Moche mummy found to date; the elaborate tomb that housed her had unprecedented decoration. The site archaeologists believe that the tomb had been undisturbed since approximately 450 AD. The tomb contained military and ornamental artifacts, including war clubs and spear throwers. The remains of a garroted teenage girl, probably a servant, was also found in the tomb.[16] News of the discovery was announced by Peruvian and U.S. archaeologists in collaboration with National Geographic in May 2006.[17]
In 2005 an elaborate gold mask thought to depict a sea god, with curving rays radiating from a stone-inlaid feline face, was recovered in London. Experts thought that the artifact may have been looted in the late 1980s from an elite tomb at the Moche site of La Mina. Recovered by Scotland Yard, it was returned to Peru in 2006.[18][19]
In 2013 archaeologists unearthed the eighth of a series of finds of female skeleton that started with the Lady of Cao, together taken as confirmation that the Moche were ruled by a succession of priestesses-queens. According to project director Luis Jaime Castillo, "[the] find makes it clear that women didn't just run rituals in this area but governed here and were queens of Mochica society". No entombed men have been found.[20] This discovery was made at the large archaeological site of San José de Moro, located close to the town of Chepen, in the Sechura Desert of the Jequetepeque Valley, in La Libertad Region, Peru.[21]
See also[edit]
Chimu Empire, heavily influenced inheritors of the Moche
Cultural periods of Peru
El Señor de Sipán (the Lord of Sipán)
Moche Crawling Feline
Vista Alegre, Trujillo
Víctor Larco
Buenos Aires, Trujillo
Moche, Trujillo (Moche City)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Cardenas, Maritza (ed.). "Huacas del Sol y de la Luna – Capital de la Cultura-Mochica" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-03-29.
Jump up ^ Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
Jump up ^ Bawden, G. (2004). "The Art of Moche Politics". In Silverman, H. Andean Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Jump up ^ The Salinar Culture Tampere Museum
Jump up ^ Castillo Butters, Luis Jaime. "Moche Politics in the Jequetepeque Valley" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-23.
Jump up ^ James E. McClellan III; Harold Dorn. Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. JHU Press; 14 April 2006. ISBN 978-0-8018-8360-6. p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Butters, L. J. C.; Castillo, S. U. (2007). "The Moche of Northern Perú". In Silverman, H.; Isbell, W. Handbook of South American Archaeology (PDF). Blackwell Press.
Jump up ^ Weismantel, M. (2004). "Moche sex pots: Reproduction and temporality in ancient South America" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 106 (3): 495–496. doi:10.1525/aa.2004.106.3.495.
Jump up ^ "Pair of Earflares, Winged Messengers (Moche Culture, Peru)". Smarthistory. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Steven Zucker and Dr. Sarahh Scher, Moche Portrait Head Bottle". Smarthistory. May 4, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chapdelaine, Claude; Kennedy, Greg; Uceda Castillo, Santiago (1995). "Neutron activation analysis and local production of ritual ceramics at the Moche site, Peru" (PDF). Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines. 24 (2): 183–212.
^ Jump up to: a b Popson, Colleen P. (March–April 2002). "Grim Rites of the Moche". Archaeology. 55 (2). Retrieved 2013-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Moche Culture". About Peru History. Archived from the original on 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Jump up ^ Keys, David (2000). "The Mud of Hades". Catastrophe: an Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World (1st [American] ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345444361.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Nick (2 March 2005). "Lost society tore itself apart". BBC Horizon. Retrieved 2005-05-04.
Jump up ^ El Brujo and Lady of Cao, go2peru.com
Jump up ^ Norris, Scott (May 16, 2006). "Mummy of Tattooed Woman Discovered in Peru Pyramid". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2006-05-16.
Jump up ^ Lovett, Richard A. (August 18, 2006). "Photo in the News: Looted Peru Headdress Recovered in London". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
Jump up ^ Vecchio, Rick (September 15, 2006). "Looted gold headdress returned to Peru". Peru This Week. AP. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Scott (August 29, 2013). "Unearthed Peruvian tomb confirms that women ruled over brutal ancient culture". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
Jump up ^ Tomb of a Powerful Moche Priestess-Queen Found in Peru. AUGUST 13, 2013 nationalgeographic.com
Further reading[edit]
Alva, Walter (October 1988). "Discovering the New World's Richest Unlooted Tomb". National Geographic. Vol. 174 no. 4. pp. 510–555. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1985. ISBN 9780297786276.
Sawyer, Alan R. (1966). Ancient Peruvian ceramics: the Nathan Cummings collection by Alan R. Sawyer. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Schmid, Martin (2007). Die Mochica an der Nordküste Perus Religion und Kunst einer vorinkaischen andinen Hochkultur (in German). Hamburg: Diplomica-Verl. ISBN 978-3-83666-806-4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moche.
Moche Civilization - Ancient History Encyclopedia
www.themocheroute.pe
www.larutamoche.pe
Map of current Moche city (Wikimapia)
"A Peruvian Woman Warrior of A.D. 450", New York Times article (17 May 2006) by John Noble Wilford.
"The Lost Civilisation of Peru", transcript of BBC programme, includes bibliography.
Gallery of Moche erotic pottery at the Larco Museum.
El Brujo Archaeological project, website with links to National University of Trujillo, IBM, National Geographic and press reports.
"Temples of Doom", Discover article (March 1999) by Heather Pringle.
"Sacrificial Practices and Blood Rituals Among the Moche People of Ancient Peru" by Francesco Sammarco.
"Moche pottery and the practice of war", Horniman Museum video on YouTube channel.
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text:
Casper (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film. For the character, see Casper the Friendly Ghost. For the video game, see Casper (video game). For the medical school admissions test, see CASPer. For other uses, see Casper (disambiguation).
Casper
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Brad Silberling
Produced by
Colin Wilson
Written by
Sherri Stoner
Deanna Oliver
Uncredited:
J. J. Abrams
Based on
Casper the Friendly Ghost
by Seymour Reit
Joe Oriolo
Starring
Malachi Pearson
Christina Ricci
Bill Pullman
Cathy Moriarty
Eric Idle
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
Dean Cundey
Edited by
Michael Kahn
Production
company
Amblin Entertainment
The Harvey Entertainment Company
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
May 26, 1995 (1995-05-26)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$55 million[1]
Box office
$287.9 million[1]
Casper is a 1995 American live-action/computer-animated fantasy comedy film directed by Brad Silberling loosely based on the Harvey Comics cartoon character Casper the Friendly Ghost created by Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo. The film stars Christina Ricci, Bill Pullman, Cathy Moriarty, Eric Idle, and Amy Brenneman, and also features the voices of Malachi Pearson as the title character as well as Joe Nipote, Joe Alaskey, and Brad Garrett.
The film makes extensive use of computer-generated imagery to create the ghosts, and it is the first feature film to have a fully CGI character in a leading role. It tells Casper's story in a darker interpretation in comparison to the comics, cartoons and films of the previous years, especially with its theme of death, most notably the tragic backstory of how he died.
Casper was released in cinemas on May 26, 1995 by Universal Pictures. It received mixed reviews from critics and earned $287.9 million[1] on a $55 million[1] budget. It went on to spawn direct-to-video follow-up films and an animated television spin-off, The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Cameos
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reception
6 Legacy
6.1 TV series
6.2 Sequels and prequel
6.3 Video games
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In the town of Friendship, Maine, two young boys Nicky and Andreas enter a creepy, old mansion called Whipstaff Manor, apparently on a dare, but they are scared away by a ghost named Casper. Later, after the death of her father, neurotic and spoiled heiress Carrigan Crittenden discovers he has only left her Whipstaff Manor in his will. Carrigan and her attorney, Dibs, learn of a treasure allegedly hidden somewhere within the manor, but upon investigation they find the manor haunted by Casper and his obnoxious prankster uncles, the Ghostly Trio, who scare the two off the property. A lonely Casper watches a news report of paranormal therapist James Harvey, and is instantly smitten with his teenage daughter, Kat. This leads Casper in inspiring Carrigan to summon Dr. Harvey to Whipstaff. Harvey and Kat have an estranged relationship due to the former’s reputation and obsession with contacting the ghost of his late wife, Amelia. Moving into Whipstaff, Kat and her father quickly encounter Casper, who tries to befriend them, while his uncles try to scare them out of the house.
After befriending Casper during breakfast, Kat goes to school with Casper following her. She becomes popular when her class, upon learning that she is living in Whipstaff, agree to host their Halloween party there. However, Amber, Kat’s classmate who immediately dislikes her, becomes envious of Kat stealing her spotlight, since the party was originally going to be held at her place. Amber plots with her boyfriend, Vic, to humiliate Kat during the party. Harvey meanwhile attempts to have therapy sessions with the Ghostly Trio, who reveal that they know Amelia; in exchange for getting Carrigan to leave them alone, they promise to go through the "red tape" involved to get Harvey a meeting with his wife.
Meanwhile, Kat learns Casper has no memory of his life and unlocks his old bedroom to remind him. Casper comes across an old wooden sled, recalling that when he was a young boy, his father bought it for him. Casper was so happy that he played outside on a very cold day until he caught a severe cold and died of pneumonia. After his death, he became a ghost to keep his father company. A newspaper article reveals that Casper’s father was declared legally insane after he built a machine named the Lazarus, which he claimed could bring the dead back to life. Casper and Kat venture down into the manor’s basement, where they discover the Lazarus. Carrigan and Dibs sneak in, steal the formula that powers the Lazarus, and plot to use the machine to their advantage, believing it could grant them immortality. However, the two attempt to kill each other in order to test the theory; as a result, Carrigan falls off a cliff to her death, and rises as a ghost.
Meanwhile, Dr. Harvey becomes dispassionate, prompting the trio to take him out for a night on the town. Unknown to Harvey, they plan on killing him to make themselves a quartet, but end up having a change of heart after a drunken Harvey states that he is going to tell Carrigan off so they can stay in their home. However, Harvey accidentally falls to his death down a manhole.
Back in the secret laboratory, Carrigan confronts Casper and Kat and launches Dibs out of a window when he tries to double-cross her. Casper and Kat trick her into stating that she has no unfinished business on Earth, causing Carrigan to be involuntarily ejected into the afterlife. The alleged treasure is revealed to be Casper’s prized baseball, signed by Duke Snider. When Dr. Harvey returns with Casper's uncles, now as a ghost, Kat is obviously distraught. Her despair prompts Casper into sacrificing his one chance to return to life once more, restoring her father instead.
The Halloween party kicks off upstairs. As Amber and Vic prepare their prank, they are thwarted by the Ghostly Trio, who have kept their word. A dejected Casper is visited by the spirit of Amelia, who has become an angel in heaven instead of a ghost. As a reward for his selfless sacrifice, she temporarily transforms him into a human boy, until ten o’clock. The now flesh-and-blood Casper dances with Kat, while Amelia speaks with Harvey, revealing that she was so content with her husband and daughter while alive, that she has no unfinished business, encouraging him to move on. Amelia departs as the clock chimes ten and, after kissing Kat, Casper transforms back into a ghost, which scares off the party guests, leaving him and the Harveys to dance to the Ghostly Trio's music.
Cast[edit]
Malachi Pearson as Casper McFadden, the titular main protagonist, a lonely ghost who was originally a 12-year-old boy who died from a pneumonia attack. He spends most of his afterlife in Whipstaff dealing with his ghouling uncles' antics while hoping to find a friend. He finds one in Kathleen "Kat" Harvey, while also falling in love with her.
Devon Sawa as Casper McFadden (human form)
Bill Pullman as Dr. James Harvey, Kat Harvey's father who is a ghost therapist interacting with the 'living impaired,' helping them to cross into the next dimension while hoping to find his deceased wife.
Christina Ricci as Kathleen "Kat" Harvey, Dr. James Harvey's 13-year-old daughter and Casper's love interest, who has lost her mother and wants to make a friend.
Cathy Moriarty as Carrigan Crittenden, the main antagonist, a glamorous, treacherous, and greedy woman who was upset about her late father's only leaving Whipstaff to her in his will, until she discovers that the house contains treasure, and hires Dr. Harvey to get the ghosts out of the house in order to get it.
Joe Nipote as Stretch, the leading member of the Ghostly Trio and one of Casper's uncles who bonds with Dr. Harvey.
Joe Alaskey as Stinkie, the second member of the Ghostly Trio and one of Casper's uncles who bonds with Dr. Harvey.
Brad Garrett as Fatso, the third member of the Ghostly Trio and one of Casper's uncles who bonds with Dr. Harvey.
Eric Idle as Paul "Dibs" Plutzker, Carrigan's assistant.
Garette Ratliff Henson as Vic DePhillippi, Kat's crush and Amber's boyfriend.
Jessica Wesson as Amber Whitmire, Kat's rival and Vic's girlfriend.
Amy Brenneman as Amelia Harvey, James' deceased wife and Kat's deceased mother.
Ben Stein as Rugg, Carrigan's lawyer.
Wesley Thompson as Mr. Curtis, Kat's schoolteacher.
Spencer Vrooman as Andreas
Chauncey Leopardi as Nicky
John Kassir as the Crypt Keeper
Brock Winkless performed the puppetry for the Crypt Keeper in the film[2]
Cameos[edit]
Don Novello as Father Guido Sarducci
Dan Aykroyd as Ray Stantz
Clint Eastwood
Rodney Dangerfield
Mel Gibson
Steven Spielberg (cameo cut)
Zelda Rubinstein as Tangina Barrons (cameo cut)
Production[edit]
A computer-generated Casper as he is presented in the film
Producer Steven Spielberg was planning a film adaptation of Casper the Friendly Ghost. He saw an episode of the television series Brooklyn Bridge directed by Brad Silberling and saw potential in this work, recruiting Silberling for directing Casper.[3] J. J. Abrams did an uncredited rewrite of the script.[4] The screenplay gave a backstory of Casper being the ghost of Casper McFadden, a boy who died of pneumonia at 12, though some of the comics, particularly in the 1960s, portrayed him as born a ghost to ghost parents.[5]
Extensive use of computer-generated imagery is used to create the ghosts, and it is the first feature film to have a fully CGI character in a leading role.[6] In the mirror scene, Dr. Harvey was also supposed to transform into Spielberg. According to director Silberling, the cameo was filmed, but was cut for pacing reasons. Spielberg was relieved, feeling that he is not much of an actor himself and was quite nervous in front of the camera.[7]
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack was composed by award-winning composer James Horner, who had worked on a number of previous movies for Amblin Entertainment, including An American Tail and The Land Before Time.
Casper
Soundtrack album by James Horner
Released
April 29, 1995 (1995-04-29)
Recorded
1994–1995
Genre
Soundtrack
Label
MCA
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic
"No Sign of Ghosts"
"Carrigan and Dibbs"
"Strangers in the House"
"First Haunting/The Swordfight"
"March of the Exorcists"
"Lighthouse—Casper & Kat"
"Casper Makes Breakfast"
"Fond Memories"
"'Dying' to Be a Ghost"
"Casper's Lullaby"
"Descent to Lazarus"
"One Last Wish"
"Remember Me This Way" – Jordan Hill
"Casper the Friendly Ghost" – Little Richard
"The Uncles Swing/End Credits"
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Casper opened at #1 over the Memorial Day weekend, grossing $16,840,385 over its first three days from 2,714 theaters, averaging $6,205 per theater. Over four days it grossed $22,091,975, averaging $8,140 per theater. It stayed at #1 in its second weekend, grossing another $13,409,610, and boosting its 10-day cume to $38,921,225. It played solidly all through the summer, ending up with a final gross of $100,328,194 domestically, and an additional $187,600,000 internationally, for a total worldwide gross of $287,928,194, far exceeding its $55 million budget and becoming a commercial success.[1]
Critical reception[edit]
Brad Garrett was praised by critics for his performance.
Casper received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 44%, based on 36 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "A meandering, mindless family movie that frequently resorts to special effects and transparent sappiness."[8] Time Out London described it as "an intimate and likeable film".[9] Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it a "technical achievement, it's impressive, and entertaining. And there is even a little winsome philosophy."[10] Robert Firsching of allmovie gave the film his average star rating while praising the film for its visual effects.
The CGI effects, which were considered cutting edge at the time, and the performances of Pullman and Ricci were praised, especially considering that, in the scenes where the Harveys interact with the ghosts, Pullman and Ricci were actually acting either with nothing or with stand-in maquettes used as animators' references.
Moriarty's performance was criticized, with Variety saying she does "a poor woman's Cruella de Vil".[11] In his 2015 Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin gave the film a "BOMB" rating, objecting to the portrayal of Casper as a deceased child rather than a ghost.[12]
Legacy[edit]
The success of Casper secured Silberling the position of director for the 1998 City of Angels, a remake of Wings of Desire starring Nicolas Cage and Meg Ryan.[3]
TV series[edit]
A cartoon series, The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper, was released in 1996 based on the film.[13] Fatso (Season 1-2), Stinkie,[13] Stretch and Casper were all voiced by the actors from the film, while Dr. Harvey was voiced by Dan Castellaneta, and Kat voiced by Kath Soucie.
Sequels and prequel[edit]
In the mid-1990s, Simon Wells co-wrote a screenplay for Casper 2, which he was set to direct. Amblin cancelled the sequel because they did not believe there would be enough interest from moviegoers. Wells also credited the uncertainty of actress Christina Ricci returning and Fox's ill-received direct-to-video Casper films as contributing to the cancellation of Casper 2.[citation needed]
Two direct-to-video follow-ups to the film were released by 20th Century Fox. The prequel Casper: A Spirited Beginning was released in 1997,[14] and the sequel Casper Meets Wendy was released in 1998.[15]
Video games[edit]
There were several video games based on or tied-in with the film released on the major consoles of the time, such as the 3DO, Super NES, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, Game Boy Color and original Game Boy. An LCD handheld game was released for Tiger Electronics in 1995.
See also[edit]
List of ghost films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Casper (1995)". Box Office Mojo. 1995-09-24. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Jump up ^ Cheng, Cheryl (2015-07-30). "N. Brock Winkless IV, the Puppeteer of Chucky in 'Child's Play,' Dies at 56". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Ojumu, Akin (February 16, 2003). "The family that grieves together.." The Guardian. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Jeff (9 June 2011). "Super 8: Steven Spielberg meets J.J. Abrams". ew.com. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The physics of Casper the Friendly Ghost: why can't he open the door?". The Guardian. May 29, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Visual and Special Effects Film Milestones". AMC Filmsite. Tim Dirks. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Cindy Pearlman (1995-06-21). "Ghost Busters". EW.com. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/casper/
Jump up ^ "Casper Review. Movie Reviews - Film - Time Out London". Timeout.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Jump up ^ "Casper :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. 1995-05-26. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (1995-05-21). "Variety Reviews - Casper - Film Reviews - - Review by Brian Lowry". Variety.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard (2014). Leonard Maltin's 2015 Movie Guide. Penguin. ISBN 0698183614.
^ Jump up to: a b Cabrera, Maria (February 7, 2016). "Joe Alaskey Dies: Voice Of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck & Tweety Passes Away [VIDEO]". Enstars. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe (October 1, 1997). "Review: 'Casper, A Spirited Beginning'". Variety. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ McGahan, Michelle (October 17, 2016). "Hilary Duff's 'Casper Meets Wendy' Snapchat Is The Halloween Throwback We All Need — PHOTO". Bustle. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Casper (film)
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Casper on IMDb
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[show]
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Casper the Friendly Ghost
Supporting Characters
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Wendy the Good Little Witch
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Hot Stuff the Little Devil
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There's Good Boos To-Night
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Television series
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The New Casper Cartoon Show (1963)
Casper and the Angels (1979)
The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper (1996)
Casper's Scare School (2009)
Television specials
Casper's Halloween Special (1979)
Casper's First Christmas (1979)
Films
Casper (1995)
Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997)
Casper Meets Wendy (1998)
Casper's Haunted Christmas (2000)
Casper's Scare School (2006)
Video Games
Casper (1996)
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Casper's Scare School (2008)
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[show]
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Casper (1995)
City of Angels (1998)
Moonlight Mile (2002)
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004)
10 Items or Less (2006)
Land of the Lost (2009)
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