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List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders
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Roger Clemens (Up) and Randy Johnson (Down) are the only pitchers to strike out 18 or more batters in a nine-inning game on three separate occasions.
In baseball, a strikeout occurs when a pitcher throws three strikes to a batter during his time at bat.[1] Twenty different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in a single nine-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game as of 2016,[a] the most recent being Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals on May 11, 2016.[4] Four players have accomplished the feat more than once in their career; no player has ever struck out more than 20 batters in a nine-inning game. (Tom Cheney struckout 21 in a 16-inning game.) Charlie Sweeney was the first player to strike out 18 batters in a single game, doing so for the Providence Grays against the Boston Beaneaters on June 7, 1884.[5] In spite of this, Bob Feller is viewed as the first pitcher to accomplish the feat,[6][7] since his then-record 18 strikeouts was the first to occur during the 20th century and the live-ball era.[8]
Out of the twenty pitchers who have accomplished the feat, fifteen were right-handed and five pitched left-handed. Five of these players have played for only one major league team. Five pitchers—Steve Carlton, Roger Clemens, Randy Johnson, Nolan Ryan and Tom Seaver—are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club. Sweeney has the fewest career strikeouts in the group with 505, while Nolan Ryan, with 5,714, struck out more batters than any other pitcher in major league history.[9] Bill Gullickson and Kerry Wood are the only rookies to have achieved the feat.[10][11] Tom Seaver concluded his milestone game by striking out the final ten batters he faced, setting a new major league record for most consecutive strikeouts.[12][13]
Of the eleven players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have struck out 18 batters in a game, six have been elected; all six were elected on the first ballot.[14] Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons, and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months.[15] These requirements leave two players ineligible who are active, two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons, and five who did not play in 10 major league seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Players
1.1 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Players[edit]
Kerry Wood tied Roger Clemens' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine-inning game on May 6, 1998.
Sandy Koufax is one of six pitchers who have 18 strikeouts in a game to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bob Feller was the first player to achieve 18 strikeouts in a game during the live-ball era.
Max Scherzer tied Kerry Wood and Roger Clemens' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine-inning game on May 11, 2016.
Nolan Ryan amassed 18 or more strikeouts in a nine-inning game twice, as well as 19 strikeouts in extra-inning games three times.
Key
Pitcher
Name of the pitcher
Date
Date of the game
Team
The player's team at the time of the game
Opposing team
The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players
Score
Final score of the game, with the player's team score listed first
Strikeouts
Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded
Career Ks
Career strikeouts
Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
*
Player is active
Indicates the player's team lost the game
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine-inning game
Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
Career Ks
Refs
Max Scherzer*
May 11, 2016 Washington Nationals Detroit Tigers 3–2 20 2,149 [16][17]
Kerry Wood
May 6, 1998 Chicago Cubs Houston Astros 2–0 20 1,582 [11][18]
Roger Clemens
September 18, 1996 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 4–0 20 4,672 [19][20]
Roger Clemens
April 29, 1986 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 3–1 20 4,672 [20][21]
Randy Johnson
August 8, 1997 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 5–0 19 4,875 [22][23]
Randy Johnson
June 24, 1997 Seattle Mariners Oakland Athletics 1–4 19 4,875 [23][24]
David Cone
October 6, 1991 New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies 7–0 19 2,668 [25][26]
Nolan Ryan
August 12, 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4–2 19 5,714 [27][28]
Tom Seaver
April 22, 1970 New York Mets San Diego Padres 2–1 19 3,640 [29][30]
Steve Carlton
September 15, 1969 St. Louis Cardinals New York Mets 3–4 19 4,136 [31][32]
Hugh Daily
July 7, 1884 Chicago Browns Boston Reds 10–4 19 846 [33][34]
Charlie Sweeney
June 7, 1884 Providence Grays Boston Beaneaters 2–1 19 505 [35][36]
Corey Kluber*
May 13, 2015 Cleveland Indians St. Louis Cardinals 2–0 18 1,201 [37][38]
Ben Sheets
May 16, 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Atlanta Braves 4–1 18 1,325 [39][40]
Roger Clemens
August 25, 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Kansas City Royals 3–0 18 4,672 [20][41]
Randy Johnson
September 27, 1992 Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers 2–3 18 4,875 [23][42]
Ramón Martínez
June 4, 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves 6–0 18 1,427 [43][44]
Bill Gullickson
September 10, 1980 Montreal Expos Chicago Cubs 4–2 18 1,279 [10][45]
Ron Guidry
June 17, 1978 New York Yankees California Angels 4–0 18 1,778 [46][47]
Nolan Ryan
September 10, 1976 California Angels Chicago White Sox 3–2 18 5,714 [28][48]
Don Wilson
July 14, 1968 Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 6–1 18 1,283 [49][50]
Sandy Koufax
April 24, 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 10–2 18 2,396 [51][52]
Sandy Koufax
August 31, 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 5–2 18 2,396 [52][53]
Bob Feller
October 2, 1938 Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 1–4 18 2,581 [54][55]
Henry Porter
October 3, 1884 Milwaukee Brewers Boston Reds 4–5 18 659 [56][57]
Dupee Shaw
July 19, 1884 Boston Reds St. Louis Maroons 0–1 18 950 [58][59]
18 strikeouts in extra-inning games[edit]
Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game to date. Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game.
The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine-inning game. This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game, the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made, and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings.
Key
IP
Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game
Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
IP
Career Ks
Refs
Tom Cheney
September 12, 1962 Washington Senators Baltimore Orioles 2–1 21 16 345 [60][61]
Randy Johnson
May 8, 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Cincinnati Reds 4–3 20 9[b] 4,875 [23][62]
Luis Tiant
July 3, 1968 Cleveland Indians Minnesota Twins 1–0 19 10 2,416 [63][64]
Nolan Ryan
June 14, 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4–3 19 13 5,714 [28][65]
Nolan Ryan
August 20, 1974 California Angels Detroit Tigers 0–1 19 11 5,714 [28][66]
Nolan Ryan
June 8, 1977 California Angels Toronto Blue Jays 2–1 19 10 5,714 [28][67]
Warren Spahn
June 14, 1952 Boston Braves Chicago Cubs 1–3 18 15 2,583 [68][69]
Chris Short
October 2, 1965 Philadelphia Phillies New York Mets 0–0 18 15 1,629 [70][71]
Jim Maloney
June 14, 1965 Cincinnati Reds New York Mets 0–1 18 11 1,605 [72][73]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
3,000 strikeout club
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 18 strikeouts is utilized as the benchmark because it signifies approximately 2⁄3 of a nine-inning game's 27 outs were made by a single pitcher via a strikeout ("approximately" due to the fact that a pitcher can record more than three strikeouts in an inning with the uncaught third strike rule).[2][3]
Jump up ^ Although the game went into extra innings (11 total), Johnson was relieved by Byung-hyun Kim after nine innings.[62]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Guide to baseball". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Rules: 6.00 – The Batter". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Collier, Jamal (May 12, 2016). "Roaring 20! Max Ties K Mark, Mauls Tigers". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Caruso, Gary (October 25, 1995). The Braves Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781566393843. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (December 15, 2010). "Bob Feller, Whose Fastball Dazzled, Dies at 92". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Blevins, Dave (December 23, 2011). The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer. Scarecrow Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781461673705. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Allen, Maury (May 8, 1961). "The 18 Strikeouts Of Bob Feller". Sports Illustrated. CNN. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bill Gullickson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kerry Wood Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bock, Hal (April 23, 1970). "Seaver Fans 19". Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. p. 2B. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Costello, Brian (June 22, 2008). "Terr-whiff-ic! Seaver Ties Record With 19 Strikeouts". New York Post. p. 87. Retrieved March 5, 2013. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rules for Election". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "May 11, 2016 Detroit Tigers at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 11, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Max Scherzer Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "May 6, 1998 Houston Astros at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 6, 1998. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 18, 1996 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 18, 1996. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Roger Clemens Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April 29, 1986 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. April 29, 1986. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "August 8, 1997 Chicago White Sox at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 8, 1997. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Randy Johnson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "June 24, 1997 Oakland Athletics at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 24, 1997. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "October 6, 1991 New York Mets at Philadelphia Phillies Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. October 6, 1991. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "David Cone Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August 12, 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 12, 1974. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nolan Ryan Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April 22, 1970 San Diego Padres at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. April 22, 1970. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tom Seaver Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 15, 1969 New York Mets at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 15, 1969. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Steve Carlton Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vaccaro, Frank. "Hugh Daily". The Baseball Biography Project. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hugh Daily Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Ballplayers – Charlie Sweeney". BaseballLibrary.com. Baseball Library. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Sweeney Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "May 13, 2015 St. Louis Cardinals at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Corey Kluber Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "May 16, 2004 Atlanta Braves at Milwaukee Brewers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 16, 2004. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ben Sheets Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August 25, 1998 Kansas City Royals at Toronto Blue Jays Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 25, 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "September 27, 1992 Seattle Mariners at Texas Rangers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 27, 1992. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "June 4, 1990 Atlanta Braves at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 4, 1990. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ramon Martinez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 10, 1980 Chicago Cubs at Montreal Expos Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 10, 1980. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "June 17, 1978 California Angels at New York Yankees Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 17, 1978. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ron Guidry Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 10, 1976 California Angels at Chicago White Sox Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 10, 1976. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "July 14, 1968 Houston Astros at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. July 14, 1968. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Don Wilson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "April 24, 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. April 24, 1962. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sandy Koufax Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "August 31, 1959 San Francisco Giants at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 31, 1959. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "October 2, 1938 Detroit Tigers at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. October 2, 1938. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bob Feller Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bevis, Charlie. "George Bignell". The Baseball Biography Project. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Henry Porter Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Early Records Of Lou Gehrig While At College Minus". The Lewiston Daily Sun. April 16, 1929. p. 11. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dupee Shaw Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "September 12, 1962 Washington Senators at Baltimore Orioles Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. September 12, 1962. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cheney Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "May 8, 2001 Cincinnati Reds at Arizona Diamondbacks Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. May 8, 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "July 3, 1968 Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. July 3, 1968. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Luis Tiant Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 14, 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 14, 1974. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "August 20, 1974 Detroit Tigers at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. August 20, 1974. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 8, 1977 Toronto Blue Jays at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 8, 1977. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 14, 1952 Chicago Cubs at Boston Braves Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 14, 1952. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Warren Spahn Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "October 2, 1965 Philadelphia Phillies at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. October 2, 1965. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chris Short Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "June 14, 1965 New York Mets at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. June 14, 1965. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jim Maloney Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
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Continental System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Europe in 1811.
French Empire
French satellite states and occupied zones
Countries forced by France into applying the Continental System.
The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. As a response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806, which brought into effect a large-scale embargo against British trade.[1][2] The embargo was effective intermittently. It ended on 11 April 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication. In terms of economic damage to Great Britain, the blockade was largely ineffective; however, British exportations to the continent saw a loss from 25% to 55% of their total value in between the years 1802 and 1806.[3] As Napoleon realized that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries. His forces were tied down in Spain — in which the Spanish War of Independence was occurring simultaneously — and suffered severely in, and ultimately retreated from, Russia in 1812.
The Berlin Decree forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. All connections were to be cut, even the mail. British merchants smuggled in many goods and the Continental System was not a powerful weapon of economic war.[4] There was some damage to British trade, especially in 1808 and 1811, but its control of the oceans led to replacement trade with North and South America, as well as large scale smuggling in Europe. The loss of Britain as a trading partner also hit the economies of France and its allies.[5] Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System, which led to the weakening of Napoleon's coalition.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Effects
2.1 Great Britain
2.2 France and Continental Europe
2.3 Scandinavia and the Baltic region
2.4 Portugal and Spain
3 References
4 Sources
5 Further reading
6 External links
Background[edit]
Great Britain was the central important force in encouraging and financing alliances against Napoleonic France. In addition, the British government enacted a naval blockade of the French and French-allied coasts, on 16 May 1806. As France lacked the naval strength to invade Britain or to decisively defeat the Royal Navy at sea, Napoleon resorted instead to economic warfare. Britain was Europe's manufacturing and business center as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Napoleon believed it would be easy to take advantage of an embargo on trade with the European nations under his control, causing inflation and great debt to undermine the British strength.
In November 1806, having recently conquered or allied with every major power on the European continent, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding his allies and conquests from trading with the British. The UK responded with the Orders in Council of 1807 issued 11 November 1807.[7] These forbade French trade with the UK, its allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade French and allied ports. Napoleon retaliated with the Milan Decree of 1807, which declared that all neutral shipping using British ports or paying British tariffs were to be regarded as British and seized.
Napoleon's plan to defeat Britain was to destroy its ability to trade. As an island nation, trade was its most vital lifeline. Napoleon believed that if he could isolate Britain economically, he would be able to invade the nation after its economic collapse. Napoleon decreed that all commerce ships wishing to do business in Europe must first stop at a French port in order to ensure that there could be no trade with Britain. He also ordered all European nations and French allies to stop trading with Britain, and he threatened Russia with an invasion if they did not comply as well. His orders backfired in the Iberian Peninsula, especially in Portugal (being allied to Britain), setting off the Peninsular War. He pushed Russia too hard, both in terms of the Continental System, and in his demands for control over part of Poland. His attempted punishment of Russia through a massive invasion 1812 was one of the famous military disasters in world history, and set the stage for Napoleon's final downfall.
Effects[edit]
Great Britain[edit]
The embargo encouraged British merchants to seek out new markets aggressively and to engage in smuggling with continental Europe. Napoleon's exclusively land-based customs enforcers could not stop British smugglers, especially as these operated with the connivance of Napoleon's chosen rulers of Spain, Westphalia and other German states. The System had mixed effects on British trade, with British exports to the Continent falling between 25% to 55% compared to pre-1806 levels. However, trade sharply increased with the rest of the world, covering much of the decline.[8]
USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere in the 1812 war
Britain, by Orders in Council (1807), prohibited its trade partners from trading with France. The British countered the Continental system by threatening to sink any ship that did not come to a British port or chose to comply with France. This double threat created a difficult time for neutral nations like the United States. In response to this prohibition, compounded by the Chesapeake Incident, the U.S. government adopted the Embargo Act of 1807 and eventually Macon's Bill No. 2. This embargo was designed as an economic counterattack to hurt Britain, but it proved even more damaging to American merchants. Together with the issues of the impressment of foreign seamen, and British support for Indian raids in the American west, tensions led to a declaration of war by the U.S. in the War of 1812. This war, not Napoleon's blockade, sharply reduced British trade with the United States.
France and Continental Europe[edit]
The embargo also had an effect on France itself. Ship building, and its trades such as rope-making declined, as did many other industries that relied on overseas markets, such as the linen industries. With few exports and a loss of profits, many industries were closed down. Southern France, especially the port cities of Marseille and Bordeaux as well as the city of La Rochelle, suffered from the reduction in trade. Moreover, the prices of staple foods rose for most of continental Europe. Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree in July 1810 opened the southwest of France and the Spanish frontier to limited British trade, and reopened French trade to the United States. It was an admission that his blockade had hurt his own economy more than the British. It also failed to reduce British financial support to its allies.[9] The industrialized north and east of France, and south of today's Belgium saw significantly increased profits due to the lack of competition from British goods (particularly textiles, which were produced much more cheaply in Britain). In Italy, the agricultural sector flourished.[10] The Dutch economy, predicated on trade, suffered greatly as a result of the embargo. Napoleon's economic warfare was much to the chagrin of his own brother, King Louis I of Holland.
Scandinavia and the Baltic region[edit]
Vice-Admiral James Saumarez was the commander of the Royal Navy in the Baltic campaign 1808-1814 that secured the British trade to region
Britain's first response to the Continental system was to launch a major naval attack on the weakest link in Napoleon's coalition, Denmark. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon. London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat. In the Second battle of Copenhagen in August–September 1807, the Royal Navy bombarded Copenhagen, seized the Danish fleet, and assured control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the British merchant fleet.[11][12] The island Heligoland outside the west coast of Denmark was occupied in September 1807. This base made it easier for Britain to control the trade to the ports of the North sea coast and to facilitate smuggling. The attacks against Copenhagen and Heligoland started the Gunboat War against Denmark which lasted until 1814.
Sweden, Britain's ally in the Third Coalition, first refused to comply with French demands and was attacked by Russia in February and by Denmark/Norway in March 1808. At the same time, a French force threatened to invade southern Sweden but the plan was stopped as the British Navy controlled the Danish straits. The Royal navy set up a base outside the port of Gothenburg in 1808 to simplify the operations into the Baltic sea. The Baltic campaign was under the command of admiral James Saumarez. In November 1810 France demanded that Sweden should declare war to Great Britain and stop all trade. The result was a phoney war between Sweden and Britain. A second navy base was set up on the island of Hanö in the south of Sweden in 1810. These two bases were used to support convoys from Britain to Gothenburg, then through the Danish straits to Hanö island. From Hanö the goods were smuggled to the many ports around the Baltic sea. To further support the convoys, the small Danish island of Anholt was occupied in May 1809. A light house on the island simplified the navigation through the Danish straits.
Russia also chafed under the embargo, and in 1810 reopened trade with Britain. Russia's withdrawal from the system was a motivating factor behind Napoleon's decision to invade Russia in 1812, which proved the turning point of the war.
Portugal and Spain[edit]
Portugal openly refused to join the Continental System. In 1793, Portugal signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Britain.[13] After the Treaty of Tilsit of July 1807, Napoleon attempted to capture the Portuguese Fleet and the House of Braganza, and to occupy the Portuguese ports. He failed. King John VI of Portugal took his fleet and transferred the Portuguese Court to Brazil with a Royal Navy escort. The Portuguese population rose in revolt against the French invaders, with the help of the British Army under Arthur Wellesley, later 1st Duke of Wellington. Napoleon intervened, and the Peninsular War began in 1808. Napoleon also forced the Spanish royal family to resign their throne in favor of Napoleon's brother, Joseph.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler; Jteanne T. Heidler (January 2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-59114-362-8.
Jump up ^ Jean Tulard, Napoléon, Hachette, 2008, p.207
Jump up ^ Alfred Fierro; André Palluel-Guillard; Jean Tulard. Histoire et dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-05858-5.
Jump up ^ Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) pp 305-10
Jump up ^ Alexander Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (2003) pp 29–33
Jump up ^ François Crouzet, "Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792–1815." Journal of Economic History (1964) 24#4 pp 567–588 JSTOR 2115762.
Jump up ^ Holberg, Tom The Acts, Orders in Council, &c. of Great Britain (on Trade), 1793 - 1812
Jump up ^ J. M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte: His rise and fall (1951) pp 235-40
Jump up ^ Eric A. Arnold, Jr. "Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree, 3 July 1810: Text and Analysis," Proceedings of the Western Society for French History (1998, Vol. 25, pp 49-54
Jump up ^ Alexander Grab and Charles F. Delzell, "The Kingdom of Italy and Napoleon's Continental Blockade," Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings (1988), Vol. 18, pp 587-604.
Jump up ^ A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807." English Historical Review (1953): 37-55. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Thomas Munch-Petersen, Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807 (2007)
Jump up ^ Portugal; José Ferreira Borges de Castro (Visconde de); Julio Firmino Judice Biker (1857). Supplemeto á Collecção dos tratados, convenções, contratos e actos publicos celebrados entre a corôa de Portugal e as mais potencias desde 1640. Imprensa nacional. Portugal. Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros. pp. 19–25.
Sources[edit]
Cavindish, Richard. "The Treaty of Tilsit." History Today 57.7 (2007): 62-63. World History Collection. Web. 14 Nov. 2012.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. 144-47. Print.
Further reading[edit]
Aaslestad, Katherine B., and Johan Joor, eds. Revisiting Napoleon’s Continental System: Local, Regional and European Experiences (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Wide-ranging essays by experts excerpt
Breunig, Charles. The Age of Revolution and Reaction 1789-1850 (1970), Chapter 2
Broers, Michael. Europe Under Napoleon (IB Tauris, 2014).
Crouzet, François. "Wars, blockade, and economic change in Europe, 1792–1815." Journal of Economic History 24#4 (1964): 567-588. in JSTOR
Heckscher, Eli. The continental system: an economic interpretation (1922), the only global survey of the Continental System
Ruppenthal, Roland. "Denmark and the Continental System." Journal of Modern History 15.1 (1943): 7-23. in JSTOR
External links[edit]
"Documents upon the Continental System", from napoleon-series.org
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Jackie Cooper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For others of this name, see Jacki Cooper and John Cooper (disambiguation).
Jackie Cooper
Cooper in 1956.
Born
John Cooper, Jr.
(1922-09-15)September 15, 1922
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died
May 3, 2011(2011-05-03) (aged 88)
Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Multiple myeloma
Resting place
Arlington National Cemetery
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1929–1990
Spouse(s)
June Horne
(m. 1944–1949; divorced; 1 child)
Hildy Parks
(m. 1950–1951; divorced)
Barbara Rae Kraus
(m. 1954–2009; her death; 3 children)
Relatives
Norman Taurog and Rouben Mamoulian (uncles)
John "Jackie" Cooper Jr. (September 15, 1922 – May 3, 2011) was an American actor, television director, producer and executive. He was a child actor who managed to make the transition to an adult career. Cooper was the first child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination.[1] At age nine, he was also the youngest performer to have been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role—an honor that he received for the film Skippy (1931).[2] For nearly 50 years, Cooper remained the youngest Oscar nominee in any category, until he was surpassed by Justin Henry's nomination, at age eight, in the Supporting Actor category for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Start of acting career
3 Adult years
4 Personal life
5 Death
6 Filmography
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early life[edit]
John Cooper Jr.[3] was born in Los Angeles, California. Cooper's father, John Cooper, left the family when Jackie was only two years old. His mother, Mabel Leonard Bigelow (née Polito), was a stage pianist.[4] Cooper's maternal uncle, Jack Leonard, was a screenwriter, and his maternal aunt, Julie Leonard, was an actress married to director Norman Taurog. His stepfather was C.J. Bigelow, a studio production manager.[5] His mother was Italian American (her family's surname was changed from "Polito" to "Leonard"); Cooper was told by his family that his father was Jewish (the two never reunited after he left the family).[5][6][7]
Start of acting career[edit]
Cooper as he appeared in the film Broadway to Hollywood, 1933
Cooper first appeared in films as an extra with his grandmother, who would bring him along in hopes of aiding her own attempts to get extra work. At age three, Jackie appeared in Lloyd Hamilton comedies under the name of "Leonard".
He graduated to bit parts in feature films such as Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 and Sunny Side Up. His director in these two films, David Butler, recommended the boy to director Leo McCarey, who arranged an audition for the Our Gang comedy series produced by Hal Roach. Cooper joined the series in the short Boxing Gloves in 1929, signing to a three-year contract. He initially was only a supporting character in the series, but by early 1930 he had done so well with the transition to sound films that he had become one of the Gang's major characters. He was the main character in the episodes The First Seven Years, When the Wind Blows, and others. His most notable Our Gang shorts explore his crush on Miss Crabtree, the schoolteacher played by June Marlowe, which included the trilogy of shorts Teacher's Pet, School's Out, and Love Business.[5]
Cooper, then a member of Our Gang, flirts with schoolteacher Miss Crabtree in School's Out, 1930
According to his autobiography, Cooper, under contract to Hal Roach Studios, was loaned in the spring of 1931 to Paramount to star in Skippy (directed by his uncle, Norman Taurog), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor—the youngest actor ever (at the age of nine) to be nominated for an Oscar as Best Actor. Although Paramount paid Roach $25,000 for Cooper's services, Cooper received only his standard Roach salary of $50 per week.[5]
The handprints of Jackie Cooper in front of The Great Movie Ride at Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
The movie catapulted young Cooper to superstardom. Our Gang producer Hal Roach sold Jackie's contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in mid-1931, as he felt the youngster would have a better future in features. Cooper began a long onscreen relationship with actor Wallace Beery in such films as The Champ (1931), The Bowery (1933), The Choices of Andy Purcell (1933), Treasure Island (1934), and O'Shaughnessy's Boy (1935). A legion of film critics and fans have lauded the relationship between the two as an example of classic movie magic. However, in his autobiography Cooper wrote that Beery was "a big disappointment", and accused him of upstaging and other attempts to undermine the boy's performances out of what Cooper presumed was jealousy.[5]
Cooper played the title role in the first two Henry Aldrich movies, What a Life (1939) and Life with Henry (1941).
Adult years[edit]
Cooper in the trailer for Gallant Sons (1940).
Not conventionally handsome as he approached adulthood, Cooper had typical child-actor problems finding roles as an adolescent. Cooper served in the US Navy during World War II, becoming a Captain and receiving the Legion of Merit.[8] His career was at a nadir when he starred in two popular television sitcoms, NBC's The People’s Choice with Patricia Breslin and CBS's Hennesey with Abby Dalton. In 1954, he guest-starred on the NBC legal drama Justice. Later, he appeared on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, and guest-starred with Tennessee Ernie Ford on NBC's The Ford Show and played the role of America's "Uranium King", Charles A. Steen in "I Found 60 Million Dollars" on the Armstrong Circle Theatre.[9]
In 1950, he was cast in a production of Mr. Roberts in Boston, Massachusetts in the role of Ensign Pulver. From 1964 to 1969, Cooper was vice president of program development at the Columbia Pictures Screen Gems TV division. He was responsible for packaging series (such as Bewitched) and other projects and selling them to the networks. He reportedly cast Sally Field as Gidget. Cooper acted only twice during this period, once in 1964 when he appeared in Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone episode "Caesar and Me", and again in the 1968 TV-movie Shadow on the Land.[9]
Cooper left Columbia in 1969 and started yet another phase of his career, one in which he would act occasionally in key character roles. In the fourth season of Hawaii Five-O, he appeared as a doctor who murders his wife and bribes an innocent but terminally ill man to take the rap in The Burning Ice. He also appeared as a murderous political candidate in Candidate for Crime starring Peter Falk as Columbo in 1973, and in the short-lived 1975 ABC series Mobile One, a Jack Webb/Mark VII Limited production. He guest starred in a 1978 two-part episode of The Rockford Files: The House on Willis Avenue. He devoted more and more of his time to directing dozens of episodic TV and other projects. His work as director on episodes of M*A*S*H and The White Shadow earned him Emmy awards.[10]
Cooper found renewed fame in the 1970s and 1980s as Daily Planet editor Perry White in the Superman film series, starring Christopher Reeve. In the commentary track for Superman, director Richard Donner reveals that Cooper received the role because he had a passport, and thus was able to be on set in a few hours, after Keenan Wynn, who was originally cast, suffered a heart attack.[11]
Cooper's final film role was as Ace Morgan in the 1987 film Surrender, starring Sally Field, Michael Caine, and Steve Guttenberg.[9]
Personal life[edit]
Cooper in 1989
Cooper served in the United States Navy during World War II and remained active in the reserves for the next several decades, reaching the rank of Captain.[7] He was married three times: first to June Horne from 1944 until 1949, with whom he had one son, John "Jack" Cooper, III (born 1946). June was the daughter of director James W. Horne and actress Cleo Ridgely. He was married to Hildy Parks from 1950 until 1951, and to Barbara Rae Kraus from 1954 until her death in 2009. Cooper and Kraus had three children: Russell (born 1956), Julie (1957–1997) and Cristina (1959–2009).[4]
Cooper participated in several automobile racing events, including the record-breaking class D cars at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. He drove in several SCCA road racing competitions. Cooper was named the honorary starter for the 1976 Winston 500 at the Alabama International Motor Speedway, which is now known as Talladega Superspeedway, in Talladega, Alabama.[12]
Cooper's autobiography, Please Don't Shoot My Dog, was published in 1982. The title refers to an incident during the filming of Skippy. Norman Taurog, while directing Jackie Cooper in a crying scene, ordered a security guard to take away his dog and pretend to shoot him backstage. This resulted in genuine tears; however, even after Cooper found out that his dog was fine, he was left with ill feelings towards his uncle.[5]
Cooper announced his retirement in 1989, although he was still directing episodes of the syndicated series Superboy. He began spending more time training and racing horses at Hollywood Park and outside San Diego during the Del Mar racing season. He lived in Beverly Hills from 1955 until his death. He occasionally returned to the soundstage for retrospective and documentary programs about Hollywood in which he had worked for the entire sound period to date, and even some silent films.[9]
For his contributions to the motion picture industry, Cooper was honored with a Hollywood Walk of Fame star located at 1507 Vine Street.[13]
Death[edit]
Cooper died on May 3, 2011 after a short battle with myeloma in Santa Monica, California. He was survived by sons from his first and third marriages. He outlived both daughters from the third marriage and his third wife, Barbara Rae Kraus.[4][14] He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, in honor of his naval service.[7][8]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1929 Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 Little Boy Uncredited
1929 Sunny Side Up Jerry McGinnis Uncredited
1931 Skippy Skippy
1931 Young Donovan's Kid Midge Murray
1931 The Champ Dink
1931 Sooky Skippy
1932 When a Feller Needs a Friend Edward Haverford 'Eddie' Randall
1932 Divorce in the Family Terry Parker
1932 Broadway to Hollywood Ted Hackett Jr.
1933 The Bowery Swipes McGurk
1933 Lone Cowboy Scooter O'Neal
1934 Treasure Island Jim Hawkins
1934 Peck's Bad Boy Bill Peck
1935 Dinky Dinky Daniels
1935 O'Shaughnessy's Boy Joseph 'Stubby' O'Shaughnessy
1936 Tough Guy Frederick Martindale 'Freddie' Vincent, III
1936 The Devil Is a Sissy 'Buck' Murphy
1937 Boy of the Streets Chuck Brennan
1938 White Banners Peter Trimble
1938 That Certain Age Kenneth 'Ken' Warren
1938 Gangster's Boy Larry Kelly
1938 Newsboys' Home Rifle Edwards
1939 Scouts to the Rescue Bruce Scott
1939 The Spirit of Culver Tom Allen
1939 Streets of New York James Michael 'Jimmy' Keenan
1939 Two Bright Boys Rory O'Donnell
1939 What a Life Henry Aldrich
1939 The Big Guy Jimmy Hutchins
1940 Seventeen William Sylvanus Baxter
1940 The Return of Frank James Clem
1940 Life with Henry Henry Aldrich
1940 Gallant Sons Byron 'By' Newbold
1941 Ziegfeld Girl Jerry Regan
1941 Her First Beau Chuck Harris
1941 Glamour Boy Tiny Barlow
1942 Syncopation Johnny Schumacher
1942 Men of Texas Robert Houston Scott
1942 The Navy Comes Through Joe 'Babe' Duttson
1943 Where Are Your Children? Danny Cheston
1947 Stork Bites Man Ernest (Ernie) C. Brown
1947 Kilroy Was Here John J. Kilroy
1948 French Leave Skitch Kilroy
1961 Everything's Ducky Lt. J.S. Parmell
1964 Calhoun: County Agent Everett Calhoun Television film
1968 Shadow on the Land Lt. Col. Andy Davis Television film
1971 The Love Machine Lt. J.S. Parmell
1971 Maybe I'll Come Home in the Spring Ed Miller Television film
1972 The Astronaut Kurt Anderson Television film
1972 Stand Up and Be Counted Doctor Uncredited, Also director
1973 Of Men and Women Ted Television film
1974 Chosen Survivors Raymond Couzins
1974 The Day the Earth Moved Steve Barker Television film
1975 Journey into Fear Eric Hurst
1978 Having Babies III Director
1978 Perfect Gentlemen Director
1978 Superman Perry White
1978 Rainbow Director
1979 Sex and the Single Parent Director
1980 White Mama Director
1980 Superman II Perry White
1980 Rodeo Girl Director
1981 Leave 'em Laughing Director
1982 Moonlight Director
1982 Rosie: The Rosemary Clooney Story Director
1983 Superman III Perry White
1984 The Night They Saved Christmas Director
1985 Izzy & Moe Director
1987 The Ladies Director
1987 Superman IV: The Quest for Peace Perry White
1987 Surrender Ace Morgan his final film
See also[edit]
List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees
Biography portal
California portal
Los Angeles portal
Film portal
Television portal
United States Navy portal
World War II portal
Virginia portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sharon Knolle. "Former Child Star Jackie Cooper Dies at Age 88". Moviefone.
Jump up ^ "Jackie Cooper". The Telegraph. May 5, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California; accessed January 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c McFadden, Robert (May 4, 2011). "Jackie Cooper, Film and Television Actor, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cooper, Jackie (1982). Please Don't Shoot My Dog. Penguin Group. pp. 9, 32, 40–42, 44, 54–61. ISBN 0-425-05306-7.
Jump up ^ Harmetz, Aljean (1983). Rolling Breaks and Other Movie Business. Knopf. p. 108. ISBN 978-0394528861.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matus, Victorino (November 22, 2011). "Jackie Cooper, USN". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackie Cooper at Find a Grave
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jackie Cooper on IMDb
Jump up ^ 6 Facts About Jackie Cooper, The Hollywood Reporter, May 5, 2011; accessed May 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mankiewicz, Tom; Crane, Robert (May 14, 2012). My Life as a Mankiewicz: An Insider's Journey through Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8131-4057-5. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lists honorary race officials". Gadsden Times (Alabama). April 26, 1976. p. 11. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame - Jackie Cooper". walkoffame.com. Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (May 5, 2011). "Jackie Cooper dies at 88; child star in the 1930s". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Wise, James. Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997; ISBN 1557509379 OCLC 36824724
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, pp. 106–107.
Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, pp. 40-43.
Maltin, Leonard (ed.), Hollywood Kids, New York: Popular Books, 1978.
Parish, James Robert. Great Child Stars, New York: Ace Books, 1976.
Best, Marc. Those Endearing Young Charms: Child Performers of the Screen, South Brunswick and New York: Barnes & Co., 1971, pp. 40–44.
Zierold, Norman J. The Child Stars, New York: Coward-McCann, 1965.
Willson, Dixie. Little Hollywood Stars", Akron, OH, e New York: Saalfield Pub. Co., 1935.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jackie Cooper.
Jackie Cooper on IMDb
Jackie Cooper at the TCM Movie Database
Jackie Cooper at Find a Grave
Jackie Cooper at the Internet Broadway Database
Jackie Cooper at AllMovie
Photographs of Jackie Cooper
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James Frawley for "Royal Flush" (1967)
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Greg Garrison for "October 17, 1968" (1969)
Dwight Hemion for "The Sound of Burt Bacharach" (1970)
Jay Sandrich for "Toulouse-Lautrec is One of My Favorite Artists" (1971)
John Rich for "Sammy's Visit" (1972)
Jay Sandrich for "It's Whether You Win or Lose" (1973)
Jackie Cooper for "Carry on, Hawkeye" (1974)
Gene Reynolds for "O.R." (1975)
Gene Reynolds for "Welcome to Korea" (1976)
Alan Alda for "Dear Sigmund" (1977)
Paul Bogart for "Edith's 50th Birthday" (1978)
Noam Pitlik for "The Harris Incident" (1979)
James Burrows for "Louie and the Nice Girl" (1980)
James Burrows for "Elaine's Strange Triangle" (1981)
Alan Rafkin for "Barbara's Crisis" (1982)
James Burrows for "Showdown", Part 2 (1983)
Bill Persky for "A Very Loud Family" (1984)
Jay Sandrich for "The Younger Woman" (1985)
Jay Sandrich for "Denise's Friend" (1986)
Terry Hughes for "Isn't it Romantic" (1987)
Gregory Hoblit for "Pilot" (1988)
Peter Baldwin for "Our Miss White" (1989)
Michael Dinner for "Good-bye" (1990)
James Burrows for "Woody Interruptus" (1991)
Barnet Kellman for "Birth 101" (1992)
Betty Thomas for "For Peter's Sake" (1993)
James Burrows for "The Good Son" (1994)
David Lee for "The Matchmaker" (1995)
Michael Lembeck for "The One After the Superbowl" (1996)
David Lee for "To Kill a Talking Bird" (1997)
Todd Holland for "Flip" (1998)
Thomas Schlamme for "Pilot" (Sports Night) (1999)
Todd Holland for "Pilot" (Malcolm in the Middle) (2000)
Todd Holland for "Bowling" (2001)
Michael Patrick King for "The Real Me" (2002)
Robert B. Weide for "Krazee-Eyez Killa" (2003)
Anthony and Joe Russo for "Pilot" (Arrested Development) (2004)
Charles McDougall for "Pilot" (Desperate Housewives) (2005)
Marc Buckland for "Pilot" (My Name Is Earl) (2006)
Richard Shepard for "Pilot" (Ugly Betty) (2007)
Barry Sonnenfeld for "Pie-lette" (2008)
Jeffrey Blitz for "Stress Relief" (2009)
Ryan Murphy for "Pilot" (Glee) (2010)
Michael Spiller for "Halloween" (2011)
Steven Levitan for "Baby on Board" (2012)
Gail Mancuso for "Arrested" (2013)
Gail Mancuso for "Las Vegas" (2014)
Jill Soloway for "Best New Girl" (2015)
Jill Soloway for "Man on the Land" (2016)
Donald Glover for "B.A.N." (2017)
[show]
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Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series
Jack Smight for "Eddie" (1959)
Robert Mulligan for The Moon and Sixpence (1960)
George Schaefer for Macbeth (1961)
Franklin J. Schaffner (1962)
Stuart Rosenberg for "The Madman" (1963)
Tom Gries for "Who Do You Kill?" (1964)
Paul Bogart for "The 700 Year Old Gang" (1965)
Sydney Pollack for "The Game" (1966)
Alex Segal for Death of a Salesman (1967)
Lee H. Katzin (1968)
David Greene for "The People Next Door" (1969)
Paul Bogart for "Shadow Game" (1970)
Daryl Duke for "The Day the Lion Died" / Fielder Cook for "The Price" (1971)
Alexander Singer for "The Invasion of Kevin Ireland" (1972)
Jerry Thorpe for "An Eye for an Eye" / Joseph Sargent for "The Marcus-Nelson Murders" (1973)
John Korty for The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman / Robert Butler for "Part III" (1974)
Bill Bain for "A Sudden Storm" (1975)
David Greene for Episode 8 (Rich Man, Poor Man) (1976)
David Greene for Roots ("Part 1") (1977)
Marvin J. Chomsky for Holocaust (1978)
Jackie Cooper for "Pilot" (The White Shadow) (1979)
Roger Young for "Cop" (1980)
Robert Butler for "Hill Street Station"(1981)
Harry Harris for "To Soar and Never Falter" (1982)
Jeff Bleckner for "Life in the Minors" (1983)
Corey Allen for "Goodbye, Mr. Scripps" (1984)
Karen Arthur for "Heat" (1985)
Georg Stanford Brown for "Parting Shots" (1986)
Gregory Hoblit for "Pilot" (L.A. Law) (1987)
Mark Tinker for "Weigh In, Way Out" (1988)
Robert Altman for "The Boiler Room" (1989)
Thomas Carter for "Promises to Keep" / Scott Winant for "The Go-Between" (1990)
Thomas Carter for "In Confidence" (1991)
Eric Laneuville for "All God's Children" (1992)
Barry Levinson for "Gone for Goode" (1993)
Daniel Sackheim for "Tempest in a C-Cup" (1994)
Mimi Leder for "Love's Labor Lost" (1995)
Jeremy Kagan for "Leave of Absence" (1996)
Mark Tinker for "Where's 'Swaldo?" (1997)
Mark Tinker for "Pilot" (Brooklyn South) / Paris Barclay for "Brain Salad Surgery" (1998)
Paris Barclay for "Hearts and Souls" (1999)
Thomas Schlamme for "Pilot" (The West Wing) (2000)
Thomas Schlamme for "In the Shadow of Two Gunmen: Part I" & "Part II" (2001)
Alan Ball for "Pilot" (Six Feet Under) (2002)
Christopher Misiano for "Twenty Five" (2003)
Walter Hill for "Deadwood" (2004)
J. J. Abrams for "Pilot" (Lost) (2005)
Jon Cassar for "Day 5: 7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m." (2006)
Alan Taylor for "Kennedy and Heidi" (2007)
Greg Yaitanes for "House's Head" (2008)
Rod Holcomb for "And in the End..." (2009)
Steve Shill for "The Getaway" (2010)
Martin Scorsese for "Boardwalk Empire" (2011)
Tim Van Patten for "To the Lost" (2012)
David Fincher for "Chapter 1" (2013)
Cary Joji Fukunaga for "Who Goes There" (2014)
David Nutter for "Mother's Mercy" (2015)
Miguel Sapochnik for "Battle of the Bastards" (2016)
Reed Morano for "Offred" (2017)
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