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Triarchic theory of intelligence
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The triarchic theory of intelligence was formulated by Robert J. Sternberg, a prominent figure in research of human intelligence. The theory by itself was among the first to go against the psychometric approach to intelligence and take a more cognitive approach. The three meta components are also called triarchic components.
Sternberg's definition of human intelligence is "(a) mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one's life" (Sternberg, 1985, p. 45). Thus, Sternberg viewed intelligence as how well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout their lifespan. Sternberg's theory comprises three parts: componential, experiential, and practical.
Contents
1 Different components of information processing
1.1 Componential – analytical subtheory
1.2 Experiential – creative subtheory
1.3 Practical – contextual subtheory
2 Criticism
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
Different components of information processing[edit]
Schematic illustrating one trial of each stimulus pool in the Sternberg task: letter, word, object, spatial, grating.
Sternberg associated the workings of the mind with a series of components. These components he labeled the metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components (Sternberg, 1985).
The metacomponents are executive processes used in problem solving and decision making that involve the majority of managing our mind. They tell the mind how to act. Metacomponents are also sometimes referred to as a homunculus. A homunculus is a fictitious or metaphorical "person" inside our head that controls our actions, and which is often seen to invite an infinite regress of homunculi controlling each other (Sternberg, 1985).
Sternberg's next set of components, performance components, are the processes that actually carry out the actions the metacomponents dictate. These are the basic processes that allow us to do tasks, such as perceiving problems in our long-term memory, perceiving relations between objects, and applying relations to another set of terms (Sternberg, 1997).
The last set of components, knowledge-acquisition components, are used in obtaining new information. These components complete tasks that involve selectively choosing relevant information from a mix of information, some of it relevant and some of it irrelevant. These components can also be used to selectively combine the various pieces of information they have gathered. Gifted individuals are proficient in using these components because they are able to learn new information at a greater rate (Sternberg, 1997).
Whereas Sternberg explains that the basic information processing components underlying the three parts of his triarchic theory are the same, different contexts and different tasks require different kinds of intelligence (Sternberg, 2001).
Componential – analytical subtheory[edit]
Sternberg associated the componential subtheory with analytical giftedness. This is one of three types of giftedness that Sternberg recognizes. Analytical giftedness is influential in being able to take apart problems and being able to see solutions not often seen. Unfortunately, individuals with only this type are not as adept at creating unique ideas of their own. This form of giftedness is the type that is tested most often (Sternberg, 1997).
Experiential – creative subtheory[edit]
Sternberg's 2nd stage of his theory is his experiential subtheory. This stage deals mainly with how well a task is performed with regard to how familiar it is. Sternberg splits the role of experience into two parts: novelty and automation.
A novel situation is one that you have never experienced before. People that are adept at managing a novel situation can take the task and find new ways of solving it that the majority of people would not notice (Sternberg, 1997).
A process that has been automated has been performed multiple times and can now be done with little or no extra thought. Once a process is automatized, it can be run in parallel with the same or other processes. The problem with novelty and automation is that being skilled in one component does not ensure that you are skilled in the other (Sternberg, 1997).
The experiential subtheory also correlates with another one of Sternberg's proposed types of giftedness. Synthetic giftedness is seen in creativity, intuition, and a study of the arts. People with synthetic giftedness are not often seen with the highest IQ's because there are not currently any tests that can sufficiently measure these attributes, but synthetic giftedness is especially useful in creating new ideas to create and solve new problems. Sternberg also associated another one of his students, "Barbara", to the synthetic giftedness. Barbara did not perform as well as Alice on the tests taken to get into school, but was recommended to Yale University based on her exceptional creative and intuitive skills. Barbara was later very valuable in creating new ideas for research (Sternberg, 1997).
Practical – contextual subtheory[edit]
Sternberg's third subtheory of intelligence, called practical or contextual, "deals with the mental activity involved in attaining fit to context" (Sternberg, 1985, p. 45). Through the three processes of adaptation, shaping, and selection, individuals create an ideal fit between themselves and their environment. This type of intelligence is often referred to as "street smarts."
Adaptation occurs when one makes a change within oneself in order to better adjust to one's surroundings (Sternberg, 1985). For example, when the weather changes and temperatures drop, people adapt by wearing extra layers of clothing to remain warm.
Shaping occurs when one changes their environment to better suit one's needs (Sternberg, 1985). A teacher may invoke the new rule of raising hands to speak to ensure that the lesson is taught with least possible disruption.
The process of selection is undertaken when a completely new alternate environment is found to replace the previous, unsatisfying environment to meet the individual's goals (Sternberg, 1985). For instance, immigrants leave their lives in their homeland countries where they endure economical and social hardships and go to other countries in search of a better and less strained life.
The effectiveness with which an individual fits to his or her environment and contends with daily situations reflects degree of intelligence. Sternberg's third type of giftedness, called practical giftedness, involves the ability to apply synthetic and analytic skills to everyday situations. Practically gifted people are superb in their ability to succeed in any setting (Sternberg, 1997). An example of this type of giftedness is "Celia". Celia did not have outstanding analytical or synthetic abilities, but she "was highly successful in figuring out what she needed to do in order to succeed in an academic environment. She knew what kind of research was valued, how to get articles into journals, how to impress people at job interviews, and the like" (Sternberg, 1997, p. 44). Celia's contextual intelligence allowed her to use these skills to her best advantage.
Sternberg also acknowledges that an individual is not restricted to having excellence in only one of these three intelligences. Many people may possess an integration of all three and have high levels of all three intelligences.
Practical intelligence is also a topic covered by Malcolm Gladwell in his book Outliers: The Story of Success.[1]
Criticism[edit]
Psychologist Linda Gottfredson criticises the unempirical nature of triarchic theory. Further, she argues it is absurd to assert that traditional intelligence tests are not measuring practical intelligence, given that they show a moderate correlation with income, especially at middle age when individuals have had a chance to reach their maximum career potential, and an even higher correlation with occupational prestige, and that IQ tests predict the ability to stay out of jail and stay alive (all of which qualifies as practical intelligence or "street smarts").[2][3] Gottfredson claims that what Sternberg calls practical intelligence is not a broad aspect of cognition at all but simply a specific set of skills people learn to cope with a specific environment (task specific knowledge).
There is evidence to suggest that certain aspects of creativity (i.e. divergent thinking) are separable from analytical intelligence, and are better accounted for by the cognitive process of executive functioning.[4] More specifically, task-switching and interference management are suggested to play an important role in divergent thinking. A more recent meta-analysis found only small correlations between IQ and creativity (Kim, 2005).
See also[edit]
Educational psychology
J. P. Guilford
Multiple intelligence
References[edit]
Library resources about
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Jump up ^ Malcolm Gladwell. Outliers: The Story of Success.
Jump up ^ Gottfredson, L.S. (2003). "Dissecting practical intelligence theory: Its claims and evidence" (PDF). Intelligence. 31 (4): 343–397. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00085-5.
Jump up ^ Gottfredson, L.S. (2003). "On Sternberg's 'Reply to Gottfredson'". Intelligence. 31 (4): 415–424. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(03)00024-2.
Jump up ^ Nusbaum Emily C (2011). "Are intelligence and creativity really so different?☆Fluid intelligence, executive processes, and strategy use in divergent thinking". Intelligence. 39 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.11.002.
Bibliography[edit]
Gottfredson L (2003). "Dissecting practical intelligence theory: Its claims and its evidence". Intelligence. 31: 343–397. doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(02)00085-5.
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). A Triarchic View of Giftedness: Theory and Practice. In N. Coleangelo & G. A. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of Gifted Education (pp. 43–53). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Sternberg R.J., Nokes C., Geissler W., Prince P., Okatcha F., Bundy D.A., Grigorenke E.L. (2001). "The relationship between academic and practical intelligence: a case study in Kenya". Intelligence. 29: 401–418. doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00065-4. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Kim K. H. (2005). "Can Only Intelligent People Be Creative? A Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education. 16: 57. doi:10.4219/jsge-2005-473.
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The Little Mermaid
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This article is about the fairy tale. For the Disney film, see The Little Mermaid (1989 film). For other uses, see The Little Mermaid (disambiguation).
"The Little Mermaid"
The Little Mermaid is found by the Prince in an illustration by Edmund Dulac
Author
Hans Christian Andersen
Original title
"Den lille havfrue"
Country
Denmark
Language
Danish
Genre(s)
Fairy tale
Publisher
C. A. Reitzel
Publication date
7 April 1837
"The Little Mermaid" (Danish: Den lille havfrue) is a fairy tale written by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen about a young mermaid who is willing to give up her life in the sea and her identity as a mermaid to gain a human soul.
The tale was first published in 1837 and has been adapted to various media, including musical theatre and an animated film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Publication
3 Debate over ending
4 Adaptations
4.1 Print
4.2 Film
4.3 Television
4.4 Theatre
4.5 Audio
5 The Little Mermaid statue
6 References
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The Little Mermaid dwells in an underwater kingdom with her widowed father (the sea king or Mer-King), her dowager grandmother, and her five older sisters, each of whom had been born one year apart. When a mermaid turns fifteen, she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to glimpse the world above, and when the sisters become old enough, each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year. As each returns, the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings.
When the Little Mermaid's turn comes, she rises up to the surface, watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince, and falls in love with him from a safe distance. A violent storm hits, sinking the boat, and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning. She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple. Here, she waits until a young woman from the temple and her ladies in waiting find him. To her dismay, the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life.
The Little Mermaid becomes melancholy and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever. The grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than a mermaid's 300 years, but that when mermaids die, they turn to sea foam and cease to exist, while humans have an eternal soul that lives on in heaven. The Little Mermaid, longing for the prince and an eternal soul, visits the Sea Witch in a dangerous part of the ocean. The witch willingly helps her by selling her a potion that gives her legs in exchange for her tongue and beautiful voice, and she warns her that once she becomes a human, she will never be able to return to the sea. Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body, yet when she recovers, she will have two human legs and will be able to dance like no human has ever danced before. However, she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives. In addition, she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him, for then a part of his soul will flow into her. Otherwise, at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else, the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves.
After she agrees to the arrangement, the Little Mermaid swims to the surface near the prince's palace and drinks the potion. She is found by the prince, who is mesmerized by her beauty and grace, even though she is considered mute by everyone in the kingdom. Most of all, he likes to see her dance, and she dances for him despite suffering excruciating pain with every step. Soon, the Little Mermaid becomes the prince's favorite companion and accompanies him on many of his outings. When the prince's parents encourage their son to marry the neighboring princess in an arranged marriage, the prince tells the Little Mermaid he will not because he does not love the princess. He goes on to say he can only love the young woman from the temple, who he believes rescued him. It turns out that the princess from the neighboring kingdom is the temple girl. The prince declares his love for her, and the royal wedding is announced at once.
The prince and princess celebrate their new marriage on a wedding ship, and the Little Mermaid's heart breaks. She thinks of all that she has sacrificed and of all the pain she has endured for the prince. She despairs, thinking of the death that awaits her, but before dawn, her sisters rise out of the water and bring her a knife that the Sea Witch has given them in exchange for their long, beautiful hair. If the Little Mermaid kills the prince and lets his blood drip on her feet, she will become a mermaid once more, all of her suffering will end, and she will live out her full life in the ocean with her family.
However, the Little Mermaid cannot bring herself to kill the sleeping prince lying with his new bride, and she throws the knife and herself off the ship into the water just as dawn breaks. Her body dissolves into foam, but instead of ceasing to exist, she feels the warm sun and discovers that she has turned into a luminous and ethereal earthbound spirit, a daughter of the air. As the Little Mermaid ascends into the atmosphere, she is greeted by other daughters who tell her she has become like them because she strove with all her heart to obtain an immortal soul. Because of her selflessness, she is given the chance to earn her own soul by doing good deeds to mankind for 300 years and will one day rise up into the Kingdom of God.
Publication[edit]
"The Little Mermaid" was written in 1836 and first published by C.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen on 7 April 1837 in Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. Third Booklet. 1837 (Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Tredie Hefte. 1837). The story was republished on 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales. 1850 (Eventyr. 1850) and again on 15 December 1862 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories. First Volume. 1862 (Eventyr og Historier. Første Bind. 1862).[1]
Debate over ending[edit]
Original manuscript, last page
Some scholars consider the last sequence with its happy ending to be an unnatural addition. Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard point out that:
One of the crucial aspects which any interpretation must confront is the final sequence of the tale, in which the little mermaid, against all odds, is redeemed from immediate damnation and accepted into the spiritual sphere, where the "daughters of the air" reside. In this, she is apparently promised the "immortal soul", which it has been her main motivation to obtain — along with the prince, of course. This ending has baffled critics because the narrative that precedes it points rather to a tragic conclusion than to a happy one.
—  Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard, Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid, Andersen og Verden [Andersen and the World] (1993)[2]
The working title of the story was "Daughters of the Air",[3] spirits who as Andersen conceived them can earn souls by doing three hundred years' worth of good deeds. One of Andersen's "daughters of the air" explains to the mermaid that
“A mermaid has not an immortal soul, nor can she obtain one unless she wins the love of a human being. On the power of another hangs her eternal destiny. But the daughters of the air, although they do not possess an immortal soul, can, by their good deeds, procure one for themselves. We fly to warm countries, and cool the sultry air that destroys mankind with the pestilence. We carry the perfume of the flowers to spread health and restoration. After we have striven for three hundred years to all the good in our power, we receive an immortal soul and take part in the happiness of mankind. You, poor little mermaid, have tried with your whole heart to do as we are doing; you have suffered and endured and raised yourself to the spirit-world by your good deeds; and now, by striving for three hundred years in the same way, you may obtain an immortal soul.”[4]
This conclusion come under criticism from some scholars and reviewers. P. L. Travers, author of Mary Poppins and noted folklore commentator, wrote, "This final message is more frightening than any other presented in the tale. The story descends into the Victorian moral tales written for children to scare them into good behavior.... a year taken off when a child behaves and a tear shed and a day added whenever a child is naughty? Andersen, this is blackmail. And the children know it and say nothing. There's magnanimity for you."[3][5] Andersen, however, felt that his revised conclusion in which the mermaid is empowered to attain an immortal soul through her own agency was a decided improvement over the original ending, which climaxed in the mermaid's dissolution. In 1837, Andersen wrote to a friend that "I have not, like de la Motte Fouqué in Undine, allowed the mermaid's acquiring of an immortal soul to depend upon an alien creature, upon the love of a human being. I'm sure that's wrong! It would depend rather much on chance, wouldn't it? I won't accept that sort of thing in this world. I have permitted my mermaid to follow a more natural, more divine path."[6]
Adaptations[edit]
Print[edit]
Classics Illustrated Junior (1950s), an American comic book series, published a print version in issue #525.
Angel's Hill (Angel no Oka, 1960), a manga by Osamu Tezuka.
My Love, My Love: Or The Peasant Girl (1985), a novel by Rosa Guy, is based on the Hans Christian Andersen tale and inspired the musical Once on This Island, set in the French Antilles.
Princess Mermaid (2002), a print adaptation by Japanese artist Junko Mizuno as the third and final part of her "fractured fairy tales".
The Mermaid's Madness (2010), a book adaptation by Jim C. Hines, in which the mermaid, Lirea, is on a quest of revenge on the human prince who denied her advances, having been driven insane due to a side effect of her transformation.
The Little Android (2014), a short story adaptation by Marissa Meyer as part of The Lunar Chronicles series, Mech6.0 portraying the main character.
The Little Mermaid (graphic novel), (April 11, 2017) graphic novel adaptation by Metaphrog
Film[edit]
Hans Christian Andersen (1952) features a ballet segment adaptation within the film.
Fantasia 3 (1966), a Spanish anthology film, opens with the adaptation segment "Coralina: La Doncella del Mar" starring Dyanik Zurakowska.
The Daydreamer (1966), a Rankin/Bass film that combines live-action and stop-motion, features a stop-motion segment adaptation in the film.
The Little Mermaid (Russian: Русалочка) (1968), a 29-minute Soviet Union animated film by film studio Soyuzmultfilm and directed by Ivan Aksenchuk.
Anderusen Dowa Ningyo Hime (Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid) (1975), an anime feature film directed by Tomoharu Katsumata.
Rusalochka (Русалочка) (1976), a live-action film that was a joint production by the USSR and Bulgaria; directed by Vladimir Bychkov and starring Vyctoriya Novikova as the mermaid.
Malá mořská víla (1976), a live-action Czech film directed by Karel Kachyňa and starring Miroslava Šafránková as the Mermaid, Radovan Lukavský as the King of the Ocean, Petr Svojtka as the prince, Milena Dvorská as the Sea Witch and Miroslava's sister, Libuše Šafránková, as the princess. It featured a score by Zdenek Liska, eschewed the traditional visual of mermaids having fish tails and presented them more as water spirits.
The Little Mermaid (1989), an animated film by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The film differs so substantially from Andersen's original story that it has been said to "betray Andersen's tale while it exploits society's obsession with physical beauty and romantic love."[7][neutrality is disputed] This film launched a franchise that was continued with a TV series of the same name (1992-1994), a sequel: The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000), and a prequel: The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008).
The Little Mermaid (1992), an animated film by Golden Films that was distributed by GoodTimes Entertainment.
The Little Mermaid (1998), a 50-minute animated adaptation by Burbank Films Australia.
Rusalka (2007), a Russian film by Anna Melikyan, set in modern-day Russia.
Ponyo (2008), an animated Hayao Miyazaki film based loosely on the story.[8]
Little From the Fish Shop (2014), a modern-day stop-motion film adaptation by Czech artist Jan Balej.[9]
The Silver Moonlight (2015), an experimental film by Russian-born filmmaker Evgueni Mlodik, retelling the story of The Little Mermaid in the style of a 1930s German melodrama made under the Nazis.[10]
The Lure (2016), a Polish film based on the Hans Christian Andersen story.
Little Mermaid (2017), an upcoming indie film set in the modern day with Rosie Mac as the titular character.[11]
The Little Mermaid (2017 film), an upcoming indie film based on the original Andersen fairytale set in Mississippi with Poppy Drayton as the titular character.[12]
It was announced in 2014 that Sofia Coppola planned to direct a live-action version for Universal Pictures and Working Title Films.[13] This later developed into Coppola releasing herself from this project due to 'artistic differences', and later announced that the script was to be handed over to Richard Curtis and the title role to be given to the 19-year-old actress Chloë Grace Moretz.[14] Moretz dropped out of the project in September 2016[15] and as of 2017 no-one else has been cast.
Television[edit]
Shirley Temple's Storybook (1961), a television anthology that broadcast a one-hour adaptation as an episode.
Mahō no Mako-chan (1970), an anime television series based on the story, ran for 48 episodes.
Reader's Digest (1974), 30-minute animated version narrated by Richard Chamberlain.
My Favorite Fairy Tales (Sekai Dōwa Anime Zenshū) (1986), an anime television anthology, has a 30-minute adaptation.
Faerie Tale Theatre (1987), a television anthology produced by Shelley Duvall, has a one-hour live-action adaptation starring Pam Dawber as the mermaid, Treat Williams as the prince, Karen Black as the sea witch and Helen Mirren as the other princess.
Adventures of the Little Mermaid (1991), an NHK anime television series adaptation that ran for 26 episodes.
Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1997), an animated television anthology series, has an East Asian-influenced retelling featuring the voices of Tia Carrere and Robert Guillaume.
Pokémon: Indigo League (1998), an anime television series, broadcast episode 61, "The Misty Mermaid", that was inspired by the story.
The Fairytaler (alternately titled as Tales from H.C. Andersen, 1998), a Danish animated television anthology, has a one-hour adaptation.
Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch (2002), an anime television series, was inspired by the story.
Fairy Tale Police Department (2002), an Australian animated television series, has one episode that is based on the story.
SimsalaGrimm (2010), an animated German television anthology, broadcast a half-hour adaptation.
Puella Magi Madoka Magica (2011), an anime series, has hints of "The Little Mermaid" in Sayaka Miki's story arc, which involves losing her unrequited crush to another girl and "losing her soul" in a sense, becoming a creature with a mermaid-like design.
Once Upon a Time (2013), an ABC television series, uses characters and elements of the 1989 animated Disney film.
Die kleine Meerjungfrau (2013), a live-action made-for-TV German adaptation directed by Irina Popow and starring Zoe Moore.
The Idle Mermaid (2014), a South Korean television serial modern retelling that ran for 10 episodes.
The Little Mermaid, (October 3, 2017) Live TV Musical on ABC
Theatre[edit]
Rusalka (1901), an opera with music composed by Dvořák, was first performed in Prague.
The Garden of Paradise (1914), a play written by Edward Sheldon.
La Petite Sirène (1957), a three-act opera version by French composer Germaine Tailleferre, with a libretto adapted by Philippe Soupault.
De Kleine Zeemeermin (2004), a stage musical adaptation by Studio 100 directed by Gert Verhulst, with music by Johan Vanden Eede. The show premiered in Belgium in 2004 starring Free Souffriau as the mermaid, and then transferred to the Netherlands where Kim-Lian and Kathleen Aerts portrayed the mermaid.[16]
The Little Mermaid (2005), a modern-rendition ballet by the Royal Danish Ballet, composed by Russian-American composer Lera Auerbach and choreographed by John Neumeier, premiered on 15 April 2005.[17]
The Little Mermaid (2008), a Broadway stage musical based on the 1989 Disney film, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater. The show premiered on 10 January 2008 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre.
John Neumeier's The Little Mermaid (2010), a production of the San Francisco Ballet, premiered on March 20, 2010.
Below (2013), a stage adaptation by Adapt Theatre Productions, a small fringe-theatre production company in Chicago, Illinois. The story is written in blank verse by actor/playwright Lane Flores and is from the perspective of the little mermaid's sisters, who have kidnapped the story's prince to judge his compassion for their deceased sister.[18]
The Little Mermaid (2013), a theatrical adaptation by Blind Tiger, a London-based Actor Musician theatre company, focuses on Hans Christian Andersen's influences when creating the fairytale. The show opened in December 2013 at Riverside Studios.[19]
Audio[edit]
Die Seejungfrau (The Mermaid, 1905), a 40-minute-long symphonic poem by Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky.
"Little Mermaid" (1982), a song by Japanese jazz-fusion band The Square (now known as T-Square), released on the album Magic.
The Little Mermaid (Die kleine Meerjungfrau, 2007), an orchestral piece by Lior Navok for an actress, two pianos and a chamber ensemble/orchestra, premiered on 28 July 2007.[20]
"人魚姫/Ningyo Hime" ("The Little Mermaid") and "リトマメ/Rito Mame" ("Little Mermaid", 2009), a pair of songs produced using the Vocaloid software, based on the story.
"Ningyo No Namida" ("Tears of the Mermaid", 2009), a song by Japanese visual kei band LM.C, is loosely based on the story.
The Little Mermaid statue[edit]
The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen, Denmark
Main article: The Little Mermaid (statue)
A statue of The Little Mermaid sits on a rock in the Copenhagen harbor in Langelinie. This small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and a major tourist attraction.
The statue was commissioned in 1909 by Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg, after he had been fascinated by a ballet based on the fairy tale. The sculptor Edward Eriksen created the statue, which was unveiled on 23 August 1913. His wife, Eline Eriksen, was the model. It has been severely vandalized several times.[21]
In May 2010, it was moved from its Copenhagen harbor emplacement for the first time ever, for transport to Expo 2010 in Shanghai, where it remained until 20 November 2010.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hans Christian Andersen: The Little Mermaid". The Hans Christian Andersen Centre. University of Southern Denmark Department for the Study of Culture. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Summary of Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard: "H. C. Andersens 'Den lille Havfrue' - om tvistigheder og tvetydigheder" ["Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Little Mermaid'"].". The Hans Christian Andersen Centre. University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Annotations for Little Mermaid". SurLaLune Fairy Tales. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid". SurLaLune Fairy Tales. 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Altmann, Anna E.; DeVos, Gail (2001). Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults. Libraries Unlimited. p. 179. ISBN 1-56308-831-2.
Jump up ^ Frank, Jefferey (2005). The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen: A New Translation from the Danish. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0822336938.
Jump up ^ Altmann, Anna E.; DeVos, Gail (2001). Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults. Libraries Unlimited. p. 187. ISBN 1-56308-831-2.
Jump up ^ Fred Topel (12 August 2009). "Legendary animator Miyazaki reveals Ponyo's inspirations". Sci Fi Wire.
Jump up ^ Tizard, Will (8 July 2014). "Czech Animation 'Little From the Fish Shop' Dives Into Int'l Waters". Variety. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Smolen, Philip. "The Silver Moonlight (2014)". Rogue Cinema.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Tina; Alexander, Sophie (2 August 2015). "Game Of Thrones babe Rosie Mac swaps dragons for fishtail as she lands Little Mermaid role". Daily Star.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, AJ (10 March 2017). "The Little Mermaid live-action film trailer unveiled". Looper. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (18 March 2014). "Sofia Coppola To Direct 'Little Mermaid' Live-Action Movie". Deadline.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chloe Moretz set to star in Richard Curtis-scripted Little Mermaid". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Chloë Grace Moretz Drops Out of Live-Action ‘Little Mermaid’". Slash Film.
Jump up ^ De Bock, Harry (17 March 2004). "De Kleine Zeemeermin van de Zevende musical Studio 100" (in Dutch). kkunst.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Coveney, Michael. "Performing Arts: Year in Review 2005". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ ""BELOW" - Adapt Theatre Productions". Off Broadway in Chicago. 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid - Blind Tiger Theatre Company @ Riverside Studios". The Gizzle Review. 18 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid (Die kleine Meerjungfrau)". Lior Navok.
Jump up ^ "Denmark may move Little Mermaid". BBC News. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Yang, Jingzhong; Lu, Ming'ou (21 November 2010). "Copenhagen holds grand homecoming ceremony for Little Mermaid". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Little Mermaid
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Little Mermaid.
The Little Mermaid Gallery
See photos of The Little Mermaid
"The Little Mermaid", Jean Hersholt's English translation
Den lille Havfrue, original Danish text from the Danish Royal Library
Den lille havfrue, original manuscript (Odense City Museum)
Surlalune: Annotated "The Little Mermaid", Paull's translation, with annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, and bibliography
The Little Mermaid public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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