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Shia Islam in India
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Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah constructed Charminar (at Hyderabad) in the year 1591 CE, to commemorate the beginning of the second Islamic millennium year (1000 AH).
Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula and his heir Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula at Faizabad
Nizamat Imambara in West Bengal, built by Nawab Mansur Ali Khan is probably the largest Imambara of India
Hooghly Imambara Courtyard, West Bengal
Asafi Masjid at Bara Imambara Complex, Lucknow
Jama Masjid, Lucknow
Shia Muslims are a large minority among India's Muslims. There has been no particular census conducted in India with regards to sects, but Pew Research Center claimed the estimated Shia population in 2009 was between 10% and 15%. However, as per an estimation of one reputed Shia NGO Alimaan Trust, it claimed India's Shia population in early 2000 was around 30 million with Sayyids comprising just a tenth of the Shia population.[1] According to some national and international sources Indian Shia population is the world's second-largest after Iran.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] According to the 2012 International Religious Freedom Report Shiites constitute 13 - 14% of the Indian Muslim Population.[11]
The Shia population was also acclaimed publicly as second largest by the 14th Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh quoted in the year 2005.[12][13] One of the lingering problems in estimating the Shia population is that even though the Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni. Shiite sources claim that there are estimated to be 21–35 percent of the Muslim population in South Asia, although the total number is difficult to estimate due to the intermingling between the Islamic schools and branches and practice of taqiyya by Shias.[14]
There are many big and small towns and villages with a majority Shiite Muslim population in India.[citation needed] Many Sayyids between 11th to 16th century migrated to the Indian subcontinent to escape the persecution of Shias in mostly Sunni ruled Middle East,[15] Prominent places in India with majority or considerable Shia Muslim population are Kargil, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Hallaur, Amroha and others.
Among the Shias of India, an overwhelming majority belongs to the Ithna Ashari (Twelver) division, while the Shias among the Khoja and Bohra communities are Ismaili.[16] Dawoodi Bohras are primarily based in India, even though the Dawoodi theology originated in Yemen. India is home to the majority Dawoodi Bohra population most of them concentrated in Gujarat out of over 1 million followers worldwide.[17]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Persecution
1.2 India's role in battle of Karbala
2 Population and circumstances
2.1 All India Shia Personal Law Board
2.2 Demographics
3 Community
4 Azadari in India
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
As per historical evidences and the genealogy maintained by the Sayyids who migrated to India from the Middle East, the history of Shia Islam in India traces long back, around 1000 years. According to historical records earliest known Muslim settlers in Awadh region (now a part of state of Uttar Pradesh) were father and son duo Saiyed Salar Dawood Ghazi and Saiyed Saiyed Salar Masud Ghazi.[18] In 422 AH/1030 AD Saiyed Salaar Dawood Ghazi his son Saiyed Salaar Masud Ghazi and nephew Saiyed Salaar Sulaiman established themselves at Satrikh (also known as Sulaimanabad), district Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. In the year 462 AH/1070 AD Saiyed Abdullah Zarbaqsh and Saiyed Zaid Shahsawar viz. the son-in-law and grandson (daughter's son) of Saiyed Salaar Dawood Ghazi established the town Zaidpur, district Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. The rulers of various dynasties of India and also in the 11th century the rulers of Multan and Sindh and all the Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad were adherents of Shia Islam.[19] The Nawabs of Awadh[20]
Shia culture and belief has left its influence all over India with Imam Hussein ibn Ali becoming the revered personality in India not only for the Shias but also from non-Muslim communities, especially the Hindus of northern India who participate in ceremonies commemorating Hussein ibn Ali's martyrdom on the Day of Ashura.[citation needed]
Shaykh al-Mufid writes that before the Battle of Karbala, Hussein ibn Ali and the commander of the enemy forces, Umar ibn Saad, met at night and talked together for a long time. After that meeting Umar ibn Saad sent a letter to the Governor of Kufa, Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad in which he wrote that Hussein ibn Ali has suggested that he go to ‘one of the border outposts’ of the rapidly expanding Muslim empire as a way of resolving conflict.[21] Other traditions name that border outpost as Al Hind or India. Even though Hussein ibn Ali himself was not able to go to India, some of the Shia did emigrate there for various reasons, including those who came as refugees from Umayyads and Abbasids persecution.[22] These refugees brought with them rituals which kept alive the remembrance of Karbala and their Shia Identity.[23]
Its narrated by Abd al Razzaq al Muqarram in his work of Maqtal al-Husayn that prior to his martyrdom, Al-Abbas ibn Ali while asking water for Mohammad's family from the Yazid I's army expressed his desire to go either Rome or to India. This made some people weep in the army of Yazid.[24]
It has been believed that in 7th century few ladies from the household of Prophet Mohammad after Battle of Karbala came to Punjab province which became a part of Pakistan. One of the prominent of them was Ruqayyah bint Ali, the daughter of Ali through his wife Umm ul-Banin, Ruqayyah bint Ali was the sister of Al-Abbas ibn Ali and wife of Muslim ibn Aqeel. Still her shrine in Lahore, Punjab of Pakistan, is visited by people all around and she is referred as Bibi Pak Daman.[citation needed]
Most of the Shias migrated to South Asia to prosper and obtain high positions in various Muslim Sultanates and later Mughal Empire. There were also rebels and nobles who lost royal favour and migrated to Mughal Empire. The Mughals also preferred to employ foreign Muslim officials that had no local interests and thus were loyal to the Mughal emperor.
Persecution[edit]
Shiites in India faced persecution by some local rulers of various muslim dynasties which resulted in the martyrdom of Indian Shia scholars like Qazi Nurullah Shustari (also known as Shaheed-e-Thaalis, the third Martyr) and Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi (also known as Shaheed-e- Rabay, the fourth Martyr) who are two of the five martyrs of Shia Islam.
In post-Independence India, Shias are free to profess their faith without any restriction, and Ashura is an observed as a holiday in many parts of the country, however, some degree of persecution remains in Kashmir region of India by the majority Sunni community. In Kashmir, Ashura Procession has been banned by the government.
India's role in battle of Karbala[edit]
Nathanvilal Wahshi, a Hindu Writer narrated about the arrival of a helper for Hussein ibn Ali’s cause on the eight day of Moharram. Hussein ibn Ali welcomed him and immediately confirmed his Indian Identity. Hussein ibn Ali then goes on to praise India and its people in the following words:
"The perfumed fragrance entered the realm of love from your country The cool breeze came to my grandfather Mohammad from that garden."[25]
Upon asking more about the guest’s background he finds out that he is an Indian merchant residing in neighboring city of Basra, his father had been entrusted with the treasury of the war booty by none other than Ali. For this reason the merchant holds himself morally responsible for assisting Hussein ibn Ali in any possible way when the later is in trouble. Hussein ibn Ali appreciated gesture, but discouraged the merchant from taking up arms in following words:
"Brother, in my opinion you are the beloved of the world. In this country you are the treasure of India."[25]
Munshi Premchand further narrates the perception of this merchant on the part of Imam as suspicion about Hussein ibn Ali’s sincerity because of being a Hindu.
With tear filled eyes the traveler said: ”I am a Hindu, perhaps my fidelity is not convincing Master! Even though this heart is the land of Idol Temple, In it is also lit the light of affection”.[25]
Hussein ibn Ali said : What have you said in passion, Why should my eyes doubt your fidelity? My lord is aware of my conscience. What’s the difference between Hindu and Muslim is the quest for truth. This has the guiding principle for the People of the Cloak or Ahl al-Kisa. ”.[26]
Population and circumstances[edit]
Asafi Imambara Lucknow, built by Nawab Asaf ud Daulah one of the largest Imambara of India
India, the only non-Muslim nation in the world with Shiite population of 4–5 percent of its entire population, has recognized the day of Ashura listed as Moharram as the Public Holiday in India. India also has the Birthday of Imam Ali as public Holiday in states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, whose capital Lucknow is considered as the centre of India’s Shiite Muslim community. The Birthdate of Ali is not recognized by any country in any of its states other than India, Azerbaijan and Iran as public Holiday. It is also a known fact that when Saddam mercilessly quelled a Shia uprising in 1992, the world media remained silent and damage to the shrines of Hussein ibn Ali and his half-brother Al-Abbas ibn Ali, in the course of Baathist attempts to flush out Shia rebels was a tightly kept secret of the Saddam regime but Indian media Doordarshan was the only network in the world to have shown that footage.[27]
India being a Secular state, Shiite Muslims in India practice their religion freely without any restriction.[28]
All India Shia Personal Law Board[edit]
Shias also claim to be sidelined in India, hence the All India Shia Personal Law Board was formed after segregation from the All India Muslim Personal Law Board in 2005 to address the legal needs of the Shia population. AISPLB feels that there should be a national policy for the Shias to prevent their exploitation by vested interests. The attitude of the government towards Muslims especially in Maharashtra came in for criticism.[29] The newly formed All India Shia Personal Law Board had 69 members at the time of formation compared to 204 members in the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.[30] The Shia body had the support of the erstwhile royal family of Lucknow, some 2000 descendants of the family claim to have extended their support. Shias claim they have been sidelined by the Sunni-dominated law board, which was set up in 1972.[31] Maulana Mirza Mohammed Athar, president of the breakaway All India Shia Personal Law Board explained the reason for segregation saying that, Shias have formed a forum of themselves because the All India Muslim Personal Law Board never took interest in their well being." Shias and Sunnis do not interpret family laws in a similar way. Shiites also have different Mosques and Burial grounds in India."[31]
Demographics[edit]
Some sources claim that India has the second largest Shia population in the world, after Iran.[32][33][34][35][36] though there has been no particular census conducted in India with regards to sects. However, some external sources such as the BBC claim that there are close to 45 million Shia's in India,[37] and the India 2013 International Religious Freedom Report puts a figure of less than 15% [38] and the Pew Research Center figure them between 15 and 20 percent of the Muslim population estimating the numbers between 30,000,000 and 40,000,000.[39] However national and International reports suggest that the numbers maybe higher after taking into consideration the report released by Britannica Book of the year in 1997 which put the estimates of Shia population in India in 1996 over 26,000,000[40][41][42] out of entire Indian Muslim population of 103,000,000 in 1996.[43][44] Shias live in the town of Badgam, Jammu and Kashmir with a majority population, and has been peaceful and has resisted separatism.[45] Shia population is 15 lakhs of Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, which is 14% of entire state population.[46]
Community[edit]
There are notable Shia Muslims involved in many prominent Indian affairs, such as Arts, Business, Diplomates, Bureaucracrates, Journalism, Sports, Science, Religion, Literature, Politics, etc.
Azim Hashim Premji, being 3rd richest Indian, belongs to Shia community. Bismillah Khan, the winner of Bharat Ratna award and Badey Ghulam Ali Khan are regarded as one of the most important figures in Indian music. In Politics, majority of Shia Muslims, shia muslims are generally supporters of the Bharatiya Janta Party.
Some Shia organisations in India include:-
All India Shia Personal Law Board
Iman Foundation Najafi House Mumbai
Madrasah al Waizeen (College of preachers)
Jamia Nazmia
Sultan al Madaris
Anjuman Haideri Hallaur
All India Shia Organisation
Shia Companions organisation[47]
Anjuman -e- Imamia (Bangalore)
Tanzeemul Makatib
Shia Education Trust Junnar
Azadari in India[edit]
Husainabad Imambara also known as Chota Imambara at Husainabad, Lucknow, built in 1838 by King Mohammad Ali Shah of Awadh
See also: Azadari in Lucknow
Azadari or the mourning practice of Imam Husain ibn Ali is very much prevalent across India.[48] One thing which is worth noting in Indian Azadari is the participation of non Muslims in Shia rituals on the day of Ashura.[49][50][51]
The Hindu rulers of Vijayanagar during the 16th and 17th centuries even donned blackened garments and helped to arrange the Kala Tazia (Black Tazia) processions. Even the Scindias of Gwalior and the Holkar Maharajas of Indore conducted Majlis or Muharram congregations.[52] In Lucknow Hindus regularly join Muslims in the Azadari and Alam processions. The Sufi saints of India along with the Shi'ite Scholars encouraged the mixing and merging of indigenous elements from the rich cultural heritage of the land to that of Muharram thus proclaiming the message of peaceful co-existence among communities and united resistance to tyrannical authority.[52]
The carrying of Alams through fire by men is more common. There are several occasions when these are traditionally practiced particularly in the town of Vizianagaram 550 km outside of Hyderabad where 110 Alams are taken through the fire. A significant aspect of firewalking in the context of Moharram commemorations in Andhra Pradesh is the participation of Hindus in the ceremonies. In Vizinagaram 109 of the Alams are carried by Hindus.[53] The Grand Ashura Procession In Kashmir is banned by the state government of Kashmir.
See also[edit]
Saadat Zaidpur
Grand Ashura Procession In Kashmir
List of Shia Muslim Dynasties
Public Holidays in India
Five Martyrs of Shia Islam
Persecution of Shia Muslims
Shia Islam in Bangladesh
Shia Islam in Pakistan
Sayyid in Uttar Pradesh
Alipur, Karnataka
Sayyid in Gujarat
Sadaat Nasirabad
Hallaur
Naugawan Saadat
Sadaat Amroha
Sadat e Bara
Sadat e junnar pune
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Jahanbegloo, Ramin (2009-02-01). "Aspiring powers and a new old friendship". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
Jump up ^ Mehta, Vinod (September 2, 2004). "India's Polite Refusal". BBC NEWS. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ "India Iran Culture". Tehran Times. April 23, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Connecting India with its Diaspora". Overseas Indian. April 22, 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-01. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ "Iran is the largest Shia Muslim country..." Indian Express. July 25, 2005. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
Jump up ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (September 16, 2005). "No difference with US on Iran". Times of India. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
Jump up ^ Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.277
Jump up ^ "Shias and Shia Islam in India: a study in society and culture", p. 197, by Nadeem Hasnain, Sheikh Abrar Husain
Jump up ^ Mahmood, Tahir (December 11, 2006). "Reform Friendly". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Far Reaching Dawoodi Bohras". Dawoodi Bohra UK. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
Jump up ^ Shajraat-Taiyabaat the genealogy of Saiyeds of Zaidpur published in 1916
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Jump up ^ Howarth, Toby. "From Karbala to India". The Twelver Shi'a as a Muslim Minority in India: Pulpit of Tears. p. 07.
Jump up ^ al Muqarram, Abd al Razzaq. "Martyrdom of Al Abbas [as]". Maqtal al Husain [as]: Martyrdom epic of Imam al Husain [as]. p. 218.
^ Jump up to: a b c Syed Akbar Hyder. Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory . Notes, page 180
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Further reading[edit]
The book "Durr-e-Mansoor dar Halaat-e-Ulama-e-Zangipur"
The book "MATLA-e-ANWAR" (By Maulana Murtaza Husain Sadrul-Afazil)
The book "KHURSHEED-e-KHAWAR" (By Maulan Saeed Akhtar Gopalpuri)
The thesis on "Life of Jawad-ul-Ulama" research work of Dr.Inayet Ali (Aligarh Muslim University)
The booklet "Haqnuma" published Jamia-Imania, Banaras
The booklet on Life of Mulla Syed Mohammad Tahir ( By Maulana Syed Ahmad Hasan)
External links[edit]
English translation of Maqtal al-Husayn of 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Muqarram
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Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the album by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, see Come, Thou Fount of Every Blessing (album).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing"
Hymn
Written
1757 (1757)
Text
by Robert Robinson
Meter
8.7.8.7
Melody
"Nettleton" by John Wyeth
"Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing" is a Christian hymn written by the 18th century pastor and hymnodist Robert Robinson. Robert Robinson penned the words at age 22 in the year 1757.[1]
Come, Thou Fount of every blessing,
Tune my heart to sing Thy grace;
Streams of mercy, never ceasing,
Call for songs of loudest praise.
Teach me some melodious sonnet,
Sung by flaming tongues above.
Praise the mount, I’m fixed upon it,
Mount of Thy redeeming love.

Sorrowing I shall be in spirit,
Till released from flesh and sin,
Yet from what I do inherit,
Here Thy praises I'll begin;
Here I raise my Ebenezer;
Here by Thy great help I’ve come;
And I hope, by Thy good pleasure,
Safely to arrive at home.

Jesus sought me when a stranger,
Wandering from the fold of God;
He, to rescue me from danger,
Interposed His precious blood;
How His kindness yet pursues me
Mortal tongue can never tell,
Clothed in flesh, till death shall loose me
I cannot proclaim it well.

O to grace how great a debtor
Daily I’m constrained to be!
Let Thy goodness, like a fetter,
Bind my wandering heart to Thee.
Prone to wander, Lord, I feel it,
Prone to leave the God I love;
Here’s my heart, O take and seal it,
Seal it for Thy courts above.

O that day when freed from sinning,
I shall see Thy lovely face;
Clothèd then in blood washed linen
How I’ll sing Thy sovereign grace;
Come, my Lord, no longer tarry,
Take my ransomed soul away;
Send thine angels now to carry
Me to realms of endless day.

The original text[2] of the hymn "Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing"
Contents
1 Tunes
2 Recordings
3 Text
4 Notes
5 External links
Tunes[edit]
In the United States, the hymn is usually set to an American folk tune known as "Nettleton", composed by printer John Wyeth,[3] or possibly by Asahel Nettleton.[4] In the United Kingdom, the hymn is also often set to the tune "Normandy" by C Bost.[5] The "Nettleton" tune is used extensively in partial or full quotation by the American composer Charles Ives, in such works as the First String Quartet and the piano quintet and song "The Innate". The "Nettleton" tune is also quoted at the end of "My Trundle Bed" by Tullius C. O'Kane. A shape note song called "Warrenton" also has been sung with a chorus being in 4/4 time or 2/2 cut time; to fit the text to this melody, the second half of each verse is omitted and replaced with a refrain of "I am bound for the kingdom, will you come to glory with me? / Hallelujah, praise the Lord!"[6]
Recordings[edit]
It has been covered by the David Crowder Band on their 1999 album All I Can Say.
Christian rock band Jars of Clay has also covered the song, as well as veteran Christian artist Scott Wesley Brown.
Sufjan Stevens recorded a version for his Hark! Songs for Christmas album, which reached 122 in the US charts and is featured in the closing minutes of the season four premiere episode of Friday Night Lights.
Gateway Worship performed the song on their album Living for You and added a chorus to the song, calling it "Come Thou Fount, Come Thou King".
The hymn appears on Phil Wickham's album 'Sing-A-Long'.
This song is also sung by Clark Davis in the film Love Comes Softly and is a recurring background music in the film.
Mumford & Sons have covered it in a small amount of their live shows.
Leigh Nash has covered it in Hymns and Sacred Songs.
Additionally, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir recorded this hymn as part of their album titled The Sound of Glory, and frequently sing it in their live performances.
Christian punk pop band Eleventyseven covered the hymn in their Good Spells EP.
Gospel recording artist Anthony Brown and group therAPy covered the first verse of the hymn in the song "Without You" on their sophomore album Everyday Jesus.
Pop musician Adam Young posted his version on his Soundcloud page.
Christian band MercyMe recorded the song on their album The Worship Sessions.
Indie rock band Kings Kaleidoscope covered the hymn in their first EP, Asaph's Arrows.
Johnnie Vinson arranged an instrumental piece based on this song featuring both a trumpet and an oboe solo
Chris Tomlin covered the song under the title Come Thou Fount (I Will Sing) for his 2016 album Never Lose Sight.
Text[edit]
The lyrics, which dwell on the theme of divine grace, are based on 1 Samuel 7:12, in which the prophet Samuel raises a stone as a monument, saying, "Hitherto hath the Lord helped us" (KJV). The English transliteration of the name Samuel gives to the stone is Ebenezer, meaning Stone of Help. The unusual word Ebenezer commonly appears in hymnal presentations of the lyrics (verse 2).
Various revised versions appear in hymnals, often changing phrases or replacing the reference to Ebenezer.[7] [8] The version in Nazarene hymnals and those of the Holiness movement replaces "wandering" with "yielded," and "prone to wander" with "let me know Thee in Thy fullness". Many choirs, including the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, sing it in an arrangement by Mack Wilberg. It splits verse 2 into two parts and the last half of verse 3 is appended to each part to form two verses. A version titled "O Thou Fount of Every Blessing" and attributed to Robert Robinson is found in several shape-note hymnals of the American South. The melody is attributed to A. Nettleton, while several phrases are changed.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Did Robert Robinson Wander as He Had Feared?, Christian History Institute, 2006
Jump up ^ Lyrics at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ John Wyeth, biography at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Christian Worship Appendix I: Worship That Is Biblical, Reformed, and General Assembly Relevant Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine. on Worldwide Classroom, Mark Dalbey, pcsnews.com, 2003
Jump up ^ Hymns and Psalms, Methodist Publishing House, London, 1983, no.517
Jump up ^ Frank Garlock, ed. (1997). Majesty Hymns. Majesty Music. p. 11.
Jump up ^ Lyrics at igracemusic.com
Jump up ^ Center for Christian Music Archived 2007-08-11 at Archive.is
External links[edit]
Words, Guitar Chords, Lead Sheet
Asahel Nettleton: The Forgotten Evangelist, by Jim Ehrhard
Link to midi file for tune 'Normandy'
Link to midi file for tune 'Nettleton'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Thou_Fount_of_Every_Blessing&oldid=855918580"
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