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The Little Mermaid
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This article is about the fairy tale. For the Disney film, see The Little Mermaid (1989 film). For other uses, see The Little Mermaid (disambiguation).
"The Little Mermaid"
The Little Mermaid is found by the Prince in an illustration by Edmund Dulac
Author
Hans Christian Andersen
Original title
"Den lille havfrue"
Country
Denmark
Language
Danish
Genre(s)
Fairy tale
Publisher
C. A. Reitzel
Publication date
7 April 1837
"The Little Mermaid" (Danish: Den lille havfrue) is a fairy tale written by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen about a young mermaid who is willing to give up her life in the sea and her identity as a mermaid to gain a human soul.
The tale was first published in 1837 and has been adapted to various media, including musical theatre, anime, and an animated film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Publication
3 Debate over ending
4 Adaptations
4.1 Print
4.2 Film
4.3 Television
4.4 Theatre
4.5 Audio
5 The Little Mermaid statue
6 References
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The Little Mermaid dwells in an underwater kingdom with her widowed father (the sea king or Mer-King), her dowager grandmother, and her five older sisters, each of whom had been born one year apart. When a mermaid turns fifteen, she is permitted to swim to the surface for the first time to glimpse the world above, and when the sisters become old enough, each of them visits the upper world one at a time every year. As each returns, the Little Mermaid listens longingly to their various descriptions of the world inhabited by human beings.
When the Little Mermaid's turn comes, she rises up to the surface, watches a birthday celebration being held on a ship in honor of a handsome prince, and falls in love with him from a safe distance. A violent storm hits, sinking the boat, and the Little Mermaid saves the prince from drowning. She delivers him unconscious to the shore near a temple. Here, she waits until a young woman from the temple and her ladies in waiting find him. To her dismay, the prince never sees the Little Mermaid or even realizes that it was she who had originally saved his life.
The Little Mermaid becomes melancholic and asks her grandmother if humans can live forever. The grandmother explains that humans have a much shorter lifespan than a mermaid's 300 years, but that when mermaids die, they turn to sea foam and cease to exist, while humans have an eternal soul that lives on in heaven. The Little Mermaid, longing for the prince and an eternal soul, visits the Sea Witch in a dangerous part of the ocean. The witch willingly helps her by selling her a potion that gives her legs in exchange for her tongue and beautiful voice, as the Little Mermaid has the most enchanting voice in the world. The witch warns the Little Mermaid that once she becomes a human, she will never be able to return to the sea. Consuming the potion will make her feel as if a sword is being passed through her body, yet when she recovers, she will have two human legs and will be able to dance like no human has ever danced before. However, she will constantly feel as if she is walking on sharp knives, and her feet will bleed terribly. In addition, she will obtain a soul only if she wins the love of the prince and marries him, for then a part of his soul will flow into her. Otherwise, at dawn on the first day after he marries someone else, the Little Mermaid will die with a broken heart and dissolve into sea foam upon the waves.
After she agrees to the arrangement, the Little Mermaid swims to the surface near the prince's palace and drinks the potion. She is found by the prince, who is mesmerized by her beauty and grace, even though she is mute. Most of all, he likes to see her dance, and she dances for him despite suffering excruciating pain with every step. Soon, the Little Mermaid becomes the prince's favorite companion and accompanies him on many of his outings. When the prince's parents encourage their son to marry the neighboring princess in an arranged marriage, the prince tells the Little Mermaid he will not because he does not love the princess. He goes on to say he can only love the young woman from the temple, who he believes rescued him. It turns out that the princess from the neighboring kingdom is the temple girl, as she was sent to the temple for her education. The prince declares his love for her, and the royal wedding is announced at once.
The prince and princess celebrate their new marriage on a wedding ship, and the Little Mermaid's heart breaks. She thinks of all that she has sacrificed and of all the pain she has endured for the prince. She despairs, thinking of the death that awaits her, but before dawn, her sisters rise out of the water and bring her a knife that the Sea Witch has given them in exchange for their long, beautiful hair. If the Little Mermaid kills the prince and lets his blood drip on her feet, she will become a mermaid once more, all of her suffering will end, and she will live out her full life in the ocean with her family.
However, the Little Mermaid cannot bring herself to kill the sleeping prince lying with his new bride, and she throws the knife and herself off the ship into the water just as dawn breaks. Her body dissolves into foam, but instead of ceasing to exist, she feels the warm sun and discovers that she has turned into a luminous and ethereal earthbound spirit, a daughter of the air. As the Little Mermaid ascends into the atmosphere, she is greeted by other daughters who tell her she has become like them because she strove with all her heart to obtain an immortal soul. Because of her selflessness, she is given the chance to earn her own soul by doing good deeds to mankind for 300 years and will one day rise up into the Kingdom of God.
Publication[edit]
"The Little Mermaid" was written in 1836 and first published by C.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen on 7 April 1837 in Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection. Third Booklet. 1837 (Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Første Samling. Tredie Hefte. 1837). The story was republished on 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales. 1850 (Eventyr. 1850) and again on 15 December 1862 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories. First Volume. 1862 (Eventyr og Historier. Første Bind. 1862).[1]
Debate over ending[edit]
Original manuscript, last page
Some scholars consider the last sequence with its happy ending to be an unnatural addition. Jacob Bøggild and Pernille Heegaard point out that:
One of the crucial aspects which any interpretation must confront is the final sequence of the tale, in which the little mermaid, against all odds, is redeemed from immediate damnation and accepted into the spiritual sphere, where the "daughters of the air" reside. In this, she is apparently promised the "immortal soul", which it has been her main motivation to obtain — along with the prince, of course. This ending has baffled critics because the narrative that precedes it points rather to a tragic conclusion than to a happy one.
—  Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard, Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid, Andersen og Verden [Andersen and the World] (1993)[2]
The working title of the story was "Daughters of the Air",[3] spirits who as Andersen conceived them can earn souls by doing three hundred years' worth of good deeds. One of Andersen's "daughters of the air" explains to the mermaid that
"A mermaid has not an immortal soul, nor can she obtain one unless she wins the love of a human being. On the power of another hangs her eternal destiny. But the daughters of the air, although they do not possess an immortal soul, can, by their good deeds, procure one for themselves. We fly to warm countries, and cool the sultry air that destroys mankind with the pestilence. We carry the perfume of the flowers to spread health and restoration. After we have striven for three hundred years to all the good in our power, we receive an immortal soul and take part in the happiness of mankind. You, poor little mermaid, have tried with your whole heart to do as we are doing; you have suffered and endured and raised yourself to the spirit-world by your good deeds; and now, by striving for three hundred years in the same way, you may obtain an immortal soul."[4]
This conclusion come under criticism from some scholars and reviewers. P. L. Travers, author of Mary Poppins and noted folklore commentator, wrote, "This final message is more frightening than any other presented in the tale. The story descends into the Victorian moral tales written for children to scare them into good behavior.... a year taken off when a child behaves and a tear shed and a day added whenever a child is naughty? Andersen, this is blackmail. And the children know it and say nothing. There's magnanimity for you."[3][5] Andersen, however, felt that his revised conclusion in which the mermaid is empowered to attain an immortal soul through her own agency was a decided improvement over the original ending, which climaxed in the mermaid's dissolution. In 1837, Andersen wrote to a friend that "I have not, like de la Motte Fouqué in Undine, allowed the mermaid's acquiring of an immortal soul to depend upon an alien creature, upon the love of a human being. I'm sure that's wrong! It would depend rather much on chance, wouldn't it? I won't accept that sort of thing in this world. I have permitted my mermaid to follow a more natural, more divine path."[6]
Adaptations[edit]
Print[edit]
Classics Illustrated Junior (1950s), an American comic book series, published a print version in issue #525.
Angel's Hill (Angel no Oka, 1960), a manga by Osamu Tezuka.
My Love, My Love: Or The Peasant Girl (1985), a novel by Rosa Guy, is based on the Hans Christian Andersen tale and inspired the musical Once on This Island, set in the French Antilles.
Princess Mermaid (2002), a print adaptation by Japanese artist Junko Mizuno as the third and final part of her "fractured fairy tales".
The Mermaid's Madness (2010), a book adaptation by Jim C. Hines, in which the mermaid, Lirea, is on a quest of revenge on the human prince who denied her advances, having been driven insane due to a side effect of her transformation.
The Little Android (2014), a short story adaptation by Marissa Meyer as part of The Lunar Chronicles series, Mech6.0 portraying the main character.
The Little mermaid (April 11, 2017), a graphic novel adaptation by Metaphrog.
Film[edit]
Hans Christian Andersen (1952) features a ballet segment adaptation within the film.
Fantasia 3 (1966), a Spanish anthology film, opens with the adaptation segment "Coralina: La Doncella del Mar" starring Dyanik Zurakowska.
The Daydreamer (1966), a Rankin/Bass film that combines live-action and stop-motion, features a stop-motion segment adaptation in the film.
The Little Mermaid (Russian: Русалочка) (1968), a 29-minute Soviet Union animated film by film studio Soyuzmultfilm and directed by Ivan Aksenchuk.
Anderusen Dowa Ningyo Hime (Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid) (1975), an anime feature film directed by Tomoharu Katsumata.
Rusalochka (Русалочка) (1976), a live-action film that was a joint production by the USSR and Bulgaria; directed by Vladimir Bychkov and starring Vyctoriya Novikova as the mermaid.
Malá mořská víla (1976), a live-action Czech film directed by Karel Kachyňa and starring Miroslava Šafránková as the Mermaid, Radovan Lukavský as the King of the Ocean, Petr Svojtka as the prince, Milena Dvorská as the Sea Witch and Miroslava's sister, Libuše Šafránková, as the princess. It featured a score by Zdenek Liska, eschewed the traditional visual of mermaids having fish tails and presented them more as water spirits.
The Little Mermaid (1989), an animated film by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures.[7] The film launched a franchise that was continued with a TV series of the same name (1992-1994), a sequel: The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000), and a prequel: The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008).
The Little Mermaid (1992), an animated film by Golden Films that was distributed by GoodTimes Entertainment.
The Little Mermaid (1998), a 50-minute animated adaptation by Burbank Films Australia.
Rusalka (2007), a Russian film by Anna Melikyan, set in modern-day Russia.
Ponyo (2008), an animated Hayao Miyazaki film based loosely on the story.[8]
Little From the Fish Shop (2014), a modern-day stop-motion film adaptation by Czech artist Jan Balej.[9]
The Silver Moonlight (2015), an experimental film by Russian-born filmmaker Evgueni Mlodik, retelling the story of The Little Mermaid in the style of a 1930s German melodrama made under the Nazis.[10]
The Lure (2015), a Polish film based on the Hans Christian Andersen story.
Little Mermaid (2017), an indie film set in the modern day with Rosie Mac as the titular character.[11]
The Little Mermaid, an upcoming indie film based on the original Andersen fairytale set in Mississippi with Poppy Drayton as the titular character.[12]
It was announced in 2014 that Sofia Coppola planned to direct a live-action version for Universal Pictures and Working Title Films.[13] This later developed into Coppola releasing herself from this project due to "artistic differences", and later announced that the script was to be handed over to Richard Curtis and the title role to be given to the 19-year-old actress Chloë Grace Moretz.[14] Moretz dropped out of the project in September 2016[15] and as of 2017 no one else has been cast.
Television[edit]
Shirley Temple's Storybook (1961), a television anthology that broadcast a one-hour adaptation as an episode.
Mahō no Mako-chan (1970), an anime television series based on the story, ran for 48 episodes.
Reader's Digest (1974), 30-minute animated version narrated by Richard Chamberlain.
My Favorite Fairy Tales (Sekai Dōwa Anime Zenshū) (1986), an anime television anthology, has a 30-minute adaptation.
Faerie Tale Theatre (1987), a television anthology produced by Shelley Duvall, has a one-hour live-action adaptation starring Pam Dawber as the mermaid, Treat Williams as the prince, Karen Black as the sea witch and Helen Mirren as the other princess.
Adventures of the Little Mermaid (1991), an NHK anime television series adaptation that ran for 26 episodes.
Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1997), an animated television anthology series, has an East Asian-influenced retelling featuring the voices of Tia Carrere and Robert Guillaume.
Pokémon: Indigo League (1998), an anime television series, broadcast episode 61, "The Misty Mermaid", that was inspired by the story.
The Fairytaler (alternately titled as Tales from H.C. Andersen, 1998), a Danish animated television anthology, has a one-hour adaptation.
Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch (2002), an anime television series, was inspired by the story.
Fairy Tale Police Department (2002), an Australian animated television series, has one episode that is based on the story.
SimsalaGrimm (2010), an animated German television anthology, broadcast a half-hour adaptation.
Puella Magi Madoka Magica (2011), an anime series, has hints of "The Little Mermaid" in Sayaka Miki's story arc, which involves losing her unrequited crush to another girl and "losing her soul" in a sense, becoming a creature with a mermaid-like design.
Once Upon a Time (2013), an ABC television series, uses characters and elements of the 1989 animated Disney film.
Die kleine Meerjungfrau (2013), a live-action made-for-TV German adaptation directed by Irina Popow and starring Zoe Moore.
The Idle Mermaid (2014), a South Korean television serial modern retelling that ran for 10 episodes.
Betoolot (2014), an Israeli TV series that follows the story of a modern family in which all the females have the characteristics of being a mermaid. The series has 28 episodes in 3 seasons.
Theatre[edit]
Rusalka (1901), an opera with music composed by Dvořák, was first performed in Prague. It incorporates plot elements from the Anderson story and from de la Motte Fouqué's Undine
The Garden of Paradise (1914), a play written by Edward Sheldon.
La Petite Sirène (1957), a three-act opera version by French composer Germaine Tailleferre, with a libretto adapted by Philippe Soupault.
De Kleine Zeemeermin (2004), a stage musical adaptation by Studio 100 directed by Gert Verhulst, with music by Johan Vanden Eede. The show premiered in Belgium in 2004 starring Free Souffriau as the mermaid, and then transferred to the Netherlands where Kim-Lian and Kathleen Aerts portrayed the mermaid.[16]
The Little Mermaid (2005), a modern-rendition ballet by the Royal Danish Ballet, composed by Russian-American composer Lera Auerbach and choreographed by John Neumeier, premiered on 15 April 2005.[17]
The Little Mermaid (2008), a Broadway stage musical based on the 1989 Disney film, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman and Glenn Slater. The show premiered on 10 January 2008 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre.
John Neumeier's The Little Mermaid (2010), a production of the San Francisco Ballet, premiered on 20 March 2010.
Below (2013), a stage adaptation by Adapt Theatre Productions, a small fringe-theatre production company in Chicago, Illinois. The story is written in blank verse by actor/playwright Lane Flores and is from the perspective of the little mermaid's sisters, who have kidnapped the story's prince to judge his compassion for their deceased sister.[18]
The Little Mermaid (2013), a theatrical adaptation by Blind Tiger, a London-based Actor Musician theatre company, focuses on Hans Christian Andersen's influences when creating the fairytale. The show opened in December 2013 at Riverside Studios.[19]
The Little Mermaid (2017) a ballet with choreography by David Nixon and a score by Sally Beamish was staged by Northern Ballet[20] in Leeds, Sheffield and other venues in the north of England in the winter of 2017 and 2018.
Audio[edit]
Die Seejungfrau (The Mermaid, 1905), a 40-minute-long symphonic poem by Austrian composer Alexander von Zemlinsky.
"Little Mermaid" (1982), a song by Japanese jazz-fusion band The Square (now known as T-Square), released on the album Magic.
The Little Mermaid (Die kleine Meerjungfrau, 2007), an orchestral piece by Lior Navok for an actress, two pianos and a chamber ensemble/orchestra, premiered on 28 July 2007.[21]
"人魚姫/Ningyo Hime" ("The Little Mermaid") and "リトマメ/Rito Mame" ("Little Mermaid", 2009), a pair of songs produced using the Vocaloid software, based on the story.
"Ningyo No Namida" ("Tears of the Mermaid", 2009), a song by Japanese visual kei band LM.C, is loosely based on the story.
The Little Mermaid statue[edit]
The Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen, Denmark
Main article: The Little Mermaid (statue)
A statue of The Little Mermaid sits on a rock in the Copenhagen harbor in Langelinie. This small and unimposing statue is a Copenhagen icon and a major tourist attraction.
The statue was commissioned in 1909 by Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg, after he had been fascinated by a ballet based on the fairy tale. The sculptor Edward Eriksen created the statue, which was unveiled on 23 August 1913. His wife, Eline Eriksen, was the model. It has been severely vandalized several times.[22]
In May 2010, it was moved from its Copenhagen harbor emplacement for the first time ever, for transport to Expo 2010 in Shanghai, where it remained until 20 November 2010.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hans Christian Andersen: The Little Mermaid". The Hans Christian Andersen Centre. University of Southern Denmark Department for the Study of Culture. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Summary of Jacob Bøggild & Pernille Heegaard: "H. C. Andersens 'Den lille Havfrue' - om tvistigheder og tvetydigheder" ["Ambiguity in Hans Christian Andersen's 'The Little Mermaid'"]." The Hans Christian Andersen Centre. University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Annotations for Little Mermaid". SurLaLune Fairy Tales. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid". SurLaLune Fairy Tales. 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Altmann, Anna E.; DeVos, Gail (2001). Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults. Libraries Unlimited. p. 179. ISBN 1-56308-831-2.
Jump up ^ Frank, Jefferey (2005). The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen: A New Translation from the Danish. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0822336938.
Jump up ^ Altmann, Anna E.; DeVos, Gail (2001). Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales As Literary Fictions for Young Adults. Libraries Unlimited. p. 187. ISBN 1-56308-831-2.
Jump up ^ Fred Topel (12 August 2009). "Legendary animator Miyazaki reveals Ponyo's inspirations". Sci Fi Wire.
Jump up ^ Tizard, Will (8 July 2014). "Czech Animation 'Little From the Fish Shop' Dives Into Int'l Waters". Variety. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Smolen, Philip. "The Silver Moonlight (2014)". Rogue Cinema.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Tina; Alexander, Sophie (2 August 2015). "Game Of Thrones babe Rosie Mac swaps dragons for fishtail as she lands Little Mermaid role". Daily Star.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, AJ (10 March 2017). "The Little Mermaid live-action film trailer unveiled". Looper. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (18 March 2014). "Sofia Coppola To Direct 'Little Mermaid' Live-Action Movie". Deadline.com. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chloe Moretz set to star in Richard Curtis-scripted Little Mermaid". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Chloë Grace Moretz Drops Out of Live-Action 'Little Mermaid'". Slash Film.
Jump up ^ De Bock, Harry (17 March 2004). "De Kleine Zeemeermin van de Zevende musical Studio 100" (in Dutch). kkunst.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Coveney, Michael. "Performing Arts: Year in Review 2005". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ ""BELOW" - Adapt Theatre Productions". Off Broadway in Chicago. 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid - Blind Tiger Theatre Company @ Riverside Studios". The Gizzle Review. 18 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid", Northern Ballet.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid (Die kleine Meerjungfrau)". Lior Navok.
Jump up ^ "Denmark may move Little Mermaid". BBC News. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Yang, Jingzhong; Lu, Ming'ou (21 November 2010). "Copenhagen holds grand homecoming ceremony for Little Mermaid". Archived from the original on 30 November 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Little Mermaid
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Little Mermaid.
The Little Mermaid Gallery
See photos of The Little Mermaid
"The Little Mermaid", Jean Hersholt's English translation
Den lille Havfrue, original Danish text from the Danish Royal Library
Den lille havfrue, original manuscript (Odense City Museum)
Surlalune: Annotated "The Little Mermaid", Paull's translation, with annotations, scans from six illustrated editions, and bibliography
The Little Mermaid public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Time War (Doctor Who)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Last Great Time War
Date
Throughout time
Location
Time Vortex, all across the universe, including Gallifrey
Result
Freezing of Gallifrey outside time and space in a "single moment in time, held in a parallel pocket universe"[1]
Destruction of most of the Daleks and various planets caught in the cross fire
Belligerents
Time Lords Dalek Empire
Commanders and leaders
Time Lord High Council
Rassilon
The War Council Dalek Emperor
Supreme Daleks
Davros
The Time War, more specifically called the Last Great Time War,[2][3] is a conflict within the fictional universe of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The conflict pitted the Time Lords against the Daleks and culminated in the apparent mutual destruction of both races, caused by the Doctor.
In the Doctor Who continuity, the war occurs between the events of the 1996 film and the 2005 revived series. It was frequently mentioned and alluded to from the first series of the show's return,[4][5] but was not directly seen until the show's 50th anniversary special.[1] The war's events and progression have never been fully explained. Short comments in various episodes act as hints, but the war was not thoroughly talked about until the 2007 episode "The Sound of Drums";[6] part two of the two-part special The End of Time (2009–2010)[7] provided further information and revealed the Time Lord leaders' sinister endgame. The closing battles and the climax of the Time War were finally depicted in the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" which ultimately revealed the Time Lords' fate.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 The Last Great Time War
1.1 Origins
1.2 Progression
1.3 Conclusion
2 Consequences
2.1 Removal of the Time Lords
2.2 Remnants of the Daleks
2.3 Survival of the Master
2.4 Impact on other species
3 The Time War and continuity
4 Time Wars in spin-off media
4.1 Gallifrey audio series
4.2 Dark Eyes
4.3 Eighth Doctor Adventures
4.4 Doctor Who comic strip
4.5 Doctor Who Adventures
4.6 The Forgotten
4.7 The Sarah Jane Adventures
4.8 Engines of War
4.9 The War Doctor audio series
4.10 The Eighth Doctor: The Time War audio series
4.11 The War Master audio series
5 Notes
6 References
The Last Great Time War[edit]
Origins[edit]
The Last Great Time War pitted the Time Lords of Gallifrey against the Daleks of Skaro.[2][note 1] The specific incident that sparked the conflict remains unclear, but according to executive producer Russell T Davies, the origins dated back to conflicts between the Doctor and the Daleks. In Genesis of the Daleks (1975), the Time Lords—having foreseen the possibility of the Daleks conquering the universe—send the Fourth Doctor into the past in an attempt to avert the Daleks' creation, affect their development to make them less aggressive or discover an inherent weakness they could exploit.[8][9][10]
In retaliation for this ultimately unsuccessful mission, the Daleks attempt to infiltrate the High Council of the Time Lords with duplicates of the Fifth Doctor in Resurrection of the Daleks (1984), followed by an open declaration of hostilities by one of the Dalek Emperors in Remembrance of the Daleks (1988).[11][12][13]
Two specific events led up to the outbreak of the war: a peace treaty was attempted by President Romana under the "Act of Master Restitution". This attempt was followed by the "Etra Prime Incident" (The Apocalypse Element), which some say "began the escalation of events". Weapons used by the Time Lords included Bowships, Black Hole Carriers and N-Forms (the last from Davies' 1996 New Adventures novel Damaged Goods), while the Daleks wielded "the full might of the Deathsmiths of Goth" (from the comic strip story Black Legacy by Alan Moore and David Lloyd), and launched a massive fleet led by the Emperor into the vortex.[11][14][15][16]
Progression[edit]
The 'duration' and extent of the War remains unclear. The statement made by Jack Harkness in "The Parting of the Ways" – confirmed by the Doctor – that the Daleks "vanished out of time and space" to fight the War would indicate that it was not waged in normal space-time.[17] Nonetheless, there was fighting on the planet Gallifrey.[1] At some point, however, the conflict engulfed a sufficient bulk of the cosmos for Cass, a character from "Night of the Doctor", to declare that the Daleks and Time Lords had not yet succeeded in their efforts to destroy it - some of it was "still standing".[18] Several races hostile to the Time Lords, e.g. the Sontarans, wished to participate but were forbidden to do so.[19]
The Doctor claims to have fought on the front lines and was present at the Fall of Arcadia.[1][20] Arcadia was Gallifrey's second city fortified with four hundred "sky trenches". These were thought to be impregnable until an invading Dalek squadron swept them away (as seen in the 2013 minisode "The Last Day").[21]
The 2013 minisode "The Night of the Doctor" reveals that at first the Doctor (at this point the Eighth Doctor) refused to take part in the war, even as it spiralled out of control and threatened to destroy the universe, instead working to help where he could but refusing to fight. This led him to attempt to save a woman from a spaceship crashing towards the planet Karn, who refused his aid because he was a Time Lord (as she claimed she couldn't "tell the difference" between the two species any more, implying that the Time Lords were just as destructive as the Daleks). The Doctor was killed in the crash, but was restored to life temporarily by the Sisterhood of Karn, who finally convinced him that for the sake of the universe, he had to take a stand and fight. They further offered an elixir that would control his regeneration and allow him to take a form best suited for the task. The Doctor accepted, remarking that there was no need for a Doctor in a universe consumed by war and requested that the Sisterhood make him a "warrior". He drank the elixir and regenerated into the War Doctor, declaring himself "Doctor no more."[18]
Davros, the creator of the Daleks, also fought during the war after his creations, which had turned against him during Genesis of the Daleks[10] but caused his revival in Destiny of the Daleks,[22] rehabilitated him to a leadership position. In the first year of the War, Davros' command ship was seemingly destroyed at the Gates of Elysium after flying into the jaws of the Nightmare Child. Unbeknownst to the Doctor, who had tried to save him, Davros was rescued by Dalek Caan, who had escaped the events of "Evolution of the Daleks" (2007) via an emergency temporal shift.[23][24]
The war resulted in countless millions dying endless deaths, as time travel was used by both sides to reverse battles that caused massive fatalities on both sides.[7] These excesses of temporal warfare eventually led to the whole of the conflict becoming "time-locked", so that no time traveller could go back into it.[24][note 2] The Doctor described the final days of the war as "hell", featuring "the Skaro Degradations, the Horde of Travesties, the Nightmare Child, the Could-Have-Been King with his army of Meanwhiles and Never-Weres".[7]
As the war progressed the Time Lords became increasingly aggressive and unscrupulous. Growing in desperation, they accessed a cache of forbidden doomsday weapons fashioned by the ancients of Gallifrey known as the Omega Arsenal. All were wielded against the Dalek menace save one: "the Moment".[1] Moreover, they resurrected the Master, a renegade Time Lord and nemesis to the Doctor, as they believed him to be the "perfect warrior for a time war". However, after the Dalek Emperor gained control of the Cruciform, the Master deserted his post, used the chameleon arch to disguise himself as a human and escaped to a time period shortly before the end of the universe. Genetically a human, he escaped the destruction of all Time Lords as well as detection by the Doctor – who was unaware of his resurrection in the first place. The Master also remained ignorant of the latter phase and outcome of the war until he emerged from hiding, when he was told by the Doctor many years later.[6]
Leadership among the Time Lords remained vague during the earlier phase of the war. Ultimately, Rassilon, founder of the Time Lord society and its time travel technology who had discovered the secret of immortality, returned to assume leadership as Lord President, a position he was first to hold.[additional citation needed] Refusing the possibility of his civilization being destroyed by the Daleks, Rassilon prepared a doomsday scenario, the so-called "Ultimate Sanction". This genocidal scheme included sacrificing all of time itself, thereby destroying the Daleks and all life in the universe. The Time Lords themselves would have transcended into a non-corporeal collective consciousness that would be the only sentient form of life in existence. The Time Lords, apparently hardened by the horrors of war, gave near-unanimous support for this plan – only two Time Lords dissented when the issue was put to a full vote. Prior to the vote, when one of the Council, the Partisan, suggested shelving the Ultimate Sanction and that it may be better if Gallifrey were destroyed, Rassilon disintegrated her.[7]
While the High Council continued to lead Time Lord society during the war, a separate War Council was tasked with overseeing the war itself, as well as Gallifrey's defenses. The War Council was led by an unknown Time Lord general. During the last days of the Time War, the War Council apparently became disillusioned with the High Council.[1]
Conclusion[edit]
On the last day of the Time War, the Dalek fleets surrounding Gallifrey launched what was said to be their biggest attack ever on the planet. The ten million Dalek ships subjected Gallifrey to a massive orbital bombardment and deployed numerous Daleks to invade the surface. Dalek forces captured the city of Arcadia, then laid siege to the capital itself. However, they were unable to break through the capital's sky trenches.[1] Upon learning of Rassilon's "Ultimate Sanction", the War Doctor stole an ancient Gallifreyan weapon known as the Moment, or the Galaxy Eater, and intended to reduce Gallifrey into "rocks and dust" with the inferno wiping out the Dalek fleet.[4][1][7][17] By this point, the entire period of war had become "time locked", so that no time traveller could enter or exit it.[7][24]
Fearing that the Doctor would use the Moment, Rassilon and his fellow councilors attempted to escape the Lock by retroactively planting a four-note drumbeat (the rhythm of a Time Lord's heartbeats) into the Master's brain as a child and cause his descent into madness. From there, once the signal is made tangible enough, a Whitepoint Star, a diamond only found on Gallifrey, is used to create a link between the final day of the Time War and Earth so the Master could release Gallifrey from the Time Lock. The plan ultimately failed, as the Doctor destroyed the diamond link and the Master apparently sacrificed his life to take revenge on Rassilon, sending the Time Lords back to their apparent doom.[7] Unknown to almost everyone involved however, this was not the final end of the Time Lords. As "the Moment" had a will of its own, it showed the War Doctor an alternative solution and ultimately enabled thirteen incarnations of the Doctor, ranging from the First Doctor through the Twelfth Doctor, to gather to save Gallifrey by freezing it in time and removing it from the universe. The sudden disappearance of Gallifrey left the Daleks firing upon and subsequently annihilating themselves, while the Time Lords remained, albeit powerless and forgotten.[1]
As the War Doctor's regenerated into the Ninth Doctor, his memory of him and his other incarnations saving Gallifrey as was wiped as a means for his timeline to correct itself, leaving The Doctor with the belief he had in fact used the Moment to destroy Gallifrey, the Time Lords, and the Daleks. The Doctor was haunted with the false knowledge of his home planet's demise,[1] with even some of his enemies like the Beast using that guilt against him.[6][26] The Doctor's later incarnations even displayed a self-loathing towards their War Doctor incarnation before the Eleventh Doctor and Tenth Doctor learned the truth and accepted him as a legitimate Doctor incarnation.[1] Though the destruction of both races marked the end of the war, the Ninth Doctor learns of the Dalek Emperor's survival with Rose wiping out both him and his fleet in "The Parting of the Ways" as Bad Wolf while proclaiming the final end of the War.[17] This is affirmed by the Tenth Doctor, who describes to Jack Harkness in "Utopia" that his resurrection by Rose was part of the final act of the War.[27]
Consequences[edit]
Removal of the Time Lords[edit]
Following what was for all intents and purposes the removal of the Time Lords, the Doctor believed himself to be the last of his race. The removal of the Time Lords also had a profound impact on time travel. In the 2006 episode "Rise of the Cybermen" when the Tenth Doctor, Rose Tyler and Mickey Smith are trapped in an alternative reality, the Doctor explains that, when the Time Lords were around, travel between parallel universes was less difficult but, with their demise, the paths between worlds are now closed.[28] The Time Lords could also prevent or repair paradoxes such as the one created by Rose in an attempt to save her father's life in a traffic accident. After the Time Lords' disappearance, such a paradox summons the Reapers, who descended to "sterilise the wound" in time by devouring everything in sight, and are only stopped by Pete Tyler killing himself.[29]
Because of the Time Lock, along with the danger of creating a paradox, the Doctor is prevented from going back in time and saving the Time Lords. The Tenth Doctor warns another character against trying to alter his own timeline as such meddling would "destroy two-thirds of the universe"[30] and resists an offer by Krillitane Mr Finch, using the Skasis Paradigm, which would have given the Doctor the ability to reorder the universe and allowed him to stop the war.[31] The Doctor would only change his decision and assure his race's survival after contributing to it as the Eleventh Doctor during the events of "The Day of the Doctor".[1]
Throughout series 5, the Eleventh Doctor encounters cracks in "the skin of the universe".[32][33][34][35] The Doctor learns that the cracks, which erase those they consume from history, are a result of the Silence causing the Doctor's TARDIS to explode on 26 June 2010.[36] During the events of "The Big Bang", the Doctor manages to close all the cracks using the TARDIS explosion and the Pandorica to produce a second Big Bang that restores the universe.[37] During the events of "The Time of the Doctor", the Doctor discovers one remaining crack on the planet Trenzalore, through which the Time Lords transmit a "truth field" that ensures that all inhabitants speak the truth, along with the First Question: "Doctor Who?". The intention is for the Doctor to give his true name, which will verify to the Time Lords it is safe for them to return to the universe. Fleets of various races, some being former War participants, gathered in Trenzalore's orbit to either prevent the Doctor from speaking his name, or resume the War if the Time Lords return. The Church of the Papal Mainframe undergoes a faith change into the Church of the Silence as a dedication to keeping the peace,[36] with a rogue chapter led by Madame Kovarian unknowingly causing the events in series 5 and 6 and leading to the Doctor's arrival on Trenzalore.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] In the end, the Time Lords remain in exile and close the remaining crack, but not before heeding Clara's plea for them to save the Doctor, old and weary from his years protecting Trenzalore, granting him a new cycle of regenerations, which allow him to destroy the Dalek fleet surrounding the planet.[36]
Remnants of the Daleks[edit]
Despite the Doctor's efforts, not all Daleks perished in the war. The Ninth Doctor encounters a single, dysfunctional Dalek in a museum on Earth in 2012, which had apparently been on Earth for 50 years. It eventually commits suicide after gaining human feelings via Rose Tyler touching it.[2] The Doctor later discovers that the Dalek Emperor itself had also survived, and had gone on to build a whole new Dalek race, using the organic material of human cadavers by completely rewriting their DNA. The destruction of the Emperor and its fleet in the year 200,100 during an attack on Earth at the conclusion of the 2005 series by a time vortex-augmented Rose Tyler is accompanied by her declaration that "the Time War ends".[17]
The elite Cult of Skaro also survived by fleeing into the Void between dimensions in a specialized ship, taking with them the Genesis Ark, a Time Lord prison ship containing millions of Daleks. The new Dalek army released from the Ark on Earth in the 21st century – after the Ark is touched by a time-traveler, Mickey Smith – is sucked back into the Void due to the actions of the Tenth Doctor, but the specially-equipped cult members use an "emergency temporal shift" to escape that fate.[20] They reappear in 1930 in New York where they try to use humans to create a new race of Daleks. While three members of the Cult of Skaro are killed, the fourth – Dalek Caan – escapes through another emergency temporal shift.[23] Dalek Caan returns to the Time War and, at the cost of its sanity, rescues the Daleks' creator, Davros. Davros subsequently uses cells from his own body to create a new Dalek Empire and keeps Caan close at his side because of the latter's prophetic abilities.[24] The Daleks attempt to destroy all reality with a 'Reality Bomb' powered by 27 stolen Worlds, leaving themselves the only creatures. However, Caan manipulated Davros to help the Doctor and Donna Noble defeat the Daleks after seeing the damage the Daleks had caused throughout time. The Daleks are destroyed by a clone of the Tenth Doctor, while Davros and Caan are left behind on the Dalek flagship as it is destroyed.[46]
One ship containing three Daleks escaped that defeat after accidentally falling through time, where it then picked up a trace of a Progenitor device that contained pure Dalek DNA. However, because these Daleks had been created from the DNA of Davros, the Progenitor did not accept them as true "Daleks"; in order to restart the Progenitor, the Daleks trick the Eleventh Doctor into activating it for them during World War II by declaring them Daleks (which the device accepts). Once activated, the Progenitor device created a new "Paradigm" of Daleks that destroyed the previous Daleks and escaped through time, forming a new race of Daleks.[47] Eventually learning of the Time Lords' survival alongside various other races during the events of "The Time of the Doctor", the Daleks laid siege on the planet Trenzalore for centuries to either resume the Time War or kill the Doctor before he could release the Time Lords back into the universe. In the end, the Dalek fleet was wiped out by the Eleventh Doctor during the first phase of his regeneration.[36]
Survival of the Master[edit]
After the Time War, the Doctor is convinced that he is the only surviving Time Lord, saying that he would know of any others if they had survived.[2] The last words of the Face of Boe were "You Are Not Alone".[3] The cryptic statement is explained when the Doctor encounters a man named Professor Yana who is revealed to be the Master. The Master had been hiding in human form at the end of the universe using a Chameleon Arch, having escaped the destruction of both the Time Lords and the Daleks. By taking human form, he avoided detection by the Doctor, who was unaware of his nemesis' resurrection during the Time War in the first place.[27]
Impact on other species[edit]
The timelines of other races and planets shifted without the inhabitants of the worlds affected being aware of the changes in history, as they were a part of them. Most affected were the Greater Animus, which died;[11] the Zygons, who lost their home worlds and attempted to conquer Earth for its resources;[1] the Eternals, who apparently fled this reality in despair;[11] and the Gelth, who lost their physical form and were reduced to gaseous beings, who attempted to possess human corpses in 1869 using a Time Rift in Cardiff. The Gelth described the war's impact as "invisible to lower species but devastating to higher forms",[5] such as the Forest of Cheem, which was distraught at the bloodshed.[11] It is also said to have destroyed the unnamed race that Eve originated from.[48]
The Time War and continuity[edit]
The Time War provides a convenient in-story explanation for any contradictions in series continuity: for example, writer Paul Cornell has suggested that Earth's destruction by an expanding sun in "The End of the World" five billion years hence, as opposed to the original depiction of its demise around the year 10,000,000 AD in The Ark (1966), can be attributed to changes in history due to the War.[49] Steven Moffat, writer and later executive producer for Doctor Who, has gone further, arguing that "a television series which embraces both the ideas of parallel universes and the concept of changing time can't have a continuity error—it's impossible for Doctor Who to get it wrong, because we can just say 'he changed time—it's a time ripple from the Time War'".[50][51]
Time Wars in spin-off media[edit]
The Last Great Time War and previous time wars also feature in various Doctor Who spin-off media.
Gallifrey audio series[edit]
Gallifrey is the umbrella title of a series of audio plays by Big Finish Productions, set on Gallifrey during Romana's tenure as President. In Gallifrey: Panacea, the final chapter of the third series, the Time Lord Irving Braxiatel speaks of "rumours out there in the big wide universe—more than rumours, in fact—that something's coming to Gallifrey, something worse than you could possibly imagine." Because of these rumours, Braxiatel engineers the removal of the Time Lord biodata archive from Gallifrey, in order that the Time Lords might someday be restored after their planet meets its doom.[52] Former Big Finish producer Gary Russell indicated in a forum posting on Outpost Gallifrey that this was a reference to the television series' Time War.[53]
The sixth series of Gallifrey features the Daleks invading Gallifrey.[54] The upcoming ninth series will more directly feature the Time War with Romana and Leela playing key roles. [55]
The later Companion Chronicles audio story, The Catalyst, implies that Leela survived the Time War; she mentions that her adopted homeworld no longer exists and she ages rapidly due to the Time Lords no longer being able to keep her young.[56]
Dark Eyes[edit]
The Dark Eyes audio series is also in effect a lead up to the Last Great Time War from the Doctor's perspective, the first series being a complex plan by the Daleks to erase the Time Lords' existence.[57] Dark Eyes 2 also sees the resurrection of the Master in preparation for the war.[58]
Eighth Doctor Adventures[edit]
In a story arc stretching through several of the Eighth Doctor Adventures, sometime in the Doctor's future, a war is fought between the Time Lords and an unnamed Enemy, the Eighth Doctor becoming involved in the events of the war during the events of Alien Bodies, when he unintentionally becomes involved in an auction for the body of his future self due to his biodata codes being the only means of accessing dangerous Time Lord secrets,[59] and The Taking of Planet 5, where he must stop a group of future Time Lords from releasing the monstrous Fendahl in an attempt to use it as a weapon.[60] In this story arc, Gallifrey is also destroyed as a result of the Eighth Doctor attempting to prevent the war from beginning as the Enemy begin their first assault in, having learned that he unintentionally provoked the War, believing that it would be better for the Time Lords to die now rather than experience a war that would dehumanise them to the point of becoming monsters which all evidence suggests they could not win. This cataclysm also creates an event horizon in time that prevents anyone from entering Gallifrey's relative past or travelling from it to the present or future.[61] The last Eighth Doctor Adventures novel, The Gallifrey Chronicles, establishes that the Doctor has the ability to restore the planet and its inhabitants, having downloaded the contents of the Matrix into his subconscious mind in the minutes before Gallifrey's destruction, albeit at the cost of his own memories. The novel ends without revealing if he does indeed do this.[62]
Russell T Davies, executive producer of the series, commented that there is no connection between the War of the books and the Time War of the television series, comparing Gallifrey being destroyed twice with Earth's two World Wars. He also said that he was "usually happy for old and new fans to invent the Complete History of the Doctor in their heads, completely free of the production team's hot and heavy hands".[63]
Another version of the Eighth Doctor Adventures' War, referred to as the "War in Heaven", also appears in the Faction Paradox novels conceived by Lawrence Miles.[citation needed]
Doctor Who comic strip[edit]
In three comic strip stories written by Alan Moore in 1980 and 1981, the Time Lords, assisted by the Special Executive, fight a time war early in their history against the "Order of the Black Sun", based some thirty thousand years in their future.[64][65][66] The first strike of the war, from the Time Lords' point of view, is when a Black Sun agent travels back in time, and attacks the Time Lords just as they are about to turn the star Qqaba into a power source for their time experiments. This also causes the apparent demise of the stellar engineer Omega. The Time Lords do not know why the Black Sun (whom they had never encountered before the attack) should have wanted to strike at them, and surmise that it was for something they had yet to do.[64] Years later, at a diplomatic conference, a representative of the Order is murdered by the Sontarans, and the murder is blamed on the Time Lords. This provides the motivation for the war's beginnings, as from the Order's point of view, the Time Lords are the ones who strike first.[66]
Doctor Who Adventures[edit]
In this comic book series an insectoid race called the Skrawn appeared, whose planet Kolox the Doctor claims was destroyed in the Time War.[67]
The Forgotten[edit]
In the IDW comic miniseries The Forgotten, the Tenth Doctor recounts to Martha Jones a story from the Eighth Doctor's participation in the Time War. The Eighth Doctor was imprisoned by a race of robots for several weeks on a planet in the middle of the war, before teaming up with a Malmooth fellow prisoner and faking his death in order to escape. It is revealed his capture was staged by him so that he could acquire the Great Key he needed to arm a modified De-Mat Gun that could be used to seal the Medusa Cascade. The Tenth Doctor further implies that the Eighth Doctor died, alone and companionless, at the end of the Time War.[68] This conflicts with "The Night of the Doctor" and "The Day of the Doctor"'s depiction of the Time War, where it's established that the Eighth Doctor died and regenerated into the War Doctor before becoming the Ninth Doctor, and the Eighth Doctor refused to fight in the War until shortly before his regeneration into the War Doctor.[1][18]
The Sarah Jane Adventures[edit]
In The Mad Woman in the Attic, a two-part serial of the Doctor Who spinoff series The Sarah Jane Adventures, Eve speaks about the Time War, stating that her people could see timelines and this made them a target and they were exterminated.[48]
Engines of War[edit]
In July 2014, the BBC released the novel Engines of War by George Mann, which features the War Doctor in a novel set in the Time War itself. During the novel, the War Doctor and his new companion Cinder—a human resistance fighter on the Dalek-occupied world of Moldox—discover that the Daleks intend to use the temporal anomalies of the Tantalus Eye, a rift in time in the Moldox system, to develop a weapon that could completely erase Gallifrey and the Time Lords from history, with Rassilon's plan to stop the Dalek plot involving the destruction of the Eye and all inhabited planets around it. Refusing to accept this, the Doctor is able to sabotage Rassilon's plan and use the energy of the Tantalus Eye to erase the Daleks' scheme, but the actions of a Time Lord agent result in Cinder's death, leaving the War Doctor resolved to end the war once and for all as he recognizes how far his people have fallen in the name of victory.[69]
The War Doctor audio series[edit]
The War Doctor series was produced by Big Finish Productions following John Hurt's role as the War Doctor in The Day of the Doctor. Hurt reprised his role alongside Jacqueline Pearce as Cardinal Ollistra, who frequently sends the War Doctor on missions to give the Time Lords the upper hand over the Daleks. Following Hurt's death, the series ended after four volumes in February 2017. However, an upcoming Eighth Doctor series set during the early years of the Time War will serve as a prequel.[70]
The Eighth Doctor: The Time War audio series[edit]
With the announcement of The War Doctor, Big Finish Productions also announced a prequel box set featuring the Eighth Doctor during the early days of the conflict. This was later expanded into a four-volume series set prior to his regeneration in "The Night of the Doctor" but after the as-yet-untitled sequel to Doom Coalition[71]. Paul McGann will reprise his role with Rakhee Thakrar playing Bliss, his new companion.[72]
The War Master audio series[edit]
The War Master series was announced in June 2017 for release in December. The release will feature Derek Jacobi reprising his role as The Master from the 2007 episode "Utopia" and will follow the character during the Time War.[73]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Neither Gallifrey nor Skaro are mentioned by name in "Dalek", although the War Doctor addresses the two civilisations as "Time Lords of Gallifrey" and "Daleks of Skaro" in "The Day of the Doctor".[1]
Jump up ^ Although the time lock wasn't mentioned in the episode, "The Fires of Pompeii" touched upon the Doctor being unable to go back and save the Time Lords.[25]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Moffat, Steven (writer); Hurran, Nick (director) (23 November 2013). "The Day of the Doctor". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shearman, Robert (writer); Ahearne, Joe (director) (30 April 2005). "Dalek". Doctor Who. Series 1. Episode 6. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Russell T (writer); Clark, Richard (director) (14 April 2007). "Gridlock". Doctor Who. Series 3. Episode 3. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Russell T (writer); Lyn, Euros (director) (2 April 2005). "The End of the World". Doctor Who. Series 1. Episode 2. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Gatiss, Mark (writer); Lyn, Euros (director) (9 April 2005). "The Unquiet Dead". Doctor Who. Series 1. Episode 3. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b c Davies, Russell T (writer); Teague, Colin (director) (23 June 2007). "The Sound of Drums". Doctor Who. Series 3. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Davies, Russell T (writer); Lyn, Euros (director) (1 January 2010). "Part Two". The End of Time. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Davies, Russell T, Doctor Who Confidential .
Jump up ^ "Dalek", Monster File (website), Doctor Who .
^ Jump up to: a b Nation, Terry (writer); Maloney, David (director) (8 March – 12 April 1975). Genesis of the Daleks. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hickman, Clayton, ed. (August 2005). Doctor Who Annual 2006. Panini Publishing.
Jump up ^ Saward, Eric (writer); Robinson, Matthew (director) (8–15 February 1984). Resurrection of the Daleks. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
Jump up ^ Aaronovitch, Ben (writer); Morgan, Andrew (director) (5–26 October 1988). Remembrance of the Daleks. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
Jump up ^ Cole, Stephen (writer); Briggs, Nicholas (director) (June 2000). The Apocalypse Element. Doctor Who: Main Range. Big Finish Productions.
Jump up ^ Davies, Russell T (October 1996). Damaged Goods. Virgin New Adventures. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-426-20483-2.
Jump up ^ Moore, Alan (w), Lloyd, David (a). "Black Legacy" Doctor Who Weekly Issues 35–38 (1980), Marvel UK
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davies, Russell T (writer); Ahearne, Joe (director) (18 June 2005). "The Parting of the Ways". Doctor Who. Series 1. Episode 13. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moffat, Steven (writer); Hayes, John (director) (14 November 2013). "The Night of the Doctor". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC Red Button.
Jump up ^ Raynor, Helen (writer); Mackinnon, Douglas (director) (26 April 2008). "The Sontaran Stratagem". Doctor Who. Series 4. Episode 4. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Russell T (writer); Harper, Graeme (director) (8 July 2006). "Doomsday". Doctor Who. Series 2. Episode 13. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Stone, Jamie (director) (21 November 2013). "The Last Day". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC Red Button.
Jump up ^ Nation, Terry (writer); Grieve, Ken (director) (1–22 September 1979). Destiny of the Daleks. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
^ Jump up to: a b Raynor, Helen (writer); Strong, James (director) (28 April 2007). "Evolution of the Daleks". Doctor Who. Series 3. Episode 5. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davies, Russell T (writer); Harper, Graeme (director) (28 June 2008). "The Stolen Earth". Doctor Who. Series 4. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moran, James (writer); Teague, Colin (director) (12 April 2008). "The Fires of Pompeii". Doctor Who. Series 4. Episode 2. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Jones, Matt (writer); Strong, James (director) (10 June 2006). "The Satan Pit". Doctor Who. Series 2. Episode 9. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Russell T (writer); Harper, Graeme (director) (16 June 2007). "Utopia". Doctor Who. Series 3. Episode 11. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ MacRae, Tom (writer); Harper, Graeme (director) (13 May 2006). "Rise of the Cybermen". Doctor Who. Series 2. Episode 4. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Cornell, Paul (writer); Ahearne, Joe (director) (14 May 2005). "Father's Day". Doctor Who. Series 1. Episode 8. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); MacDonald, Hettie (director) (9 June 2007). "Blink". Doctor Who. Series 3. Episode 10. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Whithouse, Toby (writer); Hawes, James (director) (29 April 2006). "School Reunion". Doctor Who. Series 2. Episode 3. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Moffat, Steven (writer); Smith, Adam (director) (3 April 2010). "The Eleventh Hour". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 1. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Moffat, Steven (writer); Smith, Adam (director) (1 May 2010). "Flesh and Stone". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 5. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Chibnall, Chris (writer); Way, Ashley (director) (29 May 2010). "Cold Blood". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 9. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Moffat, Steven (writer); Haynes, Toby (director) (19 June 2010). "The Pandorica Opens". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Moffat, Steven (writer); Payne, Jamie (director) (25 December 2013). "The Time of the Doctor". Doctor Who. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Moffat, Steven (writer); Haynes, Toby (director) (26 June 2010). "The Big Bang". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 13. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Smith, Adam (director) (24 April 2010). "The Time of Angels". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 4. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Haynes, Toby (director) (23 April 2011). "The Impossible Astronaut". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 1. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Haynes, Toby (director) (30 April 2011). "Day of the Moon". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 2. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Graham, Matthew (writer); Simpson, Julian (director) (28 May 2011). "The Almost People". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 6. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Hoar, Peter (director) (4 June 2011). "A Good Man Goes to War". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 7. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Senior, Richard (director) (27 August 2011). "Let's Kill Hitler". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 8. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Gareth (writer); Hughes, Steve (director) (24 September 2011). "Closing Time". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Webb, Jeremy (director) (1 October 2011). "The Wedding of River Song". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 13. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Davies, Russell T (writer); Harper, Graeme (director) (5 July 2008). "Journey's End". Doctor Who. Series 4. Episode 13. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ Gatiss, Mark (writer); Gunn, Andrew (director) (17 April 2010). "Victory of the Daleks". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 3. BBC. BBC One.
^ Jump up to: a b Lidster, Joseph (writer); Troughton, Alice (director) (22–23 October 2009). The Mad Woman in the Attic. The Sarah Jane Adventures. CBBC.
Jump up ^ Cornell, Paul (10 February 2007). "Canonicity in Doctor Who". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Steven Moffat, Doctor Who Panel Part 5, Comic-Con International, San Diego 2008.
Jump up ^ "Moffat promises new Who monsters". BBC News. 29 July 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Alan (writer); Russell, Gary (director) (August 2006). Panacea. Gallifrey. Big Finish Productions.
Jump up ^ Gary Russell, "Gallifrey 3.5: Panacea", Outpost Gallifrey (2006-09-03). Requires registration to view.
Jump up ^ "Gallifrey VI Cover Released". Big Finish. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "GALLIFREY: TIME WAR". Big Finish. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Fairs, Nigel (writer/director) (January 2008). The Catalyst. Doctor Who: The Companion Chronicles. Big Finish Productions.
Jump up ^ Briggs, Nicholas (writer/director) (November 2012). Dark Eyes. Doctor Who: Dark Eyes. Big Finish Productions.
Jump up ^ Briggs, Nicholas (writer/director); Barnes, Alan; Fitton, Matt (writers) (February 2014). Dark Eyes 2. Doctor Who: Dark Eyes. Big Finish Productions.
Jump up ^ Miles, Lawrence (November 1997). Alien Bodies. Eighth Doctor Adventures. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-40577-5.
Jump up ^ Bucher-Jones, Simon; Clapham, Mark (October 1999). The Taking of Planet 5. Eighth Doctor Adventures. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-55585-8.
Jump up ^ Anghelides, Peter; Cole, Stephen (July 2000). The Ancestor Cell. Eighth Doctor Adventures. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-53809-0.
Jump up ^ Parkin, Lance (June 2005). The Gallifrey Chronicles. Eighth Doctor Adventures. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-48624-4.
Jump up ^ Davies, Russell T (25 May 2005). "The Evasion of Time". Doctor Who Magazine. No. 356. Tunbridge Wells: Panini Publishing Ltd. pp. 66–67.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Alan (w), Lloyd, David (a). "Star Death" Doctor Who Issue 47 (December 1980), Marvel UK
Jump up ^ Moore, Alan (w), Lloyd, David (a). "4-D War" Doctor Who Issue 51 (April 1981), Marvel UK
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Alan (w), Lloyd, David (a). "Black Sun Rising" Doctor Who Issue 57 (October 1981), Marvel UK
Jump up ^ "The Skrawn Inheritance" Doctor Who Adventures Issues 28–29 (26 April – 10 May 2007), BBC Magazines
Jump up ^ Lee, Tony (w), Guerro, Pia, Stefano Martino, Kelly Yates (a). Doctor Who: The Forgotten (August 2008 – January 2009), IDW Publishing
Jump up ^ Mann, George (31 July 2014). Engines of War. New Series Adventures. BBC Books. ISBN 1-84990-848-6.
Jump up ^ "DOCTOR WHO: THE WAR DOCTOR". Big Finish. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "ANOTHER BIG FINISH WEEK - AND MORE EIGHTH DOCTOR CONFIRMED!". Big Finish. 28 May 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "NEW COMPANION ANNOUNCEMENT!". Big Finish. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "DEREK JACOBI RETURNS AS THE WAR MASTER!". Big Finish. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
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The real McCoy
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For other uses, see The Real McCoy (disambiguation).
"The real McCoy" is an idiom and metaphor used in much of the English-speaking world to mean "the real thing" or "the genuine article", e.g. "he's the real McCoy". The phrase has been the subject of numerous false etymologies.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Kid McCoy
2 References
3 External links
History[edit]
The phrase "The real McCoy" may be a corruption of the Scots "The real MacKay", first recorded in 1856 as: "A drappie o' the real MacKay", ("a drop of the real MacKay"). This appeared in a poem Deil's Hallowe'en published in Glasgow and is widely accepted as the phrase's origin.[1][2][3][4]
In 1881, the expression was used in James S. Bond's The rise and Fall of the 'Union club'; or Boy life in Canada. A character says, "By jingo! yes; so it will be. It's the 'real McCoy,' as Jim Hicks says. Nobody but a devil can find us there."[5]
The expression has also been associated with Elijah McCoy's oil-drip cup invention (patented in 1872).[6] One theory is that railroad engineers looking to avoid inferior copies would request it by name, inquiring if a locomotive was fitted with 'the real McCoy system".[4][6] This possible origin is mentioned in Elijah McCoy's biography at the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[7] The original appearance of this claim in print can be traced to an advertisement which appeared in the December 1966 issue of Ebony. The ad, for Old Taylor Bourbon whiskey, ends with the tag line: "...but the most famous legacy McCoy left his country was his name."[8] While the story in the ad copy bears the hallmarks of false etymology, its spread certainly reinforced a productive force tying the expression to the legacy of the inventor.
Alternative attributions include:
A dispute between two branches of the Scots Clan Mackay over who was rightful leader. Lord Reay headed one branch and he came to be known as the Reay Mackay which migrated to 'the real McCoy'.[9] See Huistean Du Mackay, 13th of Strathnaver for information abouth the dispute.
Joseph McCoy (1837–1915) was mayor of Abilene, Kansas and styled himself 'the real McCoy'.[9]
A Pennsylvanian named McCoy supplied commercial grade nitroglycerine to safecrackers who deemed it superior to homemade product.[9]
The Hatfield–McCoy feud[4][6]
Kid McCoy[edit]
In the United States, the phrase became associated with boxer Kid McCoy.[6] Quinion notes that "It looks very much – without being able to say for sure – as though the term was originally the real Mackay, but became converted to the real McCoy in the U.S., either under the influence of Kid McCoy, or for some other reason."[4] This claim is dubious, however, as Kid McCoy was only nine years old when "the real McCoy" appeared in The Rise and Fall of the "Union club."[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mackay prop. n.". Dictionary of the Scots Language (2004) Accessed 3 June 2016
Jump up ^ 2007 Oxford English Dictionary
Jump up ^ "The Deil's Hallowe'en: a poem by Young Glasgow". University of Glasgow library record. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Quinion, Michael (12 February 2011). "World Wide Words: the Real McCoy". worldwidewords.org. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Bond, James S. (1881). The rise and fall of the "Union club" or, Boy life in Canada. Yorkville, Ontario. p. 1. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d [1], 19 February 2011. Snopes.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008. , 2002. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 9 June 2013
Jump up ^ Ebony, December 1966. p. 157.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Real McCoy". The Phrase Finder. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
External links[edit]
Look up real McCoy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Casselman, William Gordon. "The Real McCoy". Bill Casselman's Canadian Word of the Day. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_real_McCoy&oldid=843787195"
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