text:
Qualification types in the United Kingdom
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In the UK education sector, there are a wide range of qualification types offered by the United Kingdom awarding bodies. Qualifications range in size and type, can be academic, vocational or skills-related, and are grouped together into different levels of difficulty. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, qualifications are divided into Higher Education qualifications, which are on the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ) and are awarded by bodies with degree awarding powers, and Regulated qualifications, which are on the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF) and are accredited by Ofqual in England, the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment in Northern Ireland and Qualifications Wales in Wales. In Scotland, qualifications are divided into Higher Education qualifications, Scottish Qualifications Authority qualifications and Scottish Vocational Qualifications/Modern Apprenticeships, all of which are on the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Scottish Higher Education Qualifications are on both the SCQF and the FHEQ.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Qualification levels
2 The Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC)
3 A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ
4 AS and A levels/Highers and Advanced Highers
5 Bachelor's degrees
6 Diplomas (for 14- to 19-year-olds)
7 Entry level qualifications
8 Foundation Degrees
9 GCSEs/National 5s
10 HNCs and HNDs
11 International Baccalaureate
12 Key Skills qualifications
13 Postgraduate qualifications
14 Skills for Life qualifications
15 Vocational qualifications
16 See also
17 References
18 External links
Qualification levels[edit]
Qualifications are grouped together into different levels. Each level corresponds to a particular qualification’s degree of difficulty. However, qualifications within any one level can cover a huge range of subjects and take different amounts of time to complete, often expressed in terms of credits.
In England, Northern Ireland and Wales, the levels are contained within the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), which superseded the Qualifications and Credit Framework from 1 October 2015. There are nine levels of difficulty in the framework, from entry level (which is sub-divided into 3) to level 8.[4]
Higher education qualifications are contained in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ). The FHEQ corresponds with levels 4 to 8 of the RQF. Scotland has its own education system and its own twelve level system, the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework. These can also be equated with the European Qualifications Framework.[5]

The Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC)[edit]
The Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) is a provider (existing as part of Pearson Education Ltd) of secondary school leaving qualifications and Further education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Whilst the T in BTEC it has been mistakenly understood to stand for Technician, according to the DFE (2016) it actually stands for Technology. [1]
BTEC qualifications, especially Level 3, are accepted by many universities (excluding Cambridge and Oxford unless combined with more qualifications) when assessing the suitability of applicants for admission, and many such universities base their conditional admissions offers on a student's predicted BTEC grades.
A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ[edit]
A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ, is a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom. The last GNVQs were awarded in 2007.
The qualifications relate to occupational areas in general, rather than any specific job. They could be taken in a wide range of subjects. There are different levels of GNVQ, namely the Intermediate level (equivalent to four General Certificates of Secondary Education) and Advanced level (equivalent to two Advanced-level General Certificates of Education).
GNVQs were available to people of all ages. Many schools and colleges offered these courses and they could be studied alongside GCSEs or A levels. The GNVQ generally involved a lot of coursework (6-8 large assignments), which allowed holders to show their skills when applying for jobs.
RQF/CQFW level
FHEQ level
SCQF level
EQF level
Example qualification
8 8 12 8 Doctoral degree
7 7 11 7 Master's degree
6 6 10 6 Bachelor's degree with honours
9 Non-honours bachelor's degree
5 5 8 5 Higher National Diploma
4 4 7 Higher National Certificate
3 N/A 6 4 A-level
2 N/A 5 3 GCSE (grades A*–C)
1 N/A 4 2 GCSE (grades D-G)
Entry E3 N/A 3 1 Skills for Life
E2 N/A 2 N/A
E1 N/A 1 N/A
AS and A levels/Highers and Advanced Highers[edit]
AS level and A (Advanced) level qualifications focus on traditional study skills. They normally take two years to complete full-time in school or college, and can be taken part-time. AS and A levels are available in a wide range of academic and applied (work-related) subjects, and are often used as entry into higher education.
In Scotland, students usually take Highers and Advanced Highers.
AS and A levels are at level 3 on the RQF.
Bachelor's degrees[edit]
A bachelor's degree is a course of higher education academic study leading to a qualification such as a bachelor of arts (BA) or bachelor of science (BSc). They are sometimes known as 'undergraduate' or 'first' degrees.
A bachelor's degree is designed to give learners a thorough understanding of a subject, and usually takes three years to complete full-time in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; in Scotland 'ordinary' bachelor's degrees normally take three years while bachelor's degrees with honours take four years.
Bachelor's degrees are at level 6 on the FHEQ in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; Scottish ordinary bachelor's degrees are at level 9 of the SCQF and honours bachelor's degrees at level 10. All UK bachelor's degrees are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process.
Some awards titled bachelor's for historical reasons are actually master's-level degrees, similarly the Scottish MA is actually a bachelor's degree that has retained its historical title.
Diplomas (for 14- to 19-year-olds)[edit]
The 14–19 Diploma was a qualification for 14- to 19-year-olds, offering a more practical, hands-on way of gaining the essential skills employers and universities look for. The 14–19 Diplomas were at levels 1 to 3 on the NQF. From September 2008, Diplomas in five subject areas were made available in selected schools and colleges around the country. Further subjects were added every year until 2011 when there were 17 subjects available. Diploma courses were cancelled from September 30, 2013 onwards by the coalition government due to issues surrounding its popularity and how the qualifications were "viewed by employers and universities".[6][7]
Entry level qualifications[edit]
Entry level qualifications are known as 'certificates' or 'awards', and are designed for learners who are not yet ready to take qualifications at level 1 on the RQF.
They may be appropriate for learners who do not have traditional qualifications, or who have been away from learning for a long time. They are available in a wide variety of subjects, and at the three different sub-levels of the RQF's entry level.
Foundation Degrees[edit]
Foundation Degrees are higher education qualifications that combine academic study with workplace learning. They have been designed jointly by universities, colleges and employers, and are available in a range of work-related subjects. They are broadly equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor's degree.
Foundation Degrees are at level 5 on the FHEQ; they are not offered in Scotland.
GCSEs/National 5s[edit]
GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education) are the main qualification taken by 14- to 16-year-olds (adults can take them as well) in England and Wales. They are available in a wide range of academic and applied (work-related) subjects, and also as a ‘short-course’ option (equivalent to half a full GCSE).
GCSEs are at levels 1 and 2 on the RQF, depending on the grade achieved.
The Scottish equivalent of GCSE is the National 5 qualification.
HNCs and HNDs[edit]
HNCs (Higher National Certificates) and HNDs (Higher National Diplomas) are work-related higher education qualifications.
HNCs can take one year to complete full-time. HNDs take two years full-time (both can also be studied part-time). They are highly valued by employers, and can also count towards membership of professional bodies and other employer organisations.
HNCs and HNDs are at level 5 on the NQF.
International Baccalaureate[edit]
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme is an internationally recognised qualification for students aged 16 to 19. It is based around detailed academic study of a wide range of subjects. The student is required to take at least one language, a science, maths, english, and a humanity. The sixth option can be used to pursue an arts subject (drama, music, art, etc.) or another language, or science, or humanity. The IB also encompasses a Core of Theory of Knowledge (ToK), CAS (Creativity, Action, Service), and the Extended Essay (EE). This all leads to a single qualification.
The IB Diploma Programme is at level 3 on the RQF.
Key Skills qualifications[edit]
Key Skills qualifications were designed to develop the skills that are commonly needed in education and training, work and life in general. They have been replaced by "Functional Skills" in England, "Essential Skills" in Northern Ireland and "Essential Skills Wales" in Wales.[8]
Postgraduate qualifications[edit]
See also: master's degree and doctoral degree
Postgraduate qualifications are higher education qualifications at levels 7 or 8 of the FHEQ/levels 11 or 12 of the SCQF which require that learners have already completed a bachelor's degree. Most postgraduate qualifications will include taught and research elements, and are defined as either 'taught' or 'research' qualifications depending on which of these predominates. While all UK universities have taught degree awarding powers and can award taught postgraduate degrees, only bodies with research degree awarding powers may award research degrees.
Generally, they fall into three categories:
Short courses at FHEQ level 7/SCQF level 11 (master's degree level) leading to Postgraduate Certificates and Postgraduate Diplomas, which are taught qualifications;
Master's degrees (FHEQ level 7/SCQF level 11), which may be defined as either taught or research degrees;
Doctoral degrees (FHEQ level 8/SCQF level 12), which are all research degrees.
In addition to these, primary qualifications in medicine (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), dentistry (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) and veterinary science (Bachelor of Veterinary Science), and integrated master's degrees (e.g. Master of Engineering, Master of Physics, etc.) are undergraduate-entry courses that lead to postgraduate-level degrees (FHEQ level 7/SCQF level 11). The Scottish MA and the Oxbridge MA are not postgraduate qualifications.
In addition to postgraduate qualifications, the UK has graduate qualifications. These are short courses. (up to one year) at FHEQ level 6/SCQF level 10 or 11 (bachelor's degree level) that require students to have already gained a first degree, leading to Graduate Certificates and Graduate Diplomas.
Skills for Life qualifications[edit]
Skills for Life (sometimes referred to as Basic Skills qualifications) are designed to help learners develop their reading, writing, maths and ICT skills. There is also a Skills for Life qualification in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).
They are available for those learners who are over 16 years of age, have left compulsory full-time education and do not have an up-to-date English or maths qualification at level 2 (such as a GCSE) on the NQF. In some cases, schools can also offer the qualifications for 14- to 16-year-olds.
Skills for Life qualifications are available at entry level on the RQF.
Vocational qualifications[edit]
Vocational qualifications are designed to give learners the skills and knowledge to do a particular job, work in a particular industry, or acquire more general skills to do a variety of jobs.
They are offered by a variety of awarding bodies such as City and Guilds, Edexcel, OCR, NCFE and ABC Awards.
They are available at various levels on the RQF, and in a variety of different sizes.
A range of vocational qualifications include the competence-based National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) that can be taken at work, college, or as part of an Apprenticeship. They are based on national standards for various occupations, and cover the practical, work-related tasks designed to help learners do a job effectively. NVQs are at levels 1 to 7 on the RQF.
See also[edit]
Secondary education
Further education
Lifelong learning
Recognising and Recording Progress and Achievement
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What qualification levels mean". Gov.uk. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales". Welsh Government. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework". Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "What qualification levels mean". Gov.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Find and Compare Qualifications Frameworks". European Commission. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Diploma aggregation service (DAS) Closure
Jump up ^ Anger grows as diploma support wanes BBC News
Jump up ^ "Key Skills". City & Guilds. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
External links[edit]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080618111904/http://www.qca.org.uk/14-19/qualifications/index_main-qualifications-gp.hm
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA)
QCA NQF factsheet (PDF)
National Database of Accredited Qualifications
Department for Children Schools and Families, Section 96 qualifications (for learners aged under 19)
International Baccalaureate Organization
City and Guilds
Edexcel
OCR Examinations
Qualification Reform Support Programme
Guide to Higher Education Qualifications
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualification_types_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=803949824"
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Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Men's 4×100 metre freestyle relay
at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad
The medal ceremony of the event.
Venue
Beijing National Aquatics Center
Dates
August 10, 2008 (heats)
August 11, 2008 (final)
Competitors
72 from 16 nations
Winning time
3:08.24 WR
Medalists
01 !
United States (USA)
Michael Phelps, Garrett Weber-Gale, Cullen Jones, Jason Lezak, Nathan Adrian*, Matt Grevers*, Ben Wildman-Tobriner*
02 !
France (FRA)
Amaury Leveaux, Fabien Gilot, Frédérick Bousquet, Alain Bernard, Grégory Mallet*, Boris Steimetz*
03 !
Australia (AUS)
Eamon Sullivan, Andrew Lauterstein, Ashley Callus, Matt Targett, Leith Brodie*, Patrick Murphy*

*Indicates the swimmer only competed in the preliminary heats.
← 2004
2012 →
Swimming at the
2008 Summer Olympics
Freestyle
50 m
men women
100 m
men women
200 m
men women
400 m
men women
800 m
women
1500 m
men
Backstroke
100 m
men women
200 m
men women
Breaststroke
100 m
men women
200 m
men women
Butterfly
100 m
men women
200 m
men women
Individual medley
200 m
men women
400 m
men women
Freestyle relay
4×100 m
men women
4×200 m
men women
Medley relay
4×100 m
men women
Marathon
10 km
men women
v
t
e
The men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 10–11 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China.[1]
The U.S. men's team dominated the race from the start but fell behind in the third leg, and came from behind to set a new world record and most importantly, to capture the elusive freestyle relay title after 12 years. Diving into the pool at the final exchange, Jason Lezak chased down world record-holder Frenchman Alain Bernard on the 50-metre final length and touched the wall first with a scintillating anchor time of 46.06, the fastest ever split in the event's history, to deliver the foursome of Michael Phelps (47.51, an American record), Garrett Weber-Gale (47.02), and Cullen Jones (47.65) a gold-medal time in 3:08.24.[2][3]
France's Amaury Leveaux (47.91), Fabien Gilot (47.05), and Frédérick Bousquet (46.63) delivered Bernard a lead on the anchor by more than a half-second advantage (0.50), but Bernard's split of 46.73 was 0.67 seconds slower than Lezak's split, leaving them with silver in a European record of 3:08.32.[4] Meanwhile, Eamon Sullivan smashed the world record split of 47.24 to hand the Aussies an early lead, but his teammates Andrew Lauterstein (47.87), Ashley Callus (47.55), and Matt Targett (47.25) could not maintain the pace in the succeeding laps to end the race with a bronze-medal time of 3:09.91.[5][6]
Italy's Alessandro Calvi (48.49), Christian Galenda (47.49), Marco Belotti (48.23), and Filippo Magnini (47.27) finished fourth in 3:11.65, while the Swedish foursome of Petter Stymne (49.17), five-time Olympian Lars Frölander (48.02), Stefan Nystrand (47.25), and Jonas Persson (47.48) cracked a 3:12-barrier to earn a fifth spot in 3:11.92. Outside the club, Canada's Brent Hayden (47.56, a national record), Joel Greenshields (47.77), Colin Russell (48.49), and three-time Olympian Rick Say (48.44) posted a sixth-place time of 3:12.26, while defending Olympic champions and South African quartet of Lyndon Ferns (48.15), Darian Townsend (48.11), Roland Mark Schoeman (48.32), and Ryk Neethling (48.08) produced a seventh-place effort and an African record of 3:12.66 to lower their standard by more than half a second.[4] Great Britain's Simon Burnett (48.34), Adam Brown (47.75), Benjamin Hockin (48.50), and Ross Davenport (48.28) rounded out the field in eighth place at 3:12.87. Due to the presence of technology suits in the pool, all eight teams completed a historic relay finish under a 3:13-barrier.[6]
Earlier in the prelims, the U.S. men's team of Nathan Adrian (48.82), Cullen Jones (47.61), Ben Wildman-Tobriner (48.03), and Matt Grevers (47.77) took down the world record of 3:12.23 to cut off their own standard by 23-hundredths of a second.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Records
2 Results
2.1 Heats
2.2 Final
3 New records and feats
4 References
5 External links
Records[edit]
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
World record United States (USA)
Michael Phelps (48.83)
Neil Walker (47.89)
Cullen Jones (47.96)
Jason Lezak (47.78) 3:12.46 Victoria, Canada 19 August 2006
Olympic record South Africa (RSA)
Roland Mark Schoeman (48.17)
Lyndon Ferns (48.13)
Darian Townsend (48.96)
Ryk Neethling (47.91) 3:13.17 Athens, Greece 15 August 2004
The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.
Date
Event
Name
Nationality
Time
Record
August 10 Heat 1 Nathan Adrian (48.82)
Cullen Jones (47.61)
Ben Wildman-Tobriner (48.03)
Matt Grevers (47.77) United States 3:12.23 WR, OR
August 11 Final Michael Phelps (47.51) AM
Garrett Weber-Gale (47.02)
Cullen Jones (47.65)
Jason Lezak (46.06) United States 3:08.24 WR, OR
Results[edit]
Heats[edit]
Rank
Heat
Lane
Nationality
Names
Time
Notes
1 1 4 United States Nathan Adrian (48.82)
Cullen Jones (47.61)
Ben Wildman-Tobriner (48.03)
Matt Grevers (47.77) 3:12.23 Q, WR
2 2 4 France Amaury Leveaux (47.76) OR
Grégory Mallet (48.14)
Boris Steimetz (49.83)
Frédérick Bousquet (46.63) 3:12.36 Q, EU
3 1 5 Australia Andrew Lauterstein (48.68)
Leith Brodie (48.42)
Patrick Murphy (48.09)
Matt Targett (47.22) 3:12.41 Q, OC
4 2 5 Italy Alessandro Calvi (48.58)
Christian Galenda (47.67)
Michele Santucci (49.56)
Filippo Magnini (46.84) 3:12.65 Q
5 1 3 Sweden Stefan Nystrand (48.31)
Petter Stymne (48.41)
Lars Frölander (48.35)
Jonas Persson (47.66) 3:12.73 Q
6 2 3 South Africa Lyndon Ferns (48.20)
Roland Mark Schoeman (48.85)
Ryk Neethling (48.51)
Darian Townsend (47.50) 3:13.06 Q, AF
7 1 2 Canada Brent Hayden (48.28)
Joel Greenshields (48.06)
Rick Say (49.11)
Colin Russell (48.23) 3:13.68 Q
8 2 1 Great Britain Simon Burnett (48.20) NR
Adam Brown (48.43)
Ben Hockin (48.55)
Ross Davenport (48.51) 3:13.69 Q, NR
9 2 6 Russia Yevgeny Lagunov (48.45)
Andrey Grechin (48.08)
Andrey Kapralov (49.07)
Sergey Fesikov (48.47) 3:14.07
10 1 6 Netherlands Mitja Zastrow (49.40)
Pieter van den Hoogenband (47.17)
Bas van Velthoven (49.08)
Robert Lijesen (49.25) 3:14.90
11 1 7 New Zealand Mark Herring (49.73)
Cameron Gibson (48.07)
Willy Benson (48.65)
Orinoco Faamausili-Banse (48.96) 3:15.41 NR
12 2 7 China Chen Zuo (49.16)
Huang Shaohua (48.83)
Lü Zhiwu (48.72)
Cai Li (49.45) 3:16.16 AS
13 2 8 Switzerland Dominik Meichtry (48.96)
Karel Novy (48.60)
Flori Lang (49.34)
Adrien Perez (49.90) 3:16.80
14 1 8 Japan Takuro Fujii (49.15)
Hisayoshi Sato (48.92)
Masayuki Kishida (50.00)
Yoshihiro Okumura (49.21) 3:17.28
15 1 1 Germany Steffen Deibler (49.61)
Jens Schreiber (49.58)
Benjamin Starke (49.65)
Paul Biedermann (49.15) 3:17.99
16 2 2 Brazil César Cielo (47.91) AM
Rodrigo Castro (49.23)
Fernando Silva (49.53)
Nicolas Oliveira DSQ
Final[edit]
Rank
Lane
Nationality
Names
Time
Time behind
Notes
01 ! 4 United States Michael Phelps (47.51) AM
Garrett Weber-Gale (47.02)
Cullen Jones (47.65)
Jason Lezak (46.06) 3:08.24 WR
02 ! 5 France Amaury Leveaux (47.91)
Fabien Gilot (47.05)
Frédérick Bousquet (46.63)
Alain Bernard (46.73) 3:08.32 0.08 EU
03 ! 3 Australia Eamon Sullivan (47.24) WR
Andrew Lauterstein (47.87)
Ashley Callus (47.55)
Matt Targett (47.25) 3:09.91 1.67 OC
4 6 Italy Alessandro Calvi (48.49)
Christian Galenda (47.49)
Marco Belotti (48.23)
Filippo Magnini (47.27) 3:11.48 3.24 NR
5 2 Sweden Petter Stymne (49.17)
Lars Frölander (48.02)
Stefan Nystrand (47.25)
Jonas Persson (47.48) 3:11.92 3.68 NR
6 1 Canada Brent Hayden (47.56) NR
Joel Greenshields (47.77)
Colin Russell (48.49)
Rick Say (48.44) 3:12.26 4.02 NR
7 7 South Africa Lyndon Ferns (48.15)
Darian Townsend (48.11)
Roland Mark Schoeman (48.32)
Ryk Neethling (48.08) 3:12.66 4.42 AF
8 8 Great Britain Simon Burnett (48.34)
Adam Brown (47.75)
Ben Hockin (48.50)
Ross Davenport (48.28) 3:12.87 4.63 NR
New records and feats[edit]
Standing (l to r):Jason Lezak, Garrett Weber-Gale, Cullen Jones behind Michael Phelps at September 3, 2008 taping of season-opening September 8, 2008 Oprah Winfrey Show.
In the heats, the United States team set a world record with a team missing some of America's major stars such as Michael Phelps. France and Australia also went faster than the old record even though they rested Alain Bernard and Eamon Sullivan respectively. During the heats, all five of the continental records were broken.
In the final, the United States, France, Australia, Italy, and Sweden teams all finished within the World Record time set by the American team in the heats, the Canada team finished within what was the World record prior to the 2008 Olympics, and all of the teams finished within what was the Olympic record prior to the 2008 Olympics. The world record time was reduced by over 2% during the course of the heats and the final. Italy and Sweden failed to medal despite besting the previous world record.
The faster times can also be seen in contrast to the 2004 Olympics in Athens, in which the South African squad took home the gold medal in world-record fashion. South Africa returned all four members of that 2004 relay team to these Olympics, and they even bettered their previous world-record time by 0.51 s, yet they finished a distant 7th place in Beijing. In fact, all 8 teams swimming in the 2008 finals swam faster than South Africa's gold medal swim of 2004.
Date
Round
NOC
Names
Record
Type
August 11, 2008 Final United States Michael Phelps 47.51 AM
Garrett Weber-Gale 47.02
Cullen Jones 47.65
Jason Lezak 46.06 3:08.24 World Record
August 11, 2008 Final France Amaury Leveaux 47.91
Fabien Gilot 47.05
Frédérick Bousquet 46.63
Alain Bernard 46.73 3:08.32 European Record
August 11, 2008 Final Australia Eamon Sullivan 47.24 WR
Andrew Lauterstein 47.87
Ashley Callus 47.55
Matt Targett 47.25 3:09.91 Oceanian Record
Commonwealth Record
August 11, 2008 Final Italy Alessandro Calvi 48.49
Christian Galenda 47.49
Marco Belotti 48.23
Filippo Magnini 47.27 3:11.48 Italian Record
August 11, 2008 Final Sweden Petter Stymne 49.17
Lars Frölander 48.02
Stefan Nystrand 47.25
Jonas Persson 47.48 3:11.92 Swedish Record
August 11, 2008 Final Canada Brent Hayden 47.56 NR
Joel Greenshields 47.77
Colin Russell 48.49
Rick Say 48.44 3:12.26 Canadian Record
August 11, 2008 Final South Africa Lyndon Ferns 48.15
Darian Townsend 48.11
Roland Schoeman 48.32
Ryk Neethling 48.08 3:12.66 African Record
August 11, 2008 Final Great Britain Simon Burnett 48.34
Adam Brown 47.75
Benjamin Hockin 48.50
Ross Davenport 48.28 3:12.87 British Record
August 10, 2008 Heat 1 United States Nathan Adrian 48.82
Cullen Jones 47.61
Ben Wildman-Tobriner 48.03
Matt Grevers 47.77 3:12.23 World Record
August 10, 2008 Heat 1 Australia Andrew Lauterstein 48.68
Leith Brodie 48.42
Patrick Murphy 48.09
Matt Targett 47.22 3:12.41 Oceanian Record
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 France Amaury Leveaux 47.76 OR
Grégory Mallet 48.14
Boris Steimetz 49.83
Frédérick Bousquet 46.6 3:12.36 European Record
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 South Africa Lyndon Ferns 48.20
Roland Schoeman 48.85
Ryk Neethling 48.51
Darian Townsend 47.50 3:13.06 African Record
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 China Zuo Chen 49.16
Shaohua Huang 48.83
Lü Zhiwu 48.72
Li Cai 49.45 3:16.16 Asian Record
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 Great Britain Simon Burnett 48.20 NR
Adam Brown 48.43
Benjamin Hockin 48.55
Ross Davenport 48.51 3:13.69 British Record
It is also possible for the swimmers in the first leg to break records for the 100 m freestyle. In the heats, Amaury Leveaux of France broke the Olympic record, while the world record fell to Australian Eamon Sullivan in the final. Split times for swimmers not swimming the first leg are ineligible because the incoming swimmer can lean over in front of the blocks and be diving as the preceding swimmer is coming in, whereas the leadoff swimmer is timed from a stationary start. Thus, the world record was Sullivan's, even though five swimmers in the finals alone had faster times, including Jason Lezak, whose 46.06 seconds is the fastest individual leg in a 100 m freestyle or medley relay in history. Two days later, Alain Bernard reclaimed the record for France, recording a 47.20 time in the first semifinal of the 100m freestyle, only to have Sullivan break the record again, winning the second semifinal in 47.05 seconds.
The final included a dramatic finish with American Jason Lezak swimming the final 50 meters 0.9 seconds faster than Frenchman Alain Bernard to win the race. He also swam the fastest relay split in history. Dan Hicks and Rowdy Gaines had the call on NBC:
“ The United States trying to hang on to second; they should get the silver medal; Australia is in Bronze territory right now, but Lezak is closing a little bit on Bernard. Can the veteran chase him down and pull off a shocker here? Well, there's no doubt that he's tightening up! Bernard is losing some ground, here comes Lezak... UNBELIEVABLE AT THE END, HE'S DONE IT! THE U.S. HAS DONE IT! HE DID IT! HE DID IT TOGETHER! A new world record! Phelps's hopes [are] alive! ”
-Dan Hicks and Rowdy Gaines calling the final lap of the 4x100m relay.
“ That might be the most incredible relay split I've ever seen in my entire life. 46 flat, not only was that the fastest in history, it BLEW AWAY the fastest in history! ”
-Rowdy Gaines on Jason Lezak's record split of 46.06 seconds.
Date
Round
Name
NOC
Record
Type
August 11, 2008 Final Eamon Sullivan Australia 47.24 World Record (100 m freestyle)
August 11, 2008 Final Michael Phelps United States 47.51 Americas Record (100 m freestyle)
August 11, 2008 Final Brent Hayden Canada 47.56 National Record (100 m freestyle)
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 Amaury Leveaux France 47.76 Olympic Record (100 m freestyle)
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 César Cielo Brazil 47.91 Americas Record (100 m freestyle)
August 10, 2008 Heat 2 Simon Burnett Great Britain 48.20 National Record (100 m freestyle)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Olympic Swimming Schedule". USA Today. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Abrahamson, Alan (11 August 2008). "Lezak's classic finish delivers gold". Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Longman, Jere (11 August 2008). "As Swimming Records Fall, Technology Muddies the Water". New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Fab four' need world record". News24. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Record swim came 'quite easily': Sullivan". ABC News Australia. 11 August 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Lohn, John (10 August 2008). "Olympics, Swimming: United States Crushes World Record in 400 Free Relay, Eamon Sullivan Claims 100 Free Global Standard". Swimming World Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Lohn, John (10 August 2008). "Olympics, Swimming: United States Breaks World Record in 400 Free Relay Prelim". Swimming World Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "U.S. men set world record in 400 free relay". NBC News. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Shipley, Amy (20 August 2006). "Peirsol sets backstroke record, Phelps fades". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
External links[edit]
Official Olympic Report
hide
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Olympic champions in men's 4×100 m freestyle relay
1964: Clark, Austin, Ilman, Schollander (USA)
1968: Zorn, Rerych, Spitz, Walsh (USA)
1972: Edgar, Murphy, Heidenreich, Spitz (USA)
1984: Cavanaugh, Heath, Biondi, Gaines (USA)
1988: Jacobs, Dalbey, Jager, Biondi (USA)
1992: Hudepohl, Biondi, Jager, Olsen (USA)
1996: Olsen, Davis, Schumacher, Hall (USA)
2000: Klim, Fydler, Callus, Thorpe (AUS)
2004: Schoeman, Ferns, Townsend, Neethling (RSA)
2008: Phelps, Weber-Gale, Jones, Lezak (USA)
2012: Leveaux, Gilot, Lefert, Agnel (FRA)
2016: Dressel, Phelps, Held, Adrian (USA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_–_Men%27s_4_×_100_metre_freestyle_relay&oldid=845037024"
Categories:
Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics
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Hidden categories:
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List of Olympic Games host cities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.
In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games.
The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe (36 editions) and North America (12 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city, while the African continent has yet to hold the Games. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance.[2] The selection process lasts approximately two years. In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications. In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection. The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Olympic Games host cities
1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games
1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country
1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent
1.4 Unsuccessful cities
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Olympic Games host cities[edit]
For individual summer and winter lists, see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games.
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony
Athens Greece Europe S005I 1896 000000002018-04-06-0000April 6 000000002018-04-15-0000April 15
Paris France Europe S005II 1900 000000002018-05-14-0000May 14 000000002018-10-28-0000October 28
St. Louis[a] United States North America S005III 1904 000000002018-07-01-0000July 1 000000002018-11-23-0000November 23
London[c] United Kingdom Europe S005IV 1908 000000002018-04-27-0000April 27 000000002018-10-31-0000October 31
Stockholm Sweden Europe S005V 1912 000000002018-05-05-0000May 5 000000002018-07-22-0000July 22
Berlin Germany Europe S006VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI[4]
Antwerp[d] Belgium Europe S007VII 1920 000000002018-04-20-0000April 20 000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]
Chamonix France Europe W001I 1924 000000002018-01-25-0000January 25 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]
Paris France Europe S008VIII 000000002018-05-04-0000May 4 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002II 1928 000000002018-02-11-0000February 11 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]
Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009IX 000000002018-05-17-0000May 17 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]
Lake Placid United States North America W003III 1932 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]
Los Angeles United States North America S010X 000000002018-07-30-0000July 30 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004IV 1936 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]
Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011XI 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1 000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]
Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e] Empire of Japan
Nazi Germany Asia
Europe W005aV 1940 Cancelled due to WWII[4]
Tokyo
Helsinki[f] Empire of Japan
Finland Asia
Europe S012XII
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005bV 1944
London United Kingdom Europe S013XIII
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005cV 1948 000000002018-01-30-0000January 30 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
London United Kingdom Europe S014XIV 000000002018-07-29-0000July 29 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14
Oslo Norway Europe W006VI 1952 000000002018-02-14-0000February 14 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Helsinki Finland Europe S015XV 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W007VII 1956 000000002018-01-26-0000January 26 000000002018-02-05-0000February 5
Melbourne
Stockholm[g] Australia
Sweden Oceania
Europe S016XVI 000000002018-11-22-0000November 22
000000002018-06-10-0000June 10 000000002018-12-08-0000December 8
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17
Squaw Valley United States North America W008VIII 1960 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Rome Italy Europe S017XVII 000000002018-08-25-0000August 25 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe W009IX 1964 000000002018-01-29-0000January 29 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9
Tokyo Japan Asia S018XVIII 000000002018-10-10-0000October 10 000000002018-10-24-0000October 24
Grenoble France Europe W010X 1968 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18
Mexico City Mexico North America S019XIX 000000002018-10-12-0000October 12 000000002018-10-27-0000October 27
Sapporo Japan Asia W011XI 1972 000000002018-02-03-0000February 3 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13
Munich West Germany Europe S020XX 000000002018-08-26-0000August 26 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe W012XII 1976 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15
Montreal Canada North America S021XXI 000000002018-07-17-0000July 17 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1
Lake Placid United States North America W013XIII 1980 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Moscow Soviet Union Europe[h] S022XXII 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe W014XIV 1984 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19
Los Angeles United States North America S023XXIII 000000002018-07-28-0000July 28 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Calgary Canada North America W015XV 1988 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Seoul South Korea Asia S024XXIV 000000002018-09-17-0000September 17 000000002018-10-02-0000October 2
Albertville France Europe W016XVI 1992 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Barcelona Spain Europe S025XXV 000000002018-07-25-0000July 25 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Lillehammer Norway Europe W017XVII 1994 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-27-0000February 27
Atlanta United States North America S026XXVI 1996 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-04-0000August 4
Nagano Japan Asia W018XVIII 1998 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-22-0000February 22
Sydney Australia Oceania S027XXVII 2000 000000002018-09-15-0000September 15 000000002018-10-01-0000October 1
Salt Lake City United States North America W019XIX 2002 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Athens Greece Europe S028XXVIII 2004 000000002018-08-13-0000August 13 000000002018-08-29-0000August 29
Torino Italy Europe W020XX 2006 000000002018-02-10-0000February 10 000000002018-02-26-0000February 26
Beijing[i] China Asia S029XXIX 2008 000000002018-08-08-0000August 8 000000002018-08-24-0000August 24
Vancouver Canada North America W021XXI 2010 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
London United Kingdom Europe S030XXX 2012 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Sochi Russia Europe[h] W022XXII 2014 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031XXXI 2016 000000002018-08-05-0000August 5 000000002018-08-21-0000August 21
Pyeongchang South Korea Asia W023XXIII 2018 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Tokyo Japan Asia S032XXXII 2020 000000002018-07-24-0000July 24 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Beijing China Asia W024XXIV 2022 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-20-0000February 20
Paris France Europe S033XXXIII 2024 000000002018-07-26-0000July 26 000000002018-08-11-0000August 11
TBD TBD W025XXV 2026 (TBD)
Los Angeles United States North America S034XXXIV 2028 000000002018-07-21-0000July 21 000000002018-08-06-0000August 6
Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games
City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
London United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Paris France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 0
Los Angeles United States North America 3 (1932, 1984, 2028) 0
Athens Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0 2
Tokyo Japan Asia 2 (1964, 2020) 0
Beijing China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022)
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1948)
Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 (1932, 1980)
The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.
Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]
Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics
5 times
4 times (no entry)
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics
4 times or more
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games
Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 United States North America 5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028) 4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002) 9
2 France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 3 (1924, 1968, 1992) 6
3 Japan Asia 2 (1940, 1964, 2020) 2 (1940, 1972, 1998) 4
4 United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Canada North America 1 (1976) 2 (1988, 2010)
Italy Europe 1 (1960) 2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany Europe 2 (1916, 1936, 1972) 1 (1936, 1940)
8 China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022) 2
South Korea Asia 1 (1988) 1 (2018)
Soviet Union/ Russia Europe 1 (1980) 1 (2014)
Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0
Australia Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0
Norway Europe 0 2 (1952, 1994)
Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
Sweden Europe 2 (1912, 1956 (equestrian events only)) 0
17 Brazil South America 1 (2016) 0 1
Spain Europe 1 (1992) 0
SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 (1984)
Mexico North America 1 (1968) 0
Finland Europe 1 (1940, 1952) 0
Netherlands Europe 1 (1928) 0
Belgium Europe 1 (1920) 0
Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 Europe 17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024) 14 (1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014) 31
2 North America 7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028) 6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010) 13
3 Asia 4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020) 4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022) 8
4 Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0 2
5 South America 1 (2016) 0 1
6 Africa 0 0 0
Unsuccessful cities[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Country
City
Bids
United States Detroit 7
Hungary Budapest 6
Turkey Istanbul 5
Spain Madrid 4
Argentina Buenos Aires 4
Switzerland Lausanne 4
United States Philadelphia 5
United States Chicago 4
United States Minneapolis 3
Cuba Havana 3
Belgium Brussels 3
Azerbaijan Baku 2
Qatar Doha 2
Spain Seville 2
Yugoslavia Belgrade 2
Puerto Rico San Juan 1
Australia Brisbane 1
Slovakia Poprad 1
United States Boston 1
See also[edit]
Olympics portal
List of Commonwealth Games host cities
Notes[edit]
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-32278-5.
Jump up ^ Group, Taylor Francis (2003). The Europa World Yearbook. Taylor and Francis Group. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
Jump up ^ "Choice of the Host City". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Durántez, Conrado (April–May 1997). "The Olympic Movement, a twentieth-century phenomenon" (PDF). Olympic Review. XXVI (14): 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Antwerp 1920". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chamonix 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paris 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St. Moritz 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lake Placid 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Berlin 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis gets Olympic Games; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World's Fair in 1904" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903-02-12. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906, Karl Lennartz, Journal of Olympic History, Dec. 2001/Jan. 2002
Jump up ^ "Rome Games moved to London". realclearsports.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stockholm/Melbourne 1956". Swedish Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Tim Pile (June 25, 2008). "Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "2008 Beijing Olympic home page". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
External links[edit]
"The Olympic Games". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
[show]
v
t
e
Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: None[c1]
1920: Antwerp
1924: Paris
1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
1936: Berlin
1940: None[c2]
1944: None[c2]
1948: London
1952: Helsinki
1956: Melbourne
1960: Rome
1964: Tokyo
1968: Mexico City
1972: Munich
1976: Montreal
1980: Moscow
1984: Los Angeles
1988: Seoul
1992: Barcelona
1996: Atlanta
2000: Sydney
2004: Athens
2008: Beijing
2012: London
2016: Rio de Janeiro
2020: Tokyo
2024: Paris
2028: Los Angeles
[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II
[show]
v
t
e
Winter Olympic Games host cities
1924: Chamonix
1928: St. Moritz
1932: Lake Placid
1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940: Cancelled due to World War II
1944: Cancelled due to World War II
1948: St. Moritz
1952: Oslo
1956: Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960: Squaw Valley
1964: Innsbruck
1968: Grenoble
1972: Sapporo
1976: Innsbruck
1980: Lake Placid
1984: Sarajevo
1988: Calgary
1992: Albertville
1994: Lillehammer
1998: Nagano
2002: Salt Lake City
2006: Turin
2010: Vancouver
2014: Sochi
2018: Pyeongchang
2022: Beijing
2026: TBD
2030: TBD
[show]
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Pierre de Coubertin medal
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Summer Games
1896 Athens
1900 Paris
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1908 London
1912 Stockholm
1916 Berlin
1920 Antwerp
1924 Paris
1928 Amsterdam
1932 Los Angeles
1936 Berlin
1940 Tokyo
1944 London
1948 London
1952 Helsinki
1956 Melbourne
1960 Rome
1964 Tokyo
1968 Mexico City
1972 Munich
1976 Montreal
1980 Moscow
1984 Los Angeles
1988 Seoul
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing
2012 London
2016 Rio de Janeiro
2020 Tokyo
2024 Paris
2028 Los Angeles
2032 TBD
Winter Games
1924 Chamonix
1928 St. Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940 Sapporo
1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1948 St. Moritz
1952 Oslo
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Squaw Valley
1964 Innsbruck
1968 Grenoble
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
1984 Sarajevo
1988 Calgary
1992 Albertville
1994 Lillehammer
1998 Nagano
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin
2010 Vancouver
2014 Sochi
2018 Pyeongchang
2022 Beijing
2026 TBD
2030 TBD
Ancient Olympic Games
Intercalated Games
1906
Paralympic Games
Youth Olympic Games
Olympics portal
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Deed of trust (real estate)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In real estate in the United States, a deed of trust or trust deed is a deed wherein legal title in real property is transferred to a trustee, which holds it as security for a loan (debt) between a borrower and lender. The equitable title remains with the borrower. The borrower is referred to as the trustor, while the lender is referred to as the beneficiary.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Power of sale and trustee's sale
3 Terminology
4 See also
5 References
Overview[edit]
Transactions involving deeds of trust are normally structured, at least in theory, so that the lender/beneficiary gives the borrower/trustor the money to buy the property; the borrower/trustor tenders the money to the seller; the seller executes a grant deed giving the property to the borrower/trustor; and the borrower/trustor immediately executes a deed of trust giving the property to the trustee to be held in trust for the lender/beneficiary. In reality, an escrow holder is always used so that the transaction does not close until the escrow holder has the funds, grant deed, and deed of trust in their possession, so that the transaction can be easily rescinded if one party is unable to complete its part of the deal.
Deeds of trust differ from mortgages in that deeds of trust always involve at least three parties, where the third party holds the legal title, while in the context of mortgages, the mortgagor gives legal title directly to the mortgagee.[1] In either case, equitable title remains with the borrower. Both mortgages and deeds of trust are essentially security instruments in the form of conveyances; that is, they appear to provide on their face for absolute conveyances of legal title, but it is implicitly understood that the borrower is retaining equitable title and the conveyance is intended to merely create a security interest. This confusing situation is a legacy of the archaic (and now-obsolete) common law requirement of livery of seisin, under which English common law courts had refused to enforce shifting fees or springing freehold interests (that is, a gage for years that was supposed to automatically expand to fee simple title if the underlying debt was not repaid).[2]
A deed of trust is normally recorded with the recorder or county clerk for the county where the property is located as evidence of and security for the debt. The act of recording provides constructive notice to the world that the property has been encumbered.[3] When the debt is fully paid, the beneficiary is required by law to promptly direct the trustee to transfer the property back to the trustor by reconveyance, thus releasing the security for the debt.[4]
Deeds of trust are the most common instrument used in the financing of real estate purchases in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, Idaho, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia, whereas most other states use mortgages. Besides purchases, deeds of trust can also be used for loans made for other kinds of purposes where real estate is merely offered as collateral, and are also used to secure performance of contracts other than loans.
Power of sale and trustee's sale[edit]
A deed of trust has a crucial advantage over a mortgage from the lender's point of view. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the trustee has the power to foreclose on the property on behalf of the beneficiary. In most U.S. states, a deed of trust (but not a mortgage) can contain a special "power of sale" clause that permits the trustee to exercise these powers. Here is the standard conveyance clause from a Freddie Mac "uniform instrument":
“ Borrower irrevocably grants and conveys to Trustee, in trust, with power of sale, the following described property...[5] ”
In the states that enforce "power of sale" clauses, the courts have uniformly held that by executing a deed of trust with a "power of sale" clause, the owner has authorized the trustee to conduct a nonjudicial foreclosure in the event of default.[6] That is, unlike a mortgage, the lender need not sue the borrower in a state court; instead, the lender/beneficiary merely directs the trustee to mail (or serve, publish, or record) certain notices required by law, culminating in a "trustee's sale" at which the trustee auctions the property to the highest bidder. The borrower's equitable title normally terminates automatically by operation of law (under applicable statutes or case law) at the trustee's sale. The trustee then issues a deed conveying the legal and equitable title to the property in fee simple to the highest bidder. In turn, the successful bidder records the deed and becomes the owner of record. Thus, the advantage of deeds of trust is that the lender can recover the value of the collateral for the loan much more quickly, and without the expense and uncertainty of suing the borrower, which is why lenders overwhelmingly prefer such deeds to mortgages.
While true mortgages (limited to judicial foreclosure) remain available in every state that enforces "power of sale" clauses, they are quite rare. Any prospective borrower who specifically asks for a true mortgage from a commercial lender in such a state necessarily brings his or her creditworthiness into question (since if they were confident in their own ability to repay the loan, they would not need to make such a request), and any rational lender willing to extend credit to less creditworthy borrowers will insist on harsher terms, including the use of a deed of trust with a "power of sale" clause.
The time periods for the "trustee's sale" or "power of sale" foreclosure process vary dramatically between jurisdictions. Some states have very short timelines. For example, in Virginia, it can be as short as two weeks. In California, a nonjudicial foreclosure takes a minimum of approximately 112 days from start to finish. The process starts only when the lender or trustee records a "notice of default" no matter how long the loan payments have been unpaid. For certain home loans made between 2003 and 2007, because of current economic conditions, California law was amended to add a temporary additional 60 days to the process.
Terminology[edit]
Historically, some of these documents were titled "deeds of trust" and others were titled "trust deeds," and U.S. case law prior to about 1990 tends to reflect both usages. Due to the rise of real estate securitization in the 1990s and the shift from "lend to hold" to "lend to securitize," the majority of residential real estate transactions are now completed with uniform security instruments which are consistently described as "deeds of trust" so as to avoid confusion with true trusts or true deeds (i.e., true conveyances rather than security interests in the form of conveyances). Thus, the more precise term of art "deed of trust" has become predominant in the case law since then.
Though a mortgage is technically an entirely different legal instrument (as noted above), deeds of trust are frequently called mortgages in the real estate loan business due to the functional similarity between deeds of trust and mortgages.
Although a deed of trust usually states that the borrower is making an "irrevocable" transfer to the trustee, it is common in many jurisdictions for borrowers to obtain second and third mortgages or trust deeds that make similar transfers to additional trustees (that is, of a property they already conveyed to the trustee on their first deed of trust). As with mortgages, deeds of trust are subject to the rule "first in time, first in right," meaning that the beneficiary of the first recorded deed of trust may foreclose and wipe out all junior deeds of trust recorded later in time. If this happens, the junior debt still exists, but may become unsecured. If the debtor has sufficient senior secured claims upon his assets, lacks equity, or is otherwise insolvent, the junior liens may be wiped out completely in bankruptcy.
See also[edit]
Trust deed investment company
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dupee v. Rose, 10 Utah 305, 37 Pac. 567 (1894). This case mentions the difference between three-party deeds of trust and two-party mortgages.
Jump up ^ In re Michigan Avenue National Bank, 2 B.R. 171, 174-80 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1980). This opinion by bankruptcy judge Richard L. Merrick explains the evolution of the common law of security interests in real property.
Jump up ^ Pacific Trust Co. TTEE v. Fidelity Federal Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 184 Cal. App. 3d 817, 229 Cal. Rptr. 269 (1986).
Jump up ^ Bartold v. Glendale Federal Bank, 81 Cal. App. 4th 816, 97 Cal. Rptr. 2d 226 (2000).
Jump up ^ Examples are available at Freddie Mac Single-Family Uniform Instruments.
Jump up ^ Apao v. Bank of New York], 324 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2003); Bryant v. Jefferson Federal Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 509 F.2d 511 (D.C. Cir. 1974).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deed_of_trust_(real_estate)&oldid=814823515"
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