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Potala Palace
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Potala Palace
Potala Palace
Coordinates
29°39′28″N 91°07′01″E / 29.65778°N 91.11694°E / 29.65778; 91.11694Coordinates: 29°39′28″N 91°07′01″E / 29.65778°N 91.11694°E / 29.65778; 91.11694
Monastery information
Location
Lhasa, Tibet
Founded by
Songtsän Gampo
Date renovated
Modern palace constructed by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1645
Renovated:1989 to 1994, 2002
Type
Tibetan Buddhist
Lineage
Dalai Lama
Head Lama
14th Dalai Lama
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa
Type
Cultural
Criteria
i, iv, vi
Designated
1994 (18th session)
Reference no.
707
Region
Asia-Pacific
Extensions
2000; 2001
Potala Palace
"Potala Palace" in Simplified Chinese (top), Traditional Chinese (middle), and Tibetan (bottom) script
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
布達拉宮
Simplified Chinese
布达拉宫
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Bùdálā gōng
Tibetan name
Tibetan
ཕོ་བྲང་པོ་ཏ་ལ་
[show]Transcriptions
Wylie
pho dang potala
The Potala Palace (Tibetan: ཕོ་བྲང་པོ་ཏ་ལ་, Wylie: pho brang Potala) in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China was the residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. It is now a museum and World Heritage Site.
The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara.[1] The 5th Dalai Lama started its construction in 1645[2] after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.[3] It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site,[4] built by Songtsän Gampo in 637.[5]
The building measures 400 metres east-west and 350 metres north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging 3 m. thick, and 5 m. (more than 16 ft) thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes.[6] Thirteen stories of buildings—containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues—soar 117 metres (384 ft) on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than 300 m (about 1,000 ft) in total above the valley floor.[7]
Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". Chokpori, just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain (Wylie: bla ri) of Vajrapani, Pongwari that of Manjusri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Architecture
3 White Palace
4 Red Palace
4.1 Great West Hall
4.2 The Saint's Chapel
4.3 North Chapel
4.4 South Chapel
4.5 East Chapel
4.6 West Chapel
4.7 First Gallery
4.8 Second Gallery
4.9 Third Gallery
4.10 Tomb of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama
5 The Lhasa Zhol Pillars
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The former quarters of the Dalai Lama. The figure in the throne represents Tenzin Gyatso, the incumbent Dalai Lama
The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by Songtsän Gampo on the Red Hill.[9] The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsän Gampo's meditation cave.[10] Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645[2] after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.[3] The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete.[11] The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649.[3] Construction lasted until 1694,[12] some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.[12]
The new palace got its name from a hill on Cape Comorin at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as Avalokitesvara, or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" (Tse Potala), or usually as "the Peak".[13]
The palace was slightly damaged during the Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959, when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows[citation needed]. Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the People's Liberation Army, he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on March 19th, 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala."[14] It also escaped damage during the Cultural Revolution in 1966 through the personal intervention of Zhou Enlai,[15] who was then the Premier of the People's Republic of China. Tibetan activist Tsering Woeser claims that the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".[16] On the other hand, tibetologist Amy Heller writes that "the invaluable library and artistic treasures accumulated over the centuries in the Potala have been preserved."[17]
The Potala Palace was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere.[18] The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).
The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day.[19] Visits to the structure's roof was banned after restoration works were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage.[20] Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the Qingzang railway into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning.[21] Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.[22]
Architecture[edit]
The Potala Palace in Lhasa.
Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Marpo Ri ('Red Mountain') in the center of Lhasa Valley,[23] the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.
The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.
The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modeled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show Good Morning America and newspaper USA Today as one of the "New Seven Wonders".[24]
The Leh Palace in Leh, Ladakh, India is also modelled after the Potala Palace.
White Palace[edit]
The White Palace
The White Palace or Potrang Karpo is the part of the Potala Palace that makes up the living quarters of the Dalai Lama. The first White Palace was built during the lifetime of the Fifth Dalai Lama and he and his government moved into it in 1649.[3] It then was extended to its size today by the thirteenth Dalai Lama in the early 20th century. The palace contained the living quarters, offices, the seminary and the printing house. A central, yellow-painted courtyard known as a Deyangshar separates the living quarters of the Lama and his monks with the Red Palace, the other side of the sacred Potala, which is completely devoted to religious study and prayer. It contains the sacred gold stupas—the tombs of eight Dalai Lamas—the monks' assembly hall, numerous chapels and shrines, and libraries for the important Buddhist scriptures, the Kangyur in 108 volumes and the Tengyur with 225.[citation needed] The yellow building at the side of the White Palace in the courtyard between the main palaces houses giant banners embroidered with holy symbols which hung across the south face of the Potala during New Year festivals.
Red Palace[edit]
The Red Palace
The Red Palace or Potrang Marpo is part of the Potala palace that is completely devoted to religious study and Buddhist prayer. It consists of a complicated layout of many different halls, chapels and libraries on many different levels with a complex array of smaller galleries and winding passages:
Great West Hall[edit]
A Dhvaja on the roof
The main central hall of the Red Palace is the Great West Hall which consists of four great chapels that proclaim the glory and power of the builder of the Potala, the Fifth Dalai Lama. The hall is noted for its fine murals reminiscent of Persian miniatures, depicting events in the fifth Dalai Lama's life.[citation needed] The famous scene of his visit to the Shunzhi Emperor in Beijing is located on the east wall outside the entrance. Special cloth from Bhutan wraps the Hall's numerous columns and pillars.
The Saint's Chapel[edit]
On the north side of this hall in the Red Palace is an important shrine of the Potala. The chapel like the Dharma cave below it dates from the 7th century. It contains a small ancient jewel encrusted statue of Avalokiteshvara and two of his attendants. On the floor below, a low, dark passage leads into the Dharma Cave where Songtsen Gampo is believed to have studied Buddhism. In the holy cave are images of Songtsen Gampo, his wives, his chief minister and Sambhota, the scholar who developed Tibetan writing in the company of his many divinities.
North Chapel[edit]
The North Chapel centres on a crowned Sakyamuni Buddha on the left and the Fifth Dalai Lama on the right. On the far left of the chapel is the gold stupa tomb of the Eleventh Dalai Lama who died as a child, with rows of benign Medicine Buddhas who were the heavenly healers. On the right of the chapel are Avalokiteśvara and his historical incarnations including Songtsen Gampo and the first four Dalai Lamas. Scriptures covered in silk between wooden covers form a specialized library in a room branching off it.
South Chapel[edit]
The South Chapel centres on Padmasambhava, the 8th century Indian magician and saint. His consort Yeshe Tsogyal, a gift from the King is by his left knee and his other wife from his native land of Swat is by his right. On his left, eight of his holy manifestations meditate with an inturned gaze. On his right, eight wrathful manifestations wield instruments of magic powers to subdue the demons of the Bön faith.[citation needed]
East Chapel[edit]
The East chapel is dedicated to Tsong Koopa, founder of the Goplag tradition. His central figure is surrounded by lamas from Sakya Monastery who had briefly ruled Tibet and formed their own tradition until converted by Tsong Koopa. Other statues are displayed made of various different materials and display noble expressions.[citation needed]
West Chapel[edit]
This is the chapel that contains the five golden stupas. The enormous central stupa, 14.85 metres (49 ft) high, contains the mummified body of the Fifth Dalai Lama. This stupa is built of sandalwood, and is remarkably coated in gold, and studded with 18,680 pearls and semi-precious jewels.[25] On the left is the funeral stupa for the Twelfth Dalai Lama and on the right that of the Tenth Dalai Lama. The nearby stupa for the 13th Dalai Lama is 22 metres (72 ft) high. The stupas on both ends contain important scriptures.[7]
First Gallery[edit]
The first gallery is on the floor above the West chapel and has a number of large windows that give light and ventilation to the Great West Hall and its chapels below. Between the windows, superb murals show the Potala's construction is fine detail.[citation needed]
Second Gallery[edit]
The Second Gallery gives access to the central pavilion which is used for visitors to the palace for refreshments and to buy souvenirs.[citation needed]
Third Gallery[edit]
The Third Gallery besides fine murals has a number of dark rooms branching off it containing enormous collections of bronze statues. The chanting hall of the Seventh Dalai Lama is on the south side and on the east an entrance connects the section to the Saints chapel and the Deyangshar between the two palaces.[citation needed]
Tomb of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama[edit]
The tomb of the 13th Dalai Lama is located west of the Great West Hall and it can be reached only from an upper floor and with the company of a monk or a guide of the Potala. Built in 1933, the giant stupa is 14 metres (46 ft) high. Devotional offerings include elephant tusks from India, porcelain lions and vases. Elaborate murals in traditional Tibetan styles depict many events of the life of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama during the early 20th century.
The Lhasa Zhol Pillars[edit]
Lhasa Zhol Pillar in 1993
View of the Potala from the side
Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or rdo-rings, an interior stone pillar or doring nangma, which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or doring chima,[26] which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.
The doring chima dates as far back as c. 764, "or only a little later",[27] and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.[28]
The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in 763[29] during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen's father, Me Agtsom.[30][31]
Gallery[edit]
The rooftop of the Potala
On the roof of Potala Palace
Mendicant monk at base of Potala, 1993
View of the Potala from the former Lhasa West Gate
Potala from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling
The quiet and peaceful park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala
Snow Lions protect the entrance to the Potala Palace
The walls of the Red Palace
See also[edit]
Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama's former summer palace
Jokhang Temple Monastery
Dhvaja
Kundun, a 1997 film about the Dalai Lama, chiefly set inside the palace
Seven Years in Tibet
Leh Palace
Mount Putuo
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: [1]
Jump up ^ W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher, Vol.1, BRILL, 2010 p.48
Jump up ^ Michael Dillon, China : a cultural and historical dictionary, Routledge, 1998, p.184.
Jump up ^ Booz, Elisabeth B. (1986). Tibet, pp. 62-63. Passport Books, Hong Kong.
^ Jump up to: a b Buckley, Michael and Strausss, Robert. Tibet: a travel survival kit, p. 131. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. ISBN 0-908086-88-1.
Jump up ^ Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper).
Jump up ^ Derek F. Maher in W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher, BRILL, 2010, Vol. 1, p.123.
Jump up ^ Gyurme Dorje, Tibet Handbook: With Bhutan, Footprint Travel Guides, 1999 pp. 101–3.
Jump up ^ W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher BRILL, 2010, Vol.1, pp.48-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.
Jump up ^ Lowell Thomas, Jr. (1951). Out of this World: Across the Himalayas to Tibet. Reprint: 1952, p. 181. Macdonald & Co., London
Jump up ^ Aukatsang, Youdon; Aukatsang, Kaydor (2014). The Lion From Chamdo: Remembering a True Son of Tibet. New Delhi, India: Mahayana Press. p. 8.
Jump up ^ http://www.potalarestaurante.com/potala.php
Jump up ^ Oser, Decline of Potala, 2007
Jump up ^ Amy Heller, in Anne-Marie Blondeau, Katia Buffetrille, Wei Jing, Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions, University of California Press, 2008, p. 221
Jump up ^ "Development 'not ruining' Potala". BBC News. 28 July 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tourist entry restriction protects Potala Palace". chinadaily.com.cn.
Jump up ^ Potala Palace bans roof tour
Jump up ^ Tibet's Potala Palace to restrict visitors to 2,300 a day
Jump up ^ "Tibet bans price rises at all tourist sites(05/04/07)". china-embassy.org.
Jump up ^ Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 206
Jump up ^ "ABC Good Morning America "7 New Wonders" Page". Yahoo.
Jump up ^ "Chorten of the fifth Dalai Lama in the Potala Palace in Lhasa of Tibet Autonomous Region". china.org.cn.
Jump up ^ Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001), p. 78.
Jump up ^ Richardson (1985), p. 2.
Jump up ^ Coulmas, Florian (1999). "Tibetan writing". Blackwell Reference Online. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
Jump up ^ Snellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91.
Jump up ^ Richardson (1984), p. 30.
Jump up ^ Beckwith (1987), p. 148.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lhasa". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 529–532. (See p. 530.)
Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02469-3.
"Reading the Potala". Peter Bishop. In: Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places In Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. (1999) Edited by Toni Huber, pp. 367–388. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. ISBN 81-86470-22-0.
Das, Sarat Chandra. Lhasa and Central Tibet. (1902). Edited by W. W. Rockhill. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi (1988), pp. 145–146; 166-169; 262-263 and illustration opposite p. 154.
Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001). The Lhasa Atlas: Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Landscape, Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding-Larsen. Shambhala Books, Boston. ISBN 1-57062-867-X.
Richardson, Hugh E. (1984) Tibet & Its History. 1st edition 1962. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications. Boston ISBN 0-87773-376-7.
Richardson, Hugh E. (1985). A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions. Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-94759300-4.
Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson. (1995). A Cultural History of Tibet. 1st edition 1968. 1995 edition with new material. Shambhala. Boston & London. ISBN 1-57062-102-0.
von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1981). Indo-Tibetan Bronzes. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd. ISBN 962-7049-01-8
von Schroeder, Ulrich. (2001). Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet. Vol. One: India & Nepal; Vol. Two: Tibet & China. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. ISBN 962-7049-07-7
von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2008. 108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications. ISBN 962-7049-08-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potala Palace.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Potala Palace.
Potala Palace (UNESCO)
Potala (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library)
Research work on possible relation with Potala, Malaya Mountains and South India
Research work on Buddhism in India
Google Maps location of Potala Palace
Three-dimensional rendering of Potala Palace (without plugin; in English, Spanish, German)
Geographic data related to Potala Palace at OpenStreetMap
[2] (The sacred Potala palace)
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values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values: Потала ордон – Russia Buriat

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Estonian
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values: Ανάκτορο Ποτάλα – Greek

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Potala – Spanish
es
es
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https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: पोताला महल – Hindi

values: ארמון פוטאלה – Hebrew

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https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

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https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: पोताला दरबार – Nepali

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values: Потала – Russian

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

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Potala – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Потала – Serbian

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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala
Potala – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: பொட்டலா அரண்மனை – Tamil

values: Потала сарае – Tatar

values: พระราชวังโปตาลา – Thai

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values: پوٹالا محل – Urdu

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This article is about an American slang term. For the Hank Williams Jr album, see Out of Left Field.
"Out of left field" is American slang meaning "unexpectedly", "odd" or "strange". The phrase came from baseball terminology referring to the area covered by the left fielder who has the farthest throw to first base. According to mlb.com there is another meaning: "The term 'way out in left field' is taken to mean 'crazy.'" Cook County Hospital (by the West Side Grounds, the Chicago Cubs first location under what is now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine) had a mental institution behind left field, The bottom line is, patients could be heard yelling and screaming things at fans behind the left field wall.'"[1] Variations include "out in left field" and simply "left field".[2]
Music industry[edit]
Popular music historian Arnold Shaw wrote in 1949 for the Music Library Association that the term "out of left field" was first used in the idiomatic sense of "from out of nowhere" by the music industry to refer to a song that unexpectedly performed well in the market.[3] Based on baseball lingo, a sentence such as "That was a hit out of left field" was used by song pluggers who promoted recordings and sheet music, to describe a song requiring no effort to sell.[3] A "rocking chair hit" was the kind of song which came "out of left field" and sold itself, allowing the song plugger to relax.[3] A 1943 article in Billboard magazine expands the use to describe people unexpectedly drawn to radio broadcasting:
"Latest twist in radio linked with the war is the exceptional number of quasi-clerical groups and individuals who have come out of left field in recent months and are trying to buy, not promote, radio time."[4]
Further instances of the phrase were published in the 1940s, including more times in Billboard magazine and once in a humor book titled How to Be Poor.[5][6][7]
Later explanations[edit]
In May 1981, columnist William Safire asked readers of The New York Times to send him any ideas they had regarding the origin of the phrase "out of left field"—he did not know where it came from, and did not refer to Shaw's work.[8] On June 28, 1981, he devoted most of his Sunday column to the phrase, offering up various responses he received.[9][10] The earliest scholarly citation Safire could find was a 1961 article in the journal American Speech, which defined the variation "out in left field" as meaning "disoriented, out of contact with reality."[10][11] Linguist John Algeo told Safire that the phrase most likely came from baseball observers rather than from baseball fans or players.[12]
In Safire's Political Dictionary, Safire writes that the phrase "out of left field" means "out of the ordinary, out of touch, far out."[13] The variation "out in left field" means alternately "removed from the ordinary, unconventional" or "out of contact with reality, out of touch."[13] He compares the term to left-wing politics and the Left Coast—slang for the liberal-leaning coastal cities in California, Oregon and Washington.[13]
In 1998, American English professor Robert L. Chapman, in his book American Slang, wrote that the phrase "out of left field" was in use by 1953.[14] He did not cite Shaw's work and he did not point to printed instances of the phrase in the 1940s. Marcus Callies, an associate professor of English and philology at the University of Mainz in Germany, wrote that "the precise origin is unclear and disputed", referring to Christine Ammer's conclusion in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms.[15] Callies suggested that the left fielder in baseball might throw the ball to home plate in an effort to get the runner out before he scores, and that the ball, coming from behind the runner out of left field, would surprise the runner.[15]
From the Way Out In Left Field Society: "The phrase "way out in left field" has evolved to mean an eccentric, odd, misguided or peculiar statement or act. Although the origin of the phrase has been challenged and debated over the years, the most logical and realistic explanation comes from an extinct baseball park called West Side Grounds that the Chicago Cubs called home from 1893 to 1915. As legend has it, a mental hospital called the Neuropsychiatric Institute was located directly behind the left field wall. The Institute housed mental patients who could be heard making strange and bizarre comments within listening distance of players and fans. Thus, if someone said that you were "way out in left field," the person was questioning your sanity and comparing you with a mental patient"[16][17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/2954187/
Jump up ^ Partridge, Eric; Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2007). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Psychology Press. p. 396. ISBN 0415212596.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shaw, Arnold (December 1949). "The Vocabulary of Tin-Pan Alley Explained". Notes. Music Library Association. 7 (1): 33, 48, 50. doi:10.2307/889665. JSTOR 889665. Out of left field. Used with reference to a song that unexpectedly does well. Expression, obviously adapted from baseball, goes: 'That was a hit out of left field.' Implication is that song was not a plug song and that no work was done on it until sales and performances developed of themselves.
Jump up ^ "Religion All of a Sudden: Groups With Self-Styled Piety Capitalizing on War Nerves by Buys on Indies But Nets Sneer". The Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. 55 (17): 8. April 24, 1943. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Smith, Bill (February 8, 1947). "Follow-up Review". The Billboard. Nielsen Business Media: 39. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Webman, Hal; Fischler, Alan (June 19, 1948). "The Record Year". The Billboard. Nielsen Business Media: 14. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Fay, Frank (1945). How to Be Poor. Prentice-Hall. p. 47.
Jump up ^ Safire, William (May 10, 1981). "Word-Watchers at Work". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Red (July 1, 1981). "Sportspeak and Stuff". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Safire, William (June 28, 1981). "Out Of Left Field". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hukill, Peter B. (May 1961). "The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant". American Speech. The American Dialect Society. 36 (2): 145–151. doi:10.2307/453853. JSTOR 453853.
Jump up ^ Safire, William (1997). "Out of Left Field". In John Thorn. The Complete Armchair Book of Baseball: An All-Star Lineup Celebrates America's National Pastime. Sterling Publishing. pp. 270–273. ISBN 1578660041.
^ Jump up to: a b c Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 384. ISBN 0195343344.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Robert L. (1998). American Slang (2 ed.). HarperCollins. p. 374. ISBN 0062732935.
^ Jump up to: a b Callies, Marcus; Keller, Wolfram R.; Lohöfer, Astrid (2011). "Widening the goalposts of cognitive metaphor research". Bi-Directionality in the Cognitive Sciences: Avenues, Challenges, and Limitations. Human Cognitive Processing. 30. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 902722384X.
Jump up ^ "The Way Out in Left Field Society".
Jump up ^ "Cubs originally called West Side home".
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