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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll
and Mr Hyde
Title page of the first London edition (1886)
Author
Robert Louis Stevenson
Original title
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
None
Genre
Drama
Horror
Mystery
Thriller
Gothic
Science fiction
Publisher
Longmans, Green & Co.
Publication date
5 January 1886
ISBN
978-0-553-21277-8
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886. The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde.[1] It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll,[2][3] and the evil Edward Hyde. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the very phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situation to the next.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration and writing
2 Plot
3 Characters
3.1 Dr Henry Jekyll/Mr Edward Hyde
3.2 Gabriel John Utterson
3.3 Richard Enfield
3.4 Dr Hastie Lanyon
3.5 Mr Poole
3.6 Inspector Newcomen
3.7 Sir Danvers Carew, MP
3.8 Maid
4 Analysis
4.1 Themes
4.1.1 Dualities
4.1.2 Public vs private
4.1.3 Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain
5 Reception
6 Adaptations
7 Illustrated versions
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Inspiration and writing[edit]
Robert Louis Stevenson
Stevenson had long been intrigued by the idea of how personalities can affect a human and how to incorporate the interplay of good and evil into a story. While still a teenager, he developed a script for a play about Deacon Brodie, which he later reworked with the help of W. E. Henley and which was produced for the first time in 1882.[6] In early 1884, he wrote the short story "Markheim", which he revised in 1884 for publication in a Christmas annual. According to his essay, "A Chapter on Dreams" (Scribner's, Jan. 1888), he racked his brains for an idea for a story and had a dream, and upon wakening had the intuition for two or three scenes that would appear in the story Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Biographer Graham Balfour quoted Stevenson's wife Fanny Stevenson:
In the small hours of one morning,[...]I was awakened by cries of horror from Louis. Thinking he had a nightmare, I awakened him. He said angrily: "Why did you wake me? I was dreaming a fine bogey tale." I had awakened him at the first transformation scene.[7]
Lloyd Osbourne, Stevenson's stepson, wrote: "I don't believe that there was ever such a literary feat before as the writing of Dr Jekyll. I remember the first reading as though it were yesterday. Louis came downstairs in a fever; read nearly half the book aloud; and then, while we were still gasping, he was away again, and busy writing. I doubt if the first draft took so long as three days."[7]
Inspiration may also have come from the writer's friendship with Edinburgh-based French teacher Eugene Chantrelle, who was convicted and executed for the murder of his wife in May 1878.[8] Chantrelle, who had appeared to lead a normal life in the city, poisoned his wife with opium. According to author Jeremy Hodges,[9] Stevenson was present throughout the trial and as "the evidence unfolded he found himself, like Dr Jekyll, 'aghast before the acts of Edward Hyde'." Moreover, it was believed that the doctor had committed other murders both in France and Britain by poisoning his victims at supper parties with a "favourite dish of toasted cheese and opium".[10]
Louis Vivet, a mental patient who was suffering from multiple personality disorder, caught Frederic W. H. Myers's attention and he wrote to Stevenson after the story was published. Stevenson was polite in his response but rejected that reading. As was customary, Mrs Stevenson would read the draft and offer her criticisms in the margins. Robert Stevenson was confined to bed at the time from a haemorrhage. Therefore, she left her comments with the manuscript and Robert in the toilet. She said that in effect the story was really an allegory, but Robert was writing it as a story. After a while, Robert called her back into the bedroom and pointed to a pile of ashes: he had burnt the manuscript in fear that he would try to salvage it, and in the process forced himself to start again from nothing, writing an allegorical story as she had suggested. Scholars debate whether he really burnt his manuscript; there is no direct factual evidence for the burning, but it remains an integral part of the history of the novella.[11]
Stevenson re-wrote the story in three to six days. A number of later biographers have alleged that Stevenson was on drugs during the frantic re-write; for example, William Gray's revisionist history A Literary Life (2004) said he used cocaine while other biographers said he used ergot.[12] However, the standard history, according to the accounts of his wife and son (and himself), says he was bed-ridden and sick while writing it. According to Osbourne, "The mere physical feat was tremendous and, instead of harming him, it roused and cheered him inexpressibly". He continued to refine the work for four to six weeks after the initial re-write. The novella was written in the southern English seaside town of Bournemouth, where Stevenson had moved due to ill health, to benefit from its sea air and warmer southern climate.[citation needed]
The name Jekyll was borrowed from Reverend Walter Jekyll, a friend of Stevenson and younger brother of horticulturalist and landscape designer Gertrude Jekyll.[13]
Plot[edit]
Gabriel John Utterson and his cousin Richard Enfield reach the door of a large house on their weekly walk. Enfield tells Utterson that months ago he saw a sinister-looking man named Edward Hyde trample a young girl after accidentally bumping into her. Enfield forced Hyde to pay £100 to avoid a scandal. Hyde brought them to this door and provided a cheque signed by a reputable gentleman (later revealed to be Dr. Henry Jekyll, a friend and client of Utterson). Utterson is disturbed because Jekyll recently changed his will to make Hyde the sole beneficiary. Utterson fears that Hyde is blackmailing Jekyll. When Utterson tries to discuss Hyde with Jekyll, Jekyll turns pale and asks that Hyde be left alone.
One night in October, a servant sees Hyde beat to death Sir Danvers Carew, another of Utterson's clients. The police contact Utterson, who leads officers to Hyde's apartment. Hyde has vanished, but they find half of a broken cane. Utterson recognizes the cane as one he had given to Jekyll. Utterson visits Jekyll, who shows Utterson a note, allegedly written to Jekyll by Hyde, apologising for the trouble that he has caused. However, Hyde's handwriting is similar to Jekyll's own, leading Utterson to conclude that Jekyll forged the note to protect Hyde.
For two months, Jekyll reverts to his former sociable manner, but in early January, he starts refusing visitors. Dr. Hastie Lanyon, a mutual acquaintance of Jekyll and Utterson, dies of shock after receiving information relating to Jekyll. Before his death, Lanyon gives Utterson a letter to be opened after Jekyll's death or disappearance. In late February, during another walk with Enfield, Utterson starts a conversation with Jekyll at a window of his laboratory. Jekyll suddenly slams the window and disappears. In early March, Jekyll's butler, Mr. Poole, visits Utterson and says Jekyll has secluded himself in his laboratory for weeks. Utterson and Poole break into the laboratory, where they find Hyde wearing Jekyll's clothes and apparently dead from suicide. They find a letter from Jekyll to Utterson. Utterson reads Lanyon's letter, then Jekyll's. Lanyon's letter reveals his deterioration resulted from the shock of seeing Hyde drink a serum that turned him into Jekyll. Jekyll's letter explains that he had indulged in unstated vices and feared discovery. He found a way to transform himself and thereby indulge his vices without fear of detection. Jekyll's transformed personality, Hyde, was evil, self-indulgent, and uncaring to anyone but himself. Initially, Jekyll controlled the transformations with the serum, but one night in August, he became Hyde involuntarily in his sleep.
Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde. One night, he had a moment of weakness and drank the serum. Hyde, furious at having been caged for so long, killed Carew. Horrified, Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations. Then, in early January, he transformed involuntarily while awake. Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer, Hyde needed help to avoid capture. He wrote to Lanyon (in Jekyll's hand), asking his friend to bring chemicals from his laboratory. In Lanyon's presence, Hyde mixed the chemicals, drank the serum, and transformed into Jekyll. The shock of the sight instigated Lanyon's deterioration and death. Meanwhile, Jekyll's involuntary transformations increased in frequency and required ever larger doses of serum to reverse. It was one of these transformations that caused Jekyll to slam his window shut on Enfield and Utterson.
Eventually, one of the chemicals used in the serum ran low, and subsequent batches prepared from new stocks failed to work. Jekyll speculated that one of the original ingredients must have some unknown impurity that made it work. Knowing he would become Hyde permanently, Jekyll decided to write his "confession". He ended the letter by writing, "I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end."
Characters[edit]
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Dr Henry Jekyll/Mr Edward Hyde[edit]
Main article: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (character)
Dr Jekyll is a "large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty with something of a slyish cast",[14] who occasionally feels he is battling between the good and evil within himself, upon leading to the struggle between his dual personalities of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde. He has spent a great part of his life trying to repress evil urges that were not fitting for a man of his stature. He creates a serum, or potion, in an attempt to mask this hidden evil within his personality. However, in doing so, Jekyll transpired into the smaller, younger, cruel, remorseless, evil Hyde. Jekyll has many friends and an amiable personality, but as Hyde, he becomes mysterious and violent. As time goes by, Hyde grows in power. After taking the potion repeatedly, he no longer relies upon it to unleash his inner demon, i.e., his alter ego. Eventually, Hyde grows so strong that Jekyll becomes reliant on the potion to remain conscious.
Gabriel John Utterson[edit]
Gabriel John Utterson, a lawyer and loyal friend of Jekyll's (and Lanyon's), is the character the narrator focuses on and follows in Utterson's quest to discover the identity of Hyde. Utterson is a measured and at all times emotionless, bachelor – who nonetheless seems believable, trustworthy, tolerant of the faults of others, and indeed genuinely likeable. Utterson has been close friends with Lanyon and Dr Jekyll. However, Utterson is not immune to guilt, as, while he is quick to investigate and judge the faults of others even for the benefit of his friends, Stevenson states that "he was humbled to the dust by the many ill things he had done". Whatever these "ill things" may be, he does not partake in gossip or other views of the upper class out of respect for his fellow man. Often the last remaining friend of the down-falling, he finds an interest in others' downfalls, which creates a spark of interest not only in Jekyll but also regarding Hyde. He comes to the conclusion that human downfall results from indulging oneself in topics of interest. As a result of this line of reasoning, he lives life as a recluse and "dampens his taste for the finer items of life". Utterson concludes that Jekyll lives life as he wishes by enjoying his occupation. Utterson is a good, kind, loyal and honest friend to Henry Jekyll.
Richard Enfield[edit]
Richard Enfield is Utterson's cousin and is a well known "man about town." He first sees Hyde at about three in the morning in an episode that is well documented as Hyde is running over a little girl. He is the person who mentions to Utterson the actual personality of Jekyll's friend, Hyde. Enfield witnessed Hyde running over a little girl in the street recklessly, and the group of witnesses, with the girl's parents and other residents, force Hyde into writing a cheque for the girl's family. Enfield discovers that Jekyll signed the cheque, which is genuine. He says that Hyde is disgusting looking but finds himself stumped when asked to describe the man.
Dr Hastie Lanyon[edit]
A longtime friend of Jekyll's, Hastie Lanyon disagrees with Jekyll's "scientific" concepts, which Lanyon describes as "...too fanciful". He is the first person to discover Hyde's true identity (Hyde transforms himself back into Jekyll in Lanyon's presence). Lanyon helps Utterson solve the case when he describes the letter given to him by Jekyll and his thoughts and reactions to the transformation. When Lanyon witnesses the transformation process (and subsequently hears Jekyll's private confession, made to him alone), Lanyon becomes critically ill and later dies of shock.
Mr Poole[edit]
Poole is Jekyll's butler who has lived with him for many years. Upon noticing the reclusiveness and changes of his master, Poole goes to Utterson with the fear that his master has been murdered and his murderer, Mr Hyde, is residing in the chambers. Poole serves Jekyll faithfully and attempts to do a good job and be loyal to his master. Yet events finally drive him into joining forces with Utterson to find the truth.
Inspector Newcomen[edit]
Utterson joins this Scotland Yard inspector after the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. They explore Hyde's loft in Soho and discover evidence of his depraved life. He is driven by professional ambition and sees the murder of Sir Danvers Carew as a way to further his career.
Sir Danvers Carew, MP[edit]
A kind, white-haired old man and a Member of Parliament. The maid claims that Hyde, in a murderous rage, killed Carew in the streets of London on the night of 18 October (sometime between 11 pm and 2 am by the testimony of the maid). At the time of his death, Carew is 70 years old and is carrying on his person a letter addressed to Utterson. As a result, the police subsequently interview Utterson with regard to the murder.
Maid[edit]
A maid, whose employer Hyde had once visited, is the only person who claims to have witnessed a murder of Sir Danvers Carew. She states that she saw that Mr Hyde murdered Carew with Jekyll's cane and his feet. Having fainted after seeing what happened, she then wakes up and rushes to the police, thus initiating the murder case of Sir Danvers Carew.
Analysis[edit]
Richard Mansfield was mostly known for his dual role depicted in this double exposure. The stage adaptation opened in Boston in 1887, a year after the publication of the novella. (Picture 1895)
Literary genres which critics have applied as a framework for interpreting the novel include religious allegory, fable, detective story, sensation fiction, Doppelgänger literature, Scottish devil tales, and gothic novel.
Themes[edit]
Dualities[edit]
The novella is frequently interpreted as an examination of the duality of human nature, usually expressed as an inner struggle between good and evil, with variations such as human versus animal, civilization versus barbarism sometimes substituted, the main thrust being that of an essential inner struggle between the one and other, and that the failure to accept this tension results in evil, or barbarity, or animal violence, being projected onto others.[15] In Freudian theory, the thoughts and desires banished to the unconscious mind motivate the behaviour of the conscious mind. If someone banishes all evil to the unconscious mind in an attempt to be wholly and completely good, it can result in the development of a Mr Hyde-type aspect to that person's character.[15] This failure to accept the tension of duality is related to Christian theology, where Satan's fall from Heaven is due to his refusal to accept that he is a created being (that he has a dual nature) and is not God.[15] This idea is suggested when Hyde says to Lanyon, shortly before drinking the famous potion – "...and your sight shall be blasted by a prodigy to stagger the unbelief of Satan." This is because in Christianity, pride (to consider oneself as without sin or without evil) is the greatest sin, as it is the precursor to evil itself.[15]
In his discussion of the novel, Vladimir Nabokov argues that the "good versus evil" view of the novel is misleading, as Jekyll himself is not, by Victorian standards, a morally good person in some cases.[16]
Public vs private[edit]
The work is commonly associated today with the Victorian concern over the public and private division, the individual's sense of playing a part and the class division of London [4] In this respect, the novella has also been noted as "one of the best guidebooks of the Victorian era" because of its piercing description of the fundamental dichotomy of the 19th century "outward respectability and inward lust," as this period had a tendency for social hypocrisy.[17]
Scottish nationalism vs union with Britain[edit]
Another common interpretation sees the novella's duality as representative of Scotland and the Scottish character. In this reading, the duality represents the national and linguistic dualities inherent in Scotland's relationship with the wider Britain and the English language, respectively, and also the repressive effects of the Church of Scotland on the Scottish character.[11] A further parallel is also drawn with the city of Edinburgh itself, Stevenson's birthplace, which consists of two distinct parts: the old medieval section historically inhabited by the city's poor, where the dark crowded slums were rife with all types of crime, and the modern Georgian area of wide spacious streets representing respectability.[11][18][19]
Reception[edit]
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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was an immediate success and is one of Stevenson's best-selling works. Stage adaptations began in Boston and London and soon moved all across England and then towards his home Scotland.[4]
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was initially sold as a paperback for one shilling in the UK and one dollar in the U.S. The American publisher issued the book on 5 January 1886, four days before the first appearance of the UK edition issued by Longmans; Scribner's published 3000 copies, only 1250 of them bound in cloth. Initially, stores would not stock it until a review appeared in The Times, on 25 January 1886, giving it a favourable reception. Within the next six months, close to forty thousand copies were sold. As Stevenson's biographer, Graham Balfour, wrote in 1901, the book's success was probably due rather to the "moral instincts of the public" than to any conscious perception of the merits of its art. It was read by those who never read fiction and quoted in pulpit sermons and in religious papers.[20] By 1901, it was estimated to have sold over 250,000 copies in the United States.[21]
Adaptations[edit]
Poster from the 1880s
Main article: Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
There have been numerous adaptations of the novella including over 120 stage and film versions alone.[22]
There have also been many audio recordings of the novella, with some of the more famous readers including Tom Baker, Roger Rees, Christopher Lee, Anthony Quayle, Martin Jarvis, Tim Pigott-Smith, John Hurt, Ian Holm, Gene Lockhart and Richard Armitage.
Illustrated versions[edit]
S. G. Hulme Beaman illustrated a 1930s edition.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stevenson published the book as Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (without "The"), for reasons unknown, but it has been supposed to increase the "strangeness" of the case (Richard Dury (2005)). Later publishers added "The" to make it grammatically correct, but it was not the author's original intent. The story is often known today simply as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or even Jekyll and Hyde.
Jump up ^ /ˈdʒiːkəl/ is the Scots pronunciation of the name, but /ˈdʒɛkəl/ is the accepted general pronunciation.
Jump up ^ "Noted - Futility Closet". Futility Closet.
^ Jump up to: a b c Saposnik, Irving S. "The Anatomy of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900 11.4, Nineteenth Century (1971): pp. 715–731.
Jump up ^ "Jekyll and Hyde definition | Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Swearingen, Roger G. The Prose Writings of Robert Louis Stevenson. London: Macmillan, 1980. (ISBN) p. 37.
^ Jump up to: a b Balfour, Graham (1912). The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 15–6. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Chantrelle, Eugène Marie; Smith, Alexander Duncan. Trial of Eugène Marie Chantrelle. Toronto, Canada Law Book Co.
Jump up ^ "Lamplit Vicious Fairy Land - Robert Louis Stevenson". Robert Louis Stevenson. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Real-life Jekyll & Hyde who inspired Stevenson's classic". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Beast Within The Guardian, 13 December 2008
Jump up ^ Possibly with the help of cocaine, according to William Gray's revisionist history Robert Louis Stevenson: A Literary Life (2004). ISBN 978-0-333-98400-0
Jump up ^ "Queen of the mixed border". The Guardian. 17 June 2006.
Jump up ^ The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, second edition.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sanford, John A. Evil The Shadow Side of Reality. Crossroad (1981)
Jump up ^ "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: An Introductory Essay." Signet Classic, 2003
Jump up ^ Nightmare: Birth of Victorian Horror (TV series) Jekyll and Hyde (1996)
Jump up ^ Robert Louis Stevenson and His World, David Daiches, 1973
Jump up ^ "Edinburgh: Where Jekyll parties with Hyde". The Daily Telegraph. London. 25 July 1998. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Graham Balfour, The Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, volume II, pp 17-18
Jump up ^ Tim Middleton, Introduction to The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: The Merry Men and Other Stories, Wordsworth Editions, 1993, pp. 9
Jump up ^ "Derivative Works - Robert Louis Stevenson". Robert Louis Stevenson.
Jump up ^ https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/illustrations-to-strange-case-of-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde-1930
Further reading[edit]
Borinskikh L. I. (1990c). "The method to reveal a character in the works of R.L. Stevenson [The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]". In *** (ed.) The Problem of character in literature. Tchelyabinsk: Tchelyabinsk State University. Pp. 31–32. (In Russian, German and Hindi.)
Richard Dury, ed. (2005). The Annotated Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. ISBN 88-7544-030-1, over 80 pages of introduction material, extensive annotation notes, 40 pages of derivative works and extensive bibliography.
Paul M. Gahlinger, (2001). Illegal Drugs: A Complete Guide to their History, Chemistry, Use, and Abuse. Sagebrush Medical Guide. p. 41. ISBN 0-9703130-1-2.
Kathrine Linehan, ed. (2003). Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Norton Critical Edition, contains extensive annotations, contextual essays and criticisms. ISBN 0-393-97465-0
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Annotated Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ePub, Mobi, PDF versions
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde[1] from Internet Archive. Many antiquarian illustrated editions.
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde at Project Gutenberg ver.1
"The Beast Within", Freudian fable, sexual morality tale, gay allegory – the novella has inspired as many interpretations as it has film adaptations. By James Campbell, The Guardian, 13 December 2008
1950 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1913)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
The Head of Janus (1920)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941)
The Son of Dr. Jekyll (1951)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
The Daughter of Dr. Jekyll (1957)
The Doctor's Horrible Experiment (1959)
The Ugly Duckling (1959)
My Friend, Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960)
The Nutty Professor (1963)
Karutha Rathrikal (1967)
Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde (1971)
I, Monster (1971)
Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo (1972)
Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde (1976)
Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot (1979)
Dr. Heckyl and Mr. Hype (1980)
Docteur Jekyll et les femmes (1981)
Chehre Pe Chehra (1981)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995)
Mary Reilly (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
Van Helsing (2004)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (2006)
The Mummy (2017)
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse (1947)
Motor Mania (1950)
Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954)
Hyde and Hare (1955)
Hyde and Go Tweet (1960)
Mad Monster Party? (1967)
Mad Mad Mad Monsters (1972)
The Pagemaster (1994)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jiggle and Mr. Sly (2004)
Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
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Hotel Transylvania (2012)
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1988)
Jekyll and Hyde (2001)
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"Dr. Heckyll & Mr. Jive" (1983)
"Bubba Hyde" (1995)
Jekyll and Hyde (2003)
Jekyll & Hyde en Español (2004)
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1888)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Or a Mis-Spent Life (1897)
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Jekyll (2007)
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Jekyll and Hyde (2015)
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Batman: Two Faces (1998)
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Knots and Crosses (1987)
Mary Reilly (1990)
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1932)
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LCCN: n90662176
GND: 4390920-6
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Nimbin, New South Wales
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Nimbin
New South Wales
Nimbin
Location in New South Wales
Coordinates
28°35′45″S 153°13′23″E / 28.59583°S 153.22306°E / -28.59583; 153.22306Coordinates: 28°35′45″S 153°13′23″E / 28.59583°S 153.22306°E / -28.59583; 153.22306
Population
1,477 (2016)[1]
Postcode(s)
2480
Elevation
65 m (213 ft)
Location
779 km (484 mi) NE of Sydney
181 km (112 mi) S of Brisbane
35 km (22 mi) N of Lismore
50 km (31 mi) SW of Murwillumbah
33 km (21 mi) E of Kyogle
LGA(s)
City of Lismore
State electorate(s)
Lismore
Federal Division(s)
Page
Nimbin is a village in the Northern Rivers area of the Australian state of New South Wales, approximately 30 km (19 mi) north of Lismore, 33 km (21 mi) northeast of Kyogle, and 70 km (43 mi) west of Byron Bay.
Nimbin is notable for the prominence of its environmental initiatives such as permaculture, sustainability and self-sufficiency as well as the cannabis counterculture. Writer Austin Pick described his initial impressions of the village this way: "It is as if a smoky avenue of Amsterdam has been placed in the middle of the mountains behind frontier-style building facades. ... Nimbin is a strange place indeed."[2]
Nimbin has been described in literature and mainstream media as 'the drug capital of Australia', 'a social experiment' and 'an escapist sub-culture'. Nimbin has become an icon in Australian cultural history with many of the values first introduced there by the counterculture becoming part of modern Australian culture.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Cannabis culture and MardiGrass
2.1 Police intervention
3 Accommodation and attractions
4 Notable people from Nimbin
5 Media
6 Transport
7 Gallery
8 Sister Cities
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Nimbin and surrounding areas are part of what is known as the "Rainbow Region", which is of cultural importance to the Indigenous Bundjalung people. The name Nimbin comes from the local Whiyabul (Widgibal) clan whose Dreamtime speaks of the Nimbinjee spirit people protecting the area. In recent decades, since 1973, the area has become a haven for Australia's counterculture.[4]
Forests of Red Cedar first attracted loggers to the area in the 1840s, but by the end of the century most of the land had been cleared. With the Cedar forests gone, Nimbin was subdivided in 1903 with the land turned over to dairy farming and growing bananas.[5] In the 1960s, the local dairy industry collapsed due to recession and Nimbin went into serious economic decline until 1973, when the Aquarius Festival, a large gathering of university students, practitioners of alternative lifestyles, 'hippies' and party people, was held in the village.[6] The Festival was the first event in Australia that sought permission for the use of land from the Traditional Owners and a significant attempt at reconciliation.[7] After the festival hundreds of participants and festival goers remained in Nimbin to form communes and other multiple occupancy communities, in search of an "alternative lifestyle". Nimbin in fact made legal history for the first ever application of group title ownership of land in Australia. Since the Aquarius Festival, the region has attracted thousands of writers, artists, musicians, actors, environmentalists and permaculture enthusiasts, as well as tourists and young families escaping city life.[3]
In 1979, the Nimbin community staged the "Battle for Terania Creek" to protect the remaining local rainforest. As a result, the New South Wales government imposed a "no rainforest logging" policy covering the entire state, the world’s first government legislation to protect rainforest.[3]
The population of Nimbin before the failure of the dairy industry in 1961 was 6,020. At the 2006 census[8] Nimbin had a population of 352, compared to 321 at the 2001 census.[9] The region's high rural population (35 percent of Lismore residents according to the census) means Nimbin services a surrounding rural area of about ten thousand people living within 15 km (9.3 mi).[10] Nimbin had the highest unemployment rate in the Lismore Local Government Area in 2006, 18.1 percent.[8] Nimbin's population at the 2011 census was 468.[1]. The 2016 Census published Nimbin's population as 319 with local services provided by the City of Lismore (its area containing 45000 people)[11].
Cannabis culture and MardiGrass[edit]
Main article: MardiGrass
Nimbin Village 2008
In New South Wales the cultivation, possession or sale of cannabis is punishable by law. In Nimbin, cannabis is openly bought, sold and consumed.
The prevalence of a drug culture in Nimbin since 1973 has been accompanied by a prevalence of collective and public creativity: colourful and spiritually motivated art (including large paintings above the shop awnings), music, poetry, craft and fashion can all be seen on the main street. The town is known as a hotspot for alternative social activities, grassroots political discourse, and the espousal of naturalist, humanist, anarchist, feminist, libertarian, permissive, new-age, mystical and radical social philosophies (which can all be seen as collective creative endeavours).
To rally for an end to the prohibition of cannabis in Australia, Nimbin has held an annual MardiGrass festival since 1993. On the first weekend with any part of it in May, thousands descend on Nimbin for cannabis oriented fun and frivolity. Activities include: a Prohibition Protest Rally and Parade with the Ganja Faeries, the Nimbin Cannabis Cup, the Hemp Olympix, which includes the Bong "Throw'n'Yell", Joint Rolling, and the Grower's Iron Person event, where runners must first carry a 20 kg (44 lb) sack of fertiliser, then a bucket of water, and finally "the crop", as a tribute to the difficulties faced by growers in the hills, and to show that cannabis users can be fit and healthy. At night, entertainment ranges from the Harvest Ball and Picker's Ball, rave doof parties, to poetry and jazz in local cafes.[12]
There are a number of shops in Nimbin geared to the cannabis culture.
The Nimbin Hemp Embassy is a "soft entry point for drug information", and a shop selling anything to do with Hemp, except cannabis itself.
Clothing & natural skin products using industrial hemp products.
The Nimbin HEMP Bar used to allow the patrons to smoke cannabis while enjoying fresh coffee and cake. In April 2008 police announced their intention to close the HEMP Bar and Museum. Landlords were sent letters to this effect. Rather than cause legal problems for their landlord, the HEMP Bar crew voluntarily closed the doors and moved out. The HEMP Bar reopened in 2009 as a coffee and hemp information centre, but smoking of cannabis is no longer encouraged.
The Nimbin Museum was a collection of local artefacts, local art, and alternative culture open for tour. The Museum and two other buildings were destroyed by fire on 13 August 2014. There are plans to rebuild a proper museum at the site.[citation needed]
Police intervention[edit]
The level of police intervention against drug trafficking has fluctuated over the years, however the State and Federal Police have never been able to stop or even significantly reduce the prevalence of cannabis use in the village.[citation needed] In April 2008, a squad of 110 officers, six horses and police dogs conducted searches in a police operation. Several buildings were searched including the Hemp Embassy. Eight people were arrested, 72 people were issued cannabis cautions and police seized 4 kilograms (9 lb) of cannabis and cannabis ‘cookies’. Police sent letters to the Nimbin Museum and the Hemp Bar leaseholders indicating an intention to seek closure orders under the Restricted Premises Act of 1943 for the MardiGrass weekend.[13] The Restricted Premises Act allows for the closure of premises for three days and orders may be obtained weekly. The Museum reopened with a new leaseholder while the Hemp Bar remained closed for eight months and reopened in January 2009.[14][15]
CCTV cameras in the main street of Nimbin had pushed dealing off the streets and into the museum and the Hemp Embassy had been requesting that police deal with the problem. Following the raids, Hemp Embassy volunteer Andrew Kavasilas commented: "This is a real slap in the face for people who would like to see other resources in town. We have been inviting the police to come down and sort out the dealing in the museum for years and this is their response. They could work with the community, but they're not interested." Many locals voiced their opposition to the Police operation.[14][15] Following the operation, Richmond Police local area commander Superintendent Bruce Lyons vowed to "shut down the drug trade."[13]
Accommodation and attractions[edit]
Nimbin Mardigrass 2008
A wide variety of accommodation is available for visitors, from camping grounds and backpacker hostels, to bush cabins and hotels.
Nimbin has a police station, hospital and medical centre, lawyers, real estate agency, service station with NRMA accreditation, restaurants, cafes and pub. The pub has an in-house restaurant. There are a number of sporting clubs and the Bowling Club maintains licensed premises. The Nimbin Neighbourhood and Information Centre (NNIC) run by local volunteer residents offers visitors guides, computers for Internet use, a small Centrelink office, legal advice, nurse practitioner, welfare worker, weekly soup kitchen in the adjacent park, and publishing service for the local newspaper. Local entertainments include the town hall, once a year Madigrass, markets, bands, walks to the mountains, and day-to-day activities from buskers to street stalls.
Other nearby attractions:[4]
Nimbin Rocks, a series of jagged outcrops, solidified plugs left after the erosion of volcanic dykes and vents and Blue Knob that are both landmarks for the village.
Mount Warning (known to the Bundjalung people as Wollumbin meaning 'cloud catcher') is about 50km away. Named by James Cook as a maritime navigational indicator of dangerous offshore reefs, Mt. Warning's summit is the first part of mainland Australia to receive light from each sunrise. Mount Warning is the remaining centre plug of a caldera which, 23 million years ago, had a 100 kilometre (62 mi) diameter. Its height was 1,156 metres (3,793 ft), nearly twice the height of Mount Warning today[16][better source needed]. The summit of Mt. Warning can be climbed via a 9km, 5-hour return walk through forested slopes[17].
Nightcap National Park is one of the few remaining places to see the remnants of the Big Scrub rainforest.
There are local creeks, waterholes and rivers for swimming.
Notable people from Nimbin[edit]
Lee Hartney from The Smith Street Band was born in Nimbin in a barn.[citation needed]
Media[edit]
The Nimbin Good Times is a free monthly community newspaper, also distributed in Lismore, Byron Bay, and some suburbs of Brisbane and Sydney. The community radio station is 2NIMFM which offers an independent alternative media voice playing a diverse range of music and programming in Japanese, German, and Bundjalung language.
Transport[edit]
Nimbin is 35 km (22 mi) from Lismore Airport with flights several times daily to Sydney.
Waller's Bus Company operates multiple services on route 650 per weekday to Lismore.
Gosel's Bus Service operates two services on route 630 per weekday to Murwillumbah, with connection to Tweed Heads.
There is also a school bus service available for the general public on school days to Kyogle
Gallery[edit]
Nimbin NSW Australia
Nimbin Rocks, near Nimbin NSW Australia
Welcome sign to the village
Nimbin 2008
Sister Cities[edit]
Woodstock, United States
Takaka, New Zealand
North Cave, England
Freetown Christiania, Denmark
See also[edit]
Cannabis portal
New South Wales portal
Nightcap National Park
Protected areas of New South Wales (Australia)
ConFest, a long-running annual gathering
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Nimbin (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "FudoMouth: "we doze in a sunspot coma"". Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nimbin History Lismore Tourism Guide
^ Jump up to: a b "Walkabout.com Nimbin". Retrieved 2007-01-31.
Jump up ^ Nimbin pioneers history Nimbin History 2002
Jump up ^ "MilesAgo.com Aquarius 1973". Retrieved 2006-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Black Fellas and Rainbow Fellas: Convergence of Cultures at the Aquarius Arts and Lifestyle Festival, Nimbin, 1973". journal.media-culture.org.au. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lismore Local Government Area FAST FACTS 2008" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). "Nimbin (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2001 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
Jump up ^ From Aquarius Dreaming To Nineties Reality
Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/0/8E7CC02E07D4D4CECA2570A0000AE0A2?OpenDocument
Jump up ^ "NimbinMardiGrass.com MardiGrass History". Retrieved 2007-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "ABC News, Tag Nimbin 2480".
^ Jump up to: a b "Northern Star (news) - Nimbin Under Siege".
^ Jump up to: a b "Northern Star - cops clamp down on illicit drug trade".
Jump up ^ Tweed Volcano
Jump up ^ http://www.mtwarningrainforestpark.com/the-experience
External links[edit]
Nimbin Web: Community Directory
Nimbin Australia: Links & Info
Nimbin MardiGrass Official Site
ABC News Australia: Nimbin News Thread
Small pictorial on Nimbin and the nearby Nightcap National park
Nimbin Accommodation & Transport Guide
Nimbin Heads: Hour-long documentary "snapshot" of Nimbin Culture at YouTube
FudoMouth: "we doze in a sunspot coma" - An American traveler's account of a roadtrip through the Nimbin Valley
Northern Rivers Geology Blog - Nimbin
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text:
National Human Rights Commission of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nation Human Rights Commission
राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग
National Human Rights Commission logo
Agency overview
Formed
12 October 1993
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency
India
Operations jurisdiction
India
General nature
• Federal law enforcement
Headquarters
New Delhi, India

Agency executives
Justice H. L. Dattu, Chairman
Ambuj Sharma, Secretary General
Website
Official website
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993.[1] It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (TPHRA).[2] The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India,[3] responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as "rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants".
Contents
1 Functions
2 Composition
2.1 Chairman and Members
2.2 State Human Rights Commission
3 Appointment
4 Former chairpersons
4.1 Acting Chairpersons
5 Controversy
6 Human Rights Campaign's recommendations
7 References
8 External links
Functions[edit]
The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to perform the following functions:[2]
proactively or reactively inquire into violations of government of India human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant
by leave of the court, to intervene in court proceeding relating to human rights
make recommendations about granting relief to the victims and their families.
review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation
review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation
undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions congress to working in the field of anti human rights.
such other function as it may consider it necessary for the protection of human rights.
requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
by sitting and taking application and rejecting then on the basic of sex, caste, income and social status.
On the silver jubilee of the National Human Rights Commission, the commission organised a Human Rights mela (festival) at Central Park, Connaught Place, New Delhi on 13th October 2018.
Composition[edit]
The NHRC consists of:
A Chairperson, should be retired Chief Justice of India (through GoI mulling appointment of retired SC Judges as chairperson[4])
One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India
One member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court
Two members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights
In addition, the Chairpersons of four National Commissions (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women and Minorities) serve as ex officio members.
The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.
Chairman and Members[edit]
Justice JS Kehar is going to be next chairman after H.L. Dattu The chairman of the NHRC is Justice H. L. Dattu and the other members are:[5]
Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose, Judge Supreme Court of India
Justice D. Murugesan, Chief Justice of Delhi High Court
Jyotika Kalra

Ex-officio members:
Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Castes Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
Syed Gayorul Hasan Rizvi, Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities
Rekha Sharma, Chairperson, National Commission for Women
State Human Rights Commission[edit]
A State Government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred upon, and to perform the functions assigned to, a State Commission. In accordance to the amendment brought in TPHRA,1993[6] point No.10 below is the list[7] of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under chapter V of TPHRA,1993 (with amendment act 2006). At present, 25 states have constituted SHRC[8]
State Commission
City
Date constituted
Assam Human rights Commission Guwahati 19 January 1996
Andhra Pradesh State Human rights Commission Hyderabad 2 August 2006
Bihar Human rights Commission Patna 3 January 2000
Chhattisgarh Human Rights Commission Raipur 16 April 2001
Gujarat State Human Rights Commission[9] Gandhinagar 12 September 2006
Goa Human Rights Commission Panaji 2011
Meghalaya State Human Right Commission Shillong 2013
Himachal Pradesh State Human rights Commission Shimla --
Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission Srinagar January 1997
Kerala State Human Rights Commission Thiruvananthapuram 11 December 1998
Karnataka State Human Rights Commission Bangalore 28 June 2005
Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission Bhopal 1 September 1995
Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission Mumbai 6 March 2001
Manipur State Human Rights Commission Imphal 2003
Odisha Human rights Commission Bhubaneswar 27 January 2000
Punjab Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 1997
Rajasthan State Human rights Commission Jaipur 18 January 1999
State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu Chennai 17 April 1997
Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission Lucknow 7 October 2002
West Bengal Human Rights Commission Kolkata 8 January 1994
Jharkhand State Human Rights Commission Ranchi 2010
Sikkim State Human Rights Commission Gangtok 18 October 2008
Uttarakhand Human Rights Commission Dehradun 13 May 2013
Haryana Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 2012
Tripura Human rights Commission Agartala 2015
Appointment[edit]
Section 2 Sections 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC. The Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India, on the recommendation of a committee consisting of:
The Prime Minister (Chairperson)
The Home Minister
The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
Former chairpersons[edit]
Sr
No
Name
Tenure
1. Justice Ranganath Misra 12 October 1993 – 24 November 1996
2. Justice M N Venkatachaliah 26 November 1996 – 24 October 1999
3. Justice J S Verma 4 November 1999 – 17 January 2003
4. Justice A S Anand 17 February 2003 – 31 October 2006
5. Justice S. Rajendra Babu 2 April 2007 - 31 May 2009
6. Justice K G Balakrishnan 7 June 2010 - 11 May 2015
7. Justice H.L. Dattu 29 Feb-2016
Acting Chairpersons[edit]
Justice Cyriac Joseph from 11 May 2015 to 28 February 2016
Dr. Justice Shivaraj Patil, from 1 November 2006 to 1 April 2007
Justice G.P. Mathur, from 1 June 2009 to 6 June 2010
Controversy[edit]
A report concerning the manner of which the Shivani Bhatnagar murder controversy case was rejected, a case which involved high-ranking officials being implicated in the murder of a journalist, opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights commissions set up by the government at the national and state levels.[10]
In mid-2011, the chairman of the NHRC, ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly owning assets disproportionate to his income.[11] His son-in-law P. V. Srinijan, an Indian National Congress politician, had to resign for suddenly coming into possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs.[12] Many prominent jurists, including former CJ J. S. Verma, SC ex-Judge V. R. Krishna Iyer, noted jurist Fali S. Nariman, former NHRC member Sudarshan Agrawal and prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan, have called on Balakrishnan's resignation pending from the HRC pending inquiry.[13] In February 2012, the Supreme Court inquired of the government regarding the status of the inquiry.[14]
Human Rights Campaign's recommendations[edit]
NHRC held that 16 out of 19 police encounters with suspected maoists in Guntur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, prior to 2002 were fake and recommended to Government payment of compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the kin of the families.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Annual Report 1993-94 of the National Human Rights Commission
^ Jump up to: a b The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006
Jump up ^ Nath, Damini. "NHRC issues notice to T.N." The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-sc-judges-could-soon-be-appointed-nhrc-chiefs/article19824595.ece
Jump up ^ NHRC website
Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/HRActEng.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm
Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm
Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/GujratOrders.htm
Jump up ^ The NHRC, and the Shivani Murder Controversy. Indiatogether.org. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ CBDT to probe ex-CJI Balakrishnan's assets -Videos India:IBNLive Videos. Ibnlive.in.com (2011-06-22). Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Ex-CJI's son amasses property in four years. Deccanherald.com (2012-09-21). Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ Fali Nariman wants judicial probe against ex-CJI, kin's assets : South News – India Today. Indiatoday.intoday.in (2011-01-03). Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ SC asks Centre about action taken against ex-CJI KG Balakrishnan – India News – IBNLive. Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved on 2012-09-30.
Jump up ^ "NHRC declares 16 out of 19 encounters fake, orders compensation of Rs.80 lakh". 13 July 2012.
External links[edit]
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