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Master (form of address)
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Master is an English honorific for boys and young men.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the term
2 Current usage in UK
3 Current usage in USA
4 References
Origin of the term[edit]
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Master was used in England for men of some rank, especially "free masters" of a trade guild and by any manual worker or servant employee addressing his employer (his master), but also generally by those lower in status to gentlemen, priests, or scholars. In the Elizabethan period, it was used between equals, especially to a group ("My masters"), mainly by urban artisans and tradespeople. It was later extended to all respectable men and was the forerunner of Mister.
After its replacement in common speech by Mister, Master was retained as a form of address only for boys who have not yet entered society. By the late 19th century, etiquette dictated that men be addressed as Mister, and boys as Master.
Current usage in UK[edit]
The use of Master as a prefixed title was, according to Leslie Dunkling, "until recently ... a way of addressing politely a boy who was too young to be called 'Mister'."[1] It was used as a title for the eldest son only; younger sons had no form of address.
Master is used sometimes, especially up to circa late-19th century, especially in the UK to describe the male head of a large estate or household who employs domestic workers.
The heir to a Scottish lordship, barony or viscountcy is given the style or dignity[2] Master of followed by his father's title. For instance, the heir of Lord Elphinstone is known as the Master of Elphinstone.
Current usage in USA[edit]
Nancy Tuckerman of the Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette writes that in the USA, unlike the UK, a boy can be addressed as master only until age 12, then is addressed only by his name with no title until he turns 18, when he takes the title of Mr.,[3]:662 although it is not improper to use Mr. if he is slightly younger. Robert Hickey, deputy director of the Protocol School of Washington, states that "use of Master [as] an honorific when addressing boys is considered old fashioned outside of conservative circles."[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Leslie Dunkling, Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address (2012).
Jump up ^ 2nd edition (1953) of Valentine Heywood's "British Titles" pp103–108
Jump up ^ Nancy Dunnan & Nancy Tuckerman, The Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette (50th Anniversary ed.) (1995).
Jump up ^ How to Address Children.
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Thermal paper
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A receipt printed on thermal paper. A heat source near the paper will color the paper.
Paper roll for thermal fax machine.
Thermal paper is a special fine paper that is coated with a material formulated to change color when exposed to heat. It is used in thermal printers and particularly in inexpensive or lightweight devices such as adding machines, cash registers, and credit card terminals.
The surface of the paper is coated with a solid-state mixture of a dye and a suitable matrix; a combination of a fluoran leuco dye as an example. When the matrix is heated above its melting point, the dye reacts with the acid, shifts to its colored form, and the changed form is then conserved in a metastable state when the matrix solidifies back quickly enough. The reactant acid in thermal paper is often bisphenol A (BPA).
Usually, the coating will turn black when heated, but coatings that turn blue or red are sometimes used. While an open heat source, such as a flame, can discolor the paper, a fingernail swiped quickly across the paper will also generate enough heat from friction to produce a mark.
Multicolor thermal paper first became available in the early 1990s (1993) with the introduction of the Fuji Thermo-Autochrome (TA) system.[1] This was followed in the late 2000s (2007) by the development of the Polaroid Zink ("zero-ink") system.[2] Both of these methods rely on multi-layer coatings with three separate colorizing layers, but different methods are used for independent activation of each layer.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Chemistry
2.1 Leuco Dyes
2.2 Developers
2.3 Sensitizers
2.4 Stabilizers
3 Multicolored papers
3.1 Zink
4 Protective coating
5 Health and environmental concerns
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The earliest direct thermal papers were developed by NCR Corporation (using dye chemistry) and 3M (using metallic salts). The NCR technology became the market leader over time, although the image would fade rather rapidly compared with the much more expensive, but durable 3M technology.
Texas Instruments invented the thermal print head in 1965, and the Silent 700, a computer terminal with a thermal printer, was released in the market in 1969. The Silent 700 was the first thermal print system that printed on thermal paper. During the 1970s, Hewlett-Packard integrated thermal paper printers into the design of its HP9800 series desktop computers, and integrated it into the top of the 2600-series CRT terminals as well as in plotters.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese producers (such as Ricoh, Jujo, and Kanzaki), using similar dye-based chemistry, formed partnerships with barcode printer manufacturers (such as TEC, Sato, and others) and entered the emerging global bar code industry, primarily in supermarkets. U.S. producers such as Appleton (NCR's licensee), Nashua Corporation, Graphic Controls, and others fought to gain market share. Leading pressure-sensitive label producers such as Avery Dennison became major consumers of direct thermal paper for label applications.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, thermal transfer, laser printing, electrophotography, and, to a lesser extent, ink jet printing began to take away industrial and warehouse barcode applications due to better durability. Direct thermal made a strong comeback with point of sale receipts (gasoline pumps, cash registers, rental car receipts, etc.).
During 1998, Nintendo used thermal paper technology for their Game Boy Printer.
In 2006, NCR Corporation's Systemedia division introduced two-sided thermal printing technology, called "2ST".
Chemistry[edit]
Four different types of imaging chemicals are used in thermally sensitive papers: leuco dyes, developers, sensitizers and stabilizers.[3]
Leuco Dyes[edit]
The leuco dyes used in direct thermal paper are usually triaryl methane phthalide dyes, such as Yamamoto Blue 4450, or fluoran dyes, such as Pergascript Black 2C. A third widely used leuco dye is Crystal violet lactone. Red or magenta color can be achieved with dyes such as Yamamoto Red 40. Yellow can be produced by the protonation of a triaryl pyridine, such as Copikem Yellow 37. These dyes have a colorless leuco form when crystalline or when in a pH neutral environment, but become colored when dissolved in a melt and exposed to an acidic environment.
Developers[edit]
Leuco dyes, in general, provide little color when melted unless they are melted in conjunction with one or more organic acids. Examples of organic acids suitable for thermochromic papers are phenols such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol S (BPS). Other suitable acidic materials are sulfonyl ureas such as BTUM and Pergafast 201. Zinc salts of substituted salicylic acids, such as zinc di-tert-butylsalicylate have also been commercially used as developers.
Sensitizers[edit]
A leuco dye and a developer, when melted together, are enough to produce color. However, the thermal threshold of the coated layer containing the colorizing components is determined by the lowest melting component of the layer. Furthermore, developers and leuco dyes often mix poorly upon melting. To optimize the colorization temperature and to facilitate mixing, a third chemical called a sensitizer is commonly added to the imaging layer. Sensitizers are commonly simple ether molecules such as 1,2-bis-(3-methylphenoxy)ethane or 2-benzyloxynapthalene. These two materials melt at approximately 100C, which is a practical lower limit for thermal coloration. These low-cost ethers are excellent low viscosity solvents for leuco dyes and developers, and this facilitates color formation at a well-defined temperature and with minimum energy input.
Stabilizers[edit]
Dyes in thermally sensitive paper are often unstable and return to their original colorless, crystalline forms when stored in hot or humid conditions.[4] To stabilize the metastable glass formed by the leuco dye, developer and sensitizer, a fourth type of material called a stabilizer is often added to thermal papers. Stabilizers often share similarities with developers and are often complex multifunctional phenols that inhibit recrystallization of the dye and developer, thereby stabilizing the printed image.
Multicolored papers[edit]
Zink[edit]
In the early 2000s, Polaroid developed the Zink "zero-ink" technology.[5] The paper is used in compact photo printers. It has several layers: a backing layer with optional pressure sensitive adhesive, heat-sensitive layers with cyan, magenta and yellow pigments in colorless form, and overcoat. Zink technology allows the printing of full-color images in a single pass without requiring ink cartridges.
The color addressing is achieved by controlling the heat pulse length and intensity.[6]
The color-forming layers contain colorless crystals of amorphochromic dyes. These dyes form microcrystals of their colorless tautomers, which convert to the colored form by melting and retain color after resolidification.[7]
The yellow layer is the topmost one, sensitive to short heat pulses of high temperature. The magenta layer is in the middle, sensitive to longer pulses of moderate temperature. The cyan layer is at the bottom, sensitive to long pulses of low temperature. The layers are separated by thin interlayers, acting as heat insulation, moderating the heat throughput.[8]
Protective coating[edit]
Most direct thermal papers require a protective top-coating to:
reduce fading of the thermal image caused by exposure to UV light, water, oils, grease, lard, fats, plasticizers, and similar causes
reduce print head wear
reduce or eliminate residue from the thermal coating on the thermal print heads
provide better anchorage of flexographic printing inks applied to the thermal paper
focus the heat from the thermal print head on the active coating.
Health and environmental concerns[edit]
Some thermal papers are coated with BPA, a chemical considered to be an endocrine disruptor.[9][10] This material can contaminate recycled paper.[11][12] BPA can transfer readily to the skin in small amounts:
When taking hold of a receipt consisting of thermal printing paper for five seconds, roughly 1 μg BPA (0.2–0.6 μg) was transferred to the forefinger and the middle finger if the skin was rather dry, and about ten times more than this if these fingers were wet or very greasy. Exposure to a person who repeatedly touches thermal printer paper for about ten hours per day, such as at a cash register, could reach 71 micrograms per day, which is 42 times less than the present tolerable daily intake (TDI).[13]
The chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is used for thermal paper coatings because of its stability and heat-resistance. This allows inkless printing for receipts from cash registers. People who often get in contact with BPA coated receipts do have a higher level of BPA in their bodies than people with average contact. Therefore, the New York Suffolk County signed a resolution to ban BPA in thermal receipt papers. Violation of this new law, the "Safer Sales Slip Act", involves a 500 USD penalty. The law became effective beginning January 3, 2014.[14]
Recently, bisphenol S (BPS), an analog of BPA that has been shown to have similar in vitro estrogenic activity to BPA,[15][16] has been used in thermal paper coatings. The recycling of thermal paper coated with BPS can introduce BPS into the cycle of paper production and cause BPS contamination of other types of paper products.[12]
See also[edit]
Thermochromism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U. S. Patent 5,216,438, Direct color thermal printing method for optically and thermally recording a full-color image on a thermosensitive recording medium, by S. Nakao, N. Katsuma and A. Nagata, Fuji Photo Film Co. (1993)U.S. Patent 5,216,438
Jump up ^ U. S. Patent 7,166,558, Thermal imaging system, Bhatt et al., (2007) U.S. Patent 7,166,558
Jump up ^ Chemistry and Applications of Leuco Dyes, ed. Ramaiah Muthyala, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 125-203 (1997)
Jump up ^ "How to properly store thermal paper". 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ U. S. Patent 7,166,558, Thermal imaging system, Bhatt et al., (2007).
Jump up ^ "How Ink-free Mobile Photo Printers Work". howstuffworks.com. 24 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Peter Bamfield; Michael G. Hutchings (2010). Chromic Phenomena: Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-84755-868-8.
Jump up ^ "THERMAL IMAGING SYSTEM". freepatentsonline.com.
Jump up ^ Babu, S., Uppu, S. N., Martin, B., Agu, O. A., & Uppu, R. M. (2015). "Unusually high levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in thermal paper cash register receipts (CRs): development and application of a robust LC-UV method to quantify BPA in CRs". Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 25 (5): 410–6. doi:10.3109/15376516.2015.1045661. PMID 26024012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Liao C, Kannan K (August 2011). "High levels of bisphenol A in paper currencies from several countries, and implications for dermal exposure". Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (16): 6761–8. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.6761L. doi:10.1021/es200977t. PMID 21744851.
Jump up ^ Fukazawa h, H. K.; Hoshino, K.; Shiozawa, T.; Matsushita, H.; Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol a in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants". Chemosphere. 44 (5): 973–979. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00507-5. PMID 11513431.
^ Jump up to: a b Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Pedersen, G.A.; Eriksson, E.; Astrup, T.F. (2015). "Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in household waste paper". Waste Management. Elsevier. 44: 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.017. PMID 26194879. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
Jump up ^ Biedermann, Sandra; Tschudin, Patrik; Grob, Koni (September 2010). "Transfer of bisphenol A from thermal printer paper to the skin". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 398 (1): 571–576. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-3936-9. PMID 20623271. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BPA Cash Register Roll Ban Enforced In Suffolk County". Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Viñas, R.; Watson, C. S. (2013). "Bisphenol S Disrupts Estradiol-Induced Nongenomic Signaling in a Rat Pituitary Cell Line: Effects on Cell Functions". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (3): 352–8. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205826. PMC 3621186  . PMID 23458715.
Jump up ^ Ji, K.; Hong, S.; Kho, Y.; Choi, K. (2013). "Effects of Bisphenol S Exposure on Endocrine Functions and Reproduction of Zebrafish". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (15): 8793–8800. doi:10.1021/es400329t.
External links[edit]
Texas Instruments-Computers & Software and Industrial Controls
Silent 700 Electronic Data Terminals, 1976(PDF)
2ST Two-Sided Thermal Printing National Cash Register
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