text:
Winning percentage
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"Win–loss record" redirects here. For the baseball statistic, see Win–loss record (pitching).
In sports, a winning percentage is the fraction of games or matches a team or individual has won. It is defined as wins divided by the total number of matches played (i.e. wins plus draws plus losses). A draw counts as a ½ win.
For example, if a team's season record is 30 wins and 20 losses, the winning percentage would be .600. If a team's season record is 30–15–5 (i.e. it has won thirty games, lost fifteen and tied five times), the five tie games are counted as 2½ wins, and so the team has an adjusted record of 32½ wins, resulting in a .650 winning percentage for the fifty total games from
winning percentage = wins + 0.5 ∗ ties total games ∗ 100 % {\displaystyle {\text{winning percentage}}={{\text{wins}}+0.5*{\text{ties}} \over {\text{total games}}}*100\%}
65 % = 32.5 50 ∗ 100 % {\displaystyle 65\%={32.5 \over 50}*100\%}
In leagues in which points are awarded for overtime losses, it is possible for a team to have a winning percentage above .500 (50%) despite losing more than half of the games it has played.
Winning percentage is one way to compare the record of two teams; however, another standard method most frequently used in baseball and professional basketball standings is games behind. In baseball, a pitcher is assessed wins and losses as an individual statistic and thus has his own winning percentage, based on his win–loss record.
In North America, winning percentages are expressed to three digits and read as whole numbers (e.g. 1.000, "a thousand" or .500, "five hundred"). In this case, the name "winning percentage" is actually a misnomer, since it is not expressed as a percentage. A winning percentage such as .536 ("five thirty-six") expressed as a percentage would be 53.6%.
However, in soccer, a manager's abilities may be measured by win percentage. In this case, the formula is wins divided by total number of matches; draws are not considered as "half-wins", and the quotient is always in percentage form.
Some leagues and competitions may instead use a points percentage system, changing the nature of this statistic. In this type of method, used in many group tournament ranking systems, the competitors are awarded a certain number of points per win, fewer points per tie, and none for a loss. The teams are then ranked by the total number of these accumulated points. One such method is the "three points for a win", where three points are awarded for winning a game, one point is awarded for a draw, and no points are awarded for a loss. The National Hockey League (which uses an overtime and shootouts to break all ties) awards two points for a win in regulation or overtime/shootout, one point for an overtime loss, and none for a regulation loss.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
1.1 Major League Baseball
1.2 National Basketball Association
1.3 National Hockey League
2 See also
3 References
Statistics[edit]
Major League Baseball[edit]
Win %
Wins
Losses
Year
Team
Comment
.798 67 17 1880 Chicago White Stockings best pre-modern season
.763 116 36 1906 Chicago Cubs best National League 154-game season
.721 111 43 1954 Cleveland Indians best American League 154-game season
.716 116 46 2001 Seattle Mariners best 162-game season
.250 40 120 1962 New York Mets worst 162-game season (2 games rained out)
.265 43 119 2003 Detroit Tigers worst 162-game season (no rainouts)
.248 38 115 1935 Boston Braves worst modern National League season
.235 36 117 1916 Philadelphia Athletics worst American League season
.130 20 134 1899 Cleveland Spiders worst pre-modern season
National Basketball Association[edit]
Win %
Wins
Losses
Season
Team
Comment
.890 73 9 2015–16 Golden State Warriors best 82 game season
.878 72 10 1995–96 Chicago Bulls second best 82 game season
.110 9 73 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers worst 82-game season
.106 7 59 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats worst season statistically
National Hockey League[edit]
In the National Hockey League, teams are awarded two points for a win, and one point for either a tie (a discontinued statistic) or an overtime loss. It can be calculated as follows:
P o i n t s p e r c e n t a g e = P o i n t s T o t a l p o s s i b l e p o i n t s = O v e r t i m e L o s s e s + ( 2 × W i n s ) 2 × G a m e s P l a y e d {\displaystyle \mathrm {Points} \ \mathrm {percentage} ={\frac {\mathrm {Points} }{\mathrm {Total\ possible\ points} }}={\frac {\mathrm {Overtime\ Losses+(2\times Wins)} }{\mathrm {2\times Games\ Played} }}}
Points %
Wins
Losses
Ties
Points
Season
Team
Comments
.825 60 8 12 132 1976–77 Montreal Canadiens best points % in post-expansion NHL
.131 8 67 5 21 1974–75 Washington Capitals worst points % in post-expansion NHL
Further information: List of NHL records (team)
See also[edit]
Group tournament ranking system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders and Records for Points Percentage (Goalie)". Hockey-Reference.com. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "2008–2009 – REGULAR SEASON – SUMMARY – POINT PERCENTAGE". NHL.com. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
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\mathrm{Points}\ \mathrm{percentage} = \frac{\mathrm{Points}}{\mathrm{Total \ possible \ points}}
= \frac{ \mathrm{Overtime \ Losses + (2 \times Wins)}}{\mathrm{ 2 \times Games \ Played }}

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Saturday Night Live (season 43)
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Saturday Night Live
(season 43)
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 42
The forty-third season of the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live premiered on September 30, 2017 with host Ryan Gosling and musical guest Jay-Z during the 2017–2018 television season.[1] Like the final four episodes of season 42, season 43 is being broadcast live in all four time zones within the contiguous United States.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Cast roster
2 Crew
2.1 Writers
3 Episodes
4 References
Cast[edit]
Prior to the start of the season, Bobby Moynihan (a cast member since 2008), Vanessa Bayer (a cast member since 2010), and Sasheer Zamata (a cast member since 2014) left the cast.[3][4]
To fill out the cast, the show hired three new cast members, who became featured players: Heidi Gardner of The Groundlings, iO Chicago alum Luke Null, and stand-up comedian Chris Redd. Redd had been incorrectly reported as joining the cast during the previous season.[5][6] With this announcement came the confirmation that the rest of the cast from the previous season would return, including guest star Alec Baldwin in his role as President Donald Trump.[7][8] With his return, Kenan Thompson surpasses Darrell Hammond's record as the longest-tenured cast member in the show's history, with fifteen seasons compared to Hammond's fourteen.[9]
Cast roster[edit]
Repertory players
Beck Bennett
Aidy Bryant
Michael Che
Pete Davidson
Leslie Jones
Colin Jost
Kate McKinnon
Kyle Mooney
Cecily Strong
Kenan Thompson
Featured players
Mikey Day
Heidi Gardner
Alex Moffat
Luke Null
Chris Redd
Melissa Villaseñor
bold denotes "Weekend Update" anchor
Crew[edit]
Writers[edit]
Prior to the start of the season, the show added Steven Castillo, Andrew Dismukes, Claire Friedman, Sam Jay, Erik Marino, Nimesh Patel, and Gary Richardson to the writing staff.[5]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Saturday Night Live episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Host(s)
Musical guest(s)
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
830
1 Ryan Gosling Jay-Z September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30) 7.02[10]
Jay-Z performs "Bam" with Damian Marley and "4:44".
Alec Baldwin appears as Donald Trump in the cold open.
Emma Stone appears in the opening monologue.
Heidi Gardner, Luke Null and Chris Redd's first episode as cast members.
Kenan Thompson's return for his fifteenth season on the show makes him the longest tenured cast member in the show's history, surpassing the previous record of fourteen seasons, which had been held by Darrell Hammond.
A photograph of Hugh Hefner, who had died the previous week, is shown in silence before the goodnights.
831
2 Gal Gadot Sam Smith October 7, 2017 (2017-10-07) 6.80[11]
Jason Aldean appears in the cold open to pay tribute to the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting victims as well as Tom Petty by singing "I Won't Back Down".
Sam Smith performs "Too Good at Goodbyes" and "Pray".
This was the first episode broadcast live in Israel; until this night, it took a week for episodes aired in the US to appear on Israeli TV.
832
3 Kumail Nanjiani P!nk October 14, 2017 (2017-10-14) TBD
Confirmed on air.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Saturday Night Live - NBC.com". NBC Universal. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (September 19, 2017). "'Saturday Night Live' will stay live in all time zones in Season 43". USA Today. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abramson, Alana (May 21, 2017). "SNL Bids Farewell to These Two Cast Members in Season Finale". Time Magazine. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shanley, Desantis (May 21, 2017). "Sasheer Zamata will not return to 'Saturday Night Live' following season finale". NY Daily News. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (September 26, 2017). "‘Saturday Night Live’ Taps Heidi Gardner, Luke Null & Chris Redd As New Cast Members, Adds 7 Writers For Season 43". Deadline. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Keefe, Meghan (September 9, 2016). "‘Saturday Night Live’ Reportedly Adds 2 New Castmembers: Chris Redd & Mikey Day". Decider. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill; Ryan, Patrick (September 26, 2017). "'Saturday Night Live' adds three to cast for Season 43". USA Today. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Melas, Chloe (June 26, 2017). "Alec Baldwin will return to 'SNL' as Donald Trump". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Park, Andrea (August 25, 2017). "Kenan Thompson on "SNL" record and new kids' sketch comedy project". CBS News. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 1, 2017). "‘Saturday Night Live’ Premiere: Ratings Off From 2016 With Host Ryan Gosling, 2nd Most Watched Opener in 7 Years". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 8, 2017). "‘Saturday Night Live’ Ratings Hold Up Well In Week 2 With Host Gal Gadot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
[hide]
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t
e
Saturday Night Live
Seasons
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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24
25
26
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30
31
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34
35
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43
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U–Z
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and sketches
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TV Funhouse segments
Characters
and sketches
The Barry Gibb Talk Show
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Bill Swerski's Superfans
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Celebrity Jeopardy!
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More Cowbell
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Films based
on sketches
Mr. Mike's Mondo Video (1979)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Mr. Bill's Real Life Adventures (1986)
Bob Roberts (1992)
Mr. Saturday Night (1992)
Wayne's World (1992)
Wayne's World 2 (1993)
Coneheads (1993)
It's Pat (1994)
Stuart Saves His Family (1995)
A Night at the Roxbury (1998)
Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
Superstar (1999)
The Ladies Man (2000)
A Mighty Wind (2003)
Harold (2008)
MacGruber (2010)
Anniversary specials
15th (1989)
25th (1999)
40th (2015)
Related topics
Broadway Video
"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead"
"A Limo For A Lame-O"
"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!"
The Lonely Island discography
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Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The American Revolutionary War inflicted great financial costs on all of the combatants, including the United States of America, France, Spain and Great Britain. France and Great Britain spent 1.3 billion livres and 250 million pounds, respectively. The United States spent $400 million in wages for its troops. Spain increased its military spending from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1779.
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic warfare and financing
1.1 Initial boycotts
1.2 British isolation tactics
1.3 The American response
1.4 The American Revolution effect on Great Britain
1.5 American financing
2 Belligerents
2.1 Great Britain
2.2 France
2.3 Spain
2.4 United States of America
2.4.1 Inflation
3 References
3.1 Notes
3.2 Bibliography
Economic warfare and financing[edit]
The Boston Tea Party, an early American boycott of British goods which resulted in increased tensions prior to the Revolution.
Initial boycotts[edit]
The economic warfare between Great Britain and the colonists began well before the colonies declared their independence in 1776. Regulations from the crown were met with fierce opposition from the colonists. After lobbies and petitions proved ineffective, the colonists turned to boycotting imported English goods. Boycotting proved to be successful in crippling British trade.[1] After the first colonial boycott in 1765, Parliament overturned the Sugar and Stamp Acts, and after a second boycott in 1768 Parliament overturned all of the Townshend duties except for the tax on tea.[2] The colonists persisted, and the American boycott on tea ultimately culminated in the Boston Tea Party of 1773. Despite the Revolution's widespread association with the colonists' aversion to higher taxes, it has been claimed that the colonists actually paid far less tax compared to their British counterparts.[3]
British isolation tactics[edit]
British efforts to weaken the colonies included isolating their economy from the rest of the world by cutting off trade. With a navy that was many times more powerful than its American counterpart, the English had virtual control over the American ports.[4] The British took control of major port cities along the colonial east coast, and as a result British warships were able to drastically reduce the number of ships that could successfully travel from the colonies. Consequently, the U.S. saw a fall in exported goods due to the relentless British blockade.[5] Furthermore, England’s naval strength was great enough to intimidate other nations and scare them away from exporting goods to the colonies, so smuggled and inexpensive imports became costly and rare.[6]
The American response[edit]
The Continental Army under the direction of George Washington sought to engage in a war of attrition.[7] Because the fight was on colonial soil, Washington aimed to take advantage of the lack of trade with Great Britain by cutting them off from necessary resources, hoping that eventually the redcoat army in North America would grow sick and tired. Under the Articles of Confederation, however, the Continental Congress did not have the power to impose taxes or regulate commerce in the colonies, and thus could not generate the sufficient funds for a war of attrition.[8]
To solve this problem, the Continental Congress sent diplomats including Benjamin Franklin to Europe in search of foreign support for the American cause. For the first two years of war, the colonists received secretive private and public loans from the French, who held a lingering resentment for the British after the Seven Years' War.[9] After the British defeat at Saratoga, however, foreign support for the Continental Army increased, and in 1778 the colonies signed a treaty with France, officially bringing them into the war with England.[10] By the end of the war, the colonies had received loans from several different European nations, including significant contribution from France, Spain and the Netherlands. In addition, the colonies received much private funding, most notably from the Marquis de Lafayette and the Baron of Kalb, both Frenchmen.[11] This funding ultimately enabled them to fight the war of attrition that General Washington hoped for.
The American Revolution effect on Great Britain[edit]
French warships during the American Revolutionary War.
Because the French possessed a powerful navy, their entrance into the war weakened the British blockade on colonial ports and further cut off the British army from its Atlantic supply route.[12] The British forces recognized that they would not last long without shipping in supplies, so in retaliation, the British redeployed some of their forces to the French Caribbean. Their hope was to capture French sugar islands and cut the French financial supply line.[13] The new war in the Caribbean added to England’s already large financial costs, yet unlike the colonies, the British were not successful in their attempts to garner foreign loans or armaments. Without economic assistance from other nations, the financial strain on Parliament and British taxpayers became increasingly burdensome, and ultimately had a hand in wearing down the British forces and ending the war for independence.
American financing[edit]
As the war progressed, the Americans’ deteriorating financial stability quickly became Britain’s greatest asset. Because it did not possess the power to tax the colonists, the Continental Congress printed money at a rapid rate to fund the army’s expenses and pay off its loans from foreign nations.[14] As a result, the colonies experienced severe inflation and depreciation of the Continental dollar. The colonists also had great difficulty in financing a wartime effort against the British southern campaign, not effectively halting the British destruction until the battle of Yorktown in 1781. When war ended in 1783, American negotiations, monetary policies and government restructuring all contributed to paying off the American national debt.[15]
Belligerents[edit]
Great Britain[edit]
The American Revolutionary War took a heavy toll on Great Britain. The average cost for the war was £12 million a year. The British ended the war with a national debt of £250 million, which generated a yearly interest of over £9.5 million. This debt piled on to the already outstanding debt from the Seven Years' War. Taxes on the British population increased over the years and duties on some items such as glass and lead were also added, the average tax for the British public being four shillings in every pound.[16] Furthermore, the Royal Navy was not able to 'rule the waves' as it had done in the Seven Years' War.[17]
Great Britain's trade with the thirteen American colonies fell apart once the American Revolution started, causing British businessmen, especially from the tobacco industry, to suffer. Income from the sale of woolen and metal products dropped sharply and export markets dried up. British merchant sailors also felt the pinch: it is estimated that 3,386 British merchant ships were seized by enemy forces during the war.[18] However, Royal Navy warships did make up these losses somewhat, due to their own privateering efforts on enemy shipping, particularly Spanish and French merchant ships.
France[edit]
During the war, France shouldered a financial burden similar to that of Great Britain, as debt from the American Revolutionary War was piled upon already existing debts from the Seven Years' War. The French spent 1.3 billion livres on war costs. When the war ended, France had accumulated a debt of 3,315.1 million livres,[19] a fortune at the time.
The debt caused major economic and political problems for France, and, as the country struggled to pay its debts, eventually led to the Financial Crisis of 1786[20] and the French Revolution in 1789.[21]
Spain[edit]
Spain's economic losses were not as great as those of the other belligerents in the American Revolutionary War. This was because Spain paid off her debts quickly and efficiently. However, Spain had nearly doubled her military spending during the war, from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million reales in 1779.[22] Spain's revenue loss was similar to Britain's, since she lost a lot of income from her American colonies due the war. To make up for the shortfall, Spanish governors introduced higher tax rates in the South American colonies, with little success.[citation needed] Spain's next move was to issue royal bonds to her colonies, also with limited success.[citation needed] Finally, in 1782 the first national bank of Spain – the Banco San Carlo – was created to improve and centralize the economic situation.[vague]
United States of America[edit]
For more details on the impact on the United States, see Economic history of the US.
The thirteen American states flourished economically at the beginning of the war.[23] The colonies could trade freely with the West Indies and other European nations, instead of just Britain. Due to the abolition of the British Navigation Acts, American merchants could now transport their goods in European and American ships rather than only British ships. British taxes on expensive wares such as tea, glass, lead and paper were forfeit, and other taxes became cheaper. Plus, American privateering raids on British merchant ships provided more wealth for the Continental Army.
As the war went on however, America's economic prosperity began to fall. British warships began to prey on American shipping, and the increasing upkeep costs of the Continental Army meant that wealth from merchant ships decreased. As cashflow declined, the United States of America had to rely on European loans to maintain the war effort; France, Spain and the Netherlands lent the United States over $10 million during the war, causing major debt problems for the fledgling nation. Coin circulation had also begun to wane. Because of this, the United States began to print paper money and bills of credit to raise income. This proved unsuccessful, inflation skyrocketed, and the new paper money's value diminished. A popular saying circulated the colonies because of this: anything of little value became "not worth a continental."[24]
According to a 2010 Congressional Research Service report on the "Costs of Major U.S. Wars", the Revolution cost the United States the 2011 equivalent of $2.4 billion.[25]
Inflation[edit]
By 1780, the United States Congress had issued over $400 million in paper money to troops. Eventually, Congress tried to stop the inflation by imposing economic reforms. These failed, and only further devalued the American currency.[26] There is, however, some disagreement over the amount of currency issued.[27] Between 1775 and 1783 the colonies experienced an average annual inflation rate of approximately 4.3%. The rate of inflation peaked at 29.78% in 1778.[28][29] Numerous food riots were recorded as discontent grew over rapidly rising prices.[30] The destruction of property and the continued issuing of Continentals by the Congress was another cause of currency devaluation. In addition, counterfeiting of American dollars was carried out by the British Government as an intentional means of sabotaging the war effort.[31]
Late in the war, Congress asked individual colonies to equip their own troops, and pay upkeep for their own soldiers in the Continental Army. When the war ended, the United States had spent $37 million at the national level and $114 million at the state level. The United States finally solved its debt problems in the 1790s when Alexander Hamilton founded the First Bank of the United States in order to pay off war debts and establish good national credit.[32]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, p. 85
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Economic Conditions During the War."
Jump up ^ "Economic Conditions During the War."
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Economic Conditions During the War."
Jump up ^ Elson, 1904.
Jump up ^ Elson, 1904.
Jump up ^ Conway, 1995.
Jump up ^ Conway, 1995.
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ Baack, 2001.
Jump up ^ Conway (1995) p. 189
Jump up ^ Marston (2002) p. 82
Jump up ^ Conway (1995) p. 191
Jump up ^ Conway (1995) p. 242
Jump up ^ Marston (2002) p. 82
Jump up ^ Tombs (2007) p. 179
Jump up ^ Lynch (1989) p. 326
Jump up ^ Marston (2002) p. 82
Jump up ^ "Not worth a continental Archived 2012-07-09 at the Wayback Machine.", "Creating the United States", Library of Congress. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Stephen Daggett (June 29, 2010). "Costs of Major U.S. Wars" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marston (2002) p. 82
Jump up ^ Grubb, Farley (2007). "The Continental Dollar: How Much Was Really Issued?" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. No. w13047. The story of the Continental Dollar is familiar to all -- a lot were issued and hyper-inflation ensued. However, the details of this story are less well known. Scholars even disagree over how much was issued -- disagree by over 50 percent.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Samuel H. "Annual Inflation Rates in the United States, 1775 - 2016, and United Kingdom, 1265 - 2016". www.measuringworth.com. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Jump up ^ "In 2013 Dollars". www.in2013dollars.com. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Jump up ^ Smith, Barbara Clark (1994-01-01). "Food Rioters and the American Revolution". The William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (1): 3–38. doi:10.2307/2947003.
Jump up ^ "The Economics of the American Revolutionary War". eh.net. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Jump up ^ Jensen (2004) p. 379
Bibliography[edit]
Baack, Ben. "The Economics of the American Revolutionary War." EH.net Encyclopedia. Economic History Services, 13 Nov 2001. Web. 07 Mar 2013 <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/baack.war.revolutionary.us>.
Conway, Stephen. The War of American Independence 1775–1783. Publisher: E. Arnold (1995) ISBN 0-340-62520-1. 280 pages.
"Economic Conditions During the War." HistoryCentral.com. MultiEducator, Inc, n.d. Web. 13 Mar 2013. <http://www.historycentral.com/Revolt/Americans/During.html>.
Elson, Henry William. "Foreign Aid." History of the United States of America. Kathy Leigh. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1904. 275-279. Web. <http://www.usahistory.info/Revolution/foreign-aid.html>.
Ferguson, Niall. Empire: How Britain made the modern world. Publisher: Penguin Australia (2008). 422 pages.
Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763–1776. Hackett Publishing (2004) ISBN 978-0-87220-705-9. 735 pages
Lynch, John. Bourbon Spain 1700—1808. Publisher: Oxford (1989) ISBN 978-0-631-19245-9. 450 pages.
Marston, Daniel. The American Revolution 1774—1783. Osprey Publishing (2002) ISBN 978-1-84176-343-9. 95 pages.
Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present. Random House (2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-4024-7. 782 pages.
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Cleveland Brown Jr.
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Cleveland Brown Jr.
Family Guy / The Cleveland Show character
Cleveland Brown Jr. as he appears as of 2009
First appearance
"Love Thy Trophy" (Family Guy)
Created by
Seth MacFarlane
Voiced by
Mike Henry (2000–09)
Kevin Michael Richardson (2009–present)
Information
Full name
Cleveland Orenthal Brown Jr.[1]
Nickname(s)
Junior
Family
Cleveland Brown (father)
Loretta Brown (deceased biological mother)
Donna Tubbs (stepmother)
Roberta Tubbs (stepsister)
Rallo Tubbs (stepbrother)
Spouse(s)
Cecilia (legal wife)
Cleveland Orenthal Brown Jr. is a character in the animated television series Family Guy, and its spin-off series The Cleveland Show.[2] He is the son of Cleveland Brown and his late ex-wife Loretta. On Family Guy, he was depicted as slim and hyperactive; however, on The Cleveland Show he is shown to have undergone a marked transformation, both in terms of a significant increase in weight and a newly subdued personality. In episode "March Dadness" of The Cleveland Show he admits to "putting on a few pounds since my Quahog days". He was voiced by Mike Henry in Family Guy and by Kevin Michael Richardson in The Cleveland Show and on the character's return to the former show.
At 14 years old, Junior is the only child of Cleveland and Loretta Brown, stepson of Donna Tubbs, and the stepbrother of Roberta and Rallo Tubbs. Junior's most prominent character traits are his laziness, obesity, and low social intelligence (although there are occasional references to him being academically bright). He has obtained poor eyesight over the years and now wears glasses. Since his parents' divorce, Loretta gave custody of Cleveland Jr. back to Cleveland and forced him to move. Thus, the pair left for California. However, en route, they decided to live in Stoolbend, Virginia instead, where Cleveland married Donna Tubbs, and Rallo and Roberta became his step-siblings.
Contents
[hide]
1 Role in The Cleveland Show
2 Character
2.1 Creation
2.2 Design
2.3 Voice
3 References
4 External links
Role in The Cleveland Show[edit]
Cleveland Jr. is a frequent target of weight related jokes from a variety of characters in the series, in particular Rallo, his step-brother. When Rallo met Cleveland Jr. and his father he would often call them "fat". In the second episode, Cleveland Jr. served as a door in the bathroom so that he could earn his classmates' respect, which angered Cleveland. He also exudes a nervous and overly sensitive nature, and seems to have a fear of toasters as the toaster in his house scares and taunts him (akin to Chris and the monkey in his closet).
It is revealed in "Birth of a Salesman" that Cleveland Jr. has repressed emotions from the divorce of his parents and has in fact never cried before. He has also revealed resentment towards his own mother, Loretta, for cheating on his father with Quagmire back in "The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire". Feeling bad for the way they treated him, Roberta and Rallo help Cleveland Jr. to express his sadness and at the same time the three of them accepted one another as family. In "The Hurricane!", Junior reveals that he had lost faith in God after learning from Loretta that Jesus forgave her for her affair with Glenn Quagmire that lead to her divorcing Cleveland. He also states that he does not believe in God, although he claims he is not an atheist either, which he calls atheism "a religion, too". However, in later episodes he explicitly identifies as an atheist without any such qualification. Yet in "Mr. & Mrs. Brown", he tells Rallo that he is reading Blubber by Judy Blume because they don't have the Quran, implying that he may be a Muslim.
Junior's obesity and low self-esteem makes it difficult for him to find friends. In "Da Doggone Daddy-Daughter Dinner Dance", he seems to become friends with Derek, Laine, Reggie and Kyle, although this is solely due to his agreeing to act as a replacement bathroom door as, in later episodes, Derek, Laine and Reggie continue to bully Junior, often under the lead of Oliver Wilkerson. In "The One About Friends", Cleveland Jr. creates an actual friendship with Lester Krinklesac's son, Ernie. He shared a kiss with Laura Davis at the Stoolbend Community Church's chastity ball.
While Junior is not very active as he was in Family Guy, he has other hobbies and interests; he enjoys science, playing the tuba in the Stoolbend High School school band, and is the leader of a troop of Freedom Scouts, Stoolbend's version of the Boy Scouts. Derek nominated him for student-council president as a joke, but, after saving Oliver Wilkerson's life, he won. Additionally, while he may not know much when it comes to social situations, he is an excellent student attending Stoolbend High School along with his older sister, Roberta.
A scene in a "A Rodent Like This" suggests that The Cleveland Show's Junior has a dark double life. He reveals to Rallo that he is a secret agent who killed the original Cleveland Jr. (as drawn in the first four seasons of Family Guy) in order to be placed in the Brown family. This gag is not followed up in later episodes, suggesting that it was either real or an elaborate prank on Rallo out of annoyance the latter was determined to find out what was in Jr.'s suitcase earlier in the episode that led to the top-secret organization.
Cleveland Brown Jr. is married to Cecilia, as shown in "Y Tu Junior También", to prevent her deportation.
Character[edit]
Creation[edit]
Cleveland Jr. debuted in the Family Guy season 2 episode "Love Thy Trophy", but only made a handful more appearances thereafter. He was presumably taken into Loretta's custody after she divorced Cleveland in "The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire" and has since undergone a major character reinvention upon becoming a leading character in The Cleveland Show. After Cleveland and Loretta's divorce is finalized in the pilot episode of The Cleveland Show, Junior is placed in Cleveland's custody, and they move out of Quahog, Rhode Island to Stoolbend, Virginia where Cleveland rekindles a relationship with, and subsequently marries, his high school sweetheart, Donna Tubbs.
Design[edit]
Cleveland Jr. as he appeared prior to 2009.
In Family Guy Cleveland Jr. is an active child of average size, but in The Cleveland Show he has aged, gained weight, appears potentially smarter, and wears glasses. In Family Guy, he wears a purple T-shirt, blue jeans and white sneakers, but in The Cleveland Show, he wears a red T-shirt, blue shorts, sneakers and glasses.
Cleveland Jr. was a minor character who had a short time with Peter Griffin in the episode, "Fore Father", where he showed a talent of playing golf. After that episode, he made short appearances later in the show, with his last on Family Guy, until 2010 at his father's supposed funeral, along with Loretta.
Voice[edit]
Kevin Michael Richardson has voiced Junior as of 2009.
Junior's voice is provided by Kevin Michael Richardson, who voices other characters on The Cleveland Show, including Lester Krinklesac, Julius, and P-Hound. In Family Guy, Junior's voice is provided by Mike Henry.
Richardson stated that he describes voicing Cleveland Jr. as "a character he did on ER named Patrick, who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet."[3] Before the show aired in 2009, the show's panel appeared at the 2009 Comic Con International, and held a discussion about the show. When describing Junior's change in physical appearance and age, Mike Henry said "Cleveland Jr. really didn't have much to him and so he didn't appear for a while and so we sort of aged him up and made room for Rallo to be the younger one for a while."[4] The show's creators later gave an explanation of Junior's altered look in "A Rodent Like This., although to some it may see unrealistic even in the context of the show (Cleveland Jr. as an operative of a crime-fighting entity run by ex-CIA agents deemed, as Junior says, "too extreme by the agency". It is even a possibility that this was all a joke, even in the program's context, because in the episode "Cleveland Live!" it is said that the characters basically run the show, and assist with the writing; this is obviously not true because these characters are fictional.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dave Jeser, Matt Silverstein (writers) & Jack Perkins (director) (November 20, 2011). "Skip Day". The Cleveland Show. Season 3. Episode 4. Fox.
Jump up ^ Family Guy episode "Love Thy Trophy," written by Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman, directed by Jack Dyer. Aired March 14, 2000.
Jump up ^ "The Voices Behind 'Cleveland'". Entertainment Weekly. 2 October 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Cronan, Mark (5 August 2009). "CCI: The Cleveland Show". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
External links[edit]
Official The Cleveland Show website on FOX.com
[show]
v
t
e
The Cleveland Show
Characters
Cleveland Brown
Cleveland Brown Jr.
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Da Doggone Daddy-Daughter Dinner Dance"
"The One About Friends"
"A Brown Thanksgiving"
"Field of Streams"
"Love Rollercoaster"
Season 2
"Harder, Better, Faster, Browner"
"Cleveland Live!"
"It's the Great Pancake, Cleveland Brown"
"Beer Walk!"
"How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta?"
"Back to Cool"
"Your Show of Shows"
Season 3
"BFFs"
"The Hurricane!"
"Nightmare on Grace Street"
"Skip Day"
Season 4
"Turkey Pot Die"
"The Hangover: Part Tubbs"
"California Dreamin' (All the Cleves Are Brown)"
Related
Night of the Hurricane
Family Guy
American Dad!
Animation Domination
[show]
v
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Family Guy
Characters
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Peter
Lois
Meg
Chris
Stewie
Brian
Other characters
Quagmire
Cleveland
Adam West
Herbert
Cleveland Jr.
Production
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Guest stars
Writers
Awards
Media releases
The Life of Larry shorts
Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story
Live in Vegas
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Hallmarks
Road to... episodes
Star Wars episodes
Merchandise
Home video
Video games
Family Guy Video Game! (2006)
Family Guy Online (2012)
Back to the Multiverse (2012)
Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff (2014)
Family Guy: Another Freakin' Mobile Game (2017)
See also
Criticism
Night of the Hurricane
The Cleveland Show
American Dad!
Animation Domination
"Cartoon Wars Part I"
"Cartoon Wars Part II"
Book
Portal
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Brown_Jr.&oldid=814340829"
Categories:
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This page was last edited on 8 December 2017, at 06:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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