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Population decline
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This article is about decline in human population. For the general concept, see biodiversity loss. For losses in any particular species, see endangered species. For losses in fauna, see defaunation.
A population decline (or depopulation) in humans is any great reduction in a human population such as long-term demographic trends, as in sub-replacement fertility, urban decay, white flight or rural flight, or due to violence, disease, or other catastrophes.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
2 Underpopulation
3 Changing trends
4 Interpretation of statistical data
5 Contemporary decline by nation or territory
6 Long-term trends
6.1 United States
6.2 Japan
6.3 Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics
6.3.1 Albania
6.3.2 Armenia
6.3.3 Belarus
6.3.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina
6.3.5 Bulgaria
6.3.6 Croatia
6.3.7 Estonia
6.3.8 Georgia
6.3.9 Latvia
6.3.10 Lithuania
6.3.11 Ukraine
6.3.12 Hungary
6.3.13 Romania
6.3.14 Serbia
6.4 Halted declines
6.4.1 Russia
6.4.2 Germany
6.4.3 Ireland
7 Declines within race or ethnicity
8 Economic consequences
9 National efforts to reverse declining populations
10 Alternative concept relative to skills
11 See also
12 References
Causes[edit]
A reduction over time in a region's population can be caused by several factors including sub-replacement fertility (along with limited immigration), heavy emigration, disease, famine, and war. History is replete with examples of large-scale depopulations. Many wars, for example, have been accompanied by significant depopulations. Before the 20th century, population decline was mostly observed due to disease, starvation or emigration. The Black Death in Europe, the arrival of Old World diseases to the Americas, the tsetse fly invasion of the Waterberg Massif in South Africa, and the Great Irish Famine all caused sizable population declines. In modern times, the AIDS epidemic caused declines in the population of some African countries. Less frequently, population declines are caused by genocide or mass execution; for example, in the 1970s, the population of Cambodia declined because of wide-scale executions by the Khmer Rouge.
Underpopulation[edit]
Sometimes the term underpopulation is applied to a specific economic system. It does not refer to carrying capacity, and is not a term in opposition to overpopulation, which deals with the total possible population that can be sustained by available food, water, sanitation and other infrastructure. "Underpopulation" is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system. Thus the term has nothing to do with the biological aspects of carrying capacity, but is an economic term employed to imply that the transfer payment schemes of some developed countries might fail once the population declines to a certain point. An example would be if retirees were supported through a social security system which does not invest savings, and then a large emigration movement occurred. In this case, the younger generation may not be able to support the older generation.
Changing trends[edit]
Since the dire predictions of coming population overshoot in the 1960s and 70s, and many other social changes, more couples in many countries have tended to choose to have fewer children. Today, emigration, sub-replacement fertility and high death rates in the former Soviet Union and its former allies are the principal reasons for that region's population decline.[citation needed] However, governments can influence the speed of the decline, including measures to halt, slow or suspend decline. Such measures include pro-birth policies and subsidies, media influence, immigration, bolstering healthcare and laws aimed at reducing death rates. Some of these have been applied in Russia, Armenia, and many Western European nations which have used immigration and other policies to suspend or slow population decline. Therefore, although the long-term trend may be for greater population decline, short term trends may slow the decline or even reverse it, creating seemingly conflicting statistical data. A great example of changing trends occurring over a century is Ireland.
Interpretation of statistical data[edit]
Statistical data, especially those comparing only two sets of figures, can be misleading and may require careful interpretation. For instance a nation's population could have been increasing, but a one-off event could have resulted in a short-term decline; or vice versa. Nations can acquire territory or lose territory, and groups of people can acquire or lose citizenship, e.g. stateless persons, indigenous people, and illegal immigrants or long-stay foreign residents. Political instability can make it difficult to conduct a census in certain regions. Further, a country's population could rise in summer and decline in winter as deaths increase in winter in cold regions; a long census interval could show a rise in population when the population has already tipped into decline.
Contemporary decline by nation or territory[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2015)
A number of nations today are declining in population: this is occurring in a region stretching from North Asia (Japan) through Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, and into Central and Western Europe, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Germany, Hungary, and now Greece, Italy and Portugal, in addition to Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. Countries rapidly approaching long-term population declines (but currently experiencing modest growth) include Spain, Cuba, Uruguay, Denmark, Finland, and Austria. Russia also faces long-term population decline, although the trend has been stalled through a reversal of stagnant birth rates.
Many nations in Western Europe (and the EU as a whole) would today have declining populations if it were not for immigration. The total population of the continent of Europe (including Russia and other non-EU countries) peaked around the year 2000 and has been falling since 2004.[2]
AIDS has played some role in temporary population decline; however, available data suggest that, even with high AIDS mortality, fertility rates in Africa are high enough for the overpopulation trend to continue.[3] AIDS has contributed to a population explosion in Africa as money from fertility reduction programs was redirected into the HIV/AIDS crisis; African fertility rates have actually increased in the past two decades, and population has grown by over 50%.[4]
Population decline by country (from various sources)
Country
Year
Population
Rate of
natural
decrease
(%) (2007)[5]
Notes
Albania 2014 2,893,000 0.456 low birth rate, emigration
Belarus 2014 9,469,000 0.362 low birth rate, emigration, population increased in 2014 due to positive net migration rate
Bosnia-Herzegovina 2013 3,792,000 0.003 low birth rate, emigration, Bosnian War
Bulgaria 2014 7,202,000 0.796 low birth rate, high death rate, high rate of abortions, emigration, a relatively high level of emigration of young people and a low level of immigration[6]
Cook Islands 2013 10,447 3.136 emigration of the 20 - 34 age group due to the restructure of the public service starting in the 1990s[7]
Croatia 2014 4,284,889 0.092 low birth rate, emigration, War in Croatia, difference in statistical methods[8]
Czech Republic 2015 10,537,800 0.134 low birth rate, emigration
Cuba 2012 11,075,244 0.115 emigration, low birth rate[9]
Estonia 2014 1,314,000 0.65 low birth rate, emigration
Germany 2014 81,174,000 0.2 low birth rate, population increased in 2012, 2013, and 2014 due to positive net migration rate
Greece 2014 10,992,000 0.16 low birth rate, emigration
Hungary 2014 9,848,000 0.184 low birth rate, emigration
Italy 2014 60, 808, 000 0.09 low birth rate, economic crisis, population increased in 2012, 2013, and 2014 due to positive net migration rate
Japan 2015 126,880,000 0.077 low birth rate and a low level of immigration
Latvia 2014 1,995,000 0.598 low birth rate, emigration
Lithuania 2014 2,907,000 0.278 low birth rate, emigration
Niue 2011 1,446 2.308 emigration
Northern Mariana Islands 2012 44,582 2.449 emigration
Federated States of Micronesia 2012 106,487 0.343 emigration
Moldova 2013 3,559,000 1.014 low birth rate, emigration
Poland 2014 38,484,000 0.075 low birth rate, emigration
Portugal 2014 10,401,000 0.07 low birth rate, economic crisis, emigration
Puerto Rico 2013 3,598,357 3.136 low birth rate, economic crisis
Romania 2014 19,897,000 0.26 low birth rate, high death rate, high rate of abortion, emigration
Russia 2014 146,090,613 0.48 high death rate, low birth rate, high rate of abortions, emigration and a low level of immigration.[10] Population increased in 2014 due to positive natural change and positive net migration rate
Serbia 2014 7,132,000 0.464 low birth rate, emigration
Spain 2015 46,423,064 0.464 low birth rate, economic crisis
Ukraine 2014 43,001,000 0.625 declining births, emigration
Long-term trends[edit]
A long-term population decline is typically caused by sub-replacement fertility, coupled with a net immigration rate that fails to compensate the excess of deaths over births.[11] A long-term decline is accompanied by population aging and creates an increase in the ratio of retirees to workers and children.[11] When a sub-replacement fertility rate remains constant, population decline accelerates over the long term,[11] however short term baby booms, healthcare improvements, among other factors created can cause flip-flops of trends. Population decline trends have seen long term reversals in places such as Russia, Germany, Ireland, and the UK, the latter two seeing declines as early as the 1970s, yet the UK now is growing more rapidly than any year since it first tipped into declines.[12] In spite of more recent declines, it is very uncommon for population to have dipped under the levels of the early post-world war 2 years. Bulgaria and Latvia are the only nations with a net population decline since 1950, and half of all nations worldwide have more than quadrupled their populations.[13] UAE's current population is over 120 times that of 1950, and Qatar's population has grown over 80 times the 1950s level.[13]
United States[edit]
Main articles: Shrinking cities in the United States and Depopulation of the Great Plains
Despite ever increasing population in the US, some American municipalities (city limits) have shrunk due to white flight and urban decay. Detroit is the most notable of a number of cities with population smaller than in 1950 and whose population shrinkage has been the most dramatic; Detroit's population was almost 1.85 million as of the 1950 census but has plummeted to 677,000 as of 2015, with the most rapid decline occurring between 2000 and 2010.
Other American cities whose populations have shrunk substantially since the 1950s – although some have begun to grow again – include New Orleans; St. Louis; Buffalo, New York; Philadelphia; Chicago; Cleveland; Pittsburgh; and Wilmington, Delaware.
Japan[edit]
Main article: Aging of Japan
Though Japan's population has been predicted to decline for years, and its monthly and even annual estimates have shown a decline in the past, the 2010 census result figure was slightly higher, at just above 128 million,[14] than the 2005 census. Factors implicated in the higher figures were more Japanese returnees than expected as well as changes to the methodology of data collection. The official count put the population as of Oct 1, 2015, at 127.1 million, down by 947,000 or 0.7% from the previous census in 2010.[15][16] The gender ratio is increasingly skewed; some 106 women per 100 men live in Japan. The total population is still 52% above 1950 levels.[17] In 2013, Japan's population fell by a record-breaking 244,000.[18] The Tohoku region in Japan now has fewer people than in 1950.
Eastern Europe and former Soviet republics[edit]
Main articles: Aging of Europe and Russian Cross
Population is falling due to health factors and low replacement, as well as emigration of ethnic Russians to Russia. Exceptions to this rule are in those ex-Soviet states that have a Muslim majority (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan), where high birth rates are traditional. Much of Eastern Europe has lost population due to migration to Western Europe. In Eastern Europe and Russia, natality fell abruptly after the end of the Soviet Union, and death rates generally rose. Together these nations occupy over 21,000,000 square kilometres (8,000,000 sq mi) and are home to over 400 million people (less than six percent of the world population), but if current trends continue, more of the developed world and some of the developing world could join this trend.[citation needed]
Albania[edit]
Albania's population in 1989 recorded 3,182,417 people, the largest for any census. Since then, its population declined to an estimated 2,893,005 in Jan 2015.[19] This represents a decrease of 10% in total population since the peak census figure.
Armenia[edit]
Armenia's population peaked at 3,604,000 in 1991[20] and declined to 3,010,600 in the Jan 2015 state statistical estimate.[21] This represents a 19.7% decrease in total population since the peak census figure.
Belarus[edit]
Belarus' population peaked at 10,151,806 in 1989 Census, and declined to 9,480,868 as of 2015 as estimated by the state statistical service.[22] This represents a 7.1% decline since the peak census figure.
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
Bosnia and Herzegovina's population is thought to have peaked at 4,377,033 in 1991 Census, shortly before splitting from Yugoslavia before the ensuing war. The latest census of 2013 reported 3,791,622 people.[23] This represents a 15.4% decline since the peak census figure.
Bulgaria[edit]
Bulgaria's population declined from a peak of 9,009,018 in 1989 and since 2001, has lost yet another 600,000 people, according to 2011 census preliminary figures to no more than 7.3 million.,[24] further down to 7,245,000. This represents a 24.3% decrease in total population since the peak, and a -0.82% annual rate in the last 10 years.
Croatia[edit]
Croatia's population declined from 4,784,265 in 1991[25] to 4,456,096[26] (by old statistical method) of which 4,284,889[27] are permanent residents (by new statistical method), in 2011, a decline of 8% (11,5% by the new definition of permanent residency in 2011 census). The main reasons for the decline since 1991 are: low birth rates, emigration and War in Croatia. From 2001 and 2011 main reason for the drop in population is due to a difference in definition of permanent residency used in census' till 2001 (census' of 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) and the one used in 2011.[8]
Estonia[edit]
In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 1,565,662, which was close to its peak population.[28] The state statistics reported an estimate of 1,314,370 for 2016.[28] This represents a 19.2% decline since the peak census figure.
Georgia[edit]
In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 5,400,841, which was close to its peak population.[28] The state statistics reported an estimate of 4,010,000 for 2014 Census, which includes estimated numbers for quasi-independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[28] This represents a 25.7% decline since the peak census figure, but nevertheless somewhat higher than the 1950 population.
Latvia[edit]
When Latvia split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 2,666,567, which was close to its peak population.[28] The latest census recorded a population of 2,067,887 in 2011, while the state statistics reported an estimate of 1,986,086 for 2015.[28] This represents a 25.5% decline since the peak census figure, only one of 2 nations worldwide falling below 1950 levels. The decline is caused by both a negative natural population growth (more deaths than births) and a negative net migration rate.
Lithuania[edit]
When Lithuania split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 3.7 million, which was close to its peak population.[29] The latest census recorded a population of 3.05 million in 2011, down from 3.4 million in 2001.,[29] further falling to 2,988,000 in September 1, 2012.[30] This represents a 23.8% decline since the peak census figure, and some 13.7% since 2001.
Ukraine[edit]
Ukraine census in 1989 resulted in 51,452,034 people,[31] Ukraine's own estimates show a peak of 52,244,000 people in 1993,[32] however this number has plummeted to 45,439,822 as of Dec 1, 2013.,[33] having lost Crimean territory and experienced war, the population has plunged to 42,981,850 as of August 2014.[34] This represents a 19.7% decrease in total population since the peak figure, but 16.8% above the 1950 population even without Crimea.[17] Its absolute total decline (9,263,000) since its peak population is the highest of all nations; this includes loss of territory and heavy net emigration. Eastern Ukraine may yet lose many Russian speaking citizens due to new Russian citizenship law.[35]
Hungary[edit]
Hungary's population peaked in 1980, at 10,709,000,[36] and has continued its decline to under 10 million as of August 2010.[37] This represents a decline of 7.1% since its peak; however, compared to neighbors situated to the East, Hungary peaked almost a decade earlier yet the rate has been far more modest, averaging -0.23% a year over the period.
Romania[edit]
Romania's 1991 census showed 23,185,084 people, and the October 2011 census recorded 20,121,641 people, while the state statistical estimate for 2014 is 19,947,311.[38] This represents a decrease of 16.2% since the historical peak in 1991.
Serbia[edit]
Serbia recorded a peak census population of 7,576,837 in 1991, falling to 7,186,862 in the 2011 census.[39] That represents a decline of 5.1% since its peak census figure.
Halted declines[edit]
Russia[edit]
Further information: Russian Cross
The decline in Russia's total population is among the largest in numbers, but not in percentage. After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008.[40] This represents a 4.0% decrease in total population since the peak census figure. Still, the Russian government estimates an increase in the population to 143,500,000 in 2013. This recent trend can be attributed to a lower death rate, higher birth rate, and continued immigration, mostly from Ukraine and Armenia. It is some 40% above the 1950 population.[17]
Germany[edit]
In Germany a decades-long tendency to population decline has been offset by waves of immigration. The 2011 national census recorded a population of 80.2 million people.[41] At the end of 2012 it had risen to 82.0 million according to federal estimates.[42] This represents about 14% increase over 1950.[43]
Ireland[edit]
In the current area of the Republic of Ireland, the population has fluctuated dramatically. The population of Ireland was 8 million in 1841, but it dropped due to the Irish famine and later emigration. The population of the Republic of Ireland hit bottom at 2.8 million in the 1961 census, but it then rose and in 2011 it was 4.58 million.
Declines within race or ethnicity[edit]
See also: Minority-Majority, White flight, New Great Migration, and Antinatalism
Some large (and even majority groups within a population) have shown an overall decline in numbers, while the total population increased. Such is the case in California, where the Non-Hispanic Whites population declined from 15.8 million to 14.95 million,[44] meanwhile the total population increased from 33 million to over 37 million, from 2000 to 2010 censuses. Singapore also has one of the world's lowest birthrate. The ratio of "original" Singaporeans towards "immigrant" Singaporeans and migrants continues to erode, with originals decreasing in absolute figures, despite the country planning to increase the population by over 20% in coming years.
Economic consequences[edit]
Old man at a nursing home in Norway.
Further information: Dependency ratio and Pensions crisis
The effects of a declining population can be adverse for an economy which has borrowed extensively for repayment by younger generations. However, population growth is also becoming increasingly unsustainable due to global warming, which is expected to have harsh economic consequences. Economically declining populations are thought to lead to deflation[citation needed], which has a number of effects. However, Russia, whose economy has been rapidly growing (8.1% in 2007) even as its population is shrinking, currently has high inflation (12% as of late 2007).[45] For an agricultural or mining economy the average standard of living in a declining population, at least in terms of material possessions, will tend to rise as the amount of land and resources per person will be higher.
But for many industrial economies, the opposite might be true as those economies often thrive on mortgaging the future by way of debt and retirement transfer payments that originally assumed rising tax revenues from a continually expanding population base (i.e. there would be fewer taxpayers in a declining population). However, standard of living does not necessarily correlate with quality of life, which may increase as the population declines due to presumably reduced pollution and consumption of natural resources, and the decline of social pressures and overutilization of resources that can be linked to overpopulation. There may also be reduced pressure on infrastructure, education, and other services as well.
The period immediately after the Black Death, for instance, was one of great prosperity, as people had inheritances from many different family members. However, that situation was not comparable, as it did not have a continually declining population, but rather a sudden shock, followed by population increase. Predictions of the net economic (and other) effects from a slow and continuous population decline (e.g. due to low fertility rates) are mainly theoretical since such a phenomenon is a relatively new and unprecedented one.
A declining population due to low fertility rates will also be accompanied by population ageing which can contribute problems for a society. This can adversely affect the quality of life for the young as an increased social and economic pressure in the sense that they have to increase per-capita output in order to support an infrastructure with costly, intensive care for the oldest among their population. The focus shifts away from the planning of future families and therefore further degrades the rate of procreation. The decade-long economic malaise of Japan and Germany in the 1990s and early 2000s is often linked to these demographic problems, though there were also several other causes. The worst-case scenario is a situation where the population falls too low a level to support a current social welfare economic system, which is more likely to occur with a rapid decline than with a more gradual one.
The economies of both Japan and Germany both went into recovery around the time their populations just began to decline (2003–2006). In other words, both the total and per capita GDP in both countries grew more rapidly after 2005 than before. Russia's economy also began to grow rapidly from 1999 onward, even though its population has been shrinking since 1992-93 (the decline is now decelerating).[46] In addition, many Eastern European countries have been experiencing similar effects to Russia. Such renewed growth calls into question the conventional wisdom that economic growth requires population growth, or that economic growth is impossible during a population decline. However, it may be argued that this renewed growth is in spite of population decline rather than because of it, and economic growth in these countries would potentially be greater if they were not undergoing such demographic decline. For example, Russia has become quite wealthy selling fossil fuels such as oil, which are now high-priced, and in addition, its economy has expanded from a very low nadir due to the economic crisis of the late 1990s. And although Japan and Germany have recovered somewhat from having been in a deflationary recession and stagnation, respectively, for the past decade, their recoveries seem to have been quite tepid. Both countries fell into the global recession of 2008–2009, but are now recovering once again, being among the first countries to recover.[47][48]
In a country with a declining population, the growth of GDP per capita is higher than the growth of GDP. For example, Japan has a higher growth per capita than the United States, even though the US GDP growth is higher than Japan's.[49] Even when GDP growth is zero or negative, the GDP growth per capita can still be positive (by definition) if the population is shrinking faster than the GDP.
A declining population (regardless of the cause) can also create a labor shortage, which can have a number of positive and negative effects. While some labor-intensive sectors of the economy may be hurt if the shortage is severe enough, others may adequately compensate by increased outsourcing or automation. Initially, the labor participation rates (which are low in many countries) can also be increased to temporarily reduce or delay the shortage. On the positive side, such a shortage increases the demand for labor, which can potentially result in a reduced unemployment rate as well as higher wages. Conversely, a high population means labor is in plentiful supply, which usually means wages will be lower. This is seen in countries like China and India.
Analysing data for 40 countries, Lee et al. show that fertility well above replacement and population growth would typically be most beneficial for government budgets. However, fertility near replacement and population stability would be most beneficial for standards of living when the analysis includes the effects of age structure on families as well as governments. And fertility moderately below replacement and population decline would maximize standards of living when the cost of providing capital for a growing labour force is taken into account.[50]
A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects, but the correlation between population and power is a tenuous one. Technology and resources often play more significant roles.
National efforts to reverse declining populations[edit]
Further information: Human population planning
Many European countries, including France, Italy, Germany and Poland, have offered some combination of bonuses and monthly payments to families.
Paid maternity and paternity leave policies can also be used as an incentive. Sweden built up an extensive welfare state from the 1930s and onward, partly as a consequence of the debate following Crisis in the Population Question, published in 1934. Today, Sweden has extensive parental leave where parents are entitled to share 16 months paid leave per child, the cost divided between both employer and State.
Alternative concept relative to skills[edit]
Main article: Brain drain
Sometimes the concept of population decline is applied where there has been considerable ex-migration of skilled professionals. In such a case, the government may have ceased to reward or value certain skills (e.g. science, medicine and engineering), and sectors of the economy such as health care and technology may go into decline. Such characterizations have been made of Italy, Bulgaria and Russia in the period starting about 1990 And further noticed will display.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Biodiversity loss
Birth dearth
Societal collapse
Negative Population Growth
Overpopulation
Human population control
Political demography
Rural flight
Sub-replacement fertility
Zero population growth
Church of Euthanasia
List of cities whose population has fallen under a million
Case studies:
Russian Cross
Aging of Europe
Aging in the American workforce
Aging of Japan
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate
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Jump up ^ Gulyas, Veronika (October 28, 2010). "Hungarian Population Falls Below 10 Million". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Romania: Counties and Major Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf
Jump up ^ "Интерактивная витрина". cbsd.gks.ru. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Census Population (Germany): Federal States, Cities and Communes - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Immigration boosted German population in 2012". Archived from the original on 2013-01-15.
Jump up ^ File:Population of German territories 1800 - 2000.JPG
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook—Russia [CIA World Factbook] Retrieved on November 14, 2008
Jump up ^ Nicholas Eberstadt. 2005. "Russia, the Sick Man of Europe". Public Interest, Winter 2005 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
Jump up ^ Wheatley, Alan (August 18, 2009). "Japan Could Defy the Skeptics". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilmore, Grainne; Walsh, Dominic (August 13, 2009). "France and Germany emerge from recession". The Times. London. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Grossly distorted picture". 13 March 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via The Economist.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ronald; Mason, Andrew; members of the NTA Network (10 October 2014). "Is Low Fertility Really a Problem? Population Aging, Dependency, and Consumption". Science. 346 (6206): 229–234. PMC 4545628  . PMID 25301626. doi:10.1126/science.1250542.
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Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Yellowstone
Genre
Drama
Created by
Taylor Sheridan
John Linson
Written by
Taylor Sheridan
Directed by
Taylor Sheridan
Starring
Kevin Costner
Luke Grimes
Kelly Reilly
Wes Bentley
Cole Hauser
Kelsey Asbille
Brecken Merrill
Jefferson White
Danny Huston
Gil Birmingham
Composer(s)
Brian Tyler
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
9 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
John Linson
Art Linson
Taylor Sheridan
Kevin Costner
David C. Glasser
Producer(s)
John Vohlers
Michael Polaire
Cinematography
Ben Richardson
Editor(s)
Gary D. Roach
Evan Ahlgren
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
42–92 minutes
Production company(s)
Linson Entertainment
Bosque Ranch Productions
Treehouse Films
Release
Original network
Paramount Network
Original release
June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) – present (present)
External links
Official website
Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20, 2018 on Paramount Network. It stars Kevin Costner, Wes Bentley, Kelly Reilly, Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham. The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch, an Indian reservation, land developers and Yellowstone National Park. On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season to air in 2019.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
4.4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Premiere
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Ratings
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode "The Unraveling: Pt. 1".
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.
Recurring[edit]
Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater's driver
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
Katherine Cunningham as Christina
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton, mother to Jaime, Beth, Kayce, and stepmother to John’s eldest son, Lee.
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell
Guest[edit]
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ("The Unravelling: Pt. 1")
Tanaya Beatty as Avery ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Daybreak" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) 2.83[2]
2
"Kill the Messenger" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27, 2018 (2018-06-27) 2.07[3]
3
"No Good Horses" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11) 2.17[4]
4
"The Long Black Train" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18) 1.89[5]
5
"Coming Home" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25) 1.95[6]
6
"The Remembering" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01) 2.10[7]
7
"A Monster Is Among Us" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8, 2018 (2018-08-08) 2.08[8]
8
"The Unravelling, Pt. 1" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 15, 2018 (2018-08-15) 2.13[9]
9
"The Unravelling, Pt. 2" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 22, 2018 (2018-08-22) 2.37[10]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[11]
On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]
On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[12] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[13] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[14]
On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019.[15]
Casting[edit]
On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[16] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[17][18] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[19] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[20][21][22][23] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[24][25] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[26] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[27]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[28][29]
Music[edit]
The series' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola, cello, and violin soloists. On August 17, 2018, the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music.[30]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[31] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[32]
Premiere[edit]
On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[33][34]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 51% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[35] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[36]
Ratings[edit]
The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[37] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[38] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[39]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Daybreak" June 20, 2018 0.4 2.83[2] 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31[40]
2 "Kill the Messenger" June 27, 2018 0.3 2.07[3] 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29[41][a]
3 "No Good Horses" July 11, 2018 0.4 2.17[4] 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22[42]
4 "The Long Black Train" July 18, 2018 0.3 1.89[5] 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64[43]
5 "Coming Home" July 25, 2018 0.3 1.95[6] 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98[44]
6 "The Remembering" August 1, 2018 0.4 2.10[7] 0.4 2.20 0.8 4.31[45][a]
7 "A Monster Is Among Us" August 8, 2018 0.4 2.08[8] 0.4 2.35 0.8 4.43[46][a]
8 "The Unravelling, Pt. 1" August 15, 2018 0.4 2.13[9] 0.4 2.14 0.8 4.27[47][a]
9 "The Unravelling, Pt. 2" August 22, 2018 0.4 2.37[10] TBD TBD TBD TBD
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 3, 2017). "Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series: Family Saga 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 21, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 28, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 16, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.15.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 23, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.22.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Cory (December 10, 2017). "Costner: 'Yellowstone' TV series will be 'postcard for Montana'". Missoulian. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (October 12, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein's name removed from credits as made-in-Utah TV show 'Yellowstone' kicks off cast auditions". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein's Involvement In TWC Series 'Waco' & 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "'Yellowstone': Taylor Sheridan On Working After 'Wind River' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 24, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 15, 2017). "Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (June 23, 2017). "Luke Grimes Starring in 'Yellowstone' With Kevin Costner (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). "Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 13, 2017). "Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 3, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham Set As Leads, Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 11, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jefferson White Cast As Regular, Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 14, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (August 10, 2017). "Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' Casts 'Girlfriends' Alum Golden Brooks (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 3, 2017). "Michaela Conlin Joins 'Yellowstone'; 'Carnival Row' Casts Ariyon Bakare". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 19, 2017). "'Yellowstone' Casts Heather Hemmens; Mike Dopud Joins 'The 100'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 13, 2018). "Barret Swatek Joins 'Yellowstone'; Tony Curran In 'Ray Donovan'". Deadline. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (August 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series begins production in Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (November 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series 'Yellowstone' is filming, and spending tons of money, all over Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (August 22, 2018). "Exclusive: Watch 'Yellowstone' Composer Brian Tyler Record the Theme". Collider. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 28, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama". Deadline. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (April 26, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network's Neo-Western Drama". Deadline. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wenzel, John (May 15, 2018). "Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year's SeriesFest". The Know. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 30, 2018). "SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup, Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama 'New Amsterdam'". Deadline. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Draws All-Time High Viewership For Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (June 25, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 16, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable, Hits New Ratings Highs". Deadline. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 5, 2018). "'Yellowstone' premiere scores in cable Live +7 ratings for June 18-24". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 6, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts; 'Big Brother 20' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18-49 Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 29, 2018). "'Yellowstone' and 'Preacher' score big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). "'Teen Mom II' doubles in 18-49, 'Snowfall' gets big viewers boost cable Live +7 ratings for July 16-22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2018). "'American Woman' scores big viewer gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (August 10, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'The Sinner' Season Premiere More Than Doubles its Live+Same Day Figures in Overall Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (August 17, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Better Call Saul' Season Premiere Leads Scripted Telecasts in Raw Adults 18-49 Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (August 24, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'American Woman' Leads All Telecasts Among Adults 18-49 Percentage Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
External links[edit]
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Yellowstone on IMDb
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Dangling modifier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A dangling modifier[1] is an ambiguous grammatical construct, whereby a grammatical modifier could be misinterpreted as being associated with a word other than the one intended or with no particular word at all. For example, a writer may have meant to modify the subject, but word order makes the modifier seem to modify an object instead. Such ambiguities can lead to unintentional humor or difficulty in understanding a sentence in formal contexts.
A typical example of a dangling modifier is illustrated in Turning the corner, a handsome school building appeared.[2] The modifying clause Turning the corner is clearly supposed to describe the behavior of the narrator (or other observer), but grammatically it appears to apply to nothing in particular or to the school building. Similarly, in At the age of eight, my family finally bought a dog,[3] the modifier At the age of eight "dangles", not attaching to the subject of the main clause (and possibly implying that the family was eight years old when it bought the dog, or even that the dog was eight when it was bought, rather than the intended meaning of giving the narrator's age at the time).
Contents
[hide]
1 Dangling modifier clauses
2 Non-participial modifiers
3 Modifiers reflecting the mood or attitude of the speaker
3.1 Usage of "hopefully"
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Dangling modifier clauses[edit]
As an adjunct, a modifier clause is normally at the beginning or the end of a sentence, and usually attached to the subject of the main clause, as in "Walking down the street (clause), the man (subject) saw the beautiful trees (object)." However, when the subject is missing or the clause attaches itself to another object in a sentence, the clause is seemingly "hanging" on nothing or on an entirely inappropriate noun. It thus "dangles", as in these sentences:
Walking down Main Street, the trees were beautiful. Reaching the station, the sun came out.
In the first sentence, the adjunct clause may at first appear to modify "the trees", the subject of the sentence. However, it actually modifies the speaker of the sentence, who is not explicitly mentioned.
In the second sentence, the adjunct may at first appear to modify "the sun", the subject of the sentence. Presumably, there is another, human subject that did reach the station and observed the sun coming out, but since this subject is not mentioned in the text, the intended meaning is obscured, and therefore this kind of sentence is incorrect in standard English.
Strunk and White's The Elements of Style provides another kind of example, a misplaced modifier (another participle):
I saw the trailer peeking through the window.
Presumably, this means the speaker was peeking through the window, but the placement of the clause "peeking through the window" makes it sound as though the trailer were doing so. The sentence can be recast as, "Peeking through the window, I saw the trailer."
Similarly, in "She left the room fuming", it is conceivably the room, rather than "she", that was fuming, though it is unlikely that anybody would interpret it this way.
Strunk and White describe as "ludicrous" another of their examples: "Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap." The author obviously meant the house was dilapidated, but the construction suggests that he (the speaker or writer, identified as "I") was dilapidated.
Bernstein offers another ludicrous example: "Roaring down the track at seventy miles an hour, the stalled car was smashed by the train."[4] The adjunct is meant to modify "train": it is the train that is roaring down the track. But the subject of the main clause is "the stalled car". The writer is suggesting that the stalled car, which really isn't moving at all, is roaring down the track. The sentence could be rewritten more felicitously: "Roaring down the track at seventy miles an hour, the train smashed the stalled car." Or: "The stalled car was smashed by the train, roaring down the track at seventy miles an hour."
Follett provides yet another ludicrous example: "Leaping to the saddle, his horse bolted."[5] But who leaped? Presumably the horseman – certainly not the horse, which was wearing the saddle. In this example, the noun or pronoun intended to be modified isn't even in the sentence. Unproblematic: "Leaping to the saddle, he made his horse bolt forward", or "As he leaped into the saddle, his horse bolted." (In the latter, the non-finite adjunct clause is replaced by a finite subordinate clause.)
These examples illustrate a writing principle that dangling participles violate. Follett states the principle: "A participle at the head of a sentence automatically affixes itself to the subject of the following verb – in effect a requirement that the writer either make his [grammatical] subject consistent with the participle or discard the participle for some other construction."[5] Strunk and White put it this way: "A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject."[6]
Dangling participles should not be confused with clauses in absolute constructions, which are considered grammatical. Because the participle phrase in an absolute construction is not semantically attached to any single element in the sentence, it is easily confused with a dangling participle.[7] The difference is that a participle phrase is intended to modify a particular noun or pronoun, but is instead erroneously attached to a different noun, whereas as an absolute clause is not intended to modify any noun at all. An example of an absolute construction is:
The weather being beautiful, we plan to go to the beach today.
Non-participial modifiers[edit]
Non-participial modifiers that dangle can also be troublesome:
After years of being lost under a pile of dust, Walter P. Stanley, III, left, found all the old records of the Bangor Lions Club.[8]
The above sentence, from a newspaper article, suggests that it is the subject of the sentence, Walter Stanley, who was buried under a pile of dust, and not the records. It is the prepositional phrase "after years of being lost under a pile of dust" which dangles. This example has been cited in at least one usage manual[vague] as an example of the kind of ambiguity that can result from a dangling modifier.
In the film Mary Poppins, Mr. Dawes Sr. dies of laughter after hearing the following joke:
"I know a man with a wooden leg called Smith." "What was the name of his other leg?"
In the case of this joke, the placement of the phrase "called Smith" implies that it is the leg that is named Smith, rather than the man.
Another famous example of this humorous effect is by Groucho Marx as Captain Jeffrey T. Spaulding in the 1930 film, Animal Crackers:
One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got into my pajamas I'll never know.[9]

Though under the most plausible interpretation of the first sentence, Captain Spaulding would have been wearing the pajamas, the line plays on the grammatical possibility that the elephant was instead.
Strunk and White offer this example: "As a mother of five, and with another on the way, my ironing board is always up."[10] Is the ironing board (grammatical subject) really the mother of five? Less ambiguous: "As the mother of five, and with another on the way, I always keep my ironing board up." Or: "My ironing board is always up, because I am the mother of five, with another on the way."
Modifiers reflecting the mood or attitude of the speaker[edit]
Participial modifiers can sometimes be intended to describe the attitude or mood of the speaker, even when the speaker is not part of the sentence. Some such modifiers are standard and are not considered dangling modifiers: "Speaking of [topic]", and "Trusting that this will put things into perspective", for example, are commonly used to transition from one topic to a related one or for adding a conclusion to a speech.
Usage of "hopefully"[edit]
Main article: Hopefully
Since about the 1960s, controversy has arisen over the proper usage of the adverb hopefully.[11] Some grammarians[who?] object to constructions such as "Hopefully, the sun will be shining tomorrow."[12] Their complaint is that the term "hopefully" dangles, and can be understood to describe either the speaker's state of mind or the manner in which the sun will shine. It no longer modifies just a verb, an adjective or another adverb, but instead modifies the whole sentence to convey the attitude of the speaker.
"Hopefully" used in this way is a disjunct (cf. "admittedly", "mercifully", "oddly"). Disjuncts (also called sentence adverbs) are useful in colloquial speech for the concision they permit.
No other word in English expresses that thought. In a single word we can say it is regrettable that (regrettably) or it is fortunate that (fortunately) or it is lucky that (luckily), and it would be comforting if there were such a word as hopably or, as suggested by Follett, hopingly, but there isn't. [...] In this instance nothing is to be lost – the word would not be destroyed in its primary meaning – and a useful, nay necessary term is to be gained.[13]
What had been expressed in lengthy adverbial constructions, such as "it is regrettable that ..." or "it is fortunate that ...", had of course always been shortened to the adverbs "regrettably" or "fortunately". Bill Bryson says, "those writers who scrupulously avoid 'hopefully' in such constructions do not hesitate to use at least a dozen other words – 'apparently', 'presumably', 'happily', 'sadly', 'mercifully', 'thankfully', and so on – in precisely the same way."[14] What has changed, however, in the controversy[dubious – discuss] over "hopefully" being used for "he was hoping that ..." or "she was full of hope that ..." is that the original clause was transferred from the speaker, as a kind of shorthand to the subject itself, as though "it" had expressed the hope. ("Hopefully, the sun will be shining.") Although this still expressed the speaker's hope "that the sun will be shining", it may have caused a certain disorientation as to who was expressing what when it first appeared. As time passes, this controversy[dubious – discuss] may fade as the usage becomes increasingly accepted, especially since adverbs such as "mercifully", "gratefully", and "thankfully" are similarly used.
Merriam-Webster gives a usage note on its entry for "hopefully"; the editors point out that the disjunct sense of the word dates to the early 18th century and has been in widespread use since at least the 1930s. Objection to this sense of the word, they state, only became widespread in the 1960s. The editors maintain that this usage is "entirely standard".[15]
Yet the choice of "regrettably" above as a counterexample points out an additional problem. At the time that objection to "hopefully" became publicized, grammar books[vague] relentlessly pointed out the distinction between "regrettably" and "regretfully". The latter is not to be used as a sentence adverb, they state; it must refer to the subject of the sentence.[16] The misuse of "regretfully" produces worse undesired results than "hopefully", possibly contributing to disdain for the latter. The counterpart hopably was never added to the language.
See also[edit]
Double entendre
Garden path sentence
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, pp. 752-753. Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-214183-X The dangling modifier or participle
Jump up ^ Merriam Webster's dictionary of English Usage p. 315, Merriam-Webster, 1995
Jump up ^ The Least You Should Know about English p. 134, Wilson and Glazier, Cengage Learning, 2008
Jump up ^ Theodore M. Bernstein, The Careful Writer: A Modern Guide to English Usage (New York: Atheneum, 1985), 128.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson Follett, Modern American Usage: A Guide (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), 117.
Jump up ^ Strunk and White, 13.
Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of English Usage: A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1996. p. 1. ISBN 0-395-76785-7. Archived from the original on 2008-07-28.
Jump up ^ Bangor Daily News 20 Jan 1978. Reprinted with discussion in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage p. 315.
Jump up ^ Encarta Book of Quotations. St. Martin's Press 2000 New York. p. 616.
Jump up ^ Strunk and White, 14.
Jump up ^ Kahn, John Ellison and Robert Ilson, Eds. The Right Word at the Right Time: A Guide to the English Language and How to Use It, pp. 27–29. London: The Reader's Digest Association Limited, 1985. ISBN 0-276-38439-3.
Jump up ^ http://www.emory.edu/marketing/docs/creative_group/Style%20Manual.pdf
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Theodore M. Miss Thistlebottom's Hobgoblins, p. 51. The Noonday Press, New York, 1971. ISBN 0-374-52315-0.
Jump up ^ Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words, Bill Bryson, p. 99, Broadway Books, New York, 2002, ISBN 0-7679-1043-5
Jump up ^ "hopefully." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2007. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=hopefully (15 Aug. 2007).
Jump up ^ http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/regretfully.html
External links[edit]
Hopefully fails to modify sentence elements. Originally citing Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words
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