text:
It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)
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"It's My Party"
Original US single cover
Single by Lesley Gore
from the album I'll Cry If I Want To
B-side
"Danny"
Released
April 1963
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
March 30, 1963
Genre
Pop
rock
blue-eyed soul
Length
2:19
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Walter Gold
John Gluck Jr.
Herb Weiner
Seymour Gottlieb
Producer(s)
Quincy Jones
Lesley Gore singles chronology
"It's My Party"
(1963) "Judy's Turn to Cry"
(1963)
"It's My Party"
(1963) "Judy's Turn to Cry"
(1963)
EP cover
"It's My Party" is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore's version hit #1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States.[1] It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones.
Contents
[hide]
1 Theme
2 Background
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version
5 Other cover versions, sampling, and references
6 The sequel: "Judy's Turn to Cry"
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Notes
9 References
Theme[edit]
The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears, only to surface in the company of Judy, another girl, who is "wearing his ring," to indicate she's replaced the birthday girl as his love interest.[2]
The song's chorus, "It's my party, and I'll cry if I want to... You would cry too if it happened to you!" became a part of American pop cultural language as a phrase used to describe being utterly humiliated and miserable during an event that is supposed to be a happy occasion.
"It's My Party" is in the key of A major.[3] The song's effectiveness is enhanced by several musical touches producer Quincy Jones incorporated, including Latin-sounding rhythms, double tracked vocals and effective horn parts.[2] Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny wrote of the song, "'It's My Party' remains one of the most vivid evocations of adolescent heartbreak ever waxed — Quincy Jones produced the record, although you'd swear it was Aaron Spelling instead."[2]
Background[edit]
"It's My Party" was credited to John Gluck, Wally Gold and Herb Weiner, staff writers at the Aaron Schroeder Music firm in 1962. The lyrics were actually written by Seymour Gottlieb, a freelance songwriter. He gave the lyrics to Herb Weiner, with whom he partnered in writing songs, to peddle. It was based on actual events relating to Gottlieb's daughter Judy's ‘Sweet 16’ party, before which she cried over the prospect of her grandparents being invited.[4] The demo for the song was cut by Barbara Jean English, a girl group veteran (the Clickettes, the Fashions), who was then working as a receptionist at the firm. She also worked with Jimmy Radcliffe, serving as the firm's in-house demo singer. Radcliffe produced the demo, and, according to English, "tried to persuade Musicor [the label owned by Aaron Schroeder] to release it as a record, or to take me into a master studio and redo it, but they weren't interested."[5]
The first recording of the song was in 1962 by The Chiffons for their One Fine Day album. It was also recorded by Helen Shapiro for her Helen in Nashville album in February 1963 with Shapiro's regular producer, Norrie Paramor, and also Al Kasha. Shapiro would recall: "Right from the first time we heard the song on the rough demo back in London, we thought we were going to sock them between the eyes with that one";[5] however, Shapiro's version was not one of the cuts chosen as an advance single from the album and by the time of the album's release that October the "It's My Party" track was perceived as a cover of Lesley Gore's hit.
Lesley Gore recalls that "It's My Party" was among some two hundred demos producer Quincy Jones brought to review with her in the den of her family home in February 1963. On hearing "It's My Party," Gore told Jones: "That's not half bad. I like it. Good melody. Let's put it on the maybe pile." The song proved to be the only demo Gore and Jones found agreeable. With Jones producing and Claus Ogerman handling arranging and conducting duties, Gore recorded 'It's My Party' at Bell Sound Studios in Manhattan on 30 March 1963.[5][6]
In March 1963 Phil Spector heard the demo of "It's My Party" while visiting Aaron Schroeder's office. Wally Gold would recall: "He [Spector] said, 'Great, I love it. I’m gonna do it with the Crystals.' We [the song's writers] were really excited, because that would ensure that the record was #1!"[7] Schroeder apparently only learned of the Lesley Gore recording of "It's My Party" when Quincy Jones invited him to hear the completed track, which Schroeder found formulaic; believing that Spector would be able to cut a much stronger version of the song with the Crystals and not wanting to lose Spector's good will, Schroeder attempted to convince Jones to suppress the track. Schroeder didn't mention Spector's version to Jones but Jones and Spector both happened to attend a concert with Charles Aznavour at Carnegie Hall on the evening of 30 March 1963 and when they met outside it came up in conversation that Spector had recorded a version of "It's My Party" with the Crystals.[note 1] Jones skipped the concert instead spending that night—a Saturday—at Bell Sound Studios making a test pressing of the track comprising one hundred copies. Over the next two days Jones mailed these out to radio programmers in key markets across the US. Gore heard her record played on the radio for the first time that Friday; the official release of "It's My Party" came later in the month, with the disc ascending to #1 nationally in four weeks.[5][7] Jones was abroad at the time of "It's My Party"'s release. On his return he expressed dismay when Aaron Schroeder advised him that the rush release of "It's My Party" had precluded coining a more pleasant name for the singer than "Lesley Gore," to which Schroeder replied: "Didn't anybody tell you?...Quince, the record's number one. Do you really give a damn what her last name is?"[5][not in citation given]
In 1980, WCBN-FM, the University of Michigan freeform student radio station, played "It's My Party" for 18 hours straight the day after Ronald Reagan was elected.[8]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 1
UK (OCC) 9
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 1
US Billboard R&B[9] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[10] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 29
US Cash Box [12] 30
Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version[edit]
"It's My Party"
Single by Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin
B-side
"Waiting in the Wings"
Released
August 1981[13]
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1981
Genre
Synthpop
new wave
Art Pop
Label
Stiff
Songwriter(s)
Wally Gold
John Gluck Jr.
Herb Weiner
Producer(s)
Dave Stewart
Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin singles chronology
"It's My Party"
(1981) "Johnny Rocco"
(1982)
"It's My Party"
(1981) "Johnny Rocco"
(1982)
In 1981, a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria (#3), Germany (#3), the Netherlands (#20), New Zealand (#1), South Africa (#3) and Switzerland (#6). The track reached #72 in the US. This was the first version of the song to reach #1 in the UK.[6] The video for the Stewart/Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny, Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig.
Other cover versions, sampling, and references[edit]
The Paris Sisters recorded a version of "It's my Party" which was slower than Gore's version.
In 1963, a Swedish-language version of the song, "Leva livet", with lyrics by Stikkan Anderson, reached number five in the Swedish hit parade Svensktoppen and became a signature song for the singer, Lill-Babs.
Donna Reed sang a cover version of the song on the 1966 series finale of The Donna Reed Show.
Bryan Ferry covered the song for his 1973 album These Foolish Things.
In 1977, Carroll Baker had a number one country hit in Canada with her version of "It's My Party".[14]
The Chipettes covered the song for the 1983 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "May the Best Chipmunk Win" and the soundtrack Songs from Our TV Shows.
In 2004, German pop group Preluders covered the song on their album Prelude to History.
Amy Winehouse covered the song on Quincy Jones' 2010 album Q Soul Bossa Nostra.
Icona Pop used the chorus for their version of "It's My Party" while also adding modern day themes.
An interpolation of the chorus of "It's My Party" was used in Robin Thicke's song "Sex Therapy".
The chorus of "It's My Party" is sampled in the 2015 single "Pity Party" by Melanie Martinez. Also, in "Pity Party"'s music video, it is seen that the character "Cry Baby" is inviting "Johnny" (from the original song) to her party.
The song "Necessary Evil" by Motionless In White contains some elements from "It's My Party" including the chorus except some words are changed to fit the theme of the song.
The 1975 references the song "It's My Party" in their song "You" with the lyrics "It's my party and I'll cry till the end."
The sequel: "Judy's Turn to Cry"[edit]
Because of the pop cultural obsession with the song and its tragic nature, Gore recorded a sequel titled "Judy's Turn to Cry". In this song, the teenage girl narrator gets her revenge on Judy. In the lyrics the narrator explicitly finds "foolish" how much she cried when she saw Johnny and Judy together, and seems determined to start anew. But after she kisses another boy at another party, Johnny gets jealous, punches the other boy and returns to her.[2] Following just two months on the heels of "It's My Party," the sequel reached number five on the charts.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 83
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ As with "He's a Rebel", the Crystals' hit for which it was intended as the follow-up, "It's My Party" was actually recorded not by the Crystals but the Blossoms, who cut the track at Gold Star Studios. Darlene Love says the Spector version was "kinda slow with me and my sister Edna [Wright] singing together on lead. Much more R&B than Lesley Gore's version."[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 803.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ankeny, J. "It's My Party". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ McClary, S., Knapp, R., Baur, S. & Warwick, J.C. (2008). Musicological identities: essays in honor of Susan McClary. Ashgate. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7546-6302-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Tumposky, Ellen (February 18, 2015). "Brooklyn Woman recall origins of Gore's 'It's My Party'". Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "It's My Party". Cha Cha Charming Magazine. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, F. (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits (5 ed.). Random House. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Shannon, Bob. "Behind The Hits: Stories: It's My Party". Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "CBN History". Retrieved February 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, June 8, 1963
^ Jump up to: a b Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1963
Jump up ^ "45cat - Dave Stewart With Barbara Gaskin - It's My Party / Waiting In The Wings - Stiff - UK - BROKEN 2". 45cat.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for April 2, 1977". RPM. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Preceded by
"If You Wanna Be Happy" by Jimmy Soul Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Lesley Gore version)
June 1, 1963 – June 8, 1963 Succeeded by
"Sukiyaki" by Kyu Sakamoto
Preceded by
"Another Saturday Night" by Sam Cooke Billboard Hot R&B Singles number-one single
June 15, 1963 – June 29, 1963 Succeeded by
"Hello Stranger" by Barbara Lewis
Preceded by
"She's Just an Old Love Turned Memory" by Charley Pride RPM Country Tracks number-one single (Carroll Baker version)
April 2, 1977 Succeeded by
"Heart Healer" by Mel Tillis
Preceded by
"Prince Charming" by Adam and the Ants UK number-one single (Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin version)
October 17, 1981 - November 7, 1981 Succeeded by
"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" by The Police
[show]
v
t
e
Lesley Gore
Studio albums
I'll Cry If I Want To
Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts
Boys, Boys, Boys
Girl Talk
My Town, My Guy, and Me
Lesley Gore Sings All About Love
California Nights
Someplace Else Now
Love Me by Name
The Canvas Can Do Miracles
Ever Since
Compilations
Lesley Gore: It's My Party
Singles
"It's My Party"
"Judy's Turn to Cry"
"She's a Fool"
"You Don't Own Me"
"That's the Way Boys Are"
"I Don't Wanna Be a Loser"
"Maybe I Know"
"Look of Love"
"Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows"
"California Nights"
Related articles
Discography
Michael Gore
[show]
v
t
e
Carroll Baker
Notable singles
"It's Late (And I Have to Go)"
"I've Never Been This Far Before"
"The Hungry Fire of Love"
"One Night of Cheatin'"
"Tonight with Love"
"Why I Had to Pass This Way"
"It's My Party"
"The Morning After Baby Let Me Down"
"I Might as Well Believe (I'll Live Forever)"
"Portrait in the Window"
"Hooked on a Feeling"
"I'm Getting High Remembering"
"Hollywood Love"
"Still Falling in Love"
"I'm So Excited"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"
"It's Only Make Believe"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)&oldid=813113879"
Categories:
1962 songs
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1981 singles
Lesley Gore songs
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Number-one singles in New Zealand
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones
Mercury Records singles
Songs written by Wally Gold
Debut singles
Helen Shapiro songs
Lill-Babs songs
Amy Winehouse songs
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text:
Miller–Urey experiment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The experiment
The Miller–Urey experiment[1] (or Miller experiment)[2] was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. The experiment supported Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S. Haldane's hypothesis that putative conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment investigating abiogenesis, it was conducted in 1952[3] by Stanley Miller, with assistance from Harold Urey, at the University of Chicago and later the University of California, San Diego and published the following year.[4][5][6]
After Miller's death in 2007, scientists examining sealed vials preserved from the original experiments were able to show that there were actually well over 20 different amino acids produced in Miller's original experiments. That is considerably more than what Miller originally reported, and more than the 20 that naturally occur in life.[7] More recent evidence suggests that Earth's original atmosphere might have had a composition different from the gas used in the Miller experiment. But prebiotic experiments continue to produce racemic mixtures of simple to complex compounds under varying conditions.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Experiment
2 Chemistry of experiment
3 Other experiments
4 Earth's early atmosphere
5 Extraterrestrial sources
6 Recent related studies
7 Amino acids identified
8 References
9 External links
Experiment[edit]
Play media
Descriptive video of the experiment
The experiment used water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2). The chemicals were all sealed inside a sterile 5-liter glass flask connected to a 500 ml flask half-full of liquid water. The liquid water in the smaller flask was heated to induce evaporation, and the water vapour was allowed to enter the larger flask. Continuous electrical sparks were fired between the electrodes to simulate lightning in the water vapour and gaseous mixture, and then the simulated atmosphere was cooled again so that the water condensed and trickled into a U-shaped trap at the bottom of the apparatus.
After a day, the solution collected at the trap had turned pink in colour.[9] At the end of one week of continuous operation, the boiling flask was removed, and mercuric chloride was added to prevent microbial contamination. The reaction was stopped by adding barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, and evaporated to remove impurities. Using paper chromatography, Miller identified five amino acids present in the solution: glycine, α-alanine and β-alanine were positively identified, while aspartic acid and α-aminobutyric acid (AABA) were less certain, due to the spots being faint.[4]
In a 1996 interview, Stanley Miller recollected his lifelong experiments following his original work and stated: "Just turning on the spark in a basic pre-biotic experiment will yield 11 out of 20 amino acids."[10]
As observed in all subsequent experiments, both left-handed (L) and right-handed (D) optical isomers were created in a racemic mixture. In biological systems, almost all of the compounds are non-racemic, or homochiral.
The original experiment remains today under the care of Miller and Urey's former student Jeffrey Bada, a professor at the UCSD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[11] The apparatus used to conduct the experiment is on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.[12]
Chemistry of experiment[edit]
One-step reactions among the mixture components can produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN), formaldehyde (CH2O),[13][14] and other active intermediate compounds (acetylene, cyanoacetylene, etc.):[citation needed]
CO2 → CO + [O] (atomic oxygen)
CH4 + 2[O] → CH2O + H2O
CO + NH3 → HCN + H2O
CH4 + NH3 → HCN + 3H2 (BMA process)
The formaldehyde, ammonia, and HCN then react by Strecker synthesis to form amino acids and other biomolecules:
CH2O + HCN + NH3 → NH2-CH2-CN + H2O
NH2-CH2-CN + 2H2O → NH3 + NH2-CH2-COOH (glycine)
Furthermore, water and formaldehyde can react, via Butlerov's reaction to produce various sugars like ribose.
The experiments showed that simple organic compounds of building blocks of proteins and other macromolecules can be formed from gases with the addition of energy.
Other experiments[edit]
This experiment inspired many others. In 1961, Joan Oró found that the nucleotide base adenine could be made from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in a water solution. His experiment produced a large amount of adenine, the molecules of which were formed from 5 molecules of HCN.[15] Also, many amino acids are formed from HCN and ammonia under these conditions.[16] Experiments conducted later showed that the other RNA and DNA nucleobases could be obtained through simulated prebiotic chemistry with a reducing atmosphere.[17]
There also had been similar electric discharge experiments related to the origin of life contemporaneous with Miller–Urey. An article in The New York Times (March 8, 1953:E9), titled "Looking Back Two Billion Years" describes the work of Wollman (William) M. MacNevin at The Ohio State University, before the Miller Science paper was published in May 1953. MacNevin was passing 100,000 volt sparks through methane and water vapor and produced "resinous solids" that were "too complex for analysis." The article describes other early earth experiments being done by MacNevin. It is not clear if he ever published any of these results in the primary scientific literature.[18]
K. A. Wilde submitted a paper to Science on December 15, 1952, before Miller submitted his paper to the same journal on February 10, 1953. Wilde's paper was published on July 10, 1953.[19] Wilde used voltages up to only 600 V on a binary mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water in a flow system. He observed only small amounts of carbon dioxide reduction to carbon monoxide, and no other significant reduction products or newly formed carbon compounds. Other researchers were studying UV-photolysis of water vapor with carbon monoxide. They have found that various alcohols, aldehydes and organic acids were synthesized in reaction mixture.[20]
More recent experiments by chemists Jeffrey Bada, one of Miller's graduate students, and Jim Cleaves at Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, San Diego were similar to those performed by Miller. However, Bada noted that in current models of early Earth conditions, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (N2) create nitrites, which destroy amino acids as fast as they form. When Bada performed the Miller-type experiment with the addition of iron and carbonate minerals, the products were rich in amino acids. This suggests the origin of significant amounts of amino acids may have occurred on Earth even with an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen.[21]
Earth's early atmosphere[edit]
Some evidence suggests that Earth's original atmosphere might have contained fewer of the reducing molecules than was thought at the time of the Miller–Urey experiment. There is abundant evidence of major volcanic eruptions 4 billion years ago, which would have released carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere.[22] Experiments using these gases in addition to the ones in the original Miller–Urey experiment have produced more diverse molecules. The experiment created a mixture that was racemic (containing both L and D enantiomers) and experiments since have shown that "in the lab the two versions are equally likely to appear";[23] however, in nature, L amino acids dominate. Later experiments have confirmed disproportionate amounts of L or D oriented enantiomers are possible.[24]
Originally it was thought that the primitive secondary atmosphere contained mostly ammonia and methane. However, it is likely that most of the atmospheric carbon was CO2 with perhaps some CO and the nitrogen mostly N2. In practice gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, N2, etc. give much the same products as those containing CH4 and NH3 so long as there is no O2. The hydrogen atoms come mostly from water vapor. In fact, in order to generate aromatic amino acids under primitive earth conditions it is necessary to use less hydrogen-rich gaseous mixtures. Most of the natural amino acids, hydroxyacids, purines, pyrimidines, and sugars have been made in variants of the Miller experiment.[8][25]
More recent results may question these conclusions. The University of Waterloo and University of Colorado conducted simulations in 2005 that indicated that the early atmosphere of Earth could have contained up to 40 percent hydrogen—implying a much more hospitable environment for the formation of prebiotic organic molecules. The escape of hydrogen from Earth's atmosphere into space may have occurred at only one percent of the rate previously believed based on revised estimates of the upper atmosphere's temperature.[26] One of the authors, Owen Toon notes: "In this new scenario, organics can be produced efficiently in the early atmosphere, leading us back to the organic-rich soup-in-the-ocean concept... I think this study makes the experiments by Miller and others relevant again." Outgassing calculations using a chondritic model for the early earth complement the Waterloo/Colorado results in re-establishing the importance of the Miller–Urey experiment.[27]
In contrast to the general notion of early earth's reducing atmosphere, researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York reported the possibility of oxygen available around 4.3 billion years ago. Their study reported in 2011 on the assessment of Hadean zircons from the earth's interior (magma) indicated the presence of oxygen traces similar to modern-day lavas.[28] This study suggests that oxygen could have been released in the earth's atmosphere earlier than generally believed.[29]
Extraterrestrial sources[edit]
Conditions similar to those of the Miller–Urey experiments are present in other regions of the solar system, often substituting ultraviolet light for lightning as the energy source for chemical reactions.[30][31][32] The Murchison meteorite that fell near Murchison, Victoria, Australia in 1969 was found to contain over 90 different amino acids, nineteen of which are found in Earth life. Comets and other icy outer-solar-system bodies are thought to contain large amounts of complex carbon compounds (such as tholins) formed by these processes, darkening surfaces of these bodies.[33] The early Earth was bombarded heavily by comets, possibly providing a large supply of complex organic molecules along with the water and other volatiles they contributed.[34] This has been used to infer an origin of life outside of Earth: the panspermia hypothesis.
Recent related studies[edit]
In recent years, studies have been made of the amino acid composition of the products of "old" areas in "old" genes, defined as those that are found to be common to organisms from several widely separated species, assumed to share only the last universal ancestor (LUA) of all extant species. These studies found that the products of these areas are enriched in those amino acids that are also most readily produced in the Miller–Urey experiment. This suggests that the original genetic code was based on a smaller number of amino acids – only those available in prebiotic nature – than the current one.[35]
Jeffrey Bada, himself Miller's student, inherited the original equipment from the experiment when Miller died in 2007. Based on sealed vials from the original experiment, scientists have been able to show that although successful, Miller was never able to find out, with the equipment available to him, the full extent of the experiment's success. Later researchers have been able to isolate even more different amino acids, 25 altogether. Bada has estimated that more accurate measurements could easily bring out 30 or 40 more amino acids in very low concentrations, but the researchers have since discontinued the testing. Miller's experiment was therefore a remarkable success at synthesizing complex organic molecules from simpler chemicals, considering that all life uses just 20 different amino acids.[7]
In 2008, a group of scientists examined 11 vials left over from Miller's experiments of the early 1950s. In addition to the classic experiment, reminiscent of Charles Darwin's envisioned "warm little pond", Miller had also performed more experiments, including one with conditions similar to those of volcanic eruptions. This experiment had a nozzle spraying a jet of steam at the spark discharge. By using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the group found more organic molecules than Miller had. Interestingly, they found that the volcano-like experiment had produced the most organic molecules, 22 amino acids, 5 amines and many hydroxylated molecules, which could have been formed by hydroxyl radicals produced by the electrified steam. The group suggested that volcanic island systems became rich in organic molecules in this way, and that the presence of carbonyl sulfide there could have helped these molecules form peptides.[36][37]
Amino acids identified[edit]
Below is a table of amino acids produced and identified in the "classic" 1952 experiment, as published by Miller in 1953,[4] the 2008 re-analysis of vials from the volcanic spark discharge experiment,[38] and the 2010 re-analysis of vials from the H2S-rich spark discharge experiment.[39] An asterisk (*) indicates a proteinogenic amino acid, i.e. one that is incorporated into protein.
Amino acid
Produced in experiment
Miller–Urey
(1952)
Volcanic spark discharge
(2008)
H2S-rich spark discharge
(2010)
Glycine*
α-Alanine*
β-Alanine
Aspartic acid*
α-Aminobutyric acid
Serine*
Isoserine
α-Aminoisobutyric acid
β-Aminoisobutyric acid
β-Aminobutyric acid
γ-Aminobutyric acid
Valine*
Isovaline
Glutamic acid*
Norvaline
α-Aminoadipic acid
Homoserine
2-Methylserine
β-Hydroxyaspartic acid
Ornithine
2-Methylglutamic acid
Phenylalanine*
Homocysteic acid
S-methylcysteine
Methionine*
Methionine sulfoxide
Methionine sulfone
Isoleucine*
Leucine*
Ethionine
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
A simulation of the Miller–Urey Experiment along with a video Interview with Stanley Miller by Scott Ellis from CalSpace (UCSD)
Origin-Of-Life Chemistry Revisited: Reanalysis of famous spark-discharge experiments reveals a richer collection of amino acids were formed.[dead link]
Miller–Urey experiment explained
Miller experiment with Lego bricks
"Stanley Miller's Experiment: Sparking the Building Blocks of Life" on PBS
The Miller-Urey experiment website
Details of 2008 re-analysis
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