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Saffir–Simpson scale
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"SSHS" redirects here. For other uses, see SSHS (disambiguation).
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS), formerly the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS), classifies hurricanes – Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms – into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds.
Saffir–Simpson scale
Category
Wind speeds
(for 1-minute maximum sustained winds)
m/s knots (kn) mph km/h
Five
≥ 70 m/s ≥ 137 kn ≥ 157 mph ≥ 252 km/h
Four
58–70 m/s 113–136 kn 130–156 mph 209–251 km/h
Three
50–58 m/s 96–112 kn 111–129 mph 178–208 km/h
Two
43–49 m/s 83–95 kn 96–110 mph 154–177 km/h
One
33–42 m/s 64–82 kn 74–95 mph 119–153 km/h
Related classifications
(for 1-minute maximum sustained winds)
Tropical storm
18–32 m/s 34–63 kn 39–73 mph 63–118 km/h
Tropical depression
≤ 17 m/s ≤ 33 kn ≤ 38 mph ≤ 62 km/h
To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical cyclone must have one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (33 m/s; 64 kn; 119 km/h) (Category 1). The highest classification in the scale, Category 5, consists of storms with sustained winds exceeding 156 mph (70 m/s; 136 kn; 251 km/h). The classifications can provide some indication of the potential damage and flooding a hurricane will cause upon landfall.
Officially, the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is based on the highest average wind over a one-minute time span and used only to describe hurricanes forming in the Atlantic Ocean and northern Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line.
Other areas use different scales to label these storms, which are called "cyclones" or "typhoons", depending on the area. These areas (except the JTWC) use three-minute or ten-minute averaged winds to determine the maximum sustained winds which is an important difference and makes a direct comparison of other storm scales with the Saffir–Simpson scale difficult.
There is some criticism of the SSHWS for not taking rain, storm surge, and other important factors into consideration, but SSHWS defenders say that part of the goal of SSHWS is to be straightforward and simple to understand.
Contents
1 History
2 Categories
2.1 Category 1
2.2 Category 2
2.3 Category 3
2.4 Category 4
2.5 Category 5
3 Criticism
3.1 "Category 6"
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The scale was developed in 1971 by civil engineer Herbert Saffir and meteorologist Robert Simpson, who at the time was director of the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC).[1] The scale was introduced to the general public in 1973,[2] and saw widespread use after Neil Frank replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974.[3]
The initial scale was developed by Herbert Saffir, a structural engineer, who in 1969 went on commission for the United Nations to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas.[4] While performing the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane. Mirroring the utility of the Richter magnitude scale in describing earthquakes, he devised a 1–5 scale based on wind speed that showed expected damage to structures. Saffir gave the scale to the NHC, and Simpson added the effects of storm surge and flooding.
In 2009, the NHC made moves to eliminate pressure and storm surge ranges from the categories, transforming it into a pure wind scale, called the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (Experimental) [SSHWS].[5] The new scale became operational on May 15, 2010.[6] The scale excludes flood ranges, storm surge estimations, rainfall, and location, which means a Category 2 hurricane which hits a major city will likely do far more cumulative damage than a Category 5 hurricane that hits a rural area.[7] The agency cited various hurricanes as reasons for removing the "scientifically inaccurate" information, including Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane Ike (2008), which both had stronger than estimated storm surges, and Hurricane Charley (2004), which had weaker than estimated storm surge.[8] Since removed from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, storm surge predicting and modeling is now handled with the use of computer numerical models such as ADCIRC and SLOSH.
In 2012, the NHC expanded the windspeed range for Category 4 by 1 mph in both directions, to 130–156 mph, with corresponding changes in the other units (113–136 kn, 209–251 km/h), instead of 131–155 mph (114–135 kn, 210–249 km/h). The NHC and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5 knot increments, and then convert to mph and km/h with a similar rounding for other reports. So an intensity of 115 kn is rated Category 4, but the conversion to miles per hour (132.3 mph) would round down to 130 mph, making it appear to be a Category 3 storm. Likewise, an intensity of 135 kn (~155 mph, and thus Category 4) is 250.02 km/h, which according to the definition used before the change would be Category 5. To resolve these issues, the NHC had been obliged to incorrectly report storms with wind speeds of 115 kn as 135 mph, and 135 kn as 245 km/h. The change in definition allows storms of 115 kn to be correctly rounded down to 130 mph, and storms of 135 kn to be correctly reported as 250 km/h, and still qualify as Category 4. Since the NHC had previously rounded incorrectly to keep storms in Category 4 in each unit of measure, the change does not affect the classification of storms from previous years.[5] The new scale became operational on May 15, 2012.[9]
Categories[edit]
The scale separates hurricanes into five different categories based on wind. The U.S. National Hurricane Center classifies hurricanes of Category 3 and above as major hurricanes, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classifies typhoons of 150 mph or greater (strong Category 4 and Category 5) as super typhoons (although all tropical cyclones can be very dangerous). Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 33 ft (10.1 m) for 10 minutes, and then taking the average. By contrast, the U.S. National Weather Service, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center define sustained winds as average winds over a period of one minute, measured at the same 33 ft (10.1 m) height,[10][11] and that is the definition used for this scale. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.
The scale is roughly logarithmic in wind speed, and the top wind speed for Category “c” (c = 1 ... 4; there is no upper limit for category 5) can be expressed as 83×10(c⁄15) miles per hour rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 – except that after the change mentioned above, Category 4 is now widened by 1 mph in each direction and that the calculated value for Category 2 (c = 2) is rounded down from 112.8 mph to 110 mph.
The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity.[12]
Category 1[edit]
Category 1
Sustained winds
Most recent
33–42 m/s
64–82 kn
119–153 km/h
74–95 mph Newton in 2016 over the Baja California Peninsula.
Very dangerous winds will produce some damage
Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural damage to most well-constructed permanent structures; however, they can topple unanchored mobile homes, as well as uproot or snap weak trees. Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off. Coastal flooding and pier damage are often associated with Category 1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threatening storms.[5]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 1 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Flossy (1956), Gladys (1968), Agnes (1972), Juan (1985), Ismael (1995), Claudette (2003), Gaston (2004), Stan (2005), Humberto (2007), Isaac (2012), Manuel (2013), Earl (2016), Hermine (2016), Newton (2016), Franklin (2017), and Nate (2017).
Category 2[edit]
Category 2
Sustained winds
Most recent
43–49 m/s
83–95 kn
154–177 km/h
96–110 mph
Arthur in 2014 approaching North Carolina.
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
Storms of Category 2 intensity often damage roofing material (sometimes exposing the roof) and inflict damage upon poorly constructed doors and windows. Poorly constructed signs and piers can receive considerable damage and many trees are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes, whether anchored or not, are typically damaged and sometimes destroyed, and many manufactured homes also suffer structural damage. Small craft in unprotected anchorages may break their moorings. Extensive to near-total power outages and scattered loss of potable water are likely, possibly lasting many days.[5]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 2 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Able (1952), Alice (1954), Fifi (1974), Diana (1990), Calvin (1993), Gert (1993), Rosa (1994), Erin (1995), Alma (1996), Juan (2003), Alex (2010), Richard (2010), Tomas (2010), Carlotta (2012), Ernesto (2012), and Arthur (2014).
Category 3[edit]
Category 3
Sustained winds
Most recent
50–58 m/s
96–112 kn
178–208 km/h
111–129 mph
Otto in 2016 at its Nicaragua landfall.
See also: List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
Devastating damage will occur
Tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher are described as major hurricanes in the Atlantic or Eastern Pacific basins. These storms can cause some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, particularly those of wood frame or manufactured materials with minor curtain wall failures. Buildings that lack a solid foundation, such as mobile homes, are usually destroyed, and gable-end roofs are peeled off. Manufactured homes usually sustain severe and irreparable damage. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, while larger structures are struck by floating debris. A large number of trees are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. Additionally, terrain may be flooded well inland. Near-total to total power loss is likely for up to several weeks and water will likely also be lost or contaminated.[5]
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 3 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Easy (1950), Carol (1954), Hilda (1955), Celia (1970), Ella (1970), Eloise (1975), Olivia (1975), Alicia (1983), Elena (1985), Roxanne (1995), Fran (1996), Isidore (2002), Jeanne (2004), Lane (2006), Karl (2010), and Otto (2016).
Category 4[edit]
Category 4
Sustained winds
Most recent
58–70 m/s
113–136 kn
209–251 km/h
130–156 mph Michael in 2018 during its Florida landfall.
See also: List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
Catastrophic damage will occur
Category 4 hurricanes tend to produce more extensive curtainwall failures, with some complete structural failure on small residences. Heavy, irreparable damage and near complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are common. Mobile and manufactured homes are often flattened. Most trees, except for the heartiest, are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. These storms cause extensive beach erosion, while terrain may be flooded far inland. Total and long-lived electrical and water losses are to be expected, possibly for many weeks.[5]
The 1900 Galveston hurricane, the deadliest natural disaster to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that corresponds to a modern-day Category 4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category 4 intensity, and made landfall at that intensity include: Hazel (1954), Flora (1963), Cleo (1964), Betsy (1965), Frederic (1979), Joan (1988), Iniki (1992), Luis (1995), Iris (2001), Charley (2004), Dennis (2005), Gustav (2008), Ike (2008), Joaquin (2015), Harvey (2017), and Michael (2018).
Category 5[edit]
Category 5
Sustained winds
Most recent
≥ 70 m/s
≥ 137 kn
≥ 252 km/h
≥ 157 mph Maria in 2017 making landfall in Dominica.
See also: List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes and List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
Catastrophic damage will occur
Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially those with no interior supports, is common. Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is prevalent. Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick or concrete/cement block and have hipped roofs with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from horizontal and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters. Unless all of these requirements are met, the absolute destruction of a structure is certain.[5]
The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline, and many coastal structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are uprooted or snapped and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.[5]
Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category 5 status include: "Cuba" (1924), "Okeechobee" (1928), "Bahamas" (1932), "Cuba–Brownsville" (1933), "Labor Day" (1935), Janet (1955), Camille (1969), Edith (1971), Anita (1977), David (1979), Gilbert (1988), Andrew (1992), Dean (2007), Felix (2007), Irma (2017),[13] and Maria (2017).[14] No Category 5 hurricane is known to have made landfall at that strength in the eastern Pacific basin.
Criticism[edit]
Some scientists, including Kerry Emanuel and Lakshmi Kantha, have criticized the scale as being simplistic, indicating that the scale takes into account neither the physical size of a storm nor the amount of precipitation it produces.[7] Additionally, they and others point out that the Saffir–Simpson scale, unlike the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes, is not continuous, and is quantized into a small number of categories. Proposed replacement classifications include the Hurricane Intensity Index, which is based on the dynamic pressure caused by a storm's winds, and the Hurricane Hazard Index, which is based on surface wind speeds, the radius of maximum winds of the storm, and its translational velocity.[15][16] Both of these scales are continuous, akin to the Richter scale;[17] however, neither of these scales have been used by officials.
"Category 6"[edit]
After the series of powerful storm systems of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, as well as after Hurricane Patricia, a few newspaper columnists and scientists brought up the suggestion of introducing Category 6, and they have suggested pegging Category 6 to storms with winds greater than 174 or 180 mph (78 or 80 m/s; 151 or 156 kn; 280 or 290 km/h).[7][18] Fresh calls were made for consideration of the issue after Hurricane Irma in 2017,[19] which was the subject of a number of seemingly credible false news reports as a "Category 6" storm,[20] partly in consequence of so many local politicians using the term. Only a few storms of this intensity have been recorded. Of the 33 hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category 5 status in the Atlantic, 18 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater and only seven had wind speeds at 180 mph (80 m/s; 160 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, Allen, Gilbert, Mitch, Rita, Wilma, and Irma). Of the 18 hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category 5 status in the eastern Pacific, only five had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater (Patsy, John, Linda, Rick, and Patricia), and only three had wind speeds at 180 mph (80 m/s; 160 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (Linda, Rick, and Patricia). However, most storms which would be eligible for this category were typhoons in the western Pacific, most notably Typhoon Tip in 1979, with sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h),[21] and typhoons Haiyan and Meranti in 2013 and 2016, respectively, each with sustained winds of 195 mph (314 km/h).
According to Robert Simpson, there are no reasons for a Category 6 on the Saffir–Simpson Scale because it is designed to measure the potential damage of a hurricane to human-made structures. Simpson stated that "... when you get up into winds in excess of 155 mph (249 km/h) you have enough damage if that extreme wind sustains itself for as much as six seconds on a building it’s going to cause rupturing damages that are serious no matter how well it's engineered."[3] Nonetheless, the counties of Broward and Miami-Dade in Florida have building codes which require critical infrastructure buildings to be able to withstand Category 5 winds.[22]
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
Beaufort scale – Relates wind speed to observable conditions at sea and on land
Enhanced Fujita scale – For tornado intensity with damage correlated to wind speeds. The system was also intended for applicability in hurricanes, and is utilized by engineers in hurricane damage assessment.
Hurricane engineering
Hypercane
List of tropical cyclones
Rohn Emergency Scale for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
SLOSH for storm surge predicting and modeling
Tropical cyclone scales
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Williams, Jack (May 17, 2005). "Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger". USA Today. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (May 9, 1973). "'73, Hurricanes to be Graded". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Debi Iacovelli (July 2001). "The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale: An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson". Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, FL. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
Jump up ^ Press Writer (August 23, 2001). "Hurricanes shaped life of scale inventor". Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale National Hurricane Center. Accessed 2009-05-15.
Jump up ^ National Hurricane Operations Plan Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., NOAA. Accessed July 3, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ker Than (October 20, 2005). "Wilma's Rage Suggests New Hurricane Categories Needed". LiveScience. Retrieved October 20, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Experimental Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. 2009.
Jump up ^ Public Information Statement, NOAA. Accessed March 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program (June 1, 2006). "Tropical cyclone definitions" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency (2004). "Hurricane Glossary of Terms". Archived from the original on December 14, 2005. Retrieved March 24, 2006. Accessed through the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Name That Hurricane: Famous Examples of the 5 Hurricane Categories". Live Science. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Famous Hurricanes of the 20th and 21st Century in the United States" (PDF). www.weather.gov/crh/.
Jump up ^ Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017). Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kantha, L. (January 2006). "Time to Replace the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale?" (PDF). Eos. 87 (1): 3, 6. Bibcode:2006EOSTr..87....3K. doi:10.1029/2006eo010003. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kantha, Lakshmi (February 2008). "Tropical Cyclone Destructive Potential by Integrated Kinetic Energy" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Boston: American Meteorological Society. 89 (2): 219–221. Bibcode:2008BAMS...89..219K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-2-219.
Jump up ^ Benfield Hazard Research Centre (2006). "Atmospheric Hazards". Hazard & Risk Science Review 2006. University College London. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Bill Blakemore (May 21, 2006). "Category 6 Hurricanes? They've Happened: Global Warming Winds Up Hurricane Scientists as NOAA Issues Its Atlantic Hurricane Predictions for Summer 2006". ABC News. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Climate scientists mull Category 6 storm classification, report says". ABC News. February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hurricane Irma: Will Irma become world's first CATEGORY 6 hurricane with 200mph winds?". Daily Express. September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Debi Iacovelli and Tim Vasquez (1998). "Supertyphoon Tip: Shattering all records" (PDF). Monthly Weather Log. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Kay (September 2017). "Irma could test strength of Florida's strict building codes". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
External links[edit]
"Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale". U.S. National Hurricane Center.
"An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson". The Mariners Weather Log. April 1999.
"Q&A with Herbert Saffir". The South Florida Sun-Sentinel. June 2001.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saffir–Simpson_scale&oldid=866218190"
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text:
Summer solstice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Summer solstice (disambiguation).
UT date and time of
equinoxes and solstices on Earth[1]
event
equinox
solstice
equinox
solstice
month
March
June
September
December
year
day
time
day
time
day
time
day
time
2010
20 17:32 21 11:28 23 03:09 21 23:38
2011
20 23:21 21 17:16 23 09:04 22 05:30
2012
20 05:14 20 23:09 22 14:49 21 11:12
2013
20 11:02 21 05:04 22 20:44 21 17:11
2014
20 16:57 21 10:51 23 02:29 21 23:03
2015
20 22:45 21 16:38 23 08:21 22 04:48
2016
20 04:30 20 22:34 22 14:21 21 10:44
2017
20 10:28 21 04:24 22 20:02 21 16:28
2018
20 16:15 21 10:07 23 01:54 21 22:23
2019
20 21:58 21 15:54 23 07:50 22 04:19
2020
20 03:50 20 21:44 22 13:31 21 10:02
The Earth during the summer solstice in June 2017
The summer solstice (or estival solstice), also known as midsummer, occurs when one of the Earth's poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun. It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the summer solstice is when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky and is the day with the longest period of daylight. At the pole, there is continuous daylight around the summer solstice. On the summer solstice, Earth's maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.44°. Likewise, the Sun's declination from the celestial equator is 23.44°.
The summer solstice occurs during the hemisphere's summer.[2] This is the June solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and the December solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. Depending on the shift of the calendar, the summer solstice occurs sometime between June 20 and June 22 in the Northern Hemisphere[3][4] and between December 20 and December 23 in the Southern Hemisphere.[5] The same dates in the opposite hemisphere are referred to as the winter solstice.
Since prehistory, the summer solstice has been seen as a significant time of year in many cultures, and has been marked by festivals and rituals. Traditionally, in many temperate regions (especially Europe), the summer solstice is seen as the middle of summer and referred to as "midsummer". Today, however, in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of summer.
Contents
1 Distinctions
2 Full moon
3 Cultural aspects
4 Date
5 Celebrations
5.1 Winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere
6 Length of the day on the summer solstice of the north
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Distinctions[edit]
Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. Far left: summer solstice for the Northern Hemisphere. Front right: summer solstice for the Southern Hemisphere.
Although the summer solstice is the longest day of the year for that hemisphere, the dates of earliest sunrise and latest sunset vary by a few days.[6] This is because the earth orbits the sun in an ellipse, and its orbital speed varies slightly during the year.[7] See the Equation of time for details. Although the sun appears at its highest altitude from the viewpoint of an observer in outer space or a terrestrial observer outside tropical latitudes, the highest altitude occurs on a different day for certain locations in the tropics, specifically those where the sun is directly overhead (maximum 90 degrees elevation) at the subsolar point. This day occurs twice each year for all locations between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn because the overhead sun appears to cross a given latitude once before the day of the solstice and once afterward. For example, Lahaina Noon occurs in May and July in Hawaii. See solstice article. For all observers, the apparent position of the noon sun is at its most northerly point on the June solstice and most southerly on the December solstice.
Full moon[edit]
2016 was the first time in nearly 70 years that a full moon and the Northern Hemisphere's summer solstice occurred on the same day.[8] The 2016 summer solstice's full moon rose just as the sun set.[8]
Cultural aspects[edit]
Main article: Midsummer
The significance given to the summer solstice has varied among cultures, but most recognize the event in some way with holidays, festivals, and rituals around that time with themes of religion or fertility.[9] In some regions, the summer solstice is seen as the beginning of summer and the end of spring. In other cultural conventions, the solstice is closer to the middle of summer.[10]
Summer solstice sunset over the Mojave Desert 7:54 p.m. PDT (19:54) June 20, 2016
Solstice is derived from the Latin words sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still).
Date[edit]
Celebrations[edit]
Day of Private Reflection (Northern Ireland)
Fremont Solstice Parade (Fremont, Seattle, Washington, United States)
Santa Barbara Summer Solstice Parade
(Santa Barbara, California, United States)
Guru Purnima (India, Cape Verde)
Christmas typically marks the southern summer solstice.
International Surfing Day
International Yoga Day
Juhannus (Finland)
Jāņi (Latvia)
Midsummer
National Aboriginal Day (Canada)
Tiregān (Iran)
World Music Day
Winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere[edit]
Inti Raymi, Machu Picchu, Peru
We Tripantu, (Mapuche, southern Chile)
Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)
Length of the day on the summer solstice of the north[edit]
The following tables contain information on the length of the day on the summer solstice of the northern hemisphere and winter solstice of the southern hemisphere (i.e. June solstice). The data was collected from the website of the Finnish Meteorological Institute on 20 June 2016[11] as well as from certain other websites.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
The data is arranged geographically and within the tables from the longest day to the shortest one.
Fennoscandia and the Baltic states
City
Sunrise
20 June 2016
Sunset
20 June 2016
Length of the day
Murmansk — — 24 h
Rovaniemi — — 24 h
Kem’ 1:44 23:42 21 h 58 min
Reykjavík 2:55 21.6.2016 0:03 21 h 08 min
Trondheim 3:02 23:37 20 h 35 min
Tórshavn 3:36 23:21 19 h 45 min
Petrozavodsk 2:55 22:33 19 h 38 min
Helsinki 3:54 22:49 18 h 55 min
Saint Petersburg 3:35 22:25 18 h 50 min
Oslo 3:53 22:43 18 h 49 min
Tallinn 4:03 22:42 18 h 39 min
Stockholm 3:30 22:07 18 h 37 min
Riga 4:29 22:21 17 h 52 min
Copenhagen 4:25 21:57 17 h 32 min
Vilnius 4:41 21:59 17 h 17 min
Europe
City
Sunrise
20 June 2016
Sunset
20 June 2016
Length of the day
Edinburgh 4:26 22:02 17 h 36 min
Moscow 3:44 21:17 17 h 33 min
Berlin 4:43 21:33 16 h 49 min
London 4:43 21:21 16 h 38 min
Paris 5:46 21:57 16 h 10 min
Rome 5:34 20:48 15 h 13 min
Madrid 6:44 21:48 15 h 03 min
Lisbon 6:11 21:04 14 h 52 min
Athens 6:02 20:50 14 h 48 min
Africa
City
Sunrise
20 June 2016
Sunset
20 June 2016
Length of the day
Cairo 4:54 18:59 14 h 04 min
Dakar 6:41 19:41 12 h 59 min
Addis Ababa 6:07 18:46 12 h 38 min
Nairobi 6:32 18:35 12 h 02 min
Kinshasa 6:04 17:56 11 h 52 min
Dar es Salaam 6:32 18:16 11 h 43 min
Luanda 6:20 17:56 11 h 36 min
Jamestown 6:49 17:59 11 h 10 min
Antananarivo 6:21 17:21 10 h 59 min
Windhoek 6:30 17:15 10 h 44 min
Johannesburg 6:54 17:24 10 h 29 min
Cape Town 7:51 17:44 9 h 53 min
Middle East
City
Sunrise
20 June 2016
Sunset
20 June 2016
Length of the day
Tehran 5:48 20:23 14 h 34 min
Beirut 5:27 19:52 14 h 24 min
Baghdad 4:53 19:14 14 h 21 min
Jerusalem 5:33 19:47 14 h 13 min
Riyadh 5:04 18:44 13 h 39 min
Muscat 5:19 18:55 13 h 35 min
Sana'a 5:33 18:35 13 h 02 min
Americas
City
Sunrise
20 June 2016
Sunset
20 June 2016
Length of the day
Fairbanks 2:57 21.6. 00:47 21 h 49 min
Nuuk 2:53 21.6. 00:03 21 h 09 min
Iqaluit 2:11 23:00 20 h 49 min
Anchorage 4:20 23:41 19 h 21 min
Kodiak 5:07 23:14 18 h 06 min
Sitka 4:06 22:00 17 h 54 min
Unalaska 6:34 23:41 17 h 06 min
Vancouver 5:06 21:21 16 h 14 min
Seattle 5:11 21:10 15 h 59 min
Ottawa 5:14 20:54 15 h 40 min
New York 5:24 20:30 15 h 05 min
Washington, D.C. 5:42 20:36 14 h 53 min
Los Angeles 5:42 20:07 14 h 25 min
Miami 6:30 20:14 13 h 44 min
Havana 6:44 20:17 13 h 33 min
Honolulu 5:50 19:16 13 h 25 min
Mexico City 6:59 20:17 13 h 18 min
Managua 5:21 18:11 12 h 50 min
Bogotá 5:46 18:09 12 h 23 min
Quito 6:12 18:19 12 h 06 min
Lima 6:27 17:52 11 h 24 min
Rio de Janeiro 6:32 17:16 10 h 43 min
São Paulo 6:47 17:28 10 h 40 min
Porto Alegre 7:20 17:32 10 h 12 min
Santiago 7:46 17:42 9 h 56 min
Buenos Aires 8:00 17:50 9 h 49 min
Ushuaia 9:58 17:11 7 h 12 min
Asia and Oceania
City
Sunrise
20 June 2016
Sunset
20 June 2016
Length of the day
Provideniya 0:52 22:16 21 h 23 min
Magadan 3:37 22:19 18 h 41 min
Petropavlovsk 4:58 21:55 16 h 56 min
Khabarovsk 4:57 21:04 16 h 07 min
Ulaanbaatar 5:52 21:54 16 h 01 min
Vladivostok 5:32 20:55 15 h 22 min
Beijing 4:45 19:46 15 h 00 min
Seoul 5:11 19:56 14 h 46 min
Tokyo 4:25 19:00 14 h 34 min
Shanghai 4:50 19:01 14 h 10 min
Lhasa 6:55 20:58 14 h 03 min
Delhi 5:23 19:21 13 h 58 min
Kathmandu 5:08 19:02 13 h 53 min
Taipei 5:04 18:46 13 h 41 min
Hong Kong 5:39 19:09 13 h 30 min
Manila 5:27 18:27 12 h 59 min
Bangkok 5:51 18:47 12 h 56 min
Singapore 7:00 19:12 12 h 11 min
Jakarta 6:01 17:47 11 h 45 min
Darwin 7:06 18:29 11 h 23 min
Papeete 6:27 17:32 11 h 04 min
Sydney 6:59 16:53 9 h 53 min
Auckland 7:33 17:11 9 h 37 min
Melbourne 7:35 17:07 9 h 32 min
Dunedin 8:19 16:59 8 h 39 min
See also[edit]
Daytime
Equinox
Stonehenge
Tekufah
Xiazhi (Summer solstice in Chinese culture)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory (21 September 2015). "Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000–2025". Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/how-weather-works/when-does-spring-start
Jump up ^ "The June Solstice". Time and Date AS. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Solstice (astronomy)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
Jump up ^ "December Solstice". Time and Date AS. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ "US Naval Observatory: Sunrise and Sunset Times Near the Solstices". Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Long Story (USNO explanation)". Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Full Moon and Summer Solstice coincide on the same day". The Old Farmer's Almanac. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Summer solstice celebrations of Christianity, Judaism, Neopaganism, etc". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
Jump up ^ http://weather.about.com/od/climatechange/fl/Astronomical-vs-Meteorological-Seasons.htm
Jump up ^ "Paikallissää Helsinki" [‘Local weather in Helsinki’] (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Jamestown, Saint Helena". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Fairbanks". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Nuuk". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Iqaluit". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Sitka". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Unalaska". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Provideniya". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Katmandu". Retrieved 2016-06-22.
External links[edit]
Table of dates/times from 1600–2400
hide
v
t
e
Wheel of the Year
Midwinter/Yule
Imbolc/Gŵyl Fair
Vernal equinox/Ostara
Beltane/Calan Mai
Midsummer
Lughnasadh/Calan Awst
Autumnal equinox/Mabon
Samhain/Calan Gaeaf
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_solstice&oldid=853247099"
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text:
Thames River (Ontario)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Thames River
North Thames River, just upstream from the confluence with the Avon River near Stratford, Ontario
Name origin: after the River Thames in England
Country
Canada
Province
Ontario
Region
Southwestern Ontario
Part of
Great Lakes Basin
Source
- location Near Tavistock
Mouth
Lake Saint Clair
- location Lighthouse Cove
- elevation 173 m (568 ft) [1]
- coordinates 42°19′9″N 82°27′15″W / 42.31917°N 82.45417°W / 42.31917; -82.45417Coordinates: 42°19′9″N 82°27′15″W / 42.31917°N 82.45417°W / 42.31917; -82.45417 [2]
Length
273 km (170 mi) [3]
Basin
5,825 km2 (2,249 sq mi) [3]
Discharge
for Chatham
- average 52.9 m3/s (1,868 cu ft/s) [4]
- max 1,090 m3/s (38,493 cu ft/s)
- min 8.25 m3/s (291 cu ft/s)
Location of the mouth of the Thames River in southern Ontario
The Thames River is located in southwestern Ontario, Canada.
The Thames flows west 273 kilometres (170 mi)[3] through southwestern Ontario, from the Town of Tavistock westward through the cities of Woodstock, London and Chatham to Lighthouse Cove on Lake St. Clair. Its drainage basin is 5,825 square kilometres (2,249 sq mi).[3]
Called Askunessippi (Anishinaabe language: Eshkani-ziibi, "the antlered river") by the Odawa and Ojibwa inhabitants, who together with the Neutrals have lived in the area since before Europeans arrived, the river was named after the River Thames in England by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1793.
Much of the Thames is surrounded by deciduous Carolinian forests, although much of this forest has been removed to permit agriculture and other forms of development.
Contents
[hide]
1 Course
2 History
3 References
4 External links
Course[edit]
The Thames River in London, Ontario, just west of Wonderland Road.
There are three rivers in the watershed with Thames in the name—the Thames River itself, North Thames River, and Middle Thames River. These are also known locally as South Branch, North Branch, and Middle Branch. The South Branch is the main stem Thames River and officially carries the Thames River name.[5][6]
The Thames River and North Thames River on the upper part of the watershed flow through valleys created during the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age. The Thames River and North Thames River meet in central London at the "Forks"; the University of Western Ontario is located north of the Forks on the North Thames River. The Middle Thames River runs north of the Thames River joining it west of Ingersoll. Downriver from London, the lower part of the river flows through a shallow plain of sand and clay, with an average depth of 4 feet (1.2 m). The lower Thames River flows through Delaware, Chatham, Thamesville, as well as Chippewa and Oneida First Nations settlements. Tributaries of the Thames include the Avon River, Dingman Creek, Jeanettes Creek, McGregor Creek, Medway Creek, Pottersburg Creek, Stoney Creek, Trout Creek and Waubuno Creek.
Three separate dams are used to control seasonal flooding in the watershed: Wildwood Dam, located on Trout Creek which flows into the North Thames River; Pittock Dam, located on the Thames River near Woodstock; and the Fanshawe Dam located on the North Thames River in the northeasterly area of London.
History[edit]
The river was the location of an important battle of the War of 1812. The Battle of the Thames (also known as the Battle of Moraviantown) was fought on October 5, 1813, between American General William Henry Harrison and British General Henry Proctor, along with Proctor's ally Tecumseh. Chief Tecumseh was killed in the battle.
On May 25, 1881, the river steamer 'Victoria' capsized and sank killing 182 passengers. After the disaster all ferries could only carry their maximum capacity.
In the early morning hours of July 11, 1883, London flooded from heavy rainfall. The ferry "Princess Louise" was forced over Waterworks Dam and capsized killing 7.
On August 25, 1899, the propeller-boat "Thames" was set on fire and eventually sunk only feet from Waterworks Dam.
On April 27, 1937, the Thames River reached an all-time high of 21.5 feet (6.6 m) above normal flow resulting in 5 deaths and over 1000 homes being damaged.[7]
On August 13, 1950, a launch (boat) capsized and killed four passengers.
On August 14, 2000, the Thames River was designated a Canadian Heritage River.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates
Jump up ^ "Thames River". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Thames River Fact Sheet". Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Station 02GE003 (Thames River at Thamesville), Archived Hydrometric Data, Water Survey of Canada.
Jump up ^ Topographic maps via ACME Mapper
Jump up ^ Thames River Coordinating Committee (2000). "The Thames Strategy: Managing the Thames as a Canadian Heritage River" (PDF). Upper Thames River Conservation Authority. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Twenty Five Years of Conservation on the Upper Thames Watershed, 1947-1973". UTRCA. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thames River (Ontario).
Upper Thames River Conservation Authority
Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority
City of London Web site
Thames River, Natural Resources Canada, Geographical Names Board of Canada http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/FCVOV
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Manx pound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Manx pound
Punt Manninagh (Manx)
ISO 4217
Code
IMP[a]
Denominations
Subunit
1/100
penny
Plural
penny
pence
Symbol
£
penny
p
Banknotes
£1, £5, £10, £20, £50
Coins
1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1, £2, £5
Demographics
User(s)
Isle of Man (alongside pound sterling)
Issuance
Treasury
Isle of Man Treasury
Website
www.gov.im/treasury
Valuation
Inflation
3.6%
Source
The World Factbook, 2004
Pegged with
variant of pound sterling
Jump up ^ Unofficial.
The Manx pound (Manx: Punt Manninagh) is the currency of the Isle of Man, in parity with the pound sterling.[1] The Manx pound is divided into 100 pence. Notes and coins, denominated in pounds and pence, are issued by the Isle of Man Government.
Contents
1 Parity with sterling
2 History
3 Coins
3.1 Murrey pennies
3.2 Government coins
3.3 Decimal coinage
4 Banknotes
5 Manx Pound and the Euro
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Parity with sterling[edit]
The Isle of Man is in a one-sided de facto currency union with the United Kingdom: the Manx government has decided to make UK currency legal tender on the island, and to back its own notes and coins with Bank of England notes.
Manx government notes may, on demand, be exchanged at par for Bank of England notes of equivalent value at any office of the Isle of Man Bank.[1] All notes and coins which are legal tender in any part of the United Kingdom (i.e. Bank of England notes) are legal tender within the Isle of Man.[1]
Unlike Northern Irish and Scottish notes, the UK does not require the Isle of Man government to back the Manx notes and coins with Bank of England notes or securities. There is no restriction under UK law on the number of notes and coins they may issue. The notes and coins are not underwritten by the UK government, and there is no guarantee of convertibility beyond that given by the Manx authorities.[2] However, the requirement in the island's Currency Act 1992[3] for the Isle of Man Treasury to exchange Manx Pound banknotes on demand for Bank of England notes in practice restricts the issue of unbacked currency, and the aggregate total of notes issued must be pre-approved by Tynwald.[1]
ISO 4217 does not include a separate currency code for the Manx pound, but where code distinct from GBP is desired, IMP is generally used.[4]
UK notes and coins (whether from banks in England, Scotland, or Northern Ireland) are generally accepted in the Isle of Man, but Manx notes and coins are not generally accepted in the UK. To assist those travelling, the ATMs at the Sea Terminal, Douglas, and at Isle of Man Airport issue Bank of England notes only.[citation needed] A number of businesses accept euros.[citation needed]
History[edit]
The first Manx coinage was issued privately in 1668[5] by John Murrey, a Douglas merchant, consisting of pennies equal in value to their English counterparts. These "Murrey Pennies" were made legal tender in 1679, when the Court of Tynwald outlawed the unofficial private coinage that had been circulating prior to and alongside John Murrey's pennies (English coinage was also allowed by this Act).
Due to the difficulty of maintaining the supply of coins on the island, in 1692, the value of the Manx coinage was decreased, with English crowns circulating at 5 shillings 4 pence, half-crowns at 2 shillings 8 pence and guineas at 22 shillings. At that time, Tynwald also forbade the removal of money from the island, in an attempt to maintain supply.
In 1696, a further devaluation occurred, with all English silver and gold coins valued at 14 Manx pence for every shilling. Between 1696 and 1840, Manx copper coins circulated alongside first English, and later British silver and gold coins at the rate of 14 pence to 1 shilling. As in England, there were 20 shillings to the pound. Thus, after 1696, £100 sterling was worth £116 13s 4d Manx.
In 1708, the Isle of Man Government approached the Royal Mint, and requested that coinage be issued for the island. The then Master of the Mint, Sir Isaac Newton, refused. As a result, the first Government issue of coins on the island was in 1709. This coinage was made legal tender on 24 June 1710. In 1733 Tynwald prohibited the circulation of any "base" (not silver or gold) coinage other than that issued by the Government.
Because of the similarity between Manx and British coins, it was profitable to change shillings to Manx coinage and pass it off as British currency in Great Britain, making a profit of £2 for every £12 in Manx coinage so transferred. This happened on such a scale that by 1830 the island was almost totally deprived of copper coinage.
In an attempt to resolve this problem, a proposal was introduced to abandon the separate Manx coinage in favour of British coins. This was rejected by the House of Keys in 1834, but they were overruled by the British Government in 1839. An Act was passed declaring that "... the currency of Great Britain shall be and become, and is hereby declared to be, the currency of the Isle of Man", and this remains Manx law to this day. This change was resented: some islanders felt defrauded, and there was serious rioting in Douglas and Peel. These were known as the "Copper Row" riots, and were put down by the Manx militia.
The Royal Mint issued a total of £1,000 in copper coins. Following an Act[Parliament or Tynwald?] in 1840, these were valued at 12 pence to the shilling. All coins issued before 1839 were declared by this law to be no longer current, and were recalled by the Board of Customs and exchanged by the Royal Mint at their original nominal value for the new coinage. After 1839, no further Manx coins were issued, and they gradually became scarce and were replaced in general circulation on the island by the coinage of the United Kingdom. They did not cease to be legal coinage on Mann until decimalisation in 1971. Banknotes had been privately issued for the island since 1865.
In 1971 the United Kingdom moved to a decimal currency, with the pound subdivided into 100 pence. The Isle of Man Government, having issued its own banknotes for ten years, took the opportunity to approach the Royal Mint and request its own versions of the decimal coins, which were introduced in 1971.
Coins[edit]
See also: Coins of the Manx pound
Murrey pennies[edit]
The "Murrey Pennies" of 1668 were the first to depict the 'triskeles' symbol and the Island motto "Quocunque Gesseris Stabit" (sic), both of which have continued to feature on Manx coinage until the present day (the motto was corrected to "Quocunque Jeceris Stabit" in the early 18th century).
Government coins[edit]
In 1709, pennies (£300 in total) and halfpennies (£200 in total) were introduced. More of these coins were issued in 1733 (£250 in pennies, £150 in halfpennies). These issues of coins have the crest of the Stanley family, Lords of Mann, on the obverse (an eagle and child on a cap), together with the Stanley family motto, "Sans Changer". The 1709 issue was a poor quality casting produced in England; the 1733 issue was a higher-quality struck coin produced at Castletown.
An updated issue of Manx coinage was produced in 1758, totalling £400. It replaced the crest of the Stanley family with a depiction of the Ducal coronet of the Duke of Atholl above the monogram letters A.D. (for the Latin, Atholl Dux).
In 1786, a new design of coinage was issued, with the head of King George III (now the Lord of Mann) and the English state motto on the obverse and the triskeles and Manx motto on the reverse. The standard Lewis Pingo portrait of the King was used, the same as on the British coinage, which showed the King with a laurel wreath instead of a crown.
There were further issues in 1798 and 1813. Like the previous coins, they were the same size and material (copper) as the English coins and would easily pass for them; however as Manx pennies were 14 to the shilling they were worth less than their English counterparts.
In 1839, following the revaluation to 12 pence per shilling, the Royal Mint issued copper farthings, halfpennies and pennies which were similar to the previous designs but updated with the head of Queen Victoria. These were the last coins issued for the Isle of Man until 1971.
Duke of Atholl coin ; Bank 1/2d ; Victoria 1d
Decimal coinage[edit]
In 1971, 1⁄2, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50 new pence coins were introduced. All had the same composition and size as the corresponding British coins. From 1972 onwards, production of the coinage and commemorative crowns was transferred from the Royal Mint to Pobjoy Mint. The word "new" was removed from the coins in 1976.
In 1978 a 1 pound coin 22mm in diameter, 1.45mm thick and weighing 4g was introduced[6], but was not popular compared to the existing £1 note which remained in use. A 20 pence coin was introduced alongside its UK counterpart in 1982. In 1983, when the UK replaced £1 notes with pound coins, the Isle withdrew the pound coins issued since 1978 and began to issue ones to the UK coin's specification (22.5mm and 9.5g). Similarly, a bimetallic 2 pound coin was introduced alongside the UK version in 1998.
The obverse of Manx coins bears the same portrait of Elizabeth II as UK coins, with the words ISLE OF MAN to the left. Unlike the former UK equivalent, the Manx one pound coin does not bear an edge inscription; instead, the edges are partly milled and partly plain in alternating bands.
Legal tender status of the round £1 coin weighing 9.5g was withdrawn in the UK on 15 October 2017, but unlike the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, the Isle of Man did not withdraw legal tender status from its own £1 coins of the same specification; neither are there currently plans to introduce an IOM 12-sided pound coin. Furthermore, despite no longer being legal tender, old UK £1 coins remained in use in the Isle of Man until 28 February 2018, after which date only IOM £1 notes and coins, and 12-sided UK £1 coins will be accepted.[7]
Banknotes[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1865, the Isle of Man Banking Company was founded and began issuing £1 notes, with £5 notes introduced in 1894. The bank changed its name to the Isle of Man Bank in 1926. Other banks which issued notes (£1 only) on the Isle of Man were:
Bank
Dates
Barclays Bank 1924–1960
Lloyds Bank 1919–1961
Manx Bank 1882–1900
Mercantile Bank of Lancashire 1901–1902
Lancashire & Yorkshire Bank 1904–1927
Martins Bank 1928–1957
Parr’s Bank 1900–1916
London County Westminster and Parr's Bank 1918–1921
Westminster Bank 1923–1961
The Isle of Man Government Notes Act revoked the banks' licences to issue banknotes as of 31 July 1961.[8] The Isle of Man Government started to issue its own notes, in denominations of 10 shillings, £1 and £5, on 3 July 1961. In 1969, the 10 s. note was replaced by a 50 pence note in the build-up to decimalisation. £20 notes were introduced in 1979. A polymer £1 note was introduced in 1983 but discontinued in 1988. A £50 note was also introduced in 1983. The 50 pence banknote was withdrawn in 1989. Legal tender status (the IOM's definition of which is akin to the UK) of the 10 shilling, 50p and £1 polymer notes continued until 31 October 2013, and these notes remained in circulation (albeit rarely seen) until this date, after which they remain exchangeable at branches of the Isle of Man Bank.[9]
The Isle of Man continues to issue a £1 note in addition to the £1 coin (in the UK, the £1 note has now been discontinued, save in Scotland).
The front of all Manx banknotes has a pledge to honour the banknotes (the "promise to pay the bearer on demand") in the name of the Isle of Man Government, and features images of the Lord of Mann Queen Elizabeth II (not wearing a crown) and the triskelion (three legs emblem) and motto.[10] The triskelion symbol is also used as a watermark. Each denomination features a different scene of the Island on its reverse side:[11]
£1 – Tynwald Hill
£5 – Castle Rushen
£10 – Peel Castle
£20 – the Laxey Wheel
£50 – Douglas Bay
The Manx £5 note is the only known[according to whom?] banknote to picture a pub on it. In the bottom left-hand corner of the reverse, the Castle Arms (known as the Glue Pot) is shown opposite Castle Rushen, Castletown.
Manx Pound and the Euro[edit]
It was the Manx Government's position that, if the United Kingdom had decided to participate in the euro, then it would be likely that the Island would also choose to participate. Primarily this was because most of the Island's trade is with the United Kingdom and other countries of Europe, and the break-up of the existing currency union with the UK would cause economic harm to the Island. There was also concern that the island's economy is not large enough to withstand attack by currency speculators if the Manx pound became a stand-alone free-floating currency.[12][13]
"The idea that the Isle of Man could manage its own currency, for example, with all the difficulties and pitfalls this would involve, is not a viable option."
—  Jeremy Peat, Royal Bank of Scotland
Tynwald passed the Currency Act 1992[1] as part of preparations for the event that the UK decided to adopt the euro. In such a scenario, the Isle of Man wished to retain the right to issue its own currency, believing it to be an important public statement of independence. Retaining the island's own coinage also enables the Isle of Man Treasury to continue to benefit from the accrual of interest on the issued money (seigniorage). The Currency Act allows for the issue of a Manx euro currency at parity with the euro, referred to as a "substitute euro", which has an Isle of Man inscription on the obverse side of the coins. This proposal would essentially have replaced the "substitute sterling" with a "substitute euro", as they would have functioned in the same way. Manx versions of the euro coins and euro banknotes were designed.[14]
While the European Union is not obliged to accept the Manx desire to introduce a special Manx version of the euro, Manx could arguably have introduced a currency pegged to the euro (akin to its situation now vis-à-vis the pound sterling, or the relationship between the euro and the Bulgarian lev). There is no precedent for divergent national versions, beyond customising the national side of euro coins in the same way as other eurozone members.
If, after converting to the euro, the exchange rates set by the European Central Bank were to cause economic harm to the Isle of Man, then there would be no eligibility for compulsory funding under Protocol 3 of the Maastricht Treaty, as there would have been for the UK.
In March 1998, the Isle of Man Treasury expressed some concern that if the island adopted the euro along with UK, then the elimination of the risks of currency exchange for the European mainland would increase the attractiveness of the island as a tax haven. This could potentially lead to political pressure from European politicians for the island to legislate against this. On the positive side, the introduction of a Manx euro was expected to benefit Isle of Man manufacturers and tourism by the removal of currency exchange costs for customers and tourists from the eurozone. The latter was also believed to increase the level of competitiveness on the Isle of Man, due to an increase in European businesses, which would benefit the Isle of Man economy.[14]
Current IMP exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From fxtop.com: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
The exchange rate is the same as for GBP, British Pounds Sterling. Only XE.com links are available.
See also[edit]
Isle of Man portal
Numismatics portal
Economy of the Isle of Man
Commemorative coins of the Isle of Man
Alderney pound
Guernsey pound
Jersey pound
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Currency Act 1992 (an Act of Tynwald) [1]
Jump up ^ http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/24900/response/65167/attach/3/Services%209347205%201.PDF.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.im/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1992/1992-0014/CurrencyAct1992_1.pdf
Jump up ^ LloydsTSB – Countries' currencies and codes Archived 31 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Book 3 chap 2 part 2 – History of Isle of Man, 1900
Jump up ^ https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces6873.html Numista
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.im/news/2017/dec/21/uk-round-pound-coins-to-be-removed-from-circulation-by-28-february-2018/
Jump up ^ Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "Isle of Man". The Banknote Book. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.im/media/509154/legaltender.pdf
Jump up ^ "Manx currency – coins and notes". Isle of Man Government. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Isle of Man". Ron Wise's Banknoteworld. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
Jump up ^ Huge Risks Over Euro – Isle of Man Today
Jump up ^ http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/iomfinance/brochures/iominternationalfinancecentreapr.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/monunion.pdf
References[edit]
Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
The Copper Row. J. B. Laughton, The Manx Society
A History of the Isle of Man. A. W. Moore, Speaker of the House of Keys
Letter X, John Feltham's A Tour Through the Island of Mann, 1798
A review of European Economic and Monetary Union, and its Implications. Isle of Man Treasury, March 1998.
Council of the EU Decision 2004/548/EC
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Pound sterling
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manx_pound&oldid=849191996"
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