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Atomic number
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See also: List of elements by atomic number
An explanation of the superscripts and subscripts seen in atomic number notation. Atomic number is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus.
The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1). In this model it is an essential feature that the photon energy (or frequency) of the electromagnetic radiation emitted (shown) when an electron jumps from one orbital to another, be proportional to the mathematical square of atomic charge (Z2). Experimental measurement by Henry Moseley of this radiation for many elements (from Z = 13 to 92) showed the results as predicted by Bohr. Both the concept of atomic number and the Bohr model were thereby given scientific credence.
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons, N, gives the mass number A of an atom. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass"), is within 1% of the whole number A.
Atoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N, and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century.
The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl meaning number, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word Atomzahl (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The periodic table and a natural number for each element
1.2 The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek
1.3 Moseley's 1913 experiment
1.4 Missing elements
1.5 The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons
1.6 The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number
2 The symbol of Z
3 Chemical properties
4 New elements
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
The periodic table and a natural number for each element[edit]
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the periodic table.
Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.
Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight ("Atomgewicht").[1] However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9).[1][2] This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time.
A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).
Niels Bohr, creator of the Bohr model.
The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek[edit]
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z = 79, A = 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess). Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z). This proved eventually to be the case.
Moseley's 1913 experiment[edit]
Henry Moseley in his lab.
The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.[3] Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z.
To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (Z = 13) to gold (Z = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.[4] The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression. This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e. the element number Z. Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.
Missing elements[edit]
After Moseley's death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z = 92) were examined by his method. There were seven elements (with Z < 92) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 and 91.[5] From 1918 to 1947, all seven of these missing elements were discovered.[6] By this time the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered, so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium (Z = 96).
The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons[edit]
In 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one. However, as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times. If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.
In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas,[7] and believed he had proven Prout's law. He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles). It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei. A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two "nuclear electrons" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges. At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.
The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number[edit]
All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei.
The symbol of Z[edit]
The conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word Atomzahl (atomic number).[8] However, prior to 1915, the word Zahl (simply number) was used for an element's assigned number in the periodic table.
Chemical properties[edit]
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.
New elements[edit]
The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers. As of 2010, all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created. In general, the half-life becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though an "island of stability" may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons.
See also[edit]
Look up atomic number in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
History of the periodic table
Effective atomic number
Atomic theory
Prout's hypothesis
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Periodic Table of Elements, American Institute of Physics
Jump up ^ The Development of the Periodic Table, Royal Society of Chemistry
Jump up ^ Ordering the Elements in the Periodic Table, Royal Chemical Society
Jump up ^ Moseley, H.G.J. (1913). "XCIII.The high-frequency spectra of the elements". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 26 (156): 1024. doi:10.1080/14786441308635052. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Eric Scerri, A tale of seven elements, (Oxford University Press 2013) ISBN 978-0-19-539131-2, p.47
Jump up ^ Scerri chaps. 3–9 (one chapter per element)
Jump up ^ Ernest Rutherford | NZHistory.net.nz, New Zealand history online. Nzhistory.net.nz (19 October 1937). Retrieved on 2011-01-26.
Jump up ^ Origin of symbol Z. frostburg.edu
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Autonomous spaceport drone ships of SpaceX
Of Course I Still Love You carries the first rocket that successfully landed on a drone ship (Falcon 9 FT, CRS-8 mission, 8 April 2016).
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SpaceX
Launch pad(s)
4 oceangoing landing platforms (2 active; 1 in production; 1 retired)
Just Read the Instructions (first one) landing history
Status
Retired
Landings
2 (0 success, 2 failures)
First landing
10 January 2015 (CRS-5)
Last landing
14 April 2015 (CRS-6)
Associated
rockets
Falcon 9 v1.1
Of Course I Still Love You landing history
Status
Active
Landings
12 (9 successes, 3 failures)
First landing
4 March 2016 (SES-9)
Last landing
11 May 2018 (Bangabandhu-1)
Associated
rockets
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Falcon Heavy
Just Read the Instructions (second one) landing history
Status
Active
Landings
5 (4 successes, 1 failure)
First landing
10 January 2015 (CRS-5)
Last landing
9 October 2017 (Iridium NEXT-3)
Associated
rockets
Falcon 9 v1.1
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
A Shortfall of Gravitas landing history
Status
Under Construction
Landings
N/A
First landing
N/A
Last landing
N/A
Associated
rockets
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Falcon Heavy
(both are to be associated)
An autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) is an ocean-going vessel derived from a deck barge, outfitted with station-keeping engines and a large landing platform. Construction of such ships was commissioned by aerospace company SpaceX to allow for recovery of rocket first-stages at sea for high-velocity missions which do not carry enough fuel to return to the launch site after lofting spacecraft onto an orbital trajectory.[1][2]
SpaceX has two operational drone ships and has a third under construction as of early 2018. Just Read the Instructions operates in the Pacific for launches from Vandenberg; Of Course I Still Love You operates in the Atlantic for launches from Cape Canaveral. A Shortfall of Gravitas is under construction. As of 11 May 2018[update], 20 Falcon 9 flights have attempted to land on a drone ship, with 14 of them succeeding.
The ASDS ships are a key component of the SpaceX reusable launch system development program which aims to significantly lower the price of space launch services through "full and rapid reusability."[3] Any flights going to geostationary orbit or exceeding escape velocity will require landing at sea, encompassing about half of SpaceX missions.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The active ASDS fleet
1.1.1 Of Course I Still Love You
1.1.2 Just Read the Instructions
1.2 Under construction
1.2.1 A Shortfall of Gravitas
2 Characteristics
2.1 Naming
2.2 Just Read the Instructions (Marmac 300)
2.3 Of Course I Still Love You (Marmac 304)
2.4 Just Read the Instructions (Marmac 303)
2.5 A Shortfall of Gravitas (under construction)
3 Operation
4 Vessel missions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
In 2009, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk articulated ambitions for "creating a paradigm shift in the traditional approach for reusing rocket hardware."[5]
In October 2014, SpaceX publicly announced that they had contracted with a Louisiana shipyard to build a floating landing platform for reusable orbital launch vehicles. Early information indicated that the platform would carry an approximately 90-by-50-meter (300 ft × 160 ft) landing pad and would be capable of precision positioning so that the platform could hold its position for launch vehicle landing.[6][7] On 22 November 2014 Musk released a photograph of the "autonomous spaceport drone ship" along with additional details of its construction and size.[5][8]
As of December 2014, the first drone ship used, the McDonough Marine Service's Marmac 300 barge, was based in Jacksonville, Florida, at the northern tip of the JAXPORT Cruise Terminal (30°24′33″N 81°34′57″W / 30.409144°N 81.582493°W / 30.409144; -81.582493) where SpaceX built a stand to secure the Falcon stage during post-landing operations. The stand consists of four 15,000 lb (6,800 kg), 107 in (270 cm) tall and 96.25 in (244.5 cm) wide pedestal structures bolted to a concrete base. A mobile crane will lift the stage from the ship and place it on the stand. Tasks such as removing or folding back the landing legs prior to placing the stage in a horizontal position for trucking will occur here.[9]
The ASDS landing location for the first landing test was in the Atlantic approximately 200 miles (320 km) northeast of the launch location at Cape Canaveral, and 165 miles (266 km) southeast of Charleston, South Carolina.[3][10]
SpaceX's Just Read the Instructions, based on the Marmac 300 deck barge, in position for a landing test on Falcon 9 Flight 17 in April 2015.
On 23 January 2015, during repairs to the ship following the unsuccessful first test, Musk announced that the ship was to be named Just Read the Instructions,[11] with a sister ship planned for west coast launches to be named Of Course I Still Love You.[12] On 29 January, SpaceX released a manipulated photo of the ship with the name illustrating how it would look once painted.[13] Both ships are named after two General Contact Units, spaceships commanded by autonomous artificial intelligences, that appear in The Player of Games, a Culture novel by Iain M. Banks.[14]
The first Just Read the Instructions was retired in May 2015 after approximately six months of service in the Atlantic, and its duties were assumed by Of Course I Still Love You.[15] The former ASDS was modified by removing the wing extensions that had extended the barge surface and the equipment (thrusters, cameras and communications gear) that had been added to refit it as an ASDS; these items were saved for future reuse.[15]
The active ASDS fleet[edit]
In early 2015, SpaceX leased two additional deck barges—Marmac 303 and Marmac 304—and initiated refit to construct two additional autonomous-operation-capable ASDS ships, built on the hulls of these Marmac barges.
Of Course I Still Love You[edit]
SpaceX's Of Course I Still Love You, based on the Marmac 304 ocean-going barge
The second ASDS barge, Of Course I Still Love You (OCISLY), had been under construction in a Louisiana shipyard since early 2015 using a different hull—Marmac 304—in order to service launches on the east coast. It was built as a replacement for the first Just Read the Instructions and entered operational service for Falcon 9 Flight 19 in late June 2015. As of June 2015, its home port was Jacksonville, Florida,[12][15] but after December 2015, it was transferred 160 miles (260 km) further south, at Port Canaveral.
While the dimensions of the ship are nearly identical to the first ASDS, several enhancements were made including a steel blast wall erected between the aft containers and the landing deck. The ship was in place for a first-stage landing test on the CRS-7 mission, which failed on launch on 28 June 2015.[15]
On 8 April 2016 the first stage, which launched the Dragon CRS-8 spacecraft, successfully landed for the first time ever on OCISLY, which is also the first ever drone ship landing.[16]
In February 2018, the Falcon Heavy Test Flight's central core exploded upon impact next to OCISLY that damaged two of the four thrusters on the drone ship.[17] Two thrusters were removed from the Marmac 303 barge in order to repair OCISLY.[18]
Side view of OCISLY docked in March 2017
Just Read the Instructions[edit]
The third ASDS barge, using the Marmac 303 hull, was built during 2015 in a Louisiana shipyard, and the barge transited the Panama Canal in June 2015 carrying its wing extensions as cargo on the deck because the ASDS, when complete, would be too wide to pass through the canal.[15][12]
The home port for the Marmac 303 is the Port of Los Angeles, at the AltaSea marine research and business campus in San Pedro's outer harbor. The landing platform and tender vessels began docking there in July 2015 in advance of the main construction of AltaSea which is scheduled for 2017.[19][20]
SpaceX announced that the Marmac 303 would be the second ASDS to be named Just Read the Instructions (JRtI) in January 2016, shortly before its first use as a landing platform for Falcon 9 Flight 21.[21]
On 17 January 2016, JRtI was put to first use in an attempt to recover a Falcon 9 first-stage booster from the Jason-3 mission from Vandenberg.[15] The booster successfully landed on the deck, however, a lockout collet failed to engage on one of the legs causing the rocket to tip over, exploding on impact with the deck.[22] On January 14, 2017, SpaceX launched Falcon 9 Flight 29 from Vandenberg and landed the first stage on the JRtI that was located about 370 km (230 mi) downrange in the Pacific Ocean, making it the first successful landing in the Pacific.[23]
Under construction[edit]
SpaceX began construction of a fourth deck barge in early 2018.
A Shortfall of Gravitas[edit]
The fourth ASDS barge was announced to be under construction in February 2018 and it will become the second active east coast-based ASDS. It will be homeported at Port Canaveral. This future simultaneously usable ASDS, along with OCISLY, is called A Shortfall of Gravitas (ASoG) and like the rest of the fleet, its naming is based on names used in the Culture series.[24]
Characteristics[edit]
Autonomous spaceport drone ship
History
Name: Just Read the Instructions[13]
Owner: McDonough Marine Service
Operator: SpaceX
In service: November 2014
Out of service: May 2015
Status: Retired
General characteristics as drone ship
(2014–present)
Length: 300 ft (91 m)[25]
Beam: 170 ft (52 m)[25]
Depth: 19.8 ft (6 m)[26]
Installed power: Generator units
Propulsion: 4 × 300 hp (220 kW) azimuth thrusters with 1 m (40 in) nozzles, as of January 2015[update][27]
Notes: Autonomous or remote-controlled operation modes are available during rocket landing operations[3]
The SpaceX stylized "X" used to mark the center of the landing pad
The ASDS are autonomous vessels capable of precision positioning, originally stated to be within 3 meters (9.8 ft) even under storm conditions,[8] using GPS position information[28] and four diesel-powered azimuth thrusters.[29] In addition to the autonomous operating mode, the ships may also be telerobotically controlled.[3]
The azimuth thrusters are hydraulic propulsion outdrive units with modular diesel-hydraulic-drive power units and a modular controller all manufactured by Thrustmaster, a marine equipment manufacturer in Texas.[5] The returning rocket must not only land within the confines of the deck surface but must also deal with ocean swells and GPS errors.[5][30]
SpaceX equips the ships with a variety of sensor and measurement technology to gather data on the booster returns and landing attempts, including commercial off the shelf GoPro cameras.[31]
At the center of the ASDS landing pads is a circle that encloses the SpaceX stylized "X" in an X-marks-the-spot landing point.[32]
Naming[edit]
The two ASDS names used so far, Just Read the Instructions (JRtI), and Of Course I Still Love You (OCISLY), pay homage to the works of the late science fiction author Iain M. Banks by being based on his Culture fictional universe.[33] Both JRtI and OCISLY are names of enormous, sentient starships, which appeared in the novel The Player of Games.[34] The third name that will be used for the fourth ASDS will be A Shortfall of Gravitas (ASOG) that is similarly drawn from the Culture-milieu of Iain M. Banks.[35] The Culture series has a running gag on having some starships that include "Gravitas" within their names.[36]
Just Read the Instructions (Marmac 300)[edit]
The landing platform of the upper deck of the first barge named Just Read the Instructions was 52 m × 91 m (170 ft × 300 ft) while the span of the Falcon 9 v1.1 landing legs was 18 m (60 ft).[5][30] The vessel was retired in 2015.[15]
Of Course I Still Love You (Marmac 304)[edit]
Of Course I Still Love You was built as a refit of the barge Marmac 304 for landings in the Atlantic Ocean. Its homeport is in Port Canaveral, Florida since December 2015, after being ported for a year at the Port of Jacksonville during most of 2015.
Just Read the Instructions (Marmac 303)[edit]
Just Read the Instructions, the second barge with that name, was built as a refit of the barge Marmac 303 in 2015 for landings in the Pacific Ocean. Its homeport is the Port of Los Angeles, California.[37]
A Shortfall of Gravitas (under construction)[edit]
A third ASDS, to be named A Shortfall of Gravitas, is under construction as of early 2018, for use on the east coast to support high flight rates for Falcon 9 and tandem ocean landings for Falcon Heavy side boosters.[24]
Operation[edit]
A tug is used to bring the ASDS to its oceanic position, and a support ship stands by some distance away from the crewless ASDS. The vessels initially used on the east coast were Elsbeth III (tug) and Go Quest (support).[38] Following landing, technicians and engineers typically board the landing platform, and secure the rocket's landing legs to lock the vehicle in place for transport back to port.[3] The rocket stage is secured to the deck of the drone ship with steel hold downs welded on to the feet of the landing legs.[39] In June 2017, OCISLY started being deployed with a robot that drives under the rocket and grabs onto the hold-down clamps located on the outside of the Falcon 9's structure after landing.[40] Fans call the robot "Optimus Prime" or "Roomba," the latter of which has been turned into a backronym for "Remotely Operated Orientation and Mass Balance Adjustment."[41]
Vessel missions[edit]
First-stage of Falcon 9 at its first successful landing on the Of Course I Still Love You in April 2016.
The first flight test was 10 January 2015[42] when SpaceX conducted a controlled-descent flight test to land the first-stage of Falcon 9 Flight 14 on a solid surface after it was used to loft a contracted payload toward Earth orbit.[6][7] SpaceX projected prior to the first landing attempt that the likelihood of successfully landing on the platform would be 50 percent or less.[5][7] The landings went from being landing tests towards being routine parts of missions.
No.
Date
ASDS landing mission description
Landing result
Image
1 10 January 2015 SpaceX attempted a landing during SpaceX CRS-5 on Just Read the Instructions on 10 January 2015. Many of the test objectives were achieved, including precision control of the rocket's descent to land on the platform at a specific point in the south Atlantic Ocean and a large amount of test data was obtained from the first use of grid fin control surfaces used for more precise reentry positioning. However, the landing was a hard landing.[43] The SpaceX webcast indicated that the boostback burn and reentry burns for the descending first-stage occurred, and that the descending rocket then went "below the horizon," as expected, which eliminated the live telemetry signal. Shortly thereafter, SpaceX released information that the rocket did get to the drone spaceport ship as planned, but "landed hard ... Ship itself is fine. Some of the support equipment on the deck will need to be replaced."[43][44] Drone ship failure
2 11 February 2015 Just Read the Instructions was towed to sea for the Deep Space Climate Observatory satellite launch on 11 February 2015 but, it was not used for a landing attempt. Ocean conditions of 7 m (23 ft)-high waves interfered with the ASDS recovery duties for the landing, so the ship returned to port and no landing test occurred. SpaceX executed a soft landing in the sea to continue data gathering for future landing attempts. The soft landing was successful, Elon Musk tweeted that it landed with a lateral accuracy of 10 m (33 ft) away from the target and in a vertical position.[45] Soft landing in ocean success
3 14 April 2015 On 14 April 2015, SpaceX made a second attempt during SpaceX CRS-6 to land a Falcon first-stage on the Marmac 300 drone ship Just Read the Instructions. News from Elon Musk suggested that it made a hard landing.[46] He later clarified that it appeared to have made a vertical landing on the ship, but then toppled over due to excessive remaining lateral momentum.[47] Drone ship failure
CRS-6 first-stage booster landing attempt on ASDS
4 28 June 2015 In order to prepare for SpaceX CRS-7 on 28 June 2015, the then new ASDS, Of Course I Still Love You, was towed out to sea to prepare for a third landing test. This was its first operational assignment.[15] However, the Falcon launch rocket disintegrated before first-stage shutdown so the mission never progressed to the point where the controlled-descent test could happen.[48] No attempt
5 17 January 2016 In January 2016, SpaceX indicated that there would be an attempt to land on the then new ASDS, reusing the name Just Read the Instructions (JRtI), located on the west coast following the launch of Falcon 9 Flight 21 scheduled for 17 January 2016.[49] JRtI was located about 200 miles (320 km) downrange from the launch site in the Pacific Ocean. Musk reported that the first-stage did successfully soft-land on the ship, but a lockout latch on one of the landing legs failed to latch and the first-stage fell over, causing a breach of the propellant tanks and a deflagration on impact with the drone ship.[50][51][52][53][54] Drone ship failure
First-stage of Falcon 9 Flight 21 descending to the ASDS.
6 4 March 2016 During a launch of a heavy communications satellite on Falcon 9 Flight 22 on 4 March 2016, SpaceX performed an experimental descent and landing attempt with very low propellant margins. For the first time, and in order to reduce the propellant required, SpaceX attempted the landing burn with three engines. SpaceX had indicated that the test was unlikely to result in a successful landing and recovery. In the event, one engine flamed out early, and the rocket hit Of Course I Still Love You (OCISLY)'s deck surface with considerable velocity, destroying the rocket and causing damage to the drone ship's deck.[55] By March 21, 2016, the deck of the drone ship was nearly repaired.[56] Drone ship failure
7 8 April 2016 The Falcon 9 first-stage performed a successful landing on OCISLY in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Florida at T+9 minutes and 10 seconds after liftoff of SpaceX CRS-8,[57] the first-ever successful landing of the first-stage on an Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship.[58] The rocket was successfully affixed to the barge for the maritime transport portion of the journey back to port, and successfully completed its journey, entering Port Canaveral early in the morning on 12 April 2016.[58] Drone ship success
The first stage of Falcon 9 Flight 23 landing on a drone ship.
8 6 May 2016 SpaceX landed the first stage of the Falcon 9 on OCISLY during the JCSat-14 mission on May 6, 2016, its second time successfully landing on a drone ship at sea, and its first time recovering a booster from a high-velocity (GTO) mission.[59] Drone ship success
9 27 May 2016 On May 27, 2016, SpaceX landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on OCISLY during the Thaicom 8 mission, its third time successfully landing on a drone ship at sea.[60] Drone ship success
10 15 June 2016 On June 15, 2016, SpaceX failed to land the first stage of the Falcon 9 on OCISLY during the Asia Broadcast Satellite/Eutelsat mission.[61] Elon Musk tweeted that one of the three engines had low thrust, and when the rocket was just off the deck, the engines ran out of oxidizer.[62] Drone ship failure
11 14 August 2016 Falcon 9's 28th flight propelled the Japanese JCSAT-16 telecommunications satellite to a geosynchronous transfer orbit on August 14, 2016. The first stage re-entered the atmosphere and during the night landed vertically on OCISLY, positioned in the Atlantic Ocean nearly 400 miles from the Florida coastline; unlike previous successful landings, this landing-burn only used one engine, not three.[63] Drone ship success
12 14 January 2017 On January 14, 2017, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on the Pacific ASDS JRtI during the Iridium NEXT-1 mission.[64][65] This marked the first successful landing on JRtI and the first landing in the Pacific Ocean.[37][66] Drone ship success
13 30 March 2017 On March 30, 2017, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on OCISLY, during the SES-10 launch. This was the first successful launch and landing of a previously flown orbital booster. Drone ship success
14 23 June 2017 On June 23, 2017, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on OCISLY, during the BulgariaSat-1 launch. This was the second successful launch and landing of a previously flown orbital booster. This was also the first booster to have landed on both active drone ships. While the landing was considered a success, the first-stage was "slammed sideways" and suffered a 'hard landing' which resulted in 'most of the emergency crush core being used'. Drone ship success
15 25 June 2017 On June 25, 2017, the first stage of a Falcon 9 landed on JRtI during the Iridium launch. Drone ship success
16 24 August 2017 On 24 August 2017, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on JRtI during the FORMOSAT-5 launch. Drone ship success
17 9 October 2017 On 9 October 2017, the first stage of a Falcon 9 landed on JRtI during the Iridium launch. Drone ship success
18 11 October 2017 On 11 October 2017, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on OCISLY during the SES-11 launch. Drone ship success
19 30 October 2017 On 30 October 2017, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on OCISLY during the Koreasat 5A mission. Drone ship success
20 6 February 2018 On 6 February 2018, the central core from the Falcon Heavy Test Flight attempted a landing on OCISLY. There was not enough TEA-TEB igniter remaining and only the centermost of the three engines required ignited during the landing burn. The core hit the water near the drone ship at over 300 mph and was destroyed. The explosion of the central core upon impact also damaged two of the thrusters on the drone ship. The side boosters successfully landed at Landing Zones 1 and 2. The loss of the central core did not impact SpaceX operations since it was from an older generation of the Falcon 9 not intended to be reused.[17] Drone ship failure
21 6 March 2018 On March 6, 2018, a Falcon 9 Full Thrust carrying the Hispasat 30W-6 communications satellite for Hispasat of Spain was originally supposed to attempt a landing, as the first stage was programmed to do the landing. However, due to sea conditions considered to be unfavorable, the drone ship was left at the port. The first stage did its pre-programmed maneuvers, but did not attempt to land.[67] No attempt
22 18 April 2018 On 18 April 2018, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 landed on OCISLY during the TESS mission and was the 13th successful drone ship-based recovery.[68] Drone ship success
23 11 May 2018 On 11 May 2018, the first-stage of a Falcon 9 Block 5 landed on OCISLY during the Bangabandhu-1 mission and was the first flight of a Block 5 booster and upper stage. It was the overall 25th successful recovery of a booster. Drone ship success
See also[edit]
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
Reusable launch system
Vertical Take-off, Vertical Landing
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Elon Musk on Twitter". Twitter.
Jump up ^ Boyle, Alan (17 January 2016). "SpaceX rocket launches satellite, but tips over during sea landing attempt". GeekWire. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "SpaceX: ice buildup may have led rocket to tip over". Washington Post. Washington Post. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016. Musk tweeted that the lockout collet on one of the rocket’s four legs didn’t latch, causing it to tip over after landing. He said the “root cause may have been ice buildup due to condensation from heavy fog at liftoff.”
Jump up ^ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (2016-03-05). "Rocket landed hard on the droneship. Didn't expect this one to work (v hot reentry), but next flight has a good chance" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ ASDS March 21, 2016 (OCISLY) YouTube
Jump up ^ "Watch SpaceX achieve first-ever sea landing of reusable rocket". Los Angeles Times. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris, Bergin (12 April 2016). "Falcon 9 first stage sails into Port Canaveral atop ASDS – ahead of big plans". NASA Spacefight. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
Jump up ^ SpaceX successfully lands its Falcon 9 rocket on a floating drone ship again The Verge, Retrieved 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ SpaceX lands fourth booster after successful Falcon 9 launch Florida Today, Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Live coverage: Pioneering telecom satellites launching today on Falcon 9 Spaceflightnow Retrieved 15 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Elon Musk on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ Clark, Stephen (14 August 2016). "Falcon 9 rocket launches Japanese satellite, then nails bullseye landing". Spaceflight Now.
Jump up ^ "First stage has landed on Just Read the Instructions – SpaceX on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ CNN, Azadeh Ansari and Jackie Wattles. "SpaceX returns to flight, nails rocket landing". CNN. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ SpaceX (2017-01-14), Iridium-1 Hosted Webcast (at 37:30), retrieved 2017-01-14
Jump up ^ SpaceX (5 Mar 2018). "Hispasat 30W-6". youtube.com. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
Jump up ^ "SpaceX rocket test-fired at Cape Canaveral for NASA telescope launch". April 11, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
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