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Bank of Credit and Commerce International
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Bank of Credit and Commerce International
Former type
Private
Industry
Banking
Fate
Liquidation / Forced closure
Founded
1972
Founder
Agha Hasan Abedi
Defunct
1991
Headquarters
London (incorporated in Luxembourg) and Karachi, Pakistan
Number of employees
approx. 30,000
Website
www.bcci.info
The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was an international bank founded in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi, a Pakistani financier.[1] The Bank was registered in Luxembourg with head offices in Karachi and London. A decade after opening, BCCI had over 400 branches in 78 countries, and assets in excess of US$20 billion, making it the 7th largest private bank in the world.[2][3]
BCCI came under the scrutiny of numerous financial regulators and intelligence agencies in the 1980s due to concerns that it was poorly regulated. Subsequent investigations revealed that it was involved in massive money laundering and other financial crimes, and illegally gained the controlling interest in a major American bank. BCCI became the focus of a massive regulatory battle in 1991, and, on 5 July of that year, customs and bank regulators in seven countries raided and locked down records of its branch offices.[4]
Investigators in the US and the UK revealed that BCCI had been "set up deliberately to avoid centralized regulatory review, and operated extensively in bank secrecy jurisdictions. Its affairs were extraordinarily complex. Its officers were sophisticated international bankers whose apparent objective was to keep their affairs secret, to commit fraud on a massive scale, and to avoid detection."[5]
The liquidators, Deloitte & Touche, filed a lawsuit against the bank's auditors, Price Waterhouse and Ernst & Young, which was settled for $175 million in 1998. By 2013, Deloitte & Touche claimed to have recovered about 75% of the creditors' lost money.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Lending practices
3 Money laundering
4 Investigations begin
5 The Sandstorm report
6 Forced closure
7 American inquiries and legal actions
8 Books about BCCI
9 British inquiry and litigation
10 Litigation elsewhere
11 Former directors
12 Legal cases involving BCCI
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 External links
History[edit]
BCCI's founder, Agha Hasan Abedi, started the bank in 1972. Abedi, a prolific banker, had previously set up the United Bank of Pakistan in 1959. Preceding the nationalization of United Bank in 1974 he sought to create a new supranational banking entity. BCCI was created with capital, 25% of which was from Bank of America and the remaining 75% from Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the ruler of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.
BCCI expanded rapidly in the 1970s, pursuing long-term asset growth over profits, seeking high-net-worth individuals and regular large deposits. The company itself divided into BCCI Holdings with the bank under that splitting into BCCI SA (Luxembourg) and BCCI Overseas (Grand Cayman). BCCI also acquired parallel banks through acquisitions: buying the Banque de Commerce et Placements (BCP) of Geneva in 1976, and creating KIFCO (Kuwait International Finance Company), Credit & Finance Corporation Ltd, and a series of Cayman-based companies held together as ICIC (International Credit and Investment Company Overseas, International Credit and Commerce [Overseas], etc.). Overall, BCCI expanded from 19 branches in five countries in 1973 to 27 branches in 1974, to 108 branches in 1976, with assets growing from $200 million to $1.6 billion.[7] This growth caused extensive underlying capital problems. The Guardian alleged that BCCI was using cash from deposits to fund operating expenses, rather than making investments. Investigative journalist and author Joseph J. Trento has argued that the bank's transformation was guided by the head of Saudi intelligence with a view to enabling it to finance covert American intelligence operations at a time, in the aftermath of Watergate, when the American intelligence agencies were defending themselves from investigations by domestic authorities.[8]
BCCI entered the African markets in 1979, and Asia in the early 1980s. BCCI was among the first foreign banks awarded a license to operate in the Chinese Special Economic Zone of Shenzhen which bore testament to Agha Hasan Abedi's public relations skills, a feat that had yet to be achieved by the likes of Citicorp and JP Morgan. Some of China's largest state banks were depositors in BCCI's Shenzhen branch.
There was rigid compartmentalization; the 248 managers and general managers reported directly to Abedi and the CEO Swaleh Naqvi. It was structured in such a way that no single country had overall regulatory supervision over it so as not to hinder potential growth and expansion opportunities.[9] Its two holding companies were based in Luxembourg and the Cayman Islands—two jurisdictions where banking regulation was notoriously weak. It was also not regulated by a country that had a central bank. On several occasions, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (a bureau within the US Department of the Treasury) told the Federal Reserve in no uncertain terms that BCCI must not be allowed to buy any American bank because it was poorly regulated.
By 1980, BCCI was reported to have assets of over $4 billion with over 150 branches in 46 countries. Bank of America was "bewildered"[10] by BCCI and reduced its holding in 1980, and the company came to be held by a number of groups, with ICIC[clarification needed] owning 70%. By 1989, ICIC's shareholding was reduced to 11% with Abu Dhabi groups holding almost 40%. However, large numbers of shares were held by BCCI nominees.
In 1982, 15 Middle Eastern investors bought Financial General Bankshares, a large bank holding company headquartered in Washington, D.C. All the investors were BCCI clients, but the Fed received assurances that BCCI would be in no way involved in the management of the company, which was renamed First American Bankshares. To alleviate regulators' concerns, Clark Clifford, an adviser to five presidents, was named First American's chairman. Clifford headed a board composed of himself and several other distinguished American citizens, including former United States Senator Stuart Symington. In truth, BCCI had been involved in the purchase of FGB/First American from the beginning. Abedi had been approached about buying it as early as 1977, but by this time BCCI's reputation in the United States was so poor that it could not hope to buy an American bank on its own (as mentioned above, the OCC was adamantly opposed to BCCI being allowed to buy its way into the American banking industry). Rather, it used the First American investors as nominees. Moreover, Clifford's law firm was retained as general counsel, and also handled most of BCCI's American legal work. BCCI was also heavily involved in First American personnel matters. The relationship between the two was so close that rumors spread BCCI was the real owner of First American.
BCCI had an unusual annual auditing system: Price Waterhouse were the accountants for BCCI Overseas, while Ernst & Young audited BCCI and BCCI Holdings (London and Luxembourg). Other companies such as KIFCO and ICIC were audited by neither. In October 1985, the Bank of England and the Monetary Institute of Luxembourg (Luxembourg's bank regulator) ordered BCCI to change to a single accountant, alarmed at reported BCCI losses on the commodities and financial markets. Price Waterhouse became the sole accountants in 1987.
In 1990, a Price Waterhouse audit of BCCI revealed an unaccountable loss of hundreds of millions of dollars. The bank approached Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who made good the loss in exchange for an increased shareholding of 78%. Much of BCCI's documentation was also then transferred to Abu Dhabi. The audit also revealed numerous irregularities. Most seriously, BCCI had made a staggering $1.48 billion worth of loans to its own shareholders, who used BCCI stock as collateral.
The audit also confirmed what many Americans who watched BCCI long suspected—that BCCI secretly (and illegally) owned First American. When the Fed cleared the group of Arab investors to buy First American, it did so on condition that they supplement their personal funds with money borrowed from banks with no connection to BCCI. Contrary to that agreement, several stockholders had borrowed heavily from BCCI. Even more seriously, they pledged their First American stock as collateral. When they didn't make interest payments, BCCI took control of the shares. It was later estimated that in this manner, BCCI had ended up with 60 percent or more of First American's stock.
Despite these problems, Price Waterhouse signed BCCI's 1989 annual report, largely due to Zayed's firm commitment to propping up the bank. Abedi was succeeded by Swaleh Naqvi as the bank's chief, who, in the aftermath following controversy over BCCI, was replaced by Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry in the late 1990s.
Lending practices[edit]
BCCI contended that its growth was fueled by the increasingly large number of deposits by oil-rich states who owned stock in the bank as well as by sovereign developing nations. However, this claim failed to mollify the regulators. For example, the Bank of England ordered BCCI to cap its branch network in the United Kingdom at 45 branches.[11]
There was particular concern over BCCI's loan portfolio because of its roots in areas where modern banking was still an alien concept. For instance, a large number of its customers were devout Muslims who believed charging interest on loans—a major pillar of modern banking—was riba, or usury. In many Third World countries, a person's financial standing didn't matter as much as his relationship with his banker. One particularly notable example is the Gokal family, a prominent family of shipping magnates. They had a relationship with Abedi dating back to his days at United Bank. Abedi personally handled their loans, with little regard for details such as loan documents or creditworthiness. At one point, BCCI's loans to the Gokal companies were equivalent to US$1.5 billion, three times the bank's capital. Longstanding banking practice dictates that a bank not lend more than 10 percent of its capital to a single customer.[11]
Money laundering[edit]
In addition to violations of lending laws, BCCI was also accused of opening accounts or laundering money for figures such as Saddam Hussein, Manuel Noriega, Hussain Mohammad Ershad and Samuel Doe,[11] and for criminal organizations such as the Medellin Cartel and Abu Nidal.[12] Police and intelligence experts nicknamed B.C.C.I. the "Bank of Crooks and Criminals" for its penchant for catering to customers who dealt in arms, drugs and hot money.[13]
William von Raab, a former U.S. Commissioner of Customs, also told the Kerry Committee that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency held "several" accounts at BCCI. According to a 1991 article in Time magazine, the National Security Council also had accounts at BCCI, which were used for a variety of covert operations, including transfers of money and weapons for Iran-Contra.[14]
Investigations begin[edit]
BCCI’s demise began in 1986, when a US Customs undercover operation led by Special Agent Robert Mazur infiltrated the bank’s private client division and uncovered their active role soliciting deposits from drug traffickers and money launderers. This two-year undercover operation concluded in 1988 with a fake wedding that was attended by BCCI officers and drug dealers from around the world who had established a personal friendship and working relationship with undercover agent Mazur. At the same time he was dealing undercover with BCCI executives, Mazur used his undercover operation to establish a relationship with the hierarchy of the Medellin Cartel as one of their sources for laundering drug proceeds. Mazur's and others roles in the sting operation were highlighted in the 2016 film The Infiltrator.
In 1988, the bank was implicated for being the center of a major money-laundering scheme. After a six-month trial, BCCI, under immense pressure from US authorities, pleaded guilty in 1990, but only on the grounds of respondeat superior. While federal regulators took no action, Florida regulators forced BCCI to pull out of the state.[11]
In 1990 U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch presented an impassioned defense of the bank in a speech on the Senate floor. He and his aide, Michael Pillsbury, were involved in efforts to counter the negative publicity that surrounded the bank, and Hatch solicited the bank to approve a $10 million loan to a close friend, Mazur Hourani.[15]
The Sandstorm report[edit]
In March 1991, the Bank of England asked Price Waterhouse to carry out an inquiry. On 24 June 1991, using the code name "Sandstorm" for BCCI, Price Waterhouse submitted the Sandstorm report showing that BCCI had engaged in "widespread fraud and manipulation" that made it difficult, if not impossible, to reconstruct BCCI's financial history.
The Sandstorm report, parts of which were leaked to The Sunday Times, included details of how the Abu Nidal terrorist group had manipulated details and through using fake identities had opened accounts at BCCI's Sloane Street branch in London. Britain's internal security service, MI5, had signed up two sources inside the branch to hand over copies of all documents relating to Abu Nidal's accounts. One source was the Syrian-born branch manager, Ghassan Qassem, the second a young British employee.
The Abu Nidal link man for the BCCI accounts was a man based in Iraq named Samir Najmeddin or Najmedeen. Throughout the 80s, BCCI had set up millions of dollars worth of letters of credit for Najmeddin, largely for arms deals with Iraq. Qassem later swore in an affidavit that Najmeddin was often accompanied by an American, whom Qassem subsequently identified as the financier Marc Rich. Rich was later indicted in the U.S. for tax evasion and racketeering in an apparently unrelated case and fled the country.
Qassem also told reporters that he had once escorted Abu Nidal, who was allegedly using the name Shakir Farhan, around town to buy a tie, without realizing who he was. This revelation led in 1991 to one of the London Evening Standard's best-known front-page headlines: "I Took Abu Nidal Shopping."
Forced closure[edit]
BCCI was awaiting final approval for a restructuring plan in which it would have re-emerged as the "Oasis Bank". However, after the Sandstorm report, regulators concluded BCCI was so fraught with problems that it had to be seized. It had already been ordered to shut down its American operations in March for its illegal control of First American.
On 5 July 1991, regulators persuaded a court in Luxembourg to order BCCI liquidated on the grounds that it was hopelessly insolvent. According to the court order, BCCI had lost more than its entire capital and reserves the year before. At 1 pm London time that day (8 am in New York City), regulators in five countries[which?] marched into BCCI's offices and shut them down. Around a million depositors were immediately affected by this action.
On 7 July 1991, Hong Kong Office of the Commissioner of Banking (forerunner of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority) ordered BCCI to shut down its business in Hong Kong on the grounds that BCCI had problem loans and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi, the major shareholder of BCCI, refused to provide funds to the Hong Kong BCCI. Hong Kong BCCI was liquidated on 17 July 1991.
A few weeks after the seizure, on 29 July, Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau announced that a Manhattan grand jury had indicted BCCI, Abedi and Naqvi on twelve counts of fraud, money laundering and larceny. Morgenthau, who had been investigating BCCI for over two years, claimed jurisdiction because millions of dollars laundered by the bank flowed through Manhattan. Also, Morgenthau cited BCCI's secret ownership of First American, which operated a subsidiary in New York City. Morgenthau said that all of BCCI's deposits had been fraudulently collected because the bank misled depositors about its ownership structure and financial condition. He described BCCI as "the largest bank fraud in world financial history".[16]
On 15 November, BCCI, Abedi and Naqvi were indicted on federal charges that it had illegally bought control of another American bank, Independence Bank of Los Angeles, using Saudi businessman Ghaith Pharaon as the puppet owner.
Just a month later, BCCI's liquidators (Deloitte, PWC) pleaded guilty to all criminal charges pending against the bank in the United States (both those lodged by the federal government and by Morgenthau), clearing the way for BCCI's formal liquidation that fall. BCCI paid $10 million in fines and forfeited all $550 million of its American assets—at the time, the largest single criminal forfeiture ever obtained by federal prosecutors. The money was used to repay losses to First American and Independence and to make restitution to BCCI's depositors. None of this was enough to rescue both banks, however; Independence was seized later in 1992, while First American was forced into a merger with First Union in 1993.
However, many of the major players in the scandal have never been brought to trial in American or UK courts. Abedi, for example, died in 1995. He was under indictment in the United States and UK for crimes related to BCCI, but Pakistani officials refused to give him up for extradition because they felt the charges were politically motivated. Even without this to consider, he'd been in poor health since suffering a stroke in the 1980s. Pharaon remained a fugitive until his death in 2017.
In 2002, Denis Robert and Ernest Backes, former number three of financial clearing house Clearstream, discovered that BCCI had continued to maintain its activities after its official closure, with microfiches of Clearstream's illegal unpublished accounts.[17]
American inquiries and legal actions[edit]
In 1992, United States Senators John Kerry and Hank Brown became the co-authors of a report on BCCI, which was delivered to the Committee on Foreign Relations. The BCCI scandal was one of a number of disasters that influenced thinking leading to the Public Interest Disclosure Act (PIDA) of 1998. The report found that Clifford and his legal/business partner Robert A. Altman had been closely involved with the bank from 1978, when they were introduced to BCCI by Bert Lance, the former director of the Office of Management and Budget, to 1991. Earlier, Pharaon was revealed to have been the puppet owner of National Bank of Georgia, a bank formerly owned by Lance before being sold back to First American (it had previously been an FGB subsidiary before Lance bought it). Clifford and Altman testified that they had never observed any suspicious activity, and had themselves been deceived about BCCI's control of First American. However, the federal government and Morgenthau contended that the two men knew, or should have known, that BCCI controlled First American. Pharaon also was revealed to be the puppet controlling owner of CenTrust Bank in Miami, Florida.
Morgenthau and the federal government brought indictments against Clifford and Altman, but did not pursue Clifford due to his age and deteriorating health (he died in 1998). Altman was indicted and tried in New York, though he was ultimately acquitted following a jury finding of not guilty. Altman later accepted a de facto lifetime ban from any role in the banking industry to settle a civil suit by the Fed.
Books about BCCI[edit]
Double Standards - BCCI - The Untold Story - By Mubashir Malik (published March 2016)[18]
British inquiry and litigation[edit]
The British government set up an independent inquiry, chaired by Lord Justice Bingham, in 1992. Its House of Commons Paper, Inquiry into the Supervision of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, was published in October of that year. Following the report, BCCI liquidators Deloitte Touche filed suit against the Bank of England for £850m, claiming that the Bank was guilty of misfeasance in public office. The suit lasted 12 years. It ended in November 2005, when Deloitte withdrew its claims after England's High Court ruled that it was "no longer in the best interests of creditors" for the litigation to continue.[19][20] Deloitte eventually paid the Bank of England £73m for its legal costs. According to news reports at the time, it was the most expensive case in British legal history.[20]
Litigation elsewhere[edit]
Although major litigation has ended in the case, suits and legal actions relating to the bank were still being brought in 2013, over 20 years after the bank's failure.[21]
Former directors[edit]
Khalid bin Mahfouz – non-executive director. Mahfouz and his brothers owned a 20% stake in BCCI between 1986 and 1990.[22]
Alfred Hartman
Shaikh Mohammed Ishaq
Legal cases involving BCCI[edit]
Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody [1992] 4 All ER 955, pre-collapse case, later overturned, on the criteria for undue influence if someone is pressured into signing a mortgage agreement
Mahmud and Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA [1998] AC 20, where employees sued the bank for breach of mutual trust and confidence by carrying on unlawful activities and thereby tarnishing the employees' reputations.
Bank of Credit and Commerce International (Overseas) Ltd v Akindele [2000] EWCA Civ 502
See also[edit]
Kamal Adham
The International (2009 film)
The Infiltrator (2016 film)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Adams and Frantz, p. ix.
Jump up ^ Kanas, Angelos, PURE CONTAGION EFFECTS IN INTERNATIONAL BANKING: THE CASE OF BCCI'S FAILURE, Journal of Applied Economics, Sunday, 1 May 2005
Jump up ^ Salaam Knowledge; Biographical data on Agha Hasan Abedi at URL:http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=172
Jump up ^ Trento, Prelude to Terror, 370.
Jump up ^ Kerry, John. The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations. Lulu.com. p. 60. ISBN 1105096858.
Jump up ^ "BCCI bank fraud begets silver lining 13 years later". Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
Jump up ^ Hemraj, Mohammed B. (October 2005). "The Regulatory Failure: The Saga of BCCI". Journal of Money Laundering Control. 8 (4): 346–353. doi:10.1108/13685200510735329.
Jump up ^ Trento, Prelude to Terror, 99–105 & 370.
Jump up ^ Passas, Nikos; Groskin, Richard B. (1 January 2001). "Overseeing and Overlooking: The US Federal Authorities’ Response to Money Laundering and Other Misconduct at BCCI". The Organized Criminal Activities of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International: Essays and Documentation. Springer Netherlands: 141–175. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3413-4_5.
Jump up ^ Kerry, John; Hank Brown (December 1992). "The Origin and Early Years of BCCI". The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate. 102d Congress 2d Session Senate Print 102-140. pp. Chapter 3. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Peter Truell, Larry Gurwin, False Profits. The Inside Story of BCCI, the world’s most corrupt financial Empire, 1992, Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston, New York, ISBN 0-395-62339-1
Jump up ^ "Washington Monthly", 4 September 2004, "Follow The Money", at URL: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 September 2004. Retrieved 2004-09-11. ]
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/12/business/world-class-fraud-bcci-pulled-it-off-special-report-end-twisted-trail-piggy-bank.html?pagewanted=all
Jump up ^ TIME, 22 July 1991, Iran-Contra: The Cover-Up Begins to Crack
Jump up ^ Lawmaker's Defense of B.C.C.I. Went Beyond Speech in Senate, New York Times, Dean Baquet and Jeff Gerth, August 26, 1992. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Spalek, Basia (1 May 2001). "Regulation, White–Collar Crime and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International". The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice. 40 (2): 166–179. ISSN 1468-2311. doi:10.1111/1468-2311.00199.
Jump up ^ "L'affaire BCCI".
Jump up ^ Malik, M. B. (2016-03-10). Double Standards. Place of publication not identified: Matador. ISBN 9781785891540.
Jump up ^ Gray, Joanna. "Court castigates BCCI liquidators' claim against Bank of England". Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance. 14 (4): 411–417. doi:10.1108/13581980610711180.
^ Jump up to: a b Tait, Nikki (2006-06-08). "Costs settlement brings to an end record-breaking BCCI litigation 12-YEAR ACTION: [LONDON 1ST EDITION]". Financial Times. London (UK), United Kingdom. p. 4. ISSN 0307-1766.
Jump up ^ Pujol, Veronique (8 November 2013). "Comment ressusciter la BCCI?". Paperjam Luxembourg. Paperjam.lu. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
Jump up ^ Kerry, John; Brown, Hank (December 1992). "BCCI in the United States - Part Two: Acquisition, Consolidation, and Consequences". The BCCI Affair, A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2006-06-26.
References[edit]
James Ring Adams, Douglas Frantz: A Full Service Bank. London 1991
Denis Robert, Ernest Backes: Révélations Arènes Editions, 2001, ISBN 2-912485-28-2
Jean-Charles Brisard, Guillaume Dasquié, Ben Laden: La Vérité interdite. Gallimard, 2002, ISBN 2-07-042377-8, S.166-168.
"The BCCI Affair", Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown, 1992, 102nd Congress 2nd Session Senate Print 102-140 (Kerry Report).
Rachel Ehrenfeld, Evil Money. Encounters along the Money Trail, 1992, Harper Business, ISBN 0-88730-560-1).
External links[edit]
Analysis of BCCI by Sander Hicks
BBC Summary of Case and Administrators lawsuit against Bank of England
The BCCI Affair, Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations States Senate; held at FAS -(A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate by Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown; December 1992; 102d Congress 2d Session Senate Print 102-140)
Profile: Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) www.cooperativeresearch.org
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Domhnall Gleeson
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Domhnall Gleeson
Gleeson at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International promoting Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Born
(1983-05-12) 12 May 1983 (age 34)
Dublin, Ireland
Residence
Dublin, Ireland
Occupation
Actor, writer
Years active
2001–present
Parent(s)
Brendan Gleeson
Mary Weldon
Relatives
Brian Gleeson (brother)
Domhnall Gleeson (/ˈdoʊnəl ˈɡliːsən/;[1] born 12 May 1983) is an Irish actor and writer. He is the son of actor Brendan Gleeson, alongside whom he has appeared in several films and theatre projects. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Media Arts from Dublin Institute of Technology.
During the early stages of his career, Gleeson directed and wrote several short films, garnered a Tony Award nomination in 2006 for his role in the Broadway production The Lieutenant of Inishmore, and had a supporting role in Never Let Me Go. He became known to a wider audience for his portrayal of Bill Weasley in the Harry Potter film franchise (2010–2011), Konstantin Levin in Anna Karenina (2012), Tim Lake in About Time (2013), and Russell Allen Phillips in fact-based war drama Unbroken (2014).
In 2015, Gleeson received widespread recognition and praise for his performances in four Academy Award-nominated films: Caleb in Ex Machina, Jim Farrell in Brooklyn, Captain Andrew Henry in The Revenant, and, most prominently, General Hux in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In 2017, he appeared in Mother! alongside his brother, Brian, co-starred in American Made, portrayed A. A. Milne in Goodbye Christopher Robin and reprised his role as General Hux in Star Wars: The Last Jedi. In 2018, he starred in a live-action adaptation of Peter Rabbit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 2001–2009: Theatre and recognition
2.2 2010–2014: Career breakthrough
2.3 2015–present: Leading and supporting roles
2.4 Upcoming projects
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Stage
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Gleeson was born in Dublin, Ireland, the oldest son of Mary (née Weldon) and actor Brendan Gleeson.[2] He has three brothers: Fergus, Brian (also an actor), and Rúairí.[3] He attended Malahide Community School, where he performed in school productions of Grease and King Lear.[4] Gleeson later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Media Arts from the Dublin Institute of Technology.[3]
Career[edit]
2001–2009: Theatre and recognition[edit]
After graduating, Gleeson began directing and writing for both film and stage. He first appeared in the British television miniseries Rebel Heart in 2001 with James D'Arcy and Paloma Baeza.[5] Gleeson made his film debut in Martin McDonagh's short film Six Shooter in 2004, which starred his father. The film won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.[6] He was featured in a small role in the 2005 horror comedy Boy Eats Girl.[5] In 2006, Gleeson starred in the feature film Studs, with his father appearing alongside him.[5]
He was among the main cast members of RTÉ comedy television series The Last Furlong in 2005.[5] Gleeson appeared on the Broadway theatre show The Lieutenant of Inishmore at age twenty-three, receiving a Tony Award nomination for his role as the dim-witted Davey.[7][6] In late 2007, Gleeson played Herbert Pocket in the Hugh Leonard adaptation of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations at the Gate Theatre in Dublin.[8] The role was described as "wittily played" by Irish Independent critic Bruce Arnold.[9] Earlier that year he had a role as Bobby in the David Mamet play American Buffalo, also at the Gate Theatre.[10][11]
In 2008, Gleeson starred in the one-off RTÉ comedy sketch show Your Bad Self, which was broadcast on 26 December that year.[5][6] In March 2009, it was confirmed that he had been cast as Bill Weasley in the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[12][13] His father, Brendan, plays Alastor Moody in the series.[12][13] Gleeson had initially been reluctant to act alongside his father in the same film but later changed his mind.[14] In 2006, he said of his acting: "I'd been very certain about not wanting to do the acting thing because of my father. I thought I'd always have the father-son thing of 'He got you the role'."[13] The 2009 HBO television film A Dog Year starring Jeff Bridges, featured Gleeson as handyman Anthony Armstrong.[15] Also that year, in the film Sensation Gleeson played the role of a young farmer whose "soulless encounter" with a call-girl "develops into a bittersweet love story".[16][17]
2010–2014: Career breakthrough[edit]
Domhnall Gleeson at the 2011 Berlin International Film Festival
His first release of 2010 was the dystopian romance Never Let Me Go, starring Carey Mulligan, Keira Knightley, and Andrew Garfield.[18] Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010, with the Part 2 being released the following July. His portrayal of Bill Weasley, Ron Weasley's older brother, exposed Gleeson to a wider audience.[19] The multi Academy Award nominated Coen Brothers' film True Grit featured Gleeson as Moon, a young outlaw.[18] His short comedy film, Noreen, starring his father and brother, was shown at the Tribeca Film Festival.[20] He portrayed musician Bob Geldof as he organizes the 1985 Live Aid concert in the television film When Harvey Met Bob, which was broadcast on BBC Four on 26 December 2010.[21] Gleeson won the 2011 Ifta Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film.[22] In the drama Shadow Dancer, released in August 2012, he played an IRA member whose own sister informs on him to the MI5.[23] Gleeson played landowner Kostya Levin in the historical romance Anna Karenina, based on the Leo Tolstoy novel.[24] The Daily Telegraph critic Tim Robey praised his performance, saying Gleeson "nails Levin’s adorable self-seriousness without sentimentalising what can make him hard work."[25] His final release of 2012 was the science fiction action film Dredd starring Karl Urban as the titular Judge Dredd, in which he played an unnamed computer expert working for the gang Dredd battles against.[26]
Gleeson made a guest appearance in "Be Right Back", an episode of the science-fiction anthology series Black Mirror in 2013. Starring alongside Hayley Atwell, he played a man who is killed in a car crash, but returns to his lover as an synthetic android clone of himself.[27] Later in 2013, Gleeson starred in About Time, a romantic comedy written and directed by Richard Curtis.[28] The story follows a young man, played by Gleeson, who uses time travel to win over an American girl, played by Rachel McAdams. Filming took place in London, England, in June 2012.[28] In a largely negative review, Catherine Shaord of The Guardian described Gleeson as a "ginger Hugh Grant", although she noted that "The effect, at first, is unnerving; as About Time marches on, Gleeson's innate charm gleams through and this weird disconnection becomes quite compelling."[29] In Lenny Abrahamson's Frank (2014), he portrayed Jon, a wannabe musician who joins the band of the eccentric, papier-mâché head-wearing titular character played by Michael Fassbender.[30] Gleeson played a small role as a psychotic killer in the Irish drama Calvary, starring his father as a Catholic priest who visits him in prison.[31] His last release of 2014, was Angelina Jolie's directorial debut, the war film Unbroken. In the film, Gleeson portrayed a soldier lost at sea after a plane crash in Pacific Ocean during the Second World War. He lost what he described as a "sizable amount of weight" for the role.[32]
2015–present: Leading and supporting roles[edit]
2015 saw Gleeson appear in four films, all of which received Oscar nominations.[33] His first release of the year was the science fiction psychological thriller Ex Machina, starring Gleeson as programmer Caleb who wins a competition to visit the home of his company's CEO and test the human qualities of the artificially intelligent humanoid robot Ava, who is played by Alicia Vikander. The film was the directorial debut of Never Let Me Go and Dredd screenwriter Alex Garland and their third collaboration.[34] In the romantic period drama Brooklyn, he appeared in a supporting role as a romantic interest of Saoirse Ronan's character.[35] Gleeson was announced to be a part of the Star Wars sequel trilogy in April 2014.[36] The first instalment, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was released in December 2015. Gleeson plays the ruthless General Hux, commander of the First Order's Starkiller Base.[37] Throughout the film, Hux is vying for power with First Order commander Kylo Ren, who is portrayed by Adam Driver.[38] In his last release of the year, Gleeson co-starred in Alejandro G. Iñárritu's The Revenant as fur trader Andrew Henry, with Leonardo DiCaprio portraying fur trapper Hugh Glass.[39] Alongside his brother Brian and his father Brendan, Gleeson starred in a revival of the Enda Walsh play The Walworth Farce from January to February 2015.[40] In February 2016, Gleeson narrated the BBC Two nature documentary series Earth's Greatest Spectacles.[41]
Gleeson played fashion house Burberry's founder, Thomas Burberry, in a short Christmas-themed advertisement film for the company in 2016.[42] He made a guest appearance on the Channel 4 sitcom Catastrophe as a recruitment consultant in March 2017.[43] Gleeson then played fictional CIA agent Monty Schafer in American Made, released in September 2017, and starring Tom Cruise as drug smuggler Barry Seal.[44] Also in September, Gleeson had a small role in Darren Aronofsky's psychological horror film Mother!, starred alongside Christina Applegate and Thomas Haden Church in the independent comedy Crash Pad,[45] and portrayed Winnie-the-Pooh creator A. A. Milne in the biographical film Goodbye Christopher Robin.[44] His portrayal of Milne was deemed as being played a "little too stiffly" by BBC critic Nicholas Barber.[46] Gleeson reprised his role as General Hux in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released in December 2017.[47] In his first film of 2018, Gleeson co-starred as National Lampoon magazine co-founder and writer Henry Beard in the biographical comedy A Futile and Stupid Gesture, opposite Will Forte as the magazine's co-founder Doug Kenney.[48] Gleeson next starred in Peter Rabbit (2018) – based on the stories of the character of the same by Beatrix Potter – as Thomas McGregor, the great-grandnephew and heir to Mr. McGregor.[49] Gleeson starred alongside his brother and father in the short film Psychic, which was directed by his father and will premiere in 2018 on Sky Arts.[50]
Upcoming projects[edit]
Gleeson's upcoming 2018 projects include The Little Stranger with Ruth Wilson.[51]
Personal life[edit]
Gleeson shares a love of the English Championship team Aston Villa with his father Brendan. He described the team's FA Cup semifinal win over Liverpool at Wembley Stadium in 2015, as one of the "great days of my life".[52]
Along with his father and brother Brian, Gleeson created and stars in the Immatürity For Charity sketches, which raise money for the St. Francis Hospice in Raheny, Dublin. It also stars Laurence Kinlan, Tadhg Murphy and Amy Huberman.[53]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 Six Shooter Cashier Short film
2005 Boy Eats Girl Bernard
2006 Studs Trampis
2009 What Will Survive of Us Short film; writer and director
Perrier's Bounty Clifford
Corduroy[54] Mahon Short film
2010 Never Let Me Go Rodney
Sensation Donal Duggan
Noreen Short film; writer and director
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Bill Weasley
True Grit Moon
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Bill Weasley
2012 Shadow Dancer Connor McVeigh
Dredd Clan Techie
Anna Karenina Konstantin Levin
2013 About Time Tim Lake
2014 Frank Jon Burroughs
Calvary Freddie Joyce
Unbroken Russell Allen Phillips
2015 Ex Machina Caleb Smith
Brooklyn Jim Farrell
Star Wars: The Force Awakens General Hux
The Revenant Andrew Henry
2016 The Tale of Thomas Burberry Thomas Burberry Short film
2017 American Made Monty Schafer
Mother! Oldest Son
Crash Pad Stensland
Goodbye Christopher Robin A. A. Milne
Star Wars: The Last Jedi General Hux
2018 A Futile and Stupid Gesture Henry Beard
Peter Rabbit Thomas McGregor / Mr. Jeremy Fisher Voice
The Little Stranger Dr. Faraday Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Rebel Heart Byrne 1 episode
2005 The Last Furlong Sean Flanagan 3 episodes
2009 A Dog Year Anthony Armstrong Television film
2010 Your Bad Self Various 6 episodes; also writer
When Harvey Met Bob Bob Geldof Television film
2012 Immatürity for Charity Various Fundraiser
2013 Black Mirror Ash Episode: "Be Right Back"
2016 Earth's Greatest Spectacles Narrator 3 episodes
2017 Catastrophe Dan 2 episodes
2018 Psychic Shergar Post-production; television short film
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Voice role
2016 Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens General Hux
Stage[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001–2002 The Lieutenant of Inishmore Davey
2006
2007 American Buffalo Bob
Great Expectations Herbert Pocket
2015 The Walworth Farce Blake
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2006 Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Play The Lieutenant of Inishmore Nominated
2007 Irish Film and Television Awards Breakthrough Talent Studs Nominated
2011 Berlin International Film Festival Shooting Stars Award Won
Irish Film and Television Awards Best Actor in a Lead Role in Television When Harvey Met Bob Won
Tribeca Film Festival Jury Award: Best Narrative Short Noreen Nominated
2012 British Independent Film Awards Best Supporting Actor Shadow Dancer Nominated
Hamptons International Film Festival Breakthrough Performer Anna Karenina Won
2013 Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Nominated
Irish Film and Television Awards Best Supporting Actor Film Won
2014 Best Lead Actor – Film About Time Nominated
2015 Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Film Frank Won
Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Cast Ensemble Star Wars: The Force Awakens Nominated
British Independent Film Awards Best Supporting Actor Brooklyn Nominated
2016 Irish Film and Television Awards Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Film Nominated
Best Actor in a Lead Role – Film Ex Machina Nominated
Saturn Award Best Actor Nominated
Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards Best Ensemble Nominated
Actor of the Year Runner-up
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Domhnall Gleeson Teaches Us How To Pronounce 'Domhnall Gleeson". Entertainment Weekly. YouTube. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Gleeson, B. (1989). Breaking Up. Passion Machine. ISBN 9781872313009. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Mottram, James (14 December 2015). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens - Domhnall Gleeson on playing the villain and how JJ Abrams inspired the cast". The Independent. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitington, Paul (27 August 2017). "Domhnall Gleeson and the long road to Hollywood: I didn't handle my first day on Harry Potter very well'". The Independent. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Domhnall Gleeson to star in RTÉ Christmas Special". Evening Herald. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The last laugh". The Irish Times. 20 December 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2009. Domhnall Gleeson Nominated for a Tony at the age of 23 for his role in the 2006 Broadway production of Martin McDonagh's The Lieutenant of Inishmore. May have felt like déjà-vu for Gleeson who also appeared in McDonagh's Oscar-winning short, Six Shooter. Domhnall's father, Brendan Gleeson, co-starred with Peter McDonald in 1997's I Went Down.
Jump up ^ Spencer, Charles (28 June 2002). "Devastating masterpiece of black comedy". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Domhnall Gleeson–Actor". Irish Independent. 24 November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Bruce (29 November 2007). "Festive fare for all the family lives up to the greatest of expectations". Irish Independent. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "American Buffalo". RTÉ. 16 February 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Fricker, Karen (16 February 2007). "American Buffalo". Variety. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bill Nighy in "Die Heiligtümer des Todes"". Spielfilm.de (German). 1 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Headlines: Tony Nominee Domhnall Gleeson to Appear in Final Harry Potter Films". Broadway.com. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Domhnall Gleeson confirmed as Bill Weasley for 'Deathly Hallows'". HPANA. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Hale, Mike (2 September 2009). "A Grumpy Guy Who Barks a Lot Finds a Peer". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Follow-Up May Keep Hall From Edinburgh". California Chronicle. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Follow-Up May Keep Hall From Edinburgh (original)". The Irish Times. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009. Tony-award nominee Domhnall Gleeson plays a randy young farmer with New Zealand actress Luanne Gordon as an aging Antipodean escort. "They begin as client and call-girl, evolve into lovers and finally business partners,” according to the synopsis. "What starts as a soulless contract develops into a bittersweet love story."
^ Jump up to: a b Gritten, David (27 August 2013). "About Time: Domhnall Gleeson on being Richard Curtis's new leading man". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Alice (27 August 2013). "Domhnall Gleeson: 'I was a Weasley waiting for a role'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Doherty, Cahir (12 May 2011). "A tale of two Tribeca hits - Brendan Gleeson's 'The Guard' and 'Noreen'". IrishCentral. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (22 December 2010). "Bob Geldof, Harvey Goldsmith – and the truth about Live Aid". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Gibley, Ryan (16 August 2012). "Domhnall Gleeson: 'Handsome is not really where I'm at'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jolin, Dan (28 July 2012). "Shadow Dancer Review". Empire. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (4 June 2011). "Joe Wright's 'Anna Karenina' Welcomes Saoirse Ronan, Kelly Macdonald, Olivia Williams And More". /Film. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Robey, Tim (6 September 2016). "Anna Karenina, review". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Mellor, Louisa (8 July 2011). "Domhnall Gleeson gives new details of Dredd movie". Den of Geek. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Sims, David (3 December 2013). "Black Mirror: "Be Right Back"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (10 May 2012). "Rachel McAdams to Star in Working Title's 'About Time' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Shoard, Catherine (8 August 2013). "About Time – first look review". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Hanna, Beth (14 August 2014). "'Frank,' Starring Michael Fassbender Wearing a Giant Fake Head, Totally Rocks (TRAILER)". Indiewire. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Riley, Jenelle (6 August 2014). "The Fruitful Partnership of 'Calvary' Team Brendan Gleeson and John Michael McDonagh". Variety. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (23 December 2014). "Domhnall Gleeson Lost So Much Weight For 'Unbroken' His Contacts Didn't Fit". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ People Staff (25 February 2016). "Is Domhnall Gleeson the Oscars' Lucky Charm?". People. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M. (7 April 2015). "Domhnall Gleeson on 'Ex Machina' and Why 'Star Wars' Hasn't Been Overwhelming". Indiewire. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, C. Molly (5 November 2015). "Brooklyn stars Saoirse Ronan, Domhnall Gleeson chart their screen romance". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Episode VII Cast Announced". Star Wars Official Website. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Edward (10 July 2015). "'Star Wars: The Force Awakens': Domhnall Gleeson Revealed To Be On The Dark Side As General Hux". Indiewire. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (13 November 2015). "Starkiller Base and General Hux: J.J. Abrams shares new details from the Star Wars: The Force Awakens". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Fane Saunders, Tristram (18 February 2016). "Two minutes with... Domhnall Gleeson". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Meany, Helen (15 January 2015). "The Walworth Farce review – Brendan Gleeson and sons are infectiously funny". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Rutkowski, Laura (5 February 2016). "Earth's Greatest Spectacles, BBC2: New England's forests receive the Midas touch in the American fall". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Butler, Sarah (1 November 2016). "Sienna Miller and Domhnall Gleeson star in Burberry's Christmas ad". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther (29 April 2017). "Rob and Sharon start to heal and spiral in Catastrophe's second episode". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Zemler, Emily (1 September 2017). "With four films coming this year, Domhnall Gleeson is going for much more than a 'Star Wars' villain". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Schager, Nick (28 August 2017). "'Crash Pad' puts Domhnall Gleeson, Christina Applegate, Thomas Haden Church in twisted love triangle". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Barber, Nicholas (27 September 2017). "Film review: Goodbye Christopher Robin". BBC. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer (17 December 2015). "Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy confirms that entire cast will return for eighth film". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (4 April 2016). "Domhnall Gleeson To Play National Lampoon Co-Founder In Netflix Film 'A Futile And Stupid Gesture'". Deadline.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (18 October 2016). "Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr. McGregor in Live-Action 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brendan Gleeson makes directing debut a family affair". RTE. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jaggernauth, Kevin (25 September 2017). "Domhnall Gleeson Reteaming With 'Frank' And 'Room' Director Lenny Abrahamson For 'The Little Stranger'". Indiewire. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars actor Gleeson: Villa Wembley win was special day". Aston Villa F.C. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Domhnall Gleeson: Immaturity for Charity". today.fm. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Corduroy (2009)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Domhnall Gleeson.
Domhnall Gleeson on IMDb
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VIAF: 220880146
LCCN: no2011194096
ISNI: 0000 0003 6105 788X
GND: 1046967142
SUDOC: 177973048
BNF: cb16769569z (data)
MusicBrainz: a031f60e-a20d-4c99-aaa0-9c7161cfe56f
BNE: XX5404793
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This page was last edited on 16 February 2018, at 08:06.
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