text:
Economy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Economy (disambiguation).
Economics
A supply and demand diagram, illustrating
the effects of an increase in demand.
Index
Outline
Category
History
Types
Classification
History of economics
Economic history (academic study)
Schools of economics
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Methodology
Heterodox economics
JEL classification codes
Concepts
Theory
Techniques
Econometrics
Economic growth
Economic system
Experimental economics
Mathematical economics
Game theory
Post-scarcity
Market
National accounting
By application
Agricultural
Behavioral
Business
Computational
Cultural
Demographic
Development
Digitization
Ecological
Education
Environmental
Evolutionary
Expeditionary
Geography
Health
Industrial organization
Information
International
Knowledge
Labour
Law
Managerial
Monetary / Financial
Natural resource
Organizational
Personnel
Public / Welfare economics
Regional
Rural
Service
Social
Urban
Welfare
Lists
Economists
Publications (journals)
Business and economics portal
v
t
e
An economy (From Greek οίκος – "household" and νęμoμαι – "manage") is an area of the production, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents. Understood in its broadest sense, 'The economy is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources'.[1] Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur when two parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. Monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain.
Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor, and capital. It has changed over time due to technology (automation, accelerator of process, reduction of cost functions), innovation (new products, services, processes, new markets, expands markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) such as that which produces intellectual property and changes in industrial relations (for example, child labor being replaced in some parts of the world with universal access to education).
A given economy is the result of a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure and legal systems, as well as its geography, natural resource endowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of human practices and transactions. It does not stand alone.
A market-based economy is where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency.
A command-based economy is where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed.
A green economy is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive. In a green economy, growth in income and employment are driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Range
2 Etymology
3 History
3.1 Ancient times
3.2 Middle ages
3.3 Early modern times
3.4 The Industrial Revolution
3.5 The invention of the economy
3.6 Late 20th – beginning of 21st century
4 Economic phases of precedence
5 Economic measures
5.1 GDP
6 Informal economy
7 Economic research
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
Range[edit]
Today the range of fields of the study examining the economy revolve around the social science of economics, but may include sociology (economic sociology), history (economic history), anthropology (economic anthropology), and geography (economic geography). Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services as a whole, are engineering, management, business administration, applied science, and finance.
All professions, occupations, economic agents or economic activities, contribute to the economy. Consumption, saving, and investment are variable components in the economy that determine macroeconomic equilibrium. There are three main sectors of economic activity: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Due to the growing importance of the economical sector in modern times,[3] the term real economy is used by analysts[4][5] as well as politicians[6] to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services,[7] as ostensibly contrasted with the paper economy, or the financial side of the economy,[8] which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation), such as real GDP, or in nominal values (unadjusted for inflation).[9]
Etymology[edit]
The English words "economy" and "economics" can be traced back to the Greek word οἰκονόμος (i.e. "household management"), a composite word derived from οἶκος ("house;household;home") and νέμω ("manage; distribute;to deal out;dispense") by way of οἰκονομία ("household management").
The first recorded sense of the word "economy" is in the phrase "the management of œconomic affairs", found in a work possibly composed in a monastery in 1440. "Economy" is later recorded in more general senses, including "thrift" and "administration".
The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of a country or an area", seems not to have developed until the 19th or 20th century.[10]
History[edit]
Ancient times[edit]
Storage room, Palace of Knossos.
See also: Palace economy
As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money, while the Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on debt, legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property.[11]
The Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts.[12] They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records.
The ancient economy was mainly based on subsistence farming. The Shekel referred to an ancient unit of weight and currency. The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC., and referred to a specific mass of barley which related other values in a metric such as silver, bronze, copper etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight, just as the British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver.
For most people, the exchange of goods occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In Ancient Greece, where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were bond slaves of the freeholders. The economic discussion was driven by scarcity.
Middle ages[edit]
10 Ducats (1621), minted as circulating currency by the Fugger Family.
In Medieval times, what we now call economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within social groups. On top of this, the great conquerors raised venture capital (from ventura, ital.; risk) to finance their captures. The capital should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the New World. Merchants such as Jakob Fugger (1459–1525) and Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360–1428) founded the first banks.[citation needed] The discoveries of Marco Polo (1254–1324), Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) and Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) led to a first global economy. The first enterprises were trading establishments. In 1513, the first stock exchange was founded in Antwerpen. Economy at the time meant primarily trade.
Early modern times[edit]
The European captures became branches of the European states, the so-called colonies. The rising nation-states Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain and the Netherlands tried to control the trade through custom duties and (from mercator, lat.: merchant) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and public interest. The secularization in Europe allowed states to use the immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the nobles decreased. The first Secretaries of State for economy started their work. Bankers like Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and infrastructure. Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the citizens of a state.
The Industrial Revolution[edit]
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany, 1868
Main article: Industrial Revolution
The first economist in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman Adam Smith (1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of physiocracy, a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari.[13] He defined the elements of a national economy: products are offered at a natural price generated by the use of competition - supply and demand - and the division of labor. He maintained that the basic motive for free trade is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the anthropological basis for economics. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of overpopulation.
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism) and led to economic growth. The period today is called industrial revolution because the system of Production, production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods.
The invention of the economy[edit]
The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s.[14]
After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This was explored and discussed by Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992) and Milton Friedman (1912–2006) who pleaded for a global free trade and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called neoliberalism. However, the prevailing view was that held by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the markets by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand is called Keynesianism in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in America and Europe—often called Wirtschaftswunder (ger: economic miracle) —brought up a new form of economy: mass consumption economy. In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) was the first to speak of an affluent society. In most of the countries the economic system is called a social market economy.
Late 20th – beginning of 21st century[edit]
ESET (IT security company) headquarters in Bratislava, Slovakia.
With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the transition of the countries of the Eastern Block towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the post-industrial society is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the service sector receives at the place of the industrialization, as well the first usage of this term, some relate it to Daniel Bell's 1973 book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, while other - to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book, Tools for Conviviality. The term is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of postmodernism in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century. But, the term came to common usage to describe the growth of economies like the Chinese at the period (the term is specifically used by Bill Clinton in a speech about Republic of China in 1998).
With the spread of Internet as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000-2001, the idea for the Internet and information economy is given place because of the growing importance of ecommerce and electronic businesses, also the term for a global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 00s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China, Brazil, and India bring attention and interest to different from the usually dominating Western type economies and economic models.
Economic phases of precedence[edit]
The economy may be considered as having developed through the following Phases or Degrees of Precedence.
The ancient economy was mainly based on subsistence farming.
The industrial revolution phase lessened the role of subsistence farming, converting it to more extensive and mono-cultural forms of agriculture in the last three centuries. The economic growth took place mostly in mining, construction and manufacturing industries. Commerce became more significant due to the need for improved exchange and distribution of produce throughout the community.
In the economies of modern consumer societies phase there is a growing part played by services, finance, and technology—the knowledge economy.
In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by the three-sector theory.[citation needed]
Primary stage/degree of the economy: Involves the extraction and production of raw materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A coal miner and a fisherman would be workers in the primary degree.)
Secondary stage/degree of the economy: Involves the transformation of raw or intermediate materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing. (A builder and a dressmaker would be workers in the secondary degree.) At this stage the associated industrial economy is also sub-divided into several economic sectors (also called industries). Their separate evolution during the Industrial Revolution phase is dealt with elsewhere.
Tertiary stage/degree of the economy: Involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking. (A shopkeeper and an accountant would be workers in the tertiary degree.)
Quaternary stage/degree of the economy: Involves the research and development needed to produce products from natural resources and their subsequent by-products. (A logging company might research ways to use partially burnt wood to be processed so that the undamaged portions of it can be made into pulp for paper.) Note that education is sometimes included in this sector.
Other sectors of the developed community include :
the Public Sector or state sector (which usually includes: parliament, law-courts and government centers, various emergency services, public health, shelters for impoverished and threatened people, transport facilities, air/sea ports, post-natal care, hospitals, schools, libraries, museums, preserved historical buildings, parks/gardens, nature-reserves, some universities, national sports grounds/stadiums, national arts/concert-halls or theaters and centers for various religions).
the Private Sector or privately run businesses.
the Social sector or Voluntary sector.
Economic measures[edit]
There are a number of ways to measure economic activity of a nation. These methods of measuring economic activity include:
Consumer spending
Exchange rate
Gross domestic product
GDP per capita
GNP
Stock Market
Interest rate
Government debt
Rate of Inflation
Unemployment
Balance of Trade
GDP[edit]
The GDP - Gross domestic product of a country is a measure of the size of its economy. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita. While often useful, it should be noted that GDP only includes economic activity for which money is exchanged.
Informal economy[edit]
Black market peddler on graffiti, Kharkiv
Main article: Informal economy
An informal economy is economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government, contrasted with a formal economy. The informal economy is thus not included in that government's gross national product (GNP). Although the informal economy is often associated with developing countries, all economic systems contain an informal economy in some proportion.
Informal economic activity is a dynamic process which includes many aspects of economic and social theory including exchange, regulation, and enforcement. By its nature, it is necessarily difficult to observe, study, define, and measure. No single source readily or authoritatively defines informal economy as a unit of study.
The terms "under the table" and "off the books" typically refer to this type of economy. The term black market refers to a specific subset of the informal economy. The term "informal sector" was used in many earlier studies, and has been mostly replaced in more recent studies which use the newer term.
The informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries but it is often stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However the informal sector provides critical economic opportunities for the poor and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s. As such, integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge.
Economic research[edit]
Economic research is conducted in fields as different as Economics, Economic sociology, Economic anthropology, or Economic history.
See also[edit]
Business and economics portal
Capitalism
Business ethics
Econometrics
Economics education
Economic history (includes list by country)
Economic system
Economic equilibrium
Economic union
Ecological economics
History of money
List of economists
List of economic communities
List of free trade agreements
Non-market economics
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
Socialism
Supply and demand
Thermoeconomics
World economy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James, Paul; with Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred B. (2015). Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability. London: Routledge. p. 53.
Jump up ^ http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/ger_final_dec_2011/1.0-Introduction.pdf
Jump up ^ The volume of financial transactions in the 2008 global economy was 73.5 times higher than nominal world GDP, while, in 1990, this ratio amounted to "only" 15.3 ("A General Financial Transaction Tax: A Short Cut of the Pros, the Cons and a Proposal", Austrian Institute for Economic Research, 2009)
Jump up ^ "Meanwhile, in the Real Economy", Wall Street Journal, July 23, 2009
Jump up ^ "Bank Regulation Should Serve Real Economy", Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2011
Jump up ^ "Perry and Romney Trade Swipes Over ‘Real Economy'", Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2011
Jump up ^ "Real Economy" definition in the Financial Times Lexicon
Jump up ^ "Real economy" definition in the Economic Glossary
Jump up ^ • Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics, search for real.
• R. O'Donnell (1987). "real and nominal quantities," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 97-98.
Jump up ^ Dictionary.com, "economy." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. October 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sheila C. Dow (2005), "Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 27 (3), p. 385-391.
Jump up ^ Charles F. Horne, Ph.D. (1915). "The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction". Yale University. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ François Quesnay. An Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World- preview entry:Physiocrats & physiocracy. Charles Scribner & Sons. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Jacob (28 February 2014). "The Invention Of 'The Economy'". NPR - Planet Money. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Aristotle, Politics, Book I-IIX, translated by Benjamin Jowett, Classics.mit.edu
Barnes, Peter, Capitalism 3.0, A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons, San Francisco 2006, Whatiseconomy.com
Dill, Alexander, Reclaiming the Hidden Assets, Towards a Global Freeware Index, Global Freeware Research Paper 01-07, 2007, Whatiseconomy.com
Fehr Ernst, Schmidt, Klaus M., The Economics Of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism - experimental Evidence and new Theories, 2005, Discussion PAPER 2005-20, Munich Economics, Whatiseconomy.com
Marx, Karl, Engels, Friedrich, 1848, The Communist Manifesto, Marxists.org
Stiglitz, Joseph E., Global public goods and global finance: does global governance ensure that the global public interest is served? In: Advancing Public Goods, Jean-Philippe Touffut, (ed.), Paris 2006, pp. 149/164, GSB.columbia.edu
Where is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century. Wealth of Nations Report 2006, Ian Johnson and Francois Bourguignon, World Bank, Washington 2006, Whatiseconomy.com
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economics.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Economy.
Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.
Rothbard, Murray, Man, Economy, and State: A Treatise on Economic Principles, 1962.
Galbraith, John Kenneth, The Affluent Society, 1958.
Mises, Ludwig von, Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, 1949.
Keynes, John Maynard, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936.
Marx, Karl, Das Kapital, 1867.
Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776.
Authority control
GND: 4066399-1
NDL: 00616793
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy&oldid=799688593"
Categories:
Economy
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from August 2016
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikivoyage
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Armãneashti
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Gàidhlig
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Italiano
ಕನ್ನಡ
Къарачай-малкъар
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Кыргызча
Лезги
ລາວ
Latviešu
मराठी
مصرى
مازِرونی
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پښتو
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
Xitsonga
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 September 2017, at 07:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Economy_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Economy (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background: none;

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: li

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #efefef;

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;

values: List of important publications in economics

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;background-color: #efefef;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Goods_(economics)
mw-redirect
Goods (economics)

values:
/wiki/Child_labor
mw-redirect
Child labor

values:
/wiki/Market-based_economy
mw-redirect
Market-based economy

values:
/wiki/Good_(economics)
mw-redirect
Good (economics)

values:
/wiki/Economic_agent
mw-redirect
Economic agent

values:
/wiki/Saving_(money)
mw-redirect
Saving (money)

values:
/wiki/City_states
mw-redirect
City states

values:
/wiki/Subsistence_farming
mw-redirect
Subsistence farming

values:
/wiki/Bond_slaves
mw-redirect
Bond slaves

values:
/wiki/Freeholder_(government)
mw-redirect
Freeholder (government)

values:
/wiki/Fugger_Family
mw-redirect
Fugger Family

values:
/wiki/Social_groups
mw-redirect
Social groups

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Custom_duties
mw-redirect
Custom duties

values:
/wiki/Secretaries_of_State
mw-redirect
Secretaries of State

values:
/wiki/National_economy
mw-redirect
National economy

values:
/wiki/Natural_price
mw-redirect
Natural price

values:
/wiki/Division_of_labor
mw-redirect
Division of labor

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Malthus
mw-redirect
Thomas Malthus

values:
/wiki/Industrial_revolution
mw-redirect
Industrial revolution

values: Edit section: The invention of the economy

values:
/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek
mw-redirect
Friedrich August von Hayek

values:
/wiki/Mass_consumption_economy
mw-redirect
Mass consumption economy

values:
/wiki/Affluent_society
mw-redirect
Affluent society

values: Edit section: Late 20th – beginning of 21st century

values:
/wiki/Service_sector
mw-redirect
Service sector

values: Edit section: Economic phases of precedence

values:
/wiki/Consumer_society
mw-redirect
Consumer society

values:
/wiki/Raw_materials
mw-redirect
Raw materials

values:
/wiki/Economic_sectors
mw-redirect
Economic sectors

values:
/wiki/Public_Sector
mw-redirect
Public Sector

values:
/wiki/Private_Sector
mw-redirect
Private Sector

values:
/wiki/Social_sector
mw-redirect
Social sector

values:
/wiki/GDP_per_capita
mw-redirect
GDP per capita

values:
/wiki/Stock_Market
mw-redirect
Stock Market

values:
/wiki/Balance_of_Trade
mw-redirect
Balance of Trade

values:
/wiki/Informal_economy
mw-redirect
Informal economy

values:
/wiki/Developing_countries
mw-redirect
Developing countries

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/List_of_economic_communities
mw-redirect
List of economic communities

values:
/wiki/List_of_free_trade_agreements
mw-redirect
List of free trade agreements

values:
/wiki/Non-market_economics
mw-redirect
Non-market economics

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal
mw-redirect
Wall Street Journal

values: The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics

values:
/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin
mw-redirect
Houghton Mifflin

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4066399-1

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Economy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Economy&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: اقتصاد – Arabic

values: Иҡтисад – Bashkir

values: Икономика – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privreda
Privreda – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia
Economia – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika
Ekonomika – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economi
Economi – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majandus
Majandus – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Οικονομία – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio
Ekonomio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: اقتصاد – Persian

values: Տնտեսություն – Armenian

values: अर्थव्यवस्था – Hindi

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi
Ekonomi – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Экономикæ – Ossetic

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia
Economia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಅರ್ಥ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada

values: Экономика – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchumi
Uchumi – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Экономикалык ишкердүүлүк – Kyrgyz

values: Экономика – Lezghian

values: ເສດຖະກິດ – Lao

values: अर्थव्यवस्था – Marathi

values: Эдийн засаг – Mongolian

values: စီးပွားရေး – Burmese

values: अर्थतन्त्र – Newari

values: ਅਰਥਚਾਰਾ – Punjabi

values: اقتصاد – Pashto

values: Экономика – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy
Economy – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values: Привреда – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privreda
Privreda – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talous
Talous – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi
Ekonomi – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiya
Ekonomiya – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பொருளாதாரம் – Tamil

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadamsa
Tadamsa – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values: Икътисад – Tatar

values: เศรษฐกิจ – Thai

values: Иқтисоди миллӣ – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi
Ekonomi – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Господарство – Ukrainian

values: معیشت – Urdu

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom-kom
Kom-kom – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy
Economy – Tsonga
ts
ts
interlanguage-link-target

values: עקאנאמיע – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Economy rootpage-Economy skin-vector action-view