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Burning of Washington
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Burning of Washington
Part of the War of 1812
Battle of Bladensburg

Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings
Date
August 24, 1814
Location
Washington, D.C., United States
Result
British victory
Brief occupation of Washington
Destruction of public buildings
Belligerents
United Kingdom United States
Commanders and leaders
Robert Ross
George Cockburn
James Madison
Strength
4,250[1] 7,640
Casualties and losses
1 killed, 3 wounded (Colonial Marines)
3 unknown wounded
City of Washington attacked by British forces
Many government buildings set ablaze
Destruction of the 36-gun frigate USS New York.
44-gun frigate USS Columbia and 22-gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture.
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v
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Chesapeake campaign
Havre de Grace
Craney Island
St. Michaels
Chesapeake Bay Flotilla
Bladensburg
Washington
Alexandria
Caulk's Field
North Point
Baltimore
Farnham Church
British and American movements during the Chesapeake Campaign 1814
The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross burned down buildings including the White House (known as the Presidential Mansion), and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[2] The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada. Throughout the history of the United States, the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington, D.C.; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital.
President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the "United States Capital for a Day". President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.
Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden, very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away, killing British troops and American civilians alike. Following the storm, the British returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. After the "Storm that saved Washington", as it soon came to be called, the Americans returned to the city.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Reasons
2 Events
3 U.S. Capitol
4 White House
5 Other Washington properties
6 "The Storm that Saved Washington"
7 Aftermath
8 Reconstruction
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Citations
10.3 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Reasons[edit]
The British government, already at war with Napoleonic France, adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812. Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada. However, after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814, Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States. In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada, the Earl of Bathurst, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda, from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada.[4] The commanders were under strict orders, however, not to carry out operations far inland, or to attempt to hold territory. Early in 1814, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station, controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war. He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans.[5]
Admiralty House, Mount Wyndham, Bermuda, where the attack was planned
Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack.[6] Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and "the greater political effect likely to result".[7] General Ross commanded a 4,500-man army, composed of the 4th (King's Own) Light, 21st Royal North British Fusiliers, 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot, and 85th Regiment of Foot.
An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814, the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover.[8] On June 2, 1814, Sir George Prévost, Governor General of The Canadas, wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House, in Bailey's Bay, Bermuda, calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war. Prévost argued that,
… in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie, in order that if the war with the United States continues you may, should you judge it advisable, assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.[8]
On July 18, Cochrane ordered Cockburn to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable".[9] Cochrane instructed, "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States". Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President's Mansion, during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast. They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen (Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist), with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches. They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings. Major-General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order. Throughout the events of that day, a severe storm blew into the city, worsening on the night of August 24, 1814.
Events[edit]
Burning of Washington August 1814
President James Madison, members of his government, and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day. President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.[10]
The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings. Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared. Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast.[11]:358
U.S. Capitol[edit]
The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington, D.C. in the War of 1812. Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814, restored.
The Capitol was, according to some contemporary travelers, the only building in Washington "worthy to be noticed."[12] Thus, it was a prime target for the British invaders, both for its aesthetic and symbolic value. Upon arrival into the city via Maryland Avenue, the British targeted the Capitol (first the southern wing, containing the House of Representatives, then the northern wing, containing the Senate).[13] Prior to setting it aflame, the British looted the building (which at that time housed Congress, the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Court). Items looted by British General Sir George Cockburn included “An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810.[14]"
The British intended to burn the building to the ground. They set fire to the southern wing first. The flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely. However, the Library of Congress’s contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side.[15] Among the destruction was the 3,000-volume collection of the Library of Congress [16] and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns, pediments, and sculptures[17] originally designed by William Thornton in 1793 and Benjamin Latrobe in 1803.[18] The wooden ceilings and floors burned, and the glass skylights melted because of the intense heat.[19] But, the building was not a complete loss. The House rotunda, the east lobby, the staircases, and Latrobe’s famous Corn-Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived.[20] The Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington, Thomas Munroe, concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28, with $457,388.36 for the North wing and main building, and $329,774.92 for the South wing.[21]
White House[edit]
The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24, 1814. Watercolor by George Munger, displayed at the White House
After burning the Capitol, the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House. After US government officials and President Madison fled the city, the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband, urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment's notice.[22] Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British.[23] James Madison's personal slave, the fifteen-year-old boy Paul Jennings, was an eyewitness.[24] After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison, Jennings published his memoir in 1865, considered the first from the White House:
It has often been stated in print, that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House, she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington (now in one of the parlors there), and carried it off. She had no time for doing it. It would have required a ladder to get it down. All she carried off was the silver in her reticule, as the British were thought to be but a few squares off, and were expected any moment.[25]
Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were:
John Susé (Jean Pierre Sioussat) (a Frenchman, then door-keeper, and still living) and Magraw [McGraw], the President's gardener, took it down and sent it off on a wagon, with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of. When the British did arrive, they ate up the very dinner, and drank the wines, &c., that I had prepared for the President's party.[25][26][27]
The soldiers burned the president's house, and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day.
In 2009, President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables. (The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting, not the original,[28] although it is the same one on display in the East Room.) "A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington, to visit the White House. They looked at the painting their relative helped save."[29] In an interview with National Public Radio, Jennings' great-great-grandson Hugh Alexander said, "We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting, which was for me one of the high points."[24] He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison.[24]
Other Washington properties[edit]
The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn. At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building
The day after the destruction of the White House, Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper, the National Intelligencer, intending to burn it down. However, several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses. Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him, branding him "The Ruffian". Instead, he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick, and ordered all the "C" type destroyed "so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name".[30]
The US Treasury Building (built 1804)
The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814. The Patent Office later burned in 1836
The Washington Navy Yard in 1862
The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth, but they found only old records.[16] They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings. The United States Department of War building was also burned. However, the War and State Department files had been removed, so all books and records had been saved; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier.[31] The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton, the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents, who gained British cooperation to preserve it.[32][A] "When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack, the Patent Office was the only Government building ... left untouched" in Washington.[33]
The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard, founded by Thomas Jefferson, to prevent capture of stores and ammunition,[34] as well as the 44-gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion.[35] The Navy Yard's Latrobe Gate, Quarters A, and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction.[36][37] Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant's House, although several private properties were damaged or destroyed.[38]
In the afternoon of August 25, General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf's Point. The fort, later known as Fort McNair, had already been destroyed by the Americans, but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained. While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well, the powder ignited. As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion, and many others were maimed.[39]
"The Storm that Saved Washington"[edit]
Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue[3] and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike.[40] Following the storm, the British troops returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation. While some assert that the storm forced their retreat,[3] it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm, and their written orders from Cochrane to "destroy and lay waste",[41] that their intention was merely to raze the city, rather than occupy it for an extended period. Whatever the case, the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. Despite this, the "Storm that saved Washington", as it became known, did the opposite according to some. The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy (such as the Patent Office). The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC.
An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington. "Dear God! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country?" enquired the Admiral. "This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city", the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn. "Not so, Madam", Cockburn retorted. "It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city", before riding off on horseback.[42] Yet, the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces.
The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack, of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines.[43]
The destruction of the Capitol, including the Senate House and the House of Representatives, the Arsenal, Dockyard, Treasury, War Office, President's mansion, bridge over the Potomac, a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £365,000.[11]:359
A separate British force captured Alexandria, on the south side of the Potomac River, while Ross's troops were leaving Washington. The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town.[44]
President Madison returned to Washington by September 1, on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia.[45] Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19. Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings, they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building.[46]
In 2013, an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series "Weather That Changed History", entitled "The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C.", was devoted to these events.
Aftermath[edit]
Most contemporary American observers, including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists, condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism.[47] Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe, where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction (at least on the part of the occupiers – the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders). According to The Annual Register, the burning had "brought a heavy censure on the British character", with some members of Parliament, including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread,[47] joining in the criticism.
The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada. In addition, they noted that the United States had been the aggressor, declaring war and initiating it.[48] Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York, the provincial capital of Upper Canada, early in 1813. Sir George Prévost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate".[49] The Reverend John Strachan, who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there, wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada".[50]
When they ultimately returned to Bermuda, the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife, Queen Charlotte, which had been discovered in one of the public buildings. One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda, and the other in the Cabinet Building, both in the city of Hamilton.[51]
Reconstruction[edit]
The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War
Although the President and military officers returned to Washington only a few days after the British left, Congress did not return for three and half weeks.[52] The Thirteenth Congress officially convened on September 19, 1814, at the Blodgett’s Hotel, one of the few surviving buildings large enough to hold all members.[53] The Blodgett's Hotel also housed the U. S. Patent Office. Although the British had destroyed all public buildings, the Blodgett's Hotel and U.S. Patent Office was spared.[54] It was in this building that Congress met between September 1814 and December 1815 (when construction of the Old Brick Capitol was complete).[55]
There was a movement in Congress to relocate the capital after the burning. Congressmen from the North pushed for relocation to Philadelphia or other prominent Union cities, while Southern congressmen claimed that moving the capital would degrade the American sense of dignity and strength (however many southern congressmen simply did not want to move the capital north of the Mason–Dixon line).[56] On September 21, 1814, the House of Representatives voted to strike down a proposal to relocate the capital from Washington, D. C. by a margin of 83 to 54.[57] On February 3, 1815, in an effort to guarantee that the federal government would always remain in the area, Washington property owners funded the building of the Old Brick Capitol,[58] a larger meeting space where the Supreme Court now stands.[59] Construction of the Old Brick Capitol cost $25,000 and was funded primarily through the sale of stocks. The largest donor was Daniel Carroll of Duddington, a rich English property owner in the area.[60] Construction began on July 4, 1814, and concluded in December 1815. Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol between December 1815 and December 1819, when the Capitol reopened.[61]
The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated. The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete; the Capitol took twelve years.[18] A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one.[62] On February 13, 1815, President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings, including the Capitol, "on their present sites in the city of Washington".[63] Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803, was rehired to repair the building on April 18, 1815.[64] He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards, 500 tons of stone, 1,000 barrels of lime, and brick.[65] With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks,[61] Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult.[66] Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826.[18] Bulfinch modified Latrobe’s design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86ft. With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington, the value of land in the area increased dramatically, paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War.[67]
See also[edit]
War of 1812 portal
War of 1812 bibliography
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation—1790 to 1886—with an outline of laws, growth, publications, office routine, etc. Washington, D.C.: R. Beresford, Printer. 1886. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011. It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it. Thornton "put himself before the gun, and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed: 'Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals? This is the Patent Office, a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. Would you destroy it? If so, fire away, and let the charge pass through my body.' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers, and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction."
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Burning of Washington, D.C.;Chesapeake Campaign". The War of 1812. genealogy, Inc. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The White House at War: The White House Burns: The War of 1812". White House Historical Association. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c The War of 1812, Scene 5 "An Act of Nature", History Channel, 2005
Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, p. 240.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b Cruikshank 2006, p. 402.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.
Jump up ^ "Brookeville 1814". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
Jump up ^ Herrick 2005, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles, G. (1963). The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press,. p. 139.
Jump up ^ United States Department of the Treasury. "An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810". Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrick 2005, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles G. (1963). The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the U.S. Capitol Building". Architect of the Capitol | United States Capitol.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
Jump up ^ United States Congress, Thirteenth Congress (October 29, 1814). "Report from the superintendent of the Public Buildings" in the Report of the Committee appointed to...inquire into the cause...of the invasion of the city of Washington by the British forces. Washington, DC: United States Congress. p. 362.
Jump up ^ Pitch, Anthony S. (1998). The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 49–50.
Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison's letter to her sister describing these events. (Willets 1908, p. 219)
^ Jump up to: a b c Siegel & Block 2009, Descendant...
^ Jump up to: a b Jennings 1865, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets (Willets 1908, p. 221)
Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House (McCormick 1904, p. 170).
Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house
Jump up ^ Gura 2009, Descendants of a slave....
Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department: Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments. By United States. War Dept. Board on Business Methods 1889 .p.184
Jump up ^ "The Patent Fire of 1836". patentlaws.com. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "One Hot Commodity: Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office". Kids pages. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crawford, p222, quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27, 1814 'The Enemy himself, on our entering the Town set fire to …'
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902, p. 47.
Jump up ^ "It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington." (Gerson & Branam 1973, p. 5)
Jump up ^ "When the British captured Washington on August 24, 1814, and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage, both Quarters A (Tingey's House) and Quarters B (Lieutenant Haraden's House) were untouched, but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that 'not a movable object from cellar to garret was left, and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken." (Taylor 1973, p. 3,5)
Jump up ^ "Act of July 14, 1832, to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2, 1833, to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-yard by the British in 1814." (Reports... 1894, p. 174)
Jump up ^ George 2000, p. 111.
Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.
Jump up ^ Peter Snow "When Britain Burned the White House" 2012
Jump up ^ "No. 16939". The London Gazette. September 27, 1814. pp. 1942–1943.
Jump up ^ Landry 2009, p. 255.
Jump up ^ "James Madison, Proclamation – Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1, 1814". The American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Howe, David Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 243–244.
Jump up ^ Hickey 1989, p. 202.
Jump up ^ Elting 1995, p. 220.
Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 244–245.
Jump up ^ POTSI (archived): HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 99.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 141.
Jump up ^ Skeen, C. Edward (2003). "The Fourteenth Congress Begins". 1816: America Rising (PDF). University Press of Kentucky. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Clark, Allen C. (1938). Daniel Carroll of Duddington (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 36.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812–1817". Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812–1817". Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800–1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 65.
Jump up ^ Clark, Allen C. (1938). Daniel Carroll of Duddington (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 142.
^ Jump up to: a b Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 143.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 100.
Jump up ^ United States Congress, Thirteenth Congress (February 13, 1815). Session III, Statue III, Ch. 41 (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Congress. p. 205.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Skeen, C. Edward (2003). "The Fourteenth Congress Begins". 1816: America Rising (PDF). University Press of Kentucky. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812–1817". Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800–1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 73.
Sources[edit]
Crawford, Michael J. (Ed) (2002). The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3. Washington: United States Department of Defense. ISBN 978-0-16-051224-7
Cruikshank, Ernest (2006) [1814]. The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier. (Part 1-2). University of Calgary. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
Fredriksen, John C. (2001). America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-57607-603-3.
George, Christopher T (2000). Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay. White Mane Books. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-57249-276-9.
Gerson, Leonard; Branam, Alfred (August 14, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Gleig, George Robert (1827). The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815. London: J. Murray. ISBN 0-665-45385-X.
Gura, David (August 24, 2009). "Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved". The Two-Way. NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Herrick, Carole (2005). August 24, 1814: Washington in Flames. Falls Church, VA: Higher Education Publications, Inc.
Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana. ISBN 0-252-01613-0.
Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
Jennings, Paul (1865). A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison. Brookyn: George C. Beadle.
Landry, Peter (2009). Settlement, Revolution & War. Bloomington, IL: Trafford Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4251-8791-0.
McCormick, John H. (1904). "The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C. 7: 170–194. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Morriss, Roger (1997). Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-253-0.
NWS staff (June 15, 2011). "NWS Sterling, VA – D.C. Tornado Events". National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Myatt, Kevin (August 26, 2006). "Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812?". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, VA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans. Part II. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (August 24, 2009). "Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy". NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Taylor, Nancy (August 14, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Third Congress. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Willets, Gilson (1908). Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation's presidents and their families. New York: The Christian Herald.
Further reading[edit]
Latimer, Jon. 1812: War with America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-674-02584-9
Martin, John. "The British Are Coming: Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze," LC Information Bulletin, September 1998
Pack, A. James. The Man Who Burned The White House, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-420-9
Phelan, Mary Kay. The Burning of Washington: August 1814, Ty Crowell Co, 1975. ISBN 0-690-00486-9
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, White House History Magazine, Fall 1998
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3
Siegel, Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR, August 24, 2009.
Snow, Peter "When Britain Burned the White House, The 1814 Invasion of Washington", London: John Murray, 2013. ISBN 978-1-250-04828-8
Whitehorne, Joseph A. The Battle for Baltimore: 1814 (1997)
Listing by surname of Royal Marines (2nd Battn, 3rd Battn, Colonial Marines) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington
External links[edit]
The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation's Capital
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Piece of My Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Piece of My Heart (disambiguation).
"Piece of My Heart"
Single by Erma Franklin
B-side
"Baby, What You Want Me to Do"
Released
October 1967
Format
7" single
Recorded
1967
Genre
Soul
Length
2:35
Label
Shout
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Ragovoy, Bert Berns
Erma Franklin singles chronology
"Big Boss Man"
(1967) "Piece of My Heart"
(1967) "Open up Your Soul"
(1967)
"Big Boss Man"
(1967) "Piece of My Heart"
(1967) "Open up Your Soul"
(1967)
"Piece of My Heart" is a romantic funk/soul love song written by Jerry Ragovoy and Bert Berns, originally recorded by Erma Franklin in 1967.
The song came to greater mainstream attention when Big Brother and the Holding Company (featuring Janis Joplin on lead vocals) covered the song in 1968 and had a much bigger hit with it. The song has since been remade by several singers, including Dusty Springfield on her 1968 album Dusty... Definitely, Bryan Ferry on his solo debut album These Foolish Things in 1973, Faith Hill in 1994 and Melissa Etheridge in 2005.
In 2004, the Big Brother and the Holding Company version was ranked number 353 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song is also included among The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.
Contents
1 Erma Franklin's original recording: 1967
2 Big Brother and the Holding Company version: 1968
3 Faith Hill version: 1994
4 Melissa Etheridge/Joss Stone version: 2005
5 Beverley Knight version: 2006
5.1 Personnel
6 Other versions of cultural significance
7 References
8 External links
Erma Franklin's original recording: 1967[edit]
The original version of "Piece of My Heart" was recorded by Aretha Franklin's older sister Erma in 1967 for producer Bert Berns' Shout label with the same song on both sides of the 7” vinyl single.[1][2] The song reached number 10 on the R&B charts in the US,[3] and also peaked at number sixty-two on the U.S. Pop Singles chart.
Bert Berns wanted Van Morrison, who he was producing at the time, to record the song, but Morrison decIined, wanting to do his own material instead. In the UK, the single was re-released in 1992[4], due to a successful Levi's jeans commercial ("Cinderella" AKA "Night and Day" directed by Tarsem Singh), when it peaked in the UK Singles Chart at number nine.
Big Brother and the Holding Company version: 1968[edit]
"Piece of My Heart"
Cover of the 1968 Dutch single
Single by Big Brother and the Holding Company
from the album Cheap Thrills
B-side
"Turtle Blues"
Released
August 1968 (1968-08)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
March 2 – May 20, 1968
Genre
Psychedelic rock[5]
blues rock[6]
Length
4:15
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Ragovoy
Bert Berns
Producer(s)
John Simon
The song became a bigger pop hit when recorded by Big Brother and the Holding Company in 1968 with lead singer Janis Joplin.[7][8] The song was taken from the group's album Cheap Thrills, recorded in 1968 and released on Columbia Records. This 2 minutes 43 seconds rendition made it to number twelve on the U.S. pop chart. The album release was the culmination of a hugely successful year for Joplin with acclaimed performances at the Monterey Pop Festival, Anderson Theater in New York, Wake For Martin Luther King Jr. (with Jimi Hendrix) in New York and on TV's prime-time The Dick Cavett Show.
The song's instrumentation was arranged by Sam Andrew, who also performed three distorted, loud guitar solos giving the song a psychedelic touch. The B-side was "Summertime". Another version had the B-side "Turtle Blues".
Franklin said in an interview that when she first heard Joplin's version on the radio, she didn't recognize it because of the vocal arrangement.[9] Noted cultural writer Ellen Willis wrote of the difference: "When Franklin sings it, it is a challenge: no matter what you do to me, I will not let you destroy my ability to be human, to love. Joplin seems rather to be saying, surely if I keep taking this, if I keep setting an example of love and forgiveness, surely he has to understand, change, give me back what I have given". In such a way, Joplin used blues conventions not to transcend pain, but "to scream it out of existence".[10]
Until her death in 1970, "Piece of My Heart" was Joplin’s biggest chart success and best-known song. ("Me and Bobby McGee”, which Kris Kristofferson wrote, eclipsed "Piece of My Heart" when it appeared after her death in 1970. It went to #1 in 1971). "Piece of My Heart" remains most associated with Joplin and continued to get airplay long after her death. Berns never got to hear Joplin's version, dying of a heart attack on December 30, 1967.[11]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[12]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Faith Hill version: 1994[edit]
"Piece of My Heart"
Single by Faith Hill
from the album Take Me as I Am
B-side
"I Would Be Stronger Than That"
Released
January 13, 1994[13]
Format
CD single
Recorded
1993
Genre
Country
Length
4:01
Label
Warner Bros. Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Ragovoy, Bert Berns
Producer(s)
Gary Burr
Faith Hill singles chronology
"Wild One"
(1993) "Piece of My Heart"
(1994) "But I Will"
(1994)
"Wild One"
(1993) "Piece of My Heart"
(1994) "But I Will"
(1994)
Country artist Faith Hill included the song on her debut album, Take Me as I Am (1993). It was a number one hit for her in 1994. Hill's version took on a more passive tone coupled with traditional country instrumentation. Prior to recording the track, Hill had never heard Janis Joplin's rendition. Hill's producers refused to allow her to listen to the Joplin version until she had completed her own recording.[citation needed]
Hill re-recorded the track for the soundtrack to the TV series King of the Hill, released in 1999. This edgier version can also be found on the 1998 international pressing of her third album, Faith (re-titled "Love Will Always Win" outside the U.S.) and 2001 international greatest hits album There You'll Be. Her original version was included in her 2007 greatest hits album The Hits.
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[14] 1
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[15] 15
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[16] 1
Chart (1994)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[17] 13
US Country Songs (Billboard)[18] 22
Melissa Etheridge/Joss Stone version: 2005[edit]
A live medley of this song with Janis Joplin and the Full Tilt Boogie Band's 1971 song "Cry Baby" became a hit duet for American rock singer Melissa Etheridge and English soul singer Joss Stone when it was released to iTunes Store after they performed it at the 47th Grammy Awards on February 13, 2005, in tribute to Joplin. She had previously sung it at Woodstock '94 as part of a four-song medley of Joplin tunes.[19]
Etheridge's medley with Joss Stone made number 32 in the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot Digital Tracks in April 2005. The performance also signaled Etheridge's first public return from her battle with breast cancer; appearing with her head bald from the effects of chemotherapy.[20] Etheridge also recorded a solo version of "Piece of My Heart" on her 2005 greatest hits album Greatest Hits: The Road Less Traveled.
"Piece of My Heart"
CD single cover
Single by Beverley Knight
from the album Voice - The Best of Beverley Knight
Released
March 13, 2006
Format
CD single, DVD single, 12" single, digital download
Recorded
2004
Genre
R&B, soul
Length
4:17 (album version)
3:36 (radio edit)
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Ragovoy, Bert Berns
Producer(s)
Jimmy Hogarth
Beverley Knight singles chronology
"Keep This Fire Burning"
(2005) "Piece of My Heart"
(2006) "No Man's Land"
(2007)
"Keep This Fire Burning"
(2005) "Piece of My Heart"
(2006) "No Man's Land"
(2007)
Beverley Knight version: 2006[edit]
On her 2005 Affirmation Tour, English soul singer Beverley Knight performed the song with Ronnie Wood, which encouraged her to make a studio recording of the song. "Piece of My Heart" was the lead single from her 2006 best-of compilation Voice - The Best of Beverley Knight.[21] It peaked inside the top ten of the UK radio airplay chart. The physical single was released on March 13, 2006.
Due to a change in the UK chart rules which allowed singles to chart purely on downloads a week before their physical release, "Piece of My Heart" entered the UK chart at number ninety-three, becoming one of the first singles to do so. It ranked at number sixteen after its physical commercial release. It was her first single to be released as a DVD. It is her longest-running single to date on the UK Singles Chart, spending eleven weeks inside the top seventy-five. It was her thirteenth top forty entry and her seventh top twenty hit on the UK Singles Chart.
Personnel[edit]
Written by Bert Berns and Jerry Ragovoy
Produced by Jimmy Hogarth
Engineered by Pom (Pierre-Olivier Magerand)
Mixed by Phillip Bodger
Lead vocals by Beverley Knight
Backing vocals by Bryan Chambers, Billie Godfrey, Louise Marshall
Wurlitzer & Hammond organ by Martin Slatterty
Bass by Sam Dixon
Drums by Jeremy Stacey
Guitars & percussion by Jimmy Hogarth
Other versions of cultural significance[edit]
The song appeared on Home, the debut album of Delaney & Bonnie, released in 1969.[22] It was also released by Sammy Hagar.[23] In 1997, Shaggy recorded a version.[24] Norway’s Liv Marit Wedvik, released her rendition on Showtime Records (2004).[25] In January 2009, Daryl Hall included a version by Company of Thieves with Genevieve on vocals and chair dancing, on Live from Daryl's House.[26] CeeLo Green once sang the song.[27]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Erma Franklin - Piece Of My Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
Jump up ^ Cad, Saint. "Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals". listverse.com. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel, The Billboard Book of TOP 40 R&B and Hip Hop Hits, Billboard Books, New York 2006
Jump up ^ "Erma Franklin - (Take A Little) Piece Of My Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
Jump up ^ "The Janis and Tupac Show". Hits. February 27, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nick Talevski (April 7, 2010). Rock Obituaries - Knocking on Heaven's Door. Omnibus Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-85712-117-2.
Jump up ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 52 - The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 8] : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
Jump up ^ 1945-, Dalton, David, (1991). Piece of my heart : a portrait of Janis Joplin. New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306804468. OCLC 23868679.
Jump up ^ "Erma Franklin". Bluesmusicnow.com. June 28, 1990. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, "Janis Joplin". Random House, 1980
Jump up ^ "Piece Of My Heart by Big Brother & the Holding Company Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Janis Joplin – Piece of My Heart". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Faith Hill. "Piece of My Heart - Amazon.com Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2461." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. May 2, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Faith Hill Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Faith Hill Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994". RPM. December 12, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 1994: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Piece Of My Heart by Big Brother & the Holding Company Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Melissa Etheridge Talks About Breast Cancer - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. October 19, 2005. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Beverley Knight - Piece Of My Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Delaney & Bonnie - Home". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Sammy Hagar - Piece Of My Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Shaggy featuring Marsha (3) - Piece Of My Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Liv Marit Wedvik - Whatever You Say". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Company of Thieves Piece of My Heart Live from Daryl's House". YouTube. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
Jump up ^ Christopher Merino (2015-03-23). "Cee Lo Green "Piece Of My Heart" Cover (Parenthood Show)". YouTube. Retrieved 2017-10-30.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
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Janis Joplin
Studio albums
Big Brother & the Holding Company (1967)
Cheap Thrills (1968)
I Got Dem Ol' Kozmic Blues Again Mama! (1969)
Pearl (1971)
Live albums
In Concert (1972)
Live at Winterland '68 (1998)
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968 (2012)
Compilations
Janis Joplin's Greatest Hits (1973)
Janis (1975)
Wicked Woman (1976)
Farewell Song (1982)
Janis (1993)
This Is Janis Joplin (1995)
18 Essential Songs (1995)
Love, Janis (2001)
The Lost Tapes (2008)
Move Over! (2011)
Blow All My Blues Away (2012)
The Pearl Sessions (2012)
Songs
"Ball and Chain"
"Careless Love"
"Cry Baby"
"Down on Me"
"Flower in the Sun"
"Hesitation Blues"
"Kozmic Blues"
"Mary Jane"
"Me and Bobby McGee"
"Mercedes Benz"
"Move Over"
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out"
"Piece of My Heart"
"See See Rider"
"Silver Threads and Golden Needles"
"Summertime"
"Tell Mama"
"To Love Somebody"
"Trouble in Mind"
"What Good Can Drinkin' Do"
"Work Me, Lord"
Related
Big Brother and the Holding Company
Full Tilt Boogie Band
Janis (1974 documentary)
Love, Janis (2001 musical)
Nine Hundred Nights (2001 documentary)
Janis: Little Girl Blue (2015 documentary)
Sam Andrew
Jorma Kaukonen
Gabriel Mekler
Michael Monarch
Book
show
v
t
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Bonnie Tyler
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
The World Starts Tonight
Natural Force
Diamond Cut
Goodbye to the Island
Faster Than the Speed of Night
Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire
Hide Your Heart
Bitterblue
Angel Heart
Silhouette in Red
Free Spirit
All in One Voice
Heart Strings
Simply Believe
Wings
Rocks and Honey
Extended plays
Bonnie Tyler
Live albums
Bonnie Tyler Live
Live in Germany 1993
Compilations
The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler
The Greatest Hits
Heaven & Hell (with Meat Loaf)
Here Am I
The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler: Volume 1
The Best
Gold
The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler: Volume 2
Comeback: Single Collection '90–'94
The Definitive Collection
Straight from the Heart – The Very Best of Bonnie Tyler
Greatest Hits
Total Eclipse Anthology
From the Heart: Greatest Hits
Best of 3 CD
All the Hits
The Collection
DVDs
Bonnie on Tour
Live in Germany 1993
Concert tours
Hide Your Heart
Silhouette in Red
Free Spirit
Heart Strings
South Africa Tour 2013
Greatest Hits Tour
Principal collaborators
Ronnie Scott
Jim Steinman
Desmond Child
Dieter Bohlen
Giorgio Moroder
Television
Never Mind the Buzzcocks
Hollyoaks Later
Eurovision Song Contest
Related articles
26th Annual Grammy Awards
27th Annual Grammy Awards
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013
Book:Bonnie Tyler
show
v
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e
Melissa Etheridge
Albums
Melissa Etheridge
Brave and Crazy
Never Enough
Yes I Am
Your Little Secret
Breakdown
Skin
Lucky
The Awakening
Fearless Love
4th Street Feeling
This Is M.E.
Compilations
Greatest Hits: The Road Less Traveled
Other albums
A New Thought For Christmas
Notable singles
"Bring Me Some Water"
"Like the Way I Do"
"No Souvenirs"
"I'm the Only One"
"Come to My Window"
"If I Wanted To"
"Your Little Secret"
"I Want to Come Over"
"Angels Would Fall"
"Scarecrow"
"I Need to Wake Up"
"Message to Myself"
"Fearless Love"
Featured singles
"Cry Baby"/"Piece of My Heart"
"Just Stand Up!"
"Sing"
Related articles
Discography
Julie Cypher
Tammy Lynn Michaels
Linda Wallem
show
v
t
e
Faith Hill singles
Discography
Take Me as I Am
"Wild One"
"Piece of My Heart"
"But I Will"
"Take Me as I Am"
It Matters to Me
"Let's Go to Vegas"
"It Matters to Me"
"Someone Else's Dream"
"You Can't Lose Me"
"I Can't Do That Anymore"
Faith
"This Kiss"
"Just to Hear You Say That You Love Me" (with Tim McGraw)
"Let Me Let Go"
"Love Ain't Like That"
"The Secret of Life"
Breathe
"Breathe"
"The Way You Love Me"
"Let's Make Love" (with Tim McGraw)
"If My Heart Had Wings"
Cry
"Cry"
"When the Lights Go Down"
"You're Still Here"
Fireflies
"Mississippi Girl"
"Like We Never Loved at All" (with Tim McGraw)
"The Lucky One"
"Sunshine and Summertime"
"Stealing Kisses"
The Hits
"Lost"
"Red Umbrella"
Joy to the World
"A Baby Changes Everything"
The Rest of Our Life
(with Tim McGraw)
"Speak to a Girl"
"The Rest of Our Life"
Collaborations
"It's Your Love" (with Tim McGraw)
"I Need You" (with Tim McGraw)
"Sing" (with Annie Lennox)
"Meanwhile Back at Mama's" (with Tim McGraw)
Other singles
"There You'll Be"
"Where Are You, Christmas?"
"Give In to Me"
"Come Home"
"American Heart"
show
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Beverley Knight
Studio albums
The B-Funk
Prodigal Sista
Who I Am
Affirmation
Music City Soul
100%
Soul UK
Soulsville
Compilation albums
Voice – The Best of Beverley Knight
The Collection
100% – The Remixes
Soul UK – The Remixes
The Collection 1995–2007
Extended plays
Love Soul: Soul UK Live EP
Singles
"Flavour of the Old School"
"Down for the One"
"Moving On Up (on the Right Side)"
"Mutual Feeling"
"Cast All Your Cares"
"Made It Back"
"Rewind (Find a Way)"
"Greatest Day"
"Sista Sista"
"Get Up!"
"Shoulda Woulda Coulda"
"Gold"
"Shape Of You (Reshaped)"
"Come As You Are"
"Not Too Late for Love"
"Keep This Fire Burning"
"Piece of My Heart"
"No Man's Land"
"After You"
"The Queen of Starting Over"
"Every Step"
"Beautiful Night"
"In Your Shoes"
"Soul Survivor"
"Mama Used to Say"
"Cuddly Toy"
"One More Try"
"Round and Around"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Middle of Love"
"Private Number"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
Studio albums with Leading Ladies
Songs from the Stage
Singles with Leading Ladies
One Night Only
I'm Every Woman / Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
Related articles
Discography
Who I Am Tour
Affirmation Tour
Voice - The Best of Tour
Ultimate Tour 2006
Music City Soul Tour
100% Tour
Soul UK Tour
Soulsville Tour
I Love Soulsville Tour
show
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Joss Stone
Discography
Studio albums
The Soul Sessions
Mind Body & Soul
Introducing Joss Stone
Colour Me Free!
LP1
The Soul Sessions Vol. 2
Water for Your Soul
Compilation albums
The Best of Joss Stone 2003–2009
Video albums
Mind Body & Soul Sessions: Live in New York City
Other albums
SuperHeavy
Singles
"Fell in Love with a Boy"
"Super Duper Love"
"You Had Me"
"Right to Be Wrong"
"Spoiled"
"Cry Baby/Piece of My Heart"
"Don't Cha Wanna Ride"
"Tell Me 'bout It"
"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now"
"L-O-V-E"
"Baby Baby Baby"
"Free Me"
"While You're Out Looking for Sugar"
"Pillow Talk"
"Teardrops"
"No Man's Land (Green Fields of France)"
Featured singles
"Cry Baby Cry"
"Sing"
"I Put a Spell on You
"The Best Thing About Me Is You"
Other songs
"Stalemate"
Related articles
Tours
SuperHeavy
Stone'd Records
show
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Etta James
Discography
Studio albums
At Last!
The Second Time Around
Etta James
Etta James Sings for Lovers
Etta James Top Ten
The Queen of Soul
Call My Name
Tell Mama
Etta James Sings Funk
Losers Weepers
Etta James
Come a Little Closer
Etta Is Betta Than Evvah!
Deep in the Night
Changes
Seven Year Itch
Stickin' to My Guns
The Right Time
Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday
Time After Time
Love's Been Rough on Me
Life, Love & the Blues
12 Songs of Christmas
Heart of a Woman
Matriarch of the Blues
Blue Gardenia
Let's Roll
Blues to the Bone
All the Way
The Dreamer
Live albums
Etta James Rocks the House
Red-Hot & Live
Jazzvisions: Jump The Blues Away
Burnin' Down the House: Live at the House of Blues
Compilation albums
My Greatest Songs
Miss Etta James: The Complete Modern and Kent Recordings
Gold
Singles
"The Wallflower (Dance with Me, Henry)"
"Spoonful"
"All I Could Do Was Cry"
"At Last"
"Trust in Me"
"Seven Day Fool"
"Something's Got a Hold on Me"
"Baby What You Want Me to Do"
"I Got You Babe"
"Almost Persuaded"
"Sound of Love"
"Piece of My Heart"
"I Just Want to Make Love to You"
Book
show
v
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Big Brother and the Holding Company
Peter Albin
Dave Getz
Ben Nieves
Cathy Richardson
Sam Andrew
James Gurley
Chuck Jones
Janis Joplin
Nick Gravenites
Kathi McDonald
Dave Schallock
Mike Finnigan
Tom Finch
Studio albums
Big Brother and the Holding Company
Cheap Thrills
Be a Brother
How Hard It Is
Can't Go Home Again
Live/compilation albums
In Concert
Cheaper Thrills
Live at Winterland '68
The Lost Tapes
Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968
Singles
"Piece of My Heart"
Related
Nine Hundred Nights (documentary)
Monterey Pop Festival
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piece_of_My_Heart&oldid=852257090"
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The 'doctrine of lapse' was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India before 1858. According to the doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountacy) of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir".[1] The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor.[citation needed] In addition, the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate.
The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. However, it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General. Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie
3 Princely states annexed under the doctrine
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
At the time of its adoption, the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and Jhansi (1854), Tanjore and Arcot (1855) and Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse. Oudh (1856) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis-governance. Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine.[2] Udaipur State, however, would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860.[3]
With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]
The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a 'doctrine of lapse'. So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, though he arguably made it official by documenting it. Dalhousie's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India.
Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie[edit]
Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely of his invention. The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834.[5] As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842.
Princely states annexed under the doctrine[edit]
Angul (1848)
Arcot (1855)
Banda (1858)
Guler (1813)
Jaintia (1835)
Jaitpur (1849)
Jalaun (1840)
Jaswan (1849)
Jhansi (1854)
Kachari (1830)
Kangra (1846)
Kannanur (1819)
Kittur (1824)
Kodagu (1834)
Kolaba (1840)
Kozhikode (1806)
Kullu (1846)
Kurnool (1839)
Kutlehar (1825)
Makrai (1890); local rule reinstated by the British in 1893
Nagpur (1854)
Nargund (1858)
Oudh (1854)
Punjab (1849)
Ramgarh (1858)
Sambalpur (1849)
Satara (1848)
Surat (1842)
Siba (1849)
Tanjore (1855)
Tulsipur (1854)
Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854); local rule reinstated by the British in 1860
See also[edit]
Colonialism
Escheat
List of princely states of India
Presidencies and provinces of British India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keay, John. India: A History. Grove Press Books, distributed by Publishers Group West. United States: 2000 ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, p. 433.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India; 3rd ed., pp. 226-28. Oxford University Press, 1989.
Jump up ^ Rajput Provinces of India - Udaipur (Princely State)
Jump up ^ Wolpert (1989), p. 240.
Jump up ^ S.N.Sen, ed. (2006). History of Modern India. New Age International (P) Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 978-8122-41774-6.
[hide]
v
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e
Princely states annexed by the British Raj
Angul (1848)
Arcot (Carnatic, as political pensioner) (1855)
Banda (1858)
Banki (1840)
Ballabhgarh (1867)
Carnatic (as state, 1801)
Datarpur (1848)
Guler (1813)
Jaintia (1835)
Jaitpur (1849)
Jalaun (1840)
Jaswan (1849)
Jhansi (1854)
Jubbal (1832 - 1840)
Kachari (1830)
Kangra (1846)
Kanika (1805)
Kannanur (1819)
Kittur (1824)
Kodagu (1834)
Kolaba (Colaba) (1840)
Kozhikode (1806)
Kullu (1846)
Kulpahar (1858)
Kurnool (1839)
Kutlehar (1825)
Makrai (1890 - 1893)
Nagpur (1854)
Nargund (1858)
Nurpur (1849)
Oudh (Awadh) (1854)
Punjab (1849)
Ramgarh (1858)
Sambalpur (1849)
Satara (1848)
Surat (1842)
Siba (1849)
Tanjore (1855)
Tulsipur (1859)
Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854 - 1860)
List of princely states of British India (by region)
Princely states alphabetical
Doctrine of lapse
Annexation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_of_lapse&oldid=818611002"
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