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Great Depression in Canada
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Canada was hit hard by the Great Depression. The worldwide depression that started in the United States in late 1929 quickly reached Canada. Between 1929 and 1939, the gross domestic product dropped 40% (compared to 37% in the US). Estimates show that unemployment reached up to 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933. Many companies closed, as corporate profits of $398 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million as prices fell. Farmers in the Prairies were hit especially hard by the collapse of wheat prices. Despite the emergence of numerous radical parties, the government was run by the major parties. The Depression ended in 1939 as World War II began.[1]
Food line at the Yonge Street Mission in Toronto in the 1930s (during the Great Depression)
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic results
1.1 Impact
1.2 Unemployment
1.3 Prairie Provinces
1.4 Women
1.5 Teachers
1.6 Labour policy
2 World trade
3 Government reaction
3.1 New Deal
3.2 Liberals return
3.3 Social Credit
3.3.1 Social Credit in office
4 Recovery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Economic results[edit]
By 1930, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Wages fell, as did prices. Gross National Expenditure had declined 42% from the 1929 levels. In some areas, the decline was far worse. In the rural areas of the prairies, two thirds of the population were on relief.
Further damage was the reduction of investment: both large companies and individuals were unwilling and unable to invest in new ventures.
In 1932, industrial production was only at 58% of the 1929 level, the second lowest level in the world after the United States, and well behind nations such as Britain, which only saw it fall to 83% of the 1929 level. Total national income fell to 55% of the 1929 level, again worse than any nation other than the U.S.[2]
Impact[edit]
Relief Work repairing a highway
Canada's economy at the time was just starting to shift from primary industry (farming, fishing, mining and logging) to manufacturing. Exports of raw materials plunged, and employment, prices and profits fell in every sector. Canada was the worst-hit because of its economic position. It was further affected as its main trading partners were Britain and the U.S., both of which were badly affected by the worldwide depression.[2]
One of the areas not affected was bush flying, which, thanks to a mining and exploration boom, continued to thrive throughout this period.[3] Even so, most bush flying companies lost money, impacted by the government's cancellation of airmail contracts in 1931-2.[4]
Unemployment[edit]
Urban unemployment nationwide was 19%; Toronto's rate was 17%, according to the census of 1931. Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed.[5] By 1933, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Wages fell as did prices. In some areas, such as mining and lumbering areas, the decline was far worse.
Prairie Provinces[edit]
The Prairie Provinces and Western Canada were the hardest-hit. In the rural areas of the prairies, two thirds of the population were on relief. The region fully recovered after 1939. The fall of wheat prices drove many farmers to the towns and cities, such as Calgary, Alberta; Regina, Saskatchewan; and Brandon, Manitoba. Population in the prairie provinces fell below natural replacement level. There was also migration from the southern prairies affected by Dust Bowl conditions such as the Palliser's Triangle to aspen parkland in the north.[6]
The On-To-Ottawa Trek
During the depression, there was a rise of working class militancy organized by the Communist Party. The labour unions largely retreated in response to the ravages of the depression at the same time that significant portions of the working class, including the unemployed, clamoured for collective action.
Numerous strikes and protests were led by the Communists, many of which culminated in violent clashes with the police. Some notable ones include a coal miners strike that resulted in the Estevan Riot in Estevan, Saskatchewan that left three strikers dead by RCMP bullets in 1931, a waterfront strike in Vancouver that culminated with the "Battle of Ballantyne Pier" in 1935, and numerous unemployed demonstrations up to and including the On-to-Ottawa Trek that left one Regina police constable and one protester dead in the "Regina Riot." Although the actual number of Communist Party militants remained small, their impact was far disproportionate to their numbers, in large part because of the anticommunist reaction of the government, especially the policies of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett who vowed to crush Communism in Canada with an "iron heel of ruthlessness."[7]
These conflicts diminished after 1935, when the Communist Party shifted strategies and Bennett's Conservatives were defeated. Agitation and unrest nonetheless persisted throughout the depression, marked by periodic clashes, such as a sit-down strike in Vancouver that ended with "Bloody Sunday." These developments had far-reaching consequences in shaping the postwar environment, including the domestic cold war climate, the rise of the welfare state, and the implementation of an institutional framework for industrial relations.
Women[edit]
Women's primary role were as housewives; without a steady flow of family income, their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care. The birthrates fell everywhere, as children were postponed until families could financially support them. The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12% from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930, to 17.0 in 1935.[8] In Canada, half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births.[9]
Among the few women in the labor force, layoffs were less common in the white-collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work. However, there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job, so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed.[10][11][12]
Housewives updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat—sometimes even horse meat—and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and made do with colder homes. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. These strategies show that women's domestic labor—cooking, cleaning, budgeting, shopping, childcare—was essential to the economic maintenance of the family and offered room for economies. Many women also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid—extra food, spare rooms, repair-work, cash loans—to help cousins and in-laws.[13][14]
Women held 25-30% of the jobs in the cities.[15] Few women were employed in heavy industry, railways or construction. Many were household workers or were employed in restaurants and family-owned shops. Women factory workers typically handled clothing and food. Educated women had a narrow range of jobs, such as clerical work and teaching. It was expected that a woman give up a good job when she married.[16] Srigley emphasizes the wide range of background factors and family circumstances, arguing that "gender" itself was typically less important than race, ethnicity, or class.[17]
Teachers[edit]
School budgets were cut across the country, although enrollments went up and up because dropouts could not find jobs. To save money the districts consolidated nearby schools, dropped staff lines, postponed new construction, and increased class size. Middle-class well-educated teachers were squeezed by the financial crisis facing their employers. In Ontario, new teachers were not hired so the average age and experience increased. However, their salaries fell and men who otherwise would have taken higher status business jobs increasingly competed against women. Married women were not hired on the grounds it was unfair for one family to have two scarce jobs that breadwinners needed. Women teachers, who had made major gains in the 1910-20 era, saw themselves discriminated against.[18] The teacher's unions were practically helpless in the crisis, even in Ontario where they were strongest.[19] After prosperity returned in the 1940s, however, money was available again, there was a shortage of teachers, and the unions proved more effective. For example, in Quebec, the Corporation Général des Instituteurs et des Institutrices Catholics (CIC) was founded in 1946 (it became the Centrale de l'Enseignement du Québec (CEQ) in 1967). It sought higher pensions and salaries and better working conditions, while insisting the teachers were full-fledged professionals.[20] In remote rural areas professionalization was uncommon; local school boards tightly controlled the one-room schools, typically hiring local women with a high school education or a year at university as teachers, so their meagre salaries would remain in the community.[21]
Labour policy[edit]
Case studies of four Canadian textile firms—two cotton and two hosiery and knitting—demonstrate the range of business response to the economic crisis. Each faced a different array of conditions, and each devised the appropriate restructuring strategies. The large corporations responded by investing in more expensive machinery and automation, hiring less skilled workers to tend the automated equipment, and tweaking their product lines to changing consumer tastes. However the smaller hosiery and knitting firms lacked the capital to invest or the research needed to monitor consumer tastes. They used time-tested "Taylorized" scientific management or made piecemeal changes. Power shifted upward to management, as strikes were too risky in the early 1930s and the opportunity to find a better job had drastically narrowed.[22] By 1935, however, the influence of militant American unions spilled over the border and Canadian unions became more forceful and harmonious. The activity was most notable in Ontario's automobile factories, beginning in Windsor in late 1936, where the new Automobile Workers of America (UAW) chartered its first Canadian local at the Kelsey-Hayes factory.[23]
World trade[edit]
The Stock Market crash in New York led people to hoard their money; as consumption fell, the American economy steadily contracted, 1929-32. Given the close economic links between the two countries, the collapse quickly affected Canada. Added to the woes of the prairies were those of Ontario and Quebec, whose manufacturing industries were now victims of overproduction. Massive lay-offs occurred and other companies collapsed into bankruptcy. This collapse was not as sharp as that in the United States, but was the second sharpest collapse in the world.
Canada did have some advantages over other countries, especially its extremely stable banking system that had no failures during the entire depression, compared to over 9,000 small banks that collapsed in the United States.
Canada was hurt badly because of its reliance on base commodities, whose prices fell by over 50%, and because of the importance of international trade. In the 1920s about 25% of the Canadian Gross National Product was derived from exports. The first reaction of the U.S. was to raise tariffs via the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, passed into law June 17, 1930. This hurt the Canadian economy more than most other countries in the world, and Canada retaliated by raising its own rates on American exports and by switching business to the Empire.[24]
In an angry response to Smoot–Hawley, Canada welcomed the British introduction of trade protectionism and a system of Commonwealth preference during the winter of 1931-32. It helped Canada avoid external default on their public debt during the Great Depression. Canada had a high degree of exposure to the international economy, which left Canada susceptible to any international economic downturn. The onset of the depression created critical balance of payment deficits, and it was largely the extension of imperial protection by Britain that gave Canada the opportunity to increase their exports to the British market. By 1938 Britain was importing more than twice the 1929 volume of products from Australia, while the value of products shipped from Canada more than doubled, despite the dramatic drop in prices. Thus, the British market played a vital role in helping Canada and Australia stabilize their balance of payments in the immensely difficult economic conditions of the 1930s.[25]
Government reaction[edit]
At the Depression, the provincial and municipal governments were already in debt after an expansion of infrastructure and education during the 1920s. It thus fell to the federal government to try to improve the economy. When the Depression began Mackenzie King was Prime Minister. He believed that the crisis would pass, refused to provide federal aid to the provinces, and only introduced moderate relief efforts. The government's reaction to The Great Depression is the focus of the 2013 documentary Catch The Westbound Train from Prairie Coast Films.
New Deal[edit]
The Bennett Government, which defeated Mackenzie King in the 1930 election, initially refused to offer large-scale aid or relief to the provinces, much to the anger of provincial premiers, but it eventually gave in and started a Canadian "New Deal" type of relief by 1935. By 1937, the worst of the Depression had passed, but it left its mark on the country's economic landscape. Atlantic Canada was especially hard hit. Newfoundland (an independent dominion at the time) was bankrupt economically and politically and gave up responsible government by reverting to direct British control.
World War I veterans built on a history of postwar political activism to play an important role in the expansion of state-sponsored social welfare in Canada. Arguing that their wartime sacrifices had not been properly rewarded, veterans claimed that they were entitled to state protection from poverty and unemployment on the home front. The rhetoric of patriotism, courage, sacrifice, and duty created powerful demands for jobs, relief, and adequate pensions that should, veterans argued, be administered as a right of social citizenship and not a form of charity. At the local, provincial, and national political levels, veterans fought for compensation and recognition for their war service, and made their demands for jobs and social security a central part of emerging social policy.[26]
Blaming it on Bennett: A 1931 political cartoon suggests that Liberals had failed to take responsibility for their own errors.
The Liberal Party lost the 1930 election to the Conservative Party, led by R.B. Bennett. Bennett, a successful western businessman, campaigned on high tariffs and large-scale spending. Make-work programs were begun, and welfare and other assistance programs became vastly larger. This led to a large federal deficit, however. Bennett became wary of the budget shortfalls by 1932, and cut back severely on federal spending. This only deepened the depression as government employees were put out of work and public works projects were cancelled.
One of the greatest burdens on the government was the Canadian National Railway (CNR). The federal government had taken over a number of defunct and bankrupt railways during World War I and the 1920s. The debt the government assumed was over $2 billion, a massive sum at the time, but during the boom years it seemed payable. The Depression turned this debt into a crushing burden. Due to the decrease in trade, the CNR also began to lose substantial amounts of money during the Depression, and had to be further bailed out by the government.
With falling support and the depression only getting worse, Bennett attempted to introduce policies based on the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the United States. Bennett thus called for a minimum wage, unemployment insurance, and other such programs. This effort was largely unsuccessful; the provinces challenged the rights of the federal government to manage these programs. Some of the federal efforts were successful: the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act, which provided alternatives to bankruptcy for distressed businesses, were held to be constitutional by the Reference Re Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act.
The judicial and political failure of Bennett's New Deal legislation shifted the struggle to reconstitute capitalism to the provincial and municipal levels of the state. Attempts to deal with the dislocations of the Great Depression in Ontario focused on the "sweatshop crisis" that came to dominate political and social discourse after 1934. Ontario's 1935 Industrial Standards Act (ISA) was designed to bring workers and employers together under the auspices of the state to establish minimum wages and work standards. The establishment of New Deal style industrial codes was premised on the mobilization of organized capital and organized labour to combat unfair competition, stop the spread of relief-subsidized labour, and halt the predations of sweatshop capitalism. Although the ISA did not bring about extensive economic regulation, it excited considerable interest in the possibility of government intervention. Workers in a diverse range of occupations, from asbestos workers to waitresses, attempted to organize around the possibility of the ISA. The importance of the ISA lies in what it reveals about the nature of welfare, wage labour, the union movement, competitive capitalism, business attitudes toward industrial regulation, and the role of the state in managing the collective affairs of capitalism. The history of the ISA also suggests that "regulatory unionism," as described by Colin Gordon in his work on the American New Deal, may have animated key developments in Canadian social, economic, and labour history.[27]
The failure to help the economy led to the federal Conservatives' defeat in the 1935 election when the Liberals, still led by Mackenzie King, returned to power.
The public at large lost faith in both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada. This caused the rise of a third party: the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (a socialist party that achieved some success before joining the Canadian Labour Congress in 1961, becoming the New Democratic Party).
With the worst of the Depression over, the government implemented some relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission, and it established Trans-Canada Airlines (1937, the predecessor to Air Canada). However, it took until 1939 and the outbreak of war for the Canadian economy to return to 1929 levels.
Liberals return[edit]
After 1936 the prime minister lost patience when westerners preferred radical alternatives such as the CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) and Social Credit to his middle-of-the-road liberalism. Indeed, he came close to writing off the region with his comment that the prairie dust bowl was "part of the U.S. desert area. I doubt if it will be of any real use again."[28] Instead he paid more attention to the industrial regions and the needs of Ontario and Quebec regarding the proposed St. Lawrence Seaway project with the United States. As for the unemployed, he was hostile to federal relief and reluctantly accepted a Keynesian solution that involved federal deficit spending, tax cuts and subsidies to the housing market.[29]
Mackenzie King returned as prime minister, serving until his retirement in 1948. During all but the last two years he was also secretary of state for external affairs, taking personal charge of foreign policy.
Social Credit[edit]
Social Credit (often called SoCred) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighbouring British Columbia, 1930s-1970s. Social Credit was based on the economic theories of an Englishman, C. H. Douglas. His theories became very popular across the nation in the early 1930s. A central proposal was the free distribution of dividends (or social credit), called "funny money" by the opposition.[30]
During the Great Depression in Canada the demand for radical action peaked around 1934, after the worst period was over and the economy was recovering. Mortgage debt was significant because farmers could not meet their interest payments. The insecurity of farmers, whose debts were increasing and who had no legal protection against foreclosure, was a potent factor in creating a mood of political desperation. The radical farmers party, UFA was baffled by the depression and Albertans demanded new leadership.
Prairie farmers had always believed that they were being exploited by Toronto and Montreal. What they lacked was a prophet who would lead them to the promised land.[31] The Social Credit movement began in Alberta in 1932; it became a political movement in 1935 and suddenly burned like a prairie fire. The prophet and new premier was radio evangelist William Aberhart (1878–1943). The message was biblical prophecy. Aberhart was a fundamentalist, preaching the revealed word of God and quoting the Bible to find a solution for the evils of the modern, materialistic world: the evils of sophisticated academics and their biblical criticism, the cold formality of middle-class congregations, the vices of dancing and movies and drink. "Bible Bill" preached that the capitalist economy was rotten because of its immorality; specifically it produced goods and services but did not provide people with sufficient purchasing power to enjoy them. This could be remedied by the giving out money in the form of "social credit", or $25 a month for every man and woman. This pump priming was guaranteed to restore prosperity, he prophesied to the 1600 Social Credit clubs he formed in the province.
Alberta's businessmen, professionals, newspaper editors and the traditional middle-class leaders vehemently protested Aberhart's crack-pot ideas, but they had not solved any problems and spoke not of the promised land ahead. Aberhart's new party in 1935 elected 56 members to the Alberta Assembly, compared to 7 for all the other parties.[32]
Alberta's Social Credit Party remained in power for 36 years until 1971. It was re-elected by popular vote no less than 9 times, achieving success by moving from left to the right.[33]
Social Credit in office[edit]
Once in office in Alberta Aberhart gave a high priority to balancing the provincial budget. He reduced expenditures and increased the sales tax and the income tax. The poor and unemployed got nothing.[34] The $25 monthly social dividend never arrived, as Aberhart decided nothing could be done until the province's financial system was changed, and 1936 Alberta defaulted on its bonds. He did pass a Debt Adjustment Act that cancelled all the interest on mortgages since 1932 and limited all interest rates on mortgages to 5%, in line with similar laws passed by other provinces. In 1937 backbenchers passed a radical banking law that was disallowed by the national government (banking was a federal responsibility). Efforts to control the press were also disallowed. The party was authoritarian and tried to exert detailed control over its officeholders; those who rebelled were purged or removed from office by the new device of recall elections. Although Aberhart was hostile to banks and newspapers, he was basically in favour of capitalism and did not support socialist policies as did the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan.[35]
By 1938 the Social Credit government abandoned its notions about the $25 payouts, but its inability to break with UFA policies led to disillusionment and heavy defections from the party. Aberhart's government was re-elected in the 1940 election, carrying 43% of the vote. The prosperity of the Second World War relieved the economic fears and hatreds that had fuelled farmer unrest. Aberhart died in 1943, and was succeeded as Premier by his student at the Prophetic Bible Institute and lifelong close disciple, Ernest C. Manning (1908–1996).
The Social Credit party, now firmly on the right, governed Alberta until 1968 under Manning.
Recovery[edit]
The Canadian recovery from the Great Depression proceeded slowly. Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States.[36] In the U.S. productivity recovered quickly while the labour force remained depressed throughout the decade. In Canada employment quickly recovered but productivity remained well below trend. Amaral and MacGee suggest that this decline is due to the sustained reduction in international trade during the 1930s.
In the midst of the Great Depression, the Crown-in-Council attempted to uplift the people, and created two national corporations: the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), and the Bank of Canada. The former, established in 1932, was seen as a means to keep the country unified and uplifted in these harsh economic times. Many poor citizens found radio as an escape and used it to restore their own faiths in a brighter future. Broadcasting coast to coast mainly in English, with some French, primarily in Quebec, the CRBC played a vital role in keeping the morale up for Canadians everywhere. The latter was used to regulate currency and credit which had been horribly managed amongst Canadian citizens in the prior years. It was also set up to serve as a private banker’s bank and to assist and advise the Canadian government on its own debts and financial matters. The bank played an important role to help steer government spending in the right direction. The bank's effort took place through the tough years of the depression and on to the prosperity that followed into and after the Second World War.
Both of these corporations were seen as positive moves by the Canadian government to help get the economy back on track. 1937 was an important year in the recovery from the Great Depression. The Bank of Canada was nationalized in that year, and the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC) became the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in that same year. Both corporations were successful aids in the cultural and financial recovery of the Canadian economy during the Great depression.
It took the outbreak of World War II to pull Canada out of the depression. From 1939, an increased demand in Europe for materials, and increased spending by the Canadian government created a strong boost for the economy. Unemployed men enlisted in the military. By 1939, Canada was in the first prosperity period in the business cycle in a decade. This coincided with the recovery in the American economy, which created a better market for exports and a new inflow of much needed capital.
See also[edit]
Book: Great Depression
Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
Cities in the Great Depression#Canada
List of riots and civil unrest in Calgary
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kenneth Norrie and Douglas Owram, A History of the Canadian Economy (1991) ch 18
^ Jump up to: a b A. E. Safarian (1970). The Canadian economy in the great depression. McClelland and Stewart. p. 100.
Jump up ^ Payne, Stephen, ed. Canadian Wings (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, Ltd, 2006), p.55.
Jump up ^ Payne, p.55.
Jump up ^ Canada, Bureau of the Census, Unemployment Vol. VI (Ottawa 1931), 1,267
Jump up ^ Friesen, Gerald (1987). The Canadian Prairies: A History (Student ed.). Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press. pp. 383–417. ISBN 0-8020-6648-8.
Jump up ^ Pierre Berton (2012). The Great Depression: 1929-1939. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 290. ISBN 9780307374868.
Jump up ^ W.S. Woytinsky and E.S. World population and production: trends and outlook (1953) p 148
Jump up ^ Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999), p. 159.
Jump up ^ Jill Stephenson (2014). Women in Nazi Germany. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–5.
Jump up ^ Susan K. Foley (2004). Women in France Since 1789: The Meanings of Difference. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 186–90.
Jump up ^ Katrina Srigley (2010). Breadwinning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-era City, 1929-1939. University of Toronto Press. p. 135.
Jump up ^ Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (1999), pp. 70, 108, 136-38, 159.
Jump up ^ Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (Wilfrid Laurier U. Press, 1999) pp 70, 108, 136-38, 159.
Jump up ^ In Toronto women held 28%; in Winnipeg 26%; in Montreal 25%. Canada, Bureau of the Census, Occupations and Industries Vol. VII (Ottawa 1931), pp 226, 250, 190.
Jump up ^ Margaret Hobbs and Alice Kessler-Harris, "Rethinking Antifeminism in the 1930s: Gender Crisis or Workplace Justice? A Response to Alice Kessler-Harris," Gender and History, (April 1993) 5#1 pp 4-15
Jump up ^ Katrina Srigley, "'In Case You Hadn't Noticed!' Race, Ethnicity, and Women's Wage-earning in a Depression-era City." Labour 2005 (55): 69-105.
Jump up ^ Cecilia Reynolds and Harry Smaller, "Ontario School Teachers: a Gendered View of the 1930s." Historical Studies in Education 1994 6(3): 151-169
Jump up ^ Harry Smaller and Andrew Spaull, "The Responses of Canadian Teachers' Unions to the Effects of the 1930s Depression with Emphasis On Ontario," History of Education Review (1994) 23#2 pp 55-72
Jump up ^ P.A. Côté and M L'Hostie, "Le Discours syndical sur la formation et le role des enseignants au Quebec, 1930-1990," Historical Studies in Education, (March 1993) 5#1 pp 3-31
Jump up ^ Dianne M. Hallmann, "'A Thing of the Past': Teaching in One-Room Schools in Rural Nova Scotia, 1936-1941," Historical Studies in Education, (Spring 1992) 4#1 pp 113-132
Jump up ^ Robert Lewis, "The Workplace and Economic Crisis: Canadian Textile Firms, 1929-1935," Enterprise and Society (Sept. 2009) 10#3 pp 498-528
Jump up ^ John Manley, "Communists and Auto Workers: The Struggle for Industrial Unionism in the Canadian Automobile Industry, 1925-36," Labour / Le Travail (Spring 1986) Vol. 17, pp 105-133
Jump up ^ Richard N. Kottman, "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study," Journal of American History, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Dec., 1975), pp. 609-635
Jump up ^ Tim Rooth and Rebecca Taylor, "Exports and External Adjustment during the Slump: The British Market, Australia and Canada During the 1930s," Journal of European Economic History 2001 30(3): 569-595
Jump up ^ Campbell (2000)
Jump up ^ Klee (2000); Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (1994)
Jump up ^ Robert A. Wardhaugh, Mackenzie King and the Prairie West (2000)
Jump up ^ H. Blair Neatby, The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties (1972) p. 84-6.
Jump up ^ Bob Hesketh, Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit. (1997)
Jump up ^ Stephen Leacock (2012). My Discovery of the West: A Discussion of East and West in Canada. HarperCollins. p. 84. ISBN 9781443417297.
Jump up ^ The economic theorist for Aberhart was Major Douglas, an English engineer with an unbounded confidence in technology. * H. Blair Neatby, The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties (1972) pp 143-61; John A. Irving, The Social Credit Movement in Alberta (1959)
Jump up ^ Thomas Flanagan and Martha F. Lee, "From Social Credit to Social Conservatism: The Evolution of an Ideology," Prairie Forum 16 (1991): 205-223; C. B. Macpherson, Democracy in Alberta: Social Credit and the Party System. 2d ed. 1962.
Jump up ^ Alvin Finkel, "Social Credit and the Unemployed." Alberta History 1983 31(2): 24-32.
Jump up ^ In Alberta the CCF and Social Credit were bitter enemies, which made it impossible for them to merge in Saskatchewan. See S. M. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in Saskatchewan a Study in Political Sociology. (1950, 1971 ed.) p. 143-4.
Jump up ^ Amaral, Pedro and James C. MacGee "The Great Depression in Canada and the United States: A Neoclassical Perspective" in Kehoe, Prescott (2007)
Further reading[edit]
Robert L. Ascah; Politics and Public Debt: The Dominion, the Banks, and Alberta's Social Credit University of Alberta Press, 1999 online version
Baillargeon, Denyse. Making Do: Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression (1999). 232 pp.
Berton, Pierre. The Great Depression: 1929-1939 (1990), well-written popular history
Broadfoot, Barry. Ten Lost Years: 1929-1939: Memories of Canadians Who Survived the Depression. Toronto: Doubleday, 1973. 390 pp.
Campbell, Lara. "'We Who Have Wallowed in the Mud of Flanders': First World War Veterans, Unemployment and the Development of Social Welfare in Canada, 1929-39." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association (2000) 11: 125-149. ISSN 0847-4478 Fulltext in Erudit
Cook, Ramsay, ed. Politics of Discontent (1967), with articles on Aberhart, George McCullagh, Pattullo and the Reconstruction Party.
Fisher, Robin. "The Decline of Reform: British Columbia Politics in the 1930s." Journal of Canadian Studies 1990 v.25
Fowke, V. C. The National Policy and the Wheat Economy (1957)
Gray, James. The Winter Years (1966) describes life in Winnipeg during the depression
Hoar, Victor, ed., The Great Depression (1969) includes recollections of the 1930s
Hughes, E. C. French Canada in Transition (1943), sociological study
Klee, Marcus. "Fighting the Sweatshop in Depression Ontario: Capital, Labour and the Industrial Standards Act." Labour 2000 (45): 13-51. ISSN 0700-3862
Kottman Richard N. "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study," Journal of American History, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Dec., 1975), pp. 609–635 in JSTOR
Lipset, Seymour Martin. Agrarian Socialism (1950), on CCF
Dean E. McHenry; The Third Force in Canada: The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, 1932-1948 (1950) online version
McLachlan, Elizabeth. With Unshakeable Persistence: Rural Teachers of the Depression Era. Edmonton: NeWest, 1999. 187 pp.
Neatby, H. Blair; The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties Macmillan of Canada, (1972) online version, the standard scholarly survey
Neatby, H. Blair; William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924-1932: The Lonely Heights University of Toronto Press, 1963 online version
Neatby, H. Blair; William Lyon Mackenzie King: 1932-1939: the Prism of Unity, University of Toronto Press, 1976 online version
Rogers, Sean Harris. "Depression and War: Three Essays on the Canadian Economy, 1930-1945." PhD dissertation McGill U. 2000. 245 pp. DAI 2003 63(7): 2644-2645-A. DANQ70191 Fulltext in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Rooth, Tim and Taylor, Rebecca. "Exports and External Adjustment During the Slump: the British Market, Australia and Canada During the 1930s." Journal of European Economic History 2001 30(3): 569-595. ISSN 0391-5115
Safarian, A.E. The Canadian Economy in the Great Depression (1st ed. 1959; 3rd ed. 2009 with new preface); standard economic history; has data on public and private investment in the major sectors of the economy
Srigley, Katrina. Breadwinning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-era City, 1929-1939 (University of Toronto Press, 2010)
Srigley, Katrina. "Clothing stories: consumption, identity, and desire in depression-era Toronto." Journal of Women's History (2007) 19#1 pp: 82-104. online
Srigley, Katrina. "" In case you hadn't noticed!": Race, Ethnicity, and Women's Wage-Earning in a Depression-Era City." Labour/Le Travail (2005): 69-105. online
Thompson, John H., and Allan Seager. Canada 1922-1939 (1985). standard scholarly survey
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Depression in Canada.
Key Economic Events
[hide]
v
t
e
Great Depression
Topics
Causes
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Dust Bowl
New Deal
Recession of 1937–1938
Effects by area
Australia
Canada
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Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets
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Valerian and the City
of a Thousand Planets
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Luc Besson
Produced by
Luc Besson
Virginie Besson-Silla
Screenplay by
Luc Besson
Based on
Valérian and Laureline
by
Pierre Christin
Jean-Claude Mézières
Starring
Dane DeHaan
Cara Delevingne
Clive Owen
Rihanna
Ethan Hawke
Herbie Hancock
Kris Wu
Rutger Hauer
Music by
Alexandre Desplat[1]
Cinematography
Thierry Arbogast
Edited by
Julien Rey
Production
company
EuropaCorp[2]
TF1 Films Production
Fundamental Films
BNP Paribas
Orange Studio
Universum Film GmbH
Novo Pictures
River Road Entertainment
Belga Films
Distributed by
EuropaCorp Distribution
(France)
STXfilms
(United States)
Release date
17 July 2017 (2017-07-17) (Grauman's Chinese Theatre)
21 July 2017 (2017-07-21) (United States)
26 July 2017 (2017-07-26) (France)
Running time
137 minutes[3]
Country
France[4]
Language
English
Budget
€197 million (gross)[5]
(~$209 million)[6]
$177–180 million (net)[6][7][8]
Box office
$225.2 million[8]
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (French: Valérian et la Cité des mille planètes) is a 2017 English-language French 3D science fiction adventure film[9] written and directed by Luc Besson, and co-produced by Besson and his wife, Virginie Besson-Silla. The film is based on the French science fiction comics series Valérian and Laureline, written by Pierre Christin and illustrated by Jean-Claude Mézières. It stars Dane DeHaan as Valerian and Cara Delevingne as Laureline, with Clive Owen, Rihanna, Ethan Hawke, Herbie Hancock, Kris Wu and Rutger Hauer in supporting roles. Besson independently crowd-sourced and personally funded Valerian and, with a production budget of around $180 million, it is both the most expensive European and independent film ever made.[10]
The film was released by STXfilms on 21 July 2017 in the United States, and in France on 26 July, by EuropaCorp.[11][12] Valerian received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized the plot and some of the casting, but praised the visuals, and grossed $225 million worldwide.[13] Due to its high production and advertising costs, the film was considered a box office bomb.[14][15]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 Possible sequel
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In the 28th century, the former International Space Station has become "Alpha", a space-traveling (by the time it reached a critical mass when it was in Low Earth Orbit) city where millions of creatures from different planets live peacefully and exchange their knowledge and cultures. The humans form a special police division to preserve peace through the universe, including officers Valerian, a happy-go-lucky major, and his partner Laureline, a no-nonsense sergeant.
En route to a mission, Valerian dreams of a planet, where a low-tech humanoid race lives peacefully. They fish for pearls containing enormous amounts of energy, and use small animals to replicate them. Wreckage begins plummeting from the sky, and as the humanoids investigate the derelicts, one enormous ship crashes into the planet, triggering an apocalypse. A female humanoid, a princess of her people, separated from her group after the door to the spaceship wreck being used as shelter breaks, manages to send a telepathic signal just as the explosion consumes her and the surface.
Shaken, Valerian wakes. He learns that his mission is to retrieve a "Mül converter", so called for being able to replicate anything it eats, even currency. It is the last one in the entire universe, from a black market dealer, Igon Siruss. Before setting out, he asks Laureline to marry him, but she brushes him off, knowing of his many affairs with female colleagues and citing his inability to take things seriously.
Travelling to a virtual market called "Big Market", Valerian disrupts a meeting between Igon and two hooded figures seeking the converter - two humanoids, with the "converter" being one of the animals he also saw in his dream. He and Laureline recover the converter, and he surreptitiously steals one of the pearls that had been given as payment for the dealer, hoping to gift it to Laureline as a wedding present.
They return to Alpha, where their superior, frosty Commander Filitt, informs them the center of the station has been infected by an unknown force, rendering it highly toxic, that troops sent into the area have not returned, and that the infection is spreading. Laureline and Valerian are assigned to protect the commander during an interstation summit to discuss the crisis. The commander asks for the converter, but Valerian says that Laureline should hold onto it while they are protecting him.
During the summit, the humanoids suddenly attack - incapacitating everyone before kidnapping Filitt. Valerian frees himself and the others and chases the kidnappers, who head for the infected area. Valerian loses control of his vehicle, and Laureline loses contact with him.
Evading arrest for insubordination, Laureline finds Valerian unconscious at the edge of the infected zone. She wakes him, but is kidnapped after by a primitive tribe that lives in the center of Alpha. Valerian infiltrates the tribe's territory with the help of a shapeshifting dancer, Bubble. He saves Laureline and they escape, but Bubble is mortally wounded. She encourages him to keep pursuing Laureline, before dying.
Valerian and Laureline venture further into the infected area, realizing that it is not radioactive. They reach a large, shielded hall where they find the humanoids with an unconscious Filitt. Their leader, Emperor Haban Limaï explains that his people (who are known as the "Pearls") lived peacefully on the planet Mül, when a battle broke out in orbit between the human government's fleet and another alien species. The human commander, Filitt, ordered the firing of a doomsday weapon that, despite knowledge (or uncaring) that Mül was populated by a civilization, annihilated both the enemy fleet and Mül, as seen in Valerian's dream, sent to him by the princess and daughter of the Pearls' leader, Lihö-Minaa (which she also transfer her soul into Valerian's body after her death). A small group of survivors sheltered in a crashed spaceship and managed to repair it, learning much about technology and the history of other species' in the process. They eventually came to Alpha, where they assimilated more knowledge and constructed a spaceship that could recreate their former home, their "paradise". The hall they are standing in is that spaceship, and they have kidnapped Filitt in order to recover the converter and the pearl they need to launch the ship. Filitt admits to his role in the genocide, but argues that the doomsday strike was necessary to halt the war, and that the cover-up was necessary to prevent the human species from being expelled from Alpha, as well as prevent reparations that would bankrupt the human government.
Valerian has the pearl he took during the black market deal, and Laureline has the converter. Valerian gives them his pearl, but is reluctant to hand over the converter, as it is government property. Laureline convinces him to return it after pointing out the injustice their government perpetrated. While the Pearls' spacecraft prepares for takeoff to no more bother the other species in Alpha, Filitt's pre-programmed K-Tron robot soldiers attack both the Pearls, the government soldiers sent to assist Valerian (which they put explosives around the spacecraft), and their support staff, but are defeated by the support staff and Valerian's efforts. The spacecraft departs with the duo onboard, while Filitt is arrested. In a final scene, in Destiny 2005, a still working Apollo Command/Service Module used by the Pearls as a throne, Valerian and Laureline confess their love and expect to land at their own paradise in two hours.
Cast[edit]
Delevingne, DeHaan and Besson at the San Diego Comic-Con 2016 presentation of Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets, at Camp Conival
Dane DeHaan as Major Valerian, a space-and-time-traveling agent and Laureline's partner/love interest[11]
Cara Delevingne as Sergeant Laureline, a space-and-time-traveling agent and Valerian's partner/love interest[11]
Clive Owen as Arün Filitt, Valerian and Laureline's commander[11]
Rihanna as Bubble, a shapeshifting alien entertainer[12]
Ethan Hawke as Jolly the Pimp[11]
Herbie Hancock as the Defence Minister[12]
Kris Wu as Sergeant Neza[16][17]
Rutger Hauer as the President of the World State Federation
John Goodman as the voice of Igon Siruss, a Kodar'Khan pirate captain and the galaxy's most-wanted criminal[18]
Elizabeth Debicki as the voice of Emperor Haban Limaï[19]
Sam Spruell as General Okto Bar
Alain Chabat as Bob the Pirate
Thom Findlay as the voice of the Pirates
Mathieu Kassovitz as Camelot on Big Market
Jonas Bloquet as K-Tron Warrior/Control Room Soldier
Sand Van Roy as Jessica Rabbit Creature
Sasha Luss as Princess Lihö-Minaa
Louis Leterrier as Captain Welcoming Mercurys
Olivier Megaton as Captain Welcoming KCO2
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Although Luc Besson loved the Valerian comics growing up, he did not seriously consider adapting them into a movie until he was working on The Fifth Element. During development, Besson had tapped Valerian illustrator Jean-Claude Mézières to work on the film, who asked Besson, "Why are you doing this shitty film? Why you don’t do Valerian?"[20] At the time, Besson felt that making the film was "impossible" given the vast monster-to-human ratio.[20] The release of Avatar served as both a blessing and a curse for Besson; he has said, "technically, I could see that we can do everything now. The film proved that imagination is the only limit." However, he also felt that "James Cameron pushed all the levels so high," which made him believe that his script was not good enough, so he rewrote it.[20] Ultimately, the storyboarding for the film took seven months.[21]
The project was first publicly reported in 2012.[22] The two principal stars, Dane DeHaan and Cara Delevingne, were announced in May 2015.[23] On 19 August 2015, Clive Owen signed on to play Commander Arün Filitt in the film.[24] The budget, €197 million, is by far the largest ever assembled for a French film. Previously, Asterix at the Olympic Games was the most expensive, at €78 million, just ahead of Besson's The Fifth Element (€75 million).[25] By the end of August 2015, Besson said in an RTL radio interview that shooting the film in France was too expensive. Because it was filmed in a foreign language (English), Besson was unable to benefit from tax credits, despite preferring to produce the film in France and create jobs for 1,200 crew members.[25][26] The criteria to obtain these tax credits were then adapted accordingly. In May 2015, it was announced Fundamental Films would invest US$50 million in the film.[27]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on 5 January 2016 in seven sound stages dedicated to the film at the Cité du cinéma, in Saint-Denis, north of Paris.[21][28] In total, there are 2,734 visual effect shots.[29]
Release[edit]
Valerian was released in Israel on 20 July, 2017,[30] on 21 July in the United States, and on 26 July in France.[31] Lionsgate handles the film's release in the United Kingdom and Ireland,[32] and STX Entertainment distributes the film in the United States.[33] The film was released on 25 August 2017 in China.[34]
The first teaser for Valerian was released on 10 November 2016.[35] The teaser depicts Marmakas, Entertainers, Bagoulins, and Shingouz, who all appear in Ambassador of the Shadows. A special exclusive preview of Valerian was shown prior to the Fathom Events 4K restoration showing of The Fifth Element on 14 May and 17 May.[36][37]
Home media[edit]
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets is scheduled to be released digitally on November 7, 2017, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on November 21, 2017.[38][39]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets grossed $40.5 million in the United States and Canada and $182.7 million internationally (including $36.4 million in France), for a worldwide total of $223.2 million.[8] With a production budget between $177–180 million, the film would have needed to a worldwide success in order to break even and justify a sequel.[10](subscription required)[40]
In North America, Valerian opened alongside Dunkirk and Girls Trip, and was initially projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,553 theaters, although some insiders believed it would open in the teens.[13][41] It made $6.5 million on its first day, including $1.7 million from Thursday night previews at 2,600 theaters, lowering weekend projections to $16.5 million. The film ended up debuting to $17 million, finishing 5th at the box office, leading Deadline.com to already label the film a domestic box office bomb.[42] and causing a 8.31% fall of the EuropaCorp stock on the following Monday.[15] In its second weekend, the film dropped 62% to $6.4 million, finishing 8th at the box office.[43] In its third and fourth weekends the film made $2.4 million and $901,323, finishing 12th and 17th and dropping another 62% both times.[44]
Outside North America, the film opened in 16 markets alongside the US and made $6.5 million over its opening weekend, including $2.5 million in Germany.[45] In France, the film made $3.72 million (€3.19) on its first day, the second-best opening day of 2017 there behind Despicable Me 3.[46] In China, the film made $9.9 million on its first day from 78,000 screens, becoming the first film to displace Wolf Warriors 2 at the country's box office.[47] It went on to open to $29 million, topping the box office.[48] The largest territory for the film is China, with US$58.2 million.[49]
Critical response[edit]
Valerian received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its visuals while criticizing the plot and some of the casting.[13] On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 232 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets uses sheer kinetic energy and visual thrills to overcome narrative obstacles and offer a viewing experience whose surreal pleasures often outweigh its flaws."[50] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on reviews from 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[51] On French entertainment information website AlloCiné, the film has an average grade of 3.1/5, based on 29 critics.[52] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[42]
David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a grade of B-, praising how "unapologetically idiosyncratic" the film is, while also saying "the vividness of this place only underscores the lifelessness of the people leading us through it .... There are 394 million stories on the City of a Thousand Planets, and Valerian’s might be the only one we’ve seen before. Still, any excuse to visit this place is one worth taking."[53] Peter Sciretta of /Film touted the first half of Valerian as "unpredictable and bonkers insane", while calling the second half more formulaic and "far less exciting", though he still encouraged seeing the film in 3D "on the biggest screen possible".[54] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that it was "rare […] to see a film this extravagant that also feels, for better or worse, like the work of a single personality. The longer action scenes may not always rank with Besson’s early ’90s highlights [...] or the mania of the more recent Lucy, but there isn’t a moment in this ludicrous, lushly self-indulgent movie that doesn’t feel like its creator is having the time of his life."[55]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave a negative review, saying: "The Razzies don't need to wait until the end of the year to anoint a winner for 2017 ... Hollywood studio chiefs can breathe easy that, this time, at least, they'll escape blame for making a giant summer franchise picture that nobody wants to see, since this one's a French import."[56] A. O. Scott of The New York Times was also less than happy with the film, writing the effort "feels as if it were made up on the spot, by someone so delighted by the gaudy genre packaging at his disposal that he lost track of what was supposed to be inside."[57]
Possible sequel[edit]
Despite the film's being a disappointment at the box office, a sequel is still possible due to positive fan reaction.[58]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cabin, Chris (20 September 2016). "Alexandre Desplat Moves from ‘Rogue One’ to ‘Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets’". Collider.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John; Keslassy, Elsa. "Luc Besson’s EuropaCorp Posts $31 Million Loss in ‘Transition Year’". Yahoo!. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets [2D] (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets". UniFrance. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Lemercier, Fabien (10 April 2017). "283 feature films produced by France in 2016". Cineuropa. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Dunkirk' and 'Valerian' Bring Big Budgets to the Weekend, but Will They Bring Big Box Office?". Box Office Mojo. 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (23 July 2017). "Box Office: 'Dunkirk' Conquers Competition With $50.5M Debut; 'Valerian' Bombs". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Winfrey, Graham (7 July 2017). "‘Valerian’: How Luc Besson Made a $180 Million Indie That Can’t Fail". IndieWire. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Can the Most Expensive Indie Movie Ever Break Even?". The Wall Street Journal. 16 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McNary, Dave (6 December 2015). "Ethan Hawke Joins Luc Besson’s ‘Valerian’ Movie". Variety. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (12 December 2015). "Luc Besson Announces That Herbie Hancock Is Joining ‘Valerian’". Deadline.com. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "'Dunkirk' likely to win rare box-office battle of original big-budget movies". Los Angeles Times. 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Valerian’ And The City Of A Thousand Misconceptions: Who’s On The Hook?". Deadline.com. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "EuropaCorp Stock Falls After 'Valerian' Bombs". The Hollywood Reporter. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Besson, Luc (15 December 2015). "Excited to announce Kris Wu in @ValerianMovie!". Twitter. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ eOne Films. "Kris wu is sergeant neza. see him in action in luc besson's stunning sci-fi spectacle #valerian, july 20!". Twitter. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017 – via www.imdb.com.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth Debicki Joins Valerian in Voice-Over Role". Screenrant.com. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleming, Mike Jr. "Luc Besson Lays It On The Line For Passion Pic ‘Valerian’ — Deadline Disruptors". Deadline. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Rogers, Adam (7 June 2017). "Luc Besson Tests the Outer Limits With Sci-Fi Epic Valerian". Wired. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Keslassy, Elsa. "Luc Besson to write-direct ‘Valerian’ adaptation". Variety. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (12 May 2015). "Luc Besson To Direct ‘Valerian’ In Return To Sci-Fi Roots". deadline.com. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (19 August 2015). "Clive Owen Set By Luc Besson For ‘Valerian’". deadline.com. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Luc Besson threatens to film ‘Valerian’ abroad over French tax credits". France 24. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Richford, Rhonda (14 September 2015). "Luc Besson's 'Valerian' to Shoot in France After Incentives Tweak (Report)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (18 May 2015). "Fundamental & EuropaCorp Extend Output Deal For 5 More Years, Includes $50 Million Investment In ‘Valerian’- Cannes". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (4 January 2016). "Cara Delevingne Photo from the Set of Valerian". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luc Besson Says Making ‘The Fifth Element’ Was a ‘Nightmare’ Compared To ‘Valerian’". ScreenCrush. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian Movie: Ultimate Nerdgasm - Shalla-Bal". Shalla-Bal. 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan (18 May 2015). "Luc Besson’s Sci-Fi Epic 'Valerian' Gets Release Date". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Alex Ritman (10 February 2016). "Lionsgate Takes Luc Besson's 'Valerian' for U.K.". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike; Busch, Anita (3 January 2017). "STX Lands Luc Besson’s ‘Valerian’ And Other EuropaCorp Titles In 3-Year Pact; RED Hit With Massive Layoffs". Deadline.com. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Luc Besson’s ‘Valerian’ Gets China Release Date In Late August". Deadline.com. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Drew (8 November 2016). "The 'Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets' Trailer Will Blow Your Mind". Moviefone. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (7 April 2017). "The Fifth Element heading back to theaters with Valerian preview". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "The Fifth Element: 20th Anniversary". Fathom Events. 14 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets DVD Release Date November 21, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Not a Marvel Movie: 'Valerian' Director on His Epic and Expensive Sci-Fi Adapted From a Graphic Novel". Newsweek. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Can ‘War For The Planet Of The Apes’ Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues? – Advance B.O. Forecast". Deadline.com. 4 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘Dunkirk’ Seizes $50.5M; ‘Girls Trip’ Is Malcolm D. Lee’s Highest Opening; The Reasons Why ‘Valerian’ Crashed". Deadline.com. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Dunkirk’ Marches Ahead Of ‘Emoji Movie’ For Top Spot With $28M+". Deadline.com. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Dark Tower' Is Tall Enough For No. 1 With $19.5M During Sluggish Summer Weekend". Deadline.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘‘Dunkirk’ Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4M No. 1 Spot For $105M+ Global Opening; ‘Valerian’ $23.5M Start". Deadline.com. 23 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian’ Takes Flight In France With 2nd Best Opening Day Of 2017". Deadline.com. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Valerian’ Opens To $9.9M In China To Take No. 1 Away From ‘Wolf Warrior 2’ – Int’l Box Office". Deadline.com. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Valerian’ Tops China; ‘Wonder Woman’ Hits $400M Overseas – International Box Office". Deadline.com. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Critiques Presse pour le film Valérian et la Cité des mille Planètes". AlloCiné (in French). Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, David (11 July 2017). "Review: ‘Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets’ Is Like ‘Star Wars’ on Crystal Meth, and It’s Almost Crazy Enough to Work". IndieWire. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (29 June 2017). "First ‘Valerian’ Reactions Praise the Spectacle, Creatures, and World-Building". Collider. Complex Media Inc. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (Jul 14, 2017). "Luc Besson’s space romp Valerian And The City Of A Thousand Planets is fun if you can stand the dumb". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (10 July 2017). "Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (20 July 2017). "Review: ‘Valerian’ Is a Rave in Space (but Not Much Fun)". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Valerian 2 Still Possible Following Positive Fan Reactions". Movieweb.com. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets on IMDb
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets at AllMovie
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets at Box Office Mojo
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets at Metacritic
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Valérian and Laureline
Albums
Les Mauvais Rêves
The City of Shifting Waters
Empire of a Thousand Planets
World Without Stars
Welcome to Alflolol
Birds of the Master
Ambassador of the Shadows
Sur les Terres Truquées
Heroes of the Equinox
Métro Châtelet, Direction Cassiopée
Brooklyn Station, Terminus Cosmos
Les Spectres d'Inverloch
Les Foudres d'Hypsis
On the Frontiers
The Living Weapons
The Circles of Power
Otages de l'Ultralum
L'Orphelin des Astres
Par des Temps Incertains
Au Bord du Grand Rien
L'Ordre des Pierres
L'OuvreTemps
Other stories
Across the Pathways of Space
The Asteroids of Shimballil
Associated people
Jean-Claude Mézières
Pierre Christin
Adaptations
Time Jam: Valerian & Laureline (anime TV series)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (film)
[show]
v
t
e
Luc Besson
Directed
Le Dernier Combat (1983)
Subway (1985)
The Big Blue (1988)
Nikita (1990)
Atlantis (1991)
Léon: The Professional (1994)
The Fifth Element (1997)
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999)
Angel-A (2005)
Arthur and the Invisibles (2006)
Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard (2009)
Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds (2010)
The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec (2010)
The Lady (2011)
The Family (2013)
Lucy (2014)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)
Produced
Le Dernier Combat (1983)
Subway (1985)
Atlantis (1991)
Cold Moon (1991)
Nil by Mouth (1997)
Taxi (1998)
Taxi 2 (2000)
Kiss of the Dragon (2001)
Wasabi (2001)
La Turbulence des fluides (2002)
The Transporter (2002)
Fanfan la Tulipe (2003)
Les Côtelettes (2003)
Michel Vaillant (2003)
Taxi 3 (2003)
District 13 (2004)
Taxi (2004)
Revolver (2005)
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005)
Transporter 2 (2005)
Unleashed (2005)
Angel-A (2005)
Arthur and the Invisibles (2006)
Bandidas (2006)
Love and Other Disasters (2006)
Nuovomondo (2006)
Tell No One (2006)
The Secret (2007)
Taxi 4 (2007)
Hitman (2007)
Taken (2008)
Transporter 3 (2008)
District 13: Ultimatum (2009)
Home (2009)
Staten Island (2009)
Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard (2009)
Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds (2010)
From Paris with Love (2010)
22 Bullets (2010)
Colombiana (2011)
The Source (2011)
A Monster in Paris (2011)
The Lady (2011)
Lockout (2012)
Taken 2 (2012)
No Limit (2012)
Collison (2013)
Jack and the Cuckoo-Clock Heart (2013)
3 Days to Kill (2013)
The Family (2013)
Brick Mansions (2014)
The Homesman (2014)
Taken 3 (2015)
The Transporter Refueled (2015)
The Warriors Gate (2016)
Renegades (2016)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)
Taxi 5 (2018)
Written
Taxi (1998)
Taxi 2 (2000)
Kiss of the Dragon (2001)
Wasabi (2001)
Yamakasi (2001)
The Transporter (2002)
Fanfan la Tulipe (2003)
Taxi 3 (2003)
Michel Vaillant (2003)
Crimson Rivers II: Angels of the Apocalypse (2004)
District 13 (2004)
Revolver (2005)
Transporter 2 (2005)
Unleashed (2005)
Bandidas (2006)
Taxi 4 (2007)
Taken (2008)
Transporter 3 (2008)
District 13: Ultimatum (2009)
From Paris with Love (2010)
Colombiana (2011)
Lockout (2012)
Taken 2 (2012)
3 Days to Kill (2014)
Brick Mansions (2014)
Lucy (2014)
Taken 3 (2015)
The Transporter Refueled (2015)
The Warriors Gate (2016)
Renegades (2017)
Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)
TV series
No Limit (2012-2015)
Taxi Brooklyn (2014)
Taken (2017)
See also
Filmography
EuropaCorp
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerian_and_the_City_of_a_Thousand_Planets&oldid=804961094"
Categories:
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Buddy cop films
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Epic science fiction films
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Films about extraterrestrial life
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values: Valerian – Die Stadt der tausend Planeten – German

values: Valerian y la ciudad de los mil planetas – Spanish

values: والرین و شهر هزار سیاره – Persian

values: Valérian et la Cité des mille planètes – French

values: 발레리안: 천 개 행성의 도시 – Korean

values: Վալերիանը և հազարավոր մոլորակների քաղաքը – Armenian

values: Valerian e la città dei mille pianeti – Italian

values: ולריאן ועיר אלף הכוכבים – Hebrew

values: ვალერიანი და ათასი პლანეტის ქალაქი – Georgian

values: Valerian és az ezer bolygó városa – Hungarian

values: Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets – Dutch

values: Valerian i miasto tysiąca planet – Polish

values: Valerian e a Cidade dos Mil Planetas – Portuguese

values: Valerian și orașul celor o mie de planete – Romanian

values: Валериан и город тысячи планет – Russian

values: Валеријан и царство хиљаду планета – Serbian

values: Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets – Swedish

values: วาเลเรียน พลิกจักรวาล – Thai

values: Valerian ve Bin Gezegen İmparatorluğu – Turkish

values: Валеріан і місто тисячі планет – Ukrainian

values: Valerian và thành phố ngàn hành tinh – Vietnamese

values: 星際特工瓦雷諾：千星之城 – Chinese

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