text:
The Needle and the Damage Done
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"The Needle and the Damage Done"
Song by Neil Young
from the album Harvest
Released
February 1, 1972
Recorded
Royce Hall, UCLA, 30 January 1971
Genre
Folk rock
Length
2:03
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Neil Young
Producer(s)
Neil Young
Henry Lewy[1]
Harvest track listing
"Alabama"
(8) "The Needle and the Damage Done"
(9) "Words (Between the Lines of Age)"
(10)
"The Needle and the Damage Done" is a song by Neil Young that describes the destruction caused by the heroin addiction of musicians he knew. Though not specifically about him, the song was inspired by the heroin addiction of his friend and Crazy Horse bandmate Danny Whitten. It previews the theme of the Tonight's the Night album that reflects Young's grief over the heroin overdose and death of both Whitten and Bruce Berry, a roadie for Young and Crazy Horse.
"The Needle and the Damage Done" first appeared on the Harvest album in 1972. Rather than rerecording it, he selected a live version from January 1971 that had him singing and playing acoustic guitar. It appeared on the compilation albums Decade and Greatest Hits. On the handwritten liner notes included in Decade, Young had this to say about the song: "I am not a preacher, but drugs killed a lot of great men."
It appeared on the 2007 album Live at Massey Hall 1971. The album captured Young's introduction of his song thus:
Ever since I left Canada, about five years ago or so... and moved down south... found out a lot of things that I didn't know when I left. Some of 'em are good, and some of 'em are bad. Got to see a lot of great musicians before they happened... before they became famous... y'know, when they were just gigging. Five and six sets a night... things like that. And I got to see a lot of, um, great musicians who nobody ever got to see. For one reason or another. But... strangely enough, the real good ones... that you never got to see was... 'cause of, ahhm, heroin. An' that started happening over an' over. Then it happened to someone that everyone knew about. So I just wrote a little song.
Cover versions[edit]
Bands that have covered this song on studio albums include Our Lady Peace, Green River, Duran Duran, Lior, Simple Minds, and The Pretenders; Punk rock band The Bronx recorded a cover which can be found as a b-side on the "False Alarm" single.
Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea has covered it while on tour in 1993 for the temporary departure of John Frusciante from their band.
Tori Amos covered the song during her "Strange Little Tour" in 2001.
Cross Canadian Ragweed's Cody Canada performed the song acoustically on their 2006 release Back to Tulsa - Live and Loud at Cain's Ballroom.
Alternative metal band Seether covered it during a performance on Last Call with Carson Daly.
Ashley Cleveland covers this song on her 2002 album Second Skin.
Irish singer Andrea Corr covered it during her AOL Sessions on July 19, 2007 in support of her solo album Ten Feet High.
English folk singer Laura Marling covered it twice on her August 2008 tour of Australia, and on several dates during her 2010 tour of England, Marling has since recorded the cover on a limited edition 7".
English singer Pete Doherty covered it during a gig at the French festival Eurockéennes de Belfort in 2009 and at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark in July 2009 as well as at the Belgian festival Lokerse Feesten in August 2009.
Pearl Jam's lead singer Eddie Vedder covered the song at a Pearl Jam show on August 23, 2009, at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. He dedicated it to Michael Jackson, to whom he grew up listening. Pearl Jam also covered the song during their Backspacer tour.
Dave Matthews covered the song frequently in his live performances during 2010, including a tribute concert for Young, when he was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year (also in 2010).
Jewel covered the song on The Howard Stern Show on May 24, 2010.
Marcy Playground covered the song on their 2012 album, Lunch, Recess & Detention.
Grindcore band Cloud Rat covered the song on their 2013 Moksha.
Gregg Allman and Warren Haynes covered the song the first night of the 2013 Warren Haynes Christmas Jam, as well as in the second night of same year's Crossroads Guitar Festival.
Jake Bugg recorded an acoustic cover of the song on the late 2013.
References in popular culture[edit]
The song was the inspiration for The Sisters of Mercy's first 7" single, "The Damage Done" (1980).
The title was also used as the album title for the second installment of the Nirvana Outcesticide bootleg series (1995).
In the ninth episode of the second season of NewsRadio Jimmy remarks to Dave that he's "...seen the coffee and the damage done," a reference to Dave's coffee addiction.
Rolling Stone's cover story on Alice in Chains frontman Layne Staley, a known heroin addict, bears the title (Issue 727).
A reference to its title can be found in the song "Understanding in a Car Crash" on the album Full Collapse (2001) by Thursday.
A fourth season episode of Homicide: Life on the Street concerning the fallout from a drug war was titled "The Damage Done."
"Song to Say Goodbye" from the Placebo album Meds (2006) includes the lyrical reference "your needle and your damage done."
In 1994, several prison guards in Idaho were accused of playing this song to taunt death-row inmates during a scheduled lethal injection.[2]
A reference to the title appears in the song "Genetic Design For Dying" from Aiden's album Nightmare Anatomy (2005).
In 1997, the Skylab remix of the Depeche Mode song "Home" was titled "Home (The Noodles & The Damage Done)."
In a 2012 episode of New Girl (TV Series), "Bully," Max Greenfield's character Schmidt references the song, saying "Schmiddle and the damage done. Yo Neil Young." to his lover.
A 2002 episode of Will & Grace is titled "The Needle and the Omelet's Done," in reference to the title of this song.
British Artist Pete Fowler's August 2013 solo exhibition, at Beach London Gallery, of cross-stich embroidery was titled "The Needle and The Damage Done."
The title of this song was used by former Heroes del Silencio singer Enrique Bunbury in his 2009 album Las Consecuencias in the song "Los Habitantes."
A horror novel called MILK-BLOOD, based on this song's lyrics, was published in June 2014. [3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Harvest". Discogs. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
Jump up ^ NEWS of the WEIRD - Your kind of Weird News
Jump up ^ Matthews, Mark (2014-06-23). Thomas, Richard, ed. MILK-BLOOD. Wicked Run Press.
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text:
Russian nobility
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An assembly of nobility at the time of Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796)
The Russian nobility (Russian: дворянство dvoryanstvo) arose in the 14th century. Its members (1,900,000 at 1914, 1.1%) staffed most of the Russian government apparatus until the February Revolution of 1917.
The Russian word for nobility, dvoryanstvo (дворянство), derives from the Polish word dwor (двор), meaning the court of a prince or duke (kniaz) and later, the court of the tsar or emperor. A nobleman is called a dvoryanin (plural: dvoryane). Pre-Soviet Russia shared with other countries the concept that nobility connotes a status or a social category rather than a title.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Middle Ages
1.2 Early modern era: westernisation
1.2.1 Overview
1.2.2 Before Peter the Great
1.2.3 Peter the Great
1.2.4 Between the Greats
1.2.5 Catherine the Great
1.3 Late modern era
1.3.1 Non-Russian nobility
1.3.2 Russian revolution
2 Organisation
2.1 Titled nobility
2.2 Hereditary nobility
2.3 Personal nobility
2.4 Estateless nobility
2.5 Ancient nobility
2.6 Privileges
2.7 Acquisition
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
Middle Ages[edit]
The nobility arose in the 12th and 13th centuries as the lowest part of the feudal military class, which composed the court of a prince or of an important boyar. From the 14th century land ownership by nobles increased, and by the 17th century the bulk of feudal lords and the majority of landowners were nobles. The nobles were granted estates out of State lands in return for their service to the Tsar, for as long as they performed service, or for a lifetime, but by the 18th century these estates had become their private property. They made up the Landed army (Russian: поместное войско)—the basic military force of Russia. Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1721) finalized the status of the nobility, while abolishing the boyar title.
Early modern era: westernisation[edit]
Overview[edit]
The assimilation of the Russian nobility to the fashions, mannerisms, and intellectual ideas of Western Europe was a gradual process rooted in the strict guidelines of Peter the Great and the educational reforms of Catherine the Great. While cultural westernization was primarily an aesthetic court phenomenon, it coincided with the efforts of Russian autocrats to link Russia to Western Europe in more fundamental ways – socially, economically, and politically. However, Russia’s existing economic system, which lacked a sizable middle class and which relied on forced labor, was an impassable obstacle to the development of a free market. Furthermore, the lower classes – the overwhelming majority of the Russian population – lived virtually isolated from the upper classes and the imperial court. Thus, most of the nobility’s “western” tendencies were largely superficial and confined to a tiny portion of the populace.
As different rulers ascended the throne in the nineteenth century, each figure brought a unique attitude and approach to ruling the nobility; yet the cultural impact of the “Greats” – Peter and Catherine – was set in stone. Ironically, by introducing the nobility to political literature from Western Europe, Catherine exposed Russia’s autocracy to them as archaic and illiberal. While the nobility was conservative as a whole, a liberal and radical minority remained constant throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, resorting to violence on multiple occasions in order to challenge Russia’s traditional political system (see Decembrist Revolt, Narodnaya Volya).
Before Peter the Great[edit]
Although Peter the Great is considered by many to be the first westernizer of Russia, there were, in fact, contacts between the Muscovite nobility and Western Europe before his reign. Ivan III, starting in 1472, sent numerous agents to Italy to study architecture. Both Michael Romanov (1613–1645) and his son Alexis (1645–1676) invited and sponsored European visitors – mostly military, medical, and building specialists – who came to Moscow in foreign dress, speaking foreign languages.[1] When the boyars began to imitate the westerners in dress and hair style, Tsar Alexis in 1675 and then Tsar Feodor in 1680 restricted foreign fashions in order to distinguish between Russians and outsiders,[2] but ineffective enforcement rendered these efforts futile until the 1690s, when Peter I began his reforms.[3]
Peter the Great[edit]
Peter the Great was, first and foremost, eager to do away with Russia’s reputation as an Asiatic land and to propel his new empire onto the political stage of Western Europe. One of the many tools he would use to reach this goal was upper class culture; he believed that forcing selected features of western fashion, education, and language onto the nobility would hasten Russia’s rise to international prestige. In 1697, he began to send nobles on compulsory trips abroad to England, Holland, and Italy. While the tsar primarily designed these expeditions for naval training, he also encouraged the noblemen to learn about the arts of the west. Furthermore, Peter prioritized sending Russian natives as opposed to foreign expatriates; he was intent on “breeding” a new nobility that conformed to western customs but represented the Slavic people as a whole. When the travelers returned to Moscow, Peter tested them on their training, insisting on further education for those whose accumulated knowledge was unsatisfactory.[4] By 1724, he had established – for the purpose of scientific study and discovery – the Academy of Sciences, which he modeled after “the ones in Paris, London, Berlin and other places”.[5]
Peter’s westernizing efforts became quite radical after 1698, when he returned from his expedition through Europe, known as the Grand Embassy. Upon arriving, Peter summoned the nobility to his court and personally shaved almost every beard in the room. In 1705 he decreed a beard tax on all ranked men in Moscow, and ordered certain officers to seek out noble beards and shave them on sight. He only allowed the peasants, priests, and serfs to retain the ingrained and religious Russian tradition of wearing beards, which the Orthodox populace considered an essential aspect of their duty to convey the image of God. He also reformed the clothing of the nobility, abandoning the long-sleeved, traditional Muscovite robes for European fashion. Beginning in 1699 the tsar decreed strict dress requirements borrowing from German, Hungarian, French, and British styles, fining any noblemen who failed to obey. Peter himself, usually sporting German dress and a trimmed mustache, acted as a prime example. While the nobility universally followed Peter’s fashion preferences at court, they greatly resented these styles, which they saw as blasphemous. Away from St. Petersburg, very few noblemen followed Peter’s guidelines and enforcement was lax.
Peter also demanded changes in mannerisms and language among nobles. In order to supply Russians with a basic set of “proper” morals and habits, he ordered publication of manuals on Western etiquette. The most popular of these was The Honourable Mirror of Youth, or A Guide to Social Conduct Gathered from Various Authors, a compilation of rules of conduct from numerous European sources, initially published in St. Petersburg in 1717. He also encouraged the learning of foreign languages, especially French, which was the foremost political and intellectual language of Europe at the time. For the nobility, these changes felt even more forced than the fashion regulations. As with clothing, there was uniform acceptance of Western mannerisms at court but general disregard for them outside of St. Petersburg. Furthermore, when Westerners visited Peter’s court they found the image and personality of the courtiers to appear forced and awkward. Friedrich Christian Weber, a representative of Britain, commented in 1716 that the nobles “wear the German Dress; but it is easy to observe on many, that they have not been long used to it”.[6]
Between the Greats[edit]
While none of the rulers in power from 1725 to 1762 focused as strongly on cultural westernization, Peter sparked a transformation that was now unstoppable. Through their education and travels, some members of the nobility began to understand the extent to which Russia lagged behind Western Europe in the complexity of their political and educational systems, their technology, and their economy. By 1750, the ideas of secular skepticism, humanism, and freemasonry had reached sects of the elite class, providing some with a new worldview and giving Russia a taste of the Enlightenment, of which they had experienced little. While even the most educated of the nobility still supported the autocracy that upheld the feudal system on which they depended, some considered how to make it more representative and to improve the bureaucracy.[7]
The period between Peter I and Catherine II represents gradual yet significant developments in western culture among the nobility. Tsarina Anna gave many privileges to the nobility. In 1730 she repealed the primogeniture law of Peter the Great, allowing the sub-division of estates again. In 1736 the age when nobles had to start service was raised from 15 to 20, service was now for 25 years not life and families with more than one son could keep one to manage the family estate.[8] Catherine I in 1726 and Empress Elizabeth in 1743 further regulated noble dress in a Western direction.[9] In 1755, also during Elizabeth’s reign, advanced secondary schools and the University of Moscow came into being with curricula that included foreign languages, philosophy, medicine, and law; the material was chiefly based on imported texts from the west. Most significantly, Peter III freed the nobility from obligatory civil and military service in 1762, allowing them to pursue personal interests. While some used this liberty as an excuse to lead lavish lives of leisure, a select group became increasingly educated in Western ideas through schooling, reading, and travel. As before, these changes applied to few and represented a gradual shift in noble identity rather than a sudden or universal one.[10] Marc Raeff in Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia has suggested this was not a noble victory but a sign the state didn't need them as much now that they had plenty of trained officials.[11][page needed]
Catherine the Great[edit]
When Catherine II ascended the throne, she quickly made her political and philosophical opinions clear in the “Instruction” of 1767, a lengthy document which she prepared for the nobility, drawing largely from and even plagiarizing ideas from the west, especially those of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The point she emphasized first and foremost was that Russia was a truly European state, and her reforms of the court and education reflect this belief. While Catherine was primarily preoccupied with impressing westerners (especially the philosophers, with whom she corresponded in writing), in doing so she also made significant efforts to educate the nobility and expose them to western philosophy and art. She designed an imperial court in the style of Louis XIV, entertaining the nobility with performances of western theatre and music. She encouraged understanding of French, German, and English languages so that nobles could read classic, historical, and philosophical literature from the west. For the first time in the history of the Russian court, “intellectual pursuits became fashionable”. When foreigners visited the court, Catherine expected the noblemen and their ladies to flaunt not only their western appearance but also their ability to discuss current events in western languages.[12]
Catherine also made specific reforms in institutional education that pushed the nobility’s culture further westward. She based Russian education on that of Austria, importing German textbooks and adopting in 1786 a standardized curriculum to be taught in her newly created public schools.[13] While many members of the lower classes were allowed into these schools, Catherine hoped that they could become educated enough to rise through the meritocratic Table of Ranks and eventually become nobles themselves. Catherine also established the Society for the Translation of Foreign Books, “to bring enlightenment to those Russians who could not read either French or German.”[14] It is clear that, like Peter I, Catherine the Great desired to construct a new nobility, a “new race,”[13] which would both resemble western noblemen and prove knowledgeable in discussions of modern issues. And, according to accounts from foreign visitors, the noblemen did, in fact, resemble those of Western Europe in their dress, topics of discussion, and taste in literature and performance.[15]
She also gave away 66,000 serfs in 1762–72, 202,000 in 1773–93, and 100,000 in one day: 18 August 1795.[16] Thus she was able to bind the nobility to her. From 1782, a kind of uniform was introduced for civilian nobles called uniform of civilian service or simply civilian uniform. The uniform prescribed colors that depended on the territory. The uniform was required at the places of service, at the Court, and at other important public places. The privileges of the nobility were fixed and were legally codified in 1785 in the Charter to the Gentry. The Charter introduced an organization of the nobility: every province (guberniya) and district (uyezd) had an Assembly of Nobility. The chair of an Assembly was called Province/District Marshal of Nobility. In 1831 Nicholas I restricted the assembly votes to those with over 100 serfs, leaving 21,916 voters.[17]
Late modern era[edit]
By 1805 the various ranks of the nobility had become confused, as is apparent in War and Peace. Here, we see counts who are wealthier and more important than princes. We see many noble families whose wealth has been dissipated, partly through lack of primogeniture and partly through extravagance and poor estate-management. We see young noblemen serving in the Army, but we see none who acquire new landed estates that way. (This refers to the era of the Napoleonic Wars. Tolstoy reported some improvement afterwards: some nobles paid more attention to estate management, and some, like Andrey Bolkonsky, freed their serfs even before the tsar did so in 1861.)[18] Of Russia's nobles, 62.8% were szlachta from the nine western gubernii in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897.[19]
Serfs owned by European Russian landlords
No. of serfs
1777 (%)
1859 (%)
+1000 1.1
501–1000 2
101–500 16 (101+) 18
21–100 25 35.1
<20 59 43.8
Source:[20]
Obrok or cash rent was most common in the north while barshchina or labour rent was found mainly in the southern Black Earth Region. In the reign of Nicholas I (1825–1855) the latter brought three times the income of cash rent (though this needed less administration).[21] In 1798 Ukrainian landlords were banned from selling serfs separately from land. In 1841 landless nobles were banned also.[22]
The nobility was too weak to oppose the Emancipation reform of 1861. In 1858, 3 million serfs were held by 1,400 landlords (1.4%) while 2 million by 79,000 (78%).[23] In 1820 a fifth of the serfs were mortgaged, half by 1842.[24] By 1859, a third of nobles' estates and two thirds of their serfs were mortgaged to noble banks or to the state.[25] The nobility was also weakened by the scattering of their estates, lack of primogeniture and the high turnover and mobility from estate to estate.
Year
% nobles in landowner families
1861 80
1877 72
1895 55
1905 39
1912 36
Source:[26]
After the peasant reform of 1861 the economic position of the nobility weakened. The influence of the nobility was further reduced by the new law statutes of 1864, which repealed their right of electing law officer. The reform of the police in 1862 limited the landowners' authority locally, and the establishment of all-estate Zemstvo local government did away with exclusive influence of nobility in local self-government.
These changes occurred despite the nobles keeping nearly all the meadows and forests and having their debts paid by the state, while the ex-serfs paid 34% over the market price for the shrunken plots they kept. This figure was 90% in the northern regions, 20% in the black-earth region but zero in the Polish provinces. In 1857, 6.79% of serfs were domestic, landless servants who stayed landless after 1861.[27] Only Polish and Romanian domestic serfs got land. Ninety percent of the serfs who got larger plots lived in the eight ex-Polish provinces where the Tsar wanted to weaken the Szlachta. The other 10% lived in Astrakhan and in the barren north.[28] In the whole Empire, peasant land declined 4.1% - 13.3% outside the ex Polish zone and 23.3% in the 16 black-earth provinces.[29] Georgia's serfs suffered the loss of 1⁄5 of their land in Tiflis province, 1⁄3 in Kutaisi province.[30] These redemption payments were not abolished till January 1, 1907.
The influx of New World grain caused a slump in grain prices, forcing the peasants to farm more land. At the same time, despite their efficiency, large peasant households split up (from 9.5 to 6.8 persons per household in central Russia, 1861–1884).[31] The resulting land hunger increased prices 7-fold and made it easier for nobles to sell or rent land rather than farm it themselves. From 1861 to 1900 40% of noble land was sold to peasants (70% of this went to the Commune[32] and by 1900 two thirds of the nobles' arable land was rented to the peasantry.[25] 1900–1914, over 20% of remaining noble land was sold but only 3% of the 155 estates over 50,000 desiatiny.[33] According to the 1897 census, 71% of the top 4 ranks of the civil service were nobles.[34] But in the civil service as a whole, noble membership declined from 49.8% in 1755 to 43.7% in the 1850s and to 30.7% in 1897.[35] There were 1.2 million nobles, about 1% of the population (8% in Poland; compare with 4% in Hungary and 1 to 1.5% in France).[36] Their military influence waned: in the Crimean War 90% of officers were noble, by 1913 the proportion had sunk to 50%.[37] They lived increasingly away from their estates: in 1858 only 15 to 20% of Russian nobles lived in cities, by 1897 it was 47.2%.[38]
Year
% 1861 noble land still in their control
1867 96.3
1872 92.6
1877 88.4
1882 81.7
1887 76.7
1892 72.4
1897 67.1
1902 61
1905 58.8
1909 52.3
1913 47.6
1914 47.1
Source:[39]
By 1904 1⁄3 of noble land was mortgaged to the noble bank.[40] During the 1905 Russian Revolution 3,000 manors were burnt (15% of the total).[41]
Year
Noble land (desiatinas)
1861 105,000,000
1877 73,077,000
1905 52,104,000
Source:[42]
Non-Russian nobility[edit]
The Russian imperial nobility was multiethnic. Native non-Russians such as the Poles, Georgians, Lithuanians, Tatars, and Germans formed an important segment of the noble estate. According to the 1897 census, only 0.87% of Russians were classified as hereditary nobles versus 5.29% of Georgians and 4.41% of Poles, followed by Lithuanians, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, and Germans. After the abolition of serfdom, the non-Russian nobility, with the exception of Finland, lost their special status. Later, many of the impoverished or déclassé Polish and Georgian nobles became leaders of nationalist and radical political movements, including Bolshevism.[43][44]
Russian revolution[edit]
After the October Revolution of 1917 the new Soviet government legally abolished all classes of nobility. Many members of the Russian nobility who fled Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution played a significant role in the White Emigre communities which settled in Europe, in North America, and in other parts of the world. In the 1920s and 1930s several Russian nobility associations were established outside Russia, including groups in France, Belgium, and the United States. In New York, the Russian Nobility Association in America was founded in 1938. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 interest among Russians in the role that the Russian nobility played in the historical and cultural development of Russia has grown.[citation needed]
Organisation[edit]
Portrait of Princess Leonilla Baryatinskaya, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter.
Peter the Great (1672–1725) reformed the Russian nobility.
Nobility was transferred by inheritance or was bestowed by a fount of honour, i.e. the sovereign of the Russian Empire, and was typically ranked as per below, with those of the highest noble prestige ranked first.
Ancient nobility (descendants from Middle Ages)
Titled nobility:
Prince (knyaz Князь): e.g. Prince Potemkin or Prince Felix Yusupov
Count (graf Граф): e.g. Count Tolstoy
Baron (baron Барон): e.g. Baron Pahlen
Hereditary nobility: routinely inherited by heirs
Personal nobility: granted for the personal merits of the recipient
Estateless nobility: obtained without the allotment and securing of a landed estate
Unlike the ancient nobility, which was exclusively hereditary, the remaining classes of nobility could be acquired.
A newly designated noble was usually entitled to landownership. A loss of land did not automatically mean loss of nobility. In later Imperial Russia, higher ranks of state service (see Table of Ranks) were automatically granted nobility, not necessarily associated with landownership.
Russian did not employ a nobiliary particle before a surname (as von in German or de in French), but Russian noblemen were accorded an official salutation, or style, that varied by their ranks: your high born (Russian: ваше высокородие), your high well born (Russian: ваше высокоблагородие), your well born (Russian: ваше благородие), etc.[citation needed]
Titled nobility[edit]
Titled nobility (Russian: титулованное дворянство) was the highest category: those who had titles such as prince, count and baron. The latter two titles were introduced by Peter the Great. A baron or count could be either proprietary (actual) ( владетельный (действительный))—i.e., who owned land in the Russian Empire—or titular (титулярный), i.e., only endowed with the title.
Hereditary nobility[edit]
Hereditary nobility (Russian: потомственное дворянство) was transferred to wife, children, and further direct legal descendants along the male (agnatic) line. In exceptional cases, the emperor could transfer nobility along indirect or female lines, e.g., to preserve a notable family name.
Personal nobility[edit]
Personal nobility (Russian: личное дворянство) could for instance be acquired by admission to orders of knighthood of the Russian Empire. It was transferable only to the wife.
Estateless nobility[edit]
Estateless nobility (Russian: беспоместное дворянство) was nobility gained by state service, but which was not entitled to land estate.
Ancient nobility[edit]
In addition, the ancient nobility (Russian: Древнее дворянство) was recognised, descendants of Rurik, Gediminas and historical boyars and knyazes, e.g., the Shuyskies, Galitzins, Naryshkins, Khilkoffs, Gorchakovs, Belosselsky-Belozerskys and Chelyadnins.
Privileges[edit]
Russian nobility possessed the following privileges:
The right to own estates populated with estate-tied serfs (until 1861), including virtual ownership of the serfs who worked on the estates.
Style, that varied by their ranks: your high born (Russian: ваше высокородие), your high well born (Russian: ваше высокоблагородие), your well born (Russian: ваше благородие), etc.[citation needed]
Freedom from compulsory military service (1762–1874; later compulsory military service was introduced which did not exempt the noble estate).
The right to enter specially designated educational institutions, such as Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Imperial School of Jurisprudence and Page Corps.
Freedom from corporal punishment.
The right to bear and use a coat of arms, introduced by the end of the 17th century.
Acquisition[edit]
Hereditary nobility could be achieved by the following ways: 1) by a special discretion of the autocracy; 2) by achieving a certain military or civil rank while being on active service; 3) by being awarded a certain order of the Russian Empire; 4) it could be given to descendants of the most distinguished personal nobles and prominent citizens.
Between 1722 and 1845 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 14th rank of ensign, to civil servants who achieved the 8th rank of Collegiate Assessor and to any person who was awarded any order of the Russian Empire (since 1831 года – except the Polish order of Virtuti Militari).
Between 1845 and 1856 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 8th rank of major/captain 3rd rank, to civil servants who achieved the 5th rank of State Counsellor and to any person who was awarded the Order of Saint George or the Order of Saint Vladimir of any class, or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.
From 1856 to 1917 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 6th rank of colonel/captain 1st rank, to civil servants who achieved the 4th rank of Active State Councellor and to any person who was awarded the Order of Saint George of any class or the Order of Saint Vladimir of any class (since 1900 - of the third class or higher), or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.
Personal nobility could be acquired by the following ways: 1) by a special discretion of the autocracy; 2) by achieving the 14th military rank of ensign or the 9th civil rank of Titular Councillor; 3) by being awarded the orders of the Russian Empire unless those gave hereditary nobility; except merchants (unless those were awarded between 1826 and 1832), who acquired honorary citizenship instead. The personal nobility wasn't inherited by children but was given to the wife of a personal noble.[45][46]
Gallery[edit]
Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky
Boyar Ivan Chemodanov
Boyar Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
Boyar Pyotr Potemkin
Boyar Ivan Repnin
Boyar Artamon Matveyev
Prince Fyodor Romodanovsky
Prince Vasily Galitzine
Prince Fyodor Golovin
Count Boris Sheremetev
Count Gavriil Golovkin
Count Fyodor Apraksin
Prince Vasily Dolgorukov
Count Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
Count Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky
Count Alexander Stroganov
Prince Nikolay Saltykov
Princess Yekaterina Dashkova
Count Aleksei Musin-Pushkin
Count Semyon Vorontsov
Prince Alexander Kurakin
Prince Yakov Lobanov-Rostovsky
Count Nikolai Demidov
Countess Anna Lopukhina
Count Sergey Uvarov
Prince Alexander Menshikov
Prince Alexey Orlov
Prince Alexander Gorchakov
Princess Zinaida Volkonskaya
Prince Alexander Baryatinsky
Count Aleksey Tolstoy
Prince Georgy Lvov
Prince Felix Yusupov, Count Sumarokov-Elston
Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy
Prince Andrey Gagarin
See also[edit]
Russia portal
Table of Ranks
Assembly of Nobility
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pushkarev, S.G. “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts before 1917.” Russian Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1965): 141.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 280.
Jump up ^ Pushkarev, S. G. “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts before 1917”. Russian Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1965): 142.
Jump up ^ Meehan-Waters, Brenda. 1982. Autocracy & aristocracy, the Russian service elite of 1730. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 39-43.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 306.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 281–290
Jump up ^ Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 32–34.
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 133
Jump up ^ Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 286.
Jump up ^ Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 27, 38–44
Jump up ^ Raeff, Marc (1966). Origins of the Russian intelligentsia: the eighteenth-century nobility. Original harbinger book. 50. Harcourt, Brace & World. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
Jump up ^ Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 27–34, 91–96.
^ Jump up to: a b Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. p. 241.
Jump up ^ Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 31, 95.
Jump up ^ Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 102.
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 119
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 179
Jump up ^ Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace. (Translated by Richard Pavear and Larissa Volokonsky, 2007)
Jump up ^ Seymour Becker, Nobility and Privilege in late Imperial Russia, page 182
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 178
Jump up ^ Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe,page 39.
Jump up ^ Geroid Tanquary Robinson, Rural Russia under the old régime: a history of the landlord-peasant world, page 37
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 175
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, page 164
^ Jump up to: a b Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 48
Jump up ^ Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 29
Jump up ^ Donald Wallace, Russia vol. II, page 145
Jump up ^ Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 88.
Jump up ^ Jerome Blum, The end of the old order in Europe,page 395
Jump up ^ Ronald Suny, The making of the Georgian nation, page 107
Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 92
Jump up ^ Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia,page 36
Jump up ^ Dominic Lieven, The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. II, page 232
Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 36
Jump up ^ Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 109
Jump up ^ Dominic Lieven, The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. II, page 230
Jump up ^ Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, page 182
Jump up ^ Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 28
Jump up ^ Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 32
Jump up ^ Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 131.
Jump up ^ Orlando Figes, A People's tragedy, page 181
Jump up ^ Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, pp 63, 131.
Jump up ^ Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 1107014220.
Jump up ^ Kappeler, Andreas (2014). The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History. Routledge. p. 319. ISBN 1317568109.
Jump up ^ http://genrogge.ru/istoria_rossiyskoy_imperii/istoria_rossiyskoy_imperii-12.htm
Jump up ^ http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1128146#.D0.9F.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BC.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B5_.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.8F.D0.BD.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.BE
The Russian Nobility Association in Europe (Union de la Noblesse Russe)
Official site of the Principal Russian Nobility Association
The Russian Nobility Association in America
Official site of the Imperial House of Russia
Further reading[edit]
Smith, Douglas (2012). Former People: the Last Days of the Russian Aristocracy. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780374157616.
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Walgreens Boots Alliance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc.
Type
Public
Traded as
NASDAQ: WBA
NASDAQ-100 Component
S&P 100 Component
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Pharmaceutical
Retail
Founded
Chicago, United States (December 31, 2014 (December 31, 2014))
Founders
Charles Rudolph Walgreen
Walgreens (1901)
John Boot
Boots (1849)
Headquarters
Deerfield, Illinois, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Jim Skinner
(Executive Chairman)
Stefano Pessina
(Vice Chairman and CEO)
Products
Drug store
Pharmacy
Revenue
US$117.35 billion (2016)[1]
Operating income
US$6.001 billion (2016)[1]
Net income
US$4.173 billion (2016)[1]
Total assets
US$72.68 billion (2016)[1]
Total equity
US$30.28 billion (2016)[1]
Number of employees
400,000 (2016)[1]
Divisions
Retail Pharmacy USA
Retail Pharmacy International
Pharmaceutical Wholesale
Subsidiaries
Alliance Healthcare
Boots UK
Boots Opticians
Duane Reade
drugstore.com
Walgreens
Farmacias Benavides
Farmacias Ahumada
Website
walgreensbootsalliance.com
Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. is an American holding company headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois that owns Walgreens, Boots, and a number of pharmaceutical manufacturing, wholesale and distribution companies. The company was formed on December 31, 2014 after Walgreens purchased the 55% stake in UK & Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own. Walgreens had previously purchased 45% of the company in 2012 with an option to purchase the remaining shares within three years.
Under the terms of the merger, the new company was organized into three divisions: Retail Pharmacy USA (Walgreens), Retail Pharmacy International (Boots), and Pharmaceutical Wholesale, incorporating Alliance Healthcare.[2] The new holding company began trading on the NASDAQ on December 31, 2014.[3]
The combined business has operations in over 25 countries. Walgreens had formerly operated solely within the United States and its territories, while Alliance Boots operated a more international business.
In October 2016, Walgreens Boots Alliance published its fourth quarter earnings report.[4] Fiscal year 2016 totaled sales were $117.35 billion, up 13.4% from $103.44 in fiscal 2015, and GAAP net earnings decreased to $4.17 billion.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Operations
1.1 Retail Pharmacy USA
1.2 Retail Pharmacy International
1.3 Pharmaceutical Wholesale
2 Product brands
3 References
4 External links
Operations[edit]
Retail Pharmacy USA[edit]
Main articles: Walgreens and Duane Reade
Walgreens and Duane Reade operate within the Retail Pharmacy USA division of Walgreens Boots Alliance. Both businesses sell prescription and non-prescription drugs, and a range of household items, including personal care and beauty products. Walgreens provides access to consumer goods and services, plus pharmacy, photo studio, health and wellness services in the United States through its retail drugstores. Walgreens had 8,230 drugstores as of December 2015.[6] Walgreens runs several online stores, such as: Beauty.com, Drugstore.com and VisionDirect.com.
Walgreens has stores in all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced the purchase of competitor Rite Aid for $17.2 billion.[7] However, that deal was later scrapped due to antitrust concerns in favor of a $5.18 billion deal, in which Walgreens only acquired half of Rite Aid locations.[8]
On September 19, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement to purchase Rite Aid with 1,932 stores for $4.38 billion total.[9]
Retail Pharmacy International[edit]
Main articles: Boots UK and Farmacias Benavides
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Boots forms the main part of the Retail Pharmacy International division of the company. The Boots brand has a history stretching back over 160 years and is a familiar sight on Britain's high streets. Stores are located in prominent high street and city center locations as well as in local communities. Most branches include a pharmacy and focus on healthcare, personal care and cosmetic products, with most stores selling over the counter medicines. Larger stores typically offer a variety of healthcare services in addition to dispensing prescriptions, and chlamydia testing & treatment (private service). Optician services are also offered in many larger stores, with Boots Opticians providing eye tests along with the sale of spectacles and contact lenses.
Many stores also feature traditional photo processing and/or a HP picture kiosk where users of digital cameras and camera phones can create prints via Bluetooth, USB or CD. Larger stores usually offer a range of electrical equipment such as hairdryers, curlers and foot massagers, whilst selected stores offer a range of sandwiches, baguettes, wraps, salads and beverages.
Since 1936, there have been Boots stores outside the UK. Stores in countries as widely spread as New Zealand, Canada (see Pharma Plus) and France were all closed in the 1980s. Today, there are Boots branded stores outside the UK and Ireland in countries including United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Norway, Lithuania, The Netherlands, and Thailand.
The remainder of the division is made up of the pharmacies Benavides in Mexico and Farmacias Ahumada (FASA) in Chile.
Pharmaceutical Wholesale[edit]
Main article: Alliance Healthcare
Alliance Healthcare forms the main part of Walgreens Boots Alliance's Pharmaceutical Wholesale division. It operates twice daily deliveries to more than 16,000 delivery points in the UK alone.[10] Internationally, Alliance Healthcare supplies medicines, other healthcare products and related services to over 110,000 pharmacies, doctors, health centers and hospitals from over 350 distribution centers in 19 countries.[11] The division's Alphega Pharmacy network provides a range of services for independent pharmacies, including branding, professional training and patient care, retail support services and supply benefits together with pharmacy and IT support.[12]
Product brands[edit]
Boots produces a large number of brands that Alliance Boots and Walgreens sought to launch internationally following the first share purchase in 2012.[citation needed] The majority are produced by its subsidiary, BCM Limited, which manufactures both own-brand and third-party medicines, as well as cosmetic ranges including No 7, Kangol, FCUK, Soltan, and Botanics. BCM has facilities in the UK, Germany, and France.[13] BCM Specials manufactures bespoke non-licensed medicines for UK hospital and retail pharmacies.[citation needed]
Launched in 1935, No7 is best known for its anti-aging beauty serums, developed in Nottingham that first appeared in 2007. The range comprises products designed to target the aging concerns of specific age groups. No7 became available in Walgreens and Duane Reade stores in the USA from November 2012, beginning in Los Angeles.[citation needed]
Launched in 1939, Soltan markets its UVA 5-star protection, a standard of protection developed by Boots and now adopted as the benchmark for suncare products in the UK.[citation needed] Although in both 2004 and 2015 Watchdog, a BBC consumer investigative TV program, and cited on BBC News; plus the consumer WHICH? Magazine, each did an investigation finding the 5-star rating was unsubstantiated, and skincare experts declared it to be far less safe than claimed.[14][15][16]
First launched in 1995, the Botanics range, developed in partnership with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, uses plant extracts in a variety of products, and includes a range of organic products. The Botanics range is also available through third party retailers.[citation needed]
The Boots own brand range of products includes skincare, medicines, healthcare products and many more. Boots Laboratories skincare range for independent pharmacy customers was launched in France and Portugal in 2008/09and is also sold in Spain, Italy and Germany.[17]
Boots launched Almus, a brand of generic prescription drugs, in the UK in 2003.[18] It is now sold in five countries and is an umbrella brand for a wide range of lower cost generic medicines. Alliance Boots placed considerable emphasis on the design of the packaging in an attempt to reduce the number of errors by the dispensing chemist and by the patient relating to incorrect dosage which can result in either a dangerous accidental overdose or an equally dangerous under dose.[citation needed]
Walgreens has a self-branded line of products, "Well at Walgreens".[19]
In 2015, Walgreens Boots Alliance paid £140 million (about $250 million) for UK skincare brand Liz Earle Naturally Active, an Avon subsidiary since 2010.[20] Liz Earle Beauty Co co-founder Liz Earle, 'one of the biggest names in the beauty industry'[21] stayed on as an 'ambassador'[22] after selling the company for an undisclosed sum[23] and told her own Liz Earle Wellbeing magazine's website that '...alongside my new digital and print publishing venture...at the moment I’m still connected to Liz Earle Beauty Co and continue to work as a consultant to the brand that carries my name. I’m involved in new product development...'[24] In 2012, Liz Earle announced that she had left the company.[25]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Walgreens Boots Alliance Annual Report Form (10-K)" (XBRL). Yahoo!. February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Our divisions". Walgreens Boots Alliance. 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Linnane, Ciara (December 31, 2014). "Walgreen ticker changes to WBA after merger with Boots Alliance". Market Watch. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan, Sruthi (20 October 2016). "Walgreens is pushing back its merger deadline with Rite Aid". Business Insider. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Redman, Russell (20 October 2016). "WBA tops earnings forecast for 4Q, full year". Chain Drug Review. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "As Walgreens Cuts Costs, Store Corners May Change". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ Wattles, Jackie (2015-10-27). "Walgreens buys Rite Aid in $17.2 billion deal". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ Terlep, Sharon; Kendall, Brent (29 June 2017). "Walgreens, Rite Aid End $9.4 Billion Merger" . The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Langreth, Robert; McLaughlin, David (September 19, 2017). "Walgreens Wins U.S. Approval for Rite Aid Deal on Fourth Try". Bloomberg News. New York City: Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holland, Tiffany (2013-10-01). "Analysis: Walgreens executive vice president Alex Gourlay profiled | Analysis". Retail Week. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Alliance Boost posts impressive annual results". German Retail Blog. 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
Jump up ^ Holland, Tiffany (2013-12-13). "Alliance Boots targets UK independent pharmacies with Alphega Pharmacy brand | Analysis". Retail Week. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
Jump up ^ "About BCM". BCM-manufacturing.com. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
Jump up ^ "Health | Tests cast doubt on sunscreens". BBC News. 2004-07-01. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Sunscreen lotions failing protection tests, says Which? - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Q+A - sun care, suncream, sunburn, UVA, UVB, skin". Mumsnet. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Boots Laboratories". Alliance Boots. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ "Almus reaches 10 year milestone in the UK - News | Latest news - Alliance Healthcare". www.alliance-healthcare.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
Jump up ^ Staff (June 12, 2015). "Walgreens recalls bottles of women's multivitamins". Pharmaceutical Processing. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Liz Earle sells beauty business to Avon, Evening Standard, London, 25 March 2010.Retrieved: 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour website, 17 January 2017.Retrieved: 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ About us: Our ambassadors, Liz Earle Beauty Co corporate website, Undated.Retrieved: 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ UPDATE 1-Avon buys UK's Liz Earle Beauty in all cash deal, Reuters news agency, 25 March 2010.Retrieved: 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Q&A with Liz, Liz Earle Wellbeing magazine website, Undated..Retrieved: 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Co-founder leaves Liz Earle". 27 April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Business data for Walgreens Boots Alliance: Google Finance
Yahoo! Finance
Reuters
SEC filings
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text:
Tungurahua
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the volcano. For the Ecuadorian province, see Tungurahua Province. For the ship, see BAE Tungurahua.
Tungurahua
View from Riobamba (September 2011)
Highest point
Elevation
5,023 m (16,480 ft) [1]
Prominence
1,554 m (5,098 ft)
Listing
Ultra
Coordinates
1°28′12″S 78°26′41″W / 1.4700°S 78.4447°W / -1.4700; -78.4447Coordinates: 1°28′12″S 78°26′41″W / 1.4700°S 78.4447°W / -1.4700; -78.4447 [2]
Naming
Translation
Throat of fire (Quechua)
Geography
Location
Ecuador
Parent range
Cordillera Oriental, Andes
Topo map
IGM, CT-ÑIV-D1[3]
Geology
Age of rock
Holocene (Gomez 1994)
Mountain type
Stratovolcano (active)
Volcanic arc/belt
Northern Volcanic Zone
Last eruption
2000 to 2018 (ongoing)[4]
Climbing
First ascent
1873 by Alphons Stübel and Wilhelm Reiss
Easiest route
Scrambling/Snow/Ice PD
False-color satellite image of Tungurahua (center right, with plume of ash emanating from it) and its neighbor Chimborazo (center left)
Tungurahua, (/tʊŋɡʊˈrɑːwə/; from Quichua tunguri (throat), rahua (fire): "Throat of Fire"[5] or from Panzaleo) is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua. Volcanic activity restarted on August 19, 1999,[6] and is ongoing as of 2013[update], with several major eruptions since then, the last starting on 1 February 2014.[7][8]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Geography and geology
2.1 Location
2.2 Glacier
2.3 Volcanism
2.3.1 Historical volcanic activity
2.3.2 Recent volcanic activity
3 First ascent
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
According to one theory the name Tungurahua is a combination of the Quichua tunguri (throat) and rahua (fire) meaning "Throat of Fire".[5] According to another theory it is based on the Quichua uraua for crater.[9] Tungurahua is also known as "The Black Giant" and, in local indigenous mythology it is allegedly referred to as Mama Tungurahua ("Mother Tungurahua").
Geography and geology[edit]
Sangay
Tungurahua
Quilotoa
Cotopaxi
Illiniza
Antisana
Pichincha
Reventador
Cayambe
Chimborazo
Major volcanoes in Ecuador
Location[edit]
Tungurahua 5,023 metres (16,480 ft) is located in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of central Ecuador, 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of the capital Quito. Nearby notable mountains are Chimborazo (6,310 metres (20,700 ft)) and El Altar (5,319 metres (17,451 ft)). It rises above the small thermal springs town of Baños de Agua Santa (1,800 metres (5,900 ft)) which is located at its foot 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the north. Other nearby towns are Ambato (30 kilometres (19 mi) to the northwest), Baños and Riobamba (30 kilometres (19 mi) to the southwest). Tungurahua is part of the Sangay National Park.
Glacier[edit]
With its elevation of 5,023 metres (16,480 ft), Tungurahua just over tops the snow line (about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft)). Tungurahua's top is snow-covered and did feature a small summit glacier which melted away after the increase of volcanic activity in 1999.
Volcanism[edit]
Today's volcanic edifice (Tungurahua III) is constructed inside its predecessor's (Tungurahua II) caldera which collapsed about 3000 (±90) years ago. The original edifice (Tungurahua I) collapsed at the end of the Late Pleistocene.[10]
Historical volcanic activity[edit]
Tungurahua's eruptions are strombolian. They produce andesite and dacite. All historical eruptions originated from the summit crater and have been accompanied by strong explosions, pyroclastic flows and sometimes lava flows. In the last 1,300 years Tungurahua entered every 80 to 100 years into an activity phase of which the major have been the ones of 1773, 1886 and 1916–1918.[11]
Recent volcanic activity[edit]
In 2000, after a long period of quiescence, the volcano entered an eruptive phase that continues to this day (as of April 2014[update]). The renewed activity in October 1999 produced major ashfall and led to the temporary evacuation of more than 25,000 inhabitants from Baños and the surrounding area[12] Activity continued at a medium level until May 2006, when activity increased dramatically, culminating in violent eruptions on 14 July 2006 and 16 August 2006. The 16 August 2006 eruption has been the most violent since activity commenced in 1999. This eruption was accompanied by a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) high ash plume which spread over an area of 740 by 180 kilometres (460 by 110 mi),[13] depositing ash and tephra to the southwest of the volcano. Several pyroclastic flows were generated that killed at least five people, and destroyed a number of hamlets and roads on the eastern and northwestern slopes of the volcano.[14]
A further eruption and evacuation occurred on 4 December 2010. Ecuador's National Agency of Risk Control issued a "red alert", later downgraded to orange.[15] The Ecuadorean Institute for Geophysics reported a rapid increase in seismic activity, a number of explosions and an ash cloud reaching 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in height.[16] Another eruption occurred on 18 December 2012 forcing evacuation of those living on the volcano's slopes.[17] The volcano erupted again in July 2013.[18][19] On 1 February 2014, the volcano erupted again.
Tungurahua eruption
February 1, 2014
Tungurahua at night
2011
Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night, 1999
First ascent[edit]
During their seven-year-long South America expedition (1868 to 1876), the German volcanologists Alphons Stübel and Wilhelm Reiss climbed Cotopaxi (Reiss with Angel Escobar; 28 November 1872) and Tungurahua (Stübel with Eusebio Rodríguez; 9 February 1873).[9]
Panorama of Tungurahua from Baños, one week before the 2012 eruptions
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Ecuador portal
Mountains portal
Volcanoes portal
Lists of volcanoes
List of volcanoes in Ecuador
List of stratovolcanoes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Several elevation data between 5,016 and 5,029 m are used, 5,023 m is the one used on IGM maps. Used extremes are: 5,087 m (Stübel 1897) and 5,005 m (Neate 1994).
Jump up ^ "Tungurahua". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
Jump up ^ IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador) (1989). "Baños Ecuador, CT-ÑIV-D1". Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Tungurahua volcano". 19 Feb 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "In the shadow of the Tungurahua volcano". BBC News. 7 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Tungurahua volcano erupts in Ecuador". NBC News. 19 Aug 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ecuador's Tungurahua Volcano shoots ash and lava". Associated Press. 2014-02-01.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/science/mount-tambora-volcano-eruption-1815.html?_r=0 A Volcanic Eruption That Reverberates 200 Years Later
^ Jump up to: a b Schmudlach, Günter (2001). Bergführer Ecuador. Panico Alpinverlag. ISBN 3-926807-82-2.
Jump up ^ "Geología". Volcán Tungurahua. IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Historia". Volcán Tungurahua. IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2005-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes". New York Times. 1999-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Volcán Tungurahua - Ecuador". IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2005-09-07.
Jump up ^ Kramer, Jack (2006-08-16). "Volcano Erupts". National Ledger.
Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff (5 December 2010). "Volcano known as the 'Throat of Fire' erupts in Ecuador". CNN Wire. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tungurahua volcano prompts evacuation in Ecuador". BBC News. 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ecuador's Tungurahua volcano threatens local villages". BBC News. 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador spews huge ash plume forcing hundreds from their homes". Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eruption of the Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador". CIMSS Satellite Blog. 14 July 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Gómez, Nelson (1994). Atlas del Ecuador. Editorial Ediguias. ISBN 9978-89-009-2.
IG-EPN (Instituto Geofisico Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Ecuador). "Tungurahua". Archived from the original on 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
Neate, Jill (1994). Mountaineering in the Andes. Expedition Advisory Centre. ISBN 0-907649-64-5.
Ruiz, M; et al. (2006). Source constraints of Tungurahua volcano explosion events. Bulletin of Volcanology. Springer-Verlag.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Volcano eruption in Ecuador kills six and destroys several small villages
Media related to Tungurahua at Wikimedia Commons
(in Spanish) Instituto Geofisico del Ecuador
Climbing information for Tungurahua on summitpost.org
Banos Ecuador Weather | Daily Report
hide
v
t
e
Andean volcanoes
Northern Volcanic Zone
(6° N–3° S)
Romeral
Cerro Bravo
Nevado del Ruiz
Nevado del Tolima
Nevado del Huila
Puracé
Doña Juana
Galeras
Azufral
Chiles
Cayambe
Reventador
Pichincha
Antisana
Aliso
Soche
Illiniza
Cotopaxi
Quilotoa
Chimborazo
Tungurahua
Licto volcanic field
Sangay
Central Volcanic Zone
(14°–27° S)
Quimsachata
Auquihuato
Firura
Sara Sara
Solimana
Coropuna
Hualca Hualca
Sabancaya
Huambo volcanic field
Ampato
Andagua volcanic field
Chachani
Misti
Ubinas
Pichu Pichu
Huaynaputina
Ticsani
Tutupaca
Yucamane
Casiri
Tacora
Taapaca
Parinacota
Lauca
Tata Sabaya
Isluga
Irruputuncu
Olca-Paruma
Azufre
Sairecabur
Licancabur
Pacana
Lascar
Chiliques
Aracar
Socompa
Llullaillaco
Lastarria
Galán
San Francisco
Incahuasi
Ojos del Salado
Southern Volcanic Zone
(33°–46° S)
Tupungato
Tupungatito
Maipo
Calabozos
Descabezado Grande
Cerro Azul
Nevado de Longaví
Nevados de Chillán
Antuco
Copahue
Callaqui
Lonquimay
Llaima
Sollipulli
Villarrica
Quetrupillán
Lanín
Mocho-Choshuenco
Carrán-Los Venados
Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
Casablanca
Osorno
Calbuco
Hornopirén
Huequi
Michinmahuida
Chaitén
Corcovado
Mentolat
Cerro de los Chenques
Cay
Macá
Hudson
Austral Volcanic Zone
(49°–55° S)
Lautaro
Viedma
Aguilera
Reclus
Burney
Fueguino
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tungurahua&oldid=864144288"
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