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Books of the Bible
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For the edition of the Bible without chapters and verses, see The Books of the Bible.
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Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to the 81 books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon.
The Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching"); the Nevi'im ("prophets"); and the Ketuvim ("writings"). The first part of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently.
The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation.
The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Christian churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books. The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book it is included here.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
1.1 Hebrew Bible
1.2 Protocanonical books of the Old Testament
1.3 Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament
1.3.1 Eastern Orthodox
1.3.2 Syriac Orthodox
1.3.3 Ethiopian Orthodox
1.4 Table
2 New Testament
2.1 Chart notes
3 Diagram of the development of the Old Testament
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Hebrew Bible and Old Testament[edit]
Hebrew Bible[edit]
See also: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Hebrew Bible
Rabbinic Judaism recognizes the 24 books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, as authoritative.[1] There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140-40 BCE),[2] while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.[3] Most conservative scholars believe that the Torah was canonized c. 400 BCE, the Prophets c. 200 BCE, and the Writings c. 100 CE,[4] perhaps at a Council of Jamnia as concluded by Heinrich Graetz in 1871. The Council of Jamnia theory is increasingly rejected by most liberal scholars.[3][5][6][7][8]
Protocanonical books of the Old Testament[edit]
Main articles: Development of the Old Testament canon and Christian biblical canons
Protestants and Catholics[9] use the Masoretic Text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books (those accepted as canonical by both Jews and all Christians), with various changes derived from a multiplicity of other ancient sources (such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books.
The Eastern Orthodox use the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical books—to use both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations into the vernacular.[10][11] Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.[12]
Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament[edit]
Main articles: Deuterocanonical books, Biblical apocrypha, and Pseudepigraph
These books, which were largely written during the intertestamental period, are called the Biblical apocrypha ("hidden things") by Protestants, the deuterocanon ("second canon") by Catholics, and the deuterocanon or anagignoskomena ("worthy of reading") by Orthodox. These are works recognized by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches as being part of scripture (and thus deuterocanonical rather than apocryphal), but Protestants do not recognize them as divinely inspired. Orthodox differentiate scriptural books by omitting these (and others) from corporate worship and from use as a sole basis for doctrine.[citation needed]
Many recognize them as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. Anglicanism considers the apocrypha worthy of being "read for example of life" but not to be used "to establish any doctrine."[13] Luther made a parallel statement in calling them: "not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but...useful and good to read."[14]
The difference in canons derives from the difference in the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint. Books found in both the Hebrew and the Greek are accepted by all denominations, and by Jews, these are the protocanonical books. Catholics and Orthodox also accept those books present in manuscripts of the Septuagint, an ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament with great currency among the Jews of the ancient world, with the coda that Catholics consider 3 Esdras and 3 Maccabees apocryphal.
Most quotations of the Old Testament in the New Testament, differing by varying degrees from the Masoretic Text, are taken from the Septuagint. Daniel was written several hundred years after the time of Ezra, and since that time several books of the Septuagint have been found in the original Hebrew, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Cairo Geniza, and at Masada, including a Hebrew text of Sirach (Qumran, Masada) and an Aramaic text of Tobit (Qumran); the additions to Esther and Daniel are also in their respective Semitic languages.
The unanimous consensus of modern (and ancient) scholars consider several other books, including 1 Maccabees and Judith, to have been composed in Hebrew or Aramaic.[citation needed] Opinion is divided on the book of Baruch, while it is acknowledged that the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Wisdom of Solomon, and 2 Maccabees are originally Greek compositions.
Tobit - 200 BC
Judith - 150 BC
Additions to Esther - 140-130 BC
Wisdom of Solomon - 30 BC
Ecclesiasticus(Sirach) - 132 BC
Baruch with the Letter of Jeremiah - 150-50 BC
1 Maccabees - 110 BC
2 Maccabees - 110-170 BC
Additions to Daniel:[15]
The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
Story of Susanna - 200-0 BC
Bel and the Dragon - 100 BC
Eastern Orthodox[edit]
Additional books accepted by the Eastern Orthodox:
1 Esdras/3 Esdras[16]
2 Esdras/4 Esdras (in an appendix to the Slavonic Bible)
Prayer of Manasseh
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees (in an appendix to the Greek Bible)
Psalm 151 (in the Septuagint)
Odes
Syriac Orthodox[edit]
Additional books accepted by the Syriac Orthodox Church (due to inclusion in the Peshitta):
2 Baruch with the Letter of Baruch (only the letter has achieved canonical status)
Psalms 152–155 (not canonical)
Ethiopian Orthodox[edit]
The Ethiopian Tewahedo church accepts all of the deuterocanonical books of Catholicism and anagignoskomena of Eastern Orthodoxy except for the four Books of Maccabees.[17] It accepts the 39 protocanonical books along with the following books, called the "narrow canon".[18] The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.[19]
4 Baruch or the Paralipomena of Jeremiah
1 Enoch
Jubilees
1 Meqabyan
2 Meqabyan
3 Meqabyan
The Ethiopian broader Biblical Canon
Table[edit]
The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the New American Bible Revised Edition, Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version. The spelling and names in both the 1609–1610 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions that derive from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[20]
For the Orthodox canon, Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. For the Catholic canon, the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. Likewise, the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah).
In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations (e.g., the New American Bible, Jerusalem Bible, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g., 1 Chronicles, as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon, 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings, instead of 1-4 Kings) in those books universally considered canonical—the protocanonicals.
The Talmud in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim. This order is also quoted in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7:15. The order of the books of the Torah are universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity.
The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles. Catholics, following the Canon of Trent (1546), describe these books as deuterocanonical, while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions; the German Luther Bible included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.[13]
Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.
Tanakh
(Jewish Bible)
(24 books)[21]
Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim
Protestant
Old Testament
(39 books)
Catholic
Old Testament
(46 books)
Eastern Orthodox
Old Testament
(51 books)
Original language
Torah
Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses
Bereishit Genesis Genesis Genesis Hebrew
Shemot Exodus Exodus Exodus Hebrew
Vayikra Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Hebrew
Bamidbar Numbers Numbers Numbers Hebrew
Devarim Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Hebrew
Nevi'im (Prophets)
Historical books
Yehoshua Joshua Joshua (Josue) Joshua (Iesous) Hebrew
Shofetim Judges Judges Judges Hebrew
Rut (Ruth)[22] Ruth Ruth Ruth Hebrew
Shemuel 1 Samuel 1 Samuel (1 Kings)[23] 1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
2 Samuel 2 Samuel (2 Kings)[23] 2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
Melakhim 1 Kings 1 Kings (3 Kings)[23] 1 Kings (3 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
2 Kings 2 Kings (4 Kings)[23] 2 Kings (4 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles)[22] 1 Chronicles 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon) 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon) Hebrew
2 Chronicles 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon) 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon) Hebrew
1 Esdras Greek
Ezra-Nehemiah[22] Ezra Ezra (1 Esdras) Ezra (2 Esdras)[24][25] Hebrew and Aramaic
Nehemiah Nehemiah (2 Esdras) Nehemiah (2 Esdras)[24][25] Hebrew
Tobit (Tobias) Tobit (Tobias) Aramaic (and Hebrew?)
Judith Judith Hebrew
Esther[22] Esther Esther[26] Esther[26] Hebrew
1 Maccabees (1 Machabees)[27] 1 Maccabees Hebrew
2 Maccabees (2 Machabees)[27] 2 Maccabees Greek
3 Maccabees Greek
4 Maccabees[28] Greek
Ketuvim (Writings) Wisdom books
Iyov (Job)[22] Job Job Job Hebrew
Tehillim (Psalms)[22] Psalms Psalms Psalms[29] Hebrew
Prayer of Manasseh Greek
Mishlei (Proverbs)[22] Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs Hebrew
Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes)[22] Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Hebrew
Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs)[22] Song of Solomon Song of Songs (Canticle of Canticles) Song of Songs (Aisma Aismaton) Hebrew
Wisdom Wisdom Greek
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) Sirach Hebrew
Nevi'im (Latter Prophets) Major prophets
Yeshayahu Isaiah Isaiah (Isaias) Isaiah Hebrew
Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Jeremiah (Jeremias) Jeremiah Hebrew and Aramaic
Eikhah (Lamentations)[22] Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations Hebrew
Baruch with Letter of Jeremiah as the 6th Chapter [30] Baruch[30] Hebrew[31]
Letter of Jeremiah as standalone book [32] Greek (majority view)[33]
Yekhezqel Ezekiel Ezekiel (Ezechiel) Ezekiel Hebrew
Daniel[22] Daniel Daniel[34] Daniel[34] Hebrew and Aramaic
Twelve Minor Prophets
The Twelve
or
Trei Asar Hosea Hosea (Osee) Hosea Hebrew
Joel Joel Joel Hebrew
Amos Amos Amos Hebrew
Obadiah Obadiah (Abdias) Obadiah Hebrew
Jonah Jonah (Jonas) Jonah Hebrew
Micah Micah (Micheas) Micah Hebrew
Nahum Nahum Nahum Hebrew
Habakkuk Habakkuk (Habacuc) Habakkuk Hebrew
Zephaniah Zephaniah (Sophonias) Zephaniah Hebrew
Haggai Haggai (Aggeus) Haggai Hebrew
Zechariah Zechariah (Zacharias) Zechariah Hebrew
Malachi Malachi (Malachias) Malachi Hebrew
Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate, formerly the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.
Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible
Name in Vulgate
Name in Eastern Orthodox use
3 Esdras 1 Esdras
4 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151) Psalm 151
New Testament[edit]
See also: Christian biblical canons, Development of the New Testament canon, New Testament apocrypha, Antilegomena, and Template:Books of the New Testament
In general, among Christian denominations, the New Testament canon is an agreed-upon list of 27 books. The chart below shows the arrangement of the New Testament books regarded as the correct order in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions.[N 1] However, the Slavonic, Armenian, and Ethiopian traditions have different New Testament book orders.
Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant,
and most Oriental Orthodox Original language
(Koine Greek)
Canonical Gospels
Matthew Greek (majority view: see note)[N 2][35][36][37]
Mark Greek
Luke Greek
John Greek
Apostolic History
Acts Greek
Pauline Epistles
Romans Greek
1 Corinthians Greek
2 Corinthians Greek
Galatians Greek
Ephesians Greek
Philippians Greek
Colossians Greek
1 Thessalonians Greek
2 Thessalonians Greek
1 Timothy Greek
2 Timothy Greek
Titus Greek
Philemon Greek
Hebrews[N 1] Greek[38]
General Epistles
James[N 1] Greek
1 Peter Greek
2 Peter[N 3] Greek
1 John Greek
2 John[N 3] Greek
3 John[N 3] Greek
Jude[N 1] [N 3] Greek
Apocalypse
Revelation[N 1] [N 3] Greek
Chart notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Four New Testament works were questioned or "spoken against" by Martin Luther, and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any Lutheran body since. Traditional German "Luther Bibles" are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Luther Bible" order.
Jump up ^ See Rabbinical translations of Matthew. Most modern scholars consider the Gospel of Matthew to have been composed in Koine Greek, see Language of the New Testament. According to tradition as expressed by Papias of Hierapolis, writing in the late first or early second centuries, the Gospel was originally composed in the "Hebrew dialect" (which at the time was largely the related Aramaic) and then translated into Greek (Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical History", 3.39.15-16; Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion 30:3). According to Jerome, Hebrew manuscripts of Matthew were extant while he was translating the Vulgate: "Matthew ... composed a gospel of Christ at first published in Judea in Hebrew for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed, but this was afterwards translated into Greek though by what author is uncertain. The Hebrew itself has been preserved until the present day in the library at Caesarea, which Pamphilus so diligently gathered (St Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Chapter 3).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Peshitta, the traditional Syriac Bible, excludes 2 Peter, 2–3 John, Jude, and Revelation, but Bibles of the modern Syriac Orthodox Church include later translations of those books. Still today the lectionary followed by the Syrian Orthodox Church, present lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta.
Diagram of the development of the Old Testament[edit]
The books of the Old Testament, showing their positions in both the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible, shown with their names in Hebrew) and Christian Bibles. The Deuterocanon or Apocrypha are colored differently from the Protocanon (the Hebrew Bible books considered canonical by all).
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Book: Abrahamic religions
Book: Christianity
Book: Judaism
Authorship of the Bible
Bible
Bible citation
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Darshan, G. “The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods,”, in: M.R. Niehoff (ed.), Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters: Between Literary and Religious Concerns (JSRC 16), Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 221–244
Jump up ^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald & Sanders, The Canon Debate, 2002, page 5, cited are Neusner's Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine, pages 128–145, and Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism, pages 1–22.
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders, page 4
Jump up ^ W. M. Christie, The Jamnia Period in Jewish History (PDF), Biblical Studies.org.uk
Jump up ^ Jack P. Lewis (April 1964), "What Do We Mean by Jabneh?", Journal of Bible and Religion, 32, No. 2, Oxford University Press, pp. 125–132, JSTOR 1460205
Jump up ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. III, pp. 634–7 (New York 1992).
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders, editors, The Canon Debate, 2002, chapter 9: Jamnia Revisited by Jack P. Lewis.
Jump up ^ Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (7 May 2001). "Liturgiam Authenticam" (in Latin and English). Vatican City. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Canon 24. 'Furthermore, it is not permissible that the translations be produced from other translations already made into other languages; rather, the new translations must be made directly from the original texts, namely ... the Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, as the case may be, as regards the texts of Sacred Scripture.'
Jump up ^ Ware, Timothy (1993). The Orthodox Church: New Edition. Penguin Books. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1.
Jump up ^ "Introduction". Orthodox Study Bible (Annotated ed.). Nashville, TN, USA: Thomas Nelson. 2008. p. 1824. ISBN 978-0-7180-0359-3.
Jump up ^ McLay, R. Timothy (2004). The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research. Wm. B. Eerdman's. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8028-6091-0.
^ Jump up to: a b The foundational Thirty-Nine Articles of Anglicanism, in Article VI, asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy, ("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8-9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" —The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments Archived February 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.), the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles.
Jump up ^ Samuel Fallows; et al., eds. (1910) [1901]. The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes. The Howard-Severance company. p. 521.
Jump up ^ (Prayer of Azariah)- 200-0 BC, Bel,and Susanna are often enumerated as one book, "Additions to Daniel"
Jump up ^ Including what is known as 5 Ezra (ch. 1-2) and 6 Ezra (ch. 15-16); only chapters 3-14 are denoted 4 Ezra proper in critical editions; the full book of 16 chapters is often printed as one work, "2 Esdras" or "4 Esdras", in popular editions. See Wikipedia's article on the naming conventions of all of the Books of Ezra (and Nehemiah). The naming conventions of the various deuterocanonical and apocryphal Books of Ezra/Esdras are different in every tradition (Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant). Critical editions generally have settled on the Vulgate naming conventions, where Ezra and Nehemiah were 1 and 2 Esdras, Esdras A is 3 Esdras, and the Latin Apocalypse of Ezra is 4 Esdras (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha).
Jump up ^ According to some enumerations, including Ecclesiasticus, Judith, Tobit, 1 Esdras, 4 Ezra (not including chs. 1-2 or 15-16), Wisdom, the rest of Daniel, Baruch, and 1-2 Maccabees
Jump up ^ These books are accounted pseudepigrapha by all other Christian groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Introduction)
Jump up ^ "The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today". Islamic-awareness.org. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such Ecclesiasticus (DRC) instead of Sirach (LXX) or Ben Sira (Hebrew), Paralipomenon (Greek, meaning "things omitted") instead of Chronicles, Sophonias instead of Zephaniah, Noe instead of Noah, Henoch instead of Enoch, Messias instead of Messiah, Sion instead of Zion, etc.
Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament, only divided and ordered differently: the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books, and in Hebrew Bibles, one book called "The Twelve". Likewise, Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books, either 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings or 1-4 Kings: Jewish Bibles divide these into two books. The Jews likewise keep 1-2 Chronicles/Paralipomenon as one book. Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible, as they are in many Orthodox Bibles, instead of divided into two books, as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This book is part of the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish canon. They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition, much like the Orthodox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.
^ Jump up to: a b Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and the Hebrew bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.
^ Jump up to: a b The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.
^ Jump up to: a b The Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles, 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix.
Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh, not present in all canons.
^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.
Jump up ^ Britannica 1911
Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.
Jump up ^ Hebrew (minority view); see Letter of Jeremiah for details.
^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3:23-24. Susanna is included as Daniel 13. Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.
Jump up ^ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 3, Chapter 39.15-16
Jump up ^ Hieronymous (St Jerome), Eusebius Sophronius (1999). On Illustrious Men (Fathers of the Church). The Catholic University of America Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8132-0100-9.
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff (editors), Church Fathers; Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson (1994). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Series II, Volume VI: Jerome, Letters and Select Works. Hendrickson. p. 8000. ISBN 978-1-56563-116-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Contemporary scholars believe the Hebrews to have been written in Greek, though a minority believe it was originally written in Hebrew, then translated into Greek by Luke. See Wikipedia's New Testament article.
External links[edit]
Old Testament Reading Room & New Testament Reading Room: Online resources referenced by Tyndale Seminary
The Canon of Scripture – a Catholic perspective
Table of Tanakh Books – includes Latin, English, Hebrew and abbreviated names (from Tel Aviv University).
Judaica Press Translation – Online Jewish translation of the books of the Bible.[permanent dead link] The Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary.
Books of the Apocrypha (from the UMC)
Western Armenian Bible (an essay, with full official canon at the end)
H. Schumacher, The Canon of the New Testament (London 1923), pp. 84–94.
hide
v
t
e
Books of the Bible
Principal
divisions
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament Protocanon
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanon
and Apocrypha
Catholic
Orthodox
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
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List of Dallas Cowboys seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For complete team history, see History of the Dallas Cowboys.
This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cowboys' franchise from 1960 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team.[1] The team has earned the most postseason appearances (31, which includes another league record of 62 postseason games, winning 37 of them), the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20, tied for the most appearances in the NFC Championship Game (14), and the most Super Bowl appearances 8 (with Denver, Pittsburgh, and New England). The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5, all five being Super Bowls.[2]
The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI, XII, XXVII, XXVIII and XXX. They also played in and lost Super Bowl V, X, and XIII.[2]
The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history. The first period of success came from 1966–1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times.[3] During this period, they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls, winning two of them, winning a total of 20 playoff games.[3] The second period of success was between 1991–1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11–2 in the postseason.[3]
The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history. The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965, during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance.[4] They did not win a single game during their first season, compiling an 0–11–1 record that is still the worst in franchise history.[4] Also, they did not have a single winning record in this period.[4] Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled, with the low point being the NFL's second 15-loss season after the 1980 Saints in 1989. After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996, the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games, one after a franchise-record 13–3 season in 2007, during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak.[5] This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival, the Philadelphia Eagles 34–14 after an 11–5 season in 2009.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Seasons
3 Footnotes
4 References
Key[edit]
Note: The finish, wins, losses, and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Italicized numbers mean that the records are subject to change each week due to regular season or postseason games being played.
NFL Champions (1920–1969) Super Bowl Champions (1970–present) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth
Seasons[edit]
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason Results
Awards
Head coaches
Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties
1960
1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 1 Tom Landry
1961
1961 NFL Eastern 6th 4 9 1 Tom Landry
1962
1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1 Tom Landry
1963
1963 NFL Eastern 5th 4 10 0 Tom Landry
1964
1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1 Tom Landry
1965
1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry
1966
1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 3 1 Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27 Tom Landry (COY) Tom Landry
1967[6]
1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–10
Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17 Tom Landry
1968
1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 2 0 Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20 Tom Landry
1969
1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 2 1 Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14 Calvin Hill (OROY) Tom Landry
1970
1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10
Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13 Chuck Howley (SB MVP) Tom Landry
1971
1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3
Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3 Roger Staubach (SB MVP) Tom Landry
1972
1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3 Tom Landry
1973
1973 NFL NFC East 1st[7] 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–16
Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10 Tom Landry
1974
1974 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry
1975
1975 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7
Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17 Tom Landry
1976
1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12 Tom Landry
1977
1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7
Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6
Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10 Tony Dorsett (OROY)
Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)
Randy White (SB MVP) Tom Landry
1978[8]
1978 NFL NFC East 1st[9] 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0
Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31 Tom Landry
1979
1979 NFL NFC East 1st[10] 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19
Tom Landry
1980
1980 NFL NFC East 2nd[11] 12 4 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27
Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7 Tom Landry
1981
1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27 Tom Landry
1982[12]
1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 3 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17 Tom Landry
1983
1983 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 4 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17 Tom Landry
1984
1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry
1985
1985 NFL NFC East 1st[13] 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0 Tom Landry
1986
1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry
1987[14]
1987 NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry
1988
1988 NFL NFC East 5th 3 13 0 Tom Landry
1989
1989 NFL NFC East 5th 1 15 0 Jimmy Johnson
1990
1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith (OROY)
Jimmy Johnson (COY) Jimmy Johnson
1991
1991 NFL NFC East 2nd[15] 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6 Jimmy Johnson
1992
1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20
Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17 Troy Aikman (SB MVP) Jimmy Johnson
1993
1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21
Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13 Emmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP) Jimmy Johnson
1994
1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28 Barry Switzer
1995
1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11
Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27
Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17 Larry Brown (SB MVP) Barry Switzer
1996
1996 NFL NFC East 1st[16] 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17 Barry Switzer
1997
1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer
1998
1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7 Chan Gailey
1999
1999 NFL NFC East 2nd[17] 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10 Chan Gailey
2000
2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo
2001
2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo
2002
2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo
2003
2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10 Bill Parcells
2004
2004 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells
2005
2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells
2006
2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20 Bill Parcells
2007
2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17 Greg Ellis (CBPOY) Wade Phillips
2008
2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips
2009
2009 NFL NFC East 1st[18] 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3 Wade Phillips
2010
2010 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips (1–7)
Jason Garrett (5–3)
2011
2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett
2012
2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten (WP MOY) Jason Garrett
2013
2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett
2014
2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21 DeMarco Murray (OPOY) Jason Garrett
2015
2015 NFL NFC East 4th 4 12 0 Jason Garrett
2016
2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31 Dak Prescott (OROY)
Jason Garrett (COY) Jason Garrett
Total
493 367 6
All-time regular season record (1960–2016)
34 27 0 All-time postseason record (1960–2016)
527
393
6
All-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2016)
5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "1960 Dallas Cowboys". Dallas Cowboys' Official Website. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys' Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys Franchise History". SportsEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions. Up to 1967, the league was either divided into two divisions, two conferences, or neither.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season, the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head-to-head games.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season, the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season, the Cowboys, Redskins, and the Giants finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season, the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season, the Cowboys, Lions, and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8–8 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record.
References[edit]
"Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sportsline. Retrieved January 2007. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"NFL.com – History – Yearly Standings". National Football League Official website. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Pro Football Hall of Fame – Dallas Cowboys". Pro Football Hall of Fame Website. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Dallas Cowboys (1960 – )". databasefootball.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Dallas Cowboys (1960–Present)". Sports E-Cyclopedia. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Dallas Cowboys History". JT-SW.com. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"History – Dallas Cowboys". Hickoksports.com. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Franchise page – Dallas Cowboys". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
"Dallas Cowboys Live – Dallas Cowboys". cowboysgames.net. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
[show]
v
t
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Dallas Cowboys
Founded in 1960
Based in Arlington, Texas
Headquartered in Frisco, Texas
Franchise
Franchise
History
Coaches
Players
Seasons
Expansion draft
Draft history
Starting quarterbacks
First-round draft picks
The Ford Center at The Star
Stadiums
Cotton Bowl
Texas Stadium
AT&T Stadium
Culture
NFL on Thanksgiving Day
America's Team
Cheerleaders
Doomsday Defense
Crazy Ray
Rowdy
Jerry Jones
Black Sunday (film)
King of the Hill
Lore
Tom Landry
Tex Schramm
Captain Comeback
Ice Bowl
Hail Mary
The Catch
Herschel Walker trade
Dirty Dozen
Ring of Honor
Bounty Bowl series
Rivalries
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins
Green Bay Packers
San Francisco 49ers
Pittsburgh Steelers
Houston Oilers/Texans
Division championships (23)
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1985
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1998
2007
2009
2014
2016
Conference championships (10)
1966
1967
1970
1971
1975
1977
1978
1992
1993
1995
League Championships (5)
1971 (VI)
1977 (XII)
1992 (XXVII)
1993 (XXVIII)
1995 (XXX)
Ring of Honor
Bob Lilly
Don Meredith
Don Perkins
Chuck Howley
Mel Renfro
Roger Staubach
Lee Roy Jordan
Tom Landry
Tony Dorsett
Randy White
Bob Hayes
Tex Schramm
Cliff Harris
Rayfield Wright
Troy Aikman
Michael Irvin
Emmitt Smith
Drew Pearson
Charles Haley
Larry Allen
Darren Woodson
Media
Broadcasters
Radio network
KRLD-FM
Brad Sham
Babe Laufenberg
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: East Division
Seasons (58)
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
[show]
v
t
e
Dallas Cowboys seasons
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Bold indicates Super Bowl victory
Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance
[show]
v
t
e
NFL team season lists
American Football Conference
AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West
Buffalo Bills
Miami Dolphins
New England Patriots
New York Jets
Baltimore Ravens
Cincinnati Bengals
Cleveland Browns
Pittsburgh Steelers
Houston Texans
Indianapolis Colts
Jacksonville Jaguars
Tennessee Titans
Denver Broncos
Kansas City Chiefs
Los Angeles Chargers
Oakland Raiders
National Football Conference
NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West
Dallas Cowboys
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins
Chicago Bears
Detroit Lions
Green Bay Packers
Minnesota Vikings
Atlanta Falcons
Carolina Panthers
New Orleans Saints
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Arizona Cardinals
Los Angeles Rams
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=790746830"
Categories:
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