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Phoenix (mythology)
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For other uses, see Phoenix.
A phoenix depicted in a book of legendary creatures by FJ Bertuch (1747–1822)
In Greek mythology, a phoenix (Ancient Greek: φοῖνιξ, phoînix) is a long-lived bird that cyclically regenerates or is otherwise born again.
Associated with the Sun, a phoenix obtains new life by arising from the ashes of its predecessor. According to some sources, the phoenix dies in a show of flames and combustion, although there are other sources that claim that the legendary bird dies and simply decomposes before being born again.[1] There are different traditions concerning the lifespan of the phoenix, but by most accounts the phoenix lived for 500 years before rebirth.[2] Herodotus, Lucan, Pliny the Elder, Pope Clement I, Lactantius, Ovid, and Isidore of Seville are among those who have contributed to the retelling and transmission of the phoenix motif.
In the historical record, the phoenix "could symbolize renewal in general as well as the sun, time, the Empire, metempsychosis, consecration, resurrection, life in the heavenly Paradise, Christ, Mary, virginity, the exceptional man, and certain aspects of Christian life".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Relation to the Egyptian Bennu
3 Appearance
4 In later European culture
5 Analogues
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The modern English noun phoenix derives from Middle English phenix (before 1150), itself from Old English fēnix (around 750). Old English fēnix was borrowed from Medieval Latin phenix, which is derived from Classical Latin phoenīx. The Classical Latin phoenīx represents Greek φοῖνιξ phoinīx.[4]
In ancient Greece and Rome, the bird, phoenix, was sometimes associated with the similar-sounding Phoenicia, a civilization famous for its production of purple dye from conch shells. A late antique etymology offered by the 6th- and 7th-century CE archbishop Isidore of Seville accordingly derives the name of the phoenix from its allegedly purple-red hue. Because the costly purple dye from Phoenicia was associated with the upper classes in antiquity and, later, with royalty, in the medieval period the phoenix was considered "the royal bird".[5]
In spite of these folk etymologies, with the deciphering of the Linear B script in the 20th century, the original Greek φοῖνιξ was decisively shown to be derived from Mycenaean Greek po-ni-ke, itself open to a variety of interpretations.[6]
Relation to the Egyptian Bennu[edit]
Classical discourse on the subject of the phoenix points to a potential origin of the phoenix in Ancient Egypt. In the 19th century scholastic suspicions appeared to be confirmed by the discovery that Egyptians in Heliopolis had venerated the Bennu, a solar bird observed in some respects to be similar to the Greek phoenix. However, the Egyptian sources regarding the bennu are often problematic and open to a variety of interpretations. Some of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of the phoenix, rather than the other way around.[7]
Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, gives a somewhat skeptical account of the phoenix:
"[The Egyptians] have also another sacred bird called the phoenix which I myself have never seen, except in pictures. Indeed it is a great rarity, even in Egypt, only coming there (according to the accounts of the people of Heliopolis) once in five hundred years, when the old phoenix dies. Its size and appearance, if it is like the pictures, are as follow:- The plumage is partly red, partly golden, while the general make and size are almost exactly that of the eagle. They tell a story of what this bird does, which does not seem to me to be credible: that he comes all the way from Arabia, and brings the parent bird, all plastered over with myrrh, to the temple of the Sun, and there buries the body. In order to bring him, they say, he first forms a ball of myrrh as big as he finds that he can carry; then he hollows out the ball, and puts his parent inside, after which he covers over the opening with fresh myrrh, and the ball is then of exactly the same weight as at first; so he brings it to Egypt, plastered over as I have said, and deposits it in the temple of the Sun. Such is the story they tell of the doings of this bird."[8]
Appearance[edit]
Detail from the 12th century Aberdeen Bestiary, featuring a phoenix
The phoenix is sometimes pictured in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art as endowed with a nimbus, which emphasizes the bird's connection with the Sun.[9] In the oldest images of phoenixes on record these nimbuses often have seven rays, like Helios (the sun Titan of Greek mythology).[10] Pliny the Elder[11] also describes the bird as having a crest of feathers on its head,[9] and Ezekiel the Dramatist compared it to a rooster.[12]
Although the phoenix was generally believed to be colorful and vibrant, sources provide no clear consensus about its coloration. Tacitus says that its color made it stand out from all other birds.[13] Some said that the bird had peacock-like coloring, and Herodotus's claim of the Phoenix being red and yellow is popular in many versions of the story on record.[14] Ezekiel the Dramatist declared that the phoenix had red legs and striking yellow eyes,[12] but Lactantius said that its eyes were blue like sapphires[15] and that its legs were covered in yellow-gold scales with rose-colored talons.[16]
Herodotus, Pliny, Solinus, and Philostratus describe the phoenix as similar in size to an eagle,[17] but Lactantius and Ezekiel the Dramatist both claim that the phoenix was larger, with Lactantius declaring that it was even larger than an ostrich.[18]
In later European culture[edit]
Dante refers to the phoenix in Inferno Canto XXIV:
In the original Italian
Così per li gran savi si confessa
che la fenice more e poi rinasce,
quando al cinquecentesimo anno appressa;

erba né biado in sua vita non pasce,
ma sol d’incenso lagrime e d’amomo,
e nardo e mirra son l’ultime fasce.
In English translation
Even thus by the great sages 'tis confessed
The phoenix dies, and then is born again,
When it approaches its five-hundredth year;

On herb or grain it feeds not in its life,
But only on tears of incense and amomum,
And nard and myrrh are its last winding-sheet.
In the play Henry VIII by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, the King says in Act V Scene v, in flattering reference to his young daughter Elizabeth (who was to become Queen Elizabeth I):
Nor shall this peace sleep with her; but as when
The bird of wonder dies, the maiden phoenix,
Her ashes new create another heir
As great in admiration as herself;
So shall she leave her blessedness to one,
When heaven shall call her from this cloud of darkness,
Who from the sacred ashes of her honour
Shall star-like rise as great in fame as she was,
And so stand fix'd.
Analogues[edit]
Scholars have observed analogues to the phoenix in a variety of cultures. These analogues include the Hindu garuda and gandaberunda, the Slavic firebird, the Persian simurgh, Georgian paskunji, the Arabian anqa' (عنقاء), and from that, the Turkish Zümrüdü Anka, the Tibetan Me byi karmo, the Chinese fenghuang, and the Japanese hō-ō. Though some of these, such as the fenghuang, are really different from the phoenix of Greek mythology. Their similarities are deemed similar only at the superficial or surface level. [19]
See also[edit]
Chol (bible), a Hebrew word sometimes glossed as phoenix
Phoenix in popular culture
Warsaw, capital of Poland, nicknamed Phoenix City
Phoenix, Arizona, a city in the United States, named after the Phoenix
Atlanta, Georgia, a city in the United States which uses the Phoenix in the city seal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, pp. 67–70.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Barnhart 1995, p. 564.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 62–66.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 14–25.
Jump up ^ Herodotus, The Histories, Book II Trans. G. Rawlinson (1858)
^ Jump up to: a b Van der Broek 1972, p. 233.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, pp. 246–247.
Jump up ^ Ancient Magic and the Supernatural in the Modern Visual and Performing Arts, edited by Filippo CarlÁ,Irene Berti, page172
^ Jump up to: a b Van der Broek 1972, p. 257.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 253.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 256.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, pp. 257–258.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 251.
Jump up ^ Van der Broek 1972, p. 252.
Jump up ^ Garry & El-Shamy 2005, pp. 84–87.
References[edit]
Barnhart, Robert K (1995), The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-270084-7 .
Garry, Jane; El-Shamy, Hasan (2005), Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature, ME Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-76561260-1 .
Van der Broek, R (1972), The Myth of the Phoenix, Seeger, I trans, EJ Brill . Google books
Praveen Samuel.J, Precilla Shaline.J; Bharadwaj U.M (2015), Phoenix, IJSSHR, ISSN 2348-3164 .
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Phoenix.
Quotations related to Phoenix at Wikiquote
Media related to Phoenix at Wikimedia Commons
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Փյունիկ (դիցաբանական) – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: फ़ीनिक्स (मिथक) – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenice
Fenice – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: עוף החול – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಫೀನಿಕ್ಸ್ ಪಕ್ಷಿ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ფენიქსი (მითოლოგია) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Самұрық құсы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix
Phoenix – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniksas
Feniksas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Феникс (птица) – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഫീനിക്ക്സ് (പുരാണം) – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix
Phoenix – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਕੁਕਨੂਸ (ਮਿਥਹਾਸ) – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Феникс – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Феникс – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeniks
Feeniks – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenix
Fenix – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: பீனிக்ஸ் (பறவை) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ఫీనిక్స్ (పక్షి) – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ฟีนิกซ์ (เทพปกรณัม) – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniks
Feniks – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Phoenix_mythology rootpage-Phoenix_mythology skin-vector action-view