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Friends (season 8)
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Friends (season 8)
Friends season 8 DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27) – May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
Next →
Season 9
List of Friends episodes
The eighth season of Friends, an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, premiered on NBC on September 27, 2001. Friends was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. The season contains 24 episodes and concluded airing on May 16, 2002. This season had an average of 24.5 million viewers, and was the most watched TV show of the 2001–02 television season.[1]
Contents
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
1.3 Guest stars
2 Episodes
3 United States ratings
4 Awards and nominations
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Friends characters
(In particular, Introduced in season 8 or Only in season 8)
Main cast[edit]
Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green
Courteney Cox as Monica Geller-Bing
Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay
Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani
Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing
David Schwimmer as Ross Geller
Recurring cast[edit]
Elliott Gould as Jack Geller
Christina Pickles as Judy Geller
Bonnie Somerville as Mona
Sean Penn as Eric
Alec Baldwin as Parker
James Michael Tyler as Gunther
Guest stars[edit]
Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein
Eddie Cahill as Tag Jones
Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green
Ron Leibman as Leonard Green
June Gable as Estelle Leonard
Brad Pitt as Will Colbert
Trudie Styler as Herself
Johnny Messner as Kash
Eddie McClintock as Clifford 'Cliff' Burnett
Sam McMurray as Doug
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Friends episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
171
1 "The One After 'I Do'" Kevin S. Bright David Crane & Marta Kauffman September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27) 227401 31.70[2]
Everybody thinks Monica's pregnant, but her denial quickly shifts the focus to Phoebe, who takes the heat off of Rachel--who is actually pregnant. Chandler's shoes are slippery, rendering his dance lessons useless. Joey tries to impress a Broadway director. Ross dances with children to impress Monica's attractive, funny friend Mona, which leads to him getting injured quite a bit.
Note: This episode is dedicated to "The people of New York City" to remember the September 11 attacks.
172
2 "The One with the Red Sweater" David Schwimmer Dana Klein Borkow October 4, 2001 (2001-10-04) 227402 30.04[2]
Rachel won't tell anybody who the father of her baby is until she tells him. Joey tells Monica and Phoebe that a guy slept with Rachel a few weeks earlier, and left a red sweater behind. Phoebe thinks it's Tag Jones and arranges a meeting for Rachel with him. Ross and Chandler attempt to recreate the wedding pictures, after Chandler loses the disposable cameras. Monica opens all of her and Chandler's wedding presents. Monica, Joey and Phoebe find out that Tag is not the father of Rachel's baby. They're still pondering the mystery when the red sweater is spotted in front of them and retrieved by its owner: Ross.
173
3 "The One Where Rachel Tells..." Sheldon Epps Sherry Bilsing & Ellen Plummer October 11, 2001 (2001-10-11) 227403 29.20[2]
Chandler and Monica prepare to leave for their honeymoon as Rachel prepares to tell the father of her baby. Phoebe and Joey try to get into Monica and Chandler's apartment by telling Mr. Treeger there is a gas leak. However, not all goes to plan when Treeger, who could not find Monica and Chandler's key, orders firefighters to break down the door.
Note: There was a subplot of Chandler and Monica's honeymoon that was completely shot and filmed but ultimately never aired. It involved Chandler playfully joking about bombs when preparing to board first-class. The airport security mistake Chandler's joke as a real threat then take him and Monica to interrogation. Towards the end of the episode they're determined not to be a threat to the aircraft, but shortly after their release Joey calls Monica and pretends that there is a gas leak in their apartment in an attempt to cover for the broken door. When Joey asked her whether they'll charge them for the damage of breaking down the door, she sarcastically replied, "No, I want you to stand there and wait for the entire place to blow up!", causing the authorities to re-interrogate the couple. Following 9/11, the writers felt the humor of this subplot was off color and quickly replaced it with a story about Chandler and Monica getting jealous over another newly married couple who got free perks by arriving just before they did. The cut scenes from this episode were later shown as a special feature on the 2004 UK version of the DVDs.
174
4 "The One with the Videotape" Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri October 18, 2001 (2001-10-18) 227406 25.58[2]
Ross and Rachel disagree over who came onto whom when they hooked up, with Rachel (and the group) sure that Ross was the initiator of their pregnancy-causing sex and Ross being sure that Rachel hit on him first. He wants to prove it and accidentally reveals that he has the encounter on videotape. Rachel goes from being disgusted to being intrigued, and everyone watches the tape where they find out that Ross was right because Rachel used Joey's patented "story that leads to having sex". Monica and Chandler meet another couple while on their honeymoon.
175
5 "The One with Rachel's Date" Gary Halvorson Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones October 25, 2001 (2001-10-25) 227404 25.64[2]
Phoebe begins dating a guy who works for Monica, causing a problem when Phoebe wants to dump him on the same day Monica plans to fire him. A guy at Chandler's work thinks that Chandler's name is Toby. Rachel goes on a date with Joey's costar, despite being pregnant, much to Ross' annoyance.
Note: This episode is dedicated to the memory of Richard Cox, Sr., father of Courteney Cox.
176
6 "The One with the Halloween Party" Gary Halvorson Mark Kunerth November 1, 2001 (2001-11-01) 227405 26.96[2]
Monica and Chandler are throwing a Halloween Party. At the party Phoebe runs into her sister's fiance, Eric (Sean Penn), and finds herself attracted to him as they bond over what a total liar Ursula is. Ross and Chandler arm wrestle ineffectually, as Ross laments that his goofy "Spudnik" outfit makes him look like feces. Rachel asks if she can be the person who hands out candy to the trick-or-treaters, as she says 'ever since I got pregnant, I have had the strongest maternal instincts', only to find out she isn't as maternal as she thought.
177
7 "The One with the Stain" Kevin S. Bright R. Lee Fleming Jr. November 8, 2001 (2001-11-08) 227407 24.24[2]
Chandler hires a maid to help Monica but she thinks the maid is stealing her clothes. Eric broke up with Ursula and wants to date Phoebe but she reminds him too much of her sister. Ross attempts to secure the apartment of a dying Dutch woman for Rachel, while Joey tries to convince Rachel to continue living with him.
178
8 "The One with the Stripper" David Schwimmer Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen November 15, 2001 (2001-11-15) 227408 26.54[2]
Rachel's having dinner with her dad to tell him that she's pregnant, and Rachel is intimidated and lies about Ross being unsupportive, leading to Mr. Green threatening Ross and nearly ruining his budding romance with Mona. Meanwhile Monica hires a stripper, who turns out to be a hooker, for Chandler because he never got to have a bachelor party.
179
9 "The One with the Rumor" Gary Halvorson Shana Goldberg-Meehan November 22, 2001 (2001-11-22) 227410 24.24[2]
Monica invites a high school friend, Will (Brad Pitt) to her Thanksgiving dinner. Rachel finds out that Will (who was a loser like Ross in high school and is now a gorgeous guy) and Ross started a rumor about Rachel having both male and female "reproductive parts" during their senior year of high school. Joey tries to eat an entire turkey because 'he's a Tribbiani'. Chandler and Phoebe avoid helping Monica by sitting on the couch and watching a game.
180
10 "The One with Monica's Boots" Kevin S. Bright Story by : Robert Carlock
Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones December 6, 2001 (2001-12-06) 227409 22.44[2]
Monica buys very expensive boots and promises Chandler to wear them all the time. After a while they are killing Monica's feet but she doesn't dare to tell Chandler. Joey's youngest sister Dina (Marla Sokoloff) is pregnant and comes to Rachel for advice. Phoebe finds out that Sting's son is in Ben's class so she goes to see Sting's wife (real wife, Trudie Styler) pretending to want to talk about Ben and Jack in order to get tickets to Sting's concert.
Note: In this episode, Ross tells Phoebe Ben is 7. However this episode is set in December 2001, and as Ben was born in May 1995, Ben would only be 6 at the time.
181
11 "The One with Ross's Step Forward"
"The One with The Creepy Holiday Card" Gary Halvorson Robert Carlock December 13, 2001 (2001-12-13) 227411 23.85[2]
Ross freaks out when Mona wants to send out joint Christmas cards and wants to have "the talk". Chandler tries to get out of spending time with his boss. Rachel has hormonal problems as a result of pregnancy and becomes "erotically charged".
182
12 "The One Where Joey Dates Rachel" David Schwimmer Sherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer January 10, 2002 (2002-01-10) 227412 25.53[2]
Now that Rachel can't go on dates any more due to her pregnancy, Joey decides to take her on a date. But instantly, he begins to have a crush on Rachel, something that even he is scared about. Monica and Chandler get a Ms. Pac-Man arcade game from Phoebe as a late wedding present. After Phoebe hogs the game, Chandler becomes a pro by repeatedly playing and putting swear words as his initials, however Monica wants them to be removed as Ben would be coming over to play on it. After Ross gets to teach an advanced class, he struggles to get to the class on time.
183
13 "The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath" Ben Weiss Vanessa McCarthy January 17, 2002 (2002-01-17) 227413 29.24[2]
Monica sways Chandler's dislike of baths but he soon becomes addicted to them. Phoebe, who thinks Joey has a crush on her, is shocked to discover that Joey actually likes Rachel; Ross and Rachel debate over potential names for their baby and find out the baby's sex.
184
14 "The One with the Secret Closet" Kevin S. Bright Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones January 31, 2002 (2002-01-31) 227414 28.64[2]
Chandler becomes obsessed with finding out what is behind the door of Monica's secret closet. Phoebe feels betrayed when she discovers Monica has been using a different massage therapist. Ross feels left out after missing the baby's first kick especially when Joey is mistaken for the father. Joey, feeling bad about the situation, suggests that Rachel should move in with Ross even though he wanted Rachel to live with him.
185
15 "The One with the Birthing Video" Kevin S. Bright Dana Klein Borkow February 7, 2002 (2002-02-07) 227415 28.64[2]
Phoebe gives a birthing video to Rachel. Chandler, mistaking the tape for porn, watches it and is horrified after watching it with Monica, which kills the mood for Valentine's Day. Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him, and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty. Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood, Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up. However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression, and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel.
186
16 "The One Where Joey Tells Rachel" Ben Weiss Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen February 28, 2002 (2002-02-28) 227416 27.52[2]
Ross, shocked at Joey's declaration, avoids him, but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel. Joey confesses his love for Rachel, but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down. Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica's soulmate.
Guest starring Sam Pancake as the waiter.
187
17 "The One with the Tea Leaves" Gary Halvorson Story by : R. Lee Fleming Jr.
Teleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus March 7, 2002 (2002-03-07) 227417 26.30[2]
Phoebe determines through tea leaves that she'll soon meet the man of her dreams, which leads her to a disastrous date with a disturbing man and then a pleasant meeting with a charming one at the dry cleaners. Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey, since he confessed his feelings for her. Ross tries to retrieve his 'faded salmon' shirt from Mona's apartment.
188
18 "The One in Massapequa"
"The One with the Zesty Guy" Gary Halvorson Story by : Peter Tibbals
Teleplay by : Mark Kunerth March 28, 2002 (2002-03-28) 227418 22.05[2]
Monica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents' 35th anniversary party. Phoebe dates Parker (Alec Baldwin), who's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself. Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross' "wedding toast" stirs feelings in Rachel.
189
19 "The One with Joey's Interview" Gary Halvorson Doty Abrams April 4, 2002 (2002-04-04) 227424 22.59[2]
Joey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest, although he's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career. (In a previous episode, in an interview, he said he writes a lot of his own lines, which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives.) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well. This is the fourth of Friends' six clip shows.
190
20 "The One with the Baby Shower" Kevin S. Bright Sherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Plummer April 25, 2002 (2002-04-25) 227421 22.24[2]
Phoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel's mother. During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra, but to no avail. Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth, so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks, much to her and Ross' annoyance. Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she's furious at her spitefulness. Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called "Bamboozled" that makes absolutely no sense, and Chandler and Ross help him practice.
191
21 "The One with the Cooking Class" Gary Halvorson Story by : Dana Klein Borkow
Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones May 2, 2002 (2002-05-02) 227419 23.97[2]
Monica's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post. After confronting the critic who wrote it, she decides to join a cooking class, with Joey in tow. Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store. Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes.
192
22 "The One Where Rachel is Late" Gary Halvorson Shana Goldberg-Meehan May 9, 2002 (2002-05-09) 227420 24.32[2]
Joey invites Chandler to his movie's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it. Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she's eight days late, and will try anything to induce labor, which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe.
193
194
23
24 "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby" Kevin S. Bright Scott Silveri
Marta Kauffman & David Crane May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)[a] 227422
227423 34.91[2]
Ross and Rachel arrive at the hospital. Judy Geller gives Ross her mother's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with. Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby. After forty-seven hours of labor, Rachel has her and Ross' baby, Emma as "River Of Tears" by Eric Clapton plays in the background. Joey finds Ross' engagement ring. Rachel thinks he's proposing and says "Okay". Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital.
United States ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode title
Air date
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (millions)
Weekly rank
171 1 "The One After 'I Do'" September 27, 2001 19.5/31 31.70 #1
172 2 "The One with the Red Sweater" October 4, 2001 18.9/31 30.04 #1
173 3 "The One Where Rachel Tells Ross" October 11, 2001 17.9/26 29.20 #1
174 4 "The One with the Videotape" October 18, 2001 16.0/25 25.58 #2
175 5 "The One with Rachel's Date" October 25, 2001 16.1/25 25.64 #2
176 6 "The One with the Halloween Party" November 1, 2001 16.8/25 26.96 #2
177 7 "The One with the Stain" November 8, 2001 15.2/23 24.24 #2
178 8 "The One with the Stripper" November 15, 2001 16.1/25 26.54 #2
179 9 "The One with the Rumor" November 22, 2001 12.7/25 24.24 #3
180 10 "The One with Monica's Boots" December 6, 2001 14.0/23 22.44 #2
181 11 "The One with Ross's Step Forward"
"The One with The Creepy Holiday Card" December 13, 2001 14.9/25 23.85 #2
182 12 "The One Where Joey Dates Rachel" January 10, 2002 16.1/24 25.53 #2
183 13 "The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath" January 17, 2002 17.5/27 29.24 #1
184 14 "The One with the Secret Closet" January 31, 2002 17.8/28 28.64 #3
185 15 "The One with the Birthing Video" February 7, 2002 17.8/28 28.64 #2
186 16 "The One Where Joey Tells Rachel" February 28, 2002 17.4/27 27.52 #1
187 17 "The One with the Tea Leaves" March 7, 2002 16.3/25 26.30 #2
188 18 "The One in Massapequa" March 28, 2002 13.7/23 22.05 #4
189 19 "The One with Joey's Interview" April 4, 2002 14.7/24 22.59 #4
190 20 "The One with the Baby Shower" April 25, 2002 14.4/23 22.24 #3
191 21 "The One with the Cooking Class" May 2, 2002 15.4/25 23.97 #3
192 22 "The One Where Rachel is Late" May 9, 2002 15.4/26 24.32 #3
193 / 194 23 / 24 "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby" May 16, 2002 21.1/34 34.91 #1
Season 8 averaged 24.5 million viewers and finished, for the first time, as the most watched show of the 2001–02 television season.[1]
All episodes aired at 8:00 pm ET Thursdays on NBC.
All episodes ranked within the weekly top 5 most watched TV shows.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Association
Category
Recipient
Results
59th Annual Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical N/A Nominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television Jennifer Aniston Nominated
14th Annual Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards Favorite Television Show N/A Nominated
Favorite Television Actor Matt LeBlanc Nominated
Matthew Perry Nominated
Favorite Television Actress Jennifer Aniston Nominated
6th Annual Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Comedy Series N/A Won
Best Direction in a Comedy Series Kevin S. Bright
David Schwimmer
Sheldon Epps
Gary Halvorson
Ben Weiss Nominated
Best Writing in a Comedy Series David Crane
Marta Kauffman
Dana Klein Borkow
Sherry Bilings
Ellen Plummer
Scott Silveri
Brian Buckner
Sebastian Jones
Mark Kunerth
R. Lee Flemming, Jr.
Andrew Reich
Ted Cohen
Shana Goldberg-Meehan
Robert Carlock
Vanessa McCarthy
Peter Tibbals
Doty Abrams Won
Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jennifer Aniston Won
Best Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Brad Pitt Nominated
28th Annual People's Choice Awards Favorite Television Comedy Series N/A Won
Favorite Female Television Performer Jennifer Aniston Won
54th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series N/A Won
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
for episode "The One Where Joey Tells Rachel" Matt LeBlanc Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
for episode "The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath" Matthew Perry Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
for episode "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby (Part 1 & 2)" Jennifer Aniston Won
Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series
for episode "The One with the Rumor" Brad Pitt Nominated
Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series
for episode "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby (Part 1 & 2)" John Shaffner
Joe Stewart
Greg J. Grande Nominated
Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Leslie Litt
Barbara Miller Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series
for episode "The One with the Rumor" Nick McLean Nominated
Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series
for episode "The One with the Rumor" Stephen Prime Nominated
Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series
for episode "The One with the Halloween Party" Kenny Tintorri Nominated
Outstanding Multi-Camera Sound Mixing for a Series or Special
for episode "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby (Part 1 & 2)" Dana Mark McClure Nominated
6th Annual Satellite Awards Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical N/A Nominated
Best Actress in a Series - Comedy or Musical Jennifer Aniston Nominated
8th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jennifer Aniston Nominated
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Jennifer Aniston
Courteney Cox
Lisa Kudrow
Matt LeBlanc
Matthew Perry
David Schwimmer Nominated
4th Annual Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show - Comedy N/A Won
Choice TV Actor - Comedy Matt LeBlanc Won
Choice TV Actress - Comedy Jennifer Aniston Won
Courteney Cox Nominated
Lisa Kudrow Nominated
18th Annual Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in Comedy N/A Nominated
Individual Achievement in Comedy Matt LeBlanc Nominated
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ These episodes originally aired as a single double-length episode but are sometimes split into two episodes for syndication, reruns and DVD presentation.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "How Did Your Favorite Show Rate?". USA Today. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Friends Nielsen Ratings Archive – Season Eight". Newmusicandmore.tripod.com. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
External links[edit]
List of Friends episodes on IMDb
Friends: Season 8 at Rotten Tomatoes
The One With The Tea Leaves script at livesinabox.com
show
v
t
e
Friends
Characters
Chandler Bing
Phoebe Buffay
Monica Geller
Ross Geller
Rachel Green
Joey Tribbiani
Episodes
Season 1
"The Pilot" (1.01)
"The One with the Sonogram at the End" (1.02)
Season 2
"The One with the Lesbian Wedding" (2.11)
"The One After the Superbowl" (2.12–2.13)
"The One with the Prom Video" (2.14)
"The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies" (2.18)
Season 3
"The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy" (3.01)
"The One Where No One's Ready" (3.02)
"The One with the Morning After" (3.16)
Season 4
"The One with the Embryos" (4.12)
"The One with Ross's Wedding" (4.23–4.24)
Season 5
"The One After Ross Says Rachel" (5.01)
"The One Hundredth" (5.03)
"The One with All the Thanksgivings" (5.08)
"The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey" (5.15)
"The One Where Rachel Smokes" (5.18)
"The One Where Ross Can't Flirt" (5.19)
"The One with the Ride-Along" (5.20)
Season 6
"The One After Vegas" (6.01)
"The One with the Apothecary Table" (6.11)
"The One with the Proposal" (6.24–6.25)
Season 7
"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding" (7.23–7.24)
Season 8
"The One with Rachel's Date" (8.05)
"The One with the Rumor" (8.09)
Season 9
–
Season 10
"The Last One" (10.17–10.18)
Related articles
Music
"I'll Be There for You"
Joey
Mad About You
Awards and nominations
Friends ... 'Til the End
Hello Friends
show
v
t
e
Nielsen Media Research top-rated United States network television show
1950s
50–51: Texaco Star Theater
51–52: Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts
52–53, 53–54, 54–55: I Love Lucy
55–56: The $64,000 Question
56–57: I Love Lucy
57–58, 58–59, 59–60: Gunsmoke
1960s
60–61: Gunsmoke
61–62: Wagon Train
62–63, 63–64: The Beverly Hillbillies (S1, S2)
64–65, 65–66, 66–67: Bonanza
67–68: The Andy Griffith Show (S8)
68–69, 69–70: Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
1970s
70–71: Marcus Welby, M.D.
71–72, 72–73, 73–74, 74–75, 75–76: All in the Family (S2, S3, S4, S5, S6)
76–77: Happy Days (S4)
77–78, 78–79: Laverne & Shirley (S3, S4)
79–80: 60 Minutes
1980s
80–81, 81–82: Dallas (S4, S5)
82–83: 60 Minutes
83–84: Dallas (S7)
84–85: Dynasty
85–86, 86–87, 87–88, 88–89: The Cosby Show (S2, S3, S4, S5)
89–90: Roseanne (S2)/The Cosby Show (S6)
1990s
90–91: Cheers (S9)
91–92, 92–93, 93–94: 60 Minutes
94–95: Seinfeld (S6)
95–96, 96–97: ER (S2, S3)
97–98: Seinfeld (S9)
98–99: ER (S5)
99–2000: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
2000s
00–01: Survivor (S2-AO)
01–02: Friends (S8)
02–03, 03–04, 04–05,: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (S3, S4, S5)
05–06, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 09–10: American Idol (S5, S6, S7, S8, S9)
2010s
10–11: American Idol (S10)
11–12: NBC Sunday Night Football
12–13: NCIS (S10)
13–14, 14–15, 15–16, 16–17: NBC Sunday Night Football
17–18: The Big Bang Theory (S11)
show
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series
The Red Skelton Show (1952)
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The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2018)
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Wilder Penfield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wilder Penfield
Penfield in 1934
Born
Wilder Graves Penfield
(1891-01-26)January 26, 1891
Spokane, Washington, United States
Died
April 5, 1976(1976-04-05) (aged 85)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Nationality
Canadian
Alma mater
Princeton University
Merton College, Oxford
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Known for
Prompting memory recall during surgery via temporal lobe stimulation
Treatment of epilepsy by surgery
Montreal procedure
Penfield dissector
Awards
FRS (1943)[1]
Flavelle Medal (1951)
Scientific career
Fields
Neurosurgery
Institutions
Montreal Neurological Institute
McGill University
Wilder Graves Penfield OM CC CMG FRS[1] (January 26, 1891 – April 5, 1976) was an American-Canadian pioneering neurosurgeon once dubbed "the greatest living Canadian."[2] He expanded brain surgery's methods and techniques, including mapping the functions of various regions of the brain such as the cortical homunculus. His scientific contributions on neural stimulation expand across a variety of topics including hallucinations, illusions, and déjà vu. Penfield devoted a lot of his thinking to mental processes, including contemplation of whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and education
1.2 Medical career
1.3 Later life
2 Scientific contributions
2.1 Neural stimulation
2.2 Hallucinations
2.3 Déjà vu
3 Legacy
4 Honorary degrees
5 In popular culture
6 Head coaching record
7 Notes
8 References
9 Selected books and publications
10 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life and education[edit]
Penfield at Princeton University in 1913
Penfield was born in Spokane, Washington on January 26,[Notes 1] 1891, but spent most of his early life in Hudson, Wisconsin.[2] He studied at Princeton University, where he was a member of Cap and Gown Club[3] and played on the football team. After graduation in 1913, he was hired briefly as the team coach. In 1915 he obtained a Rhodes Scholarship to Merton College, Oxford,[4] where he studied neuropathology under Sir Charles Scott Sherrington. After one term at Merton, Penfield went to France where he served as a dresser in a military hospital in the suburbs of Paris.[4] He was wounded in 1916 when the ferry he was aboard, the SS Sussex, was torpedoed.[4] The following year, he married Helen Kermott, and began studying at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, taking his medical degree in 1918; this was followed by a short period as a house surgeon at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston.[4] Returning to Merton College in 1919,[4] Penfield spent the next two years completing his studies; during this time he met William Osler. In 1924, he worked for five months with Pío del Río Hortega characterising the type of glial cells known as oligodendroglia.[5] He also studied in Germany and New York City.[6]
Medical career[edit]
After taking a surgical apprenticeship under Harvey Cushing, he obtained a position at the Neurological Institute of New York, where he carried out his first solo operations to treat epilepsy. While in New York, he met David Rockefeller, who wished to endow an institute where Penfield could further study the surgical treatment of epilepsy. Academic politics amongst the New York neurologists, however, prevented its establishment in New York, so, in 1928, Penfield accepted an invitation from Sir Vincent Meredith to move to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There, Penfield taught at McGill University and the Royal Victoria Hospital, becoming the city's first neurosurgeon.
In 1934, Penfield,along with Dr.William Cone, founded and became the first director of the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital[4] at McGill University, established with the Rockefeller funding. That year, he also became a Canadian citizen.[4][clarification needed]
Penfield was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950[7] and retired ten years later in 1960. He was appointed to the Order of Merit in the 1953 New Year Honours list. He turned his attention to writing, producing a novel as well as his autobiography No Man Alone.[Notes 2]
In 1960, the year he retired, Penfield was awarded the Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science.[8] He delivered the corresponding Lister Oration, "Activation of the Record of Human Experience", at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on April 27, 1961.[9] In 1967, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada and, in 1994, was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. Much of his archival material is housed in the Osler Library at McGill University.
Later life[edit]
In his later years, Penfield dedicated himself to the public interest, particularly in support of university education. With his friends Governor-General Georges Vanier and Pauline Vanier, he co-founded the Vanier Institute of the Family "to promote and guide education in the home – man's first classroom."[citation needed] He was also an early proponent of childhood bilingualism.
Penfield died on April 5, 1976, of abdominal cancer at Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal.[2][10]
Scientific contributions[edit]
Neural stimulation[edit]
Penfield was a groundbreaking researcher and original surgeon. With his colleague Herbert Jasper, he invented the Montreal procedure in which he treated patients with severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells in the brain where the seizures originated. Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table (under only local anesthesia), and observed their responses. In this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible, reducing the side-effects of the surgery.
This technique also allowed him to create maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain (see cortical homunculus) showing their connections to the various limbs and organs of the body. These maps are still used today, practically unaltered. Along with Herbert Jasper, he published this work in 1951 (2nd ed., 1954) as the landmark Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. This work contributed a great deal to understanding the localization of brain function. Penfield's maps showed considerable overlap between regions (i.e. the motor region controlling muscles in the hand sometimes also controlled muscles in the upper arm and shoulder) a feature which he put down to individual variation in brain size and localisation: it has since been established that this is due to the fractured somatotropy of the motor cortex. From these results he developed his cortical homunculus map, which is how the brain sees the body from an inside perspective.[11]
Penfield reported[12] that stimulation of the temporal lobes could lead to vivid recall of memories. Oversimplified in popular psychology publications, including the best-selling I'm OK – You're OK, this seeded the common misconception that the brain continuously "records" experiences in perfect detail, although these memories are not available to conscious recall. Reported episodes of recall occurred in less than five percent of his patients, though these results have been replicated by modern surgeons.[13][14] Penfield's hypothesis on this subject was revised in 1970.[15] His development of the Penfield dissector, the neurosurgical technique that produced the less injurious meningo-cerebral scar, became widely accepted in the field of neurosurgery and remains in regular use.
Hallucinations[edit]
Penfield's scientific contributions go past the somatosensory and the motor cortices, his extensive work of the functions of the brain also included charting the functions of the parietal and temporal cortices.[16] Of his 520 patients, 40 reported that while their temporal lobe was stimulated with an electrode they would recall dreams, smells, visual and auditory hallucinations, as well as out-of-body experiences.[17] In his studies, Penfield found that when the temporal lobe was stimulated it produced a combination of hallucinations, dream, and memory recollection.[18] These experiences would only last as long as the electrode stimulations were present on the cortex, and in some cases when patient experienced hallucinatory experiences that evoked certain smells, sensations of flashing light, stroking the back of their hand, and many others. Other stimulations had patients experiencing deja vu, fear, loneliness, and strangeness. Certain areas of patients' temporal lobes were stimulated with an electrode in order to experience past memories. Penfield called these perceptual illusions (physical hallucinations) interpretive responses. According to Penfield, when the temporal lobe was stimulated there were two types of perceptions experienced by patients:[19]
Experential experience – where the patient recorded hearing a song, or seeing a flash of light.
Strip experience – The recall seems familiar to the patient and comes from the patient's past even though the patient may not be able to pinpoint the exact occasion. The recall of a memory or memories could reenforce the emotion tied to the experience.
Penfield stressed that the "things that have been recorded are the things in which once came within the spot-light of attention".[19] Penfield had over 25 years of research using electrical stimulation to produce experiential hallucinations. His conclusions show that patients experience a range of hallucinations from simple to complex. They also show that hallucinations can be stimulated.[20]
Déjà vu[edit]
Penfield's expansion of the interpretive cortex includes the phenomena of déjà vu.[21] Déjà vu is defined as the sensation that an experience an individual is presently experiencing has previously been experienced.[22] Déjà vu is typically experienced by individuals between the ages of 15 to 25, and only affects approximately 60-70% of individuals. It is thought to be a mismatch of the sensory input individuals receive and the system in which the brain recalls memory. Another thought on the cause of déjà vu is that there is a malfunction in the brain's short- and long-term memory systems where memories become stored in incorrect systems.[23] There are a couple of ways one can recognize familiar experiences – by mentally retrieving memories of a previous experience, or by having a feeling that an experience has occurred when it actually has not. Déjà vu is having that feeling of familiarity in a situation that is completely new. Memory is good at being familiar with objects, however it does not do well with the configuration or organization of objects. Déjà vu is an extreme reaction to the mind telling an individual that they are having a familiar experience.[24] Déjà vu is thought to be a consistent phenomenon. However, it has been associated with epilepsy, and with multiple psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety,[22] but there has not been a clear, frequent diagnostic correlation between déjà vu and neurological or psychiatric disorders, except with patients that have a possibility of being epileptic.[25] Temporal lobe epilepsy affects the hippocampus. Patients that suffer from this medical diagnosis are said to have a misfiring of the brain's neurons. The neurons transmit at random which results in the false sense of experiencing a familiar situation that had previously been experienced.[26] Different types of déjà vu are difficult to pinpoint because researchers who have studied déjà vu have developed their own categories and differentiations. On a broad perspective of research that is available, déjà vu can be divided into two categories associative déjà vu and biological déjà vu. Associative déjà vu is typically experienced by normal, healthy individuals who experience things with the senses that can be associated to other experiences or past events. Biological déjà vu occurs in individuals who suffer from temporal lobe epilepsy.[27] Their experience of déjà vu occurs usually just before they experience a seizure.[28] Recent research is looking at the new occurrence of chronic déjà vu. Chronic déjà vu is when an individual is experiencing a constant state of déjà vu. Failure of the temporal lobe is thought to be the cause of this phenomenon because the circuits that connect to memories get stuck in an active state, and create memories that never happened.[28]
Legacy[edit]
Avenue du Docteur-Penfield (45°30′01″N 73°34′59″W / 45.500342°N 73.583103°W / 45.500342; -73.583103), on the slope of Mount Royal in Montreal, was named in Penfield's honour on October 5, 1978. Part of this avenue borders McGill University's campus and intersects with Promenade Sir-William-Osler – meaning medical historians and the like may amuse themselves by arranging to "meet at Osler and Penfield". A portrait of Wilder Penfield hangs in Rhodes House, Oxford. Penfield was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1943.[1]
Wilder Penfield Elementary school was also established as part of the Lester B. Pearson School Board in honour of Wilder Graves Penfield's contribution to the public sector in Montreal, notably alongside his interest in further developing education.
Honorary degrees[edit]
Penfield was awarded many honorary degrees in recognition of his medical career. These include:
Country
Date
School
Degree
New Jersey 1939 Princeton University Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[29]
British Columbia 30 October 1946 University of British Columbia Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[30]
Saskatchewan 29 September 1959 University of Saskatchewan Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[31]
Ontario 1953 University of Toronto Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[32]
England 1953 University of Oxford [33]
Manitoba 1955 University of Manitoba Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[34]
Ontario 1957 Queen's University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[35]
Quebec 6 October 1960 McGill University Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[36][37]
Ontario May 1962 McMaster University Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[38]
Alberta 29 March 1967 University of Calgary Doctorate [39]
Ontario 16 May 1970 Royal Military College of Canada Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[40]
Ontario 21 September 1972 University of Western Ontario Doctor of Science (D.Sc)[41]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
In popular culture[edit]
Wilder Penfield was the subject of a Heritage Minute, dramatizing his development of the Montreal procedure. When Dr. Penfield stimulates the seizure-producing part of her brain, an epileptic patient exclaims: "I can smell burnt toast!" This Heritage Minute was widely shown and again made Penfield a household name in Canada.
In Chapter 14 of Robert J. Sawyer's 2012 novel Triggers, it is revealed that the major character of Dr. Ranjip Singh, a Canadian, was inspired to pursue his career in neuroscience by having seen the "I can smell burnt toast" Heritage Minute about Penfield.
In science fiction author Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, characters use a household device called a Penfield Mood Organ to dial up emotions on demand.
The principal character in J. G. Ballard's novel Super-Cannes is a manipulative psychiatrist named Wilder Penrose.
Shirow Masamune's anime series Ghost Hound makes several references to Penfield and his studies.
The song "Wilder Penfield" by the Dead Sea Apes, a UK-based psychedelic rock, from The Sun Behind The Sun, a collaboration with Black Tempest released in February 2013 on Cardinal Fuzz records.[42]
In Ray Loriga's 1999 novel Tokio ya no nos quiere, Penfield's method of stimulating the temporal lobes is described and modified to treat the main character who has issues with memory recollection.
In the video game Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht, "Penfield Mapping" is seemingly the process of drawing a cortical homunculus, necessary for one to enter a virtual environment.
Wilder Penfield's, Sensory & Motor Homunculus 3D figures have been on permanent exhibition in the Natural History Museum London.Wilder Penfield's Homunculi have become loved exhibits which have garnered a cult following globally.
Head coaching record[edit]
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Princeton Tigers (Independent) (1914)
1914 Princeton 5–2–1
Princeton: 5–2–1
Total: 5–2–1
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ January 26 was the date supplied on his World War I draft registration, but other sources have January 25 (see PBS reference).
Jump up ^ A later biography, Something Hidden, was written by his grandson Jefferson Lewis.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Eccles, John; Feindel, William (1978). "Wilder Graves Penfield 26 January 1891-5 April 1976". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society. 24: 472–513. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1978.0015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Wilder Penfield". PBS. Retrieved 2010-02-07. Wilder Penfield was born in Spokane, Washington, and spent much of his youth in Hudson, Wisconsin. ... During his life he was called "the greatest living Canadian."
Jump up ^ Shenstone, Allen Goodrich (Autumn 1982). "Princeton 1910–1914" (PDF). Princeton University Library Chronicle. 44 (1): 25–41. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964). Merton College Register 1900–1964. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 102–103.
Jump up ^ Gill, AS; DK Binder (May 2007). "Wilder Penfield, Pío del Río-Hortega, and the discovery of oligodendroglia". Neurosurgery. 60 (5): discussion 940–8. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000255448.97730.34. PMID 17460531.
Jump up ^ "Wilder Penfield". Princeton University. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lister Medal". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 28: 15. PMC 2414022  . PMID 19310274.
Jump up ^ Penfield Wilder (August 1961). "Activation of the Record of Human Experience". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 29 (2): 77–84. PMC 2414108  . PMID 19310299.
Jump up ^ "W. G. Penfield, Neurologist, Dies. Refined Techniques to Treat Epilepsy Founded an Institute in Montreal". New York Times. April 5, 1976. Retrieved 2010-02-07. Dr. Wilder G. Penfield, one of the world's foremost neurologists who honed surgical techniques for treating epilepsy, died yesterday of abdominal cancer at Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. He was 85 years old.
Jump up ^ "How your brain sees your body: Meet the cortical homunculus".
Jump up ^ Penfield, W. Memory Mechanisms. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 67(1952): 178–198.
Jump up ^ Maillard, Louis; McGonigal, Aileen; Chauvel, Patrick; Vignal, Jean-Pierre (2006). "The dreamy state: hallucinations of autobiographic memory evoked by temporal lobe stimulations and seizures". Brain. 130 (1): 88–89. doi:10.1093/brain/awl329. PMID 17142246. spread of the discharge to the temporal neocortex appeared to prevent the occurrence of the dreamy state. Semiological analysis showed a clinical continuity between déjà vécu and visual hallucinations, the latter often consisting of a personal memory that was 'relived' by the subject; such memories could be recent, distant or from childhood. With one exception, the particular memory evoked differed from one seizure to another, but were always drawn from the same period of the subject's life. Lay summary Check |laysummary= value (help).
Jump up ^ F. Bartolomei, MD (2004). "Cortical stimulation study of the role of rhinal cortex in déjà vu and reminiscence of memories". Neurology. 63 (5): 858–864. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000137037.56916.3f. Lay summary. Entorhinal and perirhinal stimulations induced classic mesial temporal lobe responses (emotional, dysautonomic) but also more specific responses, particularly the déjà vu phenomenon and reminiscence of scenes.
Jump up ^ Horowtiz, M.J; Adams, J.E (1970). "Hallucinations on Brain Stimulation; Evidence for Revision of The Penfield Hypothesis". Origin and mechanism of Hallucinations. Plenum Press.
Jump up ^ "Wilder Penfield, Neural Cartographer".
Jump up ^ Tong, Frank (2003). "Out-of-body experiences: from Penfield to present". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (3): 104–106. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00027-5. Lay summary. A research report in 2002 described "a patient who reported spontaneous out-of-body experiences during electrical stimulation of her angular gyrus. These findings, although apparently extraordinary, agree with much earlier reports from a patient tested by Wilder Penfield."
Jump up ^ Blom, Jan Dirk (8 December 2009). "A Dictionary of Hallucinations". Springer Science & Business Media – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Role of the Temporal Cortex in Certain Psychical Phenomena - Wilder Penfield, M.D.- Article Review by John A. Speyrer". www.primal-page.com.
Jump up ^ Compston, Alastair (1 March 2005). "From the Archives". Brain. 128 (3): 449–450. doi:10.1093/brain/awh435 – via brain.oxfordjournals.org.
Jump up ^ Bancaud, J; Brunet-Bourgin, F; Chauvel, P; Halgren, E (1994). "Anatomical origin of déjà vu and vivid 'memories' in human temporal lobe epilepsy". Brain : a journal of neurology. 117 (Pt 1): 71–90. doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.71. PMID 8149215. Lay summary. ...seizures arising in the medial temporal lobe may result in a 'dreamy state', consisting of vivid memory-like hallucinations, and/or the sense of having previously lived through exactly the same situation (déjà vu). Penfield demonstrated that the dreamy state can sometimes be evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral temporal neocortex, especially the superior temporal gyrus.
^ Jump up to: a b Déjà vu
Jump up ^ "The Neuroscience of Déjà Vu".
Jump up ^ "What Is Déjà Vu?".
Jump up ^ Wild Edward. "Déjà vu in neurology". Journal of Neurology. 252: 1–7. doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0677-3.
Jump up ^ "What Is Déjà Vu?".
Jump up ^ Labate, Angelo; Cerasa, Antonio; Mumoli, Laura; Ferlazzo, Edoardo; Aguglia, Umberto; Quattrone, Aldo; Gambardella, Antonio (2015). "Neuro-anatomical differences among epileptic and non-epileptic déjà-vu". Cortex. 64: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.020. Lay summary. ... individuals with epilepsy with DV (Deja vu) versus those without DV (Deja vu) revealed abnormal anatomical changes in the left hippocampus
^ Jump up to: a b "How Déjà Vu Works".
Jump up ^ "Mudd Databases". rbsc.princeton.edu.
Jump up ^ "UBC Archives - Honorary Degree Citations 1945-1950". www.library.ubc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Honorary Degrees - University of Saskatchewan". library.usask.ca.
Jump up ^ http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/about/rhodes-scholars/rhodes-scholars-awarded-honorary-degree-from-oxford
Jump up ^ "University of Manitoba - University Governance - Honorary Degree Recipients". umanitoba.ca.
Jump up ^ http://queensu.ca/registrar/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww/files/files/HDrecipients.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.mcgill.ca/senate/files/senate/honorary_degree_recipients_alpha_list_updated_nov._2016.pdf
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144411/https://www.mcgill.ca/senate/files/senate/honorary_degree_recipients_alpha_list_updated_nov._2016.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.ucalgary.ca/senate/files/senate/hd-recipients-by-last-name_february-2017.pdf
Jump up ^ Bennett, Pete (19 July 2016). "Royal Military College of Canada Honorary Degree Recipients". www.rmcc-cmrc.ca.
Jump up ^ https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf
Jump up ^ "Wilder Penfield". soundcloud.com. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
Selected books and publications[edit]
Epilepsy and Cerebral Localization: A Study of the Mechanism, Treatment and Prevention of Epileptic Seizures. Penfield, W., and Theodore C. Erickson. Charles C Thomas, 1941.
Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. 2nd edition. Jasper, H., and Penfield, W. Little, Brown and Co., 1954. ISBN 0-316-69833-4
The Torch. Penfield, W. Little, Brown and Co.; 1960. ISBN 1-299-80119-6. "A story of love, treachery, and the battle for truth in ancient Greece."
The Mystery of the Mind : A Critical Study of Consciousness and the Human Brain. Penfield, Wilder. Princeton University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-691-02360-3
No Man Alone: A Surgeon's Life, Little, Brown and Co., 1977. ISBN 0-316-69839-3. Penfield's autobiography.
Something hidden : a biography of Wilder Penfield . Jefferson Lewis, Doubleday and Co., 1981. ISBN 0-385-17696-1.
Speech and Brain Mechanisms, Penfield, Wilder and Roberts, Lamar, Princeton University Press, 1959.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wilder Penfield.
Famous Canadian Physicians: Dr. Wilder Penfield at Library and Archives Canada.
Penfield's Order of Canada citation
Penfield Fonds at the Osler Library of the History of Medicine
Searchable Penfield-related data in the Osler Library database
Selection of items from the Fond have been digitized in http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/penfieldfonds/
Penfield biography at the "Great Canadian Psychology" website (University of Alberta).
Wilder Graves Penfield, MD, OM, CC, FRS, 1891-1976 / text by Kate Williams and Wilder G. Penfield III
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BNF: cb12373867m (data)
NDL: 00452461
IATH: w64t6z8s
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