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Ivan III of Russia
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Ivan III (The Great)
Portrait from the 17th-century Titulyarnik
Grand Prince of Moscow
Reign
5 April 1462 – 27 October 1505
Coronation
14 April 1502
Predecessor
Vasily II
Successor
Vasily III
Born
(1440-01-22)22 January 1440
Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow
Died
27 October 1505(1505-10-27) (aged 65)
Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow
Burial
Cathedral of the Archangel, Moscow
Consort
Maria of Tver
Sophia Palaiologina
Issue
Ivan Ivanovich
Vasili III Ivanovich
Yury Ivanovich
Dmitry Ivanovich
Simeon Ivanovich
Andrey Ivanovich
Elena Ivanovna
Feodosia Ivanovna
Eudokia Ivanovna
Full name
Ivan Vasilyevich
House
Rurik
Father
Vasily II
Mother
Maria of Borovsk
Religion
Eastern Orthodox
Ivan III Vasilyevich (Russian: Иван III Васильевич; 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great,[1][2] was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'. Sometimes referred to as the "gatherer of the Rus' lands", he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Mongols/Tatars over the Rus' by defeating the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gathering of Rus' lands
2 Domestic policy
3 Foreign policy
4 Legacy
5 Further reading on Ivan III
6 Timeline
7 Marriages and children
8 Ancestry
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
11.1 Primary sources
12 External links
Gathering of Rus' lands[edit]
Ivan's rule is marked by what subsequent Russophile historians called 'the Gathering of the Russian Lands'. Ivan brought the independent duchies (kniažestva) of different Rurikid princes under the direct control of Moscow, leaving the princes and their posterity without royal titles or land inheritance. His first enterprise was a war with the Republic of Novgorod, with which Muscovy (Moscow) had fought a series of wars stretching back to at least the reign of Dmitry Donskoi. These wars were waged over Moscow's religious and political sovereignty, and over Moscow's efforts to seize land in the Northern Dvina region.[3] Alarmed at the growing power of Moscow, Novgorod had negotiated with Lithuania in the hope of placing itself under the protection of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania, a would-be alliance that was proclaimed by the Moscow rulers as an act of apostasy from orthodoxy.[4] Ivan took the field against Novgorod in 1470, and after his generals had twice defeated the forces of the republic — at the Battle of Shelon River and on the Northern Dvina, both in the summer of 1471 — the Novgorodians were forced to sue for peace, agreeing to abandon their overtures to Lithuania and to cede a considerable portion of their northern territories, while paying a war indemnity of 15,500 roubles.
Ivan visited Novgorod Central several times in the next several years, persecuting a number of pro-Lithuanian boyars and confiscating their lands. In 1477, two Novgorodian envoys, claiming to have been sent by the archbishops and the entire city, addressed Ivan in public audience as Gosudar (sovereign) instead of the usual Gospodin (sir).[5] Ivan at once seized upon this as a recognition of his sovereignty, and when the Novgorodians repudiated the envoys (indeed, one was killed at the veche and several others of the pro-Moscow faction were killed with him) and swore openly in front of the Moscow ambassadors that they would turn to Lithuania again, he marched against them. Deserted by Casimir and surrounded on every side by the Moscow armies, which occupied the major monasteries around the city, Novgorod ultimately recognized Ivan's direct rule over the city and its vast hinterland in a document signed and sealed by Archbishop Feofil of Novgorod (1470–1480) on 15 January 1478.[6]
Ivan's destruction of the Novgorod assembly
Ivan dispossessed Novgorod of more than four-fifths of its land, keeping half for himself and giving the other half to his allies.[7] Subsequent revolts (1479–1488) were punished by the removal en masse of the richest and most ancient families of Novgorod to Moscow, Vyatka, and other north-eastern Rus' cities. Archbishop Feofil was also removed to Moscow for plotting against the Grand Prince.[8] The rival republic of Pskov owed the continuance of its own political existence to the readiness with which it assisted Ivan against its ancient enemy. The other principalities were eventually absorbed by conquest, purchase, or marriage contract: The Principality of Yaroslavl in 1463, Rostov in 1474, Tver in 1485, and Vyatka 1489.
Ivan's refusal to share his conquests with his brothers, and his subsequent interference with the internal politics of their inherited principalities, involved him in several wars with them, from which, though the princes were assisted by Lithuania, he emerged victorious. Finally, Ivan's new rule of government, formally set forth in his last will to the effect that the domains of all his kinsfolk, after their deaths, should pass directly to the reigning Grand Duke instead of reverting, as hitherto, to the princes' heirs, put an end once and for all to these semi-independent princelings.
Ivan had four brothers. The eldest, Iurii, died childless on 12 September 1472. He only had a draft of a will that said nothing about his land. Ivan seized the land, much to the fury of the surviving brothers, who he placated with some land. Boris and Andrei the Elder signed treaties with Vasily in February and September 1473. They agreed to protect each other's land and not to have secret dealings with foreign states; they broke this clause in 1480, fleeing to Lithuania. It is unknown whether Andrei the Younger signed a treaty. He died in 1481, leaving his lands to Ivan. In 1491 Andrei the Elder was arrested by Ivan for refusing to aid the Crimean Tatars against the Golden Horde. He died in prison in 1493, and Ivan seized his land. In 1494 Boris, the only brother able to pass his land to his sons, died. However, their land reverted to the Tsar upon their deaths in 1503 and 1515 respectively.[9]
There was one semi-autonomous prince in Muscovy when Ivan acceded: Prince Mikhail Andreevich of Vereia, who had been awarded an Appanage by Vasily II. In 1478 he was pressured into giving Belozersk to Ivan, who got all of Mikhail's land on his death in 1486.[10]
Domestic policy[edit]
Reverse of Ivan III's seal from 1472, after his marriage with Sophia Paleologue
Territory acquired by 1505 under Ivan III
The character of the government of Moscow changed significantly under Ivan III, taking on a new autocratic form. This was a natural consequence of the hegemony of Moscow over the other north-eastern Rus' (region) lands, but also to new imperial pretensions. After the fall of Constantinople, orthodox canonists were inclined to regard the Grand Princes of Moscow, where the Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev moved in 1325 after the Mongol Invasions, as the successors of the Byzantine emperors. Ivan himself appeared to welcome the idea, and he began to style himself tsar in foreign correspondence. Fennell emphasizes Ivan's success in centralizing control over local rulers; he adds, however, that his reign was also "a period of cultural depression and spiritual barrenness. Freedom was stamped out within the Muscovite lands. By his bigoted anti-Catholicism Ivan brought down the curtain between Muscovy and the west. For the sake of territorial aggrandizement he deprived his country of the fruits of Western learning and civilization."[11]
This movement coincided with a change in the family circumstances of Ivan III. After the death of his first consort, Maria of Tver (1467), and at the suggestion of Pope Paul II (1469), who hoped thereby to bind Muscovy to the Holy See, Ivan III wedded Sophia Paleologue (also known under her original name Zoe), daughter of Thomas Palaeologus, despot of Morea, who claimed the throne of Constantinople as the brother of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor. Frustrating the Pope's hopes of reuniting the two faiths, the princess endorsed Eastern Orthodoxy. Due to her family traditions, she encouraged imperial ideas in the mind of her consort. It was through her influence that the ceremonious etiquette of Constantinople (along with the imperial double-headed eagle and all that it implied) was adopted by the court of Moscow.
The Palace of Facets (1487–91) was commissioned by Ivan to Italian architects.
The Dormition Cathedral by Fioravanti laid claim as the mother church of all Rus'.[12]
Ivan's son with Maria of Tver, Ivan the Young, died in 1490, leaving from his marriage with Helen of Moldavia an only child, Dmitry the Grandson.[13] The latter was crowned as successor by his grandfather on 15 February 1498,[14] but later Ivan reverted his decision in favor of Sophia's elder son Vasily, who was ultimately crowned co-regent with his father (14 April 1502). The decision was dictated by the crisis connected with the Sect of Skhariya the Jew, as well as by the imperial prestige of Sophia's descendants. Dmitry the Grandson was put into prison, where he died, unmarried and childless, in 1509,[15] already under the rule of his uncle.
The Grand Duke increasingly held aloof from his boyars. The old patriarchal systems of government vanished. The boyars were no longer consulted on affairs of state. The sovereign became sacrosanct, while the boyars were reduced to dependency on the will of the sovereign. The boyars naturally resented this revolution and struggled against it.
It was in the reign of Ivan III that the new Muscovite Sudebnik, or law code, was compiled by the scribe Vladimir Gusev. Ivan did his utmost to make his capital a worthy successor to Constantinople, and with that object invited many foreign masters and artificers to settle in Moscow. The most noted of these was the Italian Ridolfo di Fioravante, nicknamed "Aristotle" because of his extraordinary knowledge, who built several cathedrals and palaces in the Kremlin, and also supervised the construction of the Kremlin walls.[16]
Foreign policy[edit]
Muscovy rejected the Tatar yoke during the reign of Ivan III. In 1476 Ivan refused to pay the customary tribute to the grand Khan Ahmed, and in 1480 Ahmed Khan organized a military campaign against Muscovy. Throughout the autumn the Muscovy and Tatar hosts confronted each other on opposite sides of the Ugra River, till 11 November 1480 when Ahmed retreated into the steppe.
In the following year the Grand Khan, while preparing a second expedition against Moscow, was suddenly attacked, routed and slain by Ivak, the Khan of the Nogay Horde, whereupon the Golden Horde suddenly fell to pieces. In 1487 Ivan reduced the khanate of Kazan, one of the offshoots of the Horde, to the condition of a vassal-state, though in his later years it broke away from his suzerainty. With the other Muslim powers, the Khan of the Crimean Khanate and the sultans of Ottoman Empire, Ivan's relations were peaceful and even amicable. The Crimean Khan, Meñli I Giray, helped him against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and facilitated the opening of diplomatic relations between Moscow and Constantinople, where the first Muscovian embassy appeared in 1495.
Ivan III tearing the khan's letter to pieces, an apocryphal 19th-century painting by Aleksey Kivshenko.
The 1488 Hungarian legation in the court of Ivan III of Russia
The Christian rulers in the Caucasus began to see the Muscovite monarchs as their natural allies against the Muslim regional powers. The first attempt at forging an alliance was made by Alexander I, king of a small Georgian kingdom of Kakheti, who dispatched two embassies, in 1483 and 1491, to Moscow. However, as the Muscovites were still too far from the Caucasus, neither of these missions had any effect on the course of events in the region. In 1488, Ivan sought gun-founders, master-gunners for siege cannons, gold- and silversmiths and (Italian) master builders from Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.[17][18][19]
In Nordic affairs, Ivan III concluded an offensive alliance with Hans of Denmark and maintained regular correspondence with Emperor Maximilian I, who called him a "brother". He built a strong citadel in Ingria, named Ivangorod after himself, situated on the Russian-Estonian border, opposite the fortress of Narva held by the Livonian Confederation. In the Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497) Ivan III unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Viborg from Sweden, but this attempt was checked by the Swedish garrison in Viborg Castle led by Lord Knut Posse.
The further extension of the Moscow dominion was facilitated by the death of Casimir IV in 1492, when Poland and Lithuania once again parted company. The throne of Lithuania was now occupied by Casimir's son Alexander, a weak and lethargic prince so incapable of defending his possessions against the persistent attacks of the Muscovites that he attempted to save them by a matrimonial compact, wedding Helena, Ivan's daughter. But the clear determination of Ivan to appropriate as much of Lithuania as possible finally compelled Alexander to take up arms against his father-in-law in 1499. The Lithuanians were routed at the Battle of Vedrosha on 14 July 1500, and in 1503 Alexander was glad to purchase peace by ceding to Ivan Chernigov, Starodub, Novgorod-Seversky and sixteen other towns.[20]
Legacy[edit]
Ivan III on the "Millennium of Russia" monument in Veliky Novgorod
Ivan conquered or brought under his control the lands of north-eastern Rus', marking the beginning of Muscovite dominance over Rus' territory. Ivan arguably became best known for his consolidation of Muscovite rule. His predecessors had increased Moscow's territory from less than 600 square miles under Ivan II (reigned 1353–59) to more than 15,000 square miles at the end of Vasily II's reign. It remained for Ivan III to absorb Moscow's old rivals, Novgorod and Tver, and establish virtually a single rule over what had been appanages of Rus'. Although the circumstances surrounding the acquisitions varied, the results were basically the same: former sovereign or semi-autonomous principalities were reduced to the status of provinces of Moscow, while their princes joined the ranks of the Muscovite service nobility.
After the death of his first wife in 1467, Ivan married (1472) Sophia (Zoë) Paleologue, a Byzantine princess and niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI (died 1453). The Vatican sponsored the marriage in hope of bringing Russia under the sway of the Pope and of establishing a broad front against the Turks, a goal that failed. From Ivan's point of view, the marriage fit well into the general trend of elevating the Muscovite ruler.
Following his second marriage, Ivan developed a complicated court ceremonial on the Byzantine model and began to use the title of "Tsar and Autocrat". Also during the reign of Ivan and his son, Vasily III, Moscow came to be referred to by spokesmen as the Third Rome. Philotheos, a monk from Pskov, developed the idea of Moscow as the true successor to Byzantium and, hence, to Rome.
An impressive building program in Moscow took place under Ivan, directed primarily by Italian artists and craftsmen. New buildings were erected in the Kremlin, and the Kremlin walls were strengthened and furnished with towers and gates. In 1475, Ivan III established the first cannon foundry of Russia in Moscow, which started the native cannon production.[21] Ivan died on October 27, 1505, and was succeeded by his son, Vasily III.
Further reading on Ivan III[edit]
The only biography in English of Ivan is J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961). A good discussion of the Third Rome concept is Nicholas Zernov, Moscow: The Third Rome (1937). A firsthand account of the 1486–1506 period is Baron Sigismund von Herberstein, Notes upon Russia, translated and edited by R. H. Major (2 vols., 1851–1852). The most thorough study of this period available to the English reader is George Vernadsky and Michael Karpovich, A History of Russia, vol. 4 (1959).
Timeline[edit]
1462 – Becomes Great Prince after his father's death
1463 – Annexes Yaroslavl
1465 – Sends an expedition to the Arctic
1471 – Invades Novgorod, which becomes a puppet state
1472 – Eldest brother, Yuri, died childless; Ivan seizes his land
1474 – Buys Rostov
1475 – Establishes the first Russian cannon foundry in Moscow.
1476 – Refuses to pay tribute to Khan Ahmed of the Golden Horde
1478 – Annexes the Republic of Novgorod
1480 – Golden Horde advances to the Ugra River but retreats (the last attempt to force Muscovy to pay tribute)
1481 – Younger brother Andrei dies, leaving Ivan his land
1483 – 1st Georgian emissary
1484 – 1st purge of Novgorod
1485 – Annexes Tver. The official date of revival of statehood; an acceptation of new title – 'Grand Prince of All Russia'
1486 – The only autonomous Muscovite prince, Mikhail Andreevich of Vereia dies; Ivan seizes his land.
1487 – Kazan Khanate becomes a Muscovite puppet state
2nd purge of Novgorod
1489 – Annexes Republic of Vyatka
3rd purge of Novgorod: 1,000 expelled.
1491 – Ivan's elder brother Andrei imprisoned for not helping the Crimean Khanate against the Golden Horde
2nd Georgian emissary
1492 – War with Lithuania started August
1493 – Andrei the Elder dies in prison; Ivan seizes his land
1494 – Last brother, Boris, dies and leaves his land to his sons, Ivan and Fedor
February – Lithuanian war ends
Muscovy annexes Vyazma and a sizable region in the upper reaches of the Oka River
1499 – Lithuania invaded. 4,000 troops cross the Pechora River, take 1,000 prisoners, pelts and found Pustozyorsk.
1503 – Ivan takes the land of his nephew Ivan on the latter's death
Chernigov, Starodub, Novgorod-Seversky, and sixteen other towns ceded by Lithuania to Muscovy, ending the war
1505 – Ivan dies, leaving Muscovy to his son Vasili
Marriages and children[edit]
1.By Maria of Tver
Ivan Ivanovich (Ivan the Young) (15 February 1458 — 7 March 1490)
2.By Sophia Palaiologina
Anna (b.1474), died in infancy
Elena (b.1475), died in infancy
Feodosia (b.1475-?)
Helena of Moscow (19 May 1476 – 20 January 1513), Grand Duchess of Lithuania and Queen of Poland
Vasily III of Russia (25 March 1479 – 3 December 1533), Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'(Russia)
Yury Ivanovich (23 March 1480 — 8 March 1536)
Dmitry Ivanovich (6 October 1481—14 February 1521)
Eudoxia Ivanovna (d.1513)
Elena Ivanovna (8 April 1484 -?)
Feodosia Ivanovna (29 May 1485 — 12 February 1501)
Simeon Ivanovich (21 March 1487 — 26 June 1518)
Andrey of Staritsa (5 August 1490 – 11 December 1537)
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Ivan III of Russia
16. Ivan II Ivanovich of Moscow
8. Dmitriy Ivanovich Donskoy
17. Alexandra Ivanovna Velyaminova
4. Vasiliy I Dmitriyevich of Moscow
18. Dmitry III Konstantinovich, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
9. Eudoxia Dmitriyevna of Suzdal
19. Vasilisa-Anna Konstantinovna of Rostov
2. Vasily II Vasiliyevich of Moscow
20. Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania
10. Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
21. Birutė
5. Sophia of Lithuania
22. Svyatoslav Ivanovich, Grand Prince of Smolensk (hypothecal)
11. Anna
1. Ivan III Vasilevich of Moscow
24. Andrei Ivanovich, Prince of Novgorod, Borovsk and Serpukhov
12. Vladimir Andreyevich, Prince of Serpukhov and Borovsk
25. Maria Ivanovna of Galich
6. Yaroslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Serpukhov, Borovsk and Maloyaroslavets
26. Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
13. Elena of Lithuania
27. Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver
3. Maria Yaroslavna of Borovsk
28. Feodor Andreyevich "Koshka" Kobylin
14. Feodor Feodorovich "Goltiay" Koshkin
7. Maria Feodorovna Goltiayeva Koshkina
See also[edit]
Rulers of Russia family tree
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Slavjanskaja jenciklopedija. Kijevskaja Rus’ — Moskovija: v 2 t. / Avtor-sostaviteľ V. V. Bohuslavskij. — M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2001. — 5000 jekz. — ISBN 5-224-02249-5
Jump up ^ Russkij biohrafičeskij slovař — Izd. pod nabľudenijem predsedateľa Imperatorskoho Russkoho Istoričeskoho Obšťestva A. A. Polovcova. — Sankt-Peterburh: tip. Hl. upr. udelov, 1897 [2]. — T. 8.
Jump up ^ Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod up to the Muscovite Conquest," Kritika (2007) 8#2 pp:131–170.
Jump up ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 261.
Jump up ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 264.
Jump up ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 268.
Jump up ^ Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 93
Jump up ^ Paul, "Secular Power," 267.
Jump up ^ Donald Ostowski, "The Growth of Moscovy, (1462–1533) in Maureen Perrie, ed., The Cambridge History of Russia (2006) vol. I pages 222–3
Jump up ^ Donald Ostowski, The Cambridge History of Russia vol. I page 224
Jump up ^ J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961) p 354
Jump up ^ Simon Franklin; Emma Widdis (2006). National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 172.
Jump up ^ The Dynastic Crisis 1497–1502, J. L. I. Fennell, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 39, No. 92 (Dec., 1960), 2.
Jump up ^ The Dynastic Crisis 1497–1502, J. L. I. Fennell, The Slavonic and East European Review, 4.
Jump up ^ Reinventing the Russian Monarchy in the 1550s: Ivan the Terrible, the Dynasty, and the Church, Sergei Bogatyrev, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 85, No. 2 (Apr., 2007), 283 note51.
Jump up ^ Dmitriĭ Olegovich Shvidkovskiĭ (2007). Russian Architecture and the West. Yale University Press. pp. 81–82.
Jump up ^ William Monter (2006). Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780521855532.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ János Szendrei (1905). Régi kép Mátyás király oroszországi követségéről (PDF). Archaeologiai Értesítő. pp. 137–146.
Jump up ^ Much information on Ivan III and his court is contained in Sigismund von Herberstein, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (1549).
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Alan Hosking (2001). Russia and the Russians: A History. Harvard University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780674004733.
Further reading[edit]
Fennell, J. L. I. Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961)
Grey, Ian. Ivan III and the unification of Russia (1964)
Ostowski, Donald. "The Growth of Moscovy, (1462–1533)" in Maureen Perrie, ed., The Cambridge History of Russia (2006) vol. I pages 213–39
Paul, Michael C. "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod up to the Muscovite Conquest," Kritika (2007) 8#2 pp:131–170.
Soloviev, Sergei M. and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
Vernadsky, George, and Michael Karpovich, A History of Russia vol. 4 (1959).
Primary sources[edit]
Sigmund Freiherr von Herberstein (1851). Notes Upon Russia: Being a Translation of the Earliest Account of that Country, Entitled Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii. Hakluyt Society. pp. 1–.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan III of Russia.
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The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
Also known as
The Tonight Show (franchise brand)
Created by
Sylvester L. Weaver
Steve Allen
William O. Harbach
Dwight Hemion
Developed by
Jimmy Fallon
A. D. Miles
Written by
A. D. Miles (head writer)
Presented by
Jimmy Fallon
Starring
The Roots (house band)
Narrated by
Steve Higgins
Theme music composer
The Roots
Opening theme
"Hey Jimmy"
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
791 (as of December 15, 2017[update]) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Lorne Michaels
Producer(s)
Katie Hockmeyer
Jimmy Fallon
Mike DiCenzo
Gerard Bradford
Location(s)
NBC Studios
New York, New York
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Broadway Video
Universal Television
Distributor
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
1080i HDTV
Original release
February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17) – present (present)
Chronology
Preceded by
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
Related shows
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
External links
Website
www.nbc.com/the-tonight-show
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jimmy Fallon, on NBC. The show premiered on February 17, 2014, and is produced by Broadway Video and Universal Television. It is the seventh incarnation of NBC's long-running Tonight Show franchise, with Fallon serving as the sixth host. The show also stars sidekick and announcer Steve Higgins and house band The Roots. The Tonight Show is produced by Katie Hockmeyer and executive-produced by Lorne Michaels. The show records from Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center, New York City. This was where The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was filmed until 1972.
The program airs weeknights at 11:34 p.m. ET/PT. The show opens with Fallon's topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with a guest interview and musical performance. The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon attracted high ratings from its 2014 premiere. Many moments from the series have generated viral videos. The show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two.
On August 13, 2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 History
1.2 Transition
1.3 Emphasis on sketch comedy
2 Production
2.1 Format
2.2 Remote broadcasts
3 Episodes
3.1 Notable episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Critical reviews
4.2 Ratings
5 Awards and nominations
5.1 Primetime Emmy Awards
5.2 Creative Arts Emmy Awards
6 Effect
7 Broadcast
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
History[edit]
The Tonight Show premiered on NBC in 1954 as Tonight, hosted by Steve Allen. Jack Paar hosted the show from 1957 to 1962, but the show's longest-running and most famous host was Johnny Carson, who hosted the show for three decades. Following Carson's 1992 retirement, "vast quantities of brainpower, money, and column inches were devoted to the issue of who was truly best suited to carry the franchise forward."[2] NBC chose interim guest host Jay Leno, who took over the show that year. A pair of conflicts ensued over Leno's 22-year tenure, both revolving around hosts of Late Night, a program directly following Tonight since its premiere in 1982. David Letterman was considered Carson's top choice and left the network acrimoniously in 1993, and NBC attempted to transit second Late Night host Conan O'Brien to succeed Leno in 2009, but the plan failed when a nightly prime-time show starring Leno posted less than stellar ratings, leading to a domino effect on the late local news. O'Brien's Tonight also suffered falling ratings. O'Brien too left the network the following year, and Leno was reinstated as host.
Show title, used since summer 2015 when the NBC peacock replaced the GE sign on the Comcast Building
Jimmy Fallon, a former cast member on Saturday Night Live, was appointed the third host of Late Night by executive producer Lorne Michaels in 2009. Fallon incorporated the Internet much more than other talk shows.[3] Between Fallon's own musical sensibilities and the recruitment of his house band, hip-hop collective The Roots, his incarnation of Late Night "evolved into the most deeply musical of TV’s musical-comedy variety programs", with sketches in which he parodies Neil Young and Bruce Springsteen going viral online.[2] Coincidentally, it was during the Tonight Show debacle that Fallon's show found its footing.[2] The show, according to Fallon's former SNL castmate Tina Fey, established itself as "an uncommonly warm, welcoming show."[2] In 2010, New York complimented Fallon's "good humor" and noted his improvement: "In the relative safety of his 12:35 a.m. time slot, Fallon has been cultivating a distinct, and refreshing, strain of humor: the comedy of unabashed celebration."[4] "In our heads, we've been doing The Tonight Show […] We're just on at a later hour," Fallon said.[5]
Transition[edit]
Fallon grew up with no designs on the Tonight job (unlike O'Brien or Leno), most likely because he was just 17 years old when Carson retired.[2] Discussions for Fallon to take over The Tonight Show began in early 2013, with the transition intended to happen by late 2014 at the latest.[6] Many industry observers noted that the change appeared to come as a result of another late-night competitor, Jimmy Kimmel (24 years old at the time of Carson's retirement) of Jimmy Kimmel Live! on ABC, who moved to the 11:35 slot months prior; NBC feared that by waiting too long to promote Fallon, Kimmel could create a stranglehold on young demographics, which is key to the financial success of the franchise.[6] Fallon had reportedly impressed top executives at Comcast (which had recently completed a full takeover of NBCUniversal), and his succession was widely expected throughout the company.[6] The transition reportedly lacked the tension of previous Tonight transitions, and the program's relocation east "signals NBC’s strong commitment to not messing with the program any further."[2]
On April 3, 2013, NBC announced that Leno would retire in 2014, with Fallon taking over The Tonight Show beginning on February 24, 2014. At Leno's suggestion, the date was moved forward from the end of his contract in September 2014, to February so as to use NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics as a springboard for Fallon's tenure.[7] The date was later moved up a week to February 17, midway through the Olympics.[8]
As Leno's contract ran until September 2014, much of his staff were paid until that month.[9]
Emphasis on sketch comedy[edit]
See also: List of Jimmy Fallon games and sketches
By bringing over many of his recurring bits and features from Late Night, Fallon has departed in a few ways from the format which Leno used for his show. Fallon's edition places less emphasis on his opening monologue, a feature which was a staple of the Leno edition. In his opening episode, in which he described what the format of the show would be, he only briefly mentioned the monologue.[10]
The show has many recurring segments and games that are played with the various celebrity guests. The most popular of these, Lip Sync Battle, was spun off into its own show by Fallon. Other segments include playing charades, Catchphrase, Pictionary, or other familial style games.
Additionally, Fallon and celebrity guests regularly appear in sketches parodying pop culture or political events. These segments normally take place after the monologue, but have occurred as a cold open for the show on a few occasions.[11] Just as he portrayed Mitt Romney during the 2012 election season, Fallon portrayed Republican candidate Donald Trump[12] and Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders.[13] Alongside Fallon's impressions, other celebrities occasionally appear. Several have recurring roles, including Dion Flynn as Barack Obama,[14] David Alan Grier as Ben Carson,[15] Aziz Ansari as Bobby Jindal,[16] the show's announcer Steve Higgins as Jeb Bush,[17] and the show's head writer AD Miles as Lindsey Graham.[17]
After his critically acclaimed appearances as Trump on Tonight, Fallon was asked to play the role on the December 19, 2015 episode of Saturday Night Live, since Taran Killam (who had been announced as the season's Trump) would be busy playing Ted Cruz. Fallon accepted the offer, but the plan fell through at some point before the show. The role was filled by Darrell Hammond, who played Trump over his fourteen years on SNL.[18]
Fallon has also appeared as figures such as Vladimir Putin[19] and Bob Dylan.[20]
Production[edit]
The show originates from the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City.
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon originates from NBC Studio 6-B at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, the original home of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, where it is taped every weekday at 5pm.[21] The studio housed both Carson and his predecessor, Jack Paar, before the franchise's move to Burbank in 1972. "It is where The Tonight Show started -- actually in the studio where we are going to be, that's where Johnny Carson was, there's Broadway, there's Times Square, there's something glamorous about it. That is The Tonight Show," Fallon remarked.[22] NBC spent approximately $5 million renovating Studio 6-B, where Fallon had been taping Late Night, for The Tonight Show's return to New York City.[23] The upgraded 6-B contains improved acoustics and a seating capacity of around 240, up from 189,[2][23] but smaller than the seating capacity of The Late Late Show.[24] The investment also included a new control room and a new lobby to welcome guests.[21] The larger audience also meant NBC could take advantage of a newly enacted New York state tax credit for talk shows that are "filmed before a studio audience of at least 200, as long as they carry a production budget of at least $30 million and have been shot outside New York for at least five seasons."[25] Fallon's Late Night successor, Seth Meyers, is housed directly above his studio in Studio 8-G; the combination created logistical challenges for executives, who were concerned about "sound bleed" (as the building was built with steel girders, sound is too easily conducted floor to floor). As a result, The Tonight Show tapes at 5:00pm,[26] and Meyers' show tapes later in the evening, at 6:30pm.[21] Additionally, because of The Roots' still active tour schedule, The Tonight Show tapes two shows on Thursday at New York, one for Thursday night's airing, and one for Friday night's airing. However, the show still tapes daily Monday through Wednesday throughout the week. Occasionally, they will tape a show on Friday for Friday night's show, but it is more common that they will tape two shows on Thursday.
The show's set was designed by theatrical set designer Eugene Lee, known for his credits on Saturday Night Live, whom Fallon thanked on-air on his first episode.[27] The set "emphasizes stained wood and a mid-century modern style,"[28] including "a slate blue couch, a handsome honey-colored wood desk and matching walls."[29] Behind the desk near the city backdrop is a wood-carved miniature replica of New York City skyscrapers.[29][30] "I think it's Eugene Lee's masterpiece," said producer Michaels.[21] Fallon's monologue spot is noted by a painted four-leaf clover on the floor.[29] "Fallon’s new set is purposefully old-fashioned compared to the college-cafe-in-the-meatpacking-district where he lived on Late Night," said Entertainment Weekly.[30] USA Today called the set more "intimate and theatrical" than the set employed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,[31] and The New York Times called it more elegant, "but also quite formal and a little impersonal."[29] The show's logo, its title set against a full moon, is a callback to The Honeymooners,[2] while the title is a throwback to Carson's tenure: Leno and O'Brien both favored a "with," rather than "starring," in their respective titles.[32]
In November 2014, a new marquee was added to the Avenue of the Americas entrance of 30 Rock, which promotes the building as the home of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon; the new marquee was also designed so that it can be usable as a stage for performances. John Wallace, NBCUniversal's president of technical operations, described the marquee as being a "bold statement" that The Tonight Show had been brought back to New York. Fallon joked that the marquee "makes it exponentially harder for them to fire me", and that he was "jealous of Letterman."[33][34][35]
The Tonight Show marquee, located at the West entrance of 30 Rockefeller Plaza at 1250 6th Avenue
Format[edit]
The show's opening sequence, directed by filmmaker Spike Lee,[21][36] features Fallon visiting various New York City landmarks, including Grand Central Terminal and Katz's Delicatessen.[27] Steve Higgins introduces the show with "From Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center, in the heart of New York City, it's The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon!" and announces that night's guests and "the legendary Roots crew". The show's theme song is "energetic with jazzy overtones" with "Hey Jimmy", designed to match the shots of the city.[37] Just before Higgins introduces Fallon, the camera cuts to a shot of The Roots, and Questlove shouts the numbers symbolizing the episode number of The Tonight Show. Higgins then introduces Fallon with a drawn-out "And now, here's your host/here he is, Jimmy Fallon!", and Fallon begins his brief monologue.
Prior to composing an entirely new theme song, bandleader Questlove noted to Vanity Fair that they were considering a variation on Late Night's theme, which itself is a sped-up adaptation of The Roots' 2006 song "Here I Come".[2] For their transition to The Tonight Show, The Roots added two horn players from Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings ("You can't be The Tonight Show without a horn section," said Questlove).[37] As he did on Late Night, Jonathan Cohen supervises the show's musical guest bookings.
Following the monologue, the main segments are a mix of interviews and performances—examples of the latter include musical impressions, lip-syncing contests, games of Pictionary and egg Russian roulette.[38] His celebrity interviews are throwbacks to "Merv Griffin-style celebrity gush."[38]
Before the first airing of the show, Fallon expressed that it was essentially an extension of his tenure at Late Night, explaining that his Tonight Show would be "the best of the best of what we do".[2] The show has carried over some of Late Night's well-known performance bits, such as "Egg Russian Roulette", a game in which Fallon challenges guests to pick random eggs and then smash them against their forehead to see whether the eggs are raw or hard-boiled.[5] Each week, Fallon has carried over a popular sketch from his Late Night days: the absurdist "Thank You Notes" segment, in which "he dutifully composes notes of gratitude to abstract concepts and inanimate objects."[2] Fallon has another segment which is particularly popular in the sports world. The segment is called "Tonight Show Superlatives". He chooses a league such as the NFL or NHL and gives out yearbook style Superlatives based on player names and pictures. There has even been a website dedicated to his NHL Superlatives.[39]
Remote broadcasts[edit]
While the vast majority of episodes are produced at the show's New York home base, Fallon's Tonight Show has gone on the road to produce episodes remotely in its first year, spending four nights at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida in June 2014 to promote new attractions at NBCUniversal's theme parks there.[40] Four nights of shows from Universal Studios Hollywood in Los Angeles aired February 2015, in the days immediately following a special Sunday night show from Phoenix, Arizona airing after NBC's coverage of Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, using the Stage One facility previously utilized for Conan O'Brien's Tonight Show run, and also E!'s Chelsea Lately until its August 2014 end.[41] The L.A. shows brought Tonight back to the locale where it had been based since Johnny Carson relocated the program from New York in 1972 until the start of Fallon's tenure, and echoes Carson himself hosting special broadcasts from the L.A. region prior to the relocation. Fallon hosted The Tonight Show again from Universal Orlando Resort, April 3–6, 2017, in anticipation of the opening of Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon, a motion simulator attraction based on his tenure at the show.[42]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon episodes
Notable episodes[edit]
Fallon at his desk on the show's premiere episode
In the show's debut episode, Fallon introduced his supporting stars and gave a brief history of his life and career, following it up with a sketch, "The Evolution of Hip-Hop Dancing", with actor Will Smith and a musical performance by U2 at the Top of the Rock.[43][44] Following the show's premiere, many notable episodes of the show have produced segments that went viral on sites like Facebook and YouTube.[45] Among the show's most popular bits are lip sync battles; one featuring actress Emma Stone aired in April 2014 is the most highly watched online video of the program. In October 2014, actor Daniel Radcliffe recited rapper Blackalicious' "Alphabet Aerobics", which became a popular viral video.[46] Other clips, including the Wheel of Musical Impressions with singers Ariana Grande and Christina Aguilera have been widely viewed, as has a clip of Fallon and comedian Kevin Hart riding the Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit roller coaster during the show's first remote broadcast at Universal Studios Florida.[46] Sketches that reunite casts of television shows, such as Saved By the Bell,[47] in addition to a cappella versions of popular songs performed by Fallon and the Roots, have also been popular.[46] The show's most widely circulated interview segment was one aired in January 2015 with actress Nicole Kidman, who jokingly revealed that she once had a crush on Fallon, to which at the time he was oblivious.[48]
On February 1, 2016, the showed aired, to date, it's only live show from the Orpheum Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona as a lead-out program from NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX. The show included an appearance by Arnold Schwarzenegger, a lip-sync battle with Kevin Hart and Will Ferrell, appearances by Super Bowl Champion New England Patriots players, and a performance by Ariana Grande.
In September 2016, Fallon faced criticism after an interview with the Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. Democrats felt that Fallon humanized Trump, who had made controversial statements (i.e. that some illegals bring drugs and crime) that they disagreed with. Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton had also appeared on the show prior that year.[49][50][51] Fallon responded to the controversy claiming that nobody should have expected him to ask difficult questions since he is never hard on anyone.[52] Fallon acknowledged that the interview was a setback three months after Trump was inaugurated.[53]
Reception[edit]
Critical reviews[edit]
The debut episode received mixed but generally positive reviews.[54] The New York Times's Alessandra Stanley referred to the show's premiere as "more sweet than sassy," calling Fallon "the grateful heir, the eager freshman, the class clown with top grades and a good heart, someone older viewers can embrace without fear of being mocked or overlooked."[29] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter was positive in his assessment of the evening, but noted the older fanbase used to Leno may not latch on as quickly.[55] "Indeed, Fallon comes across as eager to please almost to a fault, and he treated his Tonight Show launch very much like a guy auditioning to be accepted into homes," said Brian Lowry of Variety, who considered the premiere episode a demonstration in Fallon's strengths and weaknesses.[56]
The first season of the show was deemed "wildly successful."[45] Entertainment Weekly summarized the show's inaugural year: "In his first year as host of The Tonight Show, [Fallon] turned the revered late-night franchise into the hottest party in town, a celebrity playpen full of games, music, surprise guests, and good vibes all around."[57] Nevertheless, detractors of the show, such as John Walters of Newsweek, criticized Fallon for his weakness in interviews.[45] One writer for Conan, a fellow late-night show, criticized Fallon for creating what he dubbed "Prom King Comedy"—eschewing odder, more clever material for an over-reliance on games and celebrity cameos.[58] Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield opined that Fallon's effect led the medium to become overly friendly.[59]
Ratings[edit]
The debut episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon averaged a 3.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 11.31 million viewers overall in Nielsen's fast-national estimates.[60] This made it the second-largest audience for The Tonight Show since May 2009, behind Leno's final farewell two weeks earlier and the transition to Conan O'Brien nearly five years prior. The program's first full week averaged 8.490 million viewers, making it the franchise’s most-watched week in 20 years.[61] Following its premiere, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon has consistently won its timeslot in ratings, routinely beating Late Show with David Letterman and Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[62] Despite this, the ratings for competitors never significantly fell, with Fallon winning due to a surge in younger viewers.[63] In his first year as host, Fallon's Tonight Show improved on ratings delivered by his predecessor Jay Leno.[57]
The series' post-Super Bowl episode in 2015 averaged 9.8 million viewers despite its late 12:13 a.m. start time. The following week's shows from Los Angeles maintained its highest ratings since its premiere.[62] The show fell to second place on the debut night of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert that September,[64] though it quickly rebounded and has remained in first place.[65] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Tonight "is more popular in cities than in the surrounding countryside".[66]
However, beginning in early 2017, The Tonight Show lost total viewership to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert for sixteen consecutive weeks beginning from the week of inauguration of Donald Trump,[67] and also marked the first time that The Late Show with Stephen Colbert was rated became the highest-rated late-night TV show by total viewership for the first quarter of 2017. Despite this loss, The Tonight Show led in the 18-49 year old demographic. The Late Show with Stephen Colbert became the highest-rated late-night talk show for the September 2016 to May 2017 season, averaging 3.2 million nightly viewers, beating The Tonight Show.[68] His ratings fall has been ascribed to his pursuit of "broad appeal rather than political criticism" on divisive issues.[69]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2014 Outstanding Variety Series Lorne Michaels, Jamie Granet Bederman, Rob Crabbe, Katie Hockmeyer, Jim Juvonen, Brian McDonald, Gavin Purcell, Josh Lieb, Jimmy Fallon Nominated [70]
2015 Outstanding Variety Talk Series Lorne Michaels, Jamie Granet Bederman, Katie Hockmeyer, Jim Juvonen, Brian McDonald, Gavin Purcell, Josh Lieb, Jimmy Fallon Nominated [70]
2016 Outstanding Variety Talk Series Lorne Michaels, Jamie Granet Bederman, Katie Hockmeyer, Jim Juvonen, Brian McDonald, Gavin Purcell, Josh Lieb, Jimmy Fallon Nominated [70]
Creative Arts Emmy Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2014 Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Dave Diomedi Nominated [70]
Outstanding Interactive Program N/A Won [71]
Outstanding Lighting Design/Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Fred Bock, Phil Hymes, Jared Kirchmer, Francis Biancamano, Mike Baldassari Nominated [70]
Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series A. D. Miles, Patrick Borelli, Gerard Bradford, Luke Cunningham, Mike DiCenzo, Mike Drucker, Jess Dweck, Dicky Eagan, Jimmy Fallon, John Haskel, Josh Lieb, Arthur Meyer, Chase Mitchell, Dan Opsal, Gavin Purcell, Jon Rineman, Albertina Rizzo, Jason Ross, David Young, Michael Jann Nominated [70]
2015 Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Dave Diomedi Nominated [70]
Outstanding Interactive Program N/A Nominated [70]
Outstanding Social TV Experience Gavin Purcell, Marina Cockenberg, Jimmy Fallon, Christine Friar, Felicia Daniels Won [70]
2016 Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Dave Diomedi Nominated [70]
Effect[edit]
Much like Fallon's preceding tenure on Late Night, many clips of the show have been made available on YouTube, Facebook, and other services shortly after its television broadcast. Many clips have gone on to become viral videos, which, along with widely viewed videos from competitor Jimmy Kimmel Live!, had an effect on the entire state of late-night television.[58] Media pundits have predicted that future programs' accessibility online will be more important than their television ratings.[72] David Letterman, a thirty-year veteran of the format who was the first host of Late Night and then hosted Late Show on CBS until 2015, partly retired due to his inability to produce viral bits.[73]
On October 27, 2015, it was announced that the attraction Twister...Ride it Out at Universal Studios Florida would be closing on November 2, 2015 to make room for Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon, a ride based on Fallon's Tonight Show,[74] which opened on April 6, 2017.[42]
Broadcast[edit]
In Australia, The Tonight Show premiered on The Comedy Channel on February 18, 2014 – airing the same day as its U.S. broadcast.[75] It also airs on free-to-air network ABC2 (as opposed to The Comedy Channel which is a subscription television network) on a two-day delay, premiering on March 24, 2014.[76] On September 21, 2014 The Comedy Channel dropped The Tonight Show, making ABC2 the exclusive broadcaster of the show in Australia at the time.[77] Beginning March 2, 2015, the series returned to pay television, this time, however, airing on E! – airing within hours of the American broadcast.[78]
In Belgium, the show airs with a delay of several days on Vier at midnight CET every Monday through Friday, and at 11:05 pm CET every Sunday. The show's first broadcast took place on October 12, 2015.[79]
In Brazil, the show airs on the subscription channel GNT since February 24, 2014, under the title The Tonight Show com Jimmy Fallon.[80][81] GNT broadcasts the show on a three-day delay at 1 am with Portuguese subtitles.[82][83]
In Canada, The Tonight Show airs on CTV Two, broadcasting simultaneously with NBC.[84]
In MENA Countries, the show airs on OSN First Comedy HD, And re-two hours after the presentation on OSN First Comedy +2.[85]
In France, the show airs at 6:15pm every Monday to Friday on pay television Canal+.[86]
In Germany, the show airs at 11 pm CET the next day every Monday to Friday on One. The show's first broadcast took place on January 25, 2016. It includes German subtitles.[87]
In Italy, the show airs Monday through Friday at 10:45pm CET on pay television network FOX the next day from the original NBC broadcast. It started airing on September 19, 2016 .[88]
In New Zealand, The Tonight Show airs on Prime.[89]
In the Philippines, CT airs the show.[90][91]
In Portugal, The Tonight Show airs on the subscription channel SIC Radical every Monday through Friday at 10 pm.[92]
In South Asia (excluding Sri Lanka), The Tonight Show airs on Comedy Central India same day as NBC.[93][94]
In Southeast Asia (including Sri Lanka), The Tonight Show airs on CNBC Asia with back-to-back editions of the show on weekends, and on E! Asia within 12 hours after the U.S.[95]
In Sweden airs on TV12 the next at 6 PM local time.[96]
In the United Kingdom, the show airs a day after broadcast on E! at 10pm local time. An edited-down 30-minute version airs on CNBC Europe at 11 pm GMT, airing on a one-show delay from NBC. A selection of the best episodes are shown on Saturdays and Sundays from 9 pm CET in a 45-minute format.[97]
See also[edit]
List of late-night American network TV programs
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Official website
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on IMDb
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon at TV.com
Media offices
Preceded by
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno The Tonight Show era by host
17 February 2014 – present Succeeded by
Incumbent
Preceded by
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon Jimmy Fallon talk show
17 February 2014 – Present Succeeded by
current
[show]
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e
The Tonight Show
Incarnations
Tonight Starring Steve Allen
Tonight Starring Jack Paar
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The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
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Related articles
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[show]
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Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Talk Show
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (2011)
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012)
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (2013)
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (2014)
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Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (2016)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon&oldid=815690190"
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The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
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