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Veil of ignorance
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Symbolic depiction of Rawls's veil of ignorance. The citizens making the choices about their society make them from an "original position" of equality and ignorance (left), without knowing what gender, race, abilities, tastes, wealth, or position in society they will have (right). Rawls claims this ensures they will choose a just society.
This article is about the philosophical concept. For the music album, see Veil of Ignorance (album).
The "veil of ignorance" is a method of determining the morality of political issues proposed in 1971 by American philosopher John Rawls in his "original position" political philosophy. It is based upon the following thought experiment: people making political decisions imagine that they know nothing about the particular talents, abilities, tastes, social class, and positions they will have within a social order. When such parties are selecting the principles for distribution of rights, positions, and resources in the society in which they will live, this "veil of ignorance" prevents them from knowing who will receive a given distribution of rights, positions, and resources in that society. For example, for a proposed society in which 50% of the population is kept in slavery, it follows that on entering the new society there is a 50% likelihood that the participant would be a slave. The idea is that parties subject to the veil of ignorance will make choices based upon moral considerations, since they will not be able to make choices based on their own self- or class-interest.
As Rawls put it, "no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence and strength, and the like".[1] The idea of the thought experiment is to render obsolete those personal considerations that are morally irrelevant to the justice or injustice of principles meant to allocate the benefits of social cooperation. The veil of ignorance is part of a long tradition of thinking in terms of a social contract that includes the writings of Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson.
Contents
1 The concept
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
The concept[edit]
Spencer J. Maxcy outlines the concept as follows:
Imagine that you have set for yourself the task of developing a totally new social contract for today's society. How could you do so fairly? Although you could never actually eliminate all of your personal biases and prejudices, you would need to take steps at least to minimize them. Rawls suggests that you imagine yourself in an original position behind a veil of ignorance. Behind this veil, you know nothing of yourself and your natural abilities, or your position in society. You know nothing of your sex, race, nationality, or individual tastes. Behind such a veil of ignorance all individuals are simply specified as rational, free, and morally equal beings. You do know that in the "real world", however, there will be a wide variety in the natural distribution of natural assets and abilities, and that there will be differences of sex, race, and culture that will distinguish groups of people from each other.[2]
It has been argued that such a concept can have grand effects if it were to be practiced both in the present and in the past. Referring again to the example of slavery, if the slave-owners were forced through the veil of ignorance to imagine that they themselves may be slaves, then suddenly slavery may no longer seem justifiable. Perhaps the entire practice would have been abolished without the need for a war to settle things. A grander example would be if each individual in society were to base their practices off the fact that they could be the least advantaged member of society. In this scenario, freedom and equality could possibly coexist in a way that has been the ideal of many philosophers.[3] For example, in the imaginary society, one might or might not be intelligent, rich, or born into a preferred class. Since one may occupy any position in the society once the veil is lifted, the device forces the parties to consider society from the perspective of all members, including the worst-off and best-off members.
History[edit]
The concept of the veil of ignorance has been in use by other names for centuries by philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant whose work discussed the concept of the social contract. John Harsanyi helped to formalize the concept in economics,[4][5] and argued that it provides an argument in favor of utilitarianism rather than an argument for a social contract.[6] The modern usage was developed by John Rawls in his 1971 book A Theory of Justice.[7][8]
See also[edit]
Divide and choose
Pie rule
Tabula rasa
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rawls, John (1999). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-674-00078-1.
Jump up ^ Maxcy, Spencer J. (2002). Ethical School Leadership. p. 93.
Jump up ^ "The veil of ignorance: great thought experiment". Retrieved 28 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Harsanyi, J. C. (1953). "Cardinal Utility in Welfare Economics and in the Theory of Risk-taking". J. Polit. Economy. 61 (5): 434–435. JSTOR 1827289.
Jump up ^ Harsanyi, J. C. (1955). "Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility". J. Polit. Economy. 63 (4): 309–21. JSTOR 1827128.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Samuel (2016). "Original Position". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00078-1.
Jump up ^ Rawls, John (2001). Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
External links[edit]
Veil of Ignorance entry by Samuel Freeman in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008-20-12
Legal Theory Lexicon: The Veil of Ignorance entry by Lawrence B. Solum in the Legal Theory Blog, 2011-11-14
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veil_of_ignorance&oldid=825339826"
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Chris Tucker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Christopher Tucker (disambiguation).
Chris Tucker
Tucker in May 2018
Birth name
Christopher Tucker
Born
(1971-08-31) August 31, 1971 (age 47)[1]
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Medium
Stand-up, film, television
Years active
1992–present
Genres
Blue comedy
black comedy
insult comedy
observational comedy
Spouse
Azja Pryor (1997–2003)
Children
1
Website
www.christucker.com
Christopher Tucker (born August 31, 1971) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for playing the role of Smokey in F. Gary Gray's Friday and as Detective James Carter in Brett Ratner's Rush Hour film series. He became a frequent stand up performer on Def Comedy Jam in the 1990s. He appeared in Luc Besson's The Fifth Element, Quentin Tarantino's Jackie Brown, David O. Russell's Silver Linings Playbook, and Brett Ratner's Money Talks.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Music videos
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Tucker was born on August 31, 1971,[2][3][4] in Atlanta, Georgia, the youngest son of Mary Louise (née Bryant) and Norris Tucker.[3] One of six children, Tucker learned early in life that humor has the power to draw attention to himself both at school and at home.[5] His father was an independent businessman who owned a janitorial service.[6][7] Tucker grew up in Decatur, Georgia; after graduating from Columbia High School, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in comedy and acting. Tucker grew up in a Pentecostal Christian household, as his mother and father were members of the Church of God in Christ during his childhood.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
In 1992, Tucker was a frequent performer on Def Comedy Jam.[8] He made his cinematic debut in House Party 3[9] and gained greater film recognition alongside rapper Ice Cube in the 1995 film Friday.[9] In 1997, he co-starred with Charlie Sheen in Money Talks and alongside Bruce Willis in The Fifth Element.
Along with Jackie Chan, Tucker starred in the 1998 martial arts action comedy Rush Hour and its sequels, Rush Hour 2 and Rush Hour 3, in which he played Detective James Carter, an LAPD detective. After the commercial success of the first Rush Hour, he held out for a $20 million salary for Rush Hour 2, and was paid $25 million for Rush Hour 3.[10] The latter was part of a $40 million two-movie contract with New Line Cinema that also included an unnamed future film. He was also to receive 20% of the gross from Rush Hour 3.[11]
Tucker did not reprise his role as Smokey in Next Friday (2000) or in Friday After Next (2002) because he had become a born-again Christian after filming Money Talks (1997).[12] He starred in Michael Jackson's video "You Rock My World" and made a cameo appearance in Tupac Shakur's "California Love".[13] On February 13, 1999, Tucker participated in the NBA All-Star Weekend's Celebrity Game. Other celebrities participating included rapper Master P, NBA Hall of Famers Clyde Drexler and Dominique Wilkins, wide receiver Terrell Owens, and four Harlem Globetrotters.
Tucker was announced in 2007 to star in the New Line drama film Mr. S: My Life with Frank Sinatra, directed by Brett Ratner and based on George Jacobs's autobiography of working as Frank Sinatra's valet during the Rat Pack era of 1953–68.[14]
In 2011, Tucker made a comeback to stand-up comedy. The next year, he returned to film in Silver Linings Playbook, co-starring Bradley Cooper, Jennifer Lawrence, and Robert De Niro. Tucker's performance in the film was well received by critics and audiences alike.[citation needed] The film itself received numerous nominations and awards including the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast. He also hosted the 2013 BET Awards.
Personal life[edit]
Tucker has a son named Destin, who lives with his mother in Los Angeles. He divides his time among Bel Air, Las Vegas, and Atlanta. Tucker is a Christian.
Tucker is good friends with fellow Rush Hour co-star Jackie Chan. He was also close with singer Michael Jackson: introducing and dancing with him at his 30th Anniversary Celebration; appearing in his video "You Rock My World" from the 2001 album Invincible; and attending his memorial service. Tucker's career was also influenced by Jackson, as he is seen dancing and singing to "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" in a scene in Rush Hour 2 and imitating Jackson's dancing style in Friday. A friend of Bill Clinton, Tucker has travelled with the former president overseas, but he endorsed Barack Obama in the 2008 primaries.[15][16]
Tucker participated in a PBS documentary on the genetic makeup of African Americans. He found he has African, European, and Native American ancestry.[17] Through DNA tests (as aired on the 2006 PBS documentary African American Lives), Tucker's patrilineal ancestry was traced back to the Ambundu ethnic group of Angola and one line of his mother's to the Bamileke of Cameroon.[18][19][20] He also traced his family tree back to the 1830s.[21] Tucker was shown visiting Angola, the birthplace of some of his ancestors, with the program's host, Henry Louis Gates.[22]
In 2014, Tucker settled a $2.5 million tax debt. A representative blamed "poor accounting and business management".[23]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1993 The Meteor Man MC in Hall Uncredited cameo
1994 House Party 3 Johnny Booze
1995 Friday Smokey Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (with Ice Cube)
Panther Bodyguard
Dead Presidents Skip
1997 Money Talks Franklin Hatchett Nominated – Razzie Award for Worst New Star
The Fifth Element Ruby Rhod
Jackie Brown Beaumont Livingston
1998 Rush Hour Detective James Carter Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Duo – Action/Adventure (with Jackie Chan)
MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo (with Jackie Chan)
Nominated – Image Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated – Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (with Jackie Chan)
2001 Rush Hour 2 Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor - Comedy
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (with Jackie Chan)
Nominated – BET Award for Best Actor
Nominated – Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Male Butt Kicker
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Musical Sequence
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Team (with Jackie Chan)
Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Chemistry (with Jackie Chan)
2007 Rush Hour 3 Nominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite On-Screen Match-up (with Jackie Chan)
Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Fight (with Jackie Chan and Sun Mingming)
2012 Silver Linings Playbook Danny McDaniels Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2016 Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk Albert
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Hangin' with Mr. Cooper Rapper Episode: "Please Pass the Jock"
Def Comedy Jam Himself 2 episodes
2001 Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration Guest
Diary Episode: "What About Me?"
2006 African American Lives Episode: "Listening to our Past"
2013 BET Awards 2013 Host TV special
2015 Chris Tucker – Live Himself Netflix Exclusive Standup Special[24]
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
1994 "Nuttin' But Love" Heavy D & the Boyz
1995 "California Love" Tupac Shakur featuring Dr. Dre & Roger Troutman
1997 "Feel So Good" Mase
2001 "You Rock My World" Michael Jackson
2005 "Shake It Off" Mariah Carey
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ChrisTucker.com
Jump up ^ Stated on African American Lives, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (January 2009). In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary Blacks Reclaimed Their Past. Crown. p. 397. ISBN 0-307-38240-0.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-07. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Official Bio
Jump up ^ "Tucker's early life".
Jump up ^ Chris Tucker Biography – Yahoo! Movies. Archived October 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Chris Tucker Biography Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. filmreference.com.
Jump up ^ mirobo1 Added (August 31, 2006). "Def Comedy Jam on". Tv.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Chris Tucker on IMDb
Jump up ^ Grossberg, Josh. "Chris Tucker's Taxing Situation" Archived July 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., E! News, July 28, 2010
Jump up ^ "Chris Tucker signs onto Brett Ratner's Rush Hour 3" Archived August 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. MovieWeb.com, May 5, 2005. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Anthony Miccio (December 8, 2010). "New Chris Tucker Movie Rumored, Plus 4 Other Comedy Recluses". TheFABlife. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ You Rock My World on IMDb
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff. "Chris Tucker, Brett Ratner Reteam for Sinatra" Archived November 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Rotten Tomatoes, September 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nedra Pickler (January 22, 2008). "Obama sees rock-star power in action". Yahoo! News. Retrieved January 28, 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Candace Newson (January 26, 2008). "On the trail: Stars talk politics, endorsements as they 'stand for change' with Obama". The Times and Democrat. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Richard Willing (February 1, 2006). "DNA rewrites history for African-Americans". USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "African Ancestry & DNA Tests: The Results" Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Kam Williams. "Chris Tucker 'Rush Hour 3' Interview with Kam Williams".
Jump up ^ Chris Tucker and Brett Ratner The A.V. Club Archived December 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ African Ancestry & DNA Tests Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Oprah, Bishop Jakes, Chris Tucker Trace Roots On PBS Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. January 31, 2006. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Duke, Alan (September 1, 2014). "Chris Tucker settles huge tax bill; poor management blamed for IRS lien". CNN. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Tucker Live".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Chris Tucker
Official website
Chris Tucker on IMDb
show
Awards for Chris Tucker
show
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker – Happy Gilmore (1996)
Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney – The Craft (1997)
Will Smith vs. Cockroach – Men in Black (1998)
Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog – There's Something About Mary (1999)
Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne – The Matrix (2000)
Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar – Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang – Rush Hour 2 (2002)
Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2003)
Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama – Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004)
Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2005)
Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt – Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)
Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet – 300 (2007)
Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet – Never Back Down (2008)
Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet – Twilight (2009)
Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter – Obsessed (2010)
Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)
Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig – The Hunger Games (2012)
Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston – The Avengers (2013)
Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs – The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014)
Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter – The Maze Runner (2015)
Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool (2016)
Gal Gadot vs. German soldiers – Wonder Woman (2018)
show
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo
Best On-Screen Duo
Dana Carvey & Mike Myers (1992)
Mel Gibson & Danny Glover (1993)
Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones (1994)
Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves (1995)
Chris Farley & David Spade (1996)
Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery (1997)
John Travolta & Nicolas Cage (1998)
Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker (1999)
Mike Myers & Verne Troyer (2000)
Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane (2013)
Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2014)
Zac Efron & Dave Franco (2015)
Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen (2017)
Best On-Screen Team
Drew Barrymore, Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu (2001)
Vin Diesel & Paul Walker (2002)
Sean Astin, Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood (2003)
Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore (2004)
Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried (2005)
Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson (2006)
Finn Wolfhard, Sophia Lillis, Jaeden Lieberher, Jack Dylan Grazer, Wyatt Oleff, Jeremy Ray Taylor & Chosen Jacobs (2018)
Best Cast
Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson & Tom Felton (2012)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb140212614 (data)
GND: 1046973967
ISNI: 0000 0000 7839 942X
LCCN: no99025087
MusicBrainz: 36197955-3bcd-411e-be0f-63da495a2924
NKC: jx20050513015
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Tucker&oldid=865815351"
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text:
United States two-dollar bill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Two dollars
(United States)
Value
$2.00
Width
156 mm
Height
66.3 mm
Weight
Approx. 1 g
Security features
None
Paper type
75% cotton
25% linen
Years of printing
1862–1966,
1976–present (Federal Reserve Note, current form)
Obverse
Design
Thomas Jefferson
Design date
1928
Reverse
Design
Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
Design date
1976
The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, Treasury or "Coin" Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. $2 bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases.
Contents
[hide]
1 Denomination overview
2 Rarity
3 History
3.1 Large size notes
3.2 Small size notes
3.2.1 1928–1966
3.2.2 1976–present
3.3 Series dates
3.3.1 Large size
3.3.2 Small size
4 Visual snapshot
5 Usage
5.1 Incidents
6 Uncut currency sheets
7 References
8 External links
Denomination overview[edit]
The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862.[1] The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production.[2] The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two-dollar denomination was resumed and the two-dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then.[3] It was estimated that if the two-dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one-dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($109 million adjusted for inflation)[4] over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs.[5]
However, due to their limited use, two-dollar bills are not frequently reissued in a new series like other denominations which are printed according to demand.[6] Though some cash registers accommodate it, its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins. Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two-dollar bills, even if the fact is not stated on the label.[7] Although they usually are not handed out arbitrarily, two-dollar bills are usually available at banks. Many banks stocking $2 bills will not use them except upon specific request by the customer, and even then, may cause a delay with a trip to the vault.[8]
Rarity[edit]
The seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note. Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation. After its initial release, supplies of the Series 1976 $2 bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 began to be printed. This series was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.[9]
Today, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production. According to the Treasury, it "receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation".[10] In response, the Treasury stated: "The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations... As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide."
Things such as unusual serial numbers (example: A11111111A), and replacement notes designated by a star in the serial number can raise the collector value. "Collectible" $2 bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding colors and special graphics to regular issue bills by using computer printers. However, these bills are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors' market.[11]
Certain conventions and tourism/convention bureaus capitalize on the rarity of $2 bills in circulation, encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring. Sometimes known as "SpendTom" campaigns, the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder. Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes.[12]
History[edit]
Large size notes[edit]
First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note.
Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Winfield Scott Hancock
Series 1890 featuring James McPherson. This "Coin Note" was used for government purchases of silver bullion from the mining industry.
(approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)
In March 1862, the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is not the same portrait used currently for the $10 bill. The continental congress based on defending the United States, released on June 25, 1776, began to authorize $2 credit, the circulation of 49000 copies. Pass two dollars bill was first used in March 1862. Between 1966 and 1976, two dollar notes were not printed.
By 1869, the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse. This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE. The reverse was completely redesigned. This series was again revised in 1874, changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting, adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C., and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE. The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue. This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time.[13]
National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 (Lazy Duce) on the obverse, the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield.[14]
The second two-dollar denomination in the silver certificate series printed in 1891. This note features United States Secretary of the Treasury William Windom.
In 1886, the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued. This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse.[15]
Two-dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.[16]
In 1896, the "Educational Series" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture. The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. By 1899, however, The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics.[17]
Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse depicted on the reverse of the 1896 $2 'Educational Series" Silver Certificate.
The final design of the United States' silver certificate series featuring George Washington, printed in 1899.
The only large-sized, Federal Reserve Note–like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note. Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a border-less portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship.[18]
Beginning in the 1950s, production of $2 bills began to decrease. The relative scarcity of the bills lead some to start saving any they found, with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation. Currently, the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1% of the U.S. currency in circulation.
Because they are scarce in circulation, many believe the myth that $2 bills are no longer being produced, but the Bureau of Engraving and Printing Web site lists the $2 bill as one of the US Currency Small Denominations.
Small size notes[edit]
(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)
1928–1966[edit]
In 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right.[19]
In 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO. The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.[20]
The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello.[21] And, because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse. These $2 bills were officially discontinued in August 1966, although they remain legal tender.
1976–present[edit]
Series 1976 first day of issue $2 bill with a canceled JFK postage stamp.
On April 13, 1976, the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost-saving measure.[22] Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note. The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson. A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes. Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial, it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse. An engraved rendition (not an exact reproduction) of John Trumbull's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse. First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date "APR 13 1976". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed.
Currently, stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value. If the bills were stamped in an exotic place, the value may be slightly higher. However, no first day issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable.
Despite their age, crisp, uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable. These notes were saved and hoarded upon their original issue and are plentiful today. A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value. If the note is circulated, then it is only worth its $2 face value.
In 1996 and 1997, 153,600,000 bills were printed[23] as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta. In 2004, 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks. In all, 220,800,000 notes were printed. [24]
In February 2012, the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes, in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012. Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012.[25][26]
In November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.[27]
Series dates[edit]
Large size[edit]
Series 1880 $2 Legal Tender note showing a large brown treasury seal. The signatures of Blanche Bruce & A. U. Wyman. are present on the obverse near the bottom
Type
Series
Registerα
Treasurerα
Sealα
Notes
Legal Tender Note 1862 Lucius E. Chittenden F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays Also called a "Greenback".
Legal Tender Note 1869 John Allison F.E. Spinner Large Red Nicknamed: "Rainbow Note" from its
red, white, and blue colors.[28]
Legal Tender Note 1874 John Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays
Legal Tender Note 1875 John Allison New & Wyman Small Red w/rays
Legal Tender Note 1878 Allison & Scofield James Gilfillan Small Red w/rays Scofield/Gilfillan combo is scarce
Legal Tender Note 1880 Scofield, Bruce,
Rosecrans, and Tillman Gilfillan, Wyman, Huston,
Nebeker, and Morgan Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped
Legal Tender Note 1917 Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman John Burke & White Small Red scalloped
National Bank Note Original Colby, Jeffries, and Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays Jeffries/Spinner combo is very rare
National Bank Note 1875 Allison & Scofield New, Wyman, and Gilfillan Small Red scalloped Nicknamed: "Lazy Deuce" along with
the original series from the position
of the "2" on the note.[29]
Silver Certificate 1886 William S. Rosecrans Jordan, Hyatt, and Huston Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped
Silver Certificate 1891 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red
Silver Certificate 1891 Rosecrans & Tillman Nebecker & Morgan Small Red scalloped
Silver Certificate 1896 Tillman & Bruce Morgan & Roberts Small Red w/rays Part of the "Educational Series".
Silver Certificate 1899 Lyons, Vernon, Napier,
Parker, Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman Roberts, Treat, McClung,
Thompson, Burke, and White Blue
Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Huston & Nebecker Large Brown
& Small Red scalloped
Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red
Treasury Note 1891 Rosecrans, Tillman, and Bruce Nebecker, Morgan, and Roberts Small Red scalloped
Federal Reserve Bank Note 1918 Teehee & Elliott John Burke Blue Nicknamed: "Battleship note" from
the reverse design.[30]
Small size[edit]
The first small-size $2 Legal Tender Note printed (Smithsonian)
Type
Series
Treasurerα
Secretaryα
Seal
Legal Tender Note 1928, 1928-A to G Tate, Woods, Julian,
Clark Mellon, Mills, Morgenthau,
Vinson, Snyder Red
Legal Tender Note 1953, 1953-A to C Priest, Smith, Granahan Humphrey, Anderson, Dillon Red
Legal Tender Note 1963, 1963-A Kathryn E. Granahan Dillon & Fowler Red
Federal Reserve Note 1976 Francine I. Neff William E. Simon Green
Federal Reserve Note 1995 Mary Ellen Withrow Robert E. Rubin Green
Federal Reserve Note 2003 Rosario Marin John W. Snow Green
Federal Reserve Note 2003-A Anna Escobedo Cabral John W. Snow Green
Federal Reserve Note 2009 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Timothy F. Geithner Green
Federal Reserve Note 2013 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Jack Lew Green
^α These are sourced by The Official Red Book (Whitman).[31]
Visual snapshot[edit]
A chronological display of the American two-dollar bill.
Visual collection of the two-dollar bill throughout the history of the United States.
Usage[edit]
Over 4.3 million $2 bills are entered at the American currency-tracking Web site Where's George?[32] Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy.[33]
Use of the two-dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights, particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises.[34][35] Two dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged, especially in strip clubs. This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single, higher-denomination bill as the lowest common note in use.[36]
The use of the two-dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area. The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened to no longer play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations. Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw (Clemson's logo) on the note as a sign of its origin.[37]
During the 1930s, the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet. Because of the German and Jewish influence, the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a "zwei-buck", and the upper right corner "2" was sometimes torn off to increase the luck.
Incidents[edit]
The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale, as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill.
In 2005, a man was jailed for attempting to use legally circulating $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place.[38]
In 2016, a 13-year-old girl was detained by police, and prevented from eating lunch that day, for attempting to use a legally circulating $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria.[39]
Uncut currency sheets[edit]
Uncut 32-subject sheet of series 1995 $2 Federal Reserve Notes.
Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings. Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills. Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston (A), New York (B), Atlanta (F), Chicago (G), Minneapolis (I), and Dallas (K) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation. Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced, although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made. All two dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth, Texas.[24][40][41]
Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes. A 32-subject sheet, which is the original size sheet on which the notes are printed, is available. Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32-subject sheet. These include half (16-note), quarter (8-note), and eighth (4-note) sheets for $2 bills. Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values.[42] Uncut sheets of large size notes (issued before 1928) also exist, but are extremely rare.[43]
Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple Inc., has been using $2 banknotes separated from 4-bill uncut sheets (glued together into pads), to surprise merchants and waiters; also, because of notes' unusual appearance, he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent.[44][45]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Legal Tender Alexander Hamilton: 1862 $2 Currency". The Kennedy Mint. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency". friesian.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Paper Money - Small-size Bicentennial $2 notes". Coinworld.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stone, Suzanne J. (March–April 1976). "The $2 Bill Returns" (PDF). The Economic Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. 62 (2). Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "$2.00 still printed?". Ustreas.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "$2 accepting vending machines". 4mega-vending.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Use The $2". Retrieved October 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Series 2003A $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "FAQs: Denominations of currency". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ bbbconsumeralert (January 27, 2010). "Sometimes a $2 Bill is Just a $2 Bill". Tucson Citizen.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Spend Tom 2010". Visit California. January 1, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 88–90. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 91. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 97. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 98. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 99. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Stone, Suzanne J. (March–April 1976). "The $2 Bill Returns". Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing. "Annual Production Figures". Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Series 2003A $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Series 2009 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 BEP Production Info via FOIA". WheresGeorge.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Series 2013 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1869 $2 Legal Tender Rainbow Note". usrarecurrency.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kathy Lawrence (May 19, 2011). ""Lazy Deuces" — $2 National Bank Notes". currency.ha.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fred Reed (July 29, 2009). "Battleship Note Projects American Naval Strength". numismaster.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. & Ira S. Friedberg (2014). A guide Book of United States Paper Money 4th Edition. Whitman. pp. 56–68.
Jump up ^ http://www.wheresgeorge.com/wrapper.php?page=denom
Jump up ^ Tad Walch (May 17, 2003). "Geneva workers give their $2 worth". Deseret News. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2A supporters start Buycott to battle the Starbucks Anti-Firearm Boycott". Military Times. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Starbucks "$2 for 2A" Appreciation Day Going Viral". The Truth About Guns. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "$2 bill increasing in use and shedding its 'play-money' image". USA Today. November 7, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clemson University Traditions". Retrieved October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Man arrested, cuffed after using $2 bills". WND.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Girl Detained By Police After Trying to Buy School Lunch with Real $2 Bill". Reason.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Series 1995 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Series 2003 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BEP to Raise Uncut Currency Sheet Prices". coinnews.net. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Large Size. 1896. Silver Certificates. Bound Presentation Set of the First Educational Uncut Sheets. $1, $2, and $5. Fr-224, 247, and 268. PMG Photo Proof Certificates". stacksbowers.com. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Woz and the Secret Service: "The infamous $2 bill incident"". Woz.org. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Woz's $2 bill sheets - The Engadget Show on YouTube (2011-02-01)
General
Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money, 17th edition published by Krause Publications
Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 432. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing website
USpapermoney.info
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2 United States dollar banknotes.
The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing's website
USAToday: "$2 bill increasing in use and shedding its 'play-money' image" 2006-11-06.
The Two Dollar Bill project teaches Americans about the history of the $2 bill"
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