text:
Anti-nuclear antibody
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Homogeneous immunofluorescence staining pattern of double stranded DNA antibodies on HEp-20-10 cells. Interphase cells show homogeneous nuclear staining while mitotic cells show staining of the condensed chromosome regions.
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF)[1] are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus. In normal individuals, the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins (antigens) but not to human proteins (autoantigens). In some individuals, antibodies to human antigens are produced.[2]
There are many subtypes of ANAs such as anti-Ro antibodies, anti-La antibodies, anti-Sm antibodies, anti-nRNP antibodies, anti-Scl-70 antibodies, anti-dsDNA antibodies, anti-histone antibodies, antibodies to nuclear pore complexes, anti-centromere antibodies and anti-sp100 antibodies. Each of these antibody subtypes binds to different proteins or protein complexes within the nucleus. They are found in many disorders including autoimmunity, cancer and infection, with different prevalences of antibodies depending on the condition. This allows the use of ANAs in the diagnosis of some autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome,[3] scleroderma,[4] mixed connective tissue disease,[5] polymyositis, dermatomyositis, autoimmune hepatitis[6] and drug induced lupus.[7]
The ANA test detects the autoantibodies present in an individual's blood serum. The common tests used for detecting and quantifying ANAs are indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In immunofluorescence, the level of autoantibodies is reported as a titre. This is the highest dilution of the serum at which autoantibodies are still detectable. Positive autoantibody titres at a dilution equal to or greater than 1:160 are usually considered as clinically significant. Positive titres of less than 1:160 are present in up to 20% of the healthy population, especially the elderly. Although positive titres of 1:160 or higher are strongly associated with autoimmune disorders, they are also found in 5% of healthy individuals.[8][9] Autoantibody screening is useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders and monitoring levels helps to predict the progression of disease.[7][10][11] A positive ANA test is seldom useful if other clinical or laboratory data supporting a diagnosis are not present.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Immunity and autoimmunity
2 ANA subtypes
2.1 Extractable nuclear antigens
2.1.1 Anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B
2.1.2 Anti-Sm
2.1.3 Anti-nRNP/anti-U1-RNP
2.1.4 Anti-Scl-70/anti-topoisomerase I
2.1.5 Anti-Jo-1
2.2 Anti-dsDNA
2.3 Anti-histone antibodies
2.4 Anti-gp210 and anti-p62
2.5 Anti-centromere antibodies
2.6 Anti-sp100
2.7 Anti-PM-Scl
2.8 Anti-DFS70 antibodies
3 ANA test
3.1 Indirect immunofluorescence
3.1.1 HEp-2
3.1.2 Crithidia luciliae
3.2 ELISA
3.3 Sensitivity
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Immunity and autoimmunity[edit]
The human body has many defense mechanisms against pathogens, one of which is humoral immunity. This defence mechanism produces antibodies (large glycoproteins) in response to an immune stimulus. Many cells of the immune system are required for this process, including lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) and antigen presenting cells. These cells coordinate an immune response upon the detection of foreign proteins (antigens), producing antibodies that bind to these antigens. In normal physiology, lymphocytes that recognise human proteins (autoantigens) either undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) or become non-functional. This self-tolerance means that lymphocytes should not incite an immune response against human cellular antigens. Sometimes, however, this process malfunctions and antibodies are produced against human antigens, which may lead to autoimmune disease.[2]
ANA subtypes[edit]
ANAs are found in many disorders, as well as some healthy individuals. These disorders include: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, drug induced lupus, autoimmune hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, discoid lupus, thyroid disease, antiphospholipid syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura, infection and cancer. These antibodies can be subdivided according to their specificity, and each subset has different propensities for specific disorders.[7][13]
Extractable nuclear antigens[edit]
Extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) are a group of autoantigens that were originally identified as antibody targets in people with autoimmune disorders. They are termed ENA because they can be extracted from the cell nucleus with saline.[7][14] The ENAs consist of ribonucleoproteins and non-histone proteins, named by either the name of the donor who provided the prototype serum (Sm, Ro, La, Jo), or the name of the disease setting in which the antibodies were found (SS-A, SS-B, Scl-70).[15]
Anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B[edit]
Speckled Immunofluorescence staining pattern of anti-nuclear antibodies on HEp-20-10 cells. This staining pattern is seen with anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies.
Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies, also known as SS-A and SS-B, respectively, are commonly found in primary Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands. The presence of both antibodies is found in 30–60% of Sjögren's syndrome, anti-Ro antibodies alone are found in 50–70% of Sjögren's syndrome and 30% of SLE with cutaneous involvement, and anti-La antibodies are rarely found in isolation.[10][16] Anti-La antibodies are also found in SLE; however, Sjögren's syndrome is normally also present.[17] Anti-Ro antibodies are also found less frequently in other disorders including autoimmune liver diseases, coeliac disease, autoimmune rheumatic diseases, cardiac neonatal lupus erythematosus and polymyositis.[18][19] During pregnancy, anti-Ro antibodies can cross the placenta and cause neonatal lupus in babies.[20] In Sjögren's syndrome, anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies correlate with early onset, increased disease duration, parotid gland enlargement, disease outside the glands and infiltration of glands by lymphocytes.[11] Anti-Ro antibodies are specific to components of the Ro-RNP complex, comprising 45kDa, 52kDa, 54kDa and 60kDa proteins and RNA. The 60kDa DNA/RNA binding protein and 52kDa T-cell regulatory protein are the best characterised antigens of anti-Ro antibodies. Collectively, these proteins are part of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that associate with the hyRNAs, hY1-hY5. The La antigen is a 48kDa transcription termination factor of RNA polymerase III, which associates with the Ro-RNP complex.[15][16][21][22]
The mechanism of antibody production in Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but apoptosis (programmed cell death) and molecular mimicry may play a role.[11] The Ro and La antigens are expressed on the surface of cells undergoing apoptosis and may cause the inflammation within the salivary gland by interaction with cells of the immune system. The antibodies may also be produced through molecular mimicry, where cross reactive antibodies bind to both virus and human proteins. This may occur with one of the antigens, Ro or La, and may subsequently produce antibodies to other proteins through a process known as epitope spreading. The retroviral gag protein shows similarity to the La protein and is proposed as a possible example for molecular mimicry in Sjögren's syndrome.[11][19]
Anti-Sm[edit]
Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm) antibodies are a very specific marker for SLE. Approximately 99% of individuals without SLE lack anti-Sm antibodies, but only 20% of people with SLE have the antibodies. They are associated with central nervous system involvement, kidney disease, lung fibrosis and pericarditis in SLE, but they are not associated with disease activity. The antigens of the anti-Sm antibodies are the core units of the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), termed A to G, and will bind to the U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs. Most commonly, the antibodies are specific for the B, B' and D units.[23][24] Molecular and epidemiological studies suggest that anti-Sm antibodies may be induced by molecular mimicry because the protein shows some similarity to Epstein-Barr virus proteins.[25][26]
Anti-nRNP/anti-U1-RNP[edit]
Anti-nuclear ribonucleoprotein (anti-nRNP) antibodies, also known as anti-U1-RNP antibodies, are found in 30–40% of SLE. They are often found with anti-Sm antibodies, but they may be associated with different clinical associations. In addition to SLE, these antibodies are highly associated with mixed connective tissue disease. Anti-nRNP antibodies recognise the A and C core units of the snRNPs and because of this they primarily bind to the U1-snRNP.[23][27] The immune response to RNP may be caused by the presentation of the nuclear components on the cell membrane in apoptotic blebs. Molecular mimicry has also been suggested as a possible mechanism for the production of antibodies to these proteins because of similarity between U1-RNP polypeptides and Epstein-Barr virus polypeptides.[28]
Anti-Scl-70/anti-topoisomerase I[edit]
Anti-Scl-70 antibodies are linked to scleroderma.[29] The sensitivity of the antibodies for scleroderma is approximately 34%, but is higher for cases with diffuse cutaneous involvement (40%), and lower for limited cutaneous involvement (10%). The specificity of the antibodies is 98% and 99.6% in other rheumatic diseases and normal individuals, respectively.[7][30] In addition to scleroderma, these antibodies are found in approximately 5% of individuals with SLE.[31] The antigenic target of anti-Scl-70 antibodies is topoisomerase I.[32]
Anti-Jo-1[edit]
Although anti-Jo-1 antibodies are often included with ANAs, they are actually antibodies to the cytoplasmic protein, histidyl tRNA synthetase.[14] They are highly associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis, and are rarely found in other connective tissue diseases. Around 20–40% of polymyositis is positive for Jo-1 antibodies and most will have interstitial lung disease, HLA-DR3 and HLA-DRw52 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers; collectively known as Jo-1 syndrome.[23][33]
Anti-dsDNA[edit]
dsDNA antibody. The variable regions (yellow) are complementary to the dsDNA strands. These antibodies are found commonly in the sera of people with SLE.
Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies are highly associated with SLE. They are a very specific marker for the disease, with some studies quoting nearly 100%.[7] Data on sensitivity ranges from 25–85%. Anti-dsDNA antibody levels, known as titres, correlate with disease activity in SLE; high levels indicate more active lupus. The presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies is also linked with lupus nephritis and there is evidence they are the cause. Some anti-dsDNA antibodies are cross reactive with other antigens found on the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of the kidney, such as heparan sulphate, collagen IV, fibronectin and laminin. Binding to these antigens within the kidney could cause inflammation and complement fixation, resulting in kidney damage. Presence of high DNA-binding and low C3 levels have been shown to have extremely high predictive value (94%) for the diagnosis of SLE.[34] It is also possible that the anti-dsDNA antibodies are internalised by cells when they bind membrane antigens and then are displayed on the cell surface. This could promote inflammatory responses by T-cells within the kidney. It is important to note that not all anti-dsDNA antibodies are associated with lupus nephritis and that other factors can cause this symptom in their absence. The antigen of anti-dsDNA antibodies is double stranded DNA.[35][36]
Anti-histone antibodies[edit]
Anti-histone antibodies are found in the serum of up to 75–95% of people with drug induced lupus and 75% of idiopathic SLE. Unlike anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE, these antibodies do not fix complement. Although they are most commonly found in drug induced lupus, they are also found in some cases of SLE, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Many drugs are known to cause drug induced lupus and they produce various antigenic targets within the nucleosome that are often cross reactive with several histone proteins and DNA. Procainamide causes a form of drug-induced lupus that produces antibodies to the histone H2A and H2B complex.[37][38]
Anti-gp210 and anti-p62[edit]
Both anti-glycoprotein-210 (anti-gp210) and anti-nucleoporin 62 (anti-p62) antibodies are antibodies to components of the nuclear membrane and are found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Each antibody is present in approximately 25–30% of PBC. The antigens of both antibodies are constituents of the nuclear membrane. gp210 is a 200kDa protein involved in anchoring components of the nuclear pore to the nuclear membrane. The p62 antigen is a 60kDa nuclear pore complex.[39][40]
Anti-centromere antibodies[edit]
Immunofluorescence staining pattern of anti-centromere antibodies on HEp-20-10 cells.
Anti-centromere antibodies are associated with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, also known as CREST syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis and proximal scleroderma.[41] There are six known antigens, which are all associated with the centromere; CENP-A to CENP-F. CENP-A is a 17kDa histone H3-like protein. CENP-B is an 80kDa DNA binding protein involved in the folding of heterochromatin. CENP-C is a 140kDa protein involved in kinetochore assembly. CENP-D is a 50kDa protein of unknown function, but may be homologous to another protein involved in chromatin condensation, RCC1. CENP-E is a 312kDa protein from the kinesin motor protein family. CENP-F is a 367kDa protein from the nuclear matrix that associates with the kinetochore in late G2 phase during mitosis. CENP-A, B and C antibodies are most commonly found (16–42% of systemic sclerosis) and are associated with Raynaud's phenomenon, telangiectasias, lung involvement and early onset in systemic sclerosis.[30][42][43]
Anti-sp100[edit]
Anti-sp100 antibodies are found in approximately 20–30% of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). They are found in few individuals without PBC, and therefore are a very specific marker of the disease. The sp100 antigen is found within nuclear bodies; large protein complexes in the nucleus that may have a role in cell growth and differentiation.[44]
Anti-PM-Scl[edit]
Anti-PM-Scl antibodies are found in up to 50% of polymyositis/systemic sclerosis (PM/SSc) overlap syndrome. Around 80% of individuals with antibodies present in their blood serum will have the disorder. The presence of the antibodies is linked to limited cutaneous involvement of PM/SSc overlap syndrome. The antigenic targets of the antibodies are components of the RNA-processing exosome complex in the nucleolus.[30] There are ten proteins in this complex and antibodies to eight of them are found at varying frequencies; PM/Scl-100 (70–80%), PM/Scl-75 (46–80%), hRrp4 (50%), hRrp42 (21%), hRrp46 (18%), hCs14 (14%), hRrp41 (10%) and hRrp40 (7%).[45]
Anti-DFS70 antibodies[edit]
Anti-DFS70 antibodies generate a dense fine speckled pattern in indirect immunofluorescence and are found in normals and in various conditions, but are not associated with a systemic autoimmune pathology. Therefore, they can be used to help to rule out such conditions in ANA positive individuals. A significant number of patients are diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus or undifferentiated connective tissue disease largely based on a positive ANA. In case no defined autoantibody can be detected (e.g. anti-ENA antibodies), the testing of anti-DFS70 antibodies is recommended to verify the diagnosis. Anti-DFS70 antibody tests are available as CE-marked tests. Until now, no FDA cleared assay is available.[46]
ANA test[edit]
Kit for carrying out a test for antinuclear antibodies
Stages of immunofluorescence for the detection of antinuclear antibodies. HEp-2 cells are permeablised (1) and then incubated with a person's blood serum (2). If the serum contains antibodies, they will bind to antigens within the HEp-2 cell nucleus. These antibodies can be visualised by subsequent incubation with anti-human antibodies conjugated to a fluorescent molecule (3).
The presence of ANAs in blood can be confirmed by a screening test. Although there are many tests for the detection of ANAs, the most common tests used for screening are indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).[47] Following detection of ANAs, various subtypes are determined.[7]
Indirect immunofluorescence[edit]
Indirect immunofluorescence is one of the most commonly used tests for ANAs. Typically, HEp-2 cells are used as a substrate to detect the antibodies in human serum. Microscope slides are coated with HEp-2 cells and the serum is incubated with the cells. If antibodies are present then they will bind to the antigens on the cells; in the case of ANAs, the antibodies will bind to the nucleus. These can be visualised by adding a fluorescent tagged (usually FITC or rhodopsin B) anti-human antibody that binds to the antibodies. The molecule will fluoresce when a specific wavelength of light shines on it, which can be seen under the microscope. Depending on the antibody present in the human serum and the localisation of the antigen in the cell, distinct patterns of fluorescence will be seen on the HEp-2 cells.[48][49] Levels of antibodies are analysed by performing dilutions on blood serum. An ANA test is considered positive if fluorescence is seen at a titre of 1:40/1:80. Higher titres are more clinically significant as low positives (≤1:160) are found in up to 20% of healthy individuals, especially the elderly. Only around 5% of the healthy population have ANA titres of 1:160 or higher.[7][50]
HEp-2[edit]
Nucleolar staining pattern of ANAs.
Until around 1975, when HEp-2 cells were introduced, animal tissue was used as the standard substrate for immunofluorescence.[10] HEp-2 cells are currently one of the most common substrates for ANA detection by immunofluorescence.[51]
Originally started a laryngeal carcinoma strain, the cell line was contaminated and displaced by HeLa cells, and has now been identified as actually HeLa cells.[52]
They are superior to the previously used animal tissues because of their large size and the high rate of mitosis (cell division) in the cell line. This allows the detection of antibodies to mitosis-specific antigens, such as centromere antibodies. They also allow identification of anti-Ro antibodies, because acetone is used for fixation of the cells (other fixatives can wash the antigen away).[53]
There are many nuclear staining patterns seen on HEp-2 cells: homogeneous, speckled, nucleolar, nuclear membranous, centromeric, nuclear dot and pleomorphic. The homogeneous pattern is seen when the condensed chromosomes and interphase chromatin stain. This pattern is associated with anti-dsDNA antibodies, antibodies to nucleosomal components, and anti-histone antibodies. There are two speckled patterns: fine and coarse. The fine speckled pattern has fine nuclear staining with unstained metaphase chromatin, which is associated with anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies. The coarse staining pattern has coarse granular nuclear staining, caused by anti-U1-RNP and anti-Sm antibodies. The nucleolar staining pattern is associated with many antibodies including anti-Scl-70, anti-PM-Scl, anti-fibrillarin and anti-Th/To. Nuclear membrane staining appears as a fluorescent ring around the cell nucleus and are produced by anti-gp210 and anti-p62 antibodies. The centromere pattern shows multiple nuclear dots in interphase and mitotic cells, corresponding to the number of chromosomes in the cell. Nuclear dot patterns show between 13–25 nuclear dots in interphase cells and are produced by anti-sp100 antibodies. Pleomorphic pattern is caused by antibodies to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen.[23][50][54][55] Indirect immunofluorescence has been shown to be slightly superior compared to ELISA in detection of ANA from HEp-2 cells.[51]
Crithidia luciliae[edit]
Immunofluorescence staining pattern of anti-dsDNA antibodies on C. luciliaesubstrate. The kinetoplast located near the flagellum is stained, indicating the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies in a person with systemic lupus erythamatosus.
Crithidia luciliae are haemoflaggelate single celled protists. They are used as a substrate in immunofluorescence for the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies. They possess an organelle known as the kinetoplast which is a large mitochondrion with a network of interlocking circular dsDNA molecules. After incubation with serum containing anti-dsDNA antibodies and fluorescent-labelled anti-human antibodies, the kinetoplast will fluoresce. The lack of other nuclear antigens in this organelle means that using C.luciliae as a substrate allows for the specific detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies.[7][56][57]
ELISA[edit]
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uses antigen-coated microtitre plates for the detection of ANAs.[58] Each well of a microtitre plate is coated with either a single antigen or multiple antigens to detect specific antibodies or to screen for ANAs, respectively. The antigens are either from cell extracts or recombinant. Blood serum is incubated in the wells of the plate and is washed out. If antibodies that bind to antigen are present then they will remain after washing. A secondary anti-human antibody conjugated to an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme reaction will produce a change in colour of the solution that is proportional to the amount of antibody bound to the antigen.[10][49][59] There are significant differences in the detection of ANA by immunofluorescence and different ELISA kits and there is only a marginal agreement between these. A clinician must be familiar with the differences in order to evaluate the outcomes of the various assays.[58]
Sensitivity[edit]
The following table lists the sensitivity of different types of ANAs for different diseases.
ANA type
Target antigen
Sensitivity (%)
SLE
Drug-induced LE
Diffuse systemic sclerosis
Limited systemic scleroderma
Sjögren syndrome
Inflammatory myopathy
MCTD
All ANAs
(by indirect IF)
Various >95 >95 70–90 70–90 50–80 40–60 95[60]
Anti-dsDNA
DNA 40–60 – – – – – -[60]
Anti-Sm
Core proteins of snRNPs 20–30 – – – – – -[60]
Anti-histone
Histones 50–70 90[60] – 95 – – – – -[60]
Anti Scl-70
Type I topoisomerase – – 28–70 10–18 – – -[60]
Anti-centromere
Centromeric proteins – – 22–26 90 – – -[60]
Anti-snRNP70
snRNP70 30[61]-40[60][61] -[60] 15[60] 10[60] -[60] 15[60] 90[60]
SS-A (Ro)
RNPs 30–50 – – – 70–95 10 -[60]
SS-B (La)
RNPs 10–15 – – – 60–90 – -[60]
Jo-1
Histidine-tRNA ligase – – – – – 25 -[60]
– = less than 5% sensitivity
Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is:[61]
Some ANAs appear in several types of disease, resulting in lower specificity of the test. For example, IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) have been shown to cross-react with ANA giving falsely positive immunofluorescence.[62] Positive ANA as well as anti-DNA antibodies have been reported in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.[63][64] ANA can have a positive test result in up to 45% of people with autoimmune thyroid conditions or rheumatoid arthritis and up to 15% of people with HIV or hepatitis C.[64][65][66][67] As per Lupus Foundation of America, "about 5% of the general population will have a positive ANA. However, at least 95% of the people who have a positive ANA do not have lupus! A positive ANA test can sometimes run in families, even if family members have no evidence of lupus."[9] On the other hand, they say, although 95% of the patients who actually have lupus test positive for ANA, "Only a small percentage have a negative ANA, and many of those have other antibodies (such as anti-phospholipid antibodies, anti-Ro, anti-SSA) or their ANA converted from positive to negative from steroids, cytotoxic medications, or uremia (kidney failure)."[9]
History[edit]
LE cell
The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by Hargraves et al.[68] In 1957 Holborow et al. first demonstrated ANA using indirect immunofluorescence.[69] This was the first indication that processes affecting the cell nucleus were responsible for SLE. In 1959 it was discovered that serum from individuals with SLE contained antibodies that precipitated with saline extracts of nuclei, known as extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs). This led to the characterisation of ENA antigens and their respective antibodies. Thus, anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies were discovered in 1966 and 1971, respectively. In the 1970s, the anti-Ro/anti-SS-A and anti-La/anti-SS-B antibodies were discovered. The Scl-70 antibody was known to be a specific antibody to scleroderma in 1979, however the antigen (topoisomerase-I) was not characterised until 1986. The Jo-1 antigen and antibody were characterised in 1980.[7][19]
See also[edit]
Rheumatoid factor
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2005). Biology (7th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin-Cummings. ISBN 080537146X. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Cervera, R; Font, J; Ramos-Casals, M; García-Carrasco, M; Rosas, J; Morlà, RM; Muñoz, FJ; Artigues, A; Pallarés, L; Ingelmo, M (2000). "Primary Sjögren's syndrome in men: clinical and immunological characteristics". Lupus. 9 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1177/096120330000900111. PMID 10713648.
Jump up ^ Barnett, AJ; McNeilage, LJ (May 1993). "Antinuclear antibodies in patients with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) and in their blood relatives and spouses". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 52 (5): 365–8. doi:10.1136/ard.52.5.365. PMC 1005051  . PMID 8323384.
Jump up ^ Burdt, Mark A.; Hoffman, Robert W.; Deutscher, Susan L.; Wang, Grace S.; Johnson, Jane C.; Sharp, Gordon C. (1 May 1999). "Long-term outcome in mixed connective tissue disease: Longitudinal clinical and serologic findings". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 42 (5): 899–909. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199905)42:5<899::AID-ANR8>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 10323445.
Jump up ^ Obermayer-Straub, P; Strassburg, CP; Manns, MP (2000). "Autoimmune hepatitis". Journal of Hepatology. 32 (1 Suppl): 181–97. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80425-0. PMID 10728804.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Kavanaugh A, Tomar R, Reveille J, Solomon DH, Homburger HA (January 2000). "Guidelines for clinical use of the antinuclear antibody test and tests for specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. American College of Pathologists". Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 124 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<0071:GFCUOT>2.0.CO;2 (inactive 2017-01-15). PMID 10629135.
Jump up ^ Tan, EM; Feltkamp, TE; Smolen, JS; Butcher, B; Dawkins, R; Fritzler, MJ; Gordon, T; Hardin, JA; Kalden, JR; Lahita, RG; Maini, RN; McDougal, JS; Rothfield, NF; Smeenk, RJ; Takasaki, Y; Wiik, A; Wilson, MR; Koziol, JA (September 1997). "Range of antinuclear antibodies in "healthy" individuals". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (9): 1601–11. doi:10.1002/art.1780400909. PMID 9324014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Antinuclear Antibody Test: What It Means". Lupus Foundation of America. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kumar, Y; Bhatia, A; Minz, RW (Jan 2, 2009). "Antinuclear antibodies and their detection methods in diagnosis of connective tissue diseases: a journey revisited". Diagnostic pathology. 4: 1. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-4-1. PMC 2628865  . PMID 19121207.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Yamamoto K (January 2003). "Pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome". Autoimmun Rev. 2 (1): 13–8. doi:10.1016/S1568-9972(02)00121-0. PMID 12848970.
Jump up ^ Richardson, B; Epstein, WV (September 1981). "Utility of the fluorescent antinuclear antibody test in a single patient". Annals of Internal Medicine. 95 (3): 333–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-95-3-333. PMID 7023311.
Jump up ^ Malleson PN, Mackinnon MJ, Sailer-Hoeck M, Spencer CH (2010). "Review for the generalist: The antinuclear antibody test in children – When to use it and what to do with a positive titer". Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 8: 27. doi:10.1186/1546-0096-8-27. PMC 2987328  . PMID 20961429.
^ Jump up to: a b Damoiseaux, JG; Tervaert, JW (January 2006). "From ANA to ENA: how to proceed?". Autoimmunity reviews. 5 (1): 10–7. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2005.05.007. PMID 16338206.
^ Jump up to: a b Wenzel, J; Gerdsen, R; Uerlich, M; Bauer, R; Bieber, T; Boehm, I (December 2001). "Antibodies targeting extractable nuclear antigens: historical development and current knowledge". The British Journal of Dermatology. 145 (6): 859–67. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04577.x. PMID 11899137.
^ Jump up to: a b Hernández-Molina, G; Leal-Alegre, G; Michel-Peregrina, M (January 2011). "The meaning of anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome". Autoimmunity reviews. 10 (3): 123–5. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2010.09.001. PMID 20833272.
Jump up ^ Kassan, SS; Moutsopoulos, HM (June 2004). "Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome". Arch Intern Med. 164 (12): 1275–84. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.12.1275. PMID 15226160.
Jump up ^ Defendenti, C; Atzeni, F; Spina, MF; Grosso, S; Cereda, A; Guercilena, G; Bollani, S; Saibeni, S; Puttini, PS (January 2011). "Clinical and laboratory aspects of Ro/SSA-52 autoantibodies". Autoimmunity reviews. 10 (3): 150–4. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2010.09.005. PMID 20854935.
^ Jump up to: a b c Venables, PJ (June 2004). "Sjögren's syndrome". Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology. 18 (3): 313–29. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2004.02.010. PMID 15158743.
Jump up ^ Scofield, RH (May 8, 2004). "Autoantibodies as predictors of disease". Lancet. 363 (9420): 1544–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16154-0. PMID 15135604.
Jump up ^ Deshmukh, US; Bagavant, H; Lewis, J; Gaskin, F; Fu, SM (November 2005). "Epitope spreading within lupus-associated ribonucleoprotein antigens". Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 117 (2): 112–20. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2005.07.002. PMID 16095971.
Jump up ^ Ben-Chetrit, E (May 1993). "The molecular basis of the SSA/Ro antigens and the clinical significance of their autoantibodies". British Journal of Rheumatology. 32 (5): 396–402. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/32.5.396. PMID 8495261.
^ Jump up to: a b c d von Mühlen, CA; Tan, EM (April 1995). "Autoantibodies in the diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 24 (5): 323–58. doi:10.1016/S0049-0172(95)80004-2. PMID 7604300.
Jump up ^ Lyons, R; Narain, S; Nichols, C; Satoh, M; Reeves, WH (June 2005). "Effective use of autoantibody tests in the diagnosis of systemic autoimmune disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1050: 217–28. Bibcode:2005NYASA1050..217L. doi:10.1196/annals.1313.023. PMID 16014537.
Jump up ^ Zieve, GW; Khusial, PR (September 2003). "The anti-Sm immune response in autoimmunity and cell biology". Autoimmunity reviews. 2 (5): 235–40. doi:10.1016/S1568-9972(03)00018-1. PMID 12965173.
Jump up ^ Migliorini, P; Baldini, C; Rocchi, V; Bombardieri, S (February 2005). "Anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies". Autoimmunity. 38 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1080/08916930400022715. PMID 15804705.
Jump up ^ Benito-Garcia, E; Schur, PH; Lahita, R; American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Immunologic Testing, Guidelines (Dec 15, 2004). "Guidelines for immunologic laboratory testing in the rheumatic diseases: anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibody tests". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 51 (6): 1030–44. doi:10.1002/art.20836. PMID 15593352.
Jump up ^ Venables PJ (2006). "Mixed connective tissue disease". Lupus. 15 (3): 132–7. doi:10.1191/0961203306lu2283rr. PMID 16634365.
Jump up ^ Jimenez, SA; Derk, CT (Jan 6, 2004). "Following the molecular pathways toward an understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 140 (1): 37–50. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00013. PMID 14706971.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ho, KT; Reveille, JD (2003). "The clinical relevance of autoantibodies in scleroderma". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 5 (2): 80–93. doi:10.1186/ar628. PMC 165038  . PMID 12718748.
Jump up ^ Mahler M, Silverman ED, Schulte-Pelkum J, Fritzler MJ (September 2010). "Anti-Scl-70 (topo-I) antibodies in SLE: Myth or reality?". Autoimmun Rev. 9 (11): 756–60. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2010.06.005. PMID 20601198.
Jump up ^ Guldner, HH; Szostecki, C; Vosberg, HP; Lakomek, HJ; Penner, E; Bautz, FA (1986). "Scl 70 autoantibodies from scleroderma patients recognize a 95 kDa protein identified as DNA topoisomerase I". Chromosoma. 94 (2): 132–8. doi:10.1007/BF00286991. PMID 2428564.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, WA; Wetzel, W; Friedländer, R; Lange, R; Sörensen, HF; Lichey, HJ; Genth, E; Mierau, R; Gromnica-Ihle, E (2000). "Clinical and serological aspects of patients with anti-Jo-1 antibodies—an evolving spectrum of disease manifestations". Clinical rheumatology. 19 (5): 371–7. doi:10.1007/s100670070030. PMID 11055826.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, A; Bordwell, B; Stone, B; Tibbetts, C; Rothfield, NF (February 1983). "Antibodies to native DNA and serum complement (C3) levels. Application to diagnosis and classification of systemic lupus erythematosus". The American Journal of Medicine. 74 (2): 206–16. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)90613-7. PMID 6600582.
Jump up ^ Mok, CC; Lau, CS (July 2003). "Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus". Journal of clinical pathology. 56 (7): 481–90. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.7.481. PMC 1769989  . PMID 12835292.
Jump up ^ Yung, S; Chan, TM (February 2008). "Anti-DNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis—the emerging mechanisms". Autoimmunity reviews. 7 (4): 317–21. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2007.12.001. PMID 18295737.
Jump up ^ Vasoo, S (2006). "Drug-induced lupus: an update". Lupus. 15 (11): 757–61. doi:10.1177/0961203306070000. PMID 17153847.
Jump up ^ Katz, U; Zandman-Goddard, G (November 2010). "Drug-induced lupus: an update". Autoimmunity reviews. 10 (1): 46–50. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2010.07.005. PMID 20656071.
Jump up ^ Hu, T; Guan, T; Gerace, L (August 1996). "Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins". The Journal of Cell Biology. 134 (3): 589–601. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.3.589. PMC 2120945  . PMID 8707840.
Jump up ^ Mackay, IR; Whittingham, S; Fida, S; Myers, M; Ikuno, N; Gershwin, ME; Rowley, MJ (April 2000). "The peculiar autoimmunity of primary biliary cirrhosis". Immunological reviews. 174: 226–37. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.017410.x. PMID 10807519.
Jump up ^ Kallenberg, CG (March 1990). "Anti-centromere antibodies (ACA)". Clinical rheumatology. 9 (1 Suppl 1): 136–9. doi:10.1007/BF02205562. PMID 2203592.
Jump up ^ Rattner, JB; Mack, GJ; Fritzler, MJ (July 1998). "Autoantibodies to components of the mitotic apparatus". Molecular biology reports. 25 (3): 143–55. doi:10.1023/A:1016523013819. PMID 9700050.
Jump up ^ Renz, Harald. Autoimmune diagnostics. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-022864-9.
Jump up ^ Worman, HJ; Courvalin, JC (June 2003). "Antinuclear antibodies specific for primary biliary cirrhosis". Autoimmunity reviews. 2 (4): 211–7. doi:10.1016/S1568-9972(03)00013-2. PMID 12848948.
Jump up ^ Mahler, M; Raijmakers, R (August 2007). "Novel aspects of autoantibodies to the PM/Scl complex: clinical, genetic and diagnostic insights". Autoimmunity reviews. 6 (7): 432–7. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2007.01.013. PMID 17643929.
Jump up ^ Mahler, Michael; Meroni, Pier Luigi; Andrade, Luis E.; Khamashta, Munther; Bizzaro, Nicola; Casiano, Carlos A.; Fritzler, Marvin J. (2016). "Towards a better understanding of the clinical association of anti-DFS70 autoantibodies". Autoimmunity Reviews. 15 (2): 198–201. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.11.006. PMID 26588998.
Jump up ^ Granito A, Muratori P, Quarneti C, Pappas G, Cicola R, Muratori L (January 2012). "Antinuclear antibodies as ancillary markers in primary biliary cirrhosis". Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 12 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1586/erm.11.82. PMID 22133120.
Jump up ^ Klein, Wulf B. Storch. Transl. by R. A. (2000). Immunofluorescence in clinical immunology : a primer and atlas. Basel [u.a.]: Birkhäuser. ISBN 3764361824.
^ Jump up to: a b González-Buitrago, JM; González, C (March 2006). "Present and future of the autoimmunity laboratory". Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 365 (1–2): 50–7. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.023. PMID 16126186.
^ Jump up to: a b Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N, Tonutti E, Villalta D, Bassetti D, Manoni F, Piazza A, Pradella M, Rizzotti P (February 2002). Italian Society of Laboratory Medicine Study Group on the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases. "Guidelines for the laboratory use of autoantibody tests in the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune rheumatic diseases". American journal of clinical pathology. 117 (2): 316–24. doi:10.1309/Y5VF-C3DM-L8XV-U053. PMID 11863229.
^ Jump up to: a b Ulvestad, E (March 2001). "Performance characteristics and clinical utility of a hybrid ELISA for detection of ANA". APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 109 (3): 217–22. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.090305.x. PMID 11430499.
Jump up ^ Lacroix M (January 2008). "Persistent use of "false" cell lines". Int. J. Cancer. 122 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1002/ijc.23233. PMID 17960586.
Jump up ^ Keren, DF (June 2002). "Antinuclear antibody testing". Clinics in laboratory medicine. 22 (2): 447–74. doi:10.1016/S0272-2712(01)00012-9. PMID 12134471.
Jump up ^ Nesher, G; Margalit, R; Ashkenazi, YJ (April 2001). "Anti-nuclear envelope antibodies: Clinical associations". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 30 (5): 313–20. doi:10.1053/sarh.2001.20266. PMID 11303304.
Jump up ^ Sack, U; Conrad, K; Csernok, E; Frank, I; Hiepe, F; Krieger, T; Kromminga, A; Landenberg, Pv; Messer, G; Witte, T; Mierau, R (June 2009). die deutsche EASI-Gruppe (European Autoimmunity Standardization, Initiative). "Autoantibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 134 (24): 1278–82. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1225278. PMID 19499499.
Jump up ^ Slater, NG; Cameron, JS; Lessof, MH (September 1976). "The Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast immunofluorescence test in systemic lupus erythematosus". Clinical and experimental immunology. 25 (3): 480–6. PMC 1541410  . PMID 786521.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, TA; Englund, PT (1995). "The structure and replication of kinetoplast DNA". Annual Review of Microbiology. 49: 117–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.001001. PMID 8561456.
^ Jump up to: a b Emlen, W; O'Neill, L (September 1997). "Clinical significance of antinuclear antibodies: comparison of detection with immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (9): 1612–8. doi:10.1002/art.1780400910. PMID 9324015.
Jump up ^ Deshpande, S. S. (1996). Enzyme immunoassays: from concept to product development. London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-05601-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Table 6-2 in: Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. (2008). Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7153-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Table 5-9 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7. 8th edition.
Jump up ^ Frokjaer, Vibe G.; Mortensen, Erik L.; Nielsen, Finn Å.; Haugbol, Steven; Pinborg, Lars H.; Adams, Karen H.; Svarer, Claus; Hasselbalch, Steen G.; Holm, Soeren; Paulson, Olaf B.; Knudsen, Gitte M. (29 February 2008). "Frontolimbic Serotonin 2A Receptor Binding in Healthy Subjects Is Associated with Personality Risk Factors for Affective Disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 63 (6): 569–576. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.009. PMID 17884017.
Jump up ^ Tektonidou, M G; Anapliotou, M; Vlachoyiannopoulos, P; Moutsopoulos, HM (1 September 2004). "Presence of systemic autoimmune disorders in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63 (9): 1159–1161. doi:10.1136/ard.2004.022624. PMC 1755126  . PMID 15308528.
^ Jump up to: a b Petri, M; Karlson, EW; Cooper, DS; Ladenson, PW (October 1991). "Autoantibody tests in autoimmune thyroid disease: a case-control study". The Journal of rheumatology. 18 (10): 1529–31. PMID 1765977.
Jump up ^ Charles, P. J.; Smeenk, R. J. T.; De Jong, J.; Feldmann, M.; Maini, R. N. (1 November 2000). "Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor α: Findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 43 (11): 2383–2390. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2383::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 11083258.
Jump up ^ Cassani, F; Cataleta, M; Valentini, P; Muratori, P; Giostra, F; Francesconi, R; Muratori, L; Lenzi, M; Bianchi, G; Zauli, D; Bianchi, F B (1 September 1997). "Serum autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C: Comparison with autoimmune hepatitis and impact on the disease profile". Hepatology. 26 (3): 561–566. doi:10.1002/hep.510260305. PMID 9303483.
Jump up ^ Medina-Rodriguez, F; Guzman, C; Jara, LJ; Hermida, C; Alboukrek, D; Cervera, H; Miranda, JM; Fraga, A (November 1993). "Rheumatic manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus positive and negative individuals: a study of 2 populations with similar risk factors". The Journal of rheumatology. 20 (11): 1880–4. PMID 8308773.
Jump up ^ Hargraves M, Richmond H, Morton R. Presentation of two bone marrow components, the tart cell and the LE cell. Mayo Clin Proc 1948;27:25–28.
Jump up ^ Holborow, E. J.; Weir, D. M.; Johnson, G. D. (28 September 1957). "A Serum Factor in Lupus Erythematosus with Affinity for Tissue Nuclei". BMJ. 2 (5047): 732–734. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5047.732. PMC 1962253  . PMID 13460368.
The first demonstration of the role of antibodies in L.E. by Haserick, J.R., et al., 1950[1][1]
External links[edit]
Autoimmunityblog - HEp-2 ANA summary
Antinuclear antibodies at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Greidinger, Eric L.; Hoffman, DO; Robert W. (31 January 2003). "CE update [chemistry | immunology]: Antinuclear Antibody Testing: Methods, Indications, and Interpretation". Laboratory Medicine. 34 (2): 113–117. doi:10.1309/VUB90VTPMEWV3W0F.
hide
v
t
e
Autoantibodies
Anti-nuclear antibody
PBC:
Anti-gp210
Anti-p62
Anti-sp100
ENA:
Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
Anti-Jo1
ENA4
Anti-Sm
Anti-nRNP
Anti-Ro
Anti-La
Anti-centromere
Anti-dsDNA
Anti-mitochondrial antibody
Anti-cardiolipin
Anti-cytoplasm antibody
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
C-ANCA
P-ANCA
Anti-smooth muscle
Anti-actin
Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
Cell membrane
Anti-ganglioside
Anti-GBM
Anti-glutamate
Extracellular
Anti-thrombin
Lupus anticoagulant
Coeliac disease:
Anti-transglutaminase
Anti-gliadin not autoantibody
RA
Rheumatoid factor/anti-IgG
Anti-citrullinated peptide
Multiple locations
Anti-phospholipid
Anti-apolipoprotein
Category:Chemical pathology
Autoantibodies
Jump up ^ Haserick, John R., Lena A. Lewis, and Donald W. Bortz. "Blood factor in acute disseminated lupus erythematosus; determination of gamma globulin as specific plasma fraction." The American journal of the medical sciences 219.6 (1950): 660-663.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-nuclear_antibody&oldid=846518379"
Categories:
Antibodies
Immunologic tests
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017
Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 07:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: Picture of immunofluorescence staining pattern of dsDNA antibodies.

attrs: href title

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Anti-Ro_antibodies
mw-redirect
Anti-Ro antibodies

values:
/wiki/Anti-La_antibodies
mw-redirect
Anti-La antibodies

values:
/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome
mw-redirect
Sjögren's syndrome

values:
/wiki/Blood_serum
mw-redirect
Blood serum

values:
/wiki/Indirect_immunofluorescence
mw-redirect
Indirect immunofluorescence

values:
/wiki/Enzyme-linked_immunosorbent_assay
mw-redirect
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

values:
/wiki/Antigen_presenting_cell
mw-redirect
Antigen presenting cell

values:
/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis
mw-redirect
Primary biliary cirrhosis

values:
/wiki/Discoid_lupus
mw-redirect
Discoid lupus

values: Edit section: Extractable nuclear antigens

values: Edit section: Anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B

values:
/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder
mw-redirect
Autoimmune disorder

values:
/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)
mw-redirect
Transcription (genetics)

values:
/wiki/Epitope_spreading
mw-redirect
Epitope spreading

values:
/wiki/Lung_fibrosis
mw-redirect
Lung fibrosis

values:
/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virus
mw-redirect
Epstein-Barr virus

values: Edit section: Anti-Scl-70/anti-topoisomerase I

values:
/wiki/Topoisomerase_I
mw-redirect
Topoisomerase I

values:
/wiki/Heparan_sulphate
mw-redirect
Heparan sulphate

values:
/wiki/Complement_fixation
mw-redirect
Complement fixation

values: Undifferentiated connective tissue disease

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_membrane
mw-redirect
Nuclear membrane

values: Edit section: Anti-centromere antibodies

values:
/wiki/Chromatin_condensation
mw-redirect
Chromatin condensation

values:
/wiki/PM/Scl_overlap_syndrome
mw-redirect
PM/Scl overlap syndrome

values: Edit section: Indirect immunofluorescence

values:
/wiki/Single_celled_organism
mw-redirect
Single celled organism

values:
/wiki/Microtitre_plate
mw-redirect
Microtitre plate

values:
/wiki/Systemic_sclerosis#Types
mw-redirect
Systemic sclerosis

values:
/wiki/Anti_Scl-70
mw-redirect
Anti Scl-70

values:
/wiki/Histidine-tRNA_ligase
mw-redirect
Histidine-tRNA ligase

values:
/wiki/Anti-phospholipid_antibodies
mw-redirect
Anti-phospholipid antibodies

values:
/wiki/Extractable_nuclear_antigens
mw-redirect
Extractable nuclear antigens

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2017)

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10713648

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.52.5.365

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8323384

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10323445

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10728804

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10629135

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.1780400909

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324014

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-1596-4-1

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121207

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12848970

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7023311

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1546-0096-8-27

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961429

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16338206

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11899137

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833272

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226160

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20854935

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.berh.2004.02.010

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15158743

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15135604

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clim.2005.07.002

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16095971

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8495261

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7604300

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1313.023

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16014537

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12965173

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15804705

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.20836

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15593352

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1191%2F0961203306lu2283rr

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16634365

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14706971

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Far628

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12718748

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601198

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00286991

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2428564

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100670070030

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11055826

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6600582

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fjcp.56.7.481

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12835292

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295737

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17153847

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656071

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.134.3.589

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8707840

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807519

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02205562

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2203592

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1016523013819

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9700050

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12848948

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17643929

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26588998

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1586%2Ferm.11.82

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22133120

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cca.2005.07.023

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16126186

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1309%2FY5VF-C3DM-L8XV-U053

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11863229

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11430499

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.23233

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17960586

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134471

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1053%2Fsarh.2001.20266

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303304

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0029-1225278

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19499499

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/786521

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561456

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.1780400910

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324015

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17884017

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.2004.022624

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15308528

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1765977

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11083258

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.510260305

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9303483

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8308773

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5047.732

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13460368

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1309%2FVUB90VTPMEWV3W0F

values:
/wiki/Anti-thyroid_peroxidase_antibody
mw-redirect
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody

values:
/wiki/Anti-ganglioside_antibodies
mw-redirect
Anti-ganglioside antibodies

values: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: navigation navbox Autoantibodies padding:3px

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017

values: Category:Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: عامل مضاد للنواة – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Αντιπυρηνικά αντισώματα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANA_testi
ANA testi – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Anti-nuclear_antibody rootpage-Anti-nuclear_antibody skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Olympic Games host cities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 22 Winter Olympic Games held in 19 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Five cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.
In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Seven cities have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924, and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948, and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984, and 2028 Summer Olympics), and Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics). Tokyo will join this list upon hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics, having previously hosted the summer games of 1964, as well as Beijing upon hosting the 2022 Winter Olympics, having previously hosted the summer games of 2008. In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games.
The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe (36 editions) and North America (12 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city, while the African continent is yet to hold the Games. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance.[2] The selection process lasts approximately two years. In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications. In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection. The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Olympic host cities
2 Statistics
2.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games
2.2 Number of Olympic Games by country
2.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Olympic host cities[edit]
For individual summer and winter lists, see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games.
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony
Athens Greece Europe S005I — 1896 000000002017-04-06-0000April 6 000000002017-04-15-0000April 15
Paris France Europe S005II — 1900 000000002017-05-14-0000May 14 000000002017-10-28-0000October 28
St. Louis[a] United States North America S005III — 1904 000000002017-07-01-0000July 1 000000002017-11-23-0000November 23
London[c] United Kingdom Europe S005IV — 1908 000000002017-04-27-0000April 27 000000002017-10-31-0000October 31
Stockholm Sweden Europe S005V — 1912 000000002017-05-05-0000May 5 000000002017-07-22-0000July 22
Berlin Germany Europe S006VI — 1916 Cancelled due to WWI[4]
Antwerp[d] Belgium Europe S007VII — 1920 000000002017-04-20-0000April 20 000000002017-09-12-0000September 12[5]
Chamonix France Europe — W001I 1924 000000002017-01-25-0000January 25 000000002017-02-04-0000February 4[6]
Paris France Europe S008VIII — 000000002017-05-04-0000May 4 000000002017-07-27-0000July 27[7]
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W002II 1928 000000002017-02-11-0000February 11 000000002017-02-19-0000February 19[8]
Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009IX — 000000002017-05-17-0000May 17 000000002017-08-12-0000August 12[9]
Lake Placid United States North America — W003III 1932 000000002017-02-04-0000February 4 000000002017-02-15-0000February 15[10]
Los Angeles United States North America S010X — 000000002017-07-30-0000July 30 000000002017-08-14-0000August 14[11]
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe — W004IV 1936 000000002017-02-06-0000February 6 000000002017-02-16-0000February 16[12]
Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011XI — 000000002017-08-01-0000August 1 000000002017-08-16-0000August 16[13]
Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e] Empire of Japan
Nazi Germany Asia
Europe — W005aV 1940 Cancelled due to WWII[4]
Tokyo
Helsinki[f] Empire of Japan
Finland Asia
Europe S012XII —
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W005bV 1944
London United Kingdom Europe S013XIII —
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W005cV 1948 000000002017-01-30-0000January 30 000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
London United Kingdom Europe S014XIV — 000000002017-07-29-0000July 29 000000002017-08-14-0000August 14
Oslo Norway Europe — W006VI 1952 000000002017-02-14-0000February 14 000000002017-02-25-0000February 25
Helsinki Finland Europe S015XV — 000000002017-07-19-0000July 19 000000002017-08-03-0000August 3
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W007VII 1956 000000002017-01-26-0000January 26 000000002017-02-05-0000February 5
Melbourne
Stockholm[g] Australia
Sweden Oceania
Europe S016XVI — 000000002017-11-22-0000November 22
000000002017-06-10-0000June 10 000000002017-12-08-0000December 8
000000002017-06-17-0000June 17
Squaw Valley United States North America — W008VIII 1960 000000002017-02-18-0000February 18 000000002017-02-28-0000February 28
Rome Italy Europe S017XVII — 000000002017-08-25-0000August 25 000000002017-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W009IX 1964 000000002017-01-29-0000January 29 000000002017-02-09-0000February 9
Tokyo Japan Asia S018XVIII — 000000002017-10-10-0000October 10 000000002017-10-24-0000October 24
Grenoble France Europe — W010X 1968 000000002017-02-06-0000February 6 000000002017-02-18-0000February 18
Mexico City Mexico North America S019XIX — 000000002017-10-12-0000October 12 000000002017-10-27-0000October 27
Sapporo Japan Asia — W011XI 1972 000000002017-02-03-0000February 3 000000002017-02-13-0000February 13
Munich West Germany Europe S020XX — 000000002017-08-26-0000August 26 000000002017-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W012XII 1976 000000002017-02-04-0000February 4 000000002017-02-15-0000February 15
Montreal Canada North America S021XXI — 000000002017-07-17-0000July 17 000000002017-08-01-0000August 1
Lake Placid United States North America — W013XIII 1980 000000002017-02-12-0000February 12 000000002017-02-24-0000February 24
Moscow Soviet Union Europe[h] S022XXII — 000000002017-07-19-0000July 19 000000002017-08-03-0000August 3
Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe — W014XIV 1984 000000002017-02-07-0000February 7 000000002017-02-19-0000February 19
Los Angeles United States North America S023XXIII — 000000002017-07-28-0000July 28 000000002017-08-12-0000August 12
Calgary Canada North America — W015XV 1988 000000002017-02-13-0000February 13 000000002017-02-28-0000February 28
Seoul South Korea Asia S024XXIV — 000000002017-09-17-0000September 17 000000002017-10-02-0000October 2
Albertville France Europe — W016XVI 1992 000000002017-02-08-0000February 8 000000002017-02-23-0000February 23
Barcelona Spain Europe S025XXV — 000000002017-07-25-0000July 25 000000002017-08-09-0000August 9
Lillehammer Norway Europe — W017XVII 1994 000000002017-02-12-0000February 12 000000002017-02-27-0000February 27
Atlanta United States North America S026XXVI — 1996 000000002017-07-19-0000July 19 000000002017-08-04-0000August 4
Nagano Japan Asia — W018XVIII 1998 000000002017-02-07-0000February 7 000000002017-02-22-0000February 22
Sydney Australia Oceania S027XXVII — 2000 000000002017-09-15-0000September 15 000000002017-10-01-0000October 1
Salt Lake City United States North America — W019XIX 2002 000000002017-02-08-0000February 8 000000002017-02-24-0000February 24
Athens Greece Europe S028XXVIII — 2004 000000002017-08-13-0000August 13 000000002017-08-29-0000August 29
Turin Italy Europe — W020XX 2006 000000002017-02-10-0000February 10 000000002017-02-26-0000February 26
Beijing[i] China Asia S029XXIX — 2008 000000002017-08-08-0000August 8 000000002017-08-24-0000August 24
Vancouver Canada North America — W021XXI 2010 000000002017-02-12-0000February 12 000000002017-02-28-0000February 28
London United Kingdom Europe S030XXX — 2012 000000002017-07-27-0000July 27 000000002017-08-12-0000August 12
Sochi Russia Europe[h] — W022XXII 2014 000000002017-02-07-0000February 7 000000002017-02-23-0000February 23
Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031XXXI — 2016 000000002017-08-05-0000August 5 000000002017-08-21-0000August 21
Pyeongchang South Korea Asia — W023XXIII 2018 000000002017-02-09-0000February 9 000000002017-02-25-0000February 25
Tokyo Japan Asia S032XXXII — 2020 000000002017-07-24-0000July 24 000000002017-08-09-0000August 9
Beijing China Asia — W024XXIV 2022 000000002017-02-04-0000February 4 000000002017-02-20-0000February 20
Paris France Europe S033XXXIII — 2024 000000002017-08-02-0000August 2 000000002017-08-18-0000August 18
TBD TBD — W025XXV 2026 (TBD)
Los Angeles United States North America S034XXXIV — 2028 000000002017-07-21-0000July 21 000000002017-08-06-0000August 6
Statistics[edit]
Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games
City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
London United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Paris France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 0
Los Angeles United States North America 3 (1932, 1984, 2028) 0
Athens Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0 2
Beijing China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022)
Tokyo Japan Asia 2 (1964, 2020) 0
Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 (1932, 1980)
Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1948)
The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.
Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]
Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics
5 times
4 times (no entry)
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics
4 times or more
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games
Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 United States North America 5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028) 4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002) 9
2 France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 3 (1924, 1968, 1992) 6
3 Japan Asia 2 (1940, 1964, 2020) 2 (1940, 1972, 1998) 4
4 United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012) 0 3
5 Canada North America 1 (1976) 2 (1988, 2010) 3
6 Italy Europe 1 (1960) 2 (1944, 1956, 2006) 3
7 Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany Europe 2 (1916, 1936, 1972) 1 (1936, 1940) 3
8 China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022) 2
9 South Korea Asia 1 (1988) 1 (2018) 2
10 Soviet Union/ Russia Europe 1 (1980) 1 (2014) 2
11 Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0 2
12 Australia Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0 2
13 Norway Europe 0 2 (1952, 1994) 2
14 Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976) 2
15 Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1940, 1948) 2
16 Brazil South America 1 (2016) 0 1
17 Spain Europe 1 (1992) 0 1
18 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 (1984) 1
19 Mexico North America 1 (1968) 0 1
20 Finland Europe 1 (1940, 1952) 0 1
21 Netherlands Europe 1 (1928) 0 1
22 Belgium Europe 1 (1920) 0 1
23 Sweden Europe 1 (1912) 0 1
Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 Europe 17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940
1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024) 13 (1924, 1928, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956
1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014) 30
2 North America 7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028) 6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010) 13
3 Asia 4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020) 4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022) 8
4 Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0 2
5 South America 1 (2016) 0 1
6 Africa 0 0 0
Notes[edit]
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
j Calgary is actively working with the Canadian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
k Innsbruck is actively working with the Austrian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
l Lillehammer is actively working with the Norwegian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
m Sion is actively working with the Swiss Olympic Association in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-32278-5.
Jump up ^ Group, Taylor Francis (2003). The Europa World Yearbook. Taylor and Francis Group. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
Jump up ^ "Choice of the Host City". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Durántez, Conrado (April–May 1997). "The Olympic Movement, a twentieth-century phenomenon" (PDF). Olympic Review. XXVI (14): 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Antwerp 1920". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chamonix 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paris 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St. Moritz 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lake Placid 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Berlin 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis gets Olympic Games; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World's Fair in 1904" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903-02-12. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906, Karl Lennartz, Journal of Olympic History, Dec. 2001/Jan. 2002
Jump up ^ "Rome Games moved to London". realclearsports.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stockholm/Melbourne 1956". Swedish Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Tim Pile (June 25, 2008). "Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "2008 Beijing Olympic home page". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
External links[edit]
"The Olympic Games". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
[show]
v
t
e
Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: none[c1]
1920: Antwerp
1924: Paris
1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
1936: Berlin
1940: none[c2]
1944: none[c2]
1948: London
1952: Helsinki
1956: Melbourne
1960: Rome
1964: Tokyo
1968: Mexico City
1972: Munich
1976: Montreal
1980: Moscow
1984: Los Angeles
1988: Seoul
1992: Barcelona
1996: Atlanta
2000: Sydney
2004: Athens
2008: Beijing
2012: London
2016: Rio de Janeiro
2020: Tokyo
2024: Paris
2028: Los Angeles
[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II
[show]
v
t
e
Winter Olympic Games host cities
1924: Chamonix
1928: St. Moritz
1932: Lake Placid
1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940: Cancelled due to World War II
1944: Cancelled due to World War II
1948: St. Moritz
1952: Oslo
1956: Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960: Squaw Valley
1964: Innsbruck
1968: Grenoble
1972: Sapporo
1976: Innsbruck
1980: Lake Placid
1984: Sarajevo
1988: Calgary
1992: Albertville
1994: Lillehammer
1998: Nagano
2002: Salt Lake City
2006: Turin
2010: Vancouver
2014: Sochi
2018: Pyeongchang
2022: Beijing
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic Games
Ceremonies
Charter
Participating nations
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Host cities
Bids
Venues
IOC
NOCs
Country codes
Medal
Medal tables
Medalists
Diploma
Scandals and controversies
Colonialism
Doping
Sports
Symbols
Torch relays
Pierre de Coubertin medal
Women
Deaths
WWI
Summer Games
1896 Athens
1900 Paris
1904 St. Louis
1908 London
1912 Stockholm
1916 Berlin
1920 Antwerp
1924 Paris
1928 Amsterdam
1932 Los Angeles
1936 Berlin
1940 Tokyo
1944 London
1948 London
1952 Helsinki
1956 Melbourne
1960 Rome
1964 Tokyo
1968 Mexico City
1972 Munich
1976 Montreal
1980 Moscow
1984 Los Angeles
1988 Seoul
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing
2012 London
2016 Rio de Janeiro
2020 Tokyo
2024 Paris
2028 Los Angeles
2032 TBD
Winter Games
1924 Chamonix
1928 St. Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940 Sapporo
1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1948 St. Moritz
1952 Oslo
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Squaw Valley
1964 Innsbruck
1968 Grenoble
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
1984 Sarajevo
1988 Calgary
1992 Albertville
1994 Lillehammer
1998 Nagano
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin
2010 Vancouver
2014 Sochi
2018 Pyeongchang
2022 Beijing
2026 TBD
2030 TBD
Ancient Olympic Games
Intercalated Games
1906
Paralympic Games
Youth Olympic Games
Olympics portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=809193761"
Categories:
Olympics-related lists
Lists of host cities
Lists of Olympic venues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Català
Ελληνικά
فارسی
Français
Қазақша
Latviešu
Македонски
Norsk
Português
Română
Русский
தமிழ்
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 November 2017, at 17:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Modern_Olympics
mw-redirect
Modern Olympics

values:
/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo,_Italy
mw-redirect
Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

values:
center
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: Edit section: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/1906_Summer_Olympics
mw-redirect
1906 Summer Olympics

values: Edit section: Number of Olympic Games by country

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #450000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #800000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #d40000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff2a2a; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ff8080; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #e0e0e0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #000080; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0000d4; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #2a2aff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #8080ff; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Edit section: Number of Olympic Games by continent

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values:
/wiki/Norwegian_Olympic_Committee
mw-redirect
Norwegian Olympic Committee

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities

values: Template talk:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 14em; -webkit-column-width: 14em; column-width: 14em;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities

values: Template talk:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
col
navbox-title
3
background: #DDEBFF;background: #BFD7FF

values: List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games

values: List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games

values: List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
background: #DDEBFF;background: #D5E6FF

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #DDEBFF;width:1%

values: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

values: navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: navbox-list navbox-even plainlist wraplinks

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: قائمة المدن المستضيفة للألعاب الأولمبية – Arabic

values: অলিম্পিক গেমস আয়োজক শহরের তালিকা – Bangla

values: Llista de seus dels Jocs Olímpics – Catalan

values: Κατάλογος διοργανωτριών πόλεων Ολυμπιακών Αγώνων – Greek

values: فهرست میزبان‌های المپیک – Persian

values: Олимпиада ойындарын қабылдаған қалалардың тізімі – Kazakh

values: Olimpisko spēļu norises vietu uzskaitījums – Latvian

values: Список на градови-домаќини на Олимписките игри – Macedonian

values: Liste over byer som har arrangert OL – Norwegian

values: Lista dos Jogos Olímpicos da Era Moderna – Portuguese

values: Lista orașelor gazdă ale Jocurilor Olimpice – Romanian

values: Список столиц Олимпийских игр – Russian

values: ஒலிம்பிக் விளையாட்டுக்கள் நடைபெற்ற இடங்கள் – Tamil

values: Список столиць Олімпійських ігор – Ukrainian

values: اولمپکس کی میزبانی بلحاظ ملک – Urdu

values: Danh sách thành phố chủ nhà Thế vận hội – Vietnamese

values: 奧林匹克運動會主辦城市列表 – Chinese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities rootpage-List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
move (command)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In computing, move is a command in various DOS,[1] OS/2, Microsoft Windows and ReactOS command-line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe,[2] 4DOS/4NT and Windows PowerShell. It is used to move one or more files or directories from one place to another. The original file is deleted, and the new file may have the same or a different name.
The command is analogous to the Unix mv command and to the OpenVOS move_file and move_dircommands.[3]
In Windows PowerShell, move is a predefined command alias for the Move-Item Cmdlet which basically serves the same purpose.
Command Syntax[edit]
C:\>move /? Moves files and renames files and directories. To move one or more files: MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]filename1[,...] destination To rename a directory: MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]dirname1 dirname2 [drive:][path]filename1 Specifies the location and name of the file or files you want to move. destination Specifies the new location of the file. Destination can consist of a drive letter and colon, a directory name, or a combination. If you are moving only one file, you can also include a filename if you want to rename the file when you move it. [drive:][path]dirname1 Specifies the directory you want to rename. dirname2 Specifies the new name of the directory. /Y Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing destination file. /-Y Causes prompting to confirm you want to overwrite an existing destination file. The switch /Y may be present in the COPYCMD environment variable. This may be overridden with /-Y on the command line. Default is to prompt on overwrites unless MOVE command is being executed from within a batch script.
See also[edit]
List of DOS commands
List of Unix programs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jamsa, Kris A. (1993), DOS: The Complete Reference, Osborne McGraw-Hill, p. 206, ISBN 0078819040, archived from the original on 2018-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-08-26. Retrieved 2017-08-26. Microsoft TechNet Move article
Jump up ^ http://stratadoc.stratus.com/vos/19.1.0/r098-19/wwhelp/wwhimpl/common/html/r098-19.pdf
hide
v
t
e
Windows command-line programs and shell builtins
COMMAND.COM
Command Prompt
Windows PowerShell
Recovery Console
File system navigation
cd (chdir)
dir
popd
pushd
tree
File management
attrib
cacls
cipher
compact
copy
del (erase)
deltree
expand
icacls
makecab
md (mkdir)
mklink
move
rd (rmdir)
recover
ren (rename)
replace
rmdir
robocopy
xcopy
Disk management
chkdsk
convert
defrag
diskcomp
diskcopy
diskpart
fdisk
format
label
subst
scandisk
sys
vol
vssadmin
Processes
at
exit
kill
powercfg
runas
sc
schtasks
shutdown
start
taskkill
tasklist
Registry
assoc
ftype
reg
regini
regsvr32
User environment
date
mode
path
set
setx
time
title
ver
whoami
File contents
comp
edit
edlin
fc
find
findstr
print
type
Scripting
choice
clip
cscript
doskey
echo
for
forfiles
goto
if
more
pause
prompt
rem
Networking
arp
BITSAdmin
getmac
hostname
ipconfig
net use
netsh
netstat
nslookup
PathPing
ping
route
tracert
Maintenance and care
driverquery
eventcreate
eventtriggers
msiexec
ntbackup
sfc
systeminfo
w32tm
WBAdmin
winsat
wmic
Boot management
bcdedit
bootcfg
fixboot
fixmbr
Software development
debug
exe2bin
QBasic
Miscellaneous
cls
gpupdate
help
List of DOS commands
Environment variables
This computer data storage-related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
This Microsoft Windows article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Move_(command)&oldid=854176119"
Categories:
Windows commands
External DOS commands
OS/2 commands
Microcomputer software
Windows administration
Storage software stubs
Microsoft Windows stubs
Hidden categories:
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
فارسی
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 August 2018, at 13:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

value: code

values:
/wiki/Command-line_interpreter
mw-redirect
Command-line interpreter

values:
/wiki/Windows_PowerShell
mw-redirect
Windows PowerShell

values:
/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)
mw-redirect
Directory (file systems)

values:
/wiki/List_of_Unix_programs
mw-redirect
List of Unix programs

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Command_Prompt
mw-redirect
Command Prompt

values:
*_COMMAND.COM
*_Command_Prompt
*_Windows_PowerShell
*_Recovery_Console

values:
/wiki/Compact_(computing)
mw-redirect
Compact (computing)

values:
/wiki/DATE_(command)
mw-redirect
DATE (command)

values:
/wiki/Mode_(command)
mw-redirect
Mode (command)

values:
/wiki/Goto_(command)
mw-redirect
Goto (command)

values:
/wiki/Conditional_(programming)
mw-redirect
Conditional (programming)

values:
/wiki/Pause_(DOS_command)
mw-redirect
Pause (DOS command)

values: Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line

values:
/wiki/Cls_(command)
mw-redirect
Cls (command)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Move_(command)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move
Move – Persian
fa
fa
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Move_command rootpage-Move_command skin-vector action-view