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Sohag
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For the village in Iran, see Sohag, Iran.
Sohag
سوهاج
City

Seal
Nickname(s): Bride of the Nile
Sohag
Location in Egypt
Coordinates: 26°33′N 31°42′E / 26.550°N 31.700°E / 26.550; 31.700Coordinates: 26°33′N 31°42′E / 26.550°N 31.700°E / 26.550; 31.700
Country
Egypt
Governorate
Sohag
Markaz
Sohag Markaz
Government
• Governor
Dr/Aymen Abdelmonem
Area
• City
68 km2 (26 sq mi)
Elevation
61 m (200 ft)
Population (2012)
• City
201,339
• Rank
20th in Egypt
• Density
3,079.69/km2 (7,976.4/sq mi)
• Metro
600,000
Demonym(s)
Sohagi / Sohagy
Time zone
EET (UTC+2)
Postal code
82749 [1]
Area code
+20 (Egypt) 93 (City)[2]
Website
www.sohag.gov.eg/ (in Arabic)
This article contains Arabic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Sohag (Arabic: سوهاج, Saidi pronunciation: [suːˈhaːdʒ] ( listen) Sūhāǧ, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [soˈhæːɡ] Sohāg), also known as Sawhāj, Suhag and Suhaj,[3] is a city in Egypt that lies on the west bank of the Nile. It has been the capital of Sohag Governorate since 1960. Prior to that, the capital was the city of Girga and the name of the governorate was Girga Governorate. It also included Esna Governorate (nowadays Qena Governorate).[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Economy
4 Demographics
4.1 Religion
5 Historical sites
5.1 Mosques
5.2 Churches
5.3 Monasteries
5.4 Temples and cemeteries
6 Subdivisions
7 Climate
8 Culture
8.1 Language
8.2 Museums
8.3 Bazaars
9 Transport
10 Education
10.1 University
11 Sports
12 Notable people
13 Nearby attractions
14 Photo gallery
15 See also
16 References
17 External links
History[edit]
[hide]This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Until the 19th century there was only a village located in the area. In 1960, the capital of the Governorate of Girga was transferred from the city of Girga to growing city of Sohag. The name of the governorate was renamed accordingly.
It is unclear how long this site has been inhabited. There are several mummies here that date to Roman times, the village. In Coptic times, there was a community of monks living at the White Monastery in the area.
The 10th of April is the national day of the governorate to celebrate the victory of the Egyptian national resistance troops on the French troops in Johaina Battle in 1799.
Geography[edit]
Satellite image of Sohag
Sohag lies on the western bank of the Nile on a fertile agricultural plain,[5] approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) southwest of Akhmim. In addition, the city includes two islands, Karaman-ez-Zahur Island, which is larger and uninhabited, and ez-Zahur Island (جزيرة الزهور, Ǧazīrat az-Zuhur, "Flower Island") which has some homes.
Economy[edit]
The city Sohag of itself encloses only a few archaeological sites, hence tourism represents but a small portion of the city's income. Other sources of income include trade, small industries of carpets, furniture, spinning and weaving and sugar. Administrative and educational services are two big sectors of income.
Demographics[edit]
1928
1976
1986
1996
2006
2012
20,760[6] 101,758 132,965 170,125 189,695 201,339
Starting in 1976: Population of Sohag City[7]
Religion[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Islam is the main religion in Sohag.
Historical sites[edit]
Mosques[edit]
Sidi Arif Mosque (Arabic: مسجد العارف بالله, Masjid al-ʿArif bi-Allah). The mosque is located in the south of the city. The el-ʿArif Mosque was built in the 14th century (the 8th century of the Islamic calendar). The present building was constructed around 1995. At the corners of the façade are two minarets, and the roof is crowned by a dome. Inside the five-naves mosque the bases of the piers and the walls were lined with red granite. The ceiling is painted ornamentally; in its middle is an elongated light dome. The southeasten half is lit by chandeliers. At the end there are the prayer niche (mihrab) with simple ornaments and to the right of it the wooden pulpit (minbar).
South side of the Sidi Arif Mosque
Inside the Sidi Arif Mosque
Mihrab and minbar of the Sidi Arif Mosque
Ceiling of the Sidi Arif Mosque
El-Farshuti Mosque (Arabic: جامع الفرشوطي, Jāmʿi al-Farschūṭī). The el-Fashuti Mosque also named el-'Atiq Mosque (the old mosque) is located approximately 350 metres (1,150 feet) southwest of the Sidi Arif Mosque . The most striking feature of the mosque is its 53-metre-high (174-foot) minaret in the southeast corner. The minaret has galleries with balustrades on four floors. The mosque is a modern, bright new building. The mosque is divided into five naves by columns and pillars. It has a light dome in the middle which is inscribed at the bottom with a sura from the Qur'an. The bases of the walls are painted yellow and white with green bands. A very colorful prayer niche next to the wooden pulpit is located at the southeast side.
In the masonry on the east, south and west sides are stones engraved with historic inscriptions moved from previous buildings, including a decree of the penultimate Mamluk sultan al-Ghawri (1441–1516) from the year 1506 (911 AH) on the southeast side.
South side of the el-Farshuti Mosque
Inside the el-Farshuti Mosque
Mihrab and minbar of the el-Farshuti Mosque
Ceiling of the el-Farshuti Mosque
Churches[edit]
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In the city there are two important churches erected in the 20th century: the Church of the Holy Virgin and the Church of Saint George.
The Church of the Holy Virgin (Arabic: كنيسة السيدة العذراء, Kanīsat as-Saiyida al-ʿAdraʾ). The church is located in the north of the bazaar (souq Qaiṣarīya). It consists of five naves. There are three sanctuaries for Saint George (left), the Holy Virgin and the Archangel Michael at the ends of the middle three naves. All sanctuaries are completely screened by a wooden iconostasis. On both sides of the entrances to the sanctuaries are wooden icons of the Holy Virgin and Jesus (see Iconostasis). The Lord's Last Supper and the crosses are located above the iconstasis. The presentation in the central nave is framed by a fish and a pigeon, the other ones are framed by angels and a dove. Galleries are located above the aisles and the entrance. On the walls, there are paintings of saints and scenes from the life of Jesus.
Church of the Holy Virgin
Inside the Church of the Holy Virgin
Icon of the Holy Virgin with her child
Church of St. George is the cathedral of the diocese of Sohag (Arabic: كنيسة مار جرجس, Kanīsat Mar Girgis). The church is located 300 metres (980 feet) north of the Opera (Midan Obira) or Culture Square (Midan eth-Thaqafa).
Church of the Archangel Michael (Arabic: كنيسة الملاك ميخائيل). The church is located in the Railway Station Street (El-Mahatta St.), on the east side of the railway tracks.
Monasteries[edit]
White Monastery
Main article: White Monastery
The Coptic White Monastery is a Coptic Orthodox monastery named after Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite. It is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) west of Sohag. The name of the monastery is derived from the color of the white limestone of its outside walls. The surviving building is the church of what was once a much larger monastery complex.[8]
Red Monastery
Main article: Red Monastery
The Red Monastery is a Coptic Orthodox monastery named after an Egyptian saint called Pishay. It is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) north of the White Monastery. The name of the monastery is derived from the color of the construction material of its outside walls, consisting of red (burnt) brick. These walls are considerably thicker at the base than at the top, and just like the walls of Ancient Egyptian temples, they are surmounted by cavetto moldings. The Red Monastery is architecturally similar to the White Monastery.[8]
Red Monastery
White Monastery
Temples and cemeteries[edit]
The city is the site of a temple built for the goddess Repyt (Triphis) by Ptolemy XV Caesarion and subsequent Roman emperors. South of this temple was an earlier temple of Ptolemy IX Soter II. One of the tombs nearby, belonging to the brothers Ibpemeny "the younger" and Pemehyt of the late second century BC, has two zodiacs on its ceiling.[9]
Subdivisions[edit]
The city of Sohag is informally divided into two division: the East District (Arabic: حى شرق) and the West District (Arabic: حي غرب). Among the most notable regions of the West District are:
Sidi Aref
Al Shahid (Arabic for the Martyr)
Gharb Al-Koubry ("West of the Bridge" neighborhood)
The East District is considered a more upscale district that includes some of the most affluent neighborhoods of the city including 15th Street, Al Kashef Street, Jumhuriya Street, The Courts Compound, and The Technical and Agricultural Schools. Some of the most notable locales of the East District include:
The Courts Compound of Sohag
City Hall of Sohag
Sohag University
Sohag Teaching Hospital, a member of GOTHI, which is among the biggest hospitals of the region
Multiple governmental directorates
Many recreational areas including The Sohag Stadium as well as many parks including Al Zohour (an revitalized island turned park located in the middle of the Nile).
Nasr City - the first satellite city to be built in the East District. It was established during the time of the late president Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Climate[edit]
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh). Luxor, Minya, Sohag, Qena and Asyut have the widest difference of temperatures between days and nights of any city in Egypt, with almost 16 °C (29 °F) difference. Sohag is one of the warmest places in Egypt due to its place in the east side of Sahara in North Africa. Sohag is ranked the 5th driest place in Egypt and the 9th globally. Also ranked 4th warmest place in Egypt and 296th globally.
[hide]Climate data for Sohag
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
30.8
(87.4) 37.5
(99.5) 42.2
(108) 43.9
(111) 47.4
(117.3) 47.9
(118.2) 47.0
(116.6) 43.4
(110.1) 44.4
(111.9) 43.1
(109.6) 37.0
(98.6) 33.3
(91.9) 47.9
(118.2)
Average high °C (°F)
22.0
(71.6) 23.8
(74.8) 27.5
(81.5) 33.6
(92.5) 37.7
(99.9) 39.6
(103.3) 38.8
(101.8) 37.8
(100) 36.0
(96.8) 33.7
(92.7) 28.2
(82.8) 23.5
(74.3) 31.9
(89.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
13.9
(57) 15.6
(60.1) 18.9
(66) 24.5
(76.1) 29.1
(84.4) 30.7
(87.3) 31.0
(87.8) 29.9
(85.8) 27.9
(82.2) 25.1
(77.2) 19.8
(67.6) 15.4
(59.7) 23.5
(74.3)
Average low °C (°F)
7.3
(45.1) 8.8
(47.8) 11.8
(53.2) 16.6
(61.9) 21.1
(70) 23.1
(73.6) 24.1
(75.4) 23.1
(73.6) 20.6
(69.1) 17.8
(64) 13.0
(55.4) 9.2
(48.6) 16.4
(61.5)
Record low °C (°F)
0.4
(32.7) 2.6
(36.7) 3.3
(37.9) 7.7
(45.9) 11.5
(52.7) 15.7
(60.3) 17.6
(63.7) 18.0
(64.4) 15.9
(60.6) 11.4
(52.5) 4.8
(40.6) 2.6
(36.7) 0.4
(32.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
0
(0) 1
(0.04) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 1
(0.04)
Average precipitation days
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.7
Average relative humidity (%)
57 50 44 36 30 31 37 43 45 44 51 56 43.7
Source #1: NOAA[10]
Source #2: Climate Charts[11]
Culture[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)
Language[edit]
A version of the dialect continuum of Saidi Arabic is spoken by the people of Sohag. However, the most urbanized people may speak to varying degrees Egyptian Arabic.
Museums[edit]
The Sohag Museum contains about 5000 artifacts gathered from around the Sohag governorate, including items stretching from the Middle Kingdom to Greco-Roman times.[5][12]
Bazaars[edit]
Souq el-Qisareya: The bazaar in Sohag is named suq Qaiṣarīya, and is partly covered.
Souq el-Itnein: A weekly market held every Monday in the morning for trading in vegetables, fruits, animals and traditional hand made objects (like baskets, farming axes and bags). The weekly market is believed to have been held for the first time during the Ancient Egyptian era. The souq is now in the south of the city and is held in the streets and beside the city cemetery.[5]
Transport[edit]
Southern Highway
Sohag is linked to Giza and Northern cities through three main roads: road of Asyut Western Desert, Eastern Desert Road, Rural Road also connected to it through the train.
In February 2010 a new highway linking the city to the Red Sea city of Hurghada was opened facilitating the ease the movement between Upper Egypt and the Red Sea coastal region.
In May 2010, the Egyptian Ex-President Hosni Mubarak inaugurated a brand new airport to serve the city called Sohag International Airport.
City
Distance (km)
Alexandria 692
Port Said 691
Ismaïlia 616
Suez 605
Cairo 471
Aswan 428
Luxor 205
Asyut 98
Education[edit]
Sohag Military school one of the oldest schools in Sa'id/Upper Egypt, established 1928
Sohag is characterized by very large numbers of graduates in all fields.
Illiteracy has continued to drop due to schools (literacy) for all ages free of charge.
There Sohag many schools and colleges most famous:[13]
Primary schools:
Al-Nasr school
Huda Sharawi school
Mulhaqat Al-Mu'allemat school
Middle schools:
Ahmad Deifalla school
Nabawi Muhandis school
Ali Osman Baltak school
Tarik Ibn Ziad school
High schools:
Sohag Military school
Abdelmunim Riad school
Asmaa Bint Abi Bakr school
University[edit]
Sohag University a public university With more than 40,000 students[14] located on the eastern side of the city. It was established under the banner of South Valley University, but became independent in 2006. There are currently ten colleges in Sohag University.
Sports[edit]
Sohag Stadium
The most popular sport in Sohag is football.[citation needed] Sohag has many football clubs, including the Egyptian Premier League team Sohag FC. In addition, EPL club El Gouna FC used the Sohag stadium as a home ground at times.[citation needed]
Notable people[edit]
Sohag has established a very positive reputation around Egypt, since many important people in Egypt, the Arab world, and the Islamic world came from Sohag.
Narmer, The first pharaoh of unified Egypt and the founder of the Early Dynastic Period (c. 32nd century BC).
Sheikh Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi, one of the most renowned Qur'anic reciters of all the Islamic world.
Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Former Imam of Al-Azhar.
Rifa'a el-Tahtawi, writer, teacher, translator, Egyptologist, renaissance intellectual and founder of Masrasat Al Alson (Tongues School)
Mustafa al-Maraghi, reformer and rector of Al-Azhar Mosque.
Mohammed Aboul-Fotouh Hassab, gastro-intestinal surgeon well known for the description of his operation Hassab’s decongestion operation for the treatment of oesophageal varices as a result of portal hypertension.
Gamal El-Ghitani, author of historical novels and cultural and political commentaries.
Atef El-Tayeb, Film Director .
George Sidhom, Film Actor.
Emad Hamdy, Film Actor .
Baligh Hamdi, composer who created hit songs for many prominent Arabic singers.
Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Sufi saint. He was considered the Patron Saint of the Physicians in the early Islamic era of Egypt .
Jaber Abu Hussein, The famous narrator of the Taghribat Bani Hilal .
Omar Taher, Writer and poet.
Youssef Ziedan, Scholar in Arabic and Islamic Studies.
Nearby attractions[edit]
Osireion, Abydos
Abydos one of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt, and also of the eighth Upper Nome of which it was the capital city. It is also considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Ancient Egypt, the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples, including a Umm el-Qa'ab, a royal necropolis where early pharaohs were entombed.
Akhmim has several mosques and two Coptic churches, maintains a weekly market, and manufactures cotton goods, notably the blue shirts and check shawls with silk fringes worn by the poorer classes of Egypt.
El-Hawawish the ancient necropolis (cemetery) for the city of Akhmim.
El-Salamuni comprises a rock-cut chapel dedicated to the god Min.
The Meritamen statue in east Akhmim.
Beit Khallaf Outside the village are two very large brick mastabas from the Third Dynasty.
Athribis The city is the site of a temple built for the goddess Repyt (Triphis) by Ptolemy XV Caesarion and subsequent Roman Emperors.
Photo gallery[edit]
Building in Sohag
Roman theater
Tahtawy memorial
Sohag city hall
Jumhuriyea St.
Orouba sq.
Skyline.
Jazirat Al Zohour .
Nile view (east bank)
Courts compound
Downtown
Nile view from Akhmim bridge
See also[edit]
Egypt portal
Africa portal
Upper Egypt
Sa'idi people
Sa'idi Arabic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.egypt-cairo.com/egypt_postal_code.html#
Jump up ^ http://www.prozzone.com/phone/Egypt/Sohag.htm
Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20121216142816/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-69&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=419601169
Jump up ^ Law, Gwillim (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 (snippet view). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7864-0729-3. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richardson, Dan (2003). The Rough Guide to Egypt. pp. 322–323. ISBN 1-84353-050-3.
Jump up ^ Baedeker, Karl ; Steindorff, Georg : Ägypten und der Sûdan : Handbuch für Reisende, Leipzig: Baedeker, 1928, 8. ed., p. 221.
Jump up ^ "World Gazetteer: Sohag". Archived from the original on 16 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Haag, Michael (2004). Egypt. New Holland Publishers. pp. 222–226. ISBN 1-86011-163-7.
Jump up ^ Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 77.
Jump up ^ "Sohag Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sohag, Egypt: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". Climate Charts. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Sohag Museum". Supreme Council of Antiquities - Museums. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.sohagschools.org/
Jump up ^ http://www.sohag-univ.edu.eg/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sohag.
(in German) Sohag on Wikivoyage
Sohag on Travel grove
Sohag photo album
[show]
Places adjacent to Sohag
New Valley Maraghah Akhmim
New Valley Akhmim
Sohag
New Valley Munshah Munshah
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Regional accents of English
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Spoken English shows great variation across regions where it is the predominant language. This article provides an overview of the numerous identifiable variations in pronunciation; such distinctions usually derive from the phonetic inventory of local dialects, as well as from broader differences in the Standard English of different primary-speaking populations.
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Accent is the part of dialect concerning local pronunciation. Vocabulary and grammar are described elsewhere; see List of dialects of the English language.
Secondary English speakers tend to carry over the intonation and phonetics of their mother tongue in English speech. For more details, see Non-native pronunciations of English.
Primary English-speakers show great variability in terms of regional accents. Some, such as Pennsylvania Dutch English, are easily identified by key characteristics; others are more obscure or easily confused. Broad regions can possess sub-forms as identified below; for instance, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city of Manchester, such as Bolton, Oldham and Salford, each have distinct accents, all of which together comprise the broader accent of Lancashire county; while these sub-dialects are very similar to each other, non-local listeners can identify firm differences.
English accents can differ enough to create room for misunderstandings. For example, the pronunciation of pearl in some variants of Scottish English can sound like the entirely unrelated word petal to an American ear.
For a summary of the differences between accents, see International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 British Isles
2.1 England
2.2 Scotland
2.3 Wales
2.4 Ireland
2.4.1 Ulster
2.4.2 Connacht, Leinster, and Munster
2.4.3 Irish Travellers
3 North America
3.1 Canada
3.2 United States
3.3 West Indies and Bermuda
4 Southern hemisphere
4.1 Australia
4.2 New Zealand
4.3 South Atlantic
4.3.1 Falkland Islands
4.3.2 Saint Helena
4.4 Southern Africa
4.4.1 South Africa
4.4.2 Zimbabwe
4.4.3 Namibia
5 Asia
5.1 India and South Asia
5.2 Philippines
5.3 Hong Kong
5.4 Malaysia
5.5 Singapore
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Overview[edit]
[show]Varieties of Standard English and their features[1]
Phonological
features
United
States
Canada
Republic
of Ireland
Northern
Ireland
Scotland
England
Wales
South
Africa
Australia
New
Zealand
/æ/ rather than /ɑː/
in can't
+ +
father–bother merger
+ +
consistent intervocalic
alveolar-flapping
+ + +
unrounded [ɑ]
in pot
+ + +
syllabic [ɝ]
in bird
+[verification needed] + + +
cot-caught merger
± + + +
pool-pull merger
+ +
bath with /ɑː/
+ + + + ± +
non-rhotic
[a] +[b] + + + +
monophthongal /aɪ, aʊ/,
close vowels for /æ, ɛ/
+ + +
front [aː]
for /ɑːr/
+ +
Dialects and open vowels
word
RP
GA
Can
sound change
THOUGHT
/ɔ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/ cot–caught merger
CLOTH
/ɒ/ lot–cloth split
LOT
/ɑ/ father–bother merger
PALM
/ɑː/
PLANT
/æ/ /æ/ trap–bath split
BATH
TRAP
/æ/
English dialects differ greatly in their pronunciation of open vowels. In Received Pronunciation, there are four open back vowels, /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/, but in General American there are only three, /æ ɑ ɔ/, and in most dialects of Canadian English only two, /æ ɒ/. In addition, which words have which vowel varies between dialects. Words like bath and cloth have the vowels /ɑː ɒ/ in Received Pronunciation, but /æ ɔ/ in General American. The table above shows some of these dialectal differences.
British Isles[edit]
Main article: British English
Accents and dialects vary widely across the Great Britain, Ireland and nearby smaller islands. As such, a single "British accent" does not exist. However, someone could be said to have an English, Welsh, Scottish or Irish accent, although these all have several different sub-types.
England[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There is considerable variation within the accents of English across England, one of the most obvious being the trap-bath split of the southern half of the country.
Two main sets of accents are spoken in the West Country: Cornish shows some internal variation and is spoken by people born into a local family, while West Country is spoken primarily in the counties of Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Bristol, Dorset (not as common in east Dorset), and Wiltshire (again, less common in eastern Wiltshire), as well as East Cornwall. However, a range of variations can be heard within different parts of the West Country; the Bristolian dialect is distinctive from the accent heard in Gloucestershire (especially south of Cheltenham), for example.
The accents of Northern England are also distinctive, including a range of variations: Northumberland, County Durham, Teesside, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, Cumbria, and Lancashire, with regional variants in Barrow-in-Furness, Bolton, Burnley, Blackburn, Manchester, Preston, Fylde, Liverpool and Wigan. Yorkshire is also distinctive, having variations between the three historic ridings (North Riding of Yorkshire, West Riding of Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire).
While many of the Lancashire accents may sound similar to outsiders, the exception is the 'Scouse' accent, as spoken in Liverpool. Prior to the Irish Famine of the 1840s the Liverpool accent was not dissimilar to others in Lancashire, except that with Liverpool being close to Wales, there were some Northern Welsh inflections. However, Liverpool's population of around 60,000 in the 1840s was swelled by the passage of around 300,000 Irish refugees escaping the Famine. Liverpool had this influx due to being England's main Atlantic port and a popular departure point for people seeking to embark for a new life in America. So, while many of the Irish refugees moved on to other parts of Britain and further afield, many remained in Liverpool and the local accent became changed forever over the succeeding years. Today, the Scouse accent is completely distinct from others in the North West of England and bears little resemblance to them. Many Liverpool families can trace their lineage back to refugees escaping the potato famine. The connection between Liverpool and Ireland was recognized by John Lennon in his final interview – with the BBC disc jockey Andy Peebles – on 6 December 1980 (two days before his assassination) when he described Liverpool as "an Irish place".
Other accents include a range of accents spoken in the West Midlands (in the major towns and conurbations (The Black Country, Birmingham, Coventry, Stoke-on-Trent and Wolverhampton) and in rural accents (such as in Herefordshire and south Worcestershire)); the accents of the counties comprising the East Midlands (Derby, Leicester and Rutland, Lincoln, Northampton, and Nottingham), East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire) and the Home Counties (typically Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Essex, Berkshire, Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, Hampshire.)
There is also great variation within greater London, with various accents such as Cockney, Estuary English, Multicultural London English and Received Pronunciation being found all throughout the region and the Home Counties.
Scotland[edit]
The regional accents of Scottish English generally draw on the phoneme inventory of the dialects of Modern Scots [2][3] with characteristic vowel realisations due to the Scottish vowel length rule. Highland English accents are more strongly influenced by Scottish Gaelic than other forms of Scottish English.
Wales[edit]
Main article: Welsh English
The accent of English in Wales is strongly influenced by the phonology of the Welsh language, which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first or second language. The North Wales accent is distinct from South Wales and north east Wales is influenced by Scouse and Cheshire accents. South Wales border accents are influenced by West Country accents. The Wenglish of the South Wales Valleys shows a deep cross-fertilisation between the two.
The Cardiff dialect and accent is also quite distinctive from that of the South Wales Valleys, primarily:
Rounding of the second element of /ɪə/ to [jøː][4][5]
here /hɪə/ pronounced [hjøː] or [jøː] in broader accents
A closer pronunciation of /ʌ/ as in love and other[5]
/ɑː/ is widely realised as [aː], giving a pronunciation of Cardiff /ˈkaːdɪf/ as Kahdiff [ˈkaːdɪf]
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Hiberno-English
Ireland has several main groups of accents, including (1) the accents of Ulster, with a strong influence from Scotland as well as the underlying Gaelic linguistic stratum, which in that province approaches the Gaelic of Scotland, (2) those of Dublin and surrounding areas on the east coast where English has been spoken since the earliest period of colonisation from Britain, and (3) the various accents of west, midlands and south.
Ulster[edit]
The Ulster accent has two main sub accents, namely Mid Ulster English and Ulster Scots. The language is spoken throughout the nine counties of Ulster, and in some northern areas of bordering counties such as Louth and Leitrim. It bears many similarities to Scottish English through influence from the Ulster varieties of Scots. Some characteristics of the Ulster accent include:
As in Scotland, the vowels /ʊ/ and /u/ are merged, so that look and Luke are homophonous. The vowel is a high central rounded vowel, [ʉ].
The diphthong /aʊ/ is pronounced approximately [əʉ], but wide variation exists, especially between social classes in Belfast
In Belfast, /eɪ/ is a monophthong in open syllables (e.g. day [dɛː]) but an ingliding diphthong in closed syllables (e.g. daze [deəz]). But the monophthong remains when inflectional endings are added, thus daze contrasts with days [dɛːz].
The alveolar stops /t, d/ become dental before /r, ər/, e.g. tree and spider
/t/ often undergoes flapping to [ɾ] before an unstressed syllable, e.g. eighty [ˈeəɾi]
Connacht, Leinster, and Munster[edit]
The accent of these three provinces fluctuates greatly from the flat tone of the midlands counties of Laois, Kildare, and Offaly, the perceived sing-song of Cork and Kerry, to the soft accents of Mayo and Galway.
Historically the Dublin City and county area, parts of Wicklow and Louth, came under heavy exclusive influence from the first English settlements (known as The Pale). It remained until Independence from Britain as the biggest concentration of English influence in the whole island.
Some Cork accents have a unique lyrical intonation. Every sentence typically ends in the trademark elongated tail-off on the last word. In Cork heavier emphasis yet is put on the brrr sound to the letter R. This is usually the dialect in northern parts of Cork City.
Similar to the Cork accent but without the same unmistakable intonation, Kerry puts even heavier emphasis on the brrr sound to the letter R. For example: the word Forty. Throughout the south this word is pronounced whereby the r exhibits the typified Irish brrr. In Kerry however (especially in rural areas) the roll on the r is enforced with vibrations from the tongue (not unlike Scottish here). "Are you?" becomes a co-joined "A-rrou?" single tongue flutter (esp. in rural areas). This extra emphasis on R is also seen in varying measures through parts of West Limerick and West Cork in closer proximity to Kerry.
Another feature in the Kerry accent is the S before the consonant. True to its Gaelic origins in a manner similar to parts of Connacht "s" maintains the shh sound as in shop or sheep. The word Start becomes "Shtart". Stop becomes Shtop.
Irish Travellers[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Irish Travellers have a very distinct accent closely related to a rural Hiberno-English, particularly the English of south-eastern Ireland. Many Irish Travellers who were born in parts of Dublin or Britain have the accent in spite of it being strikingly different from the local accents in those regions. They also have their own language, which strongly links in with their dialect/accent of English, see Shelta.
North America[edit]
Main articles: North American English regional phonology and North American English
North American English is a collective term for the dialects of the United States and Canada; it does not include the varieties of Caribbean English spoken in the West Indies.
Rhoticity: Most North American English accents differ from Received Pronunciation and some other British dialects by being rhotic; the rhotic consonant /r/ is pronounced before consonants and at the end of syllables, and the r-colored vowel [ɚ] is used as a syllable nucleus. For example, while the words hard and singer would be pronounced [hɑːd] and [ˈsɪŋə] in Received Pronunciation, they would be pronounced [hɑɹd] and [ˈsɪŋɚ] in General American. (Exceptions are certain traditional accents found in eastern New England, New York City, and the Southern United States, plus African American Vernacular English.)
Mergers before /r/: R-coloring has led to some vowel mergers before historic /r/ that do not happen in most other native dialects. In many North American accents, Mary, merry and marry sound the same (Mary–marry–merry merger), but they have the vowels /ɛə/, /ɛ/, /æ/ respectively in RP. Similarly, nearer rhymes with mirror (mirror–nearer merger), though the two have different vowels in RP: /iː/ and /ɪ/. Other mergers before /r/ occur in various North American dialects.
Mergers of the low back vowels: Other North American mergers that are absent in Received Pronunciation are the merger of the vowels of caught and cot ([kɔːt] and [kɒt] in RP) in many accents, and the merger of father (RP [ˈfɑːðə]) and bother (RP [ˈbɒðə]) in almost all.
Flat a: Most North American accents lack the so-called trap–bath split found in Southern England: Words like ask, answer, grass, bath, staff, dance are pronounced with the short-a /æ/ of trap, not with the broad A /ɑ/ of father heard in Southern England as well as in most of the Southern hemisphere. (In North America, the vowel of father has merged with that of lot and bother, see above.) However, related to the trap-bath split, North American dialects have a feature known as /æ/ tensing. This results in /æ/ in some environments, particularly nasals to be raised and even diphthongized, typically transcribed as [eə]. Thus, answer is typically pronounced as [eənsɚ] rather than [ænsɚ].
Flapping of /t/ and /d/: In North American English, /t/ and /d/ both become the alveolar flap [ɾ] after a stressed syllable and between vowels or syllabic consonants, making the words latter and ladder homophones, either as [ˈlædɚ] or [ˈlæɾɚ].
The United States does not have a concrete 'standard' accent in the same way that Britain has Received Pronunciation. Nonetheless, a form of speech known to linguists as General American is perceived by many Americans to be "accent-less", meaning a person who speaks in such a manner does not appear to be from anywhere. The region of the United States that most resembles this is the central Midwest, specifically eastern Nebraska (including Omaha and Lincoln), southern and central Iowa (including Des Moines), parts of Missouri, Ohio and western Illinois (including Peoria and the Quad Cities, but not the Chicago area).[original research?]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Canadian English
Three major dialect areas can be found in Canada: Western/Central Canada, the Maritimes, and Newfoundland.
The phonology of West/Central Canadian English, also called General Canadian, is broadly similar to that of the Western US, except for the following features:
The diphthongs /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are raised to approximately [ʌɪ] and [ʌʊ][6] before voiceless consonants; thus, for example, the vowel sound of out [ʌʊt] is different from that of loud [laʊd]. This feature is known as Canadian raising. The /ʌʊ/ is even more raised toward central Canada (Ontario), closer to /ɛʊ/.
The short a of bat is more open than almost everywhere else in North America [æ̞ ~ a]. The other front lax vowels /ɛ/ and /ɪ/, too, can be lowered and/or retracted. This phenomenon has been labelled the Canadian Shift.
The pronunciation of certain words shows a British influence. For instance, shone is /ʃɒn/; been is often /biːn/; lieutenant is /lɛfˈtɛnənt/; process can be /ˈproʊsɛs/; etc.
Words like drama, pyjamas, pasta tend to have /æ/ rather than /ɑ/~/ɒ/. Words like sorrow, Florida, orange have /ɔr/ rather than /ɑr/; therefore, sorry rhymes with story rather than with starry.
United States[edit]
Main articles: North American English regional phonology, North American English, American English, and General American
West Indies and Bermuda[edit]
For discussion, see:
Bahamian English
Bermudian English
Caribbean English
Jamaican English
Trinidadian English
Southern hemisphere[edit]
Australia[edit]
Main article: Australian English
Australian English is relatively homogeneous when compared to British and American English. There is however some regional variation between the states, particularly in regard to South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia.
Three main varieties of Australian English are spoken according to linguists: Broad Australian, General Australian and Cultivated Australian.[7] They are part of a continuum, reflecting variations in accent. They can, but do not always reflect the social class, education and urban or rural background of the speaker.[8]
Australian Aboriginal English refers to the various varieties of the English language used by Indigenous Australians. These varieties, which developed differently in different parts of Australia, vary along a continuum, from forms close to General Australian to more nonstandard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings, as well as language use.
The furthest extent of the Aboriginal dialect is Australian Kriol language, which is not mutually intelligible with General Australian English.
On the Torres Strait Islands, a distinctive dialect known as Torres Strait English is spoken.
In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that occurs before the sounds /nd/, /ns/, /nt/, /ntʃ/, and /mp/. In words like "chance", "plant", "branch", "sample" and "demand", the vast majority of Australians use the short /æ/ vowel from the word "cat". In South Australian English however there is a high proportion of people who use the broad /aː/ vowel from the word "cart" in these words.
Centring diphthongs, which are the vowels that occur in words like ear, beard and air, sheer. In Western Australian English there is a tendency for centring diphthongs to be pronounced as full diphthongs. Those in the eastern states will tend to pronounce "fear" and "sheer" without any jaw movement, while the westerners would pronounce them like "fia" and "shia", respectively.[9]
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: New Zealand English
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The New Zealand accent is most similar to the Australian accent but is distinguished from the Australian one by the presence of three "clipped" vowels, slightly resembling South African English. Phonetically, these are centralised or raised versions of the short "i", "e" and "a" vowels, which in New Zealand are close to [ɨ], [ɪ] and [ɛ] respectively rather than [ɪ], [ɛ] and [æ]. New Zealand pronunciations are often popularly represented outside New Zealand by writing "fish and chips" as "fush and chups", "yes" as "yiss", "sixty-six" as "suxty-sux". Scottish English influence is most evident in the southern regions of New Zealand, notably Dunedin. Another difference between New Zealand and Australian English is the length of the vowel in words such as "dog", and "job" which are longer than in Australian English which shares the short and staccato pronunciation shared with British English.
Geographical variations appear slight, and mainly confined to individual special local words. One group of speakers, however, hold a recognised place as "talking differently": the South of the South Island (Murihiku) harbours a "Celtic fringe" of people speaking with a "Southland burr" in which R is actually pronounced everywhere it appears. The area formed a traditional repository of immigration from Scotland.
The trilled 'r' is also used by some Māori, who may also pronounce 't' and 'k' sounds without aspiration, striking other English speakers as similar to 'd' and 'g'. This is also encountered in South African English, especially among Afrikaans speakers.
South Atlantic[edit]
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Falkland Islands[edit]
Main article: Falkland Islands English
The Falkland Islands have a large non-native born population, mainly from Britain, but also from Saint Helena. In rural areas, the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The accent has resemblances to both Australia-NZ English, and that of Norfolk in England, and contains a number of Spanish loanwords.
Saint Helena[edit]
"Saints", as Saint Helenan islanders are called, have a variety of different influences on their accent. To outsiders, the accent has resemblances to the accents of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
"Saint" is not just a different pronunciation of English, it also has its own distinct words. So 'bite' means spicy, as in full of chillies; 'us' is used instead of 'we' ('us has been shopping'); and 'done' is used to generate a past tense, hence 'I done gorn fishing' ('I have been fishing').[10]
Television is a reasonably recent arrival there, and is only just beginning to have an effect. American terms are becoming more common, e.g. 'chips' for crisps.[10]
Southern Africa[edit]
South Africa[edit]
Main article: South African English
South Africa has 11 official languages, one of which is English. Accents vary significantly between ethnic and language groups. Home-language English speakers (Black, White, Indian and Coloured or Cape Coloured) in South Africa have an accent that generally resembles British Received Pronunciation (modified with varying degrees of Germanic inflection due to Afrikaans).[11]
The Coloured community is generally bilingual, however English accents are strongly influenced by primary mother-tongue (Afrikaans or English). A range of accents can be seen, with the majority of Coloureds showing a strong Afrikaans inflection. Similarly, Afrikaners (and Cape Coloureds), both descendant of mainly Dutch settlers, tend to pronounce English phonemes with a strong Afrikaans inflection. The English accents of both related groups are significantly different and easily distinguishable (primarily because of prevalent code-switching among the majority of Coloured English speakers, particularly in the Western Cape of South Africa). The range of accents found among English-speaking Coloureds (from the distinctive "Cape Flats or Coloured English"[12] to the standard "colloquial" South African English accent) are of special interest. Geography and education levels play major roles therein.
Black Africans generally speak English as a second language, and accent is strongly influenced by mother-tongue (particularly Bantu languages). However, urban middle-class black Africans have developed an English accent, with similar inflection as first-language English speakers. Within this ethnic group variations exist: most Nguni (Xhosa, Zulu, Swazi and Ndebele) speakers have a distinct accent, with the pronunciation of words like 'the' and 'that' as would 'devil' and 'dust', respectively; and words like 'rice' as 'lice'. This may be as a result of the inadequacy of 'r' in the languages. Sotho (Tshwana, Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho) speakers have a similar accent, with slight variations. Tsonga and Venda speakers have very similar accents with far less intonation than Ngunis and Sothos. Some Black speakers have no distinction between the 'i' in determine and the one in decline, pronouncing it similarly to the one in 'mine'.
Black, Indian and Coloured students educated in former Model C schools or at formerly white tertiary institutions will generally adopt a similar accent to their white English-home-language speaking classmates.[13] Code-switching and the "Cape Flats" accent are becoming popular among white learners in public schools within Cape Town.[citation needed]
South African accents also vary between major cities (particularly Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg) and provinces (regions).[14] Accent variation are also observed within respective cities, for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs (Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be less strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more affluent and populated by individuals with tertiary education and higher incomes. The accents of native English speakers from the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be more strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact that Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or failing economies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of Johannesburg. The western suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which has now reverted to its old name Sophiatown, Westdene, etc.) are predominantly Afrikaans speaking. In a similar fashion, people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas in the Johannesburg area (such as Sandton, Linksfield or Victory Park) may have accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry.
South African English accent, across the spectrum, is non-rhotic.
Examples of South African accents (obtained from http://accent.gmu.edu)
Native English: Male (Cape Town, South Africa)
Native English: Female (Cape Town, South Africa)
Native English: Male (Port Elizabeth, South Africa)
Native English: Male (Nigel, South Africa)
Afrikaans (Primary): Female (Pretoria, South Africa)
Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa)
Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa)
Northern Sotho (Primary): Female (Polokwane, South Africa)
Additional samples of South African accents and dialects can be found at http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htm
Regardless of regional and ethnic differences (in accents), South African English accent is sometimes confused with Australian (or New Zealand) English by British and American English speakers.[15][16]
Zimbabwe[edit]
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In Zimbabwe, native English speakers (mainly the white and Coloured minority) have a similar speech pattern to that of South Africa. Hence those with high degrees of Germanic inflection would pronounce 'Zimbabwe' as zim-bah-bwi, as opposed to the African pronunciation zeem-bah-bweh. Zimbwabwean accents also vastly vary, with some Black Africans sounding British while others will have a much stronger accent influenced by their mother tongues, usually this distinction is brought about by where speakers grew up and the school attended. For example, most people that grew up in and around Harare have a British sounding accent while those in the rural areas have a more "pidgin-english" sort of accent
Example of a Zimbabwean English accent (obtained from http://accent.gmu.edu)
Shona (Primary): Female (Bulawayo, Zimbabwe)
Namibia[edit]
Namibian English tends to be strongly influenced by South African English. Most Namibians that grew up in and around the capital city (Windhoek) have developed an English accent while those in the rural areas have an accent strongly influenced by their mother tongue particularly Bantu languages.
Asia[edit]
India and South Asia[edit]
Main articles: Indian English, Pakistani English, and Sri Lankan English
A number of distinct dialects of English are spoken in South Asia. There are many languages spoken in South Asia like Nepali, Hindi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashto, Marathi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Marathi, Odia, Maithili, Malayalam, Sinhala, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, Urdu and many more, creating a variety of accents of English. Accents originating in this part of the world tend to display several distinctive features, including:
syllable-timing, in which a roughly equal time is allocated to each syllable. Akin to the English of Singapore and Malaysia. (Elsewhere, English speech timing is based predominantly on stress);
"sing-song" pitch (somewhat reminiscent of those of Welsh English).
Philippines[edit]
Main article: Philippine English
Philippine English employs a rhotic accent that originated from the time when it was first introduced by the Americans during the colonization period to replace Spanish as the dominant language used in politics. Even though there are no 'f' or 'v' sounds in the Tagalog or Filipino language, mostly 'f' is pronounced as a 'p' and 'v' as a 'b' so that the words fifty and five will be said pip-ty and pibe by a Filipino.
Apart from the inability to pronounce 'f' and 'v' most of the time, in reality, there is no single Philippine English accent. Many indigenous languages affect the English that is spoken throughout the Islands. For example, those from Visayas may generally interchange the /e/ and /i/ also the /o/ and /u/ as their distinction is not very pronounced in the Visayan languages.
Those coming from the North may pronounce the /r/ with a strong trill instead of the flap as it is one of the features of the Ilocano language. Some Ilocanos also pronounce the /ə/ better as there is a sound in their language that is close to this.
Hong Kong[edit]
Main article: Hong Kong English
The accent of English spoken in Hong Kong follows mainly British, with rather strong influence from Cantonese on the pronunciations of a few consonants and vowels, and sentence grammar and structure.
Malaysia[edit]
Main article: Malaysian English
Malay is the lingua franca of Malaysia, a federation of former British colonies and similar dependencies. English is a foreign language with no official status, but it is commonly learnt as a second or third language.
The Malaysian accent appears to be a melding of British, Chinese, Tamil and Malay influences.
Many Malaysians adopt different accents and usages depending on the situation; for example, an office worker may speak with less colloquialism and with a more British accent on the job than with friends or while out shopping.
syllable-timing, where speech is timed according to syllable, akin to the English of the Indian Subcontinent. (Elsewhere, speech is usually timed to stress.)
A quick, staccato style, with "puncturing" syllables and well-defined, drawn out tones.
Non-rhoticity, like most varieties of English language in England. Hence caught and court are homophonous as /kɔːt/ (in actuality, [kɔːʔ] or [koːʔ], see "Simplification" below); can't rhymes with aren't, etc.
The "ay" and "ow" sounds in raid and road (/eɪ/ and /oʊ/ respectively) are pronounced as monophthongs, i.e. with no "glide": [red] and [rod].
/θ/ is pronounced as [t] and /ð/ as [d]; hence, thin is [tɪn] and then is [dɛn].
Depending on how colloquial the situation is: many discourse particles, or words inserted at the end of sentences that indicate the role of the sentence in discourse and the mood it conveys, like "lah", "leh", "mah", "hor", etc.
See also: Manglish
Singapore[edit]
Main article: Singapore English
Singapore is effectively a multi-lingual nation. The Singapore government recognises four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil.
Students in primary and secondary schools learning English as the language of instruction also learn a second language called their "Mother Tongue" by the Ministry of Education, where they are either taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay or Tamil. A main point to note is while "Mother Tongue" generally refers to the first language (L1) overseas, in Singapore, it is used by the Ministry of Education to denote the second language (L2).
There are two main types of English spoken in Singapore – Standard Singapore English and Singlish. Singlish is more widely spoken than standard English. It has a very distinctive tone and sentence structure which are both strongly influenced by Malay and the many varieties of Chinese spoken in the city.
A 2005 census showed that around 30% of Singaporeans speak English as their main language at home.[17]
There is a large number of foreigners working in Singapore. 36% of the population in Singapore are foreigners and foreigners make up 50% of the service sector.[18] Therefore, it is very common to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English. Most of these staff speak Mandarin Chinese. Those who do not speak Mandarin Chinese tend to speak either broken English or Singlish, which they have learnt from the locals.
See also[edit]
List of dialects of the English language
International Dialects of English Archive
IPA chart for English dialects
Manglish
Hinglish
Koiné language
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ General American is rhotic, but some regional American accents are non-rhotic.
Jump up ^ The standard accent in England, Received Pronunciation, is non-rhotic, but some regional dialects are rhotic.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002, pp. 4–6.
Jump up ^ Mairi Robinson, ed. (1985). The Concise Scots Dictionary. Aberdeen University Press. p. xxxi.
Jump up ^ "Phonetic characteristics of dialect districts". Dsl.ac.uk. Dictionary of the Scots Language. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Google Books | The phonetics of Cardiff English. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Accents and dialects of the UK: Cardiff". Bl.uk. 1935-12-15. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Jump up ^ Wells, p. 494
Jump up ^ Robert Mannell (2009-08-14). "Robert Mannell, "Impressionistic Studies of Australian English Phonetics"". Ling.mq.edu.au. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Jump up ^ "The Macquarie Globe ::". International.mq.edu.au. 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Jump up ^ "regional accents — Australian Voices". Clas.mq.edu.au. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b http://sainthelenaisland.info/speaksaint.htm
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Word – Census in Brief Ros updates 28 Oct 2012.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-01.
Jump up ^ http://www.sacultures.org.za/nemisa_29.htm
Jump up ^ "Varsity Newspaper Online". Varsitynewspaper.co.za. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Jump up ^ Schneider, E.W. Post-colonial English: Varieties around the world, Cambridge Press.(2007)
Jump up ^ Hopwood, D. South African English pronunciation, McGrath Pub. Co (1970)
Jump up ^ "Dialects of English". Webspace.ship.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Education and Language" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2010. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Population Trends 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
Bibliography[edit]
Wells, J C (1982). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
External links[edit]
The Speech Accent Archive 1254 audio samples of people with various accents reading the same paragraph.
Voices UK Directory of 118 British accents.
Sounds Familiar? — Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
'Hover & Hear' Accents of English from Around the World, listen and compare side by side instantaneously.
International Dialects of English Archive
English Accents and Dialects Searchable free-access archive of 681 speech samples, England only, wma format with linguistic commentary
Britain's crumbling ruling class is losing the accent of authority An article on the connection of class and accent in the UK, its decline, and the spread of Estuary English
The Telsur Project Homepage of the telephone survey of North American English accents
Pittsburgh Speech & Society A site for non-linguists, by Barbara Johnstone of Carnegie Mellon University
Linguistic Geography of Pennsylvania by Claudio Salvucci
Phillyspeak A newspaper article on Philadelphia speech
J.C. Wells' English Accents course Includes class handouts describing Cockney, Scottish, Australian, and Scouse, among other things.
Evaluating English Accents Worldwide
Do You Speak American? A series of web pages by PBS that attempts to discuss the differences between dialects in the United States
Language by Video Short videos demonstrating differences in English accents around the world.
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Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent
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Sussex
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West Midlands
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[show]
Varieties by geographic location
East of England
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Gibraltar
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[show]
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[show]
Varieties by geographic location
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