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Self-consciousness
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Not to be confused with Self-awareness, Self-concept, Self-image, or Self-perception theory.
Self-consciousness is a heightened sense of self-awareness. It is a preoccupation with oneself, as opposed to the philosophical state of self-awareness, which is the awareness that one exists as an individual being, though the two terms are commonly used interchangeably or synonymously.[1] An unpleasant feeling of self-consciousness may occur when one realizes that one is being watched or observed, the feeling that "everyone is looking" at oneself. Some people are habitually more self-conscious than others. Unpleasant feelings of self-consciousness are sometimes associated with shyness or paranoia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Impairment
2 Psychology
3 Emotions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Impairment[edit]
When feeling self-conscious, one becomes aware of even the smallest of one's own actions. Such awareness can impair one's ability to perform complex actions. Adolescence is believed to be a time of heightened self-consciousness. A person with a chronic tendency toward self-consciousness may be shy or introverted.[2]
Psychology[edit]
Unlike self-awareness, which in a philosophical context is being conscious of oneself as an individual, self-consciousness, being excessively conscious of one's appearance or manner, can be a problem at times. Self-consciousness is often associated with shyness and embarrassment, in which case a lack of pride and low self-esteem can result. In a positive context, self-consciousness may affect the development of identity, for it is during periods of high self-consciousness that people come the closest to knowing themselves objectively. Self-consciousness affects people in varying degrees, as some people are constantly self-monitoring or self-involved, while others are completely oblivious about themselves.[3]
Psychologists frequently distinguish between two kinds of self-consciousness, private and public. Private self-consciousness is a tendency to introspect and examine one's inner self and feelings. Public self-consciousness is an awareness of the self as it is viewed by others. This kind of self-consciousness can result in self-monitoring and social anxiety. Both private and public self-consciousness are viewed as personality traits that are relatively stable over time, but they are not correlated. Just because an individual is high on one dimension doesn't mean that he or she is high on the other.[4]
Different levels of self-consciousness affect behavior, as it is common for people to act differently when they "lose themselves in a crowd". Being in a crowd, being in a dark room, or wearing a disguise creates anonymity and temporarily decreases self-consciousness (see deindividuation). This can lead to uninhibited, sometimes destructive behavior.
Emotions[edit]
Main article: Self-conscious emotions
See also[edit]
Thinking portal
Main article: Outline of self
Alterity
Introspection
Looking glass self
Personal identity
Reflexive self-consciousness
Self-awareness
Self-concept
Self-knowledge (psychology)
Shyness
Surveillance
References[edit]
Laing, R.D. (1960) The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Harmondsworth: Penguin (this book has a chapter explaining self-consciousness).
Jump up ^ Richard P. Lipka/Thomas M. Brinthaupt Self-perspectives Across the Life Span, p. 228, SUNY Press, 1992 ISBN 978-0-7914-1003-5
Jump up ^ W. Ray Crozier Shyness: Development, Consolidation, and Change, p. 71, Routledge, 2000 ISBN 978-0-415-22432-1
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Branden The Psychology of Self-Esteem, p. 42, Nash Publishing Corp., 1969 ISBN 0-8402-1109-0
Jump up ^ Bernd Simon Identity in Modern Society, p. 30, Blacwell Publishing, 2004 ISBN 978-0-631-22747-2
External links[edit]
"Self-Consciousness" by Uriah Kriegel, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-consciousness&oldid=837602621"
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National Academy Museum and School
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Coordinates: 40°47′02″N 73°57′32″W / 40.784°N 73.959°W / 40.784; -73.959
National Academy of Design
National Academy of Design (1863-65), one of many Gothic Revival buildings modeled on the Doge's Palace, Venice
Formation
1863
Type
Honorary organization, museum, and school
Purpose
To promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition
Headquarters
Manhattan, New York City
Location
Fifth Avenue and 89th Street
President
Bruce Fowle, NA
Website
http://www.nationalacademy.org
The National Academy Museum and School, founded in New York City as the National Academy of Design – known simply as the "National Academy" – is an honorary association of American artists founded in 1825 by Samuel F. B. Morse, Asher B. Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright and others "to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition."[1]
The Academy is a professional honorary organization, a school, and a museum. Although one cannot apply for membership, full members of the National Academy are named from the highest ranks of American artists and architects, and are identified using the post-nominal "NA" (National Academician), while associates are designated with "ANA."[2] The school offers studio instruction, master classes, intensive critiques, various workshops, and lunchtime lectures. Scholarships are available. The museum houses a public collection of over 7,000 works of American art from the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
The Academy has been located at several locations over the years. Notable among them was a building built during 1863-1865, designed by architect P. B. Wight in Venetian Gothic style, which was modeled on the Doge's Palace in Venice. Another locale was at West 109th Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan.[3] Since 1942 the academy has occupied a mansion that was the former home of sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and Archer Milton Huntington at Fifth Avenue and Eighty-ninth Street.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Notable instructors
3 Notable members
4 Leadership
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The Academy's current location
The original founders of the National Academy of Design were students of the American Academy of the Fine Arts. However, by 1825 the students of the American Academy felt a lack of support for teaching from the Academy, its board composed of merchants, lawyers, and physicians, and from its unsympathetic president, the famous American Revolutionary War artist Colonel John Trumbull. Samuel F. B. Morse and other students set about forming "the drawing association" to meet several times each week for the study of the art of design. Still, the association was viewed as a dependent organization of the American Academy, from which they felt neglected. An attempt was made to reconcile the difference and maintain a single academy by appointing six of the artists from the association as directors of the American Academy. When four of the nominees were not elected, however, the frustrated artists resolved to form a new academy and the National Academy of Design was born.[4]
Notable instructors[edit]
Among the teaching staff were numerous artists, including Will Hicok Low, who taught from 1889 to 1892. The famous American poet William Cullen Bryant also gave lectures. Architect Alexander Jackson Davis (A.J. Davis) taught at the Academy. Painter Lemuel Wilmarth was the first full-time instructor[5] Gulian C. Verplanck, a Congressman and a man of letters, gave an address at the school in 1824.[6] and Silas Dustin was a curator.[7]
In 1824, the instructors at the National Academy of the Fine Arts included:[6]
A. Anderson
G.B. Brown
A. Dickinson
William Dunlap
William S. Leney
John McComb, Jr.
Peter Maverick
J. O'Donnel
Archibald Robertson
Alexander Robertson
William Rollinson
Susan Louise Shatter
John Trumbull
John Vanderlyn
Samuel Lovett Waldo
Notable members[edit]
A few members in 1850 L to R.: Henry Kirke Brown, Henry Peters Gray and founding member Asher Brown Durand
Annual Reception at the National Academy of Design, New York, 1868, a wood engraving from a sketch by W. S. L. Jewett
Some of the Academy's better-known members include:
Marina Abramovic
Benjamin Abramowitz
James Henry Beard
Edwin Blashfield
William Jay Bolton
Lee Bontecou
Stanley Boxer
John F. Carlson
Vija Celmins
William Merritt Chase
Frederic Edwin Church
Chuck Close
Thomas Cole
Colin Campbell Cooper
Leon Dabo
William Parsons Winchester Dana
Charles Harold Davis
Henry Golden Dearth
Jose de Creeft
Richard Diebenkorn
William Henry Drake (painter)
Thomas Eakins
Lydia Field Emmet
Helen Frankenthaler
Daniel Chester French
Frederick Carl Frieseke
Bruce Fowle
Sonia Gechtoff
Frank Gehry
Paul Georges
Arthur Hill Gilbert
Hardie Gramatky
Horatio Greenough
Red Grooms
Armin Hansen
L. Birge Harrison
Edward Lamson Henry
Itshak Holtz
Winslow Homer
Cecil de Blaquiere Howard
George Inness
Jasper Johns
Frank Tenney Johnson
Lester Johnson
Wolf Kahn
Charles Keck
Ellsworth Kelly
Greta Kempton
Chaim Koppelman
Leo Lentelli
Emanuel Leutze
Hayley Lever
Maya Lin
Evelyn Beatrice Longman
Frederick William Macmonnies
Knox Martin
Jervis McEntee
Michael Mazur
Gari Melchers
Alme Meyvis
Raoul Middleman
F. Luis Mora
Henry Siddons Mowbray
John Mulvany
David Dalhoff Neal
Victor Nehlig
Eliot Noyes
Kate Orff
Renzo Piano
John Portman
Cindy Sherman
Carrie Mae Weems[8]
Tom Otterness
William Page
Philip Pearlstein
I. M. Pei
John Thomas Peele
William Lamb Picknell
Albin Polasek
Alfred Easton Poor
Alexander Phimister Proctor
Harvey Quaytman
Andrew Raftery
Robert Rauschenberg
Benjamin Franklin Reinhart
Paul Resika
Dorothea Rockburne
Robert Ryman
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
John Singer Sargent
Emily Maria Scott
Richard Serra
Hughie Lee-Smith
Susan Louise Shatter
Elliott Fitch Shepard
Nancy Spero
Frederic Dorr Steele
Frank Stella
Arthur Fitzwilliam Tait
Katharine Lamb Tait
Henry Ossawa Tanner
Edmund C. Tarbell
Louis Comfort Tiffany
Cy Twombly
Edward Charles Volkert
Robert Vonnoh
John Quincy Adams Ward
Frank Lloyd Wright
Stow Wengenroth
Frederic Whitaker
Anita Willets-Burnham
Dorothy Weir Young
Milford Zornes
Leadership[edit]
Maura Reilly serves as interim director, Bruce Fowle as President, and David Kapp as Chairman.[9]
See also[edit]
American Watercolor Society (located within the National Academy of Design)[10]
Effects of the financial crisis of 2007–2009 on museums
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Charles Cushing Wright (1796-1854)". Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Artist Membership, National Academy Museum & School
Jump up ^ Cassell, Dewey, with Aaron Sultan and Mike Gartland. The Art of George Tuska (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005), ISBN 978-1-893905-40-5, p. 10
Jump up ^ Dulap, William (1918). A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States (Vol. 3). C. E. Goodspeed & Co. pp. 52–57. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 6 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Verplanck, Gulian C. An Address, Delivered at the Opening of the Tenth Exhibition of the American Academy of the Fine Arts (Charles Wiley : New York, 1824) "Officers and Directors for 1824". List of academicians, p. 59
Jump up ^ "Painting by Dustin". fineart.ha.com. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Board of Governors. "National Academicians". The National Academy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Staff Directory, National Academy Museum & School
Jump up ^ Erin Corley (2007). "American Watercolor Society records, 1867-1977, bulk 1950-1970". Archives of American Art Oral History Program. Retrieved 17 Jun 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Academy of Design.
Official website
National Academy Museum and School at Google Cultural Institute
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values: 國家學院博物館和學校 – Chinese

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